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·THE RESEARCH PAPER
Gathering Library Material, Organizing
and Preparing the Manuscript
SECOND EDITION
BY
LUCYLE HOOK
Oqipe nonno or PILDILKanard COULDOR
COLOMA DUTDORTY
X TOT
AND
BIARY VIRGINIA GAVER
LARA Y
SLATE TEL CEDOT
AT TIDATO
Nere lork
PRENTICE HALL, INC

·PRENTICE-HALL SERIES IN ENGLISH COLIPOSITION
THOMA CLARK POLLOCK, EDITOR
TORLARLY PULLISED UNDER TITLE OF THE BODIECI THO
CATTRICHT 1944 1948, 1952 DY
PRENTICE-HALL, INC.
70 FIFTH ATCXUK, Now Your
ALL AUTI WITO NO PART OF TUI XOOK WAY IS 1000CED DX
Un ron, JY WINEOCUPA OR ANY OTHE NEX WITHOUT YOMON
LX WATXO 720 m runnu
SECOND EDITION
MIEST PAINTIXO
COOND TINTINO
THIRD PRINTINO
MARCII 1982
MARCII, 1953
JAXUANT 1954
TED LYTI UXITID STATE OF ALCA

·To the Reader It is our aim to present a handbook that an be used bs en mdergraduate student vyho I preparing a tearch paper for the first time. The research paper serres a twofold purpose It prosida tho madent with an opportunity to gain experience in the wo of the library and it gives him practice in the collection of material from many sources. Ito here found that, althoagh tome montals are given oser to the pathering of library material and other to the act management of mechmial details of note-taking, footooting, and bibllography making Do 040 manual describe a destrable dtop-by-step procedure for these ruentially correlated fields of library toge and writing technique. Ve hare intentionally Droned the technique to the simplest correct procedurs, belleflog that, having mastered body of techniques thoroughly to one larthe process, the student will be able to rury his research actrities according to the direction of mbsequent instructor Since this manu mu rorked out by to English teacher and a librarian, It 4 likely that the techniques suurested Arr thoro which will be preferred by Instructor dealing with leatort and liked Melda After the method has been learned, however the student I find that his knowledro los equally welul in any other subject. The basic concept of remurch 4 the rame, although some of the forms mas differ Euch rection of the teat in the manual is keyed to the Worldng Record so that the Apportion of tho woit derly realized from the Tey beginning of the task. TAO me of the record will enable the instructor I be libes, to follow the student's propre od keep in touch with the student's approach to the work. It enables him to detect to of distrers before the student boo doma irretrievably lo mas of minutian It Dot possible for the instructor to dietato the time Hoite, the student can keep the rocord for himsell, in which can be wm and the Working Record an toraluable aid in budgeting his time and astiglas his working schedule La fixing and dexribing library tools, we bare limited our choice to those which we bellere are the most important and most renerally wefal to the beginning research worker and we are tried to provide in the ticamies the information which the Hbrarian or in Kructor Deeds for clau discussion Tho escerpts from reference boola bare been elected to demonstrate the fide points to the awe of library tools which we hare found most trouble come to berlang students. There are reproduced by permission of the Library of Con- Fres, The Act l ork Times The L F Teon Company and the Cambridge Unteraltr Pro Somne rastered questions hore beca locładed in Everda A, B, and C. There are suprostire only and do not in our opinlos ectomplish the towe purpose a exercises prepared by the structor to ot the indistdun peede of students and specific library facuta. After the student has mastered the technique proposed in this mannal, be will begin to sense that bearch paper is not a series of unrelated stops but ono continuous process of crorth Gradually be find that each cearty defined step us outlined to the manual til perre sith steps belore and after It is hoped that in the course of time the student wilt progren (rum strict adherence to nic method to the realfation of what research really is LIL DI VG

·PRENTICE HALL SERIES IN ENGLISH COMPOSITION
Tuomas CLARK POLLOCI, EDITOR
FORMERLY PUTLUSTED UNDO TITLE OF THE FOURCE TER
COPYRIGHT 1944 1948 1962 XY
PRENTICE-HALL, INC
70 FOTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
AL NOTT KRITID KO PART OF THD or XY
NOCID DE
ATT TORK, IT XDECOUP OR ANY OTAR WAXS, WITHOUT PRIOK
DX WATUNG FROM THI VEL.
SECOND EDITTON
FIRST PRINTINO
KARCH 1952
ASCOND PLIXTINO
KARCU 1963
THIRD PRINTING
JANUARY 1954
MIXTED IN THE UNITED STATO OY AUTICA

·Table of Contents To the Red List of Firure List of Tables List of Entries 1 THE RESEARCH PAPER 1 2 8 3 : 6 6 5 6 8 8 10 12 12 12 1220 2 L Choosing . Subject II. Making the Prelonioury Street of Objectivo DIL. Udo Library Tools A The Card Catalog Arrangement of boob la librario Special collections Type of cards Selection of heading to look do Cromerteresa ards Aniltte ends Printed catalog cards Arnemat of cards by the celot B. General Bibiotaples General directions Reference oricu Bibliographie (4) to (33) C General Subject-Shatter Tools Erortlopedia and dictionaries (16) to (20) Blotrapolcal dictionaria (1) to (23) D. Llorury Tools in Special Fidda Literatura-Bolognaphia (30) to (83) Literator Subject matter reference boobs Literatura ladat (39) to (43) Social derech-B Dollographia (49) to (65) Social de Sablect matter reference books (56) to (0) Science cod fine artBooliosrahles (71) to (73) Sdedor and treatSobot matter mierno books (71) to (82) Scient de todosus (3) to (15) Edreation Rollotrophia (16) to (92) Edsetion Subject tontit ttiurtate boole (93) to (88) E Pranaty Check Lists of Library Took und Sohject Hadings IT Preparing the Worklas Buttostaphy A Bibloppblal cards for boobs A Blographical arts for artida from periodicals and credopetu C. loto Procted 92 24 24-07 27 27-29 99-30 30-30 52-13 36 37 40

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·Table of Contents To the Reader List of Figura List of Tubles Lint of Extindset 1 THE RESEARCH PAPER 1 2 8 8 8 B 65 5 6 8 8 10 12 12 12 18-20 L Choosing a subject IL Making the Preliminary Statement of Objetine Ul. Uno Library Tools A The Card Catalog Arrangement of boob in Ibrarlos Special collections Type of cards Selection of heading to look under Cross-referea ands Analytic ards Printed catalos cards Arrangement of cards to the catalog B. General Bibliographies Gener directions Referenca doricu Bibliographies (6) to (14) C Central Subject-fatter Tools Endlopedies and dettoparla (15) to (20) Blostuphlal dictionarla (21) to (23) D Library Tools in Special Fields Literature Blomraphlet (80) to (88) Literatura Subject matter reference boobs Literatar-Inden (39) to (48) Sodai docet-Bibliographie (49) to (55) focul daca-Subject matter reference books (66) to (70) Seena od tad art-Bibliographlo (71) to (75) Sciena nod Ape Arts_ Subject matter recepce boobs (71) to (82) Sdace and fine arty-indeza (83) to (85) Educasos-Bibliographies (86) LD (92) Eduation Sobject matter reference boobs (93) to (96) E Preliminary Check Lists of Library Tools und Subject Heading I Preparing the Fortdry Blography A Bldognaphlal cards for boobs R Bblogapbloulards for articles from perbodial and copyelopedius low to Proceed 26 27 29-30 80-33 34 35 25 88 40

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·List of Figures TL 6 8 9 10 13 14 16 17 1 Examples of "Seousd "See also arda L Ecumples of sualy the cards & Eamples of Library of Congreu atalog arda 4. Library of Congress and died aphabetically 6 Selections from the Clatite Book Indar & Selectlaar Eroti tbs Radar Guide to Periodical Literatare 7 Selections from The Noo York Timu Indar & Selections from main part of Book Repito Digest 9 Selections from Index of Boot Roiew Digat 10 Selections from Euroy and General Literature indar 11 Selections from Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature 22 Selections from Fiction Catalog 13. Selections from Education Index 14 Samplo Bibliography ards for boobs 16. Samplo Bibllography art for artidos from eacytlopedia and periodicals 16. Card Now G 1, and I 17 Card Noton J K und L 18 19 25 28 29 46 47

·vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V Making the Preliminary Outline
A. Questions
B Tentative Outline
C. Slugs
VI. Talding Card Notes
VII. Stating the Final Objective
VIII. Maldng the Sentence Outline
IX. Writing the Rough Draft
A. Acknowledgment of Sources
B Expansion of Material
C First Revision
D Footnotes
E. Abbreviations
X. Completing the Paper
A. Contents of the Manuscript
B Form of the Manuscript
XI. Evaluation
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER "With the West in Her Eyes"
INDEX

·List of Figures 6 8 9 10 14 16 17 L Espamples of Seen and Ses abo" aarde 2 Eramples of analytie cards * Enamples of Library of Congter ostalog aarde Library of Congress carda fled alphabetically & Selections from the Chronlatırt Book Inda 6. Selections from the Readers Gando to Periodical Luterature 7 Selections from The lo York Ting Inde & Selections from main part of Book Rerier Digant 9 Selections from indar of Boot Rafeto Digett 10. Selections from Emy and Garrol Luttretere Index 11. Selections from Cambridge Bibliography of Englizh Literature L2 Selections from Fiction Catalog 13. Selections Art Educahon Index IL Samplo Biblogtaphy aards for boobs 16. Sumple Bib Bography aards for articles from wyclopedia and periodicals 16. Card Notes G, H, and I 17 Cord Motos J 6, od L 18 19 26 26 38 89 46 47

·vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V Making the Preliminary Outline
A. Questions
B Tentative Outline
C. Slugs
VL Taking Card Notes
VIL Stating the Final Objective
VIL Daking the Sentence Oatline
IX. Writing the Rough Draft
A. Acknowledgment of Sources
B Expansion of Material
C. First Revision
D Footnotes
E. Abbreviations
X. Completing the Paper
A. Contents of the Manuscript
B Form of the Manript
XI. Evaluation
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER "With the West in Her Eyes"
INDEX

·THE WORKING RECORD COURSE NO. NALDE Dato Data Duo Instructor's Signature FInfrbed 1 Choosing a poblect (conference) IL Halling the preliminary statacent of objective III. Uring lurary tools A. Card catalog & General bibllographies C General subject matter tools D. Laran tool in special falde E Preliminary check Hsty of library tools md pobject bading IV Preparing the working blbiography V Halog the preliminary outline A Questions B Tontutin outlino C Slog VL Telax and Data VIL stating the Anal objectivo II. Hartoy the wrotena optiid I Witting the rough draft 1. Completing the paper A. Contents of the manuscript B. Form of the mameipt XL Erotoation (colerence)

·List of Tables
THE WORKING RECORD
I Alds for Biographical Questions on Living People
II Some Aids for Biographical Questions on Persons No Longer Living
DIL Useful Literature Reference Tools
IV Sample Footnote Page with Explanations
V Abbreviations Used in Research Papera
VL Evaluation of Research Paper
List of Exercises
PROTI
A Selecting the Correct Heading
B. Finding Cards in the Catalog
C. Selecting the Best Bibliography for Your Parpore

·THE WORKING RECORD COURSE NO. MAIDE Date Die Date Finlabed Imtructor's Signature L Choosing a object (confome) IL Laltag the preliminary stateo at of lth TIL. Using truy tools A Cardatulos B. General bibliographies C General rabject matter tools D. Library tools in special Beds E Preliminary check Lists of Harry tooli kod subject headings I Preparing the working bibliography Tubing the preliminary oathino Questions B. Tentathe oathloe IL Taking card nota VIL Stating the final objetimo v Wat the wentence catllo t. Friting the root ont I. Completing the paper to Content of the peript & Form of the moukaipt N Entation (onlapa)

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·The Research Paper A research paper ta plece of expository writing which presenta the results of a ardal forestiention of some chosen topic A true research paper maks to prevent not to perpade Research is nied in some form to business and industry to urta and deco, in literature, and in all moda actitty Recognized as an important part of today'ı intellectual equipment, retearet technique bus become one of the tools that you and estry other bestaaldr stardent ant apected to bare for a lateligent approach to your college conna The labor berated in constructing & research these is justified partly by what you with lam from the material you read Lod partly by the tmning that you will receive in the course of writing. A source paper is apedale valuable because you will become scqualated with the necessary fibrary techniques by learning to so reference boola, toportant indexes, and all of the Faktable short cuts to the information you need to mi lesna bow to take notes roleh contain adogate information and how to conto material fato a roudable document. Once you have mastered the technique of research and propera thon of currectly doesmeated theme, you will be prepared to face any coone in which a term paper la required It u zhmood aute to tell what a resmrch pape should not be than to describe what It should be Emphatically it shoald not be a refording of an mcs clopedia article or the rehahlog of 1 ted or reference book. It should not be the stringing together of quota thors from Keral methoritles latenspened with undocumented paraphruses from other aathon. Nor sboald it be a blographical sketch of a water followed by a series of book reporta. Furthermore, It should not be controverdal. It should be an original treatise on porno famliar body of material, a document which mitten by a stadent who ha searched with tntelligenon tharongh rrried sources for curtain facts which be recogata u essential to his choren mbject This student El tako pertinent iden from one anthor = teline quotation from an aothoritative document, and, haring anthered together a body of such Information, will then, by wing trouglaathod and his Loppledes create something Dom The production of research paper la continuous process from the time to student starts by definide his object, through the rearch for material, the talas of poten, the framing of tho sentena outline, the writing of the roogh draltand the checiding of the correct dormontation, up to the completion of the there This process cannot bo compressed into my operation, borrer no matter what length the paper is to be. From the berimalog of his work, the student should have a clear concept of the entire task before him, with the red rerult Armly in mind. Each stop should have a certain time Hmit for its accomplishment, depending upon the length of the paper animed To this end, your instructor - dictate the date due coloron on yoar Worldng Record at the bedoning of this mandal L CHOOSING A SUBJECT The brut Hom on the artisg Becord l . waterence on your topla Go to your lo structor with ideas The best abject will be one in which you soorvalt u interestach Do Dome preliminary thinking. What is the most interesteg book you have ad in the last krenul stars? Do you know anything about the literature of your own state or locality? Are yoo katerested in the general teld of aviation, radio, telenluon, the natural sciences, or astropoet? Or do your interests im to del problemas tarolring prison reform, child labor or attinent bouret that vocation or profesor do you expect to entert i you Islead to be a doctor there are personal reminiscences of doctors and purgeons naging from llarney Cashing The Life of Sur Itim Oder to Actional accounts liu Slacalr Lertat arrortik If you on thindng of the lar bu a profesions, your retardas *il lad you to the fantastic trial In Alur ir Tonderland u well u to udru of the Eaglih cports that art found a metal of Dickens's Dorals If you an interested in historical Brures, kretizate de Caalati.courtı Trik Napolcon in Runa or John Buchan : Ohrer Cronkel Any distorical portreat or figurs will Field Ideas for a research paper The robjects to American blatory art unlimited the Rtrolution, plosan, polttia, the Cold Poeh, the Chr Wet

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·The Research Paper A research paper is a plece of a pository writing which presents the results of a caretal torestiertion of some chosen topic A true research paper reis to present, not to persuade Research la wedla powse form to botines and industry in arts and science, in literature, und in all wooden actirits Recognized us an important part of today's intellectual equipment, research tertinique bus become one of the tools that so und sury other beginning student un aspected to bare for an intelligent approach to your college courses The labor lorohred to constructing a research there is justified partly by what you I learn from the material you read and partly by the training that you will receive in the course of writing. A pource paper is apedilly valuable because you will become sequilated with the necessary library technique by learning to be reference books, im portant ladan, and all of the valuable short cuts to the information you need. You | learn how to take notes which contain adequate Information and how to orprize material into a readable document. Once you have mastered the technique of research and prepara tlon of correctls documented there, you will be prepared to face any course in which a term papa l required It aboost asier to tell what a research paper should not be than to describe what It should be. Emphatially It should not be rewarding of an encyclopedia article or the rthuhing of a tett or reference book. It should not be the stringing together of quot tions from several cuthorities intenspersed with on documented paraphrases from other cothorn Aor should it be a biographical sketch of a writer followed by a series of book report Furthermore, It bould not be controversial It should be an original treatise on ce familiar body of materiale, a document which is written by a student bo hos Bearched with lotelligence through raried roarces for certain facto which ha recognize » tuential to blo choon ribject. This student will take a pertinent idea from one author * telling quotation from w authoritative document, and, haring gathered together a body of such Information, pl ther, bs uutus fugloation and ble worledge, create something nem The prodactlon of a research paper la continuous process from the time the student starta by defining his mbolect, through the search for material, the taking of noten, the framing of the sentence outling tho wilting of the rough draft, and the checking of the correct documentation, up to the completion of the there This procent annot be compressed into one operations, hortToT DO Patter what length the paper is to be. From the beginning of hu work, the student should have a clear concept of the ratin nk before him, with od result firmly in mind. Esch step Khould have a certain time limit for its accomplistaent, depending upon the length of the paper wigned To this cod, your instructor 1 dletate the date deo" colam on your Working Record at the beginning of this manual L CHOOSING A SUBJECT The fire Item on the World Record is a conference on your tople. Go to your instructor with ideas. The best subject be one in which you yourself are interested Do Bomo preliminary thinking, that the mott tateresting book you baro read in the last seper years? Do you know anything about the literature of your OT tato or locality? And you interested in the retral Beld of miation, ndio, teinipon, the natural sciences, or utrosor? Or do your interests ronto social problemas forolring prison reforms, child labor of settlement hoosa? What tocation or profesion do you spect to cater! If you totend to be a doctor there are perpetual remainiscence of doctors and surrons ranging from llarrey Cushing's the use of Sur Tuliam Osler to Letlonal accounts like Sinclair Larisa Arroitmil) If you are thinking of the lak u a profession, your researches the lad you to the latastic trial in Alice in Tonderland us Tell us to utire of the Eagllah courts that we found ta keteral of Dickens sportis. If you are interested in historial frures, Lorelate do Caplaincoart's Tith lepoleon Is Rutata or John Buchans Olser Crver. Any historiaal merament or figure still gield Ideas for a research paper The stablecta la American history art trimited the furrolation, plopedro, politics, the Gold Lan, the Chr Wu ·2 THE RESEARCH PAPER You should be careful to choose a topic which you can handle in the time and word length allotted for the paper The ordinary term theme is from 8,000 to 5 000 words in length and is assigned from four to six weeks before the date it is due. Often the first subject chosen proves to be too difficult for several reasons. You may have chosen a controversial subject which must have both sides presented for the paper to be truly intest! gatory, thus running into too great length. An Investigation leading up to but not going into the controversy may solve the problem. Perhaps the subject is not presented adequately among the volumes in the lībrary you will us, or possibly it has been completely covered by one authoritative book, with the result that there is no longer a question concerning any aspect of it. On the other hand, the subject may be so recent that you will have to use the latest periodicals, some of them so special that you will not have ready access to them. The most provalent tendency among beginning research stadents, however is to choose a subject of too wide a scope. He may, for example, take the development of the English novel as a research project, only to find later that there are innumerable toples for soorte papers under that all-embracing subject. Take one small corner of It such as the development of the heroine in the nineteenth century, or famous sisters, or children in literature before the twenteth century The best research theme is one in which you will make use of a variety of sources, because in so doing you will become acquainted with a the library tools you will use during your college year. There is plenty of matenal to consult on any subject that you choose, and when you have finished your theme, you ! have something of your own, even though the material on which you drew has been familiar to other readers for years. You will have made it your own by injecting into it your critical ability, your interpretation, and your enthusiasm. IL MAKING THE PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Having decided on your topic, make a concise statement of the ambject for yourself, and scrutinize cach word for its exact meaning Define your terms as nearly as possible, even at this early stage. Le us take "America Pioneers" as the topic to be developed through out this entire manual to illustrate the different steps. In a preliminary examination of the subject of American ploneers, the definition of terms will reveal the tremendous scopo of the subject. The word pioncors will lead you to the questions What is meant by a ploncer? Does the word pioncor mean those people who crossed the continent to the Pacific coast? Wero the Mormons, who stopped in Utah, ploneers? Were the people who went only as far as Obio and Ilinois ploneers? Such inquiries as this will force you to DarTOW your thinking to certain localities and also to consider the chronological aspect of the topic At this point, too, you will begin to ask what the word American means Shall my research be confined to those whose ancestors settled in the northern and eastern English colonies during the soventeenth century, or ahall I Include those people who began to migrate from European countries during the early part of the elghteenth century! After deciding theso points, other questions will arise What do I want to know about these people? Am I interested in their reasons for leaving the Atlantic seaboard, or in their traveling dlliculties or in the routes they followed, or in the cultural Inflgences which they took with them, or In the growth of these influences after they settled in some specific place? What do I mean by culture? Ang of the questions aukod will serve as the sobject for a research paper Let us concentrate on tho last question and narrow the subject down to the stateret "I am intorested in American-born pioneers. I intend to trace the growth of culturo in some specific section of the pioneering country The statement is sull wide in meaning but unth you begin to look for your working bibliography and possibly to read the first books and articles, you will find it difficult to be more specific You must present your chosen subject in a scholarly manner that is, you must present the information in such a way that your reader will be utisfied with your choice of material and will also be assored that it is correct in every detail. You have embarked upon a task about which you know a few things, but you mut depend upon printed matter for most of 1 ·8 THE BESEARCH PAPER your tradation. You must (1) Coprult nothorities on your mbject and (b) read material which may be defice u the ribject (brell. In a literary theme, infarmastion Chout nothars And about itenstart would be reynded a secondary material and the literatura Itxell us primary material. In origtaal research, primary material consists of manuscripts, diaries Wetters, wills, ud other documents usually found bot mapabluhed meanscript forno. Since Yery little of this Hod of material is anlabla to the normal fodent, printed autobiovraphies Journals, and reprinta of historial docutoents, letters, and similar writing aro resanded Apart Lo a study of Amerlar plogren for drapie, Frederick Jackson Turner's The Frontier An American History Harold Underwood Faulkner's American Polloreal and Social History und hanc Ross Wared the Wonien un semandary sources Grandmother Brora s Hrdred Years (1 mewolr) and History of the Expedition of Captaiwa Lemus and Clart (a fournal) are prima parte. Sacha boseba 01 Rohag's Grants in the Earth and Connid Plichter's The Fields can tal into dther aategory depending upon the point of vier Ins paper on tetson stich deals rith American phoneer, they would be considered primary In a parely historial paper both rould be considered secondary In riting a research paper you will wine both Hoda of Information. You will be guided pomrohat by authorities in the field, but you will bo upected to me your own fodtet when you rad the patimary material After all, in a rery real sense, your subject is original, And you larta right to your critical opinion. In a research theme, muy important state- Bent must be bachada (not necesarly by a quotation) by documentation from primary or secondary powroci. Other documentationa comista of the writer's Omn rotatoment of tec codury Information with fan accreditation in footooter. If you disagree with a statement by an apthority in your field of inquiry be ready with your quotation from primary material to back up your contention The best and only way to prove 1 point in scholarly discussion & Dot be a cathedra statement ("I think it too because I think it u ko) but by an maet quotation with author title, and peso quoted. This is the essence of a research paper IIL USLSG LIBRARY TOOLS lout rccta la usag belently the material valable in your lurtry I determine to peat atent your production of a tisfactory research paper Because we believe that you cannot undertake to patto a workins bibliotraphy until you have some knowledge of the most important library tools, we are pretenting them Ertl Soar fostructor may bow Ter actually are you study sections III and IV at the nume time The hority tools which you must master fall into two main groups according to their fort. The first group bbborraphitih prorido references to books, magazine artiden d pamphlets, which you will record on your worldog bilo biography card and later locate la Tour own or neighboring library These references will really proside the backbone of your research paper Biographies are general, cha the cand catalog or the Reader' Guide to Periodical Iterature they are also tpedal sebes tho Fuction Catalog or Tu Guido to Historical Literature. Bibliographies ar took" in the renso that you use them to order to booterdataces, but you do not ordinarth list then u title In your working bibliography The second group ot brury tools presents anal sobject matter od they may also be classified accordlar to whether they are storal (linke encyclopedia) or in a special feld live the Dretlozery of Asian History) Books In this group will provide material for Toer role ands and also, ba porno caso, de for additional refereets for your worldng bibliography carda The Card Catalot Arranged of books La llorariet. Regardless of the deadlication system used in . Horary innraber Is alped to each book according to the object of the book, and to the aber badded a letter to combbation with a number standing for the author's mawo and the title. This combination, sitten on the side of the book and la the uppe lett correr of eacti atale art, bora u the call number" und kone u the clue to the boatos ·2 THE RESEARCH PAPER You should be careful to choose a topic which you can handle in the time and wordlength allotted for the paper The ordinary term theme is from 8 000 to 5 000 words in length and is assigned from four to six weaks before the date it is due. Often the first subject chosen proves to be too dificult for several reasons. You may have chosen & Coon troversdal subject which must have both sides presented for the paper to be truly investi. gatory, thus running into too great length. An investigation leading up to but not going into the controversy may solve the problem. Perhaps the subject is not presented adequately among the volumes in the library you will use, or possibly it has been completely covered by one authoritative book, with the result that there is no longer a question concerning in aspect of it On the other hand, the subject may be so recent that you will have to 150 the latest periodicals, some of them so special that you will not have ready access to them. The most prevalent tendency among beginning research students, however, is to choose & subject of too wide a scope. He may, for example, take the development of the English novel 88 & research project, only to find later that there are innumerable topics for Bourte papers under that all-embracing subject. Take one small comer of It, such as the development of the heroine in the nineteenth century, or famous slaters, or children in literature before the twentieth century The best research theme is one in which you will make use of a variety of sources, because in so doing you will become acquainted with all the library tools you will use during your college years. There is plenty of material to consult on any subject that you choose, and when you have finished your theme, you will have something of your own, even though the materlal on which you drew has been familiar to other readers for years. You will have made it your own by injecting into it your critical ability, your laterpretation, and your enthusiasma. IL MAKING THE PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Having decided on your topis, make a concise statement of the subject for yourself, and scrutinize each word for its exact meaning Define your terms as nearly as possble, aren at this early stage. Let us take "American Pioneers' as the topic to be developed through out thls entire manual to Wustrate the different steps In a preliminary examination of the subject of American pioneers, the definition of terms will reveal the tremendous scopo of the subject. The word proneers will lead you to the questions What is meant by a pioncor? Does the word pioneer mean those people who crossed the continent to the Prefe coast? Were the formons, who stopped fo Utah, pioneers? Were the people who went only as far as Ohio and Dlinois plonoers? Such inquiries as this will force you to DAITO your thinking to certain localities and also to consider the chronological aspect of the topic. At this point, too, you will begin to ask what the word American means Shall my research be confined to those whose ancestors settled in the northern and eastern English colonies during the seventeenth century, or shall I Include those people who began to migrate from European countries during the early part of the eighteenth centuryAfter deciding these points, other questions will arise What do I want to know about these people? Am I Interested in their reasons for Icaving the Atlantic seaboard, or in their travoling difficulties or in the routes they followed, or in the cultural influences which they took with them, or in the growth of these influences after they settled in some spocific place? What do I need by culture? Any of the questions asked will serve as the subject for a research paper Let us concentrate on the last question and narrow the subject down to the statement "I am interested in American-born pioneers. I intend to trace the growth of culture in Bome specific section of the pioneering country' The statement to still wide in meaning but until you begin to look for your workdng bíbllography and possibly to read the first books and articles, you will And it difficult to be more specific You must present your chosen subject in a scholarly manner that is, you must present the information in such a way that your reader will be satisfied with your choice of material and wlll also be assured that it is correct in every detail. You have embarked upon a task about which you know a few things, but you must depend upon printed matter for most of ·THE RESEARCH PAPER your information. Jou mort (1) consult suthorities on your subject and (b) rud mustalai wild may be dettoed u the shfest Itell. In a literary themse, information about authors und about tenture would be regarded u kecundary material, and the literature itself as primary material. la original research, primary material consists of mandecripts, dlaries, botters, will, and other documenta urually found to unpublished manuscript forth. Since Tery little of this kind of material is available to the trul student, printed autoblographie journak, und reprials of historleat documents, letters, and smilar writings are regarded petmery In a study of Amerlana planet, for emple Frederick Jecham Turner's The Frontier b Anencen History, Harold Underrood Fadline's American Political and Social Bistory and Nasty Boss Methad the open en recondary wourth Grandnother Browns Padred Years (I tremolr) and History of the Sepedition of Captains Latch and Clark (* fourna) are primary sources Such poseb u Olo Romag'ı Granh mie Earth and Conrad Rilehter's The Fields an fall into either ategory depending upon the point of vler In a paper om tetion chleh daula with American ploneers, they would be considered primary Las parets historical peper both would be considered secondary In ruing a reheard paper you will both kinds of loformation. You will be guided mewhat by authorities in the Deld, bat you will be espected to use your own judgment when you read the primary material. After all, in a very real sense, your subject I original, and you have a right to your crea opinion. In a rearch theroe, every important state Dept must be backedth (not necessarily by n quotation) by documentation from primary or econdary sources Other documentation condate of the writer' om restatement of recondary Information with fall screditation la footnotes. If you diagree with a statement sothority in your field of inquiry be ready otth your quotation from primary material to back up your contention The best and only way to prove a patnt in scholarly duxcundon & Dot w cathedra datement ("I think it la to because I think it is ro) but by na cact quotation with author title, and paro qooted. This is the then.co of a research paper TIL USIG LIBLARY TOOLS Ioar racces la tinr efficiently tho material aralable in your library - determine to * Freze extent pour production of stalactory research paper Beamo we bellove that you cannot undertake to other a worldag blbllography until you havo somo kaowledge of the most important Ubrary toole, we are presenting the first Yoar instructor may hom eu actually hare you stody kotloos III and IV at the same time. The library tools which you must matar u into two main groups according to their form. The first group-bibliographies_ill provide references to books, magazine Articles and pazophlets, which you will record on your worldng bibliography card nod later boesto ia Tour OT OT Belgtiboring library Thae references wil grally provide the backbone of your resarch paper Blbllographie ara general, much us the card catalog or the Reader Guide to Periodical Literature they are allo special, ach as the Fiction Catalog or Thus Guide to Historical Literatura Bibliographies are tools" in the sense that you du them in order to focato references, but you do not ordinantly list them utitles in your worklog bibliography The second group of lítruy tools presenta actual subject matter and they may also be caulted according to whether they ant general (lico engrelopedias) or in a special feld (the Dretionary of Ancicax Hirton) Bools in this group we provide material for Tour dote ards and also to some cres, dea for additional reference for your moutdog bibliography aarde 1. The Card Catdos Arrogent d books In libraries. Regardless of the chantation site used in Ebruty a number Lulgoed to esch book sccordlog to the object of the book, and to this mtuber added a letter to combination with a number standing for the author's name and the title. This combatia, witten on the spine of the book und in the upper left corder of each atake card, to boom uthe "cul Damber and wrth y the clar to the loation ·2 THE RESEARCH PAPER You should be careful to choose a topic which you can handle in the Ume and word length allotted for the paper The ordinary term theme is from 3,000 to 5,000 words to length and is assigned from four to six weeks before the date it is due. Often the first subject chosen proves to be too difficult for several reasons. You may have chosen a controversial subject which must have both sides presented for the paper to be truly investt gatory, thus running into too great length. An investigation leading up to but not going into the controversy may solve the problem. Perhaps the subject is not presented adequately among the volumes in the library you will use, or possibly it has been completely covered by one authoritative book, with the result that there is no longer a question concernlag aar aspect of it. On the other hand, the subject may be 80 recent that you will have to use the latest periodicals, some of them so special that you will not have ready access to them. The most prevalent tendency among beginning research students, however, is to choose a subject of too wide a scope. He may, for example, take the development of the English novel as a research project, only to find later that there are innumerable topics for bource papers under that all-ernbraang subject. Take one small corner of it, such as the development of the heroine in the nineteenth century, or famous alsters, or children in Literature before the twentieth century The best research theme is one in which you will make use of a variety of sources, because in so doing you will become acquainted with all the library tools you will use during your college yearsThere is plenty of material to consult on any subject that you choose, and when you have finished your theme, you will have something of your own, even though the material on which you drew has been familiar to other readers for years. You will bave made it your own by injecting into it your critical ability, your interpretation, and your enthusiasm. IL MAKING THE PRELLINARY STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Having decided on your topic, make a concise statement of the subject for yourself, and scrutinize each word for its exact meaning Define your terms as nearly as possible, even at this early stage. Let us take "American Pioneers 'as the topic to be developed through out this entire manual to illustrate the different steps. In a preliminary examination of the subject of American pioneers, the definition of terms will reveal the tremendous scopo of the subject. The word pronders will lead you to the questions What is meant by a proncort Does the word pronoor mean those people who crossed the contineat to the Pacife coast? Were the Mormons, who stopped in Utah, pioneerd? Were tho people who went only as far as Ohlo and Minols pioneers ? Such inquiries as this will force you to HATTO your thinking to certain localities and also to consider the chronological aspect of the topic. At this point, too you will begin to ask what the word American menns Shall my rescarch be confined to those whose ancestors settled in the northern and eastern English colonies during the seventeenth century, or shall I include those people who began to migrate from European countries during the early part of the eighteenth century? After deciding these points, other questions will arise What do I want to know about these people? Am I interested in their reasons for leaving tho Atlantic seaboard, or in their traveling difficulties, or in the routes they followed, or in the cultural influences which they took with them, or in the growth of these influences after they settled in some specific place? What do I mean by culture? Any of the questions asked will serve as the subject for a research papor Let uus concentrate on the last question and Darrow the subject down to the statement "I am Interested in American-born pioneers. I intend to trace the growth of culturo in como spedic section of the pioneering country" The statement is still wide la mcanlng bat until you begin to look for your working bibliography and possibly to read the first books and articles, you will find it difficult to be more specific You must present your chosen subject in a scholarly manner that is you must present the intormation in such & pay that your reader will be satisfied with your choice of mnterial and will also be assured that it is correct in every detail. You hare embarked upon n tasks about which you Inox fow things, but you must depend upon printed matter for most of ·8 THE RESEARCH PAPER your loformation. You must (3) consult authorities on your Abfect and (b) read material which moty be dided us the subject lett. A alterary theme, information about tothors od cboxktertore rould be regarded u secondary material, and the Bterature itself as primary material in cristal researche, primary baterial conglets of manperinta, dlarla, lettere, wills, and other documenta urually found in wapublished anscript fort. Since te little of this Had of material is allshle to the weal madent, priated antobiographies, journals, and reprints of historical document, letter, kod dmiar writing are regarded as primar la u suds of American porten, lor erople Frederick Jackson Turner's The Frontier druerican History Barola Underwood Frolu i Antnican Poland and Social Hurtory and 1190 Rods Tatverd lht Wonen en recondary poarte Grandmother Brotras Bedard Yeart (a memole) od Hirtory of the Expedition of Captain Lerts and mark it foarul) er pris somes, Soch notes u Ole Rolrug's Grants a the Earth and Conrad Richter's The Fields can finto either ategory depending upon the point of Her in a Dopo on Action which deals with American plomeen, they reald be considered primary in purch bbtorical paper bath would be couldered secondary In writir a research pape Store both kinds of information. You will be guided katoentuat by sothorities in the bed, bat you will be expected to ture your own jodement then you read the primary material. After all, barey real sense, your object is original, cod sou bare a right to your critical opinion. In a research theme, mery important state Det er be becked (ast Decearth by a quotation) bs documentation fruna primary or secondary rotre Other documentation consists of the writer's Own restatement of recdary taformation with fall accreditation in footpotes 1 Jou dagree with a statement by en authority in your feld of Inedrs bored with your quotation from primary material to back to your contention The best and only my to puro a point in pholarly discussion In Dot by a coundra datoreat ("7 think it is so beads I think it is po) but by an uuet quotation with author title, und pago quoted. This batho essence of a research paper AL USTANG LURARY TOOLS locr tocca ta tiar endently the material aralable a your library w determine to a great extent your production of a stilsfactory research paper Becure e bellora that You cannot undertake to gather & wortlas bibliography until you havo romo bonowledge of the most important Horary too's, toma praepting these arst. Your Instructor may bor her actually bare 509 study sections III and IV at the rumo time The Hbrary tools which you must master fall fato tiro mato groups according to their form. The Ant group biblotrapbles will prortde references to books, magazine artiden and pamphlets, while you will record on your worting bibilography aard and later locato in your on or befbboring library These reianences will usually provide the backbone al Tour research paper Bibliographies are merzl, such as the cardatalog or the Roudert Grade to Periodical Literature they are also spocial, spek as the Fiction Culalog of The Guide to Autontul Litostre Bibllographia an "tools in the Kaw that you ne them in order to bellortforces, but you do not ordinarily List them attles in your working bibliography The Xcond group of library tools presenta una med etter ind they may also be digitted scoordlas to whether tho at roeral (ie encyclopedias) or in a special add wetha Dietronary of American History) Books in this group will provide watalal Lot For moto cards and abo, bo wone ases, elce for additional mereacts for your corldne bibliography arte A The Card Catalot Arragenent a boat in libreria Repardens of the chaithea tem used to Ubrary pomber is wortgoed to each book according to the object of the book, and to thua bomber anden letter In corabloaties with snorber sunding for the author's name and the title. This combination, sitten on the spine of the book and in the upper left corner ad catalogar bor u the al Qurbert und mit u the clar to the location ·2 THE RESEARCH PAPER You should be careful to choose a topic rhich you can handle in the time and Ford length allotted for the paper The ordinary term theme is from 8,000 to 5 000 words in length and is assigned from four to six treeks before the date it is due. Often the first subject chosen proves to be too difficult for several reasons. You may have chosen a con. troversial subject which must have both aides presented for tho paper to be truly intesti gatory, thus running into too great length. An Investigation lending up to but not going into the controversy may solve the problem. Perhaps the subject is not presented adequately among the volumes in the library you will use, or possibly it has been completely corered by one authoritative book, with the result that there is no longer a question concerning any aspect of it. On the other hand, the subject may be so recent that you will have to also the latest periodicals, some of them so special that you will not have ready access to them. The most prevalent tendency among beginning research studente, however, is to choose a subject too wide a scope. He may, for example, take the development of the English novel as a research project, only to find later that there are inpumerablo topics for source papers under that all-embracing subjecte Take one small corner of it, such as the development of the heroino in the nineteenth century, or famous sisters, or children in literature before the twentieth century The best research theme is one in which you will make use of a variety of sources, because in so doing you will become acquainted with all the library tools you will use durlng your college years. There is plenty of material to consult on any subject that you choose, and when you have finished your theme, you will have something of your own, even though the material on which you drev has been famillar to other reader for year. You will have made it your own by injecting into it your critical ability, your interpretation, and your enthusiasm II. BIAKING THE PRELIRANARY STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Having dedded on your topic, make a concise statement of tho subject for yourself, and scrutinize each word for its exact meaning Define your terms as nearly as posslble, even at this early stage. Let us take "American Pioneers" as the topic to be developed through out this entire manual to Illustrate the different steps. In a preliminary examination of the subject of American pioneers, the definition of terms will reveal the tremendous scopo of the subject. The word pioncors will lead you to the questions What is meant by : proneer? Does the word pioneer mean those people who crossed the continent to the Padic coast? Were the Mormone who stopped in Utah, pioneers? Were the people who went only as far as Ohlo and Mlinols pioneers? Such inquiries as this will force you to Darrow your thinking to certain localities and also to consider the chronological aspect of the topic. At this point, too you will begin to ask what the word American means Shall my research be confined to those whoso ancestors settled in the northern and eastern English colonies during the seventeenth century, or shall I include those people who began to migrate from European countries during the early part of the eighteenth century? After deciding thoso points, other questions will arise What do I want to know about these people? Am I interested their ronsons for lcavlag the Atlantic Beaboard, or in their traveling dlilculties, or in the routes they followed, or in the cultural influences which they took with them, or in the growth of these influences after they settled in some specific placa? What do I mean by culture? Let us Any of the questions asked will serve as the subject for a research paper "I tun concentrate on the last question and narrow the subject down to tho statement interested in American-born pioneers. I intend to trace tho growth of culture in some spodic section of the pioneering country" Tho statement is still wido in meaning but until you begin to look for your torking bibliography and possibly to read the first bools and articles, you will fod it difficult to be more specific You must present your chosen subject in a scholarly manner that is, you must present the information in rach a way that your reader will be satisfied with your choice of material Jou hare embarked upon a task and will also be assured that it is correct in every detail about which you know a few thing, but you must dopend upon printed matter for most of ·OT or OT 8 THE RESEARCH PAPER PB-PH Nodern European languarts PI-PI Languages and Uterature of Asle, Africa, Octanla, Amedia artificial languages PY PR, PS, PZ Engllah and American literature tetion in English trenle literature PQP 1 French Hiterature PQ Itallan, Spanlah, and Portognese Iterature PT p. 1 German literature PT pt 2 Dutch and Scandloarian Iteratura A fer Dbrarles, such us Harrand, Princetot, und lule, era make me of a ontem dearised to meet their own particular Aceds Whether the library you are usias is classified by the Dere era, by the Library of Congremten, or by its own uniqot mater, the csteptal polnt to remember is that the call number is tho key to the location of the book Special caldian. Voot libraria of ams dze will have a few special collections sherred reparately ta a particular location. These are maally indicated by a symbol or letter over or before the call member och ay Rd, Phi 1.800.1 Moer 820.9 169 K 80,2 0911 K La gill other cure, you may noto a direction, such as "Ask at the deal" or "vihiama Pw. cholow Collection" stamped on the card. When you note symbol used in the cataloxlook for an explanation of them poated nearby or on special cards in the catalog Itself. The sont nous symbol of this kind is"Ror "Redto indicato boolu thelred in the reference collection In many mbraries, boobs of fiction har do call number but are emply arranged on the bell in one large groap alphabetically by the author a pause. Boobs of individual blography kro arranged Dot by the author but by the mbject or blographee. As a result, all blog raphies of Washington i stand together on tho thelres, wbether they aro written by Punoa Wermu, Rupert Hughes, or ashington blmselt. Tipes or carde. The most elementary fact is that books are listed in a card catalog in there was onder rothor title, and tho mbjects of the book Study the Austrations giren Figure 3 und Check yourself by looking in the catalog of your library for the anawe to these questions Dom the Wory bare the book wtitled Nostrard the openl What boobs by Frapes Perluna doar the lonars hare? Are there any books on famou frouter Tocal on territorial apoarlonThat are the call numbers of tho books you found 7 Headings for mbject aards are mually designated in one of two way. In soma libraries the object beadint in typed in red at the top of the card abertas in other it is tped in black capital letten. (In this mandal me me black capitals.) Rempeinber that these two dutinct facts are wed so that you can recognize the significance of different heading on ards Selection of headlaps to look ander The more complicated aspects of wdag card attalot are those lorokrag the selection of the correct heading mader which to look and the det forms of anthor entry a good gedenl rule ba to select the more specific rather than the moon central beadtag. If you are interested in the pathology of dresing, look under "Dream" not "Posebolocar la runt material on the place of women to literature, look under anden,pot "Liter utare. It is the fun.ction of the estabos bring out fine points about boola shich cannot betodicated by the physical placement of the book on the shelt according to a clarification gito. It " pogable, on the other band, to so too far sad to relect a heading which to species that it would probably be located only in the indts of a book and not in a card cataly For instance, the beading Conestoga arons" is perhaps too spectic for most Wbrana in this use, it would be rise to look Beder a popeshat langtr beading, och u "Carriages and arti Tehldos o en Innsportation."

·4 THE RESEARCH PAPER of the book on the shelves of the library It is the symbol by which you call for the book in a closed stack Library or locate it for yourself on the open shelves. You will find that, as you use a Ubrary for research work, you will become acquainted with the meaning of some of these call numbers. The ten main groups of the Dewey Decimal Classification System and 000-099 General Works 500-599 Pure Science 100-199 Philosophy 600-699 Useful Arts 200-299 Religion 700-799 Fine Arts 800-399 Social Sciences 800-899 Literature 400_499 Philology 900-999 History Probably the group which you will use most for a literary research paper is 800-899, it, in turn, is divided as follows 800-809 General works of literature 810-819 American literature 820-829 English literature 830 839 German literaturo 840-849 French literature 850-859 Italian literature 860-869 Spanish literature 870-879 Lada literature 880-889 Greek literature 890-899 Literature of other languages Each of these main number is broken op, according to the form of the literary produc ton, into 1 Poetry 6 Letters 2 Drama 7 Humor 8 Fiction 8 Miscellany 4 Essays 9 Usually, minor related iterature 5 Oratory By this system, 811 stands for American poetry 821 for English poctry and so on through each of the ten major divisions. In the same way 834 stands for German essage and 862 for Spanish drame. As you can see, 890 to 898 is a catch all number for a largo group of literatures, but the application of the numbers for the forms of literature works in the same way that is, since 891 7 18 Russian literature, 891.72 stands for Russian drama. Some very large Ubraries use the Library of Congress classification for their book co? lection. This is used, of counte, in the Library of Congress itself and in about two hundred university Librarles. The most obvious difference between tho Dency Decimal and the Library of Congress systems is that the latter uses letters for primary classes of books Numbers are used after the letters to designate subdivisions by subject, by form, and by geographical location. The main classes of books are desigpated by the Llorary of Congress system as follows А B C-F General works Philosophy and religion History and audillary sclences Geography and anthropology Social and political sciences Education Fine Arts Language and literature R S T U V Z Science Medicine Agriculture Tochnology Military science Naval science Bibliography and Ubrary selence H-K L I-N P Class P, for languago and literature, is divided into different "schedules" as follows P-PA Comparatire philofogs classical philology and Iteratura ·or 5 THE RESEARCE PAPER PB-PH Modern European language PI-PU Larenges and literatures of Arts, Abies, Oceanlı, America artificial languages PY PE, PS, PZ English and download literature, Action la English forento literature PQ pt 1 Freich literaturi PO B 2 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese Literatures PT PL 1 Gemua bterature PT BL 2 Datch and Scandinavian Iteratores A fex libraries, ach us Harrard, Pylocetou, and Yale, eren more pse of a yatan derised to meet ther on particular needs. Whether the library you are using i clavited by the Derty spatuco, by the Library of Congreu system, or by its own unique system, the curentul point to reactober is that the call number" is the key to the beation of the book, Special collections. Jost libraries of us de mil bare for special collections shelred menurutes in particular location. There are ally indicated by a gmbol or letter over or before the a munber noch us Bet Phil R-809.1 Meyer 820.9 189 at K ar 822 ent D911 In stil other cases, you may note a direction, rich y "Aut at the desk or "yliams Poycholowy Colectiona stamped on the word. When you doto symbols used to the abalos, look for an explanation of the posted Dearty or on special aards in the catalog Hell. The most usul vabal of this Hind is "R" or "Ret.” to ladicato books thelred in the rderen.co collection I ming Mortna, boobs of action here Do All Umber but are simple arranged on the ahelin on barre roop phabetically by the author's name Books of Individual blography ere erruased bot by the author but by the subject or blographer As a result, all blog raphies of Buhington will staod together on the thelren, whether they are written by Purion Weens, Rupert Plothes, or Tashington himseil Trper al card. The most elementars tuct is that books are listed in a card catalog in thres wys oder author title, and tho subjects of the book. Study the sth ven In Firuro od Check foarte bis booklag in the catalog of your Ubrary for the arren to these questions Does the library have the book titled Tetrard the Toma? Tunt boobs by Frudaa Parteman does the library barel Are thert ky boobs on futnons frontiers Dent va territorial pansion 12t are the al pombers of the books you found Hadass for what arden walls designated in me of two ma In me librarie the sabled beading is typed to red at the top of the ard, whereas to other it is typed la black apital letter (In this minu te ose black capitalı) Remember that these two Gxtinct site are ared so that you can recomalze tho significance of different houding on ards Sdertion of heading to look under catubos are those intol tag the selection of the correct heading under which to look and the The moro complicated aspects of ouing a card dxcreat forint of other entry A good renal move to select the more mediile rather than the more reneral headiny If you are interested to the psycholors of dreams Look under "Dreams," dot "Psychology 1 yoo maat material ca the place of women lo Uterature, loot rods fomen,dot Lita kort It is the function of the atabs to bring out fino points about boobs which count beated by the phoral placement of the book on the shell utcording to a clasification moter It k pouble, on the other hand, to go too far and to select a beading which 11 no podle that it would probably be beated only in the back of a book and not in tard catalos For tortance, the berdins Cosesteg vagony" Ls perlaps too specific for mostrarlo in the Dutrould be ser to book order come but larra bedie, soch u "Cartlara ud arte tehka nima Intasportation."

·6 THE RESEARCH PAPER There are different types of subject headlage. One type is the form heading which enters a book ander the literary form in which it is written. Examples of this type and 'English drama-Collections" and "English poetry--Translations from the Chinese." A second type is that in which the malo heading is the name of a country or place bot the pub division is & subject. As examples of this type you will find "U 8-Description and traret" and "U S.-History, in this case, "History" and "Description and travel" apply to the United States alone, and therefore the name of the country is more important and comes first On the other hand, a third type of subject heading is that in which the subject comes first and the subdivison is the country or place. Examples of this type are those objecte in which national boundarles are not important, the subjects themselves being more or les universal, es in the case of Art, Education, and Science. In these examples the place La secondary, therefore, you would look under "Art-U S." or 'Education Great Britain." The author of a book can be an association or a government agency AS Su person If you work in the field of education you will come to recognize the National Sodet for the Study of Education and the US. Office of Education is authors of many important works which you will need to consalt. In the field of English, the National Coundl of Teachers of English sporsors important studies. In writing & paper aboat pioneers you may use the publications of the American Association for State and Local History You will find sach publications listed under the name of the agency as the author Cross-reference cards. Because a card catalog is actually an Inder, it uses several de vicos oimflar to those used in the Indexes of books. One of these is the cross-reference. In cases where alternate or related forms of headings are used, a cross-reference card is one which does not cite a particular book but gives you clues as to where the complete data about books on a subject may be found. There are two kinds. The See" cross-reference guides you from one headlag which is not used in that particular catalog to another which is woed, the "See also" cross-reference is intended to gaide you to additional material, referring you from one beading under which some material is listed to another der which more material on & related mbject can be found. In Figure 1, the "See" card indicates that books on JS TERRITORIAL EXPANSION See also LOUISIARA PURAHASIS PIONEERS FRONTIER AND PIONEER LITE FIGUR 1. ELAND OF "BC" AND "Sa ALIOCAD ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 1 poners are not led under "Pioneers* bat Ill be found listed under "Frontier and planter Wife," and the Seo alio" ard shows that material on territorial expansion of the United States of be found ander both "U S-Territorial expansion" and "Lollana purchase." Because these steps brohing the selection of proper heading under which material on your topic 1l be located and so muy important, stop at this point and test yourself by perfarming Exercise A and any other your instructor mo ang EXTERCISE SELECTING THE CORRECT HEADING Druction Lo the right teed column is a list of toples which you might not to and for a paper le the retnl tell of plonger lifeOn the line for the one place the armber of the correct beadtor oder welch you would be root lhaby to Bind the namrer in the card atalos ELITLI Bradings L AMERICA LITERATURE-HISTORT AND CPITI csu Appartod, Joboty pred See Chapon, John BIOGRAPHY . CEAPULA JOH, 176-18-45 A FROTTER AND PIONEER LIFE & FEOYTIEB AXD PIONEER LIFE-FICTION 7 FRONTIER AXD PTOYEER LJFE THE WEST A Frother ta Aberlaan history • Johnny Applested 10. Plodete Bir Sex FRONTIER AXD PIONEER LIFE IL Torder Frederick Jackson, 1562-11 TUENER, FREDERICK JACKSOT 1861-1972 1. THE WEST Il Vostnrd the Woen I WOMEX ES LITERATUPE AYD ART IL WOVEN THE VS A boot on the birtory of American Itentar Lurer Topla Re-LA wort with the utte Tutkord ik onen b. A ist of the boala IR the ring on the fron titr in Americas tott CA borraphy of Johony Applared The book to the Bbrary try Friderick J Torder e A list of storia in the Ibrary about the fron- A book entitled The LV. of Frederick / Turner A Est of boola in the Ibrary thout women the fronta h Boolis on Eroottet i to the lost LAwards the treat tent of Don Bons about the at ·6 THE RESEARCH PAPER There are different types of subject heading One type is the form heading, which enters a book under the literary form in which it is written. Example of this type are Engilah drama-Collections" and "English poetry-Translations from the Chinese A second type is that in which the main heading is the name of a country or place but the subdivision is a subject. As examples of this type you will find "U S.-Description and tranet and "U S.-History", in this case, "Hustory" and "Description and travel" appls to the United States alone, and therefore the name of the country is more important and comes first. On the other hand, a third type of subject heading is that in which the object comes first and the subdivision is the country or place. Examples of this type are those subjects in which national boundaries are not important, the subjects themselves being more or lo universal, as in the case of Art, Edacation, and Science. In these examples the place is Ascondary, therefore, you would look under Art U S." or "Education Great Britain" The author of a book can be an association or & government agency as well as 8 POTION If you work in the field of education, you will come to recognize the National Society for the Study of Education and the U S. Office of Education as authors of many important works which you will need to consult. In the field of Englah, the National Council of Teachers of English sponsors important studies In writing a paper shout ploneers, you may use the publications of the American Association for State and Local History You will find such publications listed under the name of the agency as the author Crossreference cards. Because & card catalog is actually an Index, it uses several devicos amilar to those used in the indexes of books. One of these is the cross-reference. In cases where alternate or related forms of headings are used, A cross-reference card is one which does not cite a particular book but gives you clues as to where the comploto data abont books on & subject may be found. There are two kinds. The "Seo" Cr083-reference guides you from one heading which is not used in that particular catalog to another which is bed, the " See also woss-reference is intended to guide you to additional material, referring you from one heading under which some material is listed to another under which more material on a related subject can be found. In Figure 1, the "See card indicates that books on 05 TERRITORIAL PAPANSION 8 also LOUISLAHA PURCHASE PIAKTEERS FRONTIER ARO PIONERR LIFE FIC 1. PALLA or "Src" AND "SO ALIO" COL ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 9 soul, and the brackets [] to indicate that something not in the original has been added te amples of these devices in Figuras und 4. b 973 ܘܩ 8 Faper, Parold Order word, 1800 - American pailahger, b. Hameld Under rool Food E. Cmim 1042 TRICU in DIN TEDIL (Creta Apr kom GOLLTE ponerator) To trio. Hoy 18y7 Torte, se petather April Dudad captor CSSTR. The 1 Lil-FL12-31 D. ILL. DA Library Congo G100 Sot, D C 970 с Coata Robert K., 1097- The outlaw yani then bistory of the clata e the Untchatice by Robert Look. The Vranlay Conpes 18 ALHO, trespleta feat. Ar Xtra P 1 SHOD Vinci 3 OLDE L 1 bodohhh On 2 brode od rotter 1 Tranho. 04 Letos 20141 Lorn MA FR 1 EuYT OF L or Coatch CATALDO CADU. Explanation of goods and Call ober do on Ubrary Voted form of ather's Dapod hla date e Completa title, and tothor' pas u wiitta a thle po L Lartoe bete. . Cnplete baptat (place, publieber and Lata e pubbotloa) Ich od nonton. Lund kala. L Bollamphle pote Contenta ne Ł Added entria ta atalager' lap L Library of Crofte aard ordke pumbat - Lorry of Corta al pomber Call Fumber med for Horarlas en Derey Decal Stan Empade bort Brichete hotke the dierence betsten the veridad form of the author's tune and the form in which It may ban been written on the title pegl A verified farm, u corupleto u poodblo od Deloding the author's birth uod death dates, is used to that all cards for books by or about him may be found under the puma boading. The ruled form, written on the top line of the author ard (us in Flour 3) i uns printed in boldface typu Also nota ·8 THE RESEARCH PAPER Analytic cards. Another kind of card found in many library catalogs is the analytie This card, which may guide you to materials hard to locate in other ways, refers you to put of a book, such as a chapter on a special subject, or a play or & story included in a collection of plays or stories. The form of these cards may differ from ono llbrary catalog to another but they all give the essential information in a form easy to recognize once you master the items in the examples given in Figure 2 Card 0 920 T CROCKETT, DAVID, 1786-1836 Thompson, Samol Hunter, 1876- Southorn horo talon 1914 p 51-63 Card 2 812 09 Davy Crockett C Hurdoch, Frank Altohooak, 1843-1872 Dary Crookott, or Bo kuro you're right, thon 50 khand (In Clark, Bu, od Favorito Aborican plays of the ninotoonth oontury 1943 P 36–67) с 812 08 Hurdooh, Prank Hitoboook, 1843-1872 Davy Croakott, or Bo sur, you're right, then (In clark, B I, od Favorito Amarloan playe of tho ninotoonth contury 1943. P 35-67) Go ahoad Card L Figure 2 EXAMPLE OF ANALITIO CARD. In Figure 2, note the difference in the form of a personal name when it is used as title and when it is used as an author or subject. In Card 2 Davy Crockett is a Htle and fonld be found by looking under the first word of the title, Davy On the other hand, in Card 3 Crockett's name is used as subject therefore, it would be found under his last name. Libraries which do not use analytic cards to any great extent expect the student to use tho many Indexes of plays, short stories, biographies, and poems which are avallablo as mabstitutes for this kind of cataloging You will find the more important of these indexes described in Sections III B and MI D Printed catalog carda You will find that you can glean many clues and a great deal of useful information if you understand thoroughly how to use the printed Library of Congress cards which you will find in the catalogs of most libraries and which make avaliable complete bibllographical detall. In the examples glven in Figure 3, each item is identified for Tod at least once, check your understanding of these cards by identifying the items on the add]. tional cards in Figure 4 Two devices used in these cards and in other library tools are the ellipsis marks to indicate that information has been left out which was in the ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 9 orlunial, and the brackets [] to hodlate that something not in the original bus been added Note aumples of these dalees in Figura 3 and 4 b 1 0 Frukotr, Hard Doderwood, 1601 Aferin polnohor, by Hupeld Under Forefroide. Etter, H. GRATIAOMIDWIE (Cructa Ant Kem TRES GIEDRIK) The Prince Hay Thurd de, de the 411, a de stad der UTARA d 8 1 LU.TUL LULU PR: var 1 Lion Coop CAT to A 072 C c Cetter Kobert Wyroc, le- The cotlaw yan the wary date. La daar to Rabat I. Cour de Yuck. The Yuanlar COOPBX1920, - trol, pictat ur Hopea o P ܝ Leather 1 Brut Produd Le 00441 Toro.. Mrthy, o Total Ewuns Of Lady of Conca CATALOG CADA Espluation of the ondt 4 CAB inber of your om Morary Amard for of arthot' JOM nd is data • Corlea title, so's Deposito a per L Lithu pole & Cropio prlet (lac, potrder and date of rithe) 1 Page 404 Winston £ Bibliographie pole | Contrata pota k Added entries fee atalgo's up L Library Care and order ober * Lorary of Corta al tomber Curaber recreated for Herria og Derry Duel System . El park Bracket hre dotice the diference betyren the ruled forme of the cotbor's page and the farm LA which it may hare been written on the title page A verified form, u completo e pontble und beluding the mothor's birth nad death dates, is bred so that el aards for books by or atsat, him Dry be found under the come beadlo Tbo verited form, written on the top Hoe of the author ard (w la Figure 3) la awtys printed in boldface type Also Dota ·8 THE RESEARCH PAPER Analytic cards. Another kind of card found in many library catalogs is the analytic. This card, which may gulde you to materials hard to locate in other ways, relen you to part of a book, such as a chapter on a special subject, or a play or a story included in a collection of plays or stories. The form of these cards may differ from one library catalog to another, but they all give the essential information in a form easy to recognize once you master the items in the examples given in Figure 2. Card S. C 920 CROCKETT, DAVID, 1786-1836 Thompson, Sammel Hunter, 1876- Sauthore horo talos 1914 P 61-63 Card 2 al 2 08 с Davy Crochott Kurdoah, Prank Hitahooar, 1843-1872 Davy Croonatt, or Bo ivo you'ro right, thon 60 ahond. (In Clark, B od Favor to worscan plays of the pinotoonth contury 163 P 36-67) 812 08 Murdoch, Frank Hitohooor, 1843-1872 C Davy Crochott or Be sure you'ro right, thon go ahord (1a Clark, 81, od Favorito Amor can plays of the ninetoonth contury 1843. p 35-87) Card 2 FICUS 2 ETAMID or AKALYTIO CADDY In Figaro 2, note the difference in the form of a personal name when it is used as a title and when it is used as an author or subject In Card 2 Davy Crockett is a title and would be found by looking under the first word of the title "Davy On the other hand, in Card 3 Crockett's name is used as subject therefore, it would be found under his last nam. Libraries which do not use analytic cards to any great extent expect the student to use the many inderds of plays, chort stories, biographics, and poems which are avallablo as substitutes for this kind of cataloging You will find the moro important of these indexes described in Sections III B and ITD Printed catalog cards. You will find that you can glean many clues and a great deal of useful information if you understand thoroughly how to use the printed Library of Congress cards which you will find in the catalous of most libraries and which mako availablo completo bibllographical detail in the examples given in Figuro 3 each item is identified for you at least once, check your understanding of these cards by identifying the items on tho addi Honal cards in Figure 4. Two devices used in these cards and la other Ubrary tools are the ellipsis marks to indicate that information has been loft out which us in the ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 9 orldau, and the breteta [] to indicate that something not in the original has been added Note sample of them derica to Figurt s und 973 6 1 . O Feaper, Harold Udermood, 1991 Antican pailpos. by Ham Under pel FotoFS. Gimtem 140 LICIRII. DINO (Cruch in SOLAT FUCH) Tint cache lo ridon, oth arhite Aprel na Durch das chuport. Gims Il b 5 1 LULLD.Lvoit Luton LLO Library Coast 1 m KAT, 0 073 C C Carte. Robert Uroe 1991- Tootlaw yun: the day tuned Kitebetree by sell Coma Sched. The Suomalar Compoz 100 ALHO frutatoto Ar You can 0 P. 1 LCrt med att han i Brandon * Intensity ܢܗܪܢ k Lars Cogo o Hon Face 2 Duo or Lat Or Corcos CATALOG CAO. Esplay the robots and Call Itober djur on Harry A tarted thathat's a b Ates - Complete the cod mother's DDE A viitto ca the per 2 La Dola Caglia taftbet (plus, pabba od data af htlatan) I read that Bootlopphla nota Catcuts Dott. L Added multa fu ataino boy L Lions Crations and der meer Labreny d Carpins al puniber Gullber neuted for libraries at Dan Detml Stem Eila at Bracket Acts the discrea between the rurild form of the author's name and the farm in Thich it may bure been written on the title pare A Terited form, u completo u ponible And Irelodios the author's birth and death date, ured so that all cards for books by or about, bien may be found moder the ume hadipt The saited form, written on the top Toe of the author and (ca in Figure 8) í uhan printed in bold fuco type Also tuote ·10 THE RESEARCH PAPER that ard 1 in Figure 4 illustrates the way in which a book by more than one author is entered. Actually the book TV estern AmeriCt would be entered in the catalog uoder both Ilafen and Rister Mostar daerica. Card 1. 978 Hafer, LeRoy R 1883 Tester America, the exploration, kitlopent, and dorelosa ment of thormon beyond the Blooladppl, by LeRoy R. Hafen and Card Coke Rister New York, Prentice-IIal, Inc., 1911 la Ilan de THE TEST-HISTORY 978 Hafen, LeRoy R 1803 testera Amerlea the exploration, settlement, und derelop mmt of the region beyond the dialuppiby LcRoy Hafen Rutter Car and Carl Coko Rister Now I ork, Prentice Hall,Inc., 1941 Kort boots 11-1128 no who built America Wittke, Carl Frederick, 1892 978 To who balle America; tho maga of tho tam grant by Carl Witiko Now York, Prentic-Hall, Inc., 1830 L Rbter Call vil DL SBTP Dja net pelating October 1932 41-4129 Bibliograpbloul foot-pote Card 078 326 75 1. UR-tole #mal 20 & Tortico popolation. 4 U 6. Natlanul L the 40_137 Library of Court JTORI. 14566 Card 3. PICURE L Lorrr or COM CARDS TILI ALPIIABETICALLY For the purpose of giving you clues for your workdog bíbliography the most important items on the Library of Congress cards are the Bibliograpblc note and the Contonto note. For instance, in your hunt for material on frontier and pioneer life, you would need to dote that the books represented by each one of the different cards in Figures 8 and 4 contain bibliographies Card 1 in Figure 8 tells you that Faulkner's book has not only a bíbliography at the end of cach chapter but also a 48-pago bibliography at tho end of the book. Tho other books have bibliographies varying in location and length, their bibliographies would bo worth consulting even if you do not actually use the information contained in tho body of the book You will frequently and that the added tries for the cataloger's Information (item ko Figure 8) may give you clues to the contents of books as #ch as suggest additional subject beading to look up. Card 8 in Figure 4 lista thres additional headings under thich you could look, Figuro 4 also verves to Illustrate the order of these cards with different headings and emphasizes the fact that one book may be entered uader several different heading... When you can identify each of the items on tho printed cards used hero for illustration, go to the catalog of the Ibrary you are using and select at random three printed cards Check yourself by identifying each itern on tho cards be sure to get from the carda TOTT posable bit of information Arrangement of cards in the catalog Because the number of cards in the catalos of cven a small Ubrary it so lange, complicated rules have had to be dertised for the filling of ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 11 atalos ardı Althoth kme mriation ists from me library to another aborleife of the most important roles which are gettrally followed will help you gratis (1) Heading are filed alphabetically word by trord. This means that dev York" 1 Aled ubod or "Norark" od that a Zaland is located ahead of " or foundland.An other way of stating this mo is that short is filed before long (b) Numerals in the Wa of books are filed ulf spelled out. This means that $30,000 Bequest failed abad of Tarly Years of etc lort (c) Intul artida (l, in, the, le lot une der dos) are duartgarded in fullng when they come at the beginning of titles. You would therefore locate A Great time to Be Alire under" and La Trois vousquetaires der "4" (a) Contrary to telephone book naart, all Dames beginning with Ar Us, or Mac, are fled u I spelled out le Therefore, LacHale, Machine, VcHosti, and Bachter would be Loated in the order given (e) Sablett hadias3 with period subdivisions are filed chronologically by the period. You would therefore locate "U S-History-French and Indian War before "US History--Resolation," and "Great Britain Histors-Tadors, 1480-1605* beforo "Great Britain Hgory Elizabeth, 1658-1603." (1) Cards ataga perton S DAITE U abject to fled after cards girior the Ramo per DARI PULUDE A thor EXERCISE B FINDING CARDS THE CATALOG Directions Below in troops of heading copled from the top loa ol atuloy arde Detarmde the correct orter Koording to the role jest sted on page IL Write on the the provided for the move the letter while represents the boodtog that should ok Art, not the latter which repro- Muu ter beadlor that shoold the second, and so forth, as in the compla. Eur (1) Jobs Appleseed (6) b) Cremer, John (a (c) Wetard the atta (d) (d) Teratr Frederick Jackson Art #rading 1 (a) TOHEX K LITERATURE AD ART (b) FOSIES (e) FONAI-BIOGRAPHY (d) WONEY KS GREAT BRITAN .. (1) U6-HISTORY-FREXCEL AID NDIA TAE (b) U 8-DESCRIPTIO AD TRAVEL (e) 8.HISTORY-COLOSLAL PERIOD (a) U &-HISTORI-REVOLUTIO 1 () The hand of the north (b) A Vinter Hoiday (c) The WOOCO (d) Folie, Thosou L () Bon in Bloom (6) Ron, la Derler (c) POOSETELT FRASELILY DELANO (d) Foortest, Franklin Dubro (a) Merk Albert Charlo (b) Latte, Opel Wheelt (e) Lil Deals Crearst (6) KACHLEPT ·12 THE RESEARCH PAPER B. General Bibliographies The card catalog, however, is only one of the general bibliographies which you must check as you begin to build your working bibliography In general, it locates the abole books directly on your topic which are in your own library You need also to locate articles in books and material lo periodicals to discover the names of persons who were connected with your topic, or to check systematically through library tools to locate all points of fler on a subject In short, the next step is to examine general bibliographie General directions, (a) Note that each title referred to from now on will be Identified for easy reference by an item number in parentheses. (b) Write in the call number of each title for your own library by writing on the Une between the item number and the title. You will then be able to locate each book or set of books quickly as you start to work. (c) Try to learn the scope, method of arrangement, and the kind of index characteristic of each of these reference tools. Your alm should be to develop discrimlaston In the use of reference books and library tools so that you can go without loss of time to the book which will help you most Always check all volumes of these indexes to make sure that you hart covered all possibilities. Use the books and learn bow to get the most from them by actual practice (d) If you and that you need additional information on the use of these tools or a moto inclusive list of reference tools, consult one of the following guides Barton, Mary N., comp Rotermce Books a Brief Guide for Students and Other User of the Library 2d ed. Baltimore, Enoch Pratt Froo Library 1951. 99 p. (2) Winchell, Constance M. Guide to Roftoace Books 7th ed. Based on Guide to Rel croce Books 6th ed.mn by Isadoro Gilbert Madge Chicago, America Llorary Asociation, 1951. GOOD - Shores, Louis Baslo Roforence Bookt 2d ed. Chicago, American Library Apodir tlon, 1989 Reference devices. The books listed in this section are all tools in a very real sense. Before you start this section, review the devices which are common to many iſbrary toole (a) CROSS-REFERENCES These are usually See' or "See Also" references in book catalogs you may occasionally find go (quod vido, which oco") (b) GUIDE LETTERS. These may be printed on the spine of volumes, on the upper corner of a page, or on thumb-Indexes. (c) LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS. Usually each library tool explains the particular abbreviations or symbols of which It makes use by listing them at the front or back of the volume (d) SYMBOLS. These are also identified, usually in the front of the volume frequently they are used to denote magazines listed in the index or books which have been analyzed. Sometimes symbols are used to locate titles in particular libraries in other cases, the librarian may write in pencil the call numbers of books owned by the library you are using (e) SUBJECT HEADINGS. There may bo written in different ways (in one continuous line, as on the catalog card, or indented and on different lines, as in the Readers Guide) Train your eye to pick out the headings in some indexes. If you note the use of boldface type, Indentions, or italics, you will find them comparatively easy to use. (1) IDENTIFICATION OF MAQAZINE VOLUUES AND PADES. The system used in all tho Inderes published by Tho H. W Wilson Company is so widely adopted that you should under stand ther tools. In the following example, the figure before the colon stands for the folumo and the figures after the colon for the paging Sat Ero Post 107-14 472 You will find, borrover that a system used in other indexcs is that of roman numerals for the volume number and arabic numerals for the pagios as follows Sat Evo Post X, 7-14 ·THE FESEARCH PAPER 18 Yoo er not ready for the latrodoction of a number of the most widely userul general millographies Uted States Cataloy tuh, Boobs in Prix Jomary 1 1IIL Nry Tork, L. 1 Wilca Cotepuny 19293164 p. Cumlatit Boot Indo A Torid List of Boobs in the English Language 1928-late ha York, HW WIbon Cottopany 1933-date These tro basic bibliographla provide record of a boobs published in the United States and from 1923) in the Endish language there in tho work. The arrangement Ls by author Hitle, and subject, tacthy like the ringement of the card catalog. You will cuse this set to find Information about a particular book not in your library (ben, for iDstanet, you And It incotapletely cted in a bibliography) or to find a list of all material pab Ished la Enllah on a particular tople. The Mostration given in Figure 5 - show you particolarty the abject ose to with this tool can be pat Note the so of boldface type for the man mbject headings at the lett margin, tho 11- dented rabbeading, and the mob-cobheading in Italia Item 8 Mustrates the many addi Hooal "Set also references which must be followed up. bro ثے Back. I had. Y J 1. tom. Laat het XL LANCO Ketv 1-Trope tregut. ApurtronD.LT CH Wat we Mumm, 1059 121 Wwt Free wat de Carl Ltd Kad Wint 2 TAIP PAT Dochy TCechy Woute petite HURRY X-Ma tu Ert at Otta. J Yo Hort A Demo Carbon Horchwork out 3 TRT Alor Oryand to m. 8 the ride Abe XT tolon Kurd Le court 7 in LA motor (ort) Art Dowlabu NY LTL Hure Kortiment Lortut nb Dyhr (corra) Doctn tnd trul Unha Artes WA UWheedy potahy. ATEIT Do peopisin TL. DET Cruthen be TW XL Koorentat. 1 na 1 pct More 21 One en hop. We want it to City on Want Frohen Tran darah MAL We od 1 + Xerta Seth Mach the botted Poly Maco Ne 1 OCUL AIL Der L J Lects Xogan DIRTY THI TUTTO Runt U DNY NE For bu 3 PADOR npo H RH Benson Fre, wr Obert, 3 on who top od PUT er em tam olar Xocartkaylor mart Wmtim 7 Wet Afrite in Afrie ut Anchor be bort West od pretendia Vrb Wat bio AHU YA dr be to t Tart Di Hata C TEL SOTT to Coaletter Best Indee. 1. Take care satbar mtr for for dett 2 set abry 1 Bradas de mobfect Sob-robbeding I Author cotry of Englab pablaatios Artbe aty o United Stata pobllanthes 17 mandat Labo" con ·ALA 12 THE RESEARCH PAPER B. General Bibliographies The card catalog, however, is only one of the general bibliographies which you must check as you begin to build your working bibliography In general it locates the whole books directly on your topic which are in your own library You need also to locate articles in books and material in periodicals, to discover the names of persons who were condected with your topic, or to check systematically through Ubrary tools to locate all points of stew On a subject. In short, the next step is to examine general bibliographics. General directions. (a) Note that each title referred to from now on wll be identified for easy reference by an Item Ducaber in parentheses. (b) Write in the call number of each title for your own llorary by writing on the lino between the item number and the title. You will then be able to locate each book or set of books quickly as you start to work, (c) Try to learn the scope, method of arrangement, and the kind of index characteristic of each of these reference tools. Your aim should be to develop discrimination in the use of reference books and library tools so that you can go without loss of time to the book which will help you most Always check all volumes of these indexes to make sure that you have covered all possibilities. Use the books and learn how to get the most from thern by actual practice. (d) If you find that you need additional information on the use of these tool or a mort inclusive list of reference tools, consult one of the following guides (1) Barton, Mary N. comp. Referens Book a Brial Guide for Studonds and Other Dom of the Library 2d ed. Baltimore, Enoch Pratt Free Library 1981 99 Tylochell, Constance A. Guide to Roforence Boola 7th ed. Bued on Guide to Ref cmc Books 6th ed, by Lnadore Gubert Mudge Chicago, American Library Association, 1851 Shores, Loule Basio Reference Booka, 2d ed. Chicago, American Library Apoca tlon, 1989 Reference depices. The books listed in this section are all tools in a very real rense. Before you start this section, review the devices which are common to many library tools. (2) CROSS-KBFZRENCES. These are usually See or 'Seo also references, in book catalogs you may occasionally find qo (quod vido, 'which see') (b) GUIDS LETTERS. These may be printed on the spine of volumes, on the upper corner of a page, or on thumb-indexes, (c) LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS. Usually each library tool explains the particular abbrevlations or symbols of which it makes use by listing them at the front or back of the volmaa (d) SYMBOLS. These are also identified, usually in the front of the volare frequently they are used to denote magazines listed in the index or books which have been analyzed Sometimes symbols are ased to locate titles in particular libraries in other cases, the librarian may write in pencil the call numbers of books owned by the lfbrary you are using (e) SUBJECT HEADINGS. These mny be written in different ways (in ono continuous Line, us on the catalog card, or indented and on different lines, as in the Readers Guide) Train your eye to pick out the headings in some indexes. If you note the uso of boldface type, indentions, or italics, you will find thera comparatirely easy to use. (1) IDENTIFICATION OF MAGAZINE VOLILIES AND PACES. The system used in all tho Indexes published by Tho H Wilson Company is so tridely adopted that you should understand their tools. In the following example, the figure before the colon stands for tho volume and the figures efter the colon for the paging Sat Ero Post 10-1-14 600 p. 472 p. You will find hotever that 1 stem used in other indexes is that of roman numeral for the volume number and arabic aumerals for tho paglog as follows Sat Evo Post X, 7-14 ·1 D 1600 W Colt 18 THE PESEARCH PAPER You are not ready for the introduction of a number of the most widely ustal general bibliographlen. 60 Dited Stata Catalog itd, Boob u Print January 1 19*4 Now York, H. W Ilon Company 192.. 3164 p. (5) Catatirs Book Iides A Torld Iluto Boobs in the English Language 1921-date At Tark, Tiaon Company 1833-date These tito basic bibliographies provide a record of all books publlahed in the United States and (from 1928) in the English language anywhere in the world. The arrangement You I Labaothor title and cablect, cuctis like the arrangement of the crd catalog use this set to find information about a particular book not in your library (when, for instapce you find it incompletely cited in a bibliography) or to find a list of all material pub- Ilahed in English on a particular topic. The Illustrations direa in Figure 6 l khor you particularly the subject use to which this tool can be put. Note the use of boldface type the main mbject heading at the luft margin, the in deated subheadings, and the mob-tubheading in Italia. Item 8 Mostrates the many addithonal "See also references which must be follored up, don (17). X. p. but Inih te Lectrie. IL ola 7-W Vierte Nory Muse Echritt 1- From Dell Art DLK w O Wat we want 107 H. Tout Treduto per Cat LOD E mn Wyrt 2 TNTTORIT Dauty, Tu recto Mentato pelthen Son XA Pron TRELLE fres Dots L7 Coton 3 Tour rotu roother and brutto B Peetb the re - 4 XẢ Puct ca y UTILA Singler foto) anten Acty Donna Worthin Xertinet TU Nayler Wirt) wwt Onurtule und wird Ulted but Tror.. A. Lite to the pantat TIT RHK Kuboth bror We gotta The TN Lihat Rory pret, w Khoco U 70 EN Il rt t Lake City un 4 tretcher ! PDF de the color u picu i uch 4 etti. Watch the mood TAL ndron ba $5 Curt LE Der Let Meta Hey the .DUETWO UILESTI I PATI ter De Cla 3 2. Arron Mr an IK- A Dolord two Plus L (ock - DATA Laurie Xicard RT LOS A LA Xuh r. Hurt Yet, im 7 _ West Africa In Adrian Kom Aachen und die Wool Duo da te da bu Q BILA Year . 2 { FIL SOTO tent TEE Cpatirt Boot I do 1. Toe catry-Son mothes entry for tall data I Boject catry Bubbeling toda pobject Sabalbandia . Artbor aby sa Engl poblatite Artbor tryd. Dotted Stata poblation + 3# dan 1 iso routerna ·14 THE RESEARCH PAPER 14 10 11 13 14 no 3 CHAND DUI. MUHTA, MIDer Thatre not u. lune anturino Cerpte, t by E Buy E đi TPP 1 bì Ai Bi JNE 11 Happy time. Taylor Tout Arts 144 DF 1 Innoctntor dramatintson of Toro of the rent by H. Jumt. W. Archibud 1 Thatro Art H. J. 31 Strond thruboka, dompte P BATY XT Timpa VAT PUJE 14 GIDAD Drum mit rot To Set R Lt Sti u je 131 Crudot, plots etc. Prolensor's dabasch, fourt to born in deren day on Broadway ATDOODPORA The atro Arte $37 Hr 1 L2 WOTED In pum o author Tor tatt try Aorth to the puguh hatte Q1205 SYLV) HUIS Boddu&itha RICULOAD Blast churo. X c. Clark FROMM Joteph Red China i worries! 0 IULID Ug Non to us to '11 FAOSTUR nike POR LO ULUD in truth on: United States Golden Wadi bered on Rouching it by Twin H & Coonmetri Scholastio 611 10 11 Je 3 $1 Haron cost of tbe lat, Glants in the arth, . Comment Iscbolosuo i 16-11 Shapedron y sortime TROIT Arthur Darat A B. Front color Drinu; reprint J Tammy Hobbit $3.12 Ja 31 FROIT Mobert Pawy pott n por Tim St 16-6 01.11 Sume or with tithe Robert Froul cruder berrel Boeruet Rod Dirt 1151-1 JA 191 TROITBITL Ne treatment for frostbite en baby of horren artean. u Life 1.0.1 FROZEN watar pipes Bee Water pipet Freedor FRY Christopher Lad not for barning cluela Tbeurt Arus por $ 11 JA 1 Str) 8+ Anowlh, Ring round tbe moon Hornphy por Cur Blog 11 Funtastical banquet. c Norgenstern. U por Theatre Art 11-30 JA 1 Young man ned Fry G J Nathan New Am Bercut 12.1NIT 31 VAN DOREN, Mark Robert niet poton. Harptr 102 17 '11 VAN DRUTEN, John ou trup Des BTT FITS Theatre Arte por u S JA 1 Quarter cent of the Realto por NY Timta Wer p20-1+ 26 11 VAN HYNINO Comend Laternational cooperation Garty 774-4T 11 8 12 FICULE 6. SELECTION FROM THE Rcadert Guide to Periodleal Literature 1. Sabheading & Volone number of maulne, 2 Title ot artikele Title of mappe, & Author of artide 10 Sub subhadhe Arttelo Mastrated 11 Title entry See author's name for full data. 5. Dato of madne 12 Entry referred to in 11 & Article is continged in back of pre. 12 Identilation of type of article. 7 Part Damber of urtlele. 14 Men fobject berdias ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 16 Frode Guide to Periodical Literatore 1900-tatt de Tort, H. T wlison Com pasy 1805 data The next moet generally usefal library tool is the Readers Guide. Contemporary blography articles on current problems, esay on aspects of history and literature, articles od pelent/c rabfecta, storia, and poemas an all be traced to their location through the use of this pagarine Inder Lused monthly at the end of three months it is cursulated into un (two covering the prerloos three months. At the end of every three yean, wo large bound roluce la poblished which indeses all the magadne of the previous year. Find out from the librarian what record is arallable to show that magazines and what lund of tho martes the fibrary has on ilu If you find that you need an article in a magazine not in your library consult the Union List of Serials (11) to learn whether a Dearts Whours butt the time tool will tell whether the article can be photostated or must be consulted at the rury which was it An articla listed in the Reader' Grde ano antered under their apthor and under all rabjectu corcred by the article in the sampla ghren in Figure 6, the parts of a referenco ar kentided for you. Flere 6 so that tes both form and mubject headinys apd several samples of author entries Storia en entered under their titles, but you must look under the author's name for full information on the location of the story Reviews of plays aro ectored under the form heading "Dramas first clam, plots, etc.- Single works," where the cathor's Degre. The coroplete Information diren only under the author's nam. (cer ltem 12 in Figure 6) Poems are treated in the same way the complete deta belas dren only toder the author's DudeAnother no point to poto is the listing of article by 24 xuthor beror. those about him, bat ritbout llatingalahing mbbeading (note the entries ander Christopher FO) As you becaron moro proident in the use of the Readers' Guide and other magazine Inderes, you will, of course, learn to "squeeze out all the posulblo Information. To aroid the danger of lacunde la sour work, train yourself to check each issue in order toally work ing from the mort rent issue backward. (larrational Inder to Periodicals Doroted Chify to the matter and Science Jmo 1907-date. Der York, I WILAce Company 1918-data Armen lodes to a large number of scholaris and international periodicals pot included in the Peaders' Guide. For the period from 1916 to 1999 It also indexus mums edocational maganda which after 1929 were lucided to the Education, Inder (86) (U) - Pool's Inde te Periodical Limatot 1801-31 Per ed. Bostom, Booghton Mula. 1891, 2 Fire rapplementary rolamo bring this inder op to 1906. Unlke the Readers' Guide It bi rabiect indes only Cosen períodleals of a general nature, although a fex in special Leids are included. The following potats are important no author entries and included atthias os i tabject is entered under sabject articles baring Do particular subject, rach u dubon or druma, are entered under the Hitle. Book retions are entered under the mab Ject of the book or under the mone of the boot roleted Vicetone Color Rrodere Gulde to Periodical Literart 1890-1899 viht Srpplerentary Indestag 1909-115. low York, L F on Company 191 27 Actuals u ettension backrard of the Readers Guide since it carries the lodedag back to 1090 ·GAMINIO 16 THE RESEARCH PAPER (10) The New York Times Inder 1014-data low York, The New York Times, 1913- dete Although an index of one particular Detspaper, this tool actually provides an index of other newspaper also Now issued twice a month and combined at the end of the year into an annual volume. Entries in the Index are under small rubjects, with exact reference given to date, page, and column of the Final Late City Edition of The New York Time.. Provides cross-references and synopses of articles as shown in Figure 7 This master key to the news' is set up differently from the bibliographies previousls presented. This distinct arrangement is due partly to a difference in publisher and partis to the difference in content Just as magazine articles can be written on smaller more TWO kon tretman Part Anw. Con Hour-NICO TYPEWRITER Tyrettir to Phi Phuker On 2 coder, typlat watint on tootlon Apa Der lernt 3 Uplot etpetog Royal vortru voto mod dno od cctor 4 ITALTM e a Xun, nu ar fritto, Op U or par Aldex Wright to be at tre & Labor, o il 5 DAX, MATALA -1 8 -U UDALL Job H, Art, UDEL Jr 1 st Adour-ra's WAT O tn riott par UDELL, Maxim 1 Appard Morn's Wor, O 18 ta kt par UGANDA Uria, Brit B virtaa pur ULCEAL tech Arte Container, o31 ALETTAZ Mer Gene with the Windo tremthed by torelembretotny thin 21 depotton Coms LOTIT Watostou drie dred W ROA, Lasten Xodet D MO Are Oun Douad In other 0 2121 do 3.1 UI tored data fra RCA Arut te tror, OH ULTRABLAR S Sermae loc 5 Alrtt -Interulo 17 vetra per ULTRAVIOLET R WA W ropte to the TO OH ITS UNITED torre Orfurt (UROL HD the streets UNTED Tinten Noh Telirius Tu dorus apd up Art der det byt *** m Rentions Ct XI od 1 Andrey Ruttene Le od croone of otur pended Leat al Docentrat hol TOILTRATO AL Narun Topdate ANDORT.ert taba hul retun t. XTC other top thatoted, 01217_4 trains with tutor CAN X 10.10.7i trab ytts in Bark X7 20. Retroud 02L4A X Dra. Omis), WTO paw far traba in tarachool chinn und, In con OIL: Antrent demandant Lor Ort To 0 ohnt Lean Lapore to be tin hotele DAD Force stort seta frit paterial IN De care o An Atel VAL V che tada om O of ch I Did ta th Forreal Hindu att charte de carnett OIL01 مقتل مطمعنه 9 10 -11 FICDO 7 SILECTIONS TO The Nno Tort rina Inder. 1. Colamn number 7 Compoulto entry Boy 1 thle stre much lo- 2 Page nombor tortoatlon withoat reference to the Times ituell 8. Dato of its Explanatory note. lovertod mbject heading Refereta to letter 6. Cross-reference plos date of entry 10 Sab-subheading. 6. Subject berdint 11. "See also contrdertpce.

·X Por tota 17 THE RESEARCH PAPER specific objects than books, so derspaper artides deal with speciße abjects more frequently then do mune article, and therefore the headings used in the late l'ont Tmmar Inder ore frequently much more specite than those in the card atalg or in the Readers Guide If you must be Derspaper material, stads arefnlly the explanation at the front of each Tomme. Onion List of Sale in Libraria of the Dutrd Stata ad Corado 2d ed. Na Yodh, E. IT WIron Company 18-A 8065 R Suppleant Jan 1911-Dec 1915 dow York, E. IT WI.son Company 101. 113 This tool locata in libraries about 120 000 titles of magazines and other serial I you need to use it, sody tho introduction and noto carefully the list of libraries with their Lccompanying symbol in the front of the volume. Beat Rerier Digat 1803 date Nor York, LW WTluon Company 1905-date. This series of volume, appearing monthly and cumulated spavaly Ists by author the boobs in all ribjects rettered during the year in about eighty general book reviewing periodical. For each the a descriptive Dote bgren, followed by relections from review Farorable and anfarorable rester and indicated by plus apd mlous algas the number of words lo the origim rerler is also indiated Since the main arrangement is by author the Index lsts titles and mubjects. Every fourth year the index is cumulated YOTLOTTLOOR IMA TIN.. , 1 AppConte - Tuba b the end. phone out the redden the stron kerton Mart mert com atau ng aprikol mp TN Burer un parelo gpute throu troue of A D OLD. bus TH) DA Atory with both plot It Cactual you be theore Locs cool ud we Un a phop . Xot to co turther Beck runnin Duryet. 2). + 1.1 r 1 11 tott Tu Cadang Out to anchor um ponto the uhy with che tra le story rood to the de vos lhe a mot at of the car muth that both u polufowances at + Lenju The boot be the yo ponto How It Norah Lehet, hope to the napot - Kho y matul orta hai ke por cercuri bha Ad ск portalen Barnet Minite du 5 Trompett a fronte but it writing to Touth Anh. 1 sity Dard ordem de bta Decor pustolla ohiti ter X NYT IT. PAM 2 Ukut perdre 6 about the time wh bertelty that Z Hinn med munka ab hom 'n GIRL INR 2 o TUTTI 6 Tan Scho na xarx tent or Buat Errico Dirert 1. Art IT ud ots in malo part Attitode ot teriert komity taronable 2 Anastala d bout Dota sbert went tot . Data of ion mantan 2 Lanted wel in & No quotation from then i ·18 THE RESEARCH PAPER Figure 8 plustrates the information to be found in the main part of the Digest under the author's name, and Figura 9 Illustrates the different kinds of entries in the inden In Figure 9 note particularly how non fiction books on frontier and pioneer we are entered under the subject heading "Frontier and pioneer Wte," whereas books of fiction on frontier and pioneer life are entered under the form heading "Fiction--Frontier and ploncer We." 4 Fleulon dan ccording to subject) Acton and actress Forlot, a to rem-corber at midoigtit (D medy .. Quutico the night. (N) Lacu, od motley ( 013) Perroit ku For all of our line (9 Circun JHO LAIDE Sender, R Elephant. (Ap) Clery IDich con, R. & fecret Information (je 18) Wadulo O Granth yiye. (AD H) Fathers and tons Sprtar H. Wy pon, my won! (Je Finance Btead, C. Hoone of a natione ( 47) Fox hunting Marca Philippe, G. Sporttas petot ar * ront and pronar lite Andelotte Trumpets can. TAD 19, E. V Tba long tomorrow. ( 12 Paleo Fiction- LOCULU. a) nowd Lault ma of water Future, Novels of the Aderou, H. The world motu mah (Jan araustark romant mu, L " The house to the bola (AD Historical noreto Amniot-Dlaconery and exploration Arried Kumben, o I wondrod land Quy 10 Hardlos B Final Tolontte ry 29 Delaware Paul, K. Mon for later day (ar 7 Eotpt Grint J Wino Pbantah y ) Lxgland Carlton, P Under th. FLOR. (A) Good C Torn in the hil (AT 1 7 1. استان From Hoopstarts to nodity, see Tan, CA Rovin of the radio and fabia of futhioa Car 12 Ortura Tort dr. (39) Neurou Couen, LUMAT (AT Annual) rom Ubout to purple Niemotr I. (AD # pro and PURI inclo Pettle DC A pralrte for (y ) ORT Cursos CR TDB wall (AP) TOU Odc & W Xitonte at the frontier (AD 2 3 Frost, Robert Thornton, R. recognition of Robert Froul (AT (1) ARAU Froot, wmam Goodall Frost wo or the mountUD ( A2 Fumat bome Human, R. J. 21) um for the tumly irrer Je un to the backyard Layon (As fundamentals of bacteriolog Frobian KL. 31) FIGUEL O BILICTION TO INDIE O Book Rreinw Digest 1 The entry 8. Sabbending 2 Subject entry; note di crunco in type & Stomat part for foll data (ta Pigaro !) 2 Sobhading 7 Sub-sabheading; Dote laattoo colomp add all Forma beading for Action feroce la type ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 10 Ency on Garol Luttrator Index 1100-1155 An Indra to about 10,000 Euayi in 11 Folor of Canec loss of Emot ond Wirtlastow orto Ver Tork, ET TOKOH Company 1934 Supplementa: 1936dta This set lideres kemal thouand volumes of essayı and collections of utides with modal crophasis on biography and hterary criticise Loto the colonne points carefully (a) Entries are arranged alphabetically by author and subject Entries under the 10thor's made ard arranged as follows chty by an author cuss about an author's Fork In tool, a boat indisdaal works of an author (b) For each entry or reference, the author and Utle of the ci are given inst, followed by the author and title of the whole boot () Look under the dance of the author of the book is "Llit of books Indered in the back of each tolume to ret all the information Deeded for your working biblloraphy card (sorters 7 and 8) Ass rate, you most check all tolumous of this set to cover your subject. Custy FP Sound I. Lokay of the medical mind pits 13 6-CITIES Echar por un cocial story Crocs Are of bir besiness Amar tot African Legal IRLS Operan ut u toe tentor of the betooth tutory Arms of coloutation Park for art Eebied Llocs Capitalist at fall we 8 Clash of crocodic recto Ch of attrens Wory, picol Ste War, C ID LIST OF BOOKS INDEXED Ere, Dorosa Lira od koto wo funktion crty & co 9-16 Redon pre $20 Tots o porod med bort ad E o tonder the tipe on by Sund det. Du rotto 338.2 Prste. Lourd od 0x ou morrect. 2015 McGraw F For Harold Underwood Ameron political ud oculto toty ttb od (Crofts Anter. 923 but it.) 1945 Crots, 7 Contat Yoth, G. J Gatote paat | Taart boat d the yar 1941-1945 D-45 5 Cratos, CG Gol nabts ted Str tance the battery of the tries Her Is Grater Asena, by ndoa kathon 319-13 FROG EU Arata bora mer w 1 portal red social History 4 Frant Lars Erootie I A pool and soul tery HUL Eexter I Hotprm ba the meest of se korin fructe la Creu Arena, by nastou or PUIS Ka Lodos H, K.1 BA Buzet, RIPO Cual Kehistrados of the Spanish Icdo Fra Il tutto nou Esrsy And Gracral Lunstm Inda. LE! Sett is rataste toond by Pre relate for my DE & Estry for the boot strict conti 1. Teo * Corte data for two be list of boob bdard TERd boat, Call nectar todatin Ilmrt huu boot ·20 THE RESEARCH PAPER (d) Since 1948, this tool has not included any indexing of collective blographies, which is now done in Biography Index (21) For biographical references, therefore, it will be necessary for you to use both of these inderes. Bibliograpkic Index Cumulative Bibliography of BD llographies, 1958-date, dar York, H. W nuon Company 1999-date. A guide to further bibliographies. Under subjects only, it lots the bibliographie which have appeared in books or as parts of pamphlets or periodical articles. It is lasued quarterly and cumulated annually When you start tork on your research paper, check here first in order to find out whether or not a bibliography has already been made on Four toplc. If you can locate one you will neod only to bring it up to date or supplement it The objective of your study of the preceding general blbliographies has been to develop sufficient knowledge of the unique characteristics of each tool so that, when you have a proba lemn in mind, you can go directly to the tool that is most likely to give you the best asiwer Exercise C will help you to review this section. EXERCISE C. SELECTING THE BEST BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR YOUR PURPOSE Dirsotion Below is a list of topla which may be located in one of the general blblograpbles you have been studying Write on the line at the left of each tople the number for the bibliography in the lat above the question which will give you the best anroer EXAMPLE how that I the date and publlaner of a recent novel by Cound Richter? Bibliographies 1. C*nxlar Boot Indos & Euay and Gonoral Literature Index 2 Book Review Digat Bibliographic Inda Quotations from rozlows at Tao Town by Conrad Richter Rolerance to bibliographloo ugod during the past five years on the mbject of plopter illo in Ohio Have any adays appared in book form critlelsing the syork of Conrad Richter as a povellat1 A list of the most recently published editions of world of Conrad Richter A compete Ilst of the books in Englah about the gold discoverla la Oregon, which havo been published in the past five year. Whet biographies have bem reviewed this post your on the subject of famous plodeerat Bibliographies 1. Tko New York Tina Indo Nineteenth Century Reader's Gudd. 2. Intornational Indo á Vulos List of Soriale S. Rredors' Guide to Priodical Literature A Ilst of scholarly material on the most recent archeological discoveries in Iran Roforonces to DowTpaper articles which hatt appeared in the past throw months on recent declalons of the United Nations Security Counal Roference to materials appearing la the contemporary journab describing Ure in the Rocks Bountalas in tho 1890'L In what Ubrary an you locate the journals referred to above? A list of materials in popular magazines on overland Journeys to the Paclac. Rofortocer to a rather scholarly appruim of the early torritorial gorurament of Oregon ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 21 C. Granal Sabject Matter Tools The tools to which re here lpbroduced you up to this point have all beto bibliographies which provide references for your working bibllography aards but no actual notes on subject Botter Three groups of recreto boobs, horse are so general in usefulness that they Let us a starting point for a research paper lo almost any field of interest. There are erdlopedla, diclonaries, and biographical dictionaries Encyclopedias und dictionaries. It luasumed that you are acqualated with genen! coxyclopedia and ut accustomed to udng one of the two unabridged dictionarie, Webster's No laternational or Fork and analls New Standard. Hou abould now learn to use the pedulized dictionarla and to distinguish anong the general cresclopedia.. Colab Ekrdlopedia { One Pence ed New York, Cołumbla Unirerdty Pra, 1950 2203 R An excellent que solo espyclopedia, vry watal for quick Identination of personas, places, or etente. Surprisingly incimire. Encyclopathie durloon le Port, Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1949 Particularly weful for artidas on American places and organizations and for articles on the centuries under the name of the century A dotalled Index volume is provided for edisores published doce 1818 Alphabetized word by word for instance, Now York comba before Momak kept up to date by The Americana AxVOL (17) Ewcrolopaedia Brilanuten. 11th ed. Chicas, Encyclopaedia Britannion, Inc., 1929 1949 24 Y An outstanding reneral, adolt ez.cyclopedia, em largely British to point of view epe dully soterorthy for fine artides and thustrations in the field of art. Excellent wiblog ruplles aus in the twenty foorth Folume, Alphabetired later by letter for instance, Newark come before New York 11 your Ibrazy bar the oth or 11th edition, you will find the old editions still useful for any tople in which recency las not importaat Kept up to data by the Billarrica Book of the Year IA large or well-stocked Horary you are apt to and such foreign segelopedias u La Grande Encpclopedie Brockhow' kontration Laribor, or the montrental Encyclo pedis Ilaliana di Scienze Letters ed Arth Joo must coumalt these Il you to working in tary Bald conting foreign languares or literatura. - Cnidir, 8t Wim Ad Halbert, JO E Dictionary of American Explak on Alttoricul Principle Chlears, Ushulty of Chicago Prug, 1941-1914 Modeled on the Orford English Dictionary (20) this work aims to present "home feste threr by which the Ength of the American colonies and the Volted State is distinguished from that of England and the rest of the English-speaking world." Neither slang vor dialect duded (in Dictionary of Americanos m Autoriel Principle ed by writtard X. Mathers Chars Uolytaty of Cblato Proa, 2951 2 Fit thoaand terms are listed hereta u pecnbarty American. "An gathoritative col. lection of the must additions to the Pnglish language which bato odgidated on this side of the Atlantic. This tool is intended for us a completat Dot a doplleats, of Craigla (10) ·22 THE RESEARCH PAPER (20) Oxford English Dictionary beirg a Cornected Re-urke wilk an introduction, Supple Atent and Bibliography of a Now English Dictionary on Historical Priucipin. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1083, 12 V and rappL A monumental work designed to tell how long any word has been la the language, Which of many senses of a word is the original, and when an obsolete word became obsolete Also known as the "NE D'or O ED' from the different forms of its title. There la also an abridged edition. Blographical dictionaria. Biographical dictionaries are also pertinent to research papers in all fields. (21) Biography ladet A Crmulation Inder to Blographical Material in Books and Wagon mines Jar. 1946-date Now York, H Y Wilson Company 1947-date. Lists references to biographical material on people living in all lands at all periods of history fndares material appearing in book form, in periodicals, or in newspapers. The only restriction in scope at present is that the Indexed material is that which has been probe lished since January 1946 Lasued quarterly, at present it has been cumulated only for the perlod since January 1946. (22) Curront Blography Thor Neros and 19hy 1040-data. Net York, H. Y TYIlon Company 1940-date. Issued monthly and annually Contains biographies of people in all walks of llfo who have been prominent in the news. Note on the inside of the front cover (or at the bach, in annual volumes) the list of persons classified by occupations. Articles are from tiro to four pages in length and usually contain a portrait. Recent addual volumes contain a time- Baying cumalated Inder. The bibliographies at the end of individual articles will eliminate some checking of other Indexes. (23) Dlationary of American Biography Under tho A of the American Council of Learned Societies, odited by Alen Johnson and Dumas Balono New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1023-1937 20 v plus Indoor Supplmond Ono to December 31 1936. Now York, Charles Scribner', Sons, 1844, 718 Long, scholarly articles on persons born or having lived in territory pols belonging to the United States. No persons allye at time of publication are included. Bibliographies Note, in the Index volume, the lists of biographees under "Birthplace, "Collego,' and "Pro- Session. Often called DA B. (24) Dictionary of National Biograpky Edited by Lallo Stephen und Sidoa Lee. Next York, Odord University Press, 1921-1987 22. Sapplementary volumes and a cumulative index bring the scope of thls set up to 1910 Includes noteworthy inhabitants of the British Isles and colonies limited to personu dead at tho time of publication. Bibliographies Often referred to as the “DNB" U 8. Congres Biographical Directory of the American Codorus 117-1019 Wasbington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1950.2007 p. Gives biographical notes on all members of both the Coatnental Congress and the Congress of the United States also gives in tabular form tho manbership of theso Congresses and the executive officers of each. Sapplemented by the Oficial Congressional Diree tory, which appears several times for each Congress (26) Webster's Blographical Dictionary A Dictionary of Names of Noteworthy Pertou mith Pronxaciations and Concise Blograpklos Springbold, banh G & C Her Ham, 1942 1697 R Scope all countries and all times Most useful for identification, sinco blographies are brief and concise.

·3 TBE RESEARCH PAPER T) Fes 15ko 181 data ex Anal Biographical Dictionary with lek u Incot porated Vaad Toxn of the fint Laodon, &C Black, 1819-date Larued annually Blainly British, although outstanding personu la the United States u Tulu la other foreign countries are also included. Companion solumes, T'ko Te Tka Include articles on persons in the early volume of ITko Tho who are nor deceased. 03) ITko Tko 1. Anno A Biographies! Dietkontry of Aslable Littra VA and Tan of 4. Udled Sleta 189/1900-date. Wiers, 4. A Marquis, 1900-datu Includes living persons poterorthy by reason of official position or prominence in ardubte tiags of work loded biennials Noto the reagrophical inda by rates and the educational and social statistia. Two topplementary rolumes, Tho Tas Tko ir America, 1897-1911 and 1913-1950 I the blographical tools listed abors do not readis oled suicient Information on your Pubject, inter the follotring questions Have you thoroughly checked the Indara to megadoo literatare, the Biography Index (21) and the Eray Inder (13)? Docs elther Table I or Tablo II below offer any help? Should you consult the referenca tool listed below! Hlrabbert. Habet & Subfeet Gulde to Reference Booba Chiarn, America Library Association, 1142 259 p This tool that all Hods of reference booka under tho heading "Blography" regardless of the form of the particular book. It may sugret s tool which was a your question. TABLE L AIDS FOR BIOGRAPHICAL QUESTIOYS OV LITING PEOPLE Ex Land Torld. Prom Tide cutie Dute of puhtasthea (Indientes bacarmeus ulla TCOST Usita Tille Stotra Amicow An (nam) Brunes Book och Tart (anal) Cattell. Anchieta va of Seireet (119) Cattel Directory Amar Scholen (1951) Cattal Landet ta Edition (1940) Cobler's Eyeloprolis (1933-1931) Cubouti Explopis (1950) Current Biograpky (10th date) Encyclopedia Americana (1969) Er Axrlau Computers Today (11) Ero. Creo Tria (144) Er. Lite Nuricius (140) Gritt For Fardo (11) Kotte nuit Berk of Archers (1951) Ilotte fmteil Crate Author (194) Karin Thetin Boat of Aer (11) Parte 2 Tata Tucet (1979) 0. A Cowgitts Biographical Diretor 1771-100 (150) Unem. Oricial Craniol Directory (pal) Lotul de Exercices (10) Fik's Blogtopila Dainory (19) Who (cal) 12 Tudorica (berlal) FL: The Anke Cort Biographical Series (total) ·24 THE RESEARCH PAPER TABLE IT SOME AIDS FOR BIOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS ON PERSONS NO LONGER LING CAUN United Stalar Eland World Preta IT da dalam Title Allbope, Critical Dictionary Axthors (1891) Appleton, Cyclopondo of Anericor Biograpky (1887-1900) Baldwin. Dlationary of Philosophy and Psychology (1940) Catholio Eroydopedia (1907–1922) Coty Cydoprila of Namn (1004) Champiin. Celopedia of Pantm and Paixting (1886-1887) Collid's Encyclopedia (1950-1951) Columbia Dktuary of wodoru Ewropeon Literaturs (1947) Columbia Ercyelopedla (1950) Dlotionary of American Blography (1928-1944) Dletionary o/ National Blography (1921-1949) Eroyelopaedia Britannia (1879-1849) Enopelopedla Anericana (190) Encyclopedia of the Social Science (1930-1935) Evren. Corporate of Yoterday (1987) La Grande Encyclopédie (1888–1902) Greet, Torld Words (1949) Grove, Dlotionary of Naslo and Nxnichons (1027-1938) Harper's Encyclopedia of United States Hutory (1013) Joroish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) Kunib Americax Anthors 1600-1800 (1038) Kunitz British Author of the Nixotenth Century (1938) Kult Junior Book of Authors (1981) Laroasa Grand Duotionner Uxhur du XIX. Sitolo Français (1860-1800) Mantlo. Dictionary of Anorcax Painter, Sculptors, and Engrapent (1945) Blawon. International Book of Names (1984) Honroe Cyclopedia of Education (1918) Moulton. Library of Literary Cnticinn (1902) No International Encyclopedia (1914-1916) Sebar New Sohag Hertog Srcyclopedia of Pdtglow Knowledge (1808–1912) Schola Oord Compardon to usio (1047) Thomas Lippincott's PromoCÍRJ Biographical Diotonary (1930) 0 8 Congren. Blographical Directory 1914-1945 (1950) Oxfortral Jeroisk Enovelopedia (1948) Webster's Brograpkisal Dlotionary (1243) Who IP tko (1897-1940) Wh. Tu TV ko in America (1808-1950) D Library Tools in Special Fields Just as library tools which are general in scope can be classified as bibliographic or subject matter is fort, so cna library tools in special fields of knowledge Literature Bibliographies, Bater Blanch H. Dramatic Boulograpky An Annotated List of Books on the Hitory and Critleist of the Drama and Stage and on the Allind Arts of the Theatre Now York, IVY Wilson Company 1933 5:20 R Contents Drama and the theatre Production and stagecraft Pageantry Religious drama and entertainment Anthologies Bibliographies ond directories.

·25 THE RESEARCH PAPER 00 Combridgt Biblography of Exclu Literotme Edited by F Daten Cams brann, England, The University Preah, IRL. (Y Divided into fre chronologlal actions and, within each section, classified by Uterus form. The aim is to record every written fork, from the marliest beginnings unthi 1900, that can be included under the head of English Literature" Primarlly terul in liter ture, bat helpralsloo on topla moc a letter writing, sports, cratory trare, lan selence, and scholarship. Contents Vol 1-600-1660 YOL II-1660-1800 VOL 111--1800-1900 Vol. IV-Ipda Hon no Soum 3 4 2 ng Dolgul. (12.17 6 2. CARD bert, Ben 1741 Glaboro, Thool, the (1736-180 142 Glaborer, Therm, the younger . 8 Selecthan trota Bolotrophy Yob. It 10 2 QDOROL ROOIT OTO 11110D COLLIDAD Bett, Tropke. Bisoprphy peettoed Cribal Stadion of the Warts of Charles Dice, 1 Yat, IRA) Hora AD Stort throun Tabec the E A Norell ro. . The Unded. Allerdinals 114 D A Story II. Iubd Crandon. rode 1 Tya Atle rott. 1997 A He Word Ir. 1901. The Nether too. A Nord. 1 rola 1719 FIIL Schoony npox run Cambridge BiblieradyLiterare 1 Sablert adtot to Lode. Lohini * Yuran Drenthe Par mots A red grennd by rape 6. Cronotermont † Title Autry for Lopty Dow pobliatko Author beudby 1. Rebattrets fol trustwat Indtated by bollar Il fegato try to lol. Il mind to do 00 Eopllah Association. The Taro Tork i* Exolux Studia 1311/16.andate London, Odard Untity Prus, 1891-date This and the Moderna llicanita Bibliography (ST) serve to keep the Cambridge 07.begreply (n) op to date ·26 THE RESEARCH PAPER (33) Fiction Catalog 1950 Edition A Subject Author and Title List of 9100 Torbs of Fiction in the English Language toith Arnotations. New York, I Y Ion Company 1951 561 p This volume, with the supplementary volumes which appear at regular intervals, provides the most up-to-date gulde available for the field of fiction. Notice the bref Illing under subject headlogs and the complete reference given under author headings, where a Useful annotation will also be found. From "Galiegber" to "The deserter * Davis From the city from the plough. Barnsteto, 1 2 5 Paris sans the earth to the mood and tour of the moon Veme Frome van pred See Brown, Zeta (Jones) Frontas, Lool de Bude comte de 1620 1698 Cather WS Shadom on the rock. 1931 Frontier md pioneer HD Davis, HLB Chat Tapd. 1949 Pupe, E. Wilderneta adrenture 1946 Shepard, O and Shepard, WO Holdfast Gaines. 1946 White, S. E Long nie. 1932 Carros Cloete S. HII of dovet 1941 Cloete S. Torning wheel. 1937 Dick, I Country heart. 1946 Sinclair K. H N B. Westward the sun. 1942 Young FB They reck a country 1997 Alabama Warren, L Foundation stone 1940 Elmabean, 1859 TTC or moety Rancbart 1939 9852 $3 en Horlog pletars uile Howards of vir In turnthe pain run from 1734 to 1154. Horuyut parert pe of the besinning of Ameriau pational life and BALOon philosophy thrt. merations of an American tiro!ly bar that part ut Datlon y orto NY bend tri buono I waarness adveolire, KCL1040 30% map 2.50 Tot C Tonovo dtary then boog of two crotury-old tory in which I lovun ady ganapped by Indians and somethit by two of berloren throces the wh uld of the 11 lapp! throach New Orlant, ma to Tra ind to England. Humitas Puce, Thomas Nelson, 1853-1972 In old Virolola or use Chan and other storia. Seribaer 1887 230p front $2.50 Coote Harta Chant une Edlabar's trowdh ladri Olesnicta No bald pexoni Polby # Red Rock; a chronicle of reconstruction Seribner 1898 5862 $3 The routien rata malty to the lato dat. A Dorel of Roca Hig, Outrat to the time after the Crethe period of the Carpet batho Xu u to. علوم G From 12 SELECTIONS Tox Fletion Catalog 1 Titl, entry Bet rathor entry for foll faforma 4 Sabhadiat tion, 8. Aothor entry 2. Cron-referent & Annotation * Subject heading to boldlaa type 7 Tue is recommended for young people ·27 THE RESEARCH PAPER VL Crben, Benda Bootnot's Vera & Gride to Literaturh oth at mand eni lort, RR Borter 1945R Forts-three chapters on each topio u "Canto in English Tranlation," "Contem porary English Ports, Shakespeare* "Historiam and Historical Series includo isting of the outstandig authors in each teld with the most important editions of their worla 0 Wett, Fred B Contextporan Axtrice Adkor Critical Suity and 119 Bio BRUograpkich or lort, Barcourt, Bret end Coorpany 1910. 916 p ett, Fred A Contemporery Brituk Lelcratare A Critical Sutty and at Author EDUograplies 8 ed it ad col la lort, Harcourt, Bruct and Company 1923. $06 These two bandbooks are still inraluable us guides for students to material bs and about contemporary British and American author Modera Romtaltter Remarch Association, Aanel Bidhogrophy of the Emploi Language and Literature 1330-dais. Cambridge Borth, 1921-date Llats the cream of the world's publlation in this field on Spider Robert E. and othen, ede Literary Hufory of the United Stato York, The Marmalan Company 1942.3 Listed here for the exceptionally valuable bibliowaphies in Volume II Aantal listings A dictions of the Modern Language Asociation of America (korn a PYLA) Hrve to keep the bibliography of American Uterary studies in Spiller (33) up to dato. Ulteriore Sobfect-trotter detace books. There is a wide rundets of material in the Geld of biterature which I melal to the Hodent preparing a research paper There laclade books of literary crittera, histories of literary movements, and haodooola Ideatilstag alit sio kod character Information about the most useful of them is presented in Table III. Sturred titka indiato those which contain wefal bblographler. This tablo does not at topt to devertbe peralarities of arrangtrent but door indicate differences la the scope of titla by noting this form of the tool teel and ita inclusion of material on various national Bierstures und an dierent periods of time Lärofarinderet lou should be familiar with at least some of the indexes in this Dekl that is, thoto tools which are differentiated from bibliographiles, as a rule, by the fact that they guide the DHT to parts of booki laditidual postres or quotations, dagle plast, talry taler, or short stories An Dronetle Indo for 1908-isti Corting Artkla and Montration Concerning the *mond Il Puyers in the Period lat of Ancian and England. Bocton, PT Ferda Coppany 1910-date. Anbide to the druna, the theater actors god actresses, and other people of the theates to roopver of plan, tan portraits, and scenes from plana contained in two hundred Eng Eh and American periodicale kept up to date by supplementa publlahed quarterly in the DJM14 / Dobography Futim, In T Eldalo tayt 1700-174 Yo York, FL I Wilson Company 2017 Supiunt Y lort, IL "Theron Conspany 1993. 1+ in tro porta "Agthor Inder," and "Titlo and Subject Inder" uletan Flash and ver Xowy Talfred As dades to Oxeviet plan. Bogton, F" Furon Compet 1901 R Tres mopplementary rolumes bring the Indosing of one-act plann up to 1816 In two mala rete *Astbor List and Tits List" The lados, te mbjects, will be useful Ottester Jota il indre to plant in Coreetfora, el rtt Lod al Tuhlaptoth Barterow it, 1992 6 ·26 THE RESEARCH PAPER (33) Fiction Catalog 1950 Edition A Subject Author and Title Lut of 5100 Norts of Fiction in the English Language with Annotation. Now York, H. V Tibson Company 1951. 661 This volume, with the supplementary volumes which appear at regular intervals, provides the most up-to-date gulde available for the field of fiction. Notice the brief Hsting under subject headings and the complete reference given under author headings, where a useful annotation will also be found. From "Gallegher" to "The deserter" Darth RH. From the dty from the plough. Bernstda, 1 2 3 From the earth to the moon, and tour of the moon Vers 1 Frome, Drvid, pseue Sec Srom Zenith (Jones) Frontenac, Lods de Burde, comte de 1620- 1898 Cather WS Shadow on the rock 1931 Fronier na ploncerte D.VTT, H L Beulah Tand. 1949 Page, E. Wilderness adrenture. 1946 Shepard, and Shepard, WO Holdfast Galoe 1946 White, S. E Long Hile. 1932 Cara Cloete S. Hm of dores. 1941 Cloete, S Turdlog wheel. 1937 Dick L Country heart. 1946 Sinclair K H N B Westward the son. 1942 Young F B They seek a country 1937 Alabama Warren L Foundation stone. 1940 Mr Einbeth, 1800 CE 1 Warty Rinehart 1939 985p 13 J (W) Moving picture to Howurde of Vir anta In tonethe narrative runs from 1734 to 10% Herttuvut pelnord of the bustanno Ampartan netlood Hand Baloga phllosophy throperto of an Amerikan tarily have their part froat DALOou real. NY bed t 5 G { 7 Wilderness Idrenare, RBIT 1940 30 map 2.50 (W) Tu To Turn IOT dlary the pero bonowo-cootus-old atory in which torty lady Ladapped by Indians and soocht by two of bar Lover throuen the will runy a the Worland PD! throdyn Xa Orlound to trena und to duod Hunting Puse, Thomas Nelson, 1853-1922 in oid Virginha or are Chan and other stories Seribner 1887 230p front $2.50 Contato MATT Chant par Edinbor's drogadia Nen lady Oto 'tracted to hald Dayani Polly Red Rock i chronicle of reconstruction Serbner 1898 58Op $3 The pouthero state melty in the lato detit Apovel of poco u tout to the time ulter the Chorbe portod of the Cupet burt the Ku Kolin, Fru 1. SICTIOXS box Fiction Catalog 1 Title entry See nothor entry for full informe Bobhading. & Autor entry 2 Cron-reference, & Annotatlon 2. Subject heading in boldlace type. 7 Tu. I recommended for yoon people.

·THE RESEARCH PAPER (0) Bartlett, John Ferdist Quotations A Collection of Parragh Phrasa and PTOTTTØJ Trosed to Thet Source in Axint ad Voden Literaturt. 12th ed. rty and cool, Cartatopher Vorley editor Boston, Little, Bront and Cocopany 19-58. 1878 p. An old, unter handbook, arranged by authors be sure to wse the Index for subjects und atchrorde Broberg, Hotect Subject Indor to Porthy A Guide for Adult Rraders, Cars, Amerloo Libre Atrodation, 1840 201 Ambject guide to whole poeras, to contrast to "Bartlett, which indeses only phrases or lloes from poeme Refer to the "List of Booba Indexed in the front in order to identity the poetry collection to which the poem an be located - Grote Edith Grogo's Indes to Poetry and Reeltatlouh & ed. completely rhy und anh, coretag 082 books and appredmetely 75,000 tu. Chleurs, AC McCurs & Co, 1810 1525 D Suppleant 1935-1911 Yo York, Columbia Unirenity Press, 18-4%. The most important tool for locating corapleto poems in anthologies. It contains threr reparate Isthias Hus, author and tirt-lino indexen Note also the abort kat of poems on spedal subjects. Revised edition in prepantion --Stredson, Barton Ed Home Book of Quotation Classical and loden. 6th ed. my daw York, Dool, Ilmed & Cocopany 19.9. 2012 A Quotation art arranged alphabetically by wubject and indexed by author and important words of acts quotettaNote the difference in arrangement between Steruson and Bartlett (4) difference which makes them ach Deful in a rpedal way Eustan, War I. Ides t. Forny Tola Myths and Loade, 28 Lind enl Boston, FW For Cocupany 1876 610 p. - Supplement Boston, FW Faro Campony 1837 666 A Lati fury tales and legendary stories by titles und blocts and locates then la colles top1 Fildas, las T Elves to Skort Stories, 24 mol od how York, L " WD som Company 1923-1929 21 Second Suppkart Now York, E. TY WIon Company 1930 287 p. Arratsed in one alpbubet by author and titla Completa Information is given under the agthor's name. Sached dorcet-Ballographits. Carnolar, Edwind and others Guide to the Study and Reading of American History in mod sumed. Boston, Glan and Company 1912 630 p A rude to the wthorities who have written on American blatory Arranged by periods od toplea up to 1910. Dateter Stein 1. ad others, ed. Grido to Historical Literatur. Now York, The Liscmilan Company 1931 12 Agodde to the fondamental source matertal for the study of history Unsernal in Hope Aftured by countria The critial restors and paota Hons bare been written by eput in the tolds cosed 09 Lased, Tosephus The Literatur s} Antrian History A Beltograpklal Guide Bottes Aserian L.lbrey Aucation, 1902 696 p Seketed uod conotated Important in this held on though not up to date 14 tetor Loads ] A Gods to the Study of Vedlacrel Ristory Burch Prypured de the Auspices of the Hell Andeny at Ameria Nor Yart, F & Crafts & Co, 1935 63 p ·TABLE IL USEFUL LITERATURE REFERENCE TOOLS Polod Content Biog- Critt raphy oir Alu sion Call NO Natlonaity United Szo Greece States land & Ropu. OLOT Folk Lit Cla soal TO 1100 toth Cathry # ###井# # #### *#* ##### THE 28 # #寺 ## ANIDODO. CHitical Dietionary of Authors (1891) Banct. Tko Anders' Encyclopedla (1948) Burke & How Ansioon Authort and Doola 1610 1940 (1943) *Cambridge Hulory of American Literatur (1917- 1011) Cambridge II story of Brgllah Litoratura (1901-1027) Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature (1947) Current Biography (1940-data) *Dictionary of Anterican Biograpky (1918-1944) Dictionary of National Biography (1921-1949) Garnett & Gono. E gilak Zierrature (1035) Harper's Dictionary of Clasriol Literature (1890) llart Oxford Companion to American Literature (1941) Partnol. Oxford Companion to the Theater (1951) Harrey Oaford Companion to Classical Literature (1937) Harrey Oxford Companies to English Literatur (1932) * Kunitz Americax Authort, 1600-1000 (1938) Kunitz Britiek Author of the Norstarrth Country (1936) Kunitz Junior Book of Authors (1951) *Kanit Twentieth Century Authors (1942) Lonch & Isted Fnk & Jaguole Standard Dictionary of Folklors, Mythology and Legend (1949-1950) Moulton Library of Literary Criticion (1901-1905) Osford Classical DrotLonAnT (1049) Oxford Hutory of Exgluh Literature (1946-1947) Parter IY ho . IVho in the Theatrı (1039) *Shipley Dietlonary of Torld Litorato Criticiom, Form Technique (1042) Sobel Thrain Handbook and Digest of Play (1948) *Spiller Literary Nistory of the United States (1948) Warner Library of the Torld's Best Literature (1017) #### # * # *# ***** # ## ## u ## ## the * ## # ######### *# *# ### ## ## ### # 开計 4* ** ### # HE + . # # # Catalar wefal boterapile ·31 THE RESEARCH PAPEB D Sche, Pau de Sekat Irring Exclopedia of Religion Kortedge Embracing Biblical, susterkast, Doctrinel and Practice Thrological od Erelioetical Rioja ponky. Based on the ed of the Beal Esotkpidlo founded by J Herzog und eat by Albert Brock. An Vort, Font And Pulls, 1909–191. 18 Coren the whole field of religion, church rod biblical history decoloation, and melaisial blography Protestant to tone, but not biased Tus bibliographier fere an specially strong feature at the time of publication Odemes! Irris Exyeloped to A. Axloritative and Popular Presentation of Jen ad Iudairm in the Earliest Tona la Tork, Untreal Jewish Ency clopedin, Inc.1939-194 22 More popular bo treatment than the older Jorish Encyclopedia very pofol for que Woes on Jerih History and blographs including biographio of living person. Short bibliograpbies. In all three of the aboro sets, you should remember that long articles are pre ceded by an outline of the topic, and that numerous cross-references are incoded within the urtida u wela at the end of mo wide (0) Aduer, Jumes T Dictionary of American History Tort, Charles Samboer's Sout, 1910 8 um of Armicen Eltery No York, Charles Scrper's four, 1914- 191. BT Ation of American Elstory New York, Charles Serboer's Bons, 18A. 860 D 16 Stoer this set (maluding the three titles cited aboro) is intended to supplertnt the Drettonary of Americas Biography (23) it contains no biographical articles. It La decernary to consult the Inda la the sixth volume of the Dictionary of American Hutory 24 well as the article under my giren Robject. KA Pageant of Ancka a Pictorial History of the United State Ralph Henry Gaorta editor \Sure, Tula Uutensity Press, 1925-1929 Tot wel, with its 66-Tolumo companion ret, The Chronicle of Anerico, contains volumes ca spedal topics written by medalists in the field, to popular and readable style The A eta urutable crpecially for its reprodaction of contemporary prints, Lacumle, and other destrations, where the Chronicles provide the tocompanying textual matter (ST) - Mpact lentia Larraits and Critteet History of Aarriet Boston, Hooghton Ma and Company 1+1459 81 Ambourh this set Ls Dow quite old, If your llorary bas it, you mad It rery helpful for brotod it comes Especially valuable for its ustration, mapa, uod tary fali biblio Tuplal pola Soci chapter beading a "The Inc Cllization in Perg," "Pre-Columbian Exploration," od Toe Hodson Bay Corpor" - give you more idea of its scope. (1) Ewyelopaedia of the Social Sciences, ERA Selfman, editor-in-chle Now York The Hermitan Company 1930–1933 1BY Corers mons related fokls unthropolos persolos sociolons education, philosopbo paydolops blolog reography and linguistic Encyclopedic to arrangement with many retettel ved at the end of articles, each one of which is algned by an apert. Fall biblotriplet as Stedenu Ter.Book, order Lootor scoile, 1887-dath Asmaul pablication stras la sorcin forma autboritatirt data about the countries of the world, covering conststotion and purerassent, economic conditions, eduation, religion, detses realtors, conuerca, diplomatie representaties. wod ro torth Another metal allar to kelis, stboost diferently toured, is the American Year Boat (1910 Cate) Teman tu Rotal ad periodic poblications, soch a the Yearbook of Agricut ·80 THE RESEARCH PAPER (53) Pabllc Alain Information Servict. Bulletin Net Work, Public stalns Informes tion Service, 1916-date Usually referred to by its initials 28 "P.A.L.S” A combination of sobject Index and digest of Information in the fields of sociology, political science, and economics. locodes also records of new legulation, notices of conferences and meeting, establishment of DET officer, and 60 forth. A basic tool for information in the fields covered Wright, John K. Alde to Geographical Rascarch Bibliographia Periodicals Atlases Gazetteert and Other Reference Books 2d ed. completely rey Net York Colombla Valveralty Prek, 1947 A basic research guide in the field of geography, now brought up to date. 920 p. 12 (55) Tritings of American History 1906-date. Varloas imprinte, 1906-data A valuable bibliography which serves to bring Channing (49) and Larged (51) op to date. Now issued as Volume II of the annual report of the American Historical Association Social sciences Subject matter reference boolia The reference sett is this field are not so numerous as in the field of literature, but in each case the cover moro adequatels the particular aspect of the field in which each specializes. (56) Cambridge Ancient Hutory Edited by J B Bury and others New lork, The Waco milan Company 1923-1939 Volume of Plata Prepared by CT Seltman. Cambridge, (Cambridge] University Press, 1927-1939 DY (57) Cambride. Vedlerral History Planned by J B. Bury and other New York, The Hacmilan Company 1911-1936. 8v (58) Cambridge Vodern History Plaaned by the Lato Lord Acton. New York, Tho Mac mitian Company 1902-1026 13 Thero important sets of books may be useful for literary research thens as well as for papers in the field of history Chapters in the volumes of theso acts are written by speaalists, there are many tables, genealogical diagrams, and ful bibliographies. In many cases, you will find it more helpful to use the very full table of contents rather than the index when hunting for material on a large topic AL (59) Larned, Josepho N Nor Lared History for Ready Reference Reading and Research the Actual Pords of the World's Bat Historian Blographer and Specialists Completely rov, anl, and brought up to date. Springdeld, dus C. A. Nichols Publublag Company 1922-1924. 12 In scope, this set cover all periods and all countries. Valuable for tho texts of documents, such as treaties and constitutions, and as a guide to the important authorities on a subject. The history of specific countries is given under the name of the country, with chronological arrangement under period subdivisions. Not intended for uso primarily ou a biographical tool, but biographical information can be located by following up the crossreferences (60) Cathollo Encyclopedia An International work of Reference on the Constitution, Dore trino Ducipline and History of the Catholic Church New York, Cathouc Encyclopedia Press, 1907-1922 17 Y Because of the influence of the Catholic Church, particularly in the Biedieval and Neuissance periods, this set will be more useful to history students than others of the religiou reference books. "It records all that Catholics baro done not only in beball of charity and morals, but also for the intellectual and artistic development of mankind." An authoritatiro work with articles written by specialists and followed by extensive bibllographies. Covers questions in philosophy, history art, music, and literature, as well as Catholic history and biography ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 83 Serter, Cearth lulroduction to the Bitory of Stance. Baltimore, Pablished for the Carnih institution of Taublegtos by iliamus & ndas 1927-19-4431 Srtanian Scimite Stria. Edited by Charles Grret Abbot rublogtoo, Smith worden inutitation, 15*3_133 Hoch more popular in style than the Cambridge coral Hutory material is based on the collection of the Institution (Toloxtrotd Srintile Exorclopedia. Atronditia Astronomy Botany Centeel Enguerring Chelstry Ciri Ezgiuorlag Electrical Engineering Electronla & Rectie Grology Watkematia, Vechanical Englucrring Vedicine Jetalhey Netcorology Hineralogy Aeriaattor, PŁotography Plotos Statistia, Loologt 28 ed or York, D. Valostrand Company Inc., 19:17 1600 R. (7) Crafos Anstol, od The Don Encyclopedia de York, A&. Barneh 19-19 br Short articles on dancers, performances of compositions, and terres longer articles on adios personaltic, stres, and trends of the dance More attention is paid to ballet then to other for Gardner Heler art Through the Age 8 od. Na York, Harcourt, Brice & Company 1815 851 One of the most well one-tolume histories of art, including a cloastry of technical terms and detailed Indus () Gron, Str George Grott's Dictionary of Hurle od Jordan. 3d ed. lor Iack, Tu. Vremtas Company 1935. GY Two supplements (1955-1950) bring the material up to date and corer American topics At antboritatire, encyclopedic treatment of a spects of mode componera, musical fortsy, ud tastrumenta. Brief bibliographie follow Ipdhidoal artide on pertons 1 Herbe, Frank G TAO Eutelopedia of Sports No York, A. & Barde, 10-17 1007 p A ray befol redarence tool in a feld in which material i widely scattered Cover record, Hators ralen, und orgulations lastest mariety of sport an Wcboleh, Prey The Orford Companion to Hurle sal indeed and so a Proomstig Glossary 7th ed. The An Tork, Oxford Dohrernity Pro 10-17 1115 R Similar la sph und contest to the rest of the Oxford ærles Science and are artonderts Elle, Jeesuse Cocowap, dahon ad 14 Application Orer 100,000 Selected Rderea to laters Forou od utreis of \xit o Vord in Erry Tay Boston FR Fotos Company 1849 851 The trenedocely raried and detailed listintloss which an be located by this tool art Martrated by troch berdiagu "Spor Crystals, Ostrich (Comic) " and "Horse (Winged) LARI, Eleaner Cd Hall, Roth 4., compa Indee to Handkraft WodelfaHig and Tela Los Profess. Boston, F V Froon Company 1936 16p Set zod Second Suppleant, 1913-1950 Return to sticla to book and meaning on the many expects of the robject indicated . Mesto Pabule Library As Indes to Fat Doua od Slaging Gandt. Chiar America Llory Location, 1936 127 StriplaandChlarg, Abateta Lloret Amodation, 1919.99 p. These ro rolach nutze 178 Hitles Through the danca und saging games can blind by the tatlocality and type of debct.

·1293 D 82 THE RESEARCH PAPER ture Economio Almanac, Poltical Handbook of the IWorld, yearbooks of the adult encyclopedias, and so forth. Consult Winchell (2) for the most complete and up-to-date listing (70) Vebster's Geographical Dictionary A Dictionary of Nama of Places with Geograph ical and Hutorical Information and Prominciations Springfield, G & C Herrlam Co, Pabllohert, 1949 The most recent reference help in this field whose subtitle Is self-explanatory In this connection, remember also that Greet's World Words (ace Tables I and II) giver pronun ciation of geographical as well as biographical names but with little identification Science and ine arto-Bibliographies. Reference books and library tools in these two fields are much more diversified than in other fields. In science this is so because the field Itself is divided into so many different parts, and also because the materials in science po out of date so quickly In fine arts it is probably due to the expense of illustrated materials 88 well as to the diversity of the field. For bibliographies and indexes in these Delds, you will have to rely to a great extent on the general bibliographies and indexes already listed. The following tools may be particularly useful to the college student preparing & research paper (71) Tho Gramophore Shop Enovelopedia of Recorded usia 8d ed. rev and enl. Now York, Crown, 1948. 099 p One of the more inclusive of the catalogs of recorded music, spocializing in the listing of recordings of classical and modern music and kept up to date by the monthly Istings in the Gramophone Shop Record Supplement (72) Hawldny, Roginald Re Solontifo Medioal, and Technical Books Published in the United States of America, 1930–194 A Selected List of Tila in Print with Annotations Propered under the direction of the National Research Councils Committee on Blbllography of American Scientific and Technical Boola. Ashington, National Research Council, 1946. 1114 p Supplement of Books Publuhod, 1945-1948 Wuhington, National Ro search Connell Now York, Bowlor, 1950 In addition to the obvious fields indicated by the title, this book lists also the most im portant titles in such allied Beldo as photography, agriculture, forestry fresrms, and mill tary and naval science. The annotations may be especially helpful to the beginner in ovila ating individual titles. ---Kingery Robert E. How-to-do-4 Books A Selected Guide. Now York, Bowler 1950 Lists 2350 books or pamphlets on such diversified topics as dancing conchology and portrait photography In additon to the tools listed above, the student worldng in these fields may And in his library special indexes to the periodical literature of the subject. Check the catalog to see If your library has the Art Indot, Industrial Arts Index 17.870 Inder or Engineering Indera If they are Ilsted there, your library undoubtedly also has a number of the periodicals listed in them, and it will be worth your while to check your topic in the appropriate special inden You may also find that your librrry has many special bibliographies which will belp you. Examine the bibliography collection, or look up in the card catalog such heading us Music Bibliography" or "Chemistry-Blbllography to see what useful guides you can locate in this way Winchells Guide to Reference Books (2) will also list for you such Important subject bibliographies as Crane and Patterson & Literature of Chemistry Chemical Abstracts and the Library of Congress publication Atomic Energy Significant References, us well 15 the many other Utles la specialized fields. Sdence and Ane arte Subject mattor reference boole. Canbndge Natural History Edited by S. F Harmer and A E Shipley London, Blicmillan und Co. 1922-1927 10 Y Each volume of this set is devoted to a separate branch of the study of botany or zoologs 614 D. (73) 298 D ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 83 Garten, Geertth Idroduction to the Bulory of Seimot. Baltimort, Pabllahod for the Caracal Institation of Wuhington by tyikiams & Wins, 1997-1848. Sy po Swindon Selatino Stria. Edited by Charla Groly Abbot. Yehtorton, Brolth somlad Iustitation, 1929-1932 12 Y Voch more popular in stylo then the Cambridge Natural History material I based on the other that of the Institution Fa Nortrand's Scintille Durclopedia Astonautlas Astronomy Botary Chemical Engarrig Chemistry Ct fragirerring Blectrical Engineering Electronics Radio Geology Vaticastins Vinckarial Engineering Vedlere, dallarg Wetcorology Whoralogt herigation Photography Physics Statistica Zoology Ho New York, D Volostrand Company Inc., 1947 1800 p. (7) Cooler Anttola, dd The Dance Evy dopedk New York, A & Barnes, 1949 646 D. Short articles on dancers, performances of compositions, and term longer article on odstandlas personalities, style, and trends of the dance. Voro attention is paid to ballet th to che fortas (T) Gundor Helen Art Through tlu Aga 80 ed. Now York, Harcourt Bra & Company 196 851 One of the most usefal one-tolonce histories of art, including a glory of technical termos ad detailed Inder. (16) Grora, Sir Gearre Groe, Dictionary of Music and Nzricians 3d ed. Nm Tork, Thu Hitha Compey 1938 8 v Tro rapports (1935–1950) brlog tho material up to date and cover American topics An Aotborttatire, caregodke trentment of all aspects of more composers, muidlane, formas, cd Esne Bne bolloriphias follox indir doel articles on persona able Free Tha e Errepidla of Sporth. Yer York, A. & Baron, 1957 A TOT Credere alein shilish material i widely scattered Covers records, Eiros ruts, dermatomy to a great raries of sports (1So, Peta 20's Cornetu to ule Soulard end toilk c Pro Star Gott Ve Test, dort Varenity Pres, 1947 Srtrydel Ortcod series Score actione Distance Coalicious Orino Sucted Befereena u Srinat faiter u Cucts Erety Try Boston, The End Timor Ecotlar bebas by this tool tro POSTI") Horse (55loged) Anlata. Era EL, Licau Bacitet prelucta a Frats a B.TTF C VE 752 at e IrImgE, SEID Reosredesrate nas na berler Edette (1 Livir en ride statasou a sara-Gent tan, -me com eso 35 Tara Cara LED ·34 THE RESEARCH PAPER Education Bibliographies. (86) Aleander Carter flow to Locato Educational Information and Data A tot oud Roftroncs Book Sd ed. Ney York, Bureau of Publleations, Teachers Caless Columbla University, 1950. 441 9 A gude which lists many important tools in the field of education, use it if you need references to more material than the titles listed below (87) Education Indet A Crosslative Author and Subject Indes to a Selected List of Edw cational Periodicals Books and Pampklots 1929-date. New York, H. Y Wiloca Company 1929-date. wenda The basic index to the field of education which provides a guide to over 185 magazina in the field and also to many pamphlets, yearbooks, and reports which have appeared once January 1929 Before that date, the Readers' Gudo (6) and International Index (7) must be used. If you already know how to use these indexes satisfactorily you will probably have little dificulty in using the Education Indaz since it is cumulated and arranged along slmllar lines. Two special points are illustrated by Figure 18 the way in which book reviews of edo cational books are listed, and the way in which units of work on topics to be taught in schools are listed. coan. D L Mott. J Chen Ed 1 10-4 FROHAN Lowls Acreto 1 Depeation for responsable dthomhtp. zd nec Cooking 11 10 10 cars, u. round of Amerson cultury Gonila for higher tattoo J Feber Id 215 Adalt B 17:40.1 France 4T1-D R Adat J310 Richardson FRONM Frite Apard T B D other Turra or na Chembaul duation in a coller. Wblos 1 SO dude la tha petibd J Higher EB 11:00-13 nunlar Drotam T Pomte Ni-TU PILT Fostener FRONTIER and plonger life trpanie 111103 1 6 14 F . Bandar Conrad Blobter's plonoart raty, and myth. Alrender c. Tamarrow'* Warer tor landh FL Carpenter Col End 11117-AN* or ola Cantot yard. ZUB Bul AIS & H R E ! Adruntura Locat stodie W schreibe burry Alaander W. Stały leder to try usch & Com 3 97 N. 50 Covered marons to the Northwt , L prorts bastruction JD RTU u my 16 W E Barton Ecclcron bis 2 Grid Thach 4-1+ JA IL 41 W. . Curaplats popcordo . Ado & fup 20:174-3 A & D KING, Marth, L DRA Bul 2110 DH X. Great motor in the school and duroam artron Outrpetons A.316 WH peat that in ce proche Tour STOICA IN TRAIL Aeroun adlation of mabool adalaletrator Orpantang and directios.redito top Yarile lor . try world that toona pent prg yumama Cool Truth KINQ, Mon B. Jr, and oth Tudo LN and Darts . E Tube Bocholas otrdioului Boch Tartu A.JI- Da tbe arts O. Tech Col J 13:10 NHL. V. O KING Norris A. Truchany disorer bet compty 14 Teter Laud Mohr. Erones Ludtrip 72176-DK edu KING, Red Hodiny WORSHIP H R E Hobus Training tmely a terenul odpoutan, Volta R Min n 14 J Hicber d 11 trx Tak, a 1 Ranede teebalgas to de KANALAY but sobool rabject How to do it boom heted fulde wp -6 Harun DD R 14:7 H 1L WE bub LED DR. HVOR Furton WO IS TIL I 4 H. Blir KINOMAH Run Larelay rog Bootlood Dubidy Tandartlope chantater Am Am C Bad orion Jound of Nurstag 11.a Ly #11 SDH TH DC Our Yous foto cu futur 3L I M. Croce bar Ther, W. People un rady to discon May port ro Lubny quartarty 11:30 JI HE E FICUKU 13. BALACTIONS FOU Education Inder Sabhaading 1 Porm heading for book revlon 2 Anthor und title of book reviewed. 6. Referena to chapter in . yaarbook & Beerenca to book. & lugudag in wbich rroles appeared 7th e ty New York, (B) Childrens Catalog A Dictionary Catalog of 4800 Books H. W Wilson Company 1946 1104 R If you are preparing a research there requiring the uso of books written for children or young people, you should know and be able to use the most important guides to this large UN ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 85 ad of Hersture of the books Hated bere the Childrens Catalog and the taderts by Rox (9) - guddo you to the books for children of elementary school age the Standard Catelog (0) will guide you to the books for young people of jolor or senior high school You And that the Eue loderes are very similar to other sich you baro alreads Bed The catalog boreres are diferent and you must be more that you understand their method of urruneato The Childreos Catalog and the Standard Catalog are exactly alize bis the method of triagement. The int half of ach is a Victionary catalog * Isting in on alphabet tho sothors, titles, ud subjects of the book. In the second hall, annotations are dress which describe the contents and dre you an do of the Too of ach book thi bel Lained by call numbers u ure the booles on the shelres of a library Bot, Elle, carose Subject Indes to Boots for luterndlate Grade Claro, Amet Sean Library Asociation, 1950. 403 p Subject Ixde to Boobs for Pobrary Grades. Colar American Library Amodation, 1842. R First Supplenat 1710 78 Tals gerie dit from the Children's Catalog In tro ways it lists books by rubject only and in scope it includes many readers and boobs of a testbook naturo zot ordinarily Escode la Hbrarias but thetal in classroom Stouderd Catalog for High School Libraria Selected Catalog / 1555 Book 8th o No York, IL W Wilson Company 1947 1311 - Educational Film Guide Amanal Edition, September 191 An York, I. 1 TON Company 1919 10 Fiatrip Gdde, 1550 Edition Kew York, L. Wilson Company 1980 268 p. Both of these tools are urtanged ulike Part I i un alphabetic title and subject lixt, and Part II is a selected, caulted, and annotated List Esch is kept up to date by monthly Inne wd by cumplation. They are insalaabla w gmidos to audio-visual teaching material Education Sabinet ratar deretter books. If you are waiting a theme having to do with any uspect of the history of education, you will find helpful sectionu in such spedal tools, already mentioned, u the Cambridge Elustory of English Literature (see Table III) ito Coobndoo Sena (56) (57) und (59) und the Encydopaedia of the Social Sciences (C) The most important object-matter tools in the special Beld of education are Good, Carter V, ed Dictionary of Education An Tort, McGraw Hm Book Coo pany Inc., 1945. 493 p Jout what its tithe implies, and therefore a basic tool -- Hearde, Prol. Crelopedia of Education A Yat, The Mummlm Company 1911- Althoach this set is very old nor it will be belpful for the lines of educaton or personu who bere buttored espertion and for the history of educational mortroenta 09Horse, Valters... Encyclopedia of Educational Research A Profect of the Amer Ku Educational Larurch Aurorlotn Ret ed Ar Vort, Th. Wacmillan Company 1150. 1620 The best dock rode to the Radlag of research on educational developmenta. Artide 27 erreared oder very trosd besdinps for major articles, consult the outline at the begin play of the article The lodes, which is inserted at the center of the book, will also be befol Bibliographia in quite long and consist raials of related to research studies LhiR. Harry do el Esplopedia of Modern Education New York, Pallosopblaal Library 1953. 102R Absady dot-ralline book containing many short artidien The Bibllographies Ilst a few of the best routA un Esch topic ·441 1 Rich 17+-80 D 34 THE RESEARCH PAPER Education-Bibliographies (56) Alorander Carter Horo to Locate Educational Information and Data A Tat ad Reference Book. 3d ed. New York, Burtau of Publications, Teacher Colliers Columbia University 1960 A guide which lists many important tools in the field of education, use it if you need references to more material than the titles listed below (87) Education Indo A Cumulativt Author and Subject Inder to a Selected Lut of Ed cational Periodicals Books and Pamphlets 1929-data. Nor lork, L. Y WILCO Company 1929-date. The basic index to the field of education which provides a guide to over 156 maguzida la the field and also to many pamphlets, yearbooks, and reports which have appeared once January 1929 Before that date, the Readors' Guido (6) and International Inda (7) most be used If you already know how to use these indexes satisfactorily you will probably bott little difficulty in using the Education Index, doce it is cumulated and arranged along ulmilar lines. Two special points are illustrated by Figure 13 the way in which book review of cocational books are listed, and the way in which units of work on topics to be taught in schools are listed cour D L Morris, J Chad ca 11:16-4 FROMAN Lowts Aerom Ednor tion for Inpoodbye dikin. Ed D. 299x 11:100.000 Am Fronton of American culture Goal for blcher odacution. J Haber Datu Adalt ra 11110-1 O 1 Ortnach T-D Adalt Ed 51.1 LJ Richardson FRONNE Acurd. I to other Surrey of La Chemical doctha tn pul coller, Wodbor 1 FUL! danes to the Army peatured Hugher Ed 21 10-4+ NH Lunds protrum H Polat nonp 11 T Hoebener FAONTIER and pronurilfe Conrad Richter planery roboty od ruth. Alaender c. tomorrow. Wrar tor touch F L Carpenter Col dud i:17-UN Te collega City DARA B 2:14-146 R L Lokal berty Adrratur in med stora. W schreiber usch & Com # 101+ N 10 Alaander WL State leadership to be Corred wrong to the North L Proves to traction SË Ra 10 u My 4 W L Burton Chalon Or 1 Crud Teach :10-17 W. C. Cornuletin popur corda El Ado & Rap 60'IL A AF:- ards KINQ, Martha L na Bal A:144 D4L X. a hrott Totona th the school and dumroom Artrou Docupatkan U V 17 dent that indoc. Pro to editor Az Chat RR TCL Aparents anoelation of bool administrators, Opanlong and Structing rods tepron - 5 Yonla por ur world; treat-cond et promo Cola KING, Merim, and other Tudne Ned Darts, H. Thcbaru Bocholog curriculum. Podle Torcus A.H-4 Dy tbe us 049 och Col J 11.111- J IL ML. 1.0 KINA, Nerie A wa Tuber EA discover that cortmonly 2 Top des Planes KING, Hadiny Ghymontt N (LR IL Hoge Trutnins Volta RUIN J Higher Ed 21 (M- NFO The timest edocellos erald, I. Reredlet technique to bude choo hitoti Har to-do-1t book wlected ride on Harperd Ed R 14:23 My IL TE is B. Him YSK Hartop WE T1.18 1L Barr TDA B. Latoullonal pablety KINGMAN Run! Barclay marion Journal of Nurstag (1:10 Ny Tooldurdope character Am Am Col Beat 44 36 11-D LO ber. DTC Our young to chini koty 1:01+ TIL B Groen bers et bollywood Bomo ready to decim buy Quartety 14:14) IL R E FIGURI 13. SELECTIONS TO Education Inde. 1 Forma heading for book forlar. + Bubbading 2. Author and title of boot rerlered. 8 Reerence to chapter in a yearbook Mardno in which low appeared. 6 Roterence to a book. Anna Now York, 1104 p Children's Catalog A Dictionary Catalog of 1500 Books 7th ed. rey H. W Wilson Company 1946. If you are preparing a research theme requiring the use of books written for children or young people, you ahould know and be able to use the most important guides to this large.

·THE RESEARCH PAPER 85 Beld of literature of the boobes listed bere, the Children's Catalog and the inderd bs Po (9) will gaide you to the books for children of clementary school age the Standard Catalog (90) rul guide you to the books for young people of jualor or repbor high Khool You will find that the Bee fresos are tere dimilar to others which you have alreads bred. The atabg, botot in different, and you must be sure that you understand their method of wrappedent The Children. Catalog and the Standard Catalog are spactly allke ta ter poethod of arrangement. The first half of each B A dictionary catalos, Isting in one alphabet the authors, titles, and subjects of the books. In the second halt, annotations in tren which dereribe the contents and are you an idea of tho hlue of auch book this bat burunged by all numbers as are the books on the shelres of a library on - Ror, Elda, comp. Subject Inda to Brobe for Internediata Grader. Caleaga, ALOT Loan Library Amolatlon, 1850 493 p. Sefect de la Beads for Primary Grada. Chieart, American Library Amodation, 1941.236 Fint Suppleant 1946 76 A This series diffco from the Chudrens Catalog in two rags it lists books by mbject only and in scope it tocludes many rudens and books of a textbook nature not ordinarily Inceded in orario bot nyeol in clawrooms. 00) Standard Catalog for Hiph School Libraria Selected Catalog of 4555 Boob. stb e Karlork, L. Y tvou Corapuny 1817 18-1 p. An York, 1. TV leon 1) Educational Film Gidde Anal Edition, September 199 Company 19-19.00 Mutrip Gelde, 1950 Edition New York, IL Y Vile Cocopany 1950. 268 p Both of these tool are unnged aliko Part I u in alphabetic title and subject lista od Put ka relected, chwified, and annotated Hist. Each I kept op to date by monthly hrda ad by cumula Home They are incalonblou guide to andlo-visual teaching material Edorallax Subfeet-statter reference boolt It sou are triting a theroe baving to do with a upect of the history of education, you will find belpłal sections in such special tools, already Dentioned as tho Combridge Autory of English Literature (wee Table 1) the Cambridge Smes (38) (87) und (58) und the Encyclopaedia of the Social Science (07). The most la portant object matter tools to the special field of education aro Good, Cartar med Dictionary of Education New York, licor All Book Cows- PROY Inc., 1945. 496 Jest that its title tmplied, and therefore a badc tool 00 Honroe, Pool Cyclopedia of Education for fort, The Hacmillan Cotopany 1911- 1912 6 Allboard this tet la tery old now it be bepfol for the lives of educators or persons who bere influenced education, and for the history of educational morcoets. 09 Voarse, Fattor 8. d. Euryclopedia of Educational Retorch, A Profect of the Ans ka Edvartional Rauch Assorlatin En dan York, The Woman Campeny 1880. 1570 R The best stigle guide to the Anding of rearch on educatlopal derelopment. Articles trensed under res brasd beading for major utleu consult tho outloo at the begloning of the article Tbonde, which is moeted at the center of the book, will also be wdful Buborrapher an quite long and consist muualy of references to rearch studies Be Blin, Henry No ed Encyclopedia of leder Education Nor York, Philosophical Lorry 10. 802 Abandy operature books containing many abort uticker The bibliographies liste for of the best reesota un esch tople.

·84 THE RESEARCH PAPER Education Bibliographies (86) Algunder Carter How to locate Educational Information and Data A Test and Reference Book 8d ed. Nor York, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbla University 1950 441 p A guide which lists many important tools in the Deld of education 089 it if you need references to more material than the titles listed below (67) Education Inde A Corulatis. Author and Subjeet Index to a Selected List of Edu cational Periodicals Books and Pamphlets 1929-dato. New York, IL Y Ylloon Company 1921-date. The basic index to the field of education which provides a guide to over 155 magazines in the field and also to many pamphlets, yearbooks, and reports which have appeared since January 1929 Before that date, the Readers' Gudo (6) and International Index (7) muxt be used If you already know how to use these indexes satisfactorily, you will probably hare Little difficulty in using the Education Inder since it is cumulated and arranged along almlar lines Two special points are illustrated by Figure 18 the way in which book reviews of educational books are listed, and the way in which units of work on topics to be taught in schools are listed. bangunan to traction COUT D L Morria. J Cheld 1:10 - FROMAN Lowe Aero 1 Coor Education for repondre dittoonahin. La B 11 40.0 % A Toate of American cuftor Adult 4 1741-164. Caraca Goals for higher stocution. J Inter Cd 11 17. AD Adult BIJ J:17 HLY Richardrog FROM THE Aprd. P E. Rather furu of lan Cherutaal wuertloo 1 0 collants bitter 1 ang dam 1. my echaped J Hlber Ed 1140 + 50 uning program H Pointe i PILT Hueber FRONTIER and plonger llo Conrad Richte plogut reality and myth. ACADO a Tomorrow Ubrutor tuch- FL Carpenter C Dord 177 x 10 dry ooller Unit of DR. Dal 16-58 1L R E Eats Adriatore ip postal od A w schrobar Alapdor W. Atate londonhto to bm- 1 Boh on Li Y 4 Covered wrong to the Northwest 11. L Bu *T TL 1 y HW EL Burton Ericson. Bios Il Gnde T 20- Ja 'si # Adra & sup 10:3T6-70A. yunda KING, Martha L Roll Bat H144 D H X. a Mroott Piotord in the school and coon iron Cootrpatiowy z w K ment that lopoc prud in din. WAR 2 Coninc TILL Aparate deo of robool Lotnistrators, Orranten und dirvons rending pror Kanal tortor wordt trety**oood ment pros HTC One Dotthon KING Moton BJ, and other Tauro, RN und Davie, H Tuber Boredad cutleulom. Hoch Torou 4.34 joy the urt O 11 uch CO2 T 11.17 H X N. 0 KING, Nons Tin dự thetr cornmunity Ed Laudership 1 116-50 D 2 Turno Salumn. A Planet KING, Aach Haley AMIT N HR. H. Hogbes Trinta abang tocation, 3 Volta R4nNH J Higher E1 116- X 5 Terud, G L Raredial technique to be KINGKAT bort ut school koblets How to 10-15, boolant hotel fulde JP Fred R 14-17 Nyth W E. 12 R2R 12. Faryo Wola 11 . X hy KINOMAN A Barclay TB Eddonol publety In domecharucts Am Am Cal Bol medan Folunat O Nartint { 10 20 #4 D60 Tube T.C. Our yount follo Che study 11111+ TAX. Groto nebo W . People on my to dla the port war word Libre Quoty 1100 J 14 ER PIGUKS 13 BALACTIOY For Education Indu 1 Fort heading for boot rerler * Sabheading 1 Author und title of book reviewed. & Reference to chapter for arbook 6 Rotorence to a book. 3. Napadno la which merket appeared 6 (88) Cauldron. Catalog A Dictionary Catalog of 1900 Dools Ith cd rov Now York, H. Y Tilson Company 1948 1104 p. If you are preparing a research theme requiring the use of books written for children or young people, you should know and be able to use the most important guides to this large ·THE RESEARCH PAPER $7 you Hart with cumulative indat Ion would probably not aspect to find o discualon of the ston borob before 1940 pobrionly it wonld bo & wate of time to page through all the rotones of the Readers' Guide before thent date On the other hand, it is important to dered through all the volume of Ginnlatiro indexu if you have taken & rubject like the Atlan promeen. You must exercise I setuse of discrimination in malding bibliography carde, Yoo will be on whelmed if you attempt to make a note of crery reference you find. If you are obserment, forcyer, you to find that you begła to narrow or to define your abfect word dearly whes you begin the working bibliography because for the first time, yod are contar la contact with the material you will eventually use. If there is an abundanco material Tou nee, perbapo for the first time that there are many wpects to the subject rhich you pere realized alated. You will therefore begin a feeding-out proces early in foar but by writlag dorre on your cards only those titles which pertain to one phase of your real object It & laptele to over eetphasize the traportance of the method of patharidy your working bibliography I you will take the follosing mereations wesionaty, your snel boibophy and your footastes * caut you no trouble Go to the Horary with tho Decorary tools a fountain pen, cards, elastic band, and 1 mula folder or enrelope in which to koep everything For convenience now and later rodbold pat auch bblographic item on a separate $ x S-inch card, thus making it pousſblo to rearriera deleta, OT la additions to the working bibliography at will. Do not waste Heren Auktos lists on a plece of paper with the intention of later copylog the deparate leme anto artt. Each reference should be clear collor, complete and accurate Frequently only titles nod autbors aro stret. If you are unlog a reference book in which come of the bellotauphic information is mindng leave mufficient spaco on tho card to completo It later (uh ard G. Figura 14) If the sequence porta from that indicated in the following la tractions and the Ample cards in Figure 14 and 16 rearrange the material as you tako I dons on your art po that all iteras will bo in the corrot bibliographical order A Bibllogtapklal Cards for Boola (see Figure 14) 1 Anthor's fall namo (laut PRIDE Brut) u gtren on the top line of the catalog card' 2 Complete title anderluaed (in a typowritten manuscript, underlining indicates Halia) 3. Tho imprint Place of poblication b Pabllhers use written in tall, c Date of publication Conteat Dota obtained from the Library of Congress cards and personal ob mation 6. Cal number of the book in the upper left corner & Croled Bamber to the opper right cortar to krve as a reference. This number thold not be placed on the card until you hare gralusted the book and begun to tako poten! Me he fet to falbum, sod worttons to come better the menu ma ma the top theo od usd the two shed appen drecthy after the these. Percomend that some besonders when there, that in the bort ta fan followed by iaithale for middle DACHT OF DAT Penny called then you dord boola ho by fatat suborn, of limited made the papers of es troben a bed horny hostitationis nochettes, or forurent You In Add ample of mos the model esploration The Lorury of Comptes wird la pour best tabority for portlane pune this state photo 11 white filet e , to the first passed more you by the tale plati the date of protection in a tbe the person the hurt data on the 70 with a selle en route that the copyright da to rather there the you can thod date and it les couplete aplanation of the material to be Lotted from Library of Corritu art. 4 1# caplete aplotton ·80 THE RESEARCH PAPER E Preliminary Check Lists of Library Tools and Subject Headings Now that you have had a review of the most important bibliographies and reference books, as well as an introduction to the outstanding tools in special fields, you should be ready to start your working bibliography Take stock of your subject in relation to the information you have gained about the library Alake out a 4 6-inch card with the follor ing information 1 An informative title for your paper (tentative) 2. The preliminary statement of objective. 3 As many of the following items as possible (a) Boohs in the general field (poetry, novels, blographies, general liter ture, tho century, social trends, literary movements, and so forth) (b) Names of authors you already know 4 List of all reference boohs you think will be applicable to your paper After you have prepared the card your instructor or the Ubrarian mas be willing to examine it to see whether you have indicated all the referenco books you should use for your particular subject and to suggest others which you have overlooked In order to get in touch with necessary primary and secondary sources the actual work ing material of your theme you will have to devise heys to open the reference books you have indicated on your Check List of Library Tools. If your topic is general enough to be found in an encyclopedie, that is ono of the best places to obtain an overviet" As you read the encyclopedia article, try to pick out the subject headings (key words and catch words) Refer back also to the pointera given you on pp. 5 and 6 for help in selecting tubject headings in the card catalog On the subject of American ploncert, for example, the words "West," "Western America," "pioneers,' and frontier" would come to mind whether or not you had read a preliminary book on the subject. Starting with these words, there fore, you will go to the library tools recently reviewed and listed. Before you go to the reference books, card catalog, and shelves to mako your working bibliography however, writo the subject hcadings on the back of your Check List of Library Tools so that you will have all the material of this important step in compact form. To get the most effective Check List of Subject Headings, you should alphabetize the catch words leaving generous spaces for those you will add. You will now use the subject headings to check systematically through all the reference books which you have listed as applicable to your topic and others which you will find as you proceed with your working bibllography IV PREPARING THE WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography is a list of all books, articles, and documents relating to any selected subject. A voorking bibliography which is a pack of 3 x 5 inch cards listing all books, articles, and documents relating to your subject, la the initial step in making tho foll bibliography for your completed theme. It is truly a working bibliography for It should be added to, revised, corrected, and consulted during the entire timo you are preparing your paper Your working bibliography will consist of the leads you find in tho reference books in Which you now use your subject headings. You now have () the general rubject you intend to investigate, and (b) the Check List of Subject Heading thich you will use to hunt through (c) your Check List of Library Tools in order to make your working bibliography cards. Remember the basic difference between the two hinds of reference books (1) Indexes and bibliographlen in rhich you will flad titles and author, but only the minimum Information about the contents of the books, and (b) subject matter rcforence books, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, la which cou will find useful blbllographical Items as well as lofor mation which could be used in the text of your paper Do not expect to find your subject headings in every reference book in fact, som subjects will not be mentioned in ordinary reference tools. When you do not find what you are looking for reason out for yoursell #h5 Four subject rould not be treated lo this par ticular library tool In this connection eximino the timo colemigo of your subject beforo ·89 THE RESEARCH PAPER Cord Loudopeda ortida on The , aber, et pand U Nobopritet (10) Paron, Frederic L, and Vance, fupert as Frontier Grozlopedia de houel leunca E la Seligman rew York, the Marrillan Company, Vol Elited by 1135 6,11 500-506 de vida they wont porta be ad totab "An American Pioneer House and Garden, 89 104-6, Merah 1946 About Johany Applected Colr Marta thang Pomni potuba trade Pony Express "Nothes, July 4343 [bold much? Different section of the Escentry 27 TRA U Bu mevcuti cine me uma no PATTCLORIDW ex mus ·38 THE RESEARCH PAPER 4 Brown, Harriet Connor Grandmother Brown's Hundred New York, Blue Ribbon Books, Card Completo bibliographial description of book. Short comment on the content 1727 -/127 C 11.29 Intimate personal happenings Card B. Thrto-rolamo work with moro than tro autbon. Ono rolamo hoy been cumipod arutally for pertinent material Speller, Robert E, and others 6 Literary History of the Almited States, Gárd, He racmillan Company, 1948 I vols [one vol f bibliography] Vol a contains goodl overall neer Section 58 the widening of Sorgono, 39 Keterany Culture of the Frontierop 652 6621 45 liketerál Chrombóstitora froncino to, to the West an seen from the East 639-651 JI 731 770 777- 777 M Faulknet, American Political and Social Card a Bolognaphlaul Item found in an inder which gun last nam. ud title only Personal nota la brackets Hestory "Perhape best authority on coccal history [not cre Aut library - Inter library Loan?] Fauc 14 SATLI BBLIOTLAPHY cubos por VOL ·41 THE RESEARCH PAPER General Indexes und bibliographies, fach u Readers' Guide to Periodical Lab ocene () od Exay and General Literature Inde (18) dire lixts of boobs and articles oder abject ledmp und Judications . You abould consult refermce bonla hated mder Library Tools In Special Fields ta mbject matter and for additional bibliographical het 6. lam to umido tables of contents, prefaces, Indees, and chapter bendlogs zicht ahes kerping before you the mbject heading for your topic. If a reference set kartesed like The Cambridge Hutory of Englush Literature that is, with reparate chap bers on diferent topics written by uuthorita In the field-ermine the table of contents of Le tort Tolume to beate the chapter on your subject. Skim through a poro or tro of a dapter to join whether or not there is something for you. II, boxeter a reference set i Atin apbabetically with an mder volume liko tbo Dictionary of American Hustory (3) deck throned the indus uoder allikely subject headings, making certain to follow up "Seo" ad "Sex abo" reerences as you canine the books, make short comments on your Fort- Es bibilomiphy aards us to their ability 6. V Fou cannot bente certain rers nocesory books in your own libruly or in the balpuble Huray your librarlan may be able to borrow there for you by inter ilorary loan tefon catalog let the holding of the larger libraria of the nation, of a revlon, or of a balty brat unlon catalog has been established a librarlan can locates pren title by consulting this atalog and can then borrow the book from the Hbrary owning it. There che antilop and not in eskace, stato librus organizations frequently act as clearinghouses of boformatiod on later-tibrary Loret Go to your ord Whrurian as soon as you know that To Il pred the Kitict. 7 Ta will expect to gain more bibliographical references as you besla to read Batiza un nothor wil refer to another authorits or gtron title which son hare not found discutere. Many troon, I complete bibliographs will be dren in a secondary book & Then you bote ehuwted the resources of the libraria for bibliographial item, Duben patut of coming every book or article that you can obtain cauds It several books are obtlowly about the Ado material, try to decide which is the best. This you can cometwe determice by mamining the pretace, table of contents, Indes, and chapter heading. Tople pertences, introductory paragraphs, and conclurons are important lon should quation the cathor und the date of book or article is the author the best authority to the Celdr Is the book or artide the latest publication on the mbject? Or is an earlier Tableattin desirable because it carries port authority? Adapt your alteris to your mbject 9 After you have decided these questions, place pertinent comtrents on Four Fort Erbonapay cards and within those which you do not expect to uke. Your working 61.8marby will rendonbtedly contain items which you will be unable to find easils Do not CUSTT UNIT Peminat worthless ards merely set them uide temporarils You will find But this procedoru ot ermining those items which you know art within your reach will darity Tor) potatt for you. You will begin to have the feet of the boobs you are to use Ted I And that your ideau coperting the parttealar corner of the subject that you bast store time began to be clear and roe will resi[de approximates how many book and what cette bonba you must rod to cover your subject adequately 100 will also on which et articles you must make special efforts to obtain through purchase or inter Ubrary When you come to these decidons, you have reached on your TORSING RECORD Lyou add farther tonttorg bblogrupios cards, sou sbould be us careful to check each item theu rot rere with the Art cards when yoor there is finished, you will paske the Lakhlorasty trom the worldag bhllotruphy by toplog bo alphabetical order all the items But your ccaupleted bibliographs which is typed on the ame kind of paper us your theros, Il contato, of course, on the booke and utides that you need in preparing and writing Joc tutarch paper ·40 THE RESEARCH PAPER B Blbllographical Cards for articles from Perlodicals and for Articles from Encyclo pedias (see Figure 15) 1. Author's full name (last name first) as given in the periodical or encyclopedia If only initials are given, as is frequently the case In encyclopedlas, look in the front of the volume for identification and cite his complete pame If you cannot identify the author, the first important words in the title are used as the identifying agents 2. Complete title of the article, Inclosed in quotation marks title of the periodical or encyclopedia, underlined. The imprint must also be given for encyclopedia articles but is not required for periodical articles 8 Volume number and page or inclusive pages. 4 bonth, day and year of publication (for periodical articles only) 5 Content note from personal observation. 6 Circled number in the upper right corner to serve as reference. There are several correct bibliographical forms. The one Illustrated in Figures 14 and 15 is easy to learn, and, having once been learned, is easy to modify according to later needs. Study the sample working bibliography cards carefully and notice that the last name of the author is placed first, followed by a comms, and then the first name and/or initials, followed by & period Titles of books, magazines, and encyclopedlas are underlined, whereas the titles of articles, poems, ahort storles, and other parts of books or periodicals are inclosed by quota tion marks. The title of a book is followed by a period. The title of an article and the name of the magazine aro separated by a comms and followed by a period. Facts about editors, translators,cand series follow the title of a book and are finished by a period. Tho Imprint, which should be considered as a whole, is made up of the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication in the order given, with commas separating the parts and a period completing the whole. If one volume only of a set of books is used the volumo number is included after the ute. Volume and page numbers are given for encyclopedia articles. The form and punctuation used by the Readers' Guido is followed to indicato vol ume, page numbers, and date of articles from periodicals. You will notice that the lower part of each card is left blank for your comment on the value of the content of the book or article after you have examined it. These comments are not on reading, and in 20 sense are they to be used as reading notes. Several cards in the examples illustrate the sort of comment you should be able to make about a book or artide After a preliminary examination of the Library of Congress card, a notation from a rel erence book, or an examination of the book itself. C. How to Proceed There are many ways in which you may find items for your working bibliography Go about the task in a systematic manner Use your Check List of Subject Headings and your Check List of Library Tools, to which you will add utles of other reference books as you discover them. The steps are described below in the order in which you should take them. Review the instructions already given under "Using Library Tools" as you proceed. 1 You should consult the card catalog first to find out what books on your topic are available in your particular library You will be wise to confine yourself to a topic for which you can get the necessary primary material. 2 Encyclopedia articles usually contain excellent bibllographles. If you uso An encyclopedla to get an overview you should notice some of the titles given at the end of the article • There an older and much the form for the pagination of articla frota periodials which you abould know been or you will counter that form in the books you will do the rolo zomber pires to roman numerals, followed by the month and rear foclosed in parentheses kepented by a comma from the part bamber or aumbers in erable controls. Thos the pasios for ard E would appeur - LXIX (March 1946) 104-105 und and Fu XLVIN (Joly 1913) * TOL form may be orded in both foot notes and bibliography If your lagtractor odsta ·THE RESEARCH PAPER & Gelbesos vad bibliographies, such as Picaden Gaide to Periodical Lt (O ct Erry ord Grand Literature lade (13) dre lists of boolas and articles dekjet Latinps and desifcations Tea aborli consult reference books listed under Library Tool in Spedal Fields Erhed tand for additional bibliographical clues & Lam to coming tables of contents, prefaces, Indexes, and chapter beadings gdy zhru keepire before you the subject heading for your topic. If a reference set Sur Eke The Cambridge History of Engluh Literature that is, with separate chaptorent topics intten by authoritia in the fieldermine the table of contents of Tectrone to locate the chapter on your subject Shim through a page or tiro of a to jedno whether or not there is romething for you I however o reference set is enabetically with an index volume like the Dictionary of American History (63) dret that the ida under a likels object heading, maling certain to follow op "Seen "260"references As you examine the books, make short comments on your work- Einarby cards as to their ability & If you cannot loante certain rery Decessary boobs in your own library or in the belrutest Ebrary your librarian mas be able to borrow them for you br inter library loan Pasakos Bet the bolding of the larger libraries of the astion, of a region, or of a basing Mete a talon catslog has been established, a librarian can locate a giren title Zero bithis catalog and can then borror the book from the library owning it Fotops are not in existence, stato library organizations frequentis act as clearinghouses mation ca 10:27-Hbrary loans Go to your ora librarian as soon as you know that JA Treed this warnice. * You will expect to min mor bibliographical references as you begin to read Son attor i refer to another authority or fire a title which you have not found terkere. Hoy tienes, a complete bibliographr will be stres to a secondary book & Thea Jos lare chausted the resources of the librarles far bibliographical items, sikapedant dentaire etery book or article that you can obtain easily If several boola e otthon's about the name material, try to decide which is the best. This rou can some podcente by warninfas the preface, table of contents, indes, and chapter heading Tot sedertes, introductors paragraphs, and conclusions are important lou should Festbom the author and the date of a book or article. Is the author the best authorits s tell u the book or article the latest publication on the subject? Or in an earlier Tablication desirable beanzeit carries more authority? Adapt your atteris to your subject 9 After you have dreided these questions, place pertinent comments on your work Erlberranty and's and withdraw those which you do not expect to use. Your working er by rütdoobieth coatalo Iterus which you wi be woable to find easily Do not kelast worthless aards merels set them wide temporarily Loa w find Start this procedure of caninas those items which you know are within roar reach will Can's several polcta for you. We will begin to bare the Yeel of the boobs you are to be and that your ideas concerning the particular corner of the subject which you have er baro beras to be clear and you will realize approximately bow many bools and what te boola rou mor read to come your mbject adequately you will also mot which boobs cortides you must make special eforts to obtain through purchase or inter librars When you come to these decisions, you have reached you add farther working Hollogrart cards, you should be us careful to check each item Tour TORKING RECORD en son vere with the Erst and then your theme is Inished you will make the Bography from the workios bibliography by typing in alphabetical order all the items Tout completed bbliography Shich is trped on the same kind of paper us your thote il contato, of course, cely those boobs and videos that you used to preparing and writios Joer research papo ·42 THE RESEARCH PAPER V MAKING THE PRELIMINARY OUTLINE Now is the time to make a tentative outline, not of the theme you will write, but of the material which you hope to find through your reading The preliminary outline has a threefold purpose to force you (a) to take stock of the information you already have, (b) to limit your subject by thinking seriously about what information you expect to find ud (c) to provide an eficient means of recording your reading in card notes under proper head ings When you decide what you want to know about the subject and how you want to record the information you will be ready to take reading notes. A. Questions The best way to go about making a tentative or preliminary outline for a subject about which you know little is to ask question. Examine the preliminary objective made earlier "I am interested in American pioneers and intend to trace the growth of culture in some spodific section of the pioneering country Make sure that you have defined all the terms. You can identity the terms "pioneers' and "pioneering country tentatively with "those people leaving their homes in the already settled colonies along the Atlantic seaboard to make new homes in the recently opened territories acquired by the United States during the eightoenth century, and/or those emigrants from European countries who came to the United States during the elghteenth century and settled in the newly opened territories Begin to ask questions about the subject as you now understand it. Get down to funda mentals ask the what i why? when' wherol howl and wohol about the topic you have chosen. Who were the pioneers! Where was the fronter? Why did the people leave their homes? When were the pioneering years? When did the women come? What culture did they bring with thern generally? Individually? What is meant by "culture" in connection with the pioneers! Were books avallable? Musical Instruments? Teachers! What did they do about religious teaching! What part did women play in plonear life? What did they do at home? In the community? Were women more interested in education than men wero? Jot down the questions as fast as they come to your mind. Do not attempt to get them into logical order at first. You will find that you have a tendency to put down general and all-embracing questions first bat, as you think through what you want to know about the subject, the questions will become more detailed and of more use to you in working out tho next step B. Tentative Outlino After writing down all the questions you can think of you should find it easy to group them under several general divisions and subdivision. A tentative outline evolved from the questions on culture among American pioneers is the following I Pioneers (Who were the pioneers ?) A. Native American B. Emigrating European II Reasons for pioneering (\Vhy did they leave their homes 1) A. Economic pressure in former homes B. Social distinctions in former homes C Spirit of adventure III. Pioneer country (Where was the frontier?) A. Permanent settlements 1 Places and dates (When wore the ploneering year 1) 2. Women & Influence (When did the women come?) B Reasons for permanence ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 13 IT Calue (That is meant by culture"?) A Cattere brought from original bones (That culture did they bring with them ) 1 Boots (ere books arailable?) 2 Edvertica (Teachers!) 3. Masteaed male instrumenta (Musical instruments) Belirton (What did they do about religions teaching?) Becletexcuts in Dex bomos I intend to trace the grorth L Schools 2 Librado & Community fonctions . Churches Te roter en das tamaters (that aid they do in the home?) B. As presies of culture from forme (12uat did they bring indindrally ) C.S. Crity foret (Wee worden cort interested la culture than mun rerol) It's orice in Dot complete, por u it mpposed to be finished at this point It u not the deed oztuce which you I make before you start to write your theme. After you Lure red Atenrl books, you may be attracted to a different portion of the subject about Beyo por Icow little. This teatatire outime does pire you, boreter ideas aboat what to bak for us to read your material Late moon between the headings of your outline, CT TOA will expect to add ce general heading cd subdividons, fost as you will discurd bers because you will not find enough material about those bedingt. Even though this bo od this one in which you will organizo beforo you start to write the theme, perurtheless, El be constanth before you us for read, ductating what you should take down in Dota td ha. you abould disregard. C Stats la crder to make note-taklor efective, it brist to decide what you **] place at the to ad nos ard. Out of each sabdirulon in your tentative outline yoo shonld be able to make a La (1 vote-taking after word) The slus ahoold be a short as posible in Ches, ce word is ecoapta in other cases, i combination of words and phrases is becer The there for the tentare cutline almost eacts You may use tntelligible A slog to pbeced at the top of each reading note, and, daca it epitomizes Sektor on the card, H trees you of the deceanty of rereador the Dote to and out Eat is there. It abo trees you from look arplanatory heading und the necessity of muutun Fate lading for ach cant, with the attendant risk of isolated od ueless cards when 567 Late Late For reading proper use of slaus Il enable you to arrange JOUT totale may you writh when you are ready to write the rotsb dratt A secl cerset b that of making a list of slags eroked from the teatatira outine Ta on 416-ipek card, which can be used a bookmark Thus, yon I bare the otth you sta mart take notes, and you weer be at a loss for the proper Lot for your bote ard Ode slunce at the bookmark till dlre you your que. Ad the proper stor, you may be sure that ye sbornik add & decertary raddirilon w post lambafra oxide and mother shes to the bookusit, or that you hart been tempted to shich bau bo berts on Fous subject In case from the followter Bist of store that you should follow the tentatin out Erriber comedy feelliy perfectly free to combine slagt If you totale di atrices ·42 THE RESEARCH PAPER V MAKING THE PRELBINARY OUTLINE Now is the time to make a tentative outline, not of the theme you will write, but of tho material which you hope to find through your reading The preliminary outlino ho a threefold purpose to force you (A) to take stock of the information you already have (b) to limit your subject by thinkdog seriously about what information you expect to find, and (c) to provide an efficient means of recording your reading in card note onder proper head logs. When you decide what you want to know about the subject and how you want to record the information, you will be ready to tako reading notes A. Questions The best way to go about maling a tentative or preluninary outline for a subject about which you know little 18 to ask questions. Examine the preliminary objective made earlier "I am interested la American pioneers and intend to trace the growth of culturo in some specific section of the pioneering country" Make sure that you have defined all the terms. You can identify the termos "pioneers and "plodeering comtry tentatively with those people leaving their homes in the already settled colonies along the Atlantic senboard to make new homes in the recently opened territories acquired by the United States during the eighteenth century, and/or those emigrants from European countries who came to the United States during the eighteenth century and settled in the newly opened territories.' Begin to ask questions about the subject as you now understand it Get down to fundo mpentola ask the rohatt why? whon} spherel howl and rhot about the topic you have chosen \Vho were the pioneers 7 Where was the fronter? Why did the people leave their homes 1 When were the pioneering years? When did the women come? What culture did they bring with them generally? Individually? What is meant by culture" la copaection with the ploneerst were books availablet Musical Instrumental Teachers? What did they do about roligloos toaching? What part did women play in pioneer lito? What did they do at home? In the community ? Were Tromen more interested in education than men prero? Jot down the questions as fast as they come to your mind. Do not attempt to get them Into logical order at first. You will find that you have a tendency to put down general and all-embrados questions frot but, as you think through what you tpant to knorr about the mubject, the questions will become more detailed and of more pae to you in working out the next step B. Tentative Outline After writing down all the questions you can think of you should find it easy to group them under several general divisions and subdivisions. A tentative outline evolved from the questions on culture among American ploneers is the following I Ploneers (Who were the ploneert 1) A. Native American B. Emigrating European II. Reasons for pioneering (Thy did they leave their homes ?) A. Economic pressure in former homes B Social distinctions in former homes C Spirit of adventure IIL Pioneer country (TVhere was the frontier ?) de Permanent settlements 1. Places and dates (Then were the pioneering Fears?) 2. Yomen's Influence (When did the women come?) B Reasons for permanence ·45 THE RESEARC# PAPER Lore catred abdest anys, you should not be able to read, comident that you will be able to spot Imediately the laformation you wish to take a notet. There will be the temptation to take extr.eou lofordation werely because it is interesting bat if you bold firmly in mind your stated objective, you will not rute time in profitable note-taking lour alap muidenthy matured dora to basic points for you to recognize separate items us you cut to them. Soon you will be able to red rapidly being drawn only to pertinent material. You should make it your practice to summarize the items you bare found, jot it down quickly with the proper zlog to Identity it, and go on reading until you come to another point In taking notes, bere are the simple rules to fobox 1. Uke 41 6-Inchards and Ink. lou will find that cards art ruperior to paper be cartre () they are easier to handle and are almost indestructible, (b) they will repalnd you by thely sze to pot only one kie on A ard (c) they can be sorted and Aled, and (d) they can be sirped musly to your roasta draft when you start to write 2 Put only one tlen on a card. Pat the correct plug on the top line, starting at the kattedo of the card Il you most inventa det slag to fit the material you are taking down in Acta, add it to your teatatiro outline and to your slog ut f notes on ono idea whould afortunately attad besond woe aard, w the left corna as indicated in Figure 16 cards od 1 to hoy continuation onto a cond card 2. As you start to read each book, give its cortos ponding 3 x 6-inch working bibu orphy card a creled number in the upper right corner Care should bo taken that the Marm nombor 's not given to two diferent books or articles lo tho Ane Location in the Toper nicht corner of each 4 x 6-inch Dots aard, place the last name of the author and the under for the book from which you are reading. This identification substitute for tho entire bally reference and and so from endless repetition of title and author on each Aste ard when you are pressed for those daring the reading period. After the paper is Erbbed, I you decide to make more or 21 of your dotes a permanent part of your research moulprent, the title and Itaprint of the book can be copied from the worlding bibliography on the bottom of a reading and An even better idea is to put your working biblog mipas arts in your permanent He also 2 Sinos the balk of your noto cards will wally consist of Information from boobs En gormer Oto Word, uxo can in tammarizing the arct meaning of the author you read. Do Dot tose abbreviations of Kords of sentences which will be cold" by tho that you start to witte the theroe lou buy atentato all noter embotim with the expectation of matlog P Tour mind later whether or Dot you will put the information into your own words or tuso the act words of the author in a pertinent quotation (les cards J and L) Or you Combine punapbrudne and copylog terbatim (te ard K) By using brackets to indicato bich vords are your own paraphrase, summary or comment, and quotation marks to boclose the author's renty rou n be able to condeture much information on one cand Este takie bias tro porposes (t) to bare al pertinent information tabulated under proper a for me when the tal theme is to be written, and (b) to bate cerbatim pesage to u letratire material for points which must be backed by authoritatiro statement There in two good reasons why you rould wish to quote directis from the anthor (n) the estbor bus aid somethint so tell that I deserves quotation or if the passage has a ortala style which you wish to present or scootion which you would not be able to le or (b) of the author is an outstanding authority on some mbject which would tad pour treat deal of speer to present, so that a direct quotation from bira roald shox sithout forter delay or omplication the pothorits which you accept u soars In terbatin notes, Toily ace punn for bolnte weerst before you love it & Intellectual borets decanda that you giro credit to the cathor of an idea (CTERS though Toe tatt It la your own rorde) us to the author you have quoted ferbatim. You can easily tradd the same atlon of plasteride by ackorlodslor source correctis more Ota your setanta themeli enhanced lad enlirmed by aptly used quotations and correctly orkedsed material. Therefore, ahenyi pot on the noto card the page numbers where the baloration can bo found in the roarta hether you aro gumugarising or paraphruing ·THE RESEARCH PAPER Stugt: Dednlton ploncer Datine American Immigrating European pioneering country cultors Rtaronu for plonterior economic podal adrentin Permanent storsente; name state, territory data halp toward FOODS1 economie fographic Caitpro-trom original homen: boolas (titlo entbon) edaction (teachers tamed mblect) mgalc (title, composent, Instruments) religion (pruechers, secta) in new homen: schools & teachey (nume, data, sobects) ururla (Dames, place, data) churches & ministers (pamer, data) commanity functionuar speaking contests, spelling bees, house and burn nisinn, drenit coart, market daru, dosett, ete Wardins botoemaker LOTTET culturo community for social religious educational Examine the slogs on the reading cards in Figures 16 and 17 and see what combinations oro possible and how effectively the slugs are used to indicate what is on the reading cord Some of your slag* you may never use, and you will add new ones as you read. If you cannot reduce the information you propose to place on a card so that it will it under an Informativo slag, you are attempting to put too much on one note card. It is gacrally true that the quotions, tentative outline, and slugs can be done almost simultaneously and when you have made a satisfactory list of slags, you are ready to begin note-taking in carnest VL TAKING CARD NOTES When you know what you are looking for, you will not find the actual note-taking din cult Use intelligence and imagination. Perhaps you are reinterpreting a phase of liter ature. At any rate, you are discovering it for the first time. Generally, it is better to read secondary material first, because you should have a guide in limiting the objecten You, however, may find that you profit by reading primary material Arst, making up your miod, and then consulting authorities on your subject Another student will and that his subject demande e parallel reading of secondary and primary sources It is also necessary to come to some tentative decinon as to how many secondary and how many primary sources you must read to cover your subject adequately always keeping in mind the length of your paper and the amount of time which has been given to you. It is trise to have a minimum goal of reading at the beginning of your storke Moet students make the mistake of taking too many notes at first It is a good plan to read one encyclopedia article and one secondary book before taking a single note. You would use the encyclopedia bolely for an overviety of your cubject in most cases. It posable that later you mil go back to take notes from the secondary book. By that time, Fod i knorr how to distinguish between the generally known which need not be doce mented, and the specific knotledge, which must be acknowledged by footnotes. (Seo tho detaled discussion on pp. 50-51 under "Titing the Rough Draft') The success of your paper depends upon the land of notes you take If you have made good preliminary outline in which you have dettaed your terms and out of which you ·4 Card J wood wordt dit dre. Parte te ard pied the ba tot el Labd illor Al Detertal trato per pranation L will fan de week nesut settlement quent arany got where for setting cluster together Le sretion what he drons a entreprend prin fine good ut fra town the has it saged and hard out on lote store bryn Lule little fraue store and inde francs then atarna stants. 7 Lootor and a larger and the boarding Lone of as well as the reant of the wey. a heeband and other landaughten angent aussion a schoolmate who makes the month of religion important ansion to the resung fanlatitants small as it. my me ato wa Kanlure on the enttimation of the neglhor look! 7. *** Thorms Andfuk tendent furney. romanty Bares (1818) firs ror Card L Abe and in the one thor both purus wet Permanent uttlement - Lep toward Epoha Chapman (Karon as Johnay applered) interested an people who juurd Les home on Ohio Rear une chem. milk Luttu, ples honey and sometimes a abray a small deenshin bay of red in that they could start then own orchards Learned that hun were not useful fent many years tellung settler plant orclarda I puraining indomitably hes the wilderness up untia of introdencing Kertenttare a young gple and on the Cart L Date tatoo far who notation b te muretben Woman, former culture general "Woman came to northern Illmon from the northeastern states just as the had been band home the was not the bareforted auf of the Luntere dressed on preposterom moderty dreptung Reary over the unshora tuf geet her you were not on the ground but looked levelly the face of the future ·- Cand G Nota with manphrit tagad musterial qooled terbatin numerale so that we could Education - mama Grandma South [chard Webster's Elementary filling Book, der England tumer I Grandina Eaught in the Roman de Bible and snow Chapter taught good manners, too, at Brandma Fostere school the tells several chart insidents of lance of manners] when school was dummed, at wront just open the door and go out, but first gerle filed past Grandme making a day bersance and then the little Loge marches Je wet the by cap Card 2 Material quoted carbo- #mn to be ouod later ta parapara Coutades by device in upper left corder to Card L down farm, Ron Culture her England to tregon - general more the I canly dragon poners who came to settle a family were of the rur England strak they left [hult communities which were direct inheritors of har England traditions with the difference Levence, that Lad been linger Leing rew England, Puritan someshet slackened Neatory seems to hear out the theory out there are curtain geefrophical hot pots where life mysteriously flares upon greater onlarity than in other restione of the country this therry comes to mind when you alche in many repeats were communities 7 Northwest and New England villagen the traditional American government by contrast we the people j the plan for churches bares, and schools Eeyore there the forms Card I Part of Card H and the Art paru taph of Card I an quoted mrbatim In tbe ample there. Botne paraphrasing Culture her England to drugen-general (continud) were ronds the relating sonetes: this wentar debating concety Dreaded to meet at our Lonee Lecause we are the only ones with a limber flare", all these of the are typically aregon they are also typually tu Emplean on education definite carry ouer Mary instances of pronter families and had prospered ending kareng tutore for their children and close of the neighter hood - education before the dignity of sidewalke ·9 TRE RESEARCH PAPER TIL VAKING THE SENTENCE OUTLINE Wibets you bato Anibed the bulk of your reading, your sentence outline should begin to beto form in your mind. At the point, you must take things firmis in band, un discretion a mlectios paterial, and thox deerimistion in wembling the foformation you hare read This is the most important part of your paper thle thinking through and bringing order to your gathered information L' you bere modified your tentathe outline us you took notes, It Don shows you the Erection goot rudlog took, but it is not the online from which you will write your poper Beant starting the seatco oathing, you mort decide apon the controlling idea for the written theme. What attitudo do you, us the prospective author of the paper have toward your materiall Hort of the marines of todos priat (actual articla very much like yours, and each has a defnite author werpoint that is soon If you had taka dota for the American pioneer paper you would face the following refuestiontor ut & it about this pubject that keep your Interest? Can you courty that free taberert to your readers! Your attitude may be one of pride in the cultural cukerencats of pioneering Americana, so that you wish to prevent their accompilhments fu the best bt. Lour interest during the reading period wat centered in the part that en played in the more) and educational deselopment of the ploneers, and you find that bort of the reading cards you have talte hare been about their efforts to make a civilized harca in the American widades You aborld then dort mk soarrell the following questions us you start the sentenco callinn That is the most faportant point to be made ta the corapleted there? Where hos bart at the attention been focused during the taking of nota? Separate your reading Dota motards to aloplaal plan. KJOQ are trucing a movement from the beginning to its consaston At Labels that you will follow the chronological method. If your paper is to be a study of contrusts, or comparisons, or toddences, sou will marshal your note one part tratat molber Perhaps your subject falls mataralis into a coupe-andeffect organization, la Bufted by the spatial utpoct of your topic If your proposed paper a long enough to merint separate dirisons (5,000 words or more) you should indicate chapter or sections this time do sou pred out your ards on a table according to the stages, you are in effect munk morable ontdoo The difmot pullen of cards nor buy bo changed at wil from top olace to subordinata podtion, rislis and tangibis forming a flaid outline. As you read trough the cards in this or that group completo staterents will forma in four mind. After thhailog throach your entire riding and discarding estraneous material here and there, Tou will be able to make written representation in bare oatline of what you bare before you to complete and coplotu noter Generally spealdns, a rotence outline should be your rotarch paper ora Otthe. It should contain a general statements but only a lodication of the empodtion nod spediſc detal whick till form the greater part of the there. The rentetan outline for the paper on Aderlaan pioneer reads I Tronca rexe important in the Western emigration darlag the nineteenth century the exponents of cultura IL The greatest laitle obstaco run the journy to the West th Tatied tera faced with learing their homes They brated the dintealties of the journey itsell IL The background of the real settle In the West stemmed from New England. The redd for tounen nus codidly expressed A ludi hitman urged her date to bring sinis A Am Nacer curtered a bost to bring a load of joung women around the Horte Toen en nie of tbelt part in the settieret of the last They constantly brought the mitort to which they were accustotoed in the New England state. A. The date on kome of the weltle of their former home ·48 THE RESEARCH PAPER It or copying verbatim If the quotation has been derived frota serera pages, be sure to indicate the different pages (see card J) Every reading note card you make thould hard a clear notation of the page from thich you got it, for these page numbers all be an essential part of the footnotes of your completed paper 6 I you leave out hords phrases, clauses, or whole sentenous ta quoting from a book use ellipals marhs. If the omission is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence simple ellipsis marks ) are used If the omission is at the end of 8 sentence, the simple ellipsis marks as well as a period ( ) are used. When you write your theme, it you with to incorporate & part of & quotation in your own tert, however, no ellipris marks are picocsa sary then you start the quotation even though you have started from the middle of a quoted sentence. Only quotation marks to indicate the quoted material are needed. Nor are ellipsis marks necessary at the beginning of an indented, single-spaced, attended passage the completed theme if your own text continues directly into the quotation. If your own introductory remarks are complete, however, and end with a period or a colon, the passage beginning in the middle of a sentence must be preceded by simple ellipsis marks. See note cards in Figures 16 and 17 and the sample theme for a complete umderstanding of the use of ellipses. 7 If you add something of your own to an original quotation (a name, date, pro noon, or comment without which the quotation would be unintelligible) enclose the added ma terial in brackets [ ] See the cards in Figures 16 and 17 and the sample theme. Parentheses () are used only as they are used in the original texto This rule applies also to your finished document. Be sensible about note-taking You must expect to have more notes than you will uso in the finished theme, but do not take down every detall you find, and do not duplicate material. On the other hand, do not trust yourself to remember where certain items CRA bo found. I you are not sure that you will need the exact information at a later time, maka B card note with the proper slug and page aombers only You will find that these remindert are not a waste of time in the long run. Your instructor may set dates for the first and last examination of reading cards, jude ing your particular needs in the matter of reading time from the number of working bibliography cards you have designated as your reading list or you may have to determine for yourself when you have reached a reasonable point in your reading This pause for evaluation does not rule out further reading In fact, in most cases it means that you may with profit check to see that you are extracting the correct information from your sources and that you are taking notes in an ellicent manner It is at this time that your fostructor may point out short cuts in reading, give advice on further bibliography, and check on the presence or absence of page pumbers, slugs, and other seemingly trivial details which man so much when the rough draft must be written. YLL STATING THE FINAL OBJECTIVE Some students will be able to use the tentative statement of objective as the final statement. It is possible, however that after you started reading lo earnest you found that one Aspect which you had not recognized before was more important than your original des It is sometimes true that one very small corner of the subject unct pectedly assumes great proportions. Or, even though you continued with your original subject, a more careful definition of terms than you rere able to make before you had done your reading mas not necessitate the restatement of your objective. In the theme on American ploneers, moro potes rere taken about the ploneer women than about any other phase of tho subject. The final statement of objective, therefore, has changed so it read "Vomen 8 part in tho estab lishment of culture among natire Amerian pioneers of the West' If your reading has led you into a ner path, you a18 mish to restord your tentative statement of objective. Talk over the change thith your Instructor The change should not come too late in the reading for extra secondary or primary material mas hard to be consulted. Naturally, it must come before the final outlino is made ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 81 le quoted serbatim to the finished theme. If your noter reveal that there was agreement Ben othed aboat a fact, with no one of them credited with the first statenent or Fiscosury of It thero I Do need for documentation. I ono sothor is credited with a dis- Ofers and other agtet, the int author should be giren the documentation. If for any mox you wish to earphasin the wbolesale ugretint of others with bis discovery use an hformation footpote containtag authon, Atlas, and page where you found the same agree Dent On the other hand, if there is dlagreements with some author taking ona sido to other thing an opposite pooltlon, documentation would be of more interest If both dhey rere noted la two footnotes with multiple authors, titles, and pages Uned up in oppo dita proape Arobare polated out before, If you quote oarbatim from an author you do to because We cand vords will bring something special to your theme in the way of stylo or because you had to laro his agthoritatir roleo to back up & point you bere made. Arrange your own material so that it serve us an Introduction to him as he has his way in his own words. Do pot sa hala thadder by paraphrastag tho panego before you quote it. Let the author's Tado do the entire job Esparden of laterial Arne plenty of paper or a Loore leaf notebook, a good penal or pen, and papor dipl I'm a separate piece of paper for ach paragraph. Place your weatenice oatllne bealde you and goor rading potes in front of you la separate groupe according to your outline Start bolely by copying the Anot completo staternent of the outline. Thed write. What you writo & frit may not be pertineat, but the best way to overcome blank paper fright or author self condome bezply to start patttag one word after another on paper With all the knowledge you bare locumulated by this time, you should be able to a Plod my portion of the subject. Before you in correct plles of cards is all the boformation roomed to refresh your mind or any detall. Stop to consult your notes onco in a while el you bett a food start of a part of the theme, learo space to an in enact Information kter, and hony on to get down on paper the idea which may not como so odls later When yoo Dese actborttatire taformation in your writing Jot dovo lo the loft margin the Salomatlar you have written in the right corner of the pote card (the last name of the Author and the number of the mortdag bibliography aard) u well as the page numbert to the note art Tola precaution in Ato you from baving to go through all your arda to fund the current footpote referenca Do not recopy card potes. If you wish to quota canctis for the enthority dip the reading ard to the rough draft. All necessary information for Postbola vill then be in tho correct place. Or if you have written a worth while paraphren sidder table oberrations on your reading cards, clip those to the rough draft Somo thects of paper may here on then only a tople sentence followed by sentence or two to Entrodser um reeding note ards and quotations. A rough draft should be a working tod, Dot a tocopheted manokcrlpt to place the instructor Prite yourzel oot. Do not stop to get the exact word or phrase leave a blank space You'll return to tone down purple penge, to polish Posh sentences, and to delete a tradeous material here and thera It may be that your conclusione vil br capleted in the body Bert, und the introductory weetlon lest. If you bine pour outline well in mladhommer these portions can bo Atted together after you have for the boat it becamy cored dOTI Kabatta utul WTIHDE C Flot Renkler After son bare finished the faitial composing you will have a pho of notebook paper hard dotaz lipped to them. now so through the entin theme with a critical eye for mething thetorka Pat la transional sentences and parteraphs where they are sentitled Devotto arkuud mod unfinished sentences and clear up tuago and punctuation. De especially eritical of the dorioen niet to introduce your quoted papuses Introdactory ·60 THE RESEARCH PAPER VL Permanent settlements follotred a well-defined pattern. A. With the establishment of the minister schoolteacher the new settlement took on permanent form B People of roving natures were constant visitors C Church services satisfied a great emotional need. D The yearning for scholarship followed closely after the need for religious teaching 1 Ames Township established schools, a library and church services &lost immediately 2 Pioneer children were taught "the graces." VII Pioneer women cooperated with each other A. They acted many times as doctors. B They organized for the welfare of their children. VIIL. Mach of the history of the West is to be found in the diaries and letters of women. A. They told of their dally work. B But they also recorded their subjective thoughts. DX. Life in the West was not ah hardship. X Pioneer life demanded the best in women. A. Most of the met the challenge. B Gradually their importance is being recognized Examine the outline and then turn to the sample theme to see how it was developed. After you have made your sentence outline, you may find that you will want to look up sent tered points to fill in spots not provided in your reading notes, but, generally speaking, when you finish your sentence outline, you are ready to begin your rough dratt. IX. WRITING THE ROUGH DRAFT Remembor that a research paper presents a body of already known material for the consideration of the reader It does not prove a questioned position ercept by force of the presentation by the writer of the paper It is not controversial, and it argues only in that the writer has a consistent point of view which has come about through selection of material. As far as possible, a research theme is an impartial presentation of facts as they were found in the books which were available. The good research theme is formal in style. You should use the third person through out except in the preface, where you may express indebtedness and discuss your personal interest in your subject. The first person plural ("editorial tro") always recognized as formal is correctly used in discussing common knowledge ("we know that reminding both the writer and his readers of an already completed statement ("a wo have already noticed ") *) or in A. Acknowledgment of Sources Since a research there is composed almost entirely of ideas received from reading it is imperative that you give credit to the authors you bavo consulted, but in such a way that the documentation is unobtrusive. It is almost as bad to use too many footnotes as pot enough. In the first case, you wil bo gullty of pedantry in the second, of plagiariam There is no reason for elther of research technique is completely understood. Actually you are, or should be bringlag scattered ideas together in a systematic manner and arranging them in an organized pattern. The first paragraph of a theme will usually be general and introductory You may deliberately quote verbatim from an author to establish the fact that you have started using your research notes. The reader till understand in the rubsequent paragraphs that you are depending upon your quoted author until you either quote another authority indicate a paraphrased section with a footnote, or introduce another part of your theme by general statement Ordinarily the generally known statement of fact need not be documented, nor should ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 63 TABLE IT SAYPLE FOOTNOTE PAGE HTTE EXPLAKATIONS fruota Per Explanations 1 lyule P Belary, Diery - 1853," I The Art ditation of an urteo in periodicals te by Joseph V l, 'The the nathor' for me to regular orda the title Indoned a wootation martı, the tatt mm of the C B torta urterly 331 330, ditor to regular order the periodet moderlined, Freter, 1992 the rolamppu, tpd date tomu found to Ruders Guide The alteranto form for the lo priat The Orron Historical Quarterly UN (Detember 12) 430 Bet footnote 10 2V I Dyt, "ween & Part 10 The art refer to an article in comthe Crter of the Lorthwest," Tranpendlo. tha author's fall Dame in recolor order estion of the yeaty-ncond Ang? the title focloud in potation murta, the title of the malam undarlord, the pa potobet strom Eupa IR ? the Oregon Pioneer Asocil marta Indlants neach lotro title Dot Dentary for tiga for 1094 Hattatlon. P 42 3Frederick J Turner, The retin in seriam History, P 3 · The innt derece to a book the author's for mame la regular order the title poderlhed, the per Domba friency V Eur, Wertvent the , 187 Apotha Antrefortato book Sider The recond rularea to the no book and to the mme peru that to dlated lo the footnota - mediately prtondbot Ben Table V for abbreviation Grau 8 Yareer, quoted 1018 P 226. . The third rtlar act to the same boot u tod! cated to footnote 4 And & Awtoodary-ourt station with no perust from the original woarte h quoted arbatim, and the pemberi bom the quotation an be found to Tatrand the Tomen Hinta. Tool C Peattle, A Prairie Groni, 174 TA first reorma to , book bath, 19 The foarth reference to Rounth an intern ine book recreer The alternato form 1 Room, op. at 11 Sarrit Birkbeck, Rotes me A recondary-uret duatlon completely doct entre Ala (1918), P103-105, sented by the date, and peace ambersthe pain Ft Lo Lo Tedervood mliotr, Kumber when the quotation an be found to AMT con Polttial ad Social Hotory is die aan sle political and social Hotor, mormithe bota mention omllar Datordal in a abort tztellent account II wo ped artidelo Atolome with an Itor dira in autch Iroa tho Lite da Petr Malater, ty tbo Bored J A. Liis to A Sorten of wstern Noten, My Art Destalt, editor, FP 79, P 233 ul.

·52 THE RESEARCH PAPER phrases and clauses should bare variety to arold monotony Not every quotation should be introduced by "as follom. And o colon. During your reading you should have noticed various srafo in which authors indicate that they are quoting directly from a primary or sec ondary source Notice the different introductory derices used in the womple theme lyhen you have finished your rough draft, read through the paragraphs and arrange them in the best sequence. The best way to detect deilalencies in style is to read aloud for rhythm and cedence, Pay close attention to transitional sentences and paragraphs. You will find that having paragraphs on separate pieces of paper is of real advantage of a realignment should be necessary in this last step of composition. Read your paper critically Will the reader know, after the first section, what your main iden 1st TV he feel that your subject is sufficiently covered by discussion and quotation in the body of the paper? Mare you led him to take your attitude toward the subject? Whi he be conrinced that arrived at a logical conclusion? The success of your paper depends on your ability to judge It in the light of these vital questions If you have followed the general instructions given above, it is unlikels that revision will be necessary Sometimes, however a student gets so close to his subject that he is Unable to stand back and criticize that he has written, and an instructor's opinion is needed. Revision may take the form of realignment of divisions of the material. The introductory material may be too abundant, the body of the discussion may be too aketchy or the conclusion may not really conclude. Having solved these problems, you are ready to make the footnotes you haro D Footnotes Footnotes are a part of your rough draft. The documentation of a source theme is very important, because you are using the property of other people and must acknowledge your indebtedness to them. The purpose of footnotes is fourfold (a) to acknowledge by an exact reference all quotations and all important statements of fact borrowed from another (b) to illustrate statements in the body of the theme which are not important enough to be included in the main tert but add Information (c) to insert your own pertinent comments If they have no place in the text but add interest to the discussion, (d) to use as a crossreference to come other part of the paper Daring your reading you have taken careful note of the source of your material. You know the title, author and page number of every new item of information you have put into your own words and every quotation you have taken verbatim. You now bato those cards clipped to your rough draft or in stacks where you can find them easily Throughout the completed theme, you must give credit to authors for all new ideas and quoted pausaga. As you were writing your rough draft, you indicated in your left marvin roughly the places in the text whero footnotes were needed. While you are pollshing you should indi cate exactly the place in your text by penciling in red the consecutivo numbers of your footnotes. Now On a separate page or pages, write down all footnotes, complete and correct to the last period, comma, and underlining This practice hos a double advantage then you have finished your rough draft, you will (a) here your footootes complete, and (b) bo able to check the useful and necessary abbreviations of footnotes if you have all of them la consecutive order on one plece of paper The footnote page for the sample thane and somo footnotes not found in the theme complete with full explanations for each type is given in Table IV ·THE BESEARCH PAPER TAULE IV GAVPLE FOOTTOTF PAGE WITH FILLSATIONS For Part Esplanations lyriap Melabur, diery - 1853,* 1 The Ant cation du urtles in a perlodlalt Art by Joseph W muson, The the Rathory fol me to rolar order the theo meland to quotation art, the toll mame of the A Istorial Sartory 33 330, editor bolur order, the periode) todarbnede er, 1932 the rohen page, and date dura u found lo Rroder Gulle The alternate form for the fpo- Priet The Orcio Isteriel Qarterly I (Dettoute 13) * to footnot. 10. ET E Dye, Waen's Part 10 1 Tbe Arit rate to an article in . com ra the Kortbrott, mos poodhat the anthor's fall time in regular order utice at the venty-tetood Anoval the title Indoned in gootation martes, the title of the Erich of the Oregon Picocor ICE- Darb brdab Toroch longer the Dot Dectuary for Totoon poderlined, the per Bomber strea Elupes tice for Huntiation IP 42 Frederick J Torper, The ler larca Elstary P 3 1 The Art der po to a bookthe author's tall name to regular ander the title andaimed, the pur babes Icy Boss, best and the , P 187 4 Another Bert nderroto boot. 5120 * Tbe reund recret to the same book and to the une nu that dated to the forthotel mediately priandhar 8. TAR. Iot bbrdatlap bin 8 Yercer, quotes 101d 1 116 The third due to the same book u Indt anted to footnoto 4 secundary Hource station with powere from the original warto qoorderbatin, and the pag barber wbm the quotation tan be found to Wertind the lo Toorld Feattie, A Prairla DE, F 17+ torrt rdettuts to book bel, P 19 1 Tbs Loorth nderton to Boo with ultra Int book rutorom The Hate Lorels Bou. pat, p. 19. Sylu Birkbeck, Kotels A mondarytum das completely doc Suria (1926), 103-105, xented by the date, od pre obert The PET FOTEID Errold Thervsod Imllett, Forbes him the quotation can be found th Amer! o Polisal ond Social History to arte da An Site Politial Social Blitory, wat te sote tantos stalar matnlal to a short 7 233 Hotellent u cout 11 09 of artidelo a rotary with otot. di Lo sieteh trea the Life of a Fiesert Floister, by the Ranestad Jt el forve- of Wustera vores مهام ·THE RESEARCH PAPER TABLE IV Contaged FootnotPage Erplanation 10Francis C Coulter, "An American 1. The Art regular duation of an artido with a Pioneer," House and Garden, 89: 104, author ln a periodical the fall name of the author March, 1946 in regular order the title of the article to gootation marles, the magadne underlined, tha yolume per und date etre a found in Reader Guide Tho alternate form for the imprint la III (Harth, 1846) 104 12 Coprad Richter, The Fields, PP 30-31 11 A rst reiarence to a book 11 Another Artt reference to book. 12 Harriet C Browa, Grandmother Brown's Hundred Years, 1827- 1922 p 23Robert D Clark, "Influence of 11 Another article with sathor in periodical the Frontier om American Political The alternato form for the lo print L XXVIII (0e Oratory," Quarterly Journal of Speech, tober 10-12) 182–0 28: 282-9, October, 1942, podem 14 Brown, P 48 14 A second referenco to a book. An alternate ls: Brown op. cit., p. 48. 15 A Arst reerence to goed article in another volume of a compeodlom ready need. R 15Bethenia A. Owens-Adair, MD, Pioneer women of clatsop County, Transactions of the Twenty-eighth Annu Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer ASDOClation for 1900 P 61 16ROOB, P 175 16 The Afth reference to Bou The alternate form i Ron, op. cit., p. 176. 17 Josephine y Clendening, Intervor in Beemer, Nabraska, January 29, 1946, concerning her erportances on the frontier in 1868 11 Tbo Arst reference to an interview the name of tho perpon the place the date and an Informa tiro poto on the maject matter 18mina s Warren, Memoirs of the West, P 70 11 If the person had not been Ideptided in the text of the theme, the correct form would be: Narela Waltma to Eliza Spalding quoted in Ein Spalding Warren Verein of the West R 70 CI footpotes 12 and 23 fra 19vary O Douthit, A Soureair of Hesteyn Women, P 11 The Ant main reference to A Sorroir of Irrat en Torch, whilet is made up of dated and the algoed urtido wtb oond editor Bet tootnote ) where the tolong it ctted the Art til na dnt reference to book 20611fford X Drury, Elkadah and OR ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 65 TABLE N Cooldused Futuote Page Espinello Don1, 171 alb dirth remort to Rock The alternate form 41 Boer, opet, AIL P 116 DA recond Instance of Houtation of the original autbor to the text of the throne ad troldence of tritten in the footpote e footadta 23re Bertrek IV Pertoldi, la cuntrut to footootn 18 w the original In font, P 12 sutbet ls pot Kestled to the test of the paper and ther lore be pa the footnot. The metb retano to Eok The Hernato form Ron, op cit, p. 11L zbytt i Clark, intervie 10 # Another interrhewth in turn the pate L2, Lectrots, July 10, 1936, about recording whilch are documented Hourtidos Controls the settlestata la tein periodical brukt during the 1670 S sest of the poct-1000 bt omntionet Aro L Ewrl Ives, Song of the Frontier, Albus y of Historical rica La Sors 29thit, Prerace The third recrea to donnenter of Tratern Im The Preda bort and has no para thers. An eroate formal Depthys, Prola, [1] - Lee Ystera, Ixeloda atlock, spoca Birer Anthology 23. Art Mertace to rolase of porns with the the of the porta in quotation mark the title of the role odottard and the aber of the page ke the poem appear. It the title of the poen tertend of the part of the staneter had been pre to the body of the text, the the would be cotted to the footnote. A record book by the mother of bool Dored - tendrely throughout the paper The Completo DADE mart be prente auch Ausst entry Sy v mori, Iba Lart 2. I bet, P6 Syerintbar inte od 21 Cut, history of the Expedition of Cel Levi CII, Vol 1, The Arst regreto to book with broliple autbon und Doro than op rol An Heronto torm to tediate retome od pet Li I, 13 1 rolim lumbar todiata by Rocan numeral, toted by the milo priber of the pero notice that is bot and share the volume da babam dated by Borten wel Strepitted but commentsbable rotation must be made for at of kim book by onthot Itt De boere prable to the party tha kather's DAVON apd/or the futbor's Deodat u beatite tlom Atia the second book ber beta citat 2011 Wind, P137 What the pron Seton," Acord omaper article Sitmy], Lov Ye Tisse, october 24, 1916, D 27 Prebel Witen Project, The Trznil The You Bures to Liste Ochu, 7 DO Ax of tien voida publishes a tmdra book aldaerporate Anthor

·56
THE RESEARCH PAPER
TABLE IY Coneladat
Footnota Pago
Explorations
32 Frederick L Parson and Rupert An encyclopedia article with two cathor.. AR
B Vance, "Frontier," Encyclopaedia of ulternato form to indicato volano and pares i vi,
603, Seo footpote 28
the Social Sciences, Vol 6, PP 503-
509
33Lovis and Clark, Vol 2, PP
430-435
# Second reference to two Ruthors and more than
ono volume, An uternato forma la: Lowls and Clart,
op Oil OT 180-436.
3 ROND,
Lart Rand, PP 180-188
35Federal Writers' Project, p 90
The second referenco (almoplinod bot woolgar
able) to the cond book of an author with more then
ono book dted Sea footnote 17
The second raforcace to corporato aothor An
ulternate form is Federal Writers' Project, op. culing
P. BO.

·THE RESEARCA PAPER 57 I L'hortlatlamy His the pitrent tendency to modernizo abbreviations which have been used in learned boclo ere the beytanlas of printing You should know those abbreviatione am in 16 on this you wil be able to use books which continue to employ them a well as to make the the source in condensing the rolours of footnotes Study the punctuation carefully potball that periods follor al abbreviated words that foreign words are italicized, and that Eortish Torde ato not Italidzed. In printing the words which are underlined in the tpornirt Topll appear to Italia TALES ADBLETLATIONS USED X RESEARCH PAPERS + 2 4 d Esplantation wht pred to the ballography to indicate the copyritht date the patllation databa not hen or the title page. It is wed with the last date found on the re of the theme mra about mur "compere der" hapter" eropli mat, "for cumple editus deftion, orduted talandokba bo, eta, od eleme. fa used the core following and then that Lotter" the people to Dowlog certain part. "Pa 10 mns at throust puro irst mental and the follortot pero, Irma prend the following page with the rester a rabot Astrant them. In the mene plesIn the name York u thropre bemoediately prending. The pan mbtr may be diterrat Hart, that I Lo the work und on the name part u that toetab pttcrdbar. tmt LL en e fr la loro late, the place etted. not tot or marketpta." ta ul 7 ml ut hone "zote bred to the hoolitaphy to adient tout Do date u been strate the book. pore citate, in the work etted or quoted" I ml diderunt Herbart come be fra the Art wethora of book und Faberent rooma totta a footpote the but can of the authors xptedfo Doved by up and the correct pe mbet Modern maroorits thropo und damitom Itt and root book then, tockoned to bracket to locate that TVT to pela construction, wt hos tomation ne made the boot aarthes and that you int inn of the Lurt Itba ud formatietety to the word to hide toa olan to all attention bon - land of book '' To T. Doronto the burral, but the formal Latha abbreviation tortu Larord to return papers Totuarum mm Hm Wonde #World ·58 THE RESEARCH PAPER X. COMPLETING THE PAPER A. Contents of the Manuscript 1 The title pago, correctly spaced and centered, should contain the following in the order given 2 Title of theme in capitals. I there is a secondary Btle, reyniar Ulle forza with capitals and lower-case letters should be used b Full name of the author c. Title of the course ď Institution at which the paper is written e Date (month and year) 2 The dedication (optional), which does not have to be solemn. 3 The preface (optional) may contain the following 8. Preliminary remarks on the author Interest in the subject held b Acknowledgment of indebtedness for aid of any land + T7 table of contents (optional in a short paper) should be on a separate pago Labeled CONTENTS It should list The The title of each chapter or main division followed by the title of each itzportant subdivision (if this plan has been followed in the paper) b The appendix or appendices if the paper contains them C. The bibliography Each of the above Items should be followed by a page number at which the particular division may be found. If the paper is not divided and does not have an appendix, how ever, a table of ents would be superfluous 5 Mustrations, if used, should be listed on a separate page labeled ILLUSTRA TIONS The page number opposito which (or on which) cach illustration is to be found ahould be given. Tables, charts, figures, maps, and diagrams ahould be hendled tho same way Illustrative materials of all kinds which are pertinent to your subject are valuable additions to any theme, but you should avoid padding your paper with suitable pictures and space-filling artwork. 6 An appendix is sometimes a desirable addition to a theme. An enlightening chronological table or a statistical computation may not fit into the theme, but you may feel that it will be of value to the render A will or testament, a letter, or a complete trial record may have direct bearing on your snbject, but you may not find place for it in the text of the paper Such extras may properly be included as appendices. They should come directly after the theme and before the bibliography 7 Bibliography You have been using one form of bibliography throughout the writing of your theme, tho working bibliography on 8 x 5-inch card. If you have been painstaking in recording all data as you used the books, your final bibliography in a simplo matter Your working bibliography contained, on separate cards, the bibliographical facto about books and articles you copied from reference boobs, the card catalog the shelves, and periodical guides. Some of these you did not use. Your final bibliography is to contata only those books which you used in the actual preparation of your paper This would in clade books which you read but did not quote. A bibliographical entry consists of three clements author ute, and imprlot The simplest form uses these basic parts as centers upon which all other explanatory matter de pende. The author's last name lo given frst in order to facilitate alphabotizinc The first given name and initials are separated from the last name by a comma and followed by a period, thus ending the first element. In the title, all important words are capitalized, and the entire title la underlined and followed by a period. I thoro are any facts of translation, introductions, aditions, series, editors, or volumo numbers, they should come immediately after the title, each item followed by a period. The improt shoold contain in order the place of publication, publisher and date as found on the title page I there is no date on the ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 69 te pro the copyright date should be goed. The items in the imprlat abould be separated HO, and the entire Imprint is ended by a period. Page numbers are gren only utide from percopedias and periodicals, neser for parts of books read, although a mutabar tapter should be indicated from rich a compendium as The Cambridge History o Erik Luterutare, in which each chapter is equivalent to an article The Waliography may be divided into dullorent chances in order to point out the types poros ased books and pamphlets, sticles from periodical, enclopedia articles, and kelarcoal, roch a dispaper artides of speeches. Each group should be indicated by a bertahan apital, and the source thould be arranged in alphabetical order within each proap U there are not enough different kinds of sources to make a respectable list in ada dirishan, borrer all bibliograpbical items abould be combined in one alphabetical F Exct item should be anglo-spaced, and there should be a double space between IUDA The Acthor's name may or may not be atirely in capital fan artide or book has no known bet horld be listed alphabeticalls under the first important word in the title. The abond and coloring bing of each ſten should be indented di space so that tho lout DADO of the author Haods oct. See the bibliography of the sample theme for Illustration of tore points A form of the Market 1. Typing form and paper In its final form, the theme thould be carefully revised creatly trpen liten on good-quality paper 844 by 11 inches in alle. Vote on one dde debe sheet cahy Typographical errors may be corrected cantly with black ink in print do brger than the topo De 1 a Anlabed pero contains more than three or four errors which to be corrected to Ink, honorer It should be retyped. Black typewriter ribbon should be wed 2 A Barya of about 24 inches (or 12 Bnes, plea tpe) whould be left at the top a po one, and the mala title of the theme should be centered in capitals, with another Brelorthes of an inch (or three singlo-spaced line) allowed before the text starte. If Sple bechp ino usod, about two laches (or nine slagle-spaced lino) should be given for the bey dirtdon. Subseqdent parts should be allowed a margin of about one inch (or to engle-specad Hines) from the top of the past Blargins of at least one lach should be het at the right side od at the bottom of the page a margin of one and one-half inchen Lodd be grea on the reft. 2. Spanng throughout the text of the theme should be double Pasaga of rente, entended prowe quotations, and footpotet ere to bo snglo-spaced. Extended prose excerpts torsd be lodented from both margtas about un lack. No quotation marts aro Decemars vuod indented pages, either prose or poetry II, Hororter the poetry quoted « less toos fall Fibe of H' the prose is less than three lines, it may be included, inclosed quota tos martes, to the regular body of the deable-spaced material Pagination. The first part of wory part, tucos e preface, the text, or a bibli the scounted, but the notaber is not placed on the page. If the preface is more than pase la length its pacu boald be numbered in small rom Donerais (I, Ir v) to the Furlant, corte bered to urable numerals (without a pestad) in the upper right corner Each pace, incinding the Appendly and the Bibliography is to be aum- Footnotes Khould be exact, properly verlied, and clear! All parts should be Wood by Corse, and each one should be terminated by a period The woal practice is to entretient leren of fustootes, the form bere helse the empleat Amcond forme atentrale everything the whole on the other person that are the rest Tomten hoe het in the court loprtat corabe o entre el lite o probation the other not to be dead from the record and third type Stone het meestate without contentioned that of places and date, which would be Se Koul for Cardige ont une interesentieren Sie unter der a California Press, 1949 ·60 THE RESEARCH PAPER place footnotes at the bottom of each page' The first footnote should be separated from the body of the text by a space, a line about two inches long which starts at the margin, and then Boother space Each footnote is indicated by a raised arabic numeral' corresponding to similar numbers inserted in red pencil at proper points in the rough draft.16 The numbering of the footnotes should start five spaces from the margin, and if the note extends beyond one line, the following lines should start at the margin. There should be a double space be treen footnotes Footnotes may be numbered consecutively (as practised in this manual and the sample theme) or the nambering may start ADOTY on each page. Although the usual method of documentation is by means of footnotes, quotations from poetry and poetic drama are sometimes Annotated without the use of footnotes in paper which consist mostly of references to works by one or two authors. Since quotations in drama are easily identified by act, scane, and Une, you will find that this information can be given satisfactorily immediately following the quotation. This practice is recommended especially in the case of classical writers whose works have appeared in many editions. See the sample theme XI. EVALUATION After the paper has been marked, study the evaluation sheet carefully before the con ference on your completed work. Correct all mistakes, even the most minute, on a separate piece of paper with corresponding number and lines. In the Arat extended plece of writing you have ever done, mistakes which have gone unnoticed before often pile up to an alarming degree moreover, you will be surprised to find that they tend to follow the same pattern. It will be no task for your instructor to point out the areas that need attention as he talko over the aubject of the next thema [The sample theme is intended to give you a concrete idea of the appearance of a research paper Correct specing, all types of footnotes, various methods of introducing quotation, and most of the items discussed in the manual are fillustrated. You win uso only one alde of the paper for your theme) • Other locations are sometimes used for papers longer than the rearrch threre Sonse authon place footnotes at the end of ach chapter is manuscripts prepared for printing, the author boruntimes inserta them tmmediately after the quotation. There an pot acceptable practices for the usual research paper The wet wy to make nlsed Dumbe le to roll the typewriter roller back lightly and bold it wille you strike the numbert key Sipas you bare lidlated to sumber is rod, roer attention vill be called to the approaching footste w you typewrite. After consulting your footoote part you w bo able to fode bor pcb Open you sboald lor at the bottom of ach pere ·61 THE RESEARCH PAPER TARLE YL EVALUATION OF RESEARCH PAPER Qrade Int U. wept Erre! Fair 1. Good L Overlupa problemi 2 Procidon of three TOX OF WECT 2 Appropriatents of Organization of the Quantity ULACE UTIL . Quality ADAPTATIOX OT UTTRIAL 1 ly rent By quotation EXDELTAXDIKO AND EVALUATIDY OT TACTU ALD h Chartty at later protatea DATA 10. Outrality of approach 11 Unity Punas 12. Loglaldere optoent 11 Truttore IDEICO IL Oracters 1%. Poactolla Tots 16 Diethe (debla) 17 Spelling IL Pwbootna Tora Bloomuphs 2. Appeartoe of marcript UDAL COY ·be- 60 THE RESEARCH PAPER place footnota at the bottom of each page. The first footnote should be separated from the body of the text by a space, a line about ttro inches long which starts at the margin, and then another space. Each footnote is indicated by a raised arabic numeral corteponding to slmllar numbers inserted lo red pencil at proper points in the rough draft.1The numbering of the tootnotes should start tre spaces from the margid, and if the note extends beyond ono line, the following lines should start at the margin. There should be a double space tween footnotes. Footnotes may be numbered consecutively (88 practised in this manual and the sample theme) or the numbering may start Anet on each page. Although the usual method of documentation is by means of footnotes, quotations from poetry and poetic drame are sometimes annotated without the use of footnotes in papers which co Het mostly of references to works by one or two authors. Since quotations in drama are easily identified by act, scene, and line, you will find that this information can be given satisfactorily immediately following the quotation. This practice is recommended especially in the use of classical writers whose works have appeared in many editions. See the sample theme. XL EVALUATION After the paper has been marked, stady the evaluation sheet carefully before the cod ference on your completed work. Correct al mistakes, even the most minute, on a separate piece of paper with corresponding Dombers and unes. In the Art extended piece of writing you have ever done, mistakes which have gode mnoticed before often ple up to an alarming degree moreover, you will be murprised to And that they tend to follow the same pattern It will be no tauk for your instructor to point out the areas that need attention as he talks over the subject of the next theme. [The sample theme is intended to give you a concrete idea of the appearance of a research paper Correct opacing all types of footnotes, various methods of introducing quotations, and most of the items discussed in the manual are fastrated. You will use only one aldo of the paper for your theme) Other locations art sometimes used for papers longe than the research therat. Sope authort place footnotes at the end of each cheptar la manastipte prepared for prlating the anthor wymetimes inverts there tandlately after the gootstion. There are not istrptable practices for the usual research paper *Te adet nu to make a raised rumber is to roll the typewriter roller back lights and hold it alle you stilla tho Aumbered key * Side you bere indicated the bomber hand, yoor attention will be alied to the approachlos footnote w you typewrite. After contains yoor footnote pers, you be able to fods bow mraeb sa you bould allow at the bottom of each pert ·THE RESEARCH PAPER 61 TALLE VL. EVALUATION OF RESEARCH PAPER Onda Aro berpt abl Excel Ins POOT For Good 1 Orgull grup of Problemas : Prodalon of the OK OT SLWECT L Appropriatenen a LOrruntation of the ITILALOE ZATORIAL Quality ADATTATIOX OP UDAL L dy remaa By Gotation Marity of tita TXDDITLXDLIG AYD ETILCATION OT FACT AND DATA 10. Ority IL Czy PALLATES 12 Local comelect ICSICXCLS 1 EN LS Pro TODS 16 Dato (data) IL Ita TO 12 ans Se GEDAL COM

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·VIIE TEE WEST I ESR EOS
The Role of Woons in
the Culture of tbe Frontier
by
Stofbeste Thons Doo
Ecognico C

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·PAWANE It wly right that I nekoorledge y debt to mocy YILM lcas It me ster I md on the left Bod Is The ter that I found abe nuse young wifter fra tbe kert with ly two other books to ber credit When I read Westward Le Vend, I reallrod vbero the characten in ber Doral had been tentat ber derttanding u manifest in every chaptor * putest teaptation bu been to quoto too freely free My Eco Tido prote I han not be content, botter, to tere ber it-talling of saa of ber primary caterial Bloco I Arte teceu to feet Ilbrury, I have been able to examine bet sati u read for poll eren sort than sba bad giren Tell tberriert on docentation from the original sources That I can I tab the liberty ho to quoto an entire poc, 'putevich vs placed at the beslonint of Wertyard the Pressfres which I have taken - title: The Uprelce Ve vert yours, we vir barry, ve vore rury rury wise, Aed the door stood open to our teust, ter there pussed us ver vith t.be Vert in ber eyes, d. on with his back to the East O stw seu the bearts that were betting oo fust, 2. Loodent yoice v still Tot Jert dild may on our ups o tbey poured, the mi of july struci chill The cups of red wine turned pale on the board, Tot waita brend blast u root, The band forgot the band of ber lort, sue rell dann et his foot Low let se lle were the dead dos let, I sit e dera egala at u leust, " there passas e voet vith the best in ber ho, vith his back to the Eust Yarg Anbeth Coleridge

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·ules The Ortos Historial Cuarterly, 33 330, December 1932 I belsbar, Diary - 1853, edited by Jaitph Y WRIE TEL WEST I HUER ETES the entrard edgration during tbe middle year of the alaterath century aro a foretaste of the icportant role voor vers destined to play in the United States in the preiet critury of trepondow Isaportanca as physical companions to the sho who ventured across the country, they played an TEA Fort rimiricant rolo as the carrier at the boods al cultor, the encourager of learning in the pow rettlements, etbe pertunder to getlor of living in their new boon by their logistance upon the establlo bont of churches, Lorelo, ed schools Although tont of tbe pioneers, both bad vocea, vere takon up with the problems of daily edistrece, It vu unlly the woman who lasisted upon tbe culture Irco the States pot for hertelt but for her cbildren, who ukould not, 4 obe could belp it, 'grow up 100 Indians " The pretut toitial obstacle for the plopoet Vus the let od dangerous gourdey across the plains and wilderness Sept 30, (165) Ve bare boon trareling vith terou vasona - nov all alono how drtury Can it be that I bare left ey quiet Uttlt hos Rod taten this dreary Lund of rolltado 19 exchange It is truly 10, but I mat tot let ynod run in this channel loss or bopiness is GODE Traveled 9.91108 oh, Tatber, ktep us safe this night 67 ·But the indomitable courage and patience of the hopeseekers never permitted them to doubt for long the wisdog or leaving established a cllings and kinoren in the East to Beek a new home and for a new culture when the pitiless sands scorched the oxen's feet and the wagons fell to pieces, when en sanks with fatigue and despair, a giant of courage roso in the heart of the faithful wife She drove the team, she bathed the fovered brow; like a skilrul general she covered the flying retreat before pursuing ramine It 1. the universal testimony that for quiet andusance the pianoer mothers surpassed the ben As one of the great historians of the West points out in his earliest studies of Americana, "the frontier 10 tbe outer edge of the were the meeting place between savagery and civilization *3 Most of the pioneers who londed their families and all their posaera ions into a Concstoga vagon and joined a train toward the West with the intention of settling down vere of old American stock vith New England traditions and background which included an inherited culturo: The traditional American government by contract mwe the people the plans for churches, libraries, and schools before there were roads; the debating socioties This viptor we organized a debating society Decided to meet at our house because we were the coly ones with a lumber floor 4 The need 1 or woed weus candidly expressed Narciosa Whitman, generally said to be the first white wodan to cross the Aockles, in urging her sister in Now York State to como Peva E Dye, "Woman & Part in the Drama of tbe Morthvost," Transactions of the Twenty-recand Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer DDOC 18tion for 1895 p 42 3Frederick J Turner, The Frontier 10 Aperican History, P 3 nancy w Rose, Hestvard tbo Hagen, p 187 68 ·fiert is E6, wrote, "Bring u sny girl u you cm, but let ttery Hors cao trong vie, for be vill vat one arter be rete bero, ir be terror ad before 5 Asa Hercer, u far-roins ecotor in the ceily opered Oregon territory, Tought to in. texent you vees of fev England la tbe opportunities the In cetry wtered to schoolteachers, mursts, music teacbery, tuoten, in housekeepert There wa gratifying foron tup ty his cred lostrti la The In York 110, which minitet, Cercbts Red schools thero vert, but the great ultraties, rotining od morzing Jenttrovo - Nu wonderfully ventios bot that tbt 1201 chuirgton Territory were loss FIT bisinded than those of any otbor Ir, but the sited orber of the lert the good work fotitet tea they could perfora I be yet to truport fire bundrod "tele of acele verth' around the Horn in a ship chartered with the telpa tbe GoreTDOT of the territory and influentia Mite citizens caricias, y oro wdred fically ret as to be pod wp la Eczorable partient by the urdert testeteers who gathered to see the boat conto barbor alle tto on yrested tree to stubborn vidaras tere uteser, the voor fine tuber loprlat at their heads train to the arging cirillation that participatio Lebo tvly used ure vu dece vith the vide-cptz cres Ecrlege: un Yercer, 920*44 lbid , p 116 ·2 But the indomitable courage and patience of the heroesockor never permitted them to doubt for long the wisdom of leaving established a ellingo aad klasmen in the East to seek a new howe and for a new culture when the pitiless bando scorched the oxen's feet and the wagons fell to pieces, when men dank vith fatigue and despair, a giant of courage rose in the heart of the faithful vire She drove the team, the bathed the revered brov; like & skillful general she covered the rlying retreat before pursuing femino It is the universal testsoons that for quiet endaga ance the pioneer wothers surpassed the men As one of the great historians of the West points out in his carllest studies of Americana, "the frontier is the outer edge of the wave - the meeting place between savagery and civilization 3 Most of the pioncero who loaded their famille. and all their posses.1008 into a Copostoga vagon and joined a train tovard the West with the intention of settling down vere of old American stock with New England traditions and background which included an inherited culture The traditional American government by contract We the people "; the plans for churches, libraries, and schools before there were roads the debating societios this winter ve organized o debating society Decided to meet at our house because we were the only ones with a lumber floor The need for women was candidly expressed Narcina Whitman, generally said to be the first white woman to cross the Rockies, in urging her sister 1A Now York State to come 2Eva & Dyo, "Woman o Part in the brand of the Northvedt," Transactions of the Iventy-second Annual Reunion of the Oregon Píooeer Association for 1897 P 52 3Frederick J Turner, Tho Frontier in Acarican History, P3 Nancy w Roso, Hestward the Women, P 187 69 ·It vu tbe that the could bring their vorntoll free the Eart; or, if the vire and tolle bed accompanied to the bourdon Journey ucrous the pigius, it was then that the Ter cond think of thro1res u polesning scose the boxes o crization which they had left behind so call at lut settle down to e per tent stridesco lo their Ort beri Irenos pinchers, incing tencbers, schoolsester, Od other people of peripetetic battre vere constantly visittroa commity to community One of the bort eccentric bio-etice to his bowledo of the futuri Deede of the Daly spice Vent vu John Chapman, bere videly toorn no Jebey Asplined As the plooters passed by ho o tbe btc at the Ohio, they rere rapplied with all mod butter, Gola od boons, but not loportant, call deorukio bags dittle Worn bo letraed that they were my cesul in plecties, to spent the rest of his ufo in trolling through the Vent "purtains lodootably his well-appointed task 20 e latroducing borticulture to the wilderness hortape the protest emoticonl perd us for the cortolcleos religion before the erection of a perdantot bench, the truelli pretcher or tbe circuit rider bold Beyllop to the largest building in the commity vith the tegertatste that motions rould case for piles urowa Iteberent period vu solda disappointed Tbtro vote Dreads C Coulter, AB Absica Plocher, , 69 101, Yarth, 1966 Hope !

·Women sic] came just as she had been back homo She was not tbe barefooted Bert of the squirrel-hunters, dressed in preposterous modesty, dragging ber heavy skirts over the unshorn turt, yet her eyes were not on the but looked levelly in the face of the future ground Although life was almost impossibly difficult, women endured the same physical hardships that the mon did, at the same time remaining reagouringly feminino Against all rules, in secrecy and muligh stubbornness, tbey hid articles that they considered essential in tbe carefully packed wagons Certain ramen von a measure of local immortality by succeading in Bubbling & vall mirror through to the coast, or little shell boxes for a Christmas celebration, or geed bago containing future flower gardens Civilization took hold fast in some new commities Early travelers in the West noted the usual pattern for permanent settlements A storobooper bulldo a little frome atore, and sends for a few cases of goods; and then a tavern starts up, which becomes tbe residence of a doctor and a lawyer 28 well as the resort for the woary traveller ooon follow a blacksmith and other handicraftmen in useful succession a schoolmaster, who is also the minister af religion, becomes an important accession to this ribing community 9 It vas usually with the establishment of the minister and schoolteacher that a dev settlement took on permanent form Doorld C Peattie, A Prairlo Grove, p 174 BROOB, P 19 Morris Birkbeck, Notes on. Journey in America (1818), pp 103-105, quoted in Harold Undervood Faulker, American Political and Social History, P 233 An excellent account is also given In "Sretch from the Lito of a Pioneer Minister," by the Reverend JA Hanna in A Souvenir af Western Women, Mary Osborn Douthit, oditor, PO 47-19, passim 70 ·Curius Tora Caesar Brid, he dorst cot the LATI POT d Batas Feed, perso' you durgt oot so baro traped his Cupin Idrot not Ho Cuslar bat' dont not topt his Auto For yor llre you dust not Custe: Do not pune too och pes y loves I do that I shall be sorry for Euta You are done that you should be sorry for (Julius Caen, IV, 111, 58-65 ) Het let ding of the minoritios donated the 106 school the clarity, the Bible, touch basic texts as tbe Rex Le Priser habiter : Hentary Spelling Boot bad been Erica torneo to verant space in the crorded Conestan ng Vam tbey crossed the plains And so it you that Serent, Multos, and the Latin and Greek classicı vere the bosts froo valch my child of the frontier learted his IDCI L any of the rtceived little fretbe rarefied bare scholarship which this region supplied, at leure so sev beserited cd tace the inspired or tort and repen vtich tbe feat produced in the folloris soberation 13 Irert the enti noglected Ve vere taught good mater Do, e Grade Forter's (priory] School When school was dan, 1t the t fiat pen the door and go out; but finst the 1-2 fuel put Orady paring deep obein-co, and tbon tube urde bere sarcite by, cop in Laod -14 Anddaughter tell Featbor • Frisantina ber srastcother with tho first fautlal totes Oct, 19-2, punts 1rt Clark, Toflioner of the Frontier American Freterly Journal of Speecb, 28 282-9, Theron, P 48 ·marriages to be soleomized, christenings to be performed, the dced to be memorialized But most of all, the people came because hearing the vord of God assuaged the bone sickness which stil bold them The bawmill had a roof against the rain, but do sideralls You could sit in meeting and look right out in the woods They'd never seen white folks sit together so quiet and sober When the dooinie prayed, those heather green trees hardly moved a leaf The worst was when the dainie passed around a pewter plate af brend, saying, "Eat this, it is the Lord's body, given for you and for men Cruel twisted lups came into the faces of the people They must have recollected acne church tbey went to back in the old atates with a graveyard alongside where e sister or brother, Dammy or pappy vas left behind Hand in hand with the desire for a neoting boues aod reguler church services went the yearning for scholarship Ames Township, cotabllobed in Ohio in 1802, 1. typical of the early manifestations of culture in tho growing West spite of the usual doprivation of material things, auch aus & varied diet and manufactured cloth for clothing, the people at Ames Township had schools, a library, and public vorship aloost imediately The school was taught by Harvard graduator, and the elevated character" of the instruction can be judged by the fact that at the clogo of the school term two of the pupils spoke the dialogue between Brutus and Cassius 12 The young voicce rang fartber than the tiny schoolhouse clearing with a doriance characteristic of the pioneers themselves 8 Honrad Richter, Tbe Fiold, PP 30-31 12 Harriet C Brow, Grandiother Brown's Amared Icart, 1827-1827, P ·Bain Vatta, Yon of the Wat, P 70 15YO Darthlt, Serir of Western Woen, P 21 Lot Lurg, Eluth kod Hart Ver, o 93 Iuekin this vilting to Elin Spalding in Harth, 1838 14 It Dot be nll for o cothers to devote « special session eltells frereat ons latest charges befort the serey mutta38 Utbe they wert case bundred and treaty siles apart, each with tatbold od usloomy duties which were overbeleving, Hey tet uide the Lour of aíne In the porn tag to read tbo Z tog prayers for their children "in utton Hultat prinate decision led to the organization com Septeer 3, 1838, of tbe Columbia Katerpal Associatia, the maltest the first rita atatistics in the Orego country In the diote boobs of this organizatio re lists of seaben, te un vaich they Joroed, the birth and death date of their carta The precable to the first sinutes reads: Secable of the orals that beret the TO Cird in bestben lood, and confident ta to s but God's ce secure our children Ir the dangers that surround the dit thra for usefulness here and Glory bertter, ve, the notcriters, kerti to fora Ortelns loto autocestion for the purpose 2107 cm trich rules urre best calculated to wist oslo the stat pertance of our toel datter 29 the rab jeste to discussion at their rare poeting to bar nu ne bportance of the old and cooperation of our bo'latzinca or children to tbe way they would 30 Ytbe bistory of the West It cotatoed to the Layer carnal dully accouts, letters how to pertats sed 20 ·piano brought tato the limits of old Oregon "It would be quito Impossible to giro oven a faint idea of tbe civilizing influence exercised by that delightful pioneer piano -15 Hardly was a clearing made and a roof over ber bead before the pioneer woman vas getting in touch with other vouen Before permanent rattlements were established, she was the only doctor, ovolving from her meager supplies and her bowledge ar berbs and Planto the remedies which she found by experience would protect or heal When a neighbor becamo sick, the nearest woman went to her without hesitation, "arten walking milos, cometimes knitting stockings as she walked ~16 Nothing was too much for them to tackle under necessity Broken bones were a constant horror, but given the necessity, some intropid woman, in tbe absence of a man lilled in medicina, set bonor and tropanned skulle vithout thought of personal accomplishment but with thanks to God whose mercy had granted her tho oknu to do it 17 The greatest caocorn of pioneer voren, however, was for tbe velfare of their children, whom they regarded as gifts to them by special Providopco: bence, their intense interest in educatica, 12 churches, in community to Again, voted We Bought atber vonen in the great wilderness of the West P 61 25 Betbenta A Oveno-Adoir, H.D , Pioneer Wagen of clatoop Camty, Iransactions of the Iventy-eighth Amual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer Agaociation for 1900 168086, 175 17 Josephine v Clendening, Interview in Beeper, Hebrooke, January 29, 1946, concerning her experiences on the frontier 10 1868 ·19 O Deuthit, Sourair Kastero Yos, P 21 Alustard X Drury, timoth Da Hery Voltor, P 98 flod Juin Walter writing to Ellu Spalding to March, 1838 mould it not do well for u Dothers to devote special retico Kas teately present our Infant charpea Dolore the sercy neats-18 Although they vote or bundred and treaty piles apart, cach with tonebold end pleniowry duties which varo ororvbelmios, they ret wide the hour of nine in the morning to read the Scripturts and in prayent for their children in maison The 1 portiunt printe decision lod to the organization on frptezber 3, 1638, of the Columbia Haterdal Association, the repository of the ririt vital statistics in the Oragon camtry 1o the plote-books of this organization are lists of Denbers, the data which tbery Joined, the birth and dorth dates of tbalr children Tbe protible to the first rimtes hudo Sensible of the eril, that beset the Tek mind to be the land, to confident that no a trut God's can rtcure our children front the decor that murround then Had Plt tbts for wefaldes, bere and Glory bert- MX, w, the rabucriberi, agree to fora our relre, into in utractation for the purpose doptios toch rules us are bent calculated to urist w to the right perforzence of our Eternal duties 19 konsent the objects for stocmion at tbelt rare betings ton other wu bo leportance of the old mod cooporation of our banda la training our children in the way they should go Moeb of the history of the West 1. contained in the Wetes cenal dily accomots, lottors have to purants and 20 Belila s Vutha Kepoin of the West, P 70 ·kla, Dearly all written by women Their lotters contain a record of their beary household duties, their diaries tereal their subjective questioning of *tbe ir motivations, their actions, and their persoanl destiny Par of tener than one might think, they recognized the split between vhat lite domanded of them and what potentially they might have been 21 Mary Walker writes in bor diary on January 4, 1839, My miod after turns with strong emotion to the home of my childhood and youth but I would not return I sometimes fool discouraged and I fear that I sball never do anything to benefit the houtbeo and might as well have stayed at house Sell must be taken care of and that requires more than all my time and strength Is it always to be bo?22 A shroud observer, writing of the gently bred, New Englandeducated, but physically weak Narcisoa Whitman, concoded, "Certainly it to that vo needed such winds to kcop uo lo love with civilized life, to remind us occasionally of home 23 Pioneering He was not made up entirely of bardobipe and sacrifices; por did the women think so There was a great friendIldoss in the development at tbe West which still exists 08 a result of the early interdependence of people, in adversity and in Joy One pioneer recalled that during the winter ane Bottlement bad parties and doces which started ber ore Christmas Day and lasted until & veek after New Yoer The children vero put to bed together in the attic or loft, avoko to sbare the mense opreade" af food at midnight, and sought their pallota 2120ss, P 176 22 Drury, p 216 23 The Reverend MF IK W Perkins, quoted to Ross, P 76 ·plo mle their partats and other stults picked up the Itule od the bart of the quart diaco vbere they had left Lute nu! challenge to tbe mean who grired. Erery tuculty extraind in domesticting the desert, in ciriles tbe vttraens Lorentire, Ingenious, persistent, itsourceful, the at about mang ber Dew boete fit bet ove idea The terer it alot be They builded viser than thay boy Hold the recen who orchod side by side with me through all the peril, printios, and herdanipe of the longest Jour- Dry mer sate by Algratory people to search of bomen" 25 foro 1 stood Inc Astrieu chorus: Narcisus Waltumn, 22125 Spalding, Ted Balator, Herry Walker, and many others vbo doserre to be kot tras otcurity They are the actual comterparts of bileti Lucinda Xatlock who demanded, Wat u the Iber of sorror and vorridos, Laget, ditcotont, mod trooping hopest Degrerita low and daughters, Lo is too strong for you It turn uro to loro lito att I clert, interview in Arlberd, Kimbogota, July 10, 3935 Coccarote tbt nettlemte in Hebrots during the 1870 . Soort bo roups and dance-ponge be pontioned ero found 10 Ines, Songs of the Frontier, Album 1 of Bistorical Asna 1 soek 25 Dosthit, Freface ISLATE Let Mestera, "Locsoda xat2oct, " Spoon River Anthol- 22 200 ·12 BIBLIOGRAPHY The Orestop New York, Belobar, Maria P "Diary - 2853" Edited by Joseph W Ellloon Historical Quarterly, 33 318-33, December, 1932 Brown, Barriot C Grandmother Brown's Hundred Years, 1827-1927 Blue Ribbon Books, c1529 Clark, Robert D "Influence of the Frontior on American Political Oratory," quartorly Journal of Speech, 28 282-9, October, 1942 Coleridge, Mary B Posts London, Elkin Mathews, 1909 Couter, Francis C "An American Pioneer," House and Garden, 89. 104-5, March, 1946 Douthit, Mary o editor A Souvenir of Western Women Anderson and Dimivay Catapany, 1905 Portland, Oregon, Drury, cur ord M Eltanah and Mary Walker Printers, Ltd, 1940 Calavell, Idabo, The Caxton Dye, Eva E momen'a part in the Drama of the Nortlivost," Transactions of the Twenty-second Annual Reunion of the Oregou Placer Adpociation for 1891 Portland, Oregon, George H HLDOB and Company, 1095 "Erneet Thampoon Soton, " [obituary] The New York Tideo, October 24, 2946, 2 Paulkner, Harold u American Political and Social History 4th ed Crar to American History Sorico Dirou Ryan Fox, General Editor New York, F8 Crafts and Company, 1937 Federal Writers' Project The Oregon Trau The Missouri River to the Pactric Ocean American Guido Berics Now York, Hastings House, c1939 Hall, Bayoard R Travel in the Woods," Aporica Io Weats on Anthology of Middloveatern Lilo and Literature J T Flanagan, editor Mlaneapolis, Hindcaota, Vairoralty of Minnesota Presa, 2945 pp 132-137 Hough, Emerson The Passing of the Frontier Chronicles of America Series 2alted by Allen Johnson Val 26 Now Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1921 Ives, Brori *Songs of the Frontier " Album V af Bistorical America 10 Bops Wilmette, Illinois, Encyclopaedia Britannica PL, 1951 100 78 T PR Levis, Meriwether, and willin Clark History of the Expedition of Captains Lovio and Clark Reprinted irco the cartion of 1874 Introduction by JAVOD K Hommer Chicago, A C McClurg and Company, 1902 2 vol. Spoon River Anthology New York, The Hacmillan Company, Master, Edgar Leo 1916 78 ·Dardir, bathmate A Planter Won of clatsop County,' Traductions of the Monty-eighth And Reunion of the Oregon Picoeor Jaociation for 1500 Partlad, Oregon, Bines and Pratt, 1901 Porn, Frederic L, und Rupert B Vance "Frontier," Encyclopedia of the Social Scincts Falted by ERA SOLD How York, The yucullm Company, 1935 Yol 6, pp 500-506 . Heuttle, Dould Pria Orome How York, Simon and Schuster, Inc 1934 Tay LM!, Boddles, 48 43, Jals, 2543 Lektar, Coord. Be L4 Tow Yort, Alfred A Knopf, Inc , 1546 The Laft Hand Is The Dreamer How York, Wuli. Bloune Associate, Inc 15:7) Lors, Iery w Vastuurd the Wor New York, Alfred A Knop, Inc 1944 Sakurperre, will *Julio Caspar," The Wartu maltod by Willi. Alals Wrigat Yol 7 Loodan, The Macmillan Company, Ita 1923 Huller, Robert E , od otberi Literasy Bittory of the United States Yol 2 Irv Tart, The Mecullen Company, 1948 94llo, Alads do Democrisy in Amerda Translated by Howry Roare Introduction by John Bipolov Are York, D Appiaton and coopery, 1904 2 Tola . tera, Iruderie J Ibo Irontie 1 Azerican History lov York, Bonry Holt tad Coopey, loc Tetes, niu 8 Heaolm of the West; the Sre14101 Portland, Oregon, Krea Printing Copen, 119167) , 1920

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·Index ܐܡܢܝܙ IT B 1 Ilirty), EurIhacks Army uma l dan.coot books, 22 Flats (este 5my, or! - tpol ITF niy 7 L. irrur IL ra Lista: maku 31 EXEE Ens al 1: Con l'air Hairy (# En Erte Bombo 1: Bor, The Eraserot Com 3,3 Eritrds (19 -> Cart att dianta in (9) B2 ards unter 10.11 Irain Hory non d book. 3, A Friend ans, 110 C) routelotnice Låt Gregsplici Parad Ist book, r33 i bar, 04235 IT tyde 17 trot ardes fara urset, 440 on rather Looparky ties 49 LO Lactoba, AntLM I Larth Los eles, etc., 63 Card , 444 try. Irmas (HS) H Birtsaal cry to con dnen der Chand Destiny of Duro, 39 Dengbrun 43, 45 do Biombo botn. 45, Extra C, 30 Cathau Eugelopedio (0), 70 11.BLO Item 12-0 Tabu, 24 refrog deres to, 1 Cattella sharh For sportal felds, 7 Exklu descricum Une Se Table Intro murd oder 2tart C.C. (nu Botography: Diretory of American Schelart, dontomot, 39 Tath L. en cm (toa) dhists of, 69 Leader to Education Table L 211,21 In Emal pancript, 63-69 Into A od Orals pecint of 9 Cratury Ortopedia of Tomct. mal Bibliographial arta: Table D 24 (tha & Int) Table Bibliographical atry Clamydin, Celopedia of Matera we Crow Tatry Terking bibliography Table IL, 21 Bologneply and Ino, TXL, Fortuotos Chupulog, Gwade to Ameri (Fort) AT 69 History (19) Blographical dictionaries, 24 Chaptent ta borrik, 4 Bwyrophy ledna (23) 20, Check Pat a Ubrary tools # Boat Ernie Drient (12), 17-11 Cheek Hut of rabject bendlar, so Bar Nutel (4) 27 Chonkel Abtracte, inctetu Children. Catalog (*). St-J3 Brunarica Bark of the Year (17) Chronicles of America (W) 31 Chaley The Dance Encyclopedia TADLI 3 Dr Ankort of the Youttern Clasification of bo., L3 Canty (Kualtz) Table Chhbi Dictionary of Wader Ewro Litraler Anitat last Table II, 24 lor, 1 TUN. nr 3 Brancio, &ubject Indies to Po Calumbia Seryelamis (13), y (4) Table I Habtu, Axoria Antheri Table II 4 nd Bris T JILA Corporert of today (Even) Table 1 Computs / Interday (Ewin) Table II * Call paberi detaltam ol. Contraponry Akon Author for boby 6 In atten, 6 Contentury Orche Literatura for spedalettlection, a legnapkalarde 37 Copyright deter Cart kvint tütar (55) to deal bolontarhy - La or kink buiornphy Am 20 81 TIN Setract (Cato 1. TALL Iwman Tety Biel ( Idd (), TCL brot, Erborot 44, by se protot Losheim frenportada miny Table L. 14 # Timigh the dret (1) Bet of berries Autory (0) Am I (Lleras of Cm الا لمها LA LL2 Table Icke'i ketont Idi rott tullirit it, tu2. Table lart,111

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·Index TU 1, 12 12 babbet Ipoh Tim windchen Inte) B Carhire Blonuphy of En glik teratur (31) 25 Bab Drenthe BO Horophy Cambridge Autory of America Latontti Tubi, Ini, bardor boks, 42 Canbrigo Rotory of Explok el seu pede wurmette Beldrin Dection : Phlebo Later Table III, Bartlett, Foular Quotatinu Cambridge fedhasa! H Glory 1b 4,4 (43) (17) Aten Berte, Rafetre Boula (1), 11 Cambridoi Vodern Bbtory (5) 2 st, 10-11 Burl Rafa Baba (3) 19 Basset, The Raider Excrelope Cambre Natural History (74) the Art History dhe Table UL, 13 Bo Hayretle Ixda (14) DO Card atalogs Aurica Pitary (5) Bibliographlaulards bulytte torte, draad Dober 17 45 moment of ardı, 10-11 De Avian Elktry cords to ralo of book, 40, contents of priotad arde, -10 Cruce 16 Girmath temerd for tool, 17- Lorm banding, 2. # * Dcyclopedia arthele 40 typa al aarde, 5 DAY Ice History (6). for pegatu urticle, 20-40 the of, la worlding bibliophy of a ponctuation ol, 10 Oh, E L Lacets Etc trupulator mrie, eter, Card notes, 468 trul lumtin () H De lographical entry in final dre ed imbri 18 125 Crita Detion of mntecript 59 paraphruk, 46, 48 Addunt BD Hochphlos: orbath, 45, 48 Erre C, 20 Cathalle Excyclopedie (00), 40 crocral, 12-23 Table 17, 24 ruma dari in, 11 Cattan : For speedel poble, we feld, . me beated do American Min Selange Table LHerrtort 1 x A. (11 Bible rapay Directory of Armen Scholar, dettation 4 H TABLA 1, 2 divisions of, 69 Loodets Education, Table I, ta malorupt, paetog of, a Cotary Coolerprdla f Name tabBiblomphloul aarder Tabla II 24 Bibliotraphical entry Chaumpllo, Cyelopedia of Patters, Worlds Wblography Table IL, 24 Blepky Porto Contre Guide to Bart) LT 69 coa History (19) Biographical dietrowerhen 24 Cuptm baneuript, 49 Biography Indos () 20, Check Hot of Worry tool, 38 Bmt Lories Drat (12) 17-18 Card het of bect houding 39 omnes, Veral (34) 77 Cholul Abutructu, Bructents, as Caddrn. Catalog (H) 34-35 Britania Bet of the Yar (17) Chronkla of America (65) 31 11 Carlos, Tu Date Encyclopedia TEL Britta Anten of the Nationth Coton of books, 5 Croy ( Kita) Tube Cronbh Dictionary of Vom Europea Loreton Brdo Autholat Table U, 24 Table Mi, 2 Brunet, Subject Ives to P Cohort Ewelopedio (13) 21 etry (4) Tuble L Batatine Armarathi Tubl. IL 14 ON Boobs Tab m, Conspumn of Today ( ED) Tubla 1,3 C Court of Interdy (Evm) Table 1 I dombon deltida ohu Chanwar an Author (1) 17 for blogphy s for Action, Catnyorert Britisk Zruten (15) 17 for real collections, catrophal arts, 37 Copyright date Catridge Atrint Bustos (50. மymphy 40 to working bibliography A3, Tea I, I Art and Berlin Duke & Bol Table II, Iwim Cngry of Toky (Ir) TableID Inmeti In of Santo (Cut TL I Tre Bol ( 31 Ivan Ami(11)11 TELO 1,5 ther 10, tres marinertet, * Calperd Ant Bununla Table IL, 24 1thia, I Think Asm19), 1 Aron Him (1) I'm Luty rury of Con worlatel): Lilin dm) (3 keerd, L2Table I doar 1min لا محاليا 13, Table tranthal tad, 2 2,57

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·Index B Genbrko. Bibliography of Eu gllal fatrat (31) 2 Babet Dati Biblia mpay Cumbrian Hutory Awniams Literator Table II, 3 danoma toks, 11 (30) 11 Cuxbridge glory of English mype Banckutoth BeltikaDhabowe Pillar Literal Table III t. play Table 1, 11 kaut voordat Bartlett Fondlar Qruotation Cambridge Vallartal Aurory (57) 20 A, H Rarton, Reformte Brats (1), 12 Cambridge Hoden fatery (58) Irrat dett, 1 Basi Reforma Broda (3) u Cambridge Natural History (74) b Best The Pradero Exprelepa Cambre un of American History di, Tam, 28 I logrupiu iwdes (14) 20 Card at ogs Lol Annie History (1) Blogosphical arde ezelte aarde, 1 direked poober 37 43 armatment of cards, 30-331 Irrty Awarlon Ristory como ta on niin ol book, 40 content of printed ardı, 110 cro-reference, 8 (01N 14 o regulia Rosarch for tok, 17-33 fortu ban, 6 0 0 for casgelopedia article, -40 type of ardı, for putrine article, 20- Bohe, la worktar bibliography 40 Panctuation of 40 Lide, dn t Lootte Educa trumlator weria, etc., 8 Curd potu, 4645 drull metine () 34 Db Hageaphlaa! try ka Bral Arded matber (8 Criticul pletionary of Dakartot, 58-59 paraphrax, 446 Asthmit Blographleti thathr, 13,48 Il II, 14 Extreme C, 20 Catholic Encyclopalls (60) real, 11-20 TABLO II, 24 ranca de les ta, 12 Cattels toppty For special fob, ml, Aku in of Solence Table motrated onder Leratur 110 (nn ВЫlography Dhrretery of Amerian Sebehan, FTNET definitions or, 1 Toh L3 Irriers Axtkm (our) Urbon of, 69 Leaders Education, Table 1, banal aratot, 589 Tpacint d, Catry Cyclopedia of Aanet in Artim in Bolt e ela Bhopal ortas Tube L., 24 Ruke & Hon) Tablo AIDHortapbial ty Champus, Corlopedia of Pubalm, Rinking botorrupky Table D, 24 lerrieta Coparts of Today 2 Coupky fututet Ckanntog Gulde to (Erta) TILL DI (Hart) t T $ eta Hatury (19) D ma Wa Struer (Cat Blographical dletkonerlas, 1-4 Chinh may, ta) Table La Dyreply wirs (m) to 2 Check Urt of their tools, 3 Awie Torbruk (09) 32 B Errin bigat (11), 11-15 Check Art of abfect Ladion 10 Io (1) 2 Baba, Vestal (34) n Contact About Bracre, 46 Carra. Catalog (1) H-35 Dniela Bretel Uke You (IT) Carmln el darria (66), 11 OG Rothe 40 63 11 Cortos The Dons Encyclopedia Anot ment, TAAL 22 Aspirin'i Creolo puede Amet Untuk Anthons of the Mutina Canication of books, IS Dwyepy Tab 11, 24 Cratory (Kuaitz) Table Cient's Dicthory of Modern OLD 4. Ture che dgrs (78) Darbo Bertrandart Emma Liemens 464 of Anmol Huta (15) in Dructen, Substry India to P Tadla ni, 28 71 Atom Eure Library i cos etry (4) Colombia Explopedia (15), 11 Boa & lim, Axiren ddim h) 0 Arah mutna) Dosta, Table DLA Cmpuni / Today (Ewro) Won 1 (m) ( . Otra o C IT US Composer Posterior (Erra) Lear's attitude u Kract Cal rumbers Table D 24 Couter American daher LDP Arts and in bormity (15) 77 4 horasty for Sztion 3 Cretonpus Brillad Litertio Slottes, en ? Apd 2, Take Motipal art, 2,37 hurtach 10, 55 81 Leste cards, Athlu 10 Tab 11, 21 Table La Tab II, 14 & Table TAL I det ot, Lot pedalection, Locatial card $T Candy Asin try () Copyright dates im Wollonphy 61-63 to worktos biologneby . 3

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·Ida La ledere: Loyd Com or Satan LA all ipotek24* with the FT), LAT Compact wib 01, Ingres t hadir lang (0), 21 y of Lord Chan (K) The Loud tuon TL U, Le 11 Place mo (che 11.00 H Los Product data03), frulla! Dessin L. (0) 15 - Hà Error Him te tata tham g SrA ET), la loca (), TL 1,3 Luett ketea LIKE -L bal hon Ema (-9, L.) (11), 11 3 ELA carte rest ใบบ branduo), 11 TIL, 22 Srnbeca, n. 17 Lime of an Eichy Lora (02 HI HA Idrot coded wire of (51), Imbrace (C& Petar) Lerrey Mondo (E) 2. SI IN 12 Lach To Xory hot Tieren 09. Lydk, Table IL, 24 Oute Pati () Lon] DEL, Ike to Eat Fre Se Es Img arct's a 10,4 Patricks - fina), Incipio de El herbal Anchin (Kota): TEL D. 1,23 Lumbo Lw6Bonto . air Cody Leory Ga 0.15 Stathella. o Ir dar, TIL, 24 TEA, baldin of the N wel Enter Table II, # Per, Elan (0-0) 140 (17), 17413 nothing mora, Yarme, datery of imorton Pufceny, TL, 24 040 Corsa Diy her Bid Archer, Tale LO TAL24 Id 1,13 imara contary Acthas TL 121 a za to Per Cam Lacey (1) L Letter Arien Ion 01). In Low Butant 01, * Grad Disinaire, Tuet, ** , fi ad ut La Dictirt LA UL, Lima Liberta Catan), fore, 11-00 lett. 2 Karted top Water, Dism Of A nu (1), 11 Ka, Iconeindl But of Antal Tath 11, 21 Vaata, in Exydopefie of Sport (P) 23 Campeony Awrican Av Ums). 17 Cotopory Britick LATE tore (5) 57 Vlastab Pub Lon't la Fez Douca (0) de limita Red As sodata Aon Bulle greply 07 77 malon) Rus techno, co Otae, sco, 050 Orelha V, 42 4 Orford Courie Dictionary Tue W, 23 Orford Croren to Amrlan Lerort (Hort) TALLE IU, Z8 Ostend Copon to Clerical Lamart (ory) TIH W, da Ozford Cregard to Ey LItnon (my) Table m, a Ortodon perinto Vuk ( ·IND Fok, Tragall Standard I tionary of Folkloru (LA & Frled) Tablo III 28 - Corporate cathor heading, o TL 1 47 1. 81, Tuble , 55 Craigie, Dictionary of American Expllak (18) 21 Crane and Patterson, Idrrature of Chemistry 82 Critical Dictionary of Authors (Allbone) Tablo II 24 Table IL 23 Crot-references la book, 11 In curd aatalot, Clatt. Book Indas (5) 13 Current Blography (22) 22 Table I 23 Tablo III 28 Cyclopedia of Edwodtion (94) 35 Table II, 24 Cyclopedia of Paintett (Champ- La), Tablo 11, 24 Economo Alsatco (9) Edoation: bibllographia (86)-(92) 34-35 Indera (85) (87) 34 subject-tuetter retrench boola (93)-(90) 86 also Cattall La Tablo I 23 Education Indus (87), 34 Educational Film Grids (91) 85 EDipds pert, 48 El Nature and It Applications Gardner Art Through the As (79) 33 Gutett & Gorre, English Lite tre Tablo , Geography ko social sciences Good, Dictionary of Educati (93), 85 Gnban, BootmonNamuel (3 97 Gramophon. Shop Bagyeloper of Recorde dule (71) Grand Diatlonnais Larous TubL D 24 Grande Encyclopadla, 21 Granger's Indes to Putry (45 D Greet, World Tord's Table 1 Tablo II, 24 alio nder (70), 32 Grope • Dictionary of Vuslo (O Dano. Encyclopedia (78) 83 Date of publication, su Imprint Dedication of manuscript, 68 Dowey Decimal clarifatlon, 4 Dictionarlea, (18) (10) (20) 11- Exorclopaedia Britannica (17) 11 Tablo II 24 Bucyclopaedia of the Social Sct. mous (2) 31 Encyclopedia Americans (16), 21 Tablo I, 2 Tablo II 24 Encyclopedia Italiana 21 Encyclopedia of Educational Ro mtrek () 85 Exorclopedia of Modern Educa ton (96) 35 Encyelopedia (15) (16) (17) Extreering Indos 32 Engllah Auroclation, Year's Tort t English (32) 25 English Literature (Garnett & Gouro) Tablo DI, 28 Baray and General Literature Im des (13), 19 Erulaation of manuscript, B0_81 Tablo VI, OL Ewenz American Composers of Today Tablo I, 23 Composeti of Today Table I 23 Comporrt of Yesterday Table II 24 Llobe Hurletart Table I, 23 Tablo II, 24 Gulde letters, 12 Gxldo to jistorical Lloret (50) 23 Guide to Refoon Boots (?), 1 Guide to Study of Ameria History a) 19 Guide to the Study of Medhore History (52), 29 Dictionary of American Biogroply (23) 22 Tablo II, 24 Tablo III, 28 also wider (65), 31 Dictionary of American English (11) 21 Dlotionary of American History (6) 31 D'letionary of Amerloom Painter (Mantlo) Tablo II 24 Dictionary of Anmoanin (19) н Harper's Dictionary of Clante Illorary Table MB Harper's Exorclopedia of Unita Staler History Tabl. P 24 Hart, Otford Companion to dan fax Litteratur Tablo III Dlationary of Education (03) 38 Dlationary of National Prography (24) 22 Tabla 11, 14 Tabla OIL, 23 Dictionary of Pkflosopky (Bald. wla), Tablo II 24 Pretionary of World Litteratur (Shipley) Tablo III, 18 Dtrwotory of American Schoları (Cattoll) Tablo I 23 Documentation : of clanacal authon, 60 of Interior, pt. 17 and 84, Table TV 54, 55 of penphrase 45, 48 of poetry 59 60 of prou, 69 teröstin, 46, 48 50 51 Dramatto Biohograpky (30) 24 Dramatto Inda (39) 27 Datcher Guide to Historical Lit water (50) 29 Familiar Quotations (43) Fiction Catalog (93) 26 Filag of aatalog aandı, 10-11 Exodo B, 11 Filmstrip Guide (97) 35 Final drauft of manuript, ** Januscript Fire arta bibliographla (71) (73) #2 indexat () (84) 83 Fobject-matto relatinc boobs (79)-(62) 28 See also Mentio in Tablo II 24 Plans: Indo t Plays (40), 2T Indo to Short Stories (48) 21 Footnotes, 52-56 abbrorletons to Tubla IV 63- 56 Tablo V 17 footpoto per Table IV 33–38 form of, 50 60 in rouch drett, 51 loation of 2 & 60 donbering of on. 9 and 10 60 ponctuation of, 59-80 purpose of, 57 yarladt form of 1789 82 Eartnol, Oaford Compaxlox the Theater Tablo III 2 Harray Odford Contpardon 4 Classical Limettore Tabl III 20 Harvey Osford Corporion 4 Breguet Lloratory, Tabu W 20 Hari Soinile Vediol, en Technical Bouke (72) Hiruhberg Subject Guide 14 Roarece Boobs (29) 23 History for Socal Sciaens A Book of Quotation (46) How to do it Books (73) How to Local Educational Information (16) 34 ort, Bo Hography and Footweter 7,19 1 lastntions In DADOLIP, KO Improt ja soal bibliography 53-59 Elman Inda te Fatry Tales (41) ·LSDEI Longth of papa ? Kodtra Lestag Antolatlag of bette (Co): of book, au i and 2, 27 Library of Copen ardar Aperla, likutinu (*) dydatal 49 aptadata al contents, 8-10 Montott HA Petry Tula (17), Un ta vetog bestianphy L 181 huta te Ft Dua Cydopedia of Education (H) Library of Couto dodation Tabla DI 24 hula ladhenu (H), wa to Our Art HT (41), 17 Lorp 4 Literary Criticin Encyclopedia of Educational (Hoolea) Table 1, 24 Reinek (95) 35 wat Pont (01 n ha Mapa Celtims (47) Table 11, Hoalton, Library of Larry Lory of the World's Best Lilla Criticin, Tab II, 24 Short Storia (0) munt (Water) Table Tihto 2 winni LU, ** Vatre, sro Wochell Edonation () (), 14 Librett's Proty Bia Market dtbu Art (0.23 Irupkiel Dietionary billographie (71) La (11), 10 (Thaou) Table IL, 24 tadora (H) 30 Litre Autory of the United mbject matter rdron boala of bona + State (1023 () () Soul Kleen (), Table , man Eroo tn Tabla I ad hdutrial Arte Iwder 1 Limiter 1,224 Llalhoun lour, & Holograpklee (2013) 27 Vor I det tortil Bank of Aand Endere (19)-(4027- (T): (13) 19 N TUL tobject-matter rawa book TLK ILI Home Inda m 15 Table Wa Mentre and Critlal History of America (67) 31 ih dotatation, on 17 Llerden ol Arrlan Hany KAD I4 T&TT A (51) Motor and It Agate () martin to the brary/ Literature of Christry (Cret Stace (15), Pattanon) Nr Encyclopedia of Sports (1) be, Underlintas Latey Mokinu (Erta) Table La No tentowal Encyclopae LAIA A Va looy Ines to Table IL, 24 Oract Plays (43) 11 Now Larted listor (59) 20 Anrich European Table IL, 24 LaTemd Hall, its to And Ar Schas y Emplepealle Jo Bat fardhor (Kanita) mutus (1) (6), 11 TIEK L T26. IL, 24 TL IL, 24 Now Sort Tant Indet (10) 18- Tit) II, 21 17 Aonpepe ndart (10) 16-17 Wigantes Aurtenth Contry Brda Hotidation of Tolonie od Ga (0,15 ESHT Blomfende Bob (m. per 12 Motruding mom, Card sotme todon al, ( 0-0) 11-15 (17), 17-13 0 Awrican Adhim, Table II, 24 redag octaphy card, T211, 40 Objectiu: Crib Anthony JUNI Kastle, Dietlonory Amerlar too Cratory Table II, Prixli, Tablo II, 24 Dabot * Maonici Oral Cruelal Directory Tatu, a coatent, Der Bart of authors, Table Otton.Ile Ndos to Play track Lagt, Lacthy () 77 Ta , Honza of type antenartol 55 Outto, pratbury: TU. AL Hather, bletionary of Art Tim Crochery Author querto arma (1), TL IL, 24 chants, Ummon International Book a tenta trecutitor, Talu, Amy, Table Othe, ma, 12-30 Table L2 Orenin #40 L Weate An Endepade of Orm Craskut Dictionary Synta () La Lemon of Aurion Table III, Orm Compan to Auricom Ritm (51), Lord Lan Hut Cartriparon Arnd Llottar (Hert) Table An all M, m, Lumen, Gerd Dictinin Corpore Artist Lier Out Creporter 1 Chemical theren Litter (Earty) Tabla Tat11, 24 ad & Tiket, aktif Startapalle le long UNT, I Osim Cruption to Evah Ut Standart Dictionary Makro i usle Latorch at of To Talle II, 2 mone Barte) To inint Edustre (Cartell) detlos, dont B m, reply (7) 27 Our comparto dur's (0) Tabla malus (i) und (),5 ·INDE Foul. Yamall Standard Die tionary of Folkloro (Lac & Hod) Table DJI 13 C Corporate author keading 6 &L 17 6. 31, Tabla IV, 66 Craigle, Detlonary of American English (18), 21 CMD And Pullerton, Literature of Chemistry 32 Critical Dictionary of Authors (Allibone): Tabt. I 24 Table UL 28 Croe-reloreticos lo booka, 12 in ard aatalogs, 6 Cumulative Boot Indo (5) 18 Current Blography (22) 19 Tubla I 23 Tablo III, 28 Cyclopedia of Education (1) 85 Tabla , 24 Cyelopedia of Pafutors (Champa In) Tyblo I, 24 Economilo Alazas (99) 39 Education: bthllographlas (86)-(02) 84-35 Inden (16) (67) 34 robloct matter referee boola (93)-(96) 86 ni auo Cattel la Tablo I, 23 Education Jadea (87) 34 Educational Film Gulda (91) 85 En pala moarte, 48 Ell, Naturs and Itt Applications Exopolopaedia Britannico (17) 11 Tablo II 24 Encyclopaedia of the Social Set eneu (06) 81 Encyclopedla Anticona (16), 11 Tablo I, 23 Tablo II, 24 Srcyclopedia Italian 21 Bacyclopedia of Edxcational Re araret (95) 45 Eroydopodia Alodora Educa tion (96) 86 Encyclopodlas (15) (16) (17), 22 Bnpbroering Inda 32 English Araclation, Year's York in Enoktah (32) 26 English Literalwers (Garnett & Gou) Tablo II, 28 Eray and General Literatura Itt da (23), 19 Evaluation of ADXcript, 60-61 Table VI 62 Eyrun: dmoricar com porina of Today Take I, 23 Composmt of Today Table I 13 Copsport of Yeterday Tablo 1 84 Lłotno lluriclau, Tablo I - Gurdar, Art Terorok lk. Aor (79) Gartett & Go Erollat LATtart Tablo II, 28 Geography so Sodalenca Good, Dictionary of Education (93), 85 Graham, Bootnon Normal (34) 27 Gramophore Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded urto (1) 15 Grand Dictionnair (Leroun) Tabi II 24 Grands Euonelopak 21 Granger's Iudæ to Poetry (45) 29 Greet, World Torda, Tabla I Tablo 11, 24 ako vxdet (70), 82 Grove's Dlotionary of Warlo (80) D Dance Encyclopedis (78) 83 Date of pobHeatlon, 1nc Imprint Dedication of manuscript, 58 Dewey Decimal clasication, 4 Dietionaries, (18) (19) (20) 21- Tubla II, 24 Gakde letters, 12 Guide to Historical Literatur (50) 20 Gulds to Reference Buoka (2) 12 Guide to Study / America History '141 Guide to the Sixdy o Nadzorral History (52), Dletionary of Apurian Blogra pity (23) 22 Tablo II, 14 Tablo IU 28 also wador (65), 31 Detionary of American Angliek (18) 21 Detionary of American History (0) 31 Dollonary of American Pattere (Manue) Tablo II, 24 Drictionary of Anricarloms (10) Dotionary of Education (93) 85 Dlationary of Nattonal Biography (14) 22 Table H 14 Table III, 28 Olothonary of Philosophy and n) Tablo II, 24 Dictionary of World Literature (Shiple) Table ID 28 Directory of Apurricen Scholar (Cattell) Tabia I 2 Documentation of atdeal author, 60 of interview 22 17 and 4 Tablo TV 64, 65 of Denpris, 46 48 of poetry 50 60 of prove, 60 overbatim 46, 48 50-51 Dromatto Bio Nograpky (30) 24 Dronatio Iuda (39) 17 Duteber Gulda te Historical Littrahere (50) 29 Harper's Dictforary of Caprial Luterutar TA II 28 fasper's Engvelopedia of Unlad Stata History Tale IL 24 Kurt, Oxford Companion to Amrt leur Literature, Tablo III, Darton, Ozford Companion to tto Thralar Tablo III, 28 Harrey Oxford Companion to Claustcal Literature, Tablo III, 23 Errey Oxford Companion to Ella Literatury Table Farlay Quotations (13) $9 Fletion Catalog (33) 28 FDips of catalog aarde, 10-11 Esercito B, 11 Filmstrip Guide (92) 85 Final draft of mananeript, met Vaduseript Fine artei biblorrapbles (71) (73) Indon (13) (84) 28 subject matter reference books (79)-(t2) 33 sce also wantl. in Tablo II 24 Firbins Indn to Play. (40), Indo to Short Storius (48) 29 Footnotes, 62-56 abbreviatome i Tablo TV 63- BO Tablo V 87 footpoto magt, Table IY 03-56 form of, 6960 in rough dnit, 61 kostiga of a $, . Rubberdog of nn O und 10 60 panctaetlot of, 60-80 purpose of 62 nelert Lore of 2.7 59 82 Hawkog, SoloM/C, Hedical, and Technical B (72) 32 Hibbers Subject Guide to Reference Books (9) 21 Bictory Ho Social Schepers Home Book of Quotattou (46) 19 How to do Books (73) 2 for to Laote Educational in formation (28) H Hart, Bibliyraphy and Footnoten, L 1,50 I Illustration La Landkarpt, 58 Improt: in fast bullgraphy Be59 Eartmen, Indo to Fatry Tala (47) 2

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·INDET B T Oxford Companion to u Theater (artroll) Tablo III 28 Oxford Eylück Dictionery (20) Table of contents of mouscriph Oxford History of Exglish Liter ture Tablo III, 28 P Puctor Guide to the Study of Alediatral History (52), 29 Pageant of America (66) 31 Pagination in Apul bibllography 69 of magaunes, 40 of Tanuscript, 69 on curd dote, 43 48 Parentheses, 18 Parker, TV ko's Who Tkcatrı Tablo 1 23 Table III, 38 Place of publication, so Impript Political Handbook of the World (69) 32 Poold. Index (8) 16 Preface of manntcrlpt, 08 Preliminary outline seo Outlino Primary pource matarlal: definition 2-3 la note-talde 44 Pubile Atari Intormation Sery Ice, BXnette (53) 90 Pablleber res Imprint Ponctuations of abbreviation, 67 of completed bibliography 58- 69 of footnotes, 32-60 of quotations, 48 of vordng bibliography 10 Surton, Introduction to the His tory of Science (75) 33 Schaft Now Schaf-Horog Ecyclopedio (61) 81 Table Il 24 Scholen, Osford Competion to Nusle (02) 33 Tablo LL, 24 Sdence bibliographies (72) 88 Indexu (03) 88 trabject matter reference booba (74)-(77) 22-33 teo also Catt: la Tablo I, 23 Scientific Vedical, and Technical Eooks (72) 32 Secondary source station an. 8 and 9 Tablo IV 33 Secondary source material definlon, 2-3 In nota-taldnt 44 484" reference, 6 12 "Solo" reference, 6 12 Sontenco outline, re. Datino Serla noto: on catalog and, 9 on working bibliography card 40 Shipley Duetionary of Torld Litcratste Tablo IIL 28 Sbores, Basto Reference Books (3) 12 Blomming, 41 Sidrs, 43-44 Spithonian Scientific Series (70) Theater ft(30) 24 (39) 27 Hurtaoli la Tablo III 25 Purker lo Tabla I J ind III 23 24 2A Sobel in Table III 28 Theatre Handbook (Sobel), Table II, 28 Thomas, Lippircett'. Promontor Blographical Detionary Table II, 84 Title in quotation marks, 40 on bibliographlal aard, JT underlined 10 Title-page of manukeript, Ticentieth Century Authory (Kunitz) Tablo L 23 Table 11 28 Typing tho manuscript, 69 Underllning for foreign words, 57 for titler, 37 60 to indicate Italia, 67 Union Lut of Serialy (11) 17 also under (6) 18 United States Catalog (4) 13 United Statet Congte: Biographical Directory (25) 22 Table I 23 Tablo II 24 Onicial Congreurlonal Directory (25) 12 Table I 23 Unirerral Jerteh Encyclopedia (62) 31 Table 1 23 Tablo II 24 Quotations to Onal manuxeript, 6.0 In note-taking 48 to rough draft, 30-31 Quoted material Ho Documenta tlon, Footnotes, Quotations V R Van Nostrord's Satentino Excydopedro (77) 33 Volore mber la Wilson Company Ladera, 13 of periodicale, 40 we of Roman Doberal, n. , 10 Reader' Encyclopedia (Benet), Table 111 88 Reader' Guide to Periodical LIE- Titre (6) 14-15 Referenc Books (1) 12 Religious referera boola (80)- (2) 80-31 Rosturch papert dedation, 1, 60 bol form, 69–80 length, 2 Hole, 50 RHlin, Ercyelopedia of lodets Education (95), 35 Rough draft of munukript, 50-52 materials for 61 rorlidon o1, 61-69 hoof aard potn, 61 writing technique to 51-52 Poe, Subject Iuda mrles (19) 35 Sobel, catre Handbook, Tablo ILT 28 Social elenco: blbllographia (49)-(35) 22-30 Indkare (33) 30 pubfoct matter reference boobs (56)-(70) 30-32 Sprclog of final bibliography 69 of footnotes, 60 of IDADDscript, 50 of quotations, 59 Spiller Literary History of the United States (13) 17 Tablo III, 28 Standard Catalog for High School Libraries (90) 38 Statanan Year Book () 31 Storenson Home Book of Quota tion (40), Style, 60 51-62 Sobleet, cholce of 1-9 Subject Guide to Reference Books (29) 23 Sobject houdings check Ilat of 36 Esercito , 7 form beading 6 in referench book, 1: types of, on catalog cards, 6-6 or of in choice of object, 30- 37 Subject Indee kriet (89) 35 Subject Inde lo Pretry (44) 29 84 Tarot's Library of the Torld, Best Literatxe Tuble III 18 Sebster's Biographical Diction ary (28) Tuble I 3 Table II 24 Vebster's Geograpikal Diction any (70) 32 Tho To Th. (27) 23 Table II, 21 The Man Tho te America (1) 23 Table 124