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·SELECTIONS
YOY TIR
Records of the Government of India,
HOME, REVENUE, AND AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
No. CLXXVIII.
REPORTS
ΟΥ
ARTESIAN BORINGS IN INDIA.
Published by Authority.
CALCUTTA.
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTS
1881.

·CALCUTTA:
PNISTED AT THE SUPERISTESDEST OF GOVERSUIST PRINTING,
8, RASTINGS STREET.

·CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAGE 1 TVE CALCUTTA BURING- Extract from Report of Committee appointed to consider the espediency of controuing the Boring Experiment Abstract Report of Proceedings of Committee appointed to superintend the Boring Operations in Fort William 32 42 . 46 47 ALTESIAN BORING AT ANDALA Report this Major E T Thackeray, R.E Opinton Dr. T Oldham Letter from Mr II.B Medlicott Return showing progress on Artesian tell bono; at Ambala SOBZIL-KA-KOT BORTA, Narrative Report on the Artesian Well at Sabzallot, Southern Derrjat, by Jr, P S McGowan, RE. Details Section of the Sabzalbot Bonn: 50 €6 70

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·- tions have been largely produced by disturbance, causing partial uphearal and visible bending of the strata, in contradistinction to the other great class in which the simple inclined (flatly curved) plane of original deposition is the prevailing condition, although the only examples of complete 'basins' would be found in this latter class, in the case of filled-up and dried-up water basin. 4. The primary conditions: as produced in nature. The essential conditions of the phenomenon are fulfilled whenever a body of water confined in an inclined channel, of whatever dimensions, is arrested or retarded by a total or partial obstruction in its progress to its point of dischargo, so as to be pressed back above that level ; & state of permanence being attained when the increase of pressure so produced causes a discharge equal to the supply of water at the upper end, or when overflow takes place there. These conditions are produced continually in nature by the ordinary process of formation of sedimentary rocks, independently of any turning up of the strata either from the original form of the floor of deposition or by subsequent disturbance. Even in an open water basin the formation of strictly horizontal deposits is a very exceptional occurrence, for there is always greater deposition on the side from which the sediment is derived. It is similar in the case of deposits formed above water level by the action of rain and rivers, of which we have such extensive instances in India; accumulation takes place most rapidly in the border zone where the denuciing action of these agencies changes into one of deposition; and thus do alluvial plains present a constantly increasing slope from the sea-margin to the foot of the uplands whence their materials are derived. In this way the first condition of artesian springs is established originally in all sedimentary rocks, in the prevailing slope of deposition; subsequent disturb. ance would generally increase this condition of slope or 'fall. The other conditions are also often aboriginally provided for in stratified rocks: in the distribution of coarse and fine deposits by alternation, or by the latter covering the former, the confined water channel is produced; and the usually greater accumulation of the coarser materials at and near the higher marginal zone of the so-called basin ensures the retarded discharge and the consequent accumulation of water at a higher level, which is the active factor in artesian springs. 5. Experimental illustrations.--The foregoing statements may bo mado plain by the following experimental facts. A leaden pipe of half inch boro and about 7 feet long was placed on an inclined board, raised 15 inches at one end, making a slope of about 10 degrees, as shown in figure 1 of the altnexed plate. Arrangement was made for a constant supply of water, accordling to demand, at the upper end. At intervals of about 19 inches from tho lower end of the pipe, holes were made on the upper side, in lich glass tubes were fixed, reaching to the height of the upper end of the pipe. In the free pipe so placed, with a full supply of water at the upper end, thero was a discharge of 322 cubic inches per minute. The pipo was then filled with small shot (No. 8), and the feed water being kept strictly level with the surface of the shot at the top, there was only a discharge less than 5 cubic inches per minute. In neither of theso cases, 2.c., whilo tho pino Wils quite straight, whether with the water rushing through the free pipe or slowly percolating through the shot, was there the slightest tendency of the 1 I am much indebted to my colleague, Mr. F. R. Mallet, for luis iussistance in making these experimcuts. Simple as they are, great cure is rceded to ensura accurato al coin rable results. If by inattention thufeed of water falls for an instant below the full supply, nir enters the pipe and becomes entangled in the wet shot, :ind the whole fits to be charged again with slried sliol in a dry pipe: and this luas to be done at every change of cj-timent. The water should be tirst Ict in from below a very gradually.

·Vedlicol Artesian spring
Selrctions VCLXXVII
15
rue
L ㅗ
Mg 1 Pipe filled wth
sin all shot
9 71
so
Fig 2 Pope filled with small shot
12 43
+ 52
Fig 3 Pipe with an all
no, t-low and large above
14 10
19 44
Pag 4 Pipe filled with small shot
15 35
13 43
7 50
Fig 5 Pipe with small stct to a
nor above a
15 03
11 a
$
otse and orge sho aby
Scale ef 14 h

·{ tions have been largely produced by disturbance, causing partial upheaval and visible bending of the strata, in contradistinction to the other great class in which the simple inclined (filatly curved) plane of original deposition is the prevailing condition, although the only examples of complete ‘basins' would be found in this latter class, in the case of filled-up and dried-up water basin. 4. The primary conditions : as produced in nature. The essential conditions of the phenomenon are fulfilled whenever a body of water confined in an inclined channel, of whatever dimensions, is arrested or retarded by a total or partial obstruction in its progress to its point of discharge, so as to be pressed back above that level; a state of permanence being attained when the increase of pressure so produced causes a discharge equal to the supply of water at the upper end, or when overflow takes place there. These conditions are produced continually in natare by the ordinary process of formation of sedimentary rocks, independently of any turning up of the strata either from the original form of the floor of deposition or by subsequent disturbance. Even in an open water basin the formation of strictly horizontal deposits is a very exceptional occurrence, for there is always greater deposition on the side from which the sediment is derived. It is similar in the case of deposits formed above water level by the action of rain and rivers, of which we have such extensive instances in India; accumulation takes place most rapidly in the border zone where the denuding action of these agencies changes into one of deposition; and thus do alluvial plains present a constantly increasing slope from the sea-margin to the foot of the uplands whence their materials are derived. In this way the first condition of artesian springs is established originally in all sedimentary rocks, in the prevailing slope of deposition; subsequent disturb. ance would generally increase this condition of slope or fall.' The other conditions are also often aboriginally provided for in stratified rocks : in the distribution of coarse and fine deposits by alternation, or by the latter covering the former, the confined water channel is produced; and the usually greater accumulation of the coarser materials at and near the higher marginal zone of the so-called basin ensures the retarded discharge and tho consequent accumulation of water at a higher level, which is the active factor in artesian springs. 5. Experimental illustrations. The foregoing statements may be made plain by the following experimental facts.2 A leaden pipe of half inch boro and about 7 feet long was placed on an inclined board, raised 15 inches at one end, making a slope of about 10 degrees, as shown in figure 1 of the annexed plate. Arrangement was made for a constant supply of water, according to demand, at the upper end. At intervals of about 19 inches from the lower end of the pipe, holes were made on the upper side, in which glass tubes were fixed, reaching to the height of the upper end of the pipe. In the free pipe so placed, with a full supply of water at the upper end, thero was a discharge of 322 cubic inches per minute. The pipe was then filled with small shot (No. 8), and the feed water being kept strictly level with the surface of the shot at the top, there was only a discharge less than 5 cubic inches per minute. In neither of these cases, i.e., while the pipe was quite straight, whether with the water rushing through the free pipe or slowly percolating through the shot, was there the slightest tendency of tho ? I am much indebted to my colleague, Nr. F. R. Mallet, for bis assistanco in making these experiments. Simple as they are, great care is needed to ensure accurate and compare rable results. If by inattention the feed of water falls for an instant below the full supply: nir enters the pipe and becomes entangled in the wet shot, and the whole liis to be charge again with dried shot in a dry pire: and this has to be done at cvery change of experimut. The water should be first let in from below and very gradually. . .

·Vedlicnu Artesian springs
Selections VO CLXXVW
13
Tuse
Pig 1 Pipe filled wth small shat
9 71
5
OS
SOB
Fig 2 Pipe filled with small shol
12 45
92
Tag 3 Pipe with sea!!
not t-low and large above u
14 10 4
5 13
Tag 4 Pipe filled with mall shot
13 45
7 50
a
Fog 5 Pipe web small shut to a agre above a
15 03
SU
r 6 Pr!
J.
Din and arse sho aogy.

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·- טומן pater to rise in the glass in Horo the same at every point of Picssure, or vis a tergo, producele -> Now talon that the discharge of the pipe depends opon threo factors-milis tho , and the following experiments The pipe was ben, at the upper cou, girang ta gradually decreasing slope to near the third tubo Shot (No 8) was again filled in, as in the preceding experiment, and water laid on and maintained it tho exact upper surface of the shot, when a considerablo niso took placo in the three glass tubes 49 represented a to a natural scale of about oth 1 the rises that would take place in only change in this experiment from the previous ono is the increased potential discharge in the upper part of the tube owing to increased slopo; this flow 18 obstructed and retarded 1 1. and 11179 tho pressure, or vis a tergo, is produc risc in the several tubes. In th hat this condition of increased slope wwatus Luwun the formation of sedimentary rocks The next experiment" (caso No 3) shows the effect of unequal porosity, all elso being as za case No 1. Tho pipe was charged with No 8 shot to between the first and second tubes, and then filled up with much larger shot (BB) The rises that took placo aro tin chonkin of the greater potenin 1 (IV PP - MON . tho buer material being swept on to the lower or more aiswal position. slow the independent effect of a change of capacity in tho water stratum, a pipe of 1 inch bore was joined to the smaller pipe, between the first and second tubes, and the whole compound pipe filled with the small bliot (No. 8), as in case No 1. The effect, shown tban in caso No. 3, no doubt in exact propo duscharge of the one-inch pipe charged with N length of half-inch pipe filled with BB sbot. a normal result of the process of rock formation, - coarse materials at the upper margin of deposition would giro a rastly greater sectional area to the water strata in that position, thinning out indofinitely beneath the finer succceding deposits Numerons other experiments tero made, from which I select two.ope to show the cxtreme limit of condition No 3; the upper part of the pipe was left free of shot, whico tho rise in the tabes was, of course, very great, as shown in figure 5. Tuo combined effect of cases 3 and 4 are shown in figuro 6, when the larger pipa was filled with BB shot. As occurring in nature these several conditions It is interesting to uzserre that in this esperitest the line job.bz these LegLU ** strasglt, and that its proua zatica intersects the two terminals f *INY ad do This fact was conduct when the hesi ww tuised to 20 inches 201 lowered to 20 inch, within 1 722* of these experiment, it pd.cies a lar of the coole. In contact lend lere) ce rucchied, ante ca the 7, s'y .to Daris Local 21 In this cigaret* Itsel wat panata using the lya pucs ord, is dit sormas-415res gher than lepu ise greibere ed luckt 1 Hace at the top of the regt, abe betred Ise 2 evidently to the consistens is part of te veely hawl. vel Tu Led List that shiftuie sa strani KETE 12 studied, Las.. thered Ut* to unatatt unisce i walce oczatku. will the time to ticct distance is and Chatea ·( * ) are of course almost infinitely varied, and beyond all possibility of accurate detection from the surface; but throughout erery complication the total nusult must rigourously conform to the laws indicated in the foregoing experiments. 6. Practical difference between busins of disturbance and of original depom sition.—The simplicity of the primary conditions that have been shown to govern the action of artesian wells might lead to very false expectations as to the ease and certainty with which such wells may be established. It needs some knowledge of geology to be aware of all the chances that may intervene to frustrate the best laid hopes, and how those hopes have in the first instance to be based upon inferences that are far short of cure tainty. In this respect there is much difference in the data of obsorration between the two classes of sources I have indicated, those entirely dependent upon original conditions of depositiou, and those which are largely due to subsequent disturbances of the strata. In the latter case it would seem as if additional complications were introduced :' and to a certain extent this is true, for such strata are affected by fissures and dislocations from which difficulties the undisturbed deposits are free. But on the whole there is a balance of available information in favour of the more complicated structure. 7. Examples.--The contrast can be illustrated from familiar cxamples. The strata from which the deep artesian sources of London and Paris are derived are turned up and exposed in the country surrounding the valleys of the Thames and the Seine. The sequence of the stila on both sides can thus be observed and compared, and a fair opinion formed as to the water-bearing strata, and as to the depth at which they will be found within the basin. It is obviously different from deposits that still lie in their bilsin of formation. Here only the topmost beds are visible, and we can have no actual particulars, unless by trial sinking, as to the composition and depth of what lies below the surface. It is quite certain, however, that on the whole they are made up of alternations of porous and non-porous muturials; and in the case of river valley deposits there is a further presumption that the bottom beds, formed largely of the debris of local rocks, would be coarse and porous, while, as the deposits accumulate and spread at higher levels, finer sediment would predominato: one miglt travel over the plains of India, from the delta of the Ganges to that of the Indus, without finding a transported pebble larger than a pea. Accordingly, it is a mutter vi very wide experience that artesian springs are abundantly yielded by such recent deposits. Those of Lombardy, of the Sahara and of Pondicherry are of this nature, 8. Older rock-basins in India. There are in India serorul largo avas occupied by old formations having a general synclinul disposition. This distribution of the rocks in isolated basius is quite a youeral furthru ai Indian geology, and it cannot be asserted as impossiblo that thero słonld la artesian sources within some of these basins. In the south thoru are the Kadapah, Kaládgi, and Bhima areas in which the stratat dip inwards from a rim of gneiss, bnt the rocks are too much indurated to be properly praus, and the frequent local contortions within the basin would otherwisu ilisturi, any calculntion as to the continuity of any particular group of leilad for the north there is the great area of Upper Vindhyan rocks, Strutelius irim Rehir round by Sagar to Dholpur. The composition of the serie, in thick alternating misscs of sandstones and shules, presents the most broar. able original conditions for the retention of underground water : tu lius of the strata is equally propitious, with a genélu in stare Jopie on all silet. But here again the rocks are in too advanced a statár vi inture:13; 15435}i* of them are porous in the degree requirri for a politie Neler 1.ult, -* ·that, unless the supply were aded by figures or other accidents, it could scarcely be counted upon A more direct cause of failure at many, points of the area would be found in the clerated position of the rock bısın, which is orograplucılly a plateau Thug although the outcrops of the several lover gioaps on the borders of the area aro lugher than much of the surface in the centre, most of the rivers drain across the northern scarp in deep gorges or cañons, which would afford z natural outlet for percolation from those groups at a lower level than the upland plains 9 Secondary rocł basins 11 Inula ~Some of the objections made in the case of the older rochs would not apply with the same force to the great series of secondary rocks known as the Gondwann system This alo 13 distributed throughout the northern half of the peninsula," in more or less isolated basins, partly of original limitation, but a good deal affected by subsequent compression It is composed largely of massive sandstones with subordinate clays, all in a much less adienced state of consolidation than are the Vindbyan rochs, but greatly more compacted than the upper sccondary strata from which the deep artesian springs of the London and Paris basins are derived The least permeable beds are, however, those at the base of the series Although these generally include a great couglo merate, the 'boulder bed' of the Talchir group, supposed to be in somo degree of glacial formation, the matrix of this bed is a fino silt, quite impervious to water Still, in certain positions it 18 not impossible that artesian springminht he forthcomine in these rochs thus in a south ated below water that Jil may be poticed in the interior valley along the northern edge of the Satpurn basın, w licre tho Denva cluys are supposed to be underlud by an attenznted extension of the Pachmarı sandstone, which rises into high bulls immc. diately to the south I mention this ground because partial trials wero made hero in the borings for coal at Khapa and Manegaon, the former to a depth of 720 foet, the latter to 420 icet But in neither case did any water riso to the surface, althougl in the Khapa hole an ingress of sand and water under piessure occurred at some points, necessitating the uso of piping to a depth of 270 feet It is rather to be hoped that no such storo of water docs exist in thicso deposits, as it would be a serious obstacle to deep mining, which may at some future time be undertaken I am unablo to quoto any instances of an artesian born; in rocks that bad undergono a considerable degree of induration This state almost precludes the con. ditions required for artesian springs porosity in an adequate degrco can hardly cxist, and the water circulation is relegated to cracks and fissures luich affect tho indurnted impervious beds as well as the originally poroas ones, so that the water distribution becomes promiscuous instand' of in sheets 10 Inquiries made in Vadras in 1861 - In 1861 anxious inquiries were made by the Governicat of Jadras as to the prospect of artesian borings in certain districts cspecially liablo to drought, as specificd in the subjoined letter - “ From Secretary to the Board of Revenue, to Secretary to Goverzincat,"dated Mladra, Duth Afril 1861 "SIN,I am directed by the Board of Rescore to submit, for the considera 203 of Government, that it is expedient to make thoroubtralıf the artown well sree in such parts of the country as, tu communication with the Galo, al Carrey De quinta went may bo dcemd diost farourably circumstanced for the pure “The rctual and serioa deficiency of water frs drekni anl dorssu **** becomes painfully cons] icuous in a statou v druht suck 1 the prevrs, we ·(6) as the Board can judge, the evil is greatest in localities which hold oat fair promise of success to the proposed experiment. **They may instance Coimbatoro in the neighbourhood of the Neilgherry range, Bellary not far from the Ramandroog range, and parts of Kadapah, which are generally in sufficicut proximity to billy tracts to indicato prima facie that the system luight succeed. " The Collectors could point out to the Geological Department the exact spots Where the wout of wator is most keenly felt, when in the hot and dry season villagers Haro daily to travel somo miles to obtain drinking water, and not unfrequently have to pay for it to the fortunate possessor of a spring, small tank, or well; and the Board believe that the Geological Surveyors could without much labour determine whether the contour and stratification of the country allowed hope of success for artcsian Wells." In two of the districts mentioned, the hills, which were pointed out as possible sources of artesian springs, are entirely, as well as the ground beneath the plains, of crystallino metamorphic rocks. In the third the rocks are slates and quartzites of the transition series, in which the prospects are scarcely better. In connection with these inquiries two deop borings were recommended by Captain F. Fischer, R.E., to be made in the Bellary district, and the work was sanctioncd by the Madras Government;t, but they were not carried out from want of funds. 11. Dorings in tertiary rocks at Gogah, Guzerát.-- The only artesian boring in India in rockş older than the alluvium that I can find mention of is one at Gogah (Gogo), a little promontory in the Gulf of Cainbay, on the east coast of Kattywar, in Guzerát. It was put down in upper tertiary rocks, tho samo as those so well known for their fossil mammalian remains in the Island of Perim, 6 miles distant to the south-east. A notice of it is recorled in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1837 (Vol. VI, p. 786), by the officer in charge, Lieutenant George Fulljames, presumably the originator of the enterprise. A full section of the boring is given, to a depth of 335 feet, the work being then in progress, but so far without result. 3 The section in the boring is not altogether unfavourable; in the lower portion there is a great preponderance of “stiff blue clay, which would form a thorough cover for any water-bearing bed below it; but there seems little or no prospect of success in such a position, at least from the tertiary beds theniselves. These lie flatly, or with a gentle easterly slope of original deposition, but they are only a fringing belt on the Katty- 1 Order No. 1895, dated 14th October 1864. " Proceedings, Government of Madras, No. 138, dated 14th January 1865. 3 My inquiries as to any further knowledge of this boring has elicited the following interesting information from the Public Works Secretariat, Bombay, dated 29th June 1881: “In reply to your letter No. 162, dated 12th May 1881, I have the honour to state that Lieutenant Fulljames' report cannot now be traced, but that it appears that from 1831 tv 1937-38, an outlay of Rs. 65,163 was incurred in boring experiments in Guzerát, Kolaba, the Southern Maratha country, and Poona. "As regards the experiments in Guzerát, the Collector of Almedabad in a report, dated 14th March 1842, stated as follows: “* With respect to the advantages which have hitherto attended the experiments, I take this opportunity of observing that, although a moderate supply of sweet water may generally be obtained by this means in the Dholka purgunna, and undoubtedly in years when the monsoon fails and water is not procurable under any circumstances, the benefit to those villages where a bore has been successful cannot be too highly appreciated, yet on the whole I am of opinion their success cannot be considered to have been commensurate with the expense, including the risk of failure which attends them.' "At Poona the operations were discontinued in consequence of the little prospect of success arising from the unfavourable nature of the strata. At Kolaba also the attempt proved an entire failure. “Further search will be made for Lieutenant Fulljames' report, and if forthcoming copies will be duly transmitted to you."

·for ray, sup ply from drainago is also very restricted, for at about 12 miles from Gogal the trap forms a small range msing to a summit of 986 feet The bedding in this rock 18 cither horizontal, or, probably having a low westerly inclin. ation The rainfall, moreover, 18 small, seldom exceeding 20 inches All things considered, the best chance of an artesian spring at Gogah would seem to be the possibility of a supply in the bottom beds, derived from the trap, or, more remotely still, from the opposite side of tho basın of deposi. tion, 50 miles to the east, where lower tertiary stata riso to some little olovation at the base of the Rájpipla hills, formed of the Deccan trap These two suggestions ilustrate the considerations that may, as a last resource, be taken into account in spcculating upon artegian sources 12 Alluvial plurns --Tho Trant of water is nowhure more felt than in parts of the great alluvial plains of India, and all the deep borings in Northern India have been made in that region Nono other offers such . fair prospect of success althouglı hitherto the results have been disappointing Tho plains are correctly spoken of as alluvial as being still more or less subject to increase from inundation or atmospheric action, but these surface deposits are ofton in continuous sequence with similar underlying strata of great thickncss, and, no doubt, ranging in ago to early pleistoceno times These alluvial areas may be distinguished as of two kinds thero are extensivo upland valley plains, cntirely encompassed by hills or low rocky outcrops, and the plains of the great rivers terminating on the scaboard 13 Mulland plains the Narbaila Valley surface features Of tho midland plains we have a good examplo in tho country known as 'tho Narbada Valley, in the centre of the peninsula, stretching for about 200 miles between Jabalpur and Harda, with a width of about 20 miles. The elevations of theso two places are 1 351 51 and 946 75 feet' giving a total fall of a littlo over 400 fcet, or about 2 feet per mile Tho cross section of the valley equally indicates that its surface is due to actual, or very recept alluvial conditions although the main river, tho Narbada, enters the valley from the southern bulls, at the east end its course throughout the valley Lceps near to the northern sido, a fact no doubt connected with tho much greater influx of detrital matter from the south The watershed on tho north us along tho Vindhyno scarp, immediately overhanging the valley, wlula tho southern aflucnts of the Narbrda drain a largo area of the Satpura range, composed of much softer rocks than the Vindhyans On the branch lino to the mohpanı coal field there is a fall from 1,242 feet, at tho foot of tho southern lulls, to 1,157 72 at Gadarwura Junction, in a length of 11 miles, or about 7 fcct per mile 1! Recent erosion and its cause --Although the deposits of the Narbrir valley are the work of the casting rivers we have to note this prinary result as completed, so far as the chicf rivers aro concerned, and as having already undersona modification of a most important kind as regards artesian springs Tho Narbada and all its main allluents now flow in perin nubtly dened chanaclg well below tlie general surface, and noser inundato tlo adjoidugi unless in inoda of ac Thcso elevations were kindly give a to me by Mr J 11 Edwarls D strict Pagant, Olasag, at Jabalpur, Lioy afer to the level of the rails aborc mewu se datau ILILL ·(8) power, in the annual discharge of water; and this may be due either to an increased fall, or to an increased volume of water, or to a change in the regulation of the same total discharge from a distributed gradual escape, largely by percolation, to one taking place in concentrated floods. It is scarcely doubtful to which of these causes the actual conditions are to be assigned. An increased fall, whether by a lowering of the level of escape, or by a rise of the area of supply, would almost surely be detectable in the inequality of its effects at different points of the basin, either in the work done by the main river or of its affluents on either side; whereas the observed conditions of recent erosion occur about equally all over, where each stream enters the valley, as much as at the final point of discharge. The second cause may also be laid aside; there is nothing to support the supposition of a great increase of rainfall in late times. There is much l'eason to think that the effect under notice is attributable to the third cause mentioned, the increased rapidity of escape of the periodical rainfall , this being due to tie progressive deforesting of the land since prehistoric times with increase of population. The effect of this upon artesian springs will be mentioned presently. 15. Underground features of alluvial valleys. If we now attempt some conjectures as to the underground conditions upon which the chances of a water supply so much depend, we are at once confronted by the obscurity mentioned in para. 6. A first presumption regarding an alluvial valley is that it had under other conditions been excavated by the agencies which are now filling it up, the change of operation having been effected either by a suitable movement of the ground, or simply by the backward growth of deposits from the delta. Under this latter simplest, and perhaps commonest, condition' of alluvial deposition, one assumption can be made regarding the depth of the deposits, that the maximum depth in any cross-section is less thân that of any cross-section below it (down-stream), i.e., that the alluvial area is not a rock-basin one in which the bottom of hard rock is cupshaped, with interior depths greater than the lowest point of the enclosing barrier.' But this relative information is of no practical value without a knowledge of the maximum depth at any cross-section. A further uncertaicty arises from the great irregularity of surface-form produced by subaerial denudation, according to the texture and posture of the rocks acted on. For instance, the upper valley of the Damuda, between the gneissic plateaus of Ránchi and Hazáribagh, is chiefly occupied by detached basins of Gondwána strata, which the river and its affluents have carved into hills of various shapes, leaving some central masses of sandstone nearly as high as the adjoining uplands of metamorphic rocks. If this valley were to become filled with alluvium, the future well-sinker might think himself safe in choosing a central position for his boring; and at many places he might sink successfully to a depth of several hundred feet, whereas not far off, in what he might think more open and safer ground, his rods would strike rock near the surface, on what are now the Lagu and the Maudi bills of Gondwána sandstone. Thus, to return to the actual case of the Narbada valley, the fact that outcrops of rock only occur near to the north or south boundary gives very small presumption as to the depth of the deposits at any point. 16. Exemplified by the Narbada Valley.-Other causes besides the simple ones just mentioned, and more local in their effects, may have contributed to bring about the formation of an alluvial basin and to complicate the underground features. The Narbada valley would seem to be a case in 1 This is, of course, only true generally, and within moderate limits, for it is common to find in river beds a deep pool above a rock barrier; where soft or decomposable rock occurs above that forming the barrier; and it would be difficult to assign a limit to this action.

·T. Ltr 14,7 of vir sro of wild poizt; its kisters 3 erikad man hidup inimin tuli bat, but it will crre du har prat.info ******** area uccurs when this nre: sall 15brma l'intensitas forming the plaiesa of als Babu Seya tid til andre le the south, forming the highest va eft part in i Instytut once endeat that we are in the night and end of in anul 1146 featur, that the raller kun uut silupils un of the 1944 geological formation. The sercraves of the two finalmente alle on opposite sides of the ralloy is completo, u nmning of the lent near the other, and it is doublful if thor wrid vier ! fumatut in the region. They both rat with wtal unconformnty upon thu *** 2011 and gress'c rucks which aro son at a few places on the bustoso alt ut les and might thas appear to form thu xxl of the alluvial dostal Gondwanas and the Vindgans, witlun their nutritiviteit, bet gone compares httle disturlanco; but on this manent of the ilny text is ralos, there is much locil contortion 11 Hool lluita esamtene. Eu ziren riro to Aprculation ny to the pin wont loils of thin sedamento Curmations king due to greit musement and downto, lo i konstli tole thin mir alle stron www large bry Ist alamat Tinwiat seremal points tho upper Wilsof this son frá SCES 23 mil, mund tle lor lulls of introverfloor rou k to!!.. Evet ni tão ruiny, pris : that the original lumita nil toro deslo e prat27 Tu Te Attad timn. 'Iba's ca 14 Wit Norbi ir toute co toz Videos ta: the fact that the last och prsia ile monde manera of we arez with the town iss kortell of smile Properties in a strictly 0?" diatamente la alinunua na watu sud a Gente Lai Tuna nuo e subis zu.my - zapra" per trends 1 + / ܚܬ ܝ ܙ - - Tartu maante station ist 29 . .

·5 ( 10 ) Vindhyau plateau in Lower Bundelkhand. That area bad certainly been occupied by hills of gneiss when the Vindhyans were deposited, and it is equally certain that at the Deccan trap period it had been reduced to about its present level, the basalt being found in the low ground continuous with that on Vindhyans of the Ságar plateau (I. c., p. 16); and that result was chiefly, if not wholly, due to simple weathering (l. c., p. 95). We might then suppose that the same had occurred in the case of the Narbada valley, and that its re-excavation in the basaltic rock, on the old lines, was simply the effect of denudation. Thero would be nothing very forced in such a supposition, and, indeed, to a great extent it has to be adopted, but there are other facts that would not thus be accounted for. 18. Continued : the Sukakheri anl Gádarvára borings. The facts just referred to could not have been discovered from any observations at the surface; they have been brought to light by some trial borings for coal. It was conjectured that the Gondwána coal measures might have extended into valleys of the metamorphic hills, which formed the general boundary of the busin in this position, and borings were undertaken in the alluvium in front of the Dlohpáni coal-field, one at Sukakheri, 3 miles from the hills, and one at Gádarwára junction, 11 miles from the hills. The latter was sunk to a depth of 251 feet, and the former to 491 feet, altogether in alluvial deposits. The operations could not be carried further, and practically they answered the purpose for which they were undertaken, for it would scarcely be profitable at present to sink for coal through such a thickness of soft rock; but, of course, it still remains unknown what formation underlies the valley deposits at these 'points. The discovery of the great depth of the alluvium is, however, in itself a very interesting and unexpected fact, as showing that the alluvial basin of the Narbada valley is a rock-basin of considerable depth. The rock-bed of the Narbada at Hindia, a few miles north of Harda, may be about 100 feet lower than the surface at Harda; and thus it would be nearly 150 feet higher than the bottom of the bore-hole at Sukakheri (where the rock had not yet been touched), at a point 115 miles higher up the valley; and it cannot be assumed that the Sukakheri boring chanced upon the deepest point of the alluvial deposits. It may thus be fairly presumed that special subsidence contributed to the formation of the valley; and this contribution must have been made at a comparatively recent date, for it is introduced to account for the depression of the actual rock-surface beneath the alluvial covering Direct observation gives support to this supposition. Although, indeed, we find (as at Mohpáni) the basalt resting upon crushed and denuded lowest Gondwana beds close in front of the cliff of Upper Gondwana sandstone-showing that much of the disturbance and erosion affecting this formation had taken place before the Deccan trap period--yet there are numerous sections on the line of the southern edge of the Narbada valley to show that the trap itself has undergone much displacement in that position. 19. Continued : special obstacles to artesian springs. So much then for the geological discussion of the facts; we may now look to their bearing on the artesian well question. We are assured of a basin of quite unexpected dimensions, and most of the surface conditions seem favourable, yet in two borings of very considerable depth no sign of an artesian spring occurred. This would, indeed, be fully accounted for by the fact that neither boring An occasional passed through or touched any bed of porous material. pebble was brought up, but the whole mass passed through seems to consist of more or less impervious clay. I find it recorded in the boring journals that the hole had partly filled up again and had to be cleared out, but this 1 Manual of Geology of India, p. 87.

·( 11 ) scoms to have occurred where the rods were fær (sometimes 50 feet) ahead of the tubing, a fact in itself sufficiently proving the tenacity of the ground. We ought then consider the question as unaffected by theso experiments, but I think I can point out à circumstance which would, independently of the condition of a porous water-stratum, provent the occurience of an artesian spring at the general surf.co level of such a Falley as this, which 13, I imigine, as regude superficial features, typical of the midland alluvial arens of India The level to which water would rise in a boring depends primarily upon its level at the lead of supply, now although Sukahleri is 70 feet, and Gadarwara 84 feet, lower than the summit lorel on the brancli railway close to the foot of the bills, the Sitarıya river where at enters the allunum has cut its bed down to about 100 fect below the same level Tlus, of course, acts as a coinpleto draw upon the accumulation of underground water to a considerable depth: The only chance then of a spring using to the surface in such an area would seem to be from a source får up the valley I am not at all prepared to say that the expectation of such & sourco would be unreasonable, but for the probability that this pressure also would find a leal through bottom coarsu deposits to the sides of the valley at the lateral stream channels, and so undergo constant adjustment to the fall The cause of failure here noticed is analogous to that pointed out for the old rock basins at the end of para 8, and it is the effect of the recent erosion described in para 14 20 Coastal alluvial plains - The case of alluvial plaids ending at the sea is somewhat different from that of the apland valley plains In theso latter wo can seldom (previous to trial) count upon a greater depth of alluvial strata than the level of the rock bed at the point of discharge, in the former case there is no such limitation, and there would be a general probability of a depth increasing towards the sea margin There would, moreover, be a less chance of great inequalities of depth, for the floor upon which such deposits rest would for tho most part bave been prepared by marine denudation, wluch does its work in a more regular manner than atmospheric agencies The prospect thon of an artesian boring in a coastal alluvial region would, as regards primary conditions, be reduced to the con. sideration of the catchment area and rainfall 21 The Coromandel plains –The successful artesian borings at Pondi. cherry give a general illustration of the conditions under consideration, or at least of one phase of them The wholo Coromandel coast is fringed with alluvium, although at intervals between the principal rivers rocks come close to the shore, or eren touch it at a few points South of the Kistna none of the rivers of the peninsula are able to maintain an encroachung deltı, there seems a temporary neutrality established between them and the sea, for on its side the sea does no more than shake out and spread the alluvial matter it receives from the rivers, so that the sea bottom is almost a simple continuation of the alluvial plain At 10 miles from the shore the depth only varies between 20 and 30 fathoms, giving a slope of 1 in 400, or 15 feet in & mile Under such circumstances the shore line is very regular, almost straight, but inside it the roch margin of the alluvial plain is most ginuous, retreating rapidly inland between the low plateaus of tertiary sandstone that separate the main river basins back to the upland of gneissic roch, and far up the valleys of the pra pal streams From these highest beginnings of the alluvial area the principal nyers are, or have been till very recently, in the distributing phase of action, re sending off distributaries, or flood tyater subsidiary channels, any one of which Atad stance of a quarter inile the bed of the Salar 18 95 feet below the level at thc Gadarnára Loring ·( 12 ) may, according to circumstances, be adopted as the main channel, the old one being abandoned. This feature is a necessary condition of a depositing river, for when the stream acts principally as an agent of erosion, it necessarily deepens its channel and fixes its position permanently. Thus it is evident that this plain is of the most recent formation. 22. The Pondicherry borings.Pondicherry is situated on the shore, at the extremo nortlı-east corner of one of these plains, where the alluvium runs up like a wedge between the sea and the rounded south-east edge of the low platean of tertiary sandstone, which is only 2 miles distant from the town. To the south, for a width of about 15 miles, the plain has a depth (from the shore line) of about 25 miles, with a mean slope of about 5 feet in a mile. To all appearance Pondicherry is thus least favourably placed as regards an under-ground water-supply from the alluvium; but Dons. C. Poulain, the enterprising manager of the Savana factory, undertook the experiment with entire confidence, and was rewarded with success. There are now three artesian wells in continuous operation within a circle of 600 yards radius, close to the sea. The surface at the wells is only from 6 to feet above mean sea level, the extreme tidal range being (for Dladras) 5 feet 4 inches. In one case the artesian water rose to a height of 15 feet above sea level: Artesian wells at Pondicherry. Position. Discharge, Dinineter of Temperature, Depth, feet. gallons per tube, inches. Lahr, minute, 914 1. I.Savana II.-Upálen IU-Jardin d'acclimatation 174 119 261 30 100 1465 5057 7.08 10:23 ... 93.74 Generalised section of well No. III, Depth. Thickuess. No. Feet. Deot. 15 27 36 40 52 89 -101 110 158 180 198 217 235 242 261 10 13 9 4 12 37 12 9 48 22 18 19 18 7 19 Soil. 1 Clayey sands. 2 Alternating coarse sands. 3 Black clay aud fine sand. 4 Clayey sands. 5 Clean sand. 6 Black clays, some sandy. 7 Alternating sand and clay. 8 Sandy clay and sand. 9 Black clay. 10 | Five earthy sand. 11 Coarse sand, partly ferruginous. 12 White sand, earthy, and conglomeratic. 13 Sand and ferruginous grit. 14 Fine sand. 15 Sand, gravelly and ferruginous. Decayed wood was brought up from several of these bands, 2, 5, 13, 14, and 15; and also fragments of shells, presumably marine, from No. 9. There is a decided correspondence in the sections of the three wells, the black clay bands Nos. 6 and 9 being well represented in all, and indicating a steady ·( 11 ) some of $2.nter nt waterer depth. A good instance of how rapidly und fciually this duty is parformee may be qnoted from Madras: a tido ovom lindur was sunk in alnut 12 fuel on the sliore close to the high- Informrk, and it Olcrl witli fresh water. I 25. 112: Lil: linnish olimlabad. In the report of the Com. anittar ein the jupujeet for the Colentia boringº I find the following mention of partly sure sal artesian boring in an alluvial area of Western Inulis : "fliik: drawing up our report, we hear of the cminent good fortune which lica niendel Lieutenant Fulljames' attempts in Guzerát, at Alime- 01:17401,9 write water rusher np with great force through the tubes to the rule'nt of the insperienced in such matters. The soil in the plains of Cinzeit in sus samly an unrientire of moisture that most of the Trells Huawe* ?.puth exceeling 100 fret, The boring was commaenced at the Imtfritt of an almonol yell." I hare not succeeded is finding any Suriber iníormntion numarding this boring (see note 3, p. 6), and probably the 1:43 Anter!!! of the quotation explains this defect, in that the spring 1234 only partially anesian, and never reached the surface. This is an impurtant **-{1794 alat is not known of in many districts where it might 1 of 1140. I hare krvni told that in parts of North-western India it is the pyractice to excarnte wells down to n certain bed of clay, and to bore a hole in this, thrungli which the water rises to a more or less constant height, 07. I.), !!...The familiar word 'delta' is most inconrcniently raguo 05. terin vf physical grgunplay, being based npon qnite a special combination of conditions, thü essentials of which commonly occur without juti vincing manistling like what is generally understood as a delta. delta. A strict & finition of the turnt would be the area embraced between the extreme distriliniarins of a river and the sea. In the case of the Nile the land so airlinei diu furin ricarly an equi-lateral triangle, and lience the name from the inek bitrr A. The worl always implies proximity to the sea, but the Chal point of the feature is the permanent dividing of the raters of the river, sad this may occur anywhere in the alluvial area, horerer far from the fol. To take an extreme instance: there was almost certainly ? tiores (121111 ir viçit recur lit fur luran interference) then the Jumna divilul its waters near the sub-llimalayan zone, sending some to the Anbian Stand some to the B:15 of Bengal, and thus the whole of peninsular India would be included in its delta, as abore defined ; or again, most of the coastal plains of the Coromandel, as already described, are deltaic, as enmeel liy the distributaries of the principal rirers; but they have a much greater since than obtains under the flusio-marine conditions of the true delia, which may be described as the extreme form of allurial ground, where deposition from inundation merges into deposition in a water-basin. In the lower parts of a delta all except the topmost layers mnst be of the latter kind, esecpt where depression has intervened to sink a land surface below the sea level. Eren as thus described, deltas Tary greatly from the point of ries of artesian conditions. Diere size is an important consideration, hcre, inrolving as it does the greater or less prolongation of the strata with a minimum slope and having a mininum capacity is water-benring. 28. The Calcuttı boring. The foregoing reflcctions may go far to explain 1 Information from Captain Bainl, R.E., in charge of tidal observations: "I hare, I think, circu all the important facts of the experience at Pondicherry; for further particulars reference in:y be made to Reconls, Geological Survey of India, Vol. VII, pp. 113 and 191." Jour., As. Soc., Bongal, 1833, Vol. II, p. 372. 3 The eleration of almedabad is 193 fcet; the distance from thc head of tuc Gulf of Cawlay is 50 miles. 1 ·( 15 ) thofulare of the artesian boring at Calcutta in 1838, with the inference tlust in such a case thicre may be no chance of success Calcuttr, although 70 miles from the sea is far within the tidal area of the delta, the nearest edgo of the alluvial basın is about 80 miles distant to the west, a large portion of harcal head of the delta, 18 170 miles to the north Calcutta the strata are 19 nearly horizontal as any deposits can be, where, of course, any residue of pressuro from the head is of the smallest It may be, too, that in such very fresh deposits still in great part under water, consolidation has been so partial that diffusion of water from the lowest beds can sensibly take effect tlıroughout the mass Some sach inferences are, I think, the lesson to be taken from the boring hopeless The folloi from the account by Calcutta Journal of Naltrui aiswry ( YUR, P 04+, 10+1) • Section of the Tort IVilliam Boring April 1836 to September 1838 Depth Thickness No 10 50 het 10 40 60 75 120 12 128 150 175 183 203 208 380 10 15 45 5 3 22 25 8 22 3 172 1 Artificial soil 2 Blue ad esive clay, becomes durher from carbonaceous matter till bet een 30 to 50 foet largo pieces of peat weru brought up 3 Calcareous clay, with kathar 4 Silicious clay green at top lower portion with kankar 5 Variegated sandy clay, with layers of bank or 6 ) Mar 7 Frable sand, carthy 8 Marl 9 Sandy clay with gruins of laterite 10 Quartz gravel finer below 11 Hard ferruginons clay 12 Sind more or less indurted 13 Ferruginous sind with calcarcons carthy 12yors kankar and pebbles of primary rocks are frequent in the lower part, where also fossil bones occurred 14 Blue marl with shells 15 Peaty clay, rolleul fragments of conl at base 16 Sand with pebbles of primary rocks, fossil bones, and decayal wood 382 892 481 2 10 89 To all appearance the alternation of beds in this section is very furonr. able for an artesian effect, and of course upon the withdrawal of stoff from the tube there was a continuous inrush of semi fluid sand from the beds 7, 10 and 16, it was the chief difficulty in the prosecution of the operation, but the water seems never to have risen above the ordinary level of the upper ground water, which varied from 10 to 12 feet from the surface according to the season The frequent occurrence of decayed wood, and especially of bones, down to the lowest beds reached is very remarkable, showing that the deposits there are far from being fully, if at all, marine At the bottom of the bore the pebbles (mentioned in the section) were of cather ebb to the ulcatta boring but from a drawing to scale of the cylinder let down as a last resource to frce the hole by exy Insion tho mtcri al ili imeter of the tube nt the love t depth must have becu at Icast 6 inches, and it would scum that only one tule was used throughout ·( 16 ) Jarge size; it was in the endeavour to break these stones, to admit of the further penetration of the tube, that the tools became inextricably stuck, and the operation brought to an end. The presence of these large stones of primary rocks is the most exceptional fact brought to light by the boring, as compared with what would now be possible in this position. It seems to l'equire the presence of rocks in situ much nearer than could have been suspected from the surface features, if, indeed, it do not indicate the local base of the deltaic deposits. 29. Borings at Venice, for comparison. It may be well to give for comparison an instance of successful artesian borings in deltaic ground. Sis frenrs after the breakdown of the Calcutta experiment, Mons. Degousée, the cminent French engincer of artesian borings, proposed to substitute artesian wells for the rain-water cisterns upon which Venice had litherto chiefly depended for its water-supply. Venice is not in the delta of a great river, İying well to the north of the mouths of the Po and the Adige; it stands in the confluent deltas of a number of smaller Alpine streams, but the conditions of formation are the same. From the inner border of the lagoons there is a fridging area of flat allurial ground, having a minimnm width of about 10 miles to the north-west of Venice. Between this and the foot of the mountains there is a zone, 16 to 20 miles wide, of higher ground formed of coarser gravelly deposits, the preglacial "diluvium of local geologists, bat with undisturbed stratification, and presumably passing indefinitely beneath the alluvium. Itabsorbs much water from the Alpine streams, and M. Degousée, in his preliminary investigation, looked to these deposits for his water-supply. In this, however, he was mistakerà; at least no such rock was struck in the bore; the discharge came from typically deltaic deposits. A. Degousée also recognised the importance of the fact that the fluviomarine deposits themselves stretched for a great distance beneath the sea at a gentle slope, the 25 fathom line being nearly 50 miles from shore. In several borings a copious discharge took place from a depth of about 200 feet, the hydrostatic level rising to about 9 feet above that of the lagoons. A free escape of inflammable hydrocarbons with sulphurous gas accompanied the water. From these facts, and the proportion of nitrogenous organic inatter in the water, it was presumed that the source of the supply was in the marshy ground of the alluvial area; but this may, I think, be doubted; there is abundance of organic matter in the beds themselves for the production of those ingredients, and the rise of rater rather suggests that the Tater stratum is the deltaic prolongation of the gravel deposits of the inner slopes; this may, indeed, have been Mons. Degousée's view of it, only it is not so expressed. In hopes of finding a purer source, one of the borings was continued to a depth of 422 feet, but without any further success. The following is a section of this deeper boring. The upper beds correspond with those found in all the borings: Section of Artesian boring: Piazza Santa Dlaria Formosa, Tenice. Depth. Thickness, No. Metres. 10 4.50 4.75 50 9.0 15.0 Metres. 100 3:50 0.25 1 Made ground. 2 Earthy calcareous sand, marine shells. 3 Grey sandy clay, 4 Layer of inarine shells. 5 Clay, blue and yellow. 6 Sand, fine, silicio-calcareous. 6.0 C. A. de Challaye: Bull. Soc., Géol. de France, 2nd Ser., Vol. V.(1817-43), p. 23.

·( 17 ) Depth Thickaess No Metres 3 50 9 99 Metres 18 50 20 30 21 70 23 50 2430 25 80 27 50 29 20 310 31 75 33 80 45 50 4600 480 48 23 52 50 53 0 53 23 56 50 57 30 57 60 600 76 50 800 80 20 82-30 84 85 850 86 50 105 50 1.80 1 40 180 0 80 1 20 20 170 1 80 075 205 11 70 050 20 025 4 25 0 50 023 3 27 0 80 030 2 40 16 50 3 50 020 91 > 3 7 Sind, bluisii, running, 8 Clay, grey, marly 9 Sand 10 Clay 1l Sani 12 Clay 13 Sand 14 Clay, party 15 white, finn 10 peaty, mcaccous 17 marly, firm 18 Sand, earthy, compact 19 Clay, white, lovse 20 penty 21 wbito looº, runnmg 23 white anl perty 26 white compact 25 Sand, carthy, micuceous 26 Clay, grey, loose 27 peaty. 29 sandy, white, micaceous 29 Sand, grey, micaceous, running Tater bed. 30 Clay, white, calcareous, marine shells 31 pesty 32 grey, running 33 Sand, grey, very fine 34 Peat, dry, light 35 Clay, greenish grey 36 Sund, coarsish, running, with calcareous gravel and decayed WOON 37 Clay, grey, light 38 Sand, very micaceous, marine shells 39 40 Clay, bluish, light 41 Peat, earthy 42 Clay, grey, peaty. 43 Sand, grey, micaceous 9) 2-70 195 0-15 150 190 11290 1190 125 0 126 50 126 80 13041 232 12 140 610 60 1 50 0 30 361 Very fine The layers of peat (Nos 14, 20, 34, and 41) are taken to mark four te acts of subsidence of must now attempt to notice the features of the great Indo.Gangetic plains, though for the special object in view the data of observation are very scanty: In respect of the mth that of the coastal able those discussed for ial plains of the Ganges occupy a great valley between the rocks of peninsular India on the south and the Himalaya on the north As might be expected, the Himalayan rivers play a completely dominant part in the formation and occupation of these plains The Jumana, wich is the most western afluent of the eastern 1 It may be interesting to mention that fire sets of pipes tal to be used in this bar of the following dimensions (in metres) - L 6 Diameter Length 11 JII 02 im ots 1280 ·( 18 ) river-system, leaves the Siwalik hills at a level of 1,100 feet, 1 flows with a westerly curve to Delhi (700 feet), 120 miles to south-by-west of the gorge; here it touches one of the most northerly extensions of the Aryali rocks. From Delhi it flows to south-by-east for 110 miles to Agra (550 feet), where Vindhyan rocks are close by, and thence on to east-south-east for 260 miles to Allahabad (320 feet), where it joins the Ganges. A little above Allahabad the river again touches the southern rocks (Vindhyans), and repeatedly in its due easterly course for 370 miles to below Sahebganj, where it turns to the south, nearly at right angles, round the north-eastern extremity of the Rájmahal bills (ånd of the peninsular rock area), into the deltaic region. The elevation here is reduced to about 120 feet. There is a corresponding gradual decrease of elevation eastwards along the upper edge of the plains at the base of the Siwalik (sub-Himalayan) range. At Hardwár, on the Ganges (40 miles east of the Jumna gorge), the height is 950 feet, and at the foot of the Sikkim Himalayas, nearly due north of Sahebganj, the level of the Teesta at the mouth of its gorge may be about 500 feet. The following table of levels along the Northern Bengal State Railway, which runs in a nearly north and south direction from Siliguri (about 8 miles from the foot of the mountains) to Sara on the left bank of the Ganges near the head of the delta, gives an instructive section of the plains in this position, showing that for a distance of 60 miles to the north the ground is actually lower than on the banks of the great river :- Height. Distance. Place. From here to Jalpaiguri the line runs to southeast. Close to riglt bank of the Teesta. Ditto, 33 miles to east, Kaunia on the Tcesta is 111.22 Teet. 4:22:18 322.91 276.93 257.12 238:00 214.28 186-16 166-80 145-53 140.21 121.99 109.13 102:59 79.96 73.25 76-34 64.97 47.49 49-10 46:04 4730 49.90 47.56 57.10 53.73 55:31 Miles, 196 183 173 167 159.5 153 143.25 132.75 124 120-5 111.25 100 92.75 84-75 785 72.25 63 545 51-5 46.75 38.75 32-75 24 16.25 8.75 1 Siliguri Shikarpur. Jalpaiguri . Mundolghat Haldibari, Chilahati. Domer. Nilphamari. Darwani. Saidpur. Parbatipur Phulbari. Birampur, Hillee. Panclıbibi. Jaipur. Nawabganj, Chaitangram. Sultanpur. Raninagar. Atrai. Madhanagar. Nattore. Malanchi. Gopalpur. Sara + I mile from Ganges : 112 milcs below (south-east of) thic Silcbgonj lend. 1 These clovations and many others throughout this paper nre taken from the perfectly accurato ineasurements recorded on the maps of the Survey of India; but there is often some doubt whether the height recorded may not be the top of a house or other point of trigonometrical observation. 3 ·( 19 ) 31 The weslern system -The western river system is much more simple all the five rivers of the Punjab (the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chinab, and Jhelum), and their great confluent, the Indus, follow a more or less direct rourse from the bulls to the sea The Sutlcj is the chief exception to this rulo from Rupır, where it leaves the Suwalhs, at an elevation of 875 feet, t floss westwards for about 100 miles to its junction with the Beas, near Sobraon At l'erozepore, 30 miles below tlus junction, the plains' level is 645 feet at Bah. walpur, 212 miles lower down and 70 miles above the con- Huence with the Indas, the elovation is 375 feet 32 The Divide'-Tho ground between these two river systems 18 in respect of its drunago the most peculiar portion of the Indo Gangetic plaing It cannot be called a watershed, for no rivulet from it rius into eitlier the Jumna or tho Sutlej, and, except along the very base of the hills where alluvial accumulations have raised the surface considerably above the level of the great rivers at their gorges,' the highest gronnd on any longitudinal section of the pluing is found at the old alluvial banks of the Jamna Thus, on the section at about 20 miles from the base of the hills, passing through Ambala and Saharanpur, the levels on the old Jumna banks are 928 feet and 024 feet, that of the intervening valley being 876, at the banks of the Marhandy (the nearest minor river to the west) the level is 913 feet falling off to 905 at Ambala and 871 about Sırhınd, at the Hindan (the first stream east of the Jumna) the level is 910 fect, falling off to 900 feet at Saharanpur and 884 at Rurki (Roorkee) The level of the Sutlej at Ludhiana 18 about the same as that of the Jumna at Karnal, the latter being twice as far from the hills This area between the Jumna and the Sutlej has, in fact, the same configuration as any other parallel segment of the plains It 18 75 miles wide between the gorges, but owing to the divergent directions of these two rivers it rapidly widens, on a parallel line through Delhi the Jumna and Sutlej are 230 miles apart Two considerable streams, the Mar handa and the Ghaggar, and many minor ones, leave the bills within this area, and flow straight away seawards, but they are nearly expended by --the south boundary of the province, Bickanır It is easy, however, to inag by and more obscured by the ever encroaching west A line or band of minimum clevation is determined where tho alluvnl spill from the Arvalı axis meets that from the Himalaya The 700 feet contour at Delhi can be followed to the west by north a little south of Rohtak and of Hissar, the surface rising from it both to north and south Between Hiss ir and Sirsa at bifurcates, going north porth west along the Himalayan spill to south of Lahore (709 feet), and curving to the south- West along the Aryalı spill to the west of Bichanır (715 feet) 33 Recent erosion - The whole of these Indo Gangetic plains are then of Very recent alluvial formation But here too we find the same feature as already noticed in the case of the midland alluvial areas the greater part of the plains, and most markedly in the marginal zone, the land is not now subject to inundatır at for them. selves permanent posits, which are generally expos the present inundation valley f land have bccomo current in the Anglo Indian vernacular 11 adar for the inuadation valley, and bhangar for the upland. The word doab (two waters) for the At tio Mol an pase midsay betwren the Junva and the Googes the top of the diluvial slope hus an clevation of 1,100 feet na 1 1. mil ·( 20 ) arca between a pair of confluent rivers is also a familiar term in India; it is in a manner tho converse of the word delta. Various explanations of this altered condition of the plains may be attempted by means of earth movements; and such causes bave presumably operated locally within the period in question; but I am inclined to account for the feature as in the case of the Narbada valley (para. 14), by the general deforesting of the country that has been steadily in progress since prehistoric times, and the great disturbance thereby effected in the regulation of atmospheric waters. The equable universality of the fact is greatly in favour of such an explanation. The obvious effect of this superficial, condition in lowering the head of water available for artesian springs has been already mentioned (para. 19), although the direct action of the prime cause in lowering the spring level in the plains scems to have outdone this secondary effect, as will be pointed out in the case of the Jumna. 34. The water-head zone, eastern area. With the partial exception mentioned in the last paragraph the configuration and, as far as can be seen, the construction of those great plains are as favourable as any original basin could be for the success of artesian borings. Leaving out of count, as we may for the present, the comparatively insignificant areas of the southern tributaries, we have a great inclined plain with a gradually increasing slope, up to as much as 50 feet in a mile, next the mountains. This highest and stcepest zone, for a width of 10 to 12 miles, is formed of boulders, gravel, and sand of various degrees of coarseness, and may be appropriately described as diluvial as distinguished from the alluvium of more tranquil deposition. It is locally called the bhábar, or forest belt; it is naturally very pervious to water, so much so that minor streams, unless when in flood, are wholly absorbed in it. Outside this zone, where the coarser deposits end, and the slope is reduced to about 12 feet in the mile, there is a copious outflow of springs producing a second zone, of specially swampy ground with corresponding vegetation, and well known as the tarai ; it gradually merges into the more habitable area. It used to be supposed that the tarai occupied an actual depression, until simple levelling showed it to have the very considerable slope of 12 feet in the mile, the marshy condition being fully-accounted for by the continuous supply of surface water from the bhábar. The latest popular misrepresentation of this phenomenon describes the boulder deposits of the brábar as resting in an actual basin of impervious clay, from the outer rim of which the water absorbed on the upper side is discharged again into thie tarai. Such an arrangement would, I need hardly say, put an end to speculation as to artesian wells in the plains. It is, however, presumable that this highest zone of the plains deposits is almost exclusively formed to its very base of like coarser materials; that near the base such deposits extend to a much greater distance than at the present surface; and that they are there in continuous connection with similar beds underlying the plaius in more or less continuously througbout. No doubt, as the formation grow thickness the coarse beds became accumulated at the steeper edge of deposition, and at their outer limit were freely interbedded with the finer deposits, so that at any point a bed of clay may be found passing onder the upper beds of the bhábar gravels; but there can scarcely be a doubt that on tho whole the distribution is as I have described it. From this point of view the tarai springs become simply the overflow from the fully charged lower water-bearing strata throughout the formation; and this level may bo takon as the minimum "head" from which an artesian spring may be expected at any point in the plains. ? The Tarai District: E, T, Atkinson. Governmont Press, North-Western Provinces, 1877.

·( 21 ) 17 35 Different condition of western area Unfortunately this gange is not available where it is most wanted the taraż does not occur to the west of the Ganges ctions of the two section for 12 mile road, and II, a section in the same position on the Sahiranpur Mussoorie road, the lowest figuro in No I bewg at the outer edge of the tara, and ending at 12 miles from Haldwánı at the foot of the hills, in No II the highest level begins at 12 miles from the foot of the Siwalıks at Mohan both are taken from the level charts of the Survey of India 1 II 1791 979 63 The exceptional cases showing a 763 -29 974 79 -486 rise are probably on bridges or 746 -17 965 -979 other artificial surface 724 -22 917 27 -17 73 712 910 62 --665 701 935 13 549 680 -21 928 30 683 682 +2 927 68 062 678 920 77 -691 677 916 79 --398 662 15 905 -1179 658 912 07 +707 651 87 --613 905 --707 The total fall on the taraı section is 139 13 feet and on the parallel section to the west only 79 65 This great contrast of surfrce conditions seems to be fully accounted for by the relative efficiency of tho agents of denudation in the two regions In the eastern river system there is actually and relatively far more water-power at worl, and this difference is increased upon the water in the western protected by vegetation, but the 601 nore developed, so that the amount equal areng is much greater The effect seems imperceptible in the open plains for example, the level (408 feet) at Multan, about 300 miles distant from Madhopur at the gorge of the Ravı' (the central one of the five Punjab rivers) 18 the same as that at an equal distance, half-way between Cawapore and Futtebpur, below Hardwár, at the gorge of the Ganges. It is naturally near the hills that the citect 18 seen, where tnu surplus 'burden is left benınd, to be attected only by the feeble action of a moderate rainfall and the irregular action of the wind For an excellent description of the conditions ander notice referenca may be made to Mir B H Baden-Powell's account of the chos, or sandybedded torrents, from the Siwalıks in the Hoshiárpur district % Under such circumstances a tarai 18, of course, out of the question 36 The water head level in uestern area - The distribution of the underground water in these north-western plains is a very obscure question, and å most important one in the present inquiry, The few facts I can quote relating to it indicato how variable it i Dary observation In 1878 I noticed a v head of the boulder zone, close to the rau (torrent), 8 mul west of Mohan, about midway between the Jumaa and the Ganges A considerablo depth had already been attained, alto. The flood level nt Malliopur is 1,146 feet, that of the old gravel bank being 1,197 fect (informatınn hindly supplied by Mr H Garbett, Superintending Engineer) * Selectious from the Recorts of the Government of the Punjab, new series, No XT, 1879, 1 by the are & LIT 12 + 3 ·( 22 ) gether in coarse honlıler gratel; and I have been informed of the progress up to date through tle kinness of Captain Baily, R.L., Conservator of l'orests. On the 11th December last the total depth was 197 feet 9 inches with 1 foot 9 inches of water; by the 5th of March the water had increased to 2 feet 8 inches, but fell again rapidly, and by the 12th of May the well was nicarly dry. There remained another full month of the driest and hotirst weather, bnt it would seem that the depth of 200-feet may be taken as pruity nearly tho permanent water level at this point. The elevation of the Surface can be little less that at Nolan (1,400 feet), which is about the greatest clevation of the recent deposits along the whole Himalayan border. According to preceding considerations, this level of 1,200 feet would be a maximum limit of the lead' from which the underground distribution is regulated. We have not far to go for a qualifying observation. An account is given by Lieutenant W. L. Baker (Engineers) of the sinking of a well on tho right bank of the Jumna at Ráyanvála, near the base of the Siwaliks. It is 3 miles below Hátníkúnd, where the deposits terminate within the open gorge of the river, but the elevation is still 1,052 feet. T'lic surfacc is less than 10 feet over the water in the river, and only 60 yards from thic edge, but the well was sunk through boulders, gravel, and sand for 60 fect without finding water. Lieutenant Baker mentions the fact as an anomalous instance of the impermeability of the coarse river deposits at this spot, contrasting it with what takes place in the similar deposits of the bhábar east of the Ganges, as already noticed. This is of course an erroneous impression: there is a deep and rapid current in the Jnmna at Ráyanwála, and the traction of the stream does not give any particle of the water timo to change its course and sink into the ground. The case is very different for small streams spreading out over the surface. Another well was sunk through the very same deposits at Chandpur, only 400 yards from the bank at Ráyanvála, the surface being 14 feet over the water in the river. In this well a permanent water lerel was found at a depth of 80 feet, 66 feet below the water in the river, or at a reduced lerel of about 972 feet. These observations are very interesting, as showing that the river valleys lave no present effect (at least in the bhábar zone) in draining the deep ground-Trater from the adjoining uplands, their natural action in this way being outdone by the drain towards the plains. We may then perhaps take this Chándpur well as giving a lowest limit (972 feet) for the head of water from which the deep lying strata to the south may drar their supply. It is presumable that in parallel sections away from the river tuis lerel would not be so low, the great facility of drainage in tho khádar of the river taking greatest effect on the ground immediately to the north. 37. Ground-water distribution away from the hills. À seemingly analogous case to that of the Chándpur well, but where it might be less expected in the lowest ground in the plains' section has been brought to my notice by Captain J. C. Ross, R.E., from observations made during the construction of an 'escape' into the Jumna from the southern branch of the great Ganges canal above Etávah, 250 miles to south-south-east of Chandpur. The banks of the river here present a most intricate maze of deep narroir ravines worn by the raincash in the edge of the bhángar, the level of which, at a short distance from the river, is 517 feet. The levels of the surface and of the ground-water giren in the following table are taken among these ravines. The flood level of the Jumna here is about 410 feet and its lowest level about 391 feet. 1 Jour., Ås. Soc., Bengnl, Vol. VI (1837), p. 54.

·( 23 ) Watce levels Level of ground Intervals Distance Feet Juna river 817 500 1 2 3 4 5 6 394 54 394 21 39443 39111 393 74 391 63 385 45 39131 401 48 422 66 Feet 0 317 817 1,317 1817 2 317 2 817 5365 7,438 9016 500 500 500 500 2548 2 073 1,578 410 05 416 36 430 32 410 49 Area In No 7 of this table we find, at a distance of about 940 yards from the river, u position of lowest water level, more than 9 feet lower than the water in the river, and 25 feet from the surface The steady rise of the water level from this line towards the river shows that this is distinctly a source of percolation, and the more rapid rise towards the upland to tho north indicates the much higher area, where, in fact, the permanent feet from the surface, or at a red the ground water in uplands towards deep river channels is a familiar fact, it is the natural operation of the conditions upon which all drainage worbs are brised There is an excellent illustration of this in a paper by Leute nunt W E Baker (Engincers), on an oblique section of the pluds butweon Karnal on the Jumna und Ludhiana on the Sutlej? The figured section shows the depths of the wells along the lino, and how markedly that depth increases as the rivers are approached The generi understanding of this feature is that below that decp well water level the whole ground 19 permanently stocked with water in the permeable strata If this were the case the main rrers should give a minimum water level for tho wholo and the fact brought to notice by Captain Ross must thon represent an actual removal of water at the surface, for which the only assignable cruso would be evaporation I am not prepared to say that this is impossıblo, I have elsewhere made large demands upon the climatal conditions of this part of India, and these conditions must be concentrated among the steep bare surfaces of clay and sand in the ravines of the Jumna, percolation is, moreover, a slow process in such fine deposits Tbe alternativo inference would be that below the river bed, and practically isolated hangrr aren, or in which to establish a percolation slope from the Jumpa of nearly 18 feet in the mile The line of lowest ground water (No 7 of the table) would be where this plane of under ground drunage intersccted that of the apland water table So far within the basın of the eastern river system there is some difficulty, in ely presumable that beneath the Gan. remarks can, howeven, buluy duell Lue quesllou UL ULEP Jalstal spilogs, unless as showing that the source of such springs must be cut off from the waterless ground referred to 1 Jour , As Soc , Bengal Vol 1X (1814 088 * Ou tle Reh soils of Ui per la , Iccords, G S I (1990) VI VIIT, I ·( 21 ) 38. Desiccated ground south of the Punjab plains : Bickanir wells. In the basin of the western river-system there would be no necd for hesitation in assuming the deep cshaustion of water from the surface. The following translation of a native description of the wells in Bickanír will give a good iden of the desiccated ground lying to the south of the plains of the Panjab. The area is almost all within tho alluvial spill from the Aryali, but the doposits nre quite continuous with those of the spill from the north; the change from one to the other can only be detected by a levelling instrument. The acconut was sent to me by Colonel C. A. Mcllahon in 1874: it is as follows " Within the city of Bickanir there are 14. vells, the water of eight of which is sweet, and of six brackish. Outside the city there are 24 wells, the water of two of which is slightly brackish, and of the remaining 22 street. In the Fort there are four wells, all of which yield street water. There are, therefore, in all 42 wells. Each of the tells inside the city is 60 purs or 309 hath (cubits) deep. The wells outside the city and in the Fort are 50 purs or 250 cubits deep. When a well is dug various kinds of carth are found. First grarelly, which is called "marand" in this country, to a depth of 6 or 6 cubits; next, sccah matti (black earth), varying from 15 to 20 • cubits in depth; next, safaid matti (calcareous chalky or white earth), froin 80 to 100 cubits deep; next, panjrangi matti (fire-coloured earth), to a depth of 40 to 50 cubits; after that comes peelcc matti (yellow earth), 70 or 80 cubits deep; next, sangrcza matli sme(grarel mixed with earth) to a depth of 30 to 40 cubits; and lastly, a kind of soft rock, zamin do- pathar, 5 or 6 cabits deep, is reached, after Thich a spring is arrived at. The cost of sinking a mell is from Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 10,000. Níost of the tells have two drawing wlieels; some have four; and one, known as “Alak Ságar," has eight drawing wheels. This last cost about a lac of rapces, and its water is that generally nsed by the city people, who obtain the same by paying to the múlees who draw the rell at the following rates: for 1 small pice a matka (or large carthen jar), 1 rupee for 12 bullock pakhal2 or 5 camel pakhalfals. The wells are all worked day and night, and not withstanding this the water is inerbaustible. In the villages between Bickanir and Lujapgarh (75 miles to east-southeast), as well as in those betweon Bickanir and Nagour (62 miles to south-south-east), and between Bickanir and Jaisalmir (160 miles to west-south-west) wells are 80 purs or 400 cubits deep: and between Anupgarh (80 miles to north) and Bickanir they are 200 cubits in depth." At the same time as this document a specimen was sent from the Political Agent at Bickanir; it had been taken from the bottom of a well that lad recently been sunk to a depth of 370 haths, and Colonel McMahon states that he was informed that the Bickanir hath is equal to about 21 inches. At this scale the well in question would be 647 feet deep; but eren taking the cubit to be 18 inches the depth would be 555 feet. It was quite indeterminable whether the "soft rock” from the bottom was a decomposed sandstone or a partially consolidated bed of the alluvial deposits. There is, indeed, no reliable information regarding the geology of Bickanir. In the recently (1879) published official Rájputána Gazetteer (Vol. I, p. 182), it is stated that "the city of Bickanir is built upon a rock formation," and that "it is considerably higher than the surrounding heavy sand tract and is composed of sandstone." On the large scale map of the city of Bickanir, lately issued by the Survey of India, there is clear indication of low flat hilly ground immediately to the sonth of the city; it is not improbably a small outlier (or inlier, if we regard the alluvium as a formation of the horizontal Vindhyan rocks. There are numerous heights marked on this map; the highest is 799 feet in this ground, and the lowest is 715 to the north-east of the city. I cannot, howerer, think that any of the city wells, as described in the foregoing note, are in the old rock. As 1 A pakunl is a pair of large leather bags or packs for mater-carrying inden on animals.

·In enquiries 1 TV CL ( 25 ) regards the point now under consideration the question is not of importance, as in either case the source of water would be the samo 39 Underground features of the great plains - It is necessary to say sometlung regarding the underground conditions of the basın for artesian water the usual first question is as to the depth, and because in many cases thus can be answered with considerable acenracy, a vagne answer is received as a mark of imbecility I bave explained in par G how this is the essential difference between the two classes of artesian sonrces and a good illastration of this practical difficulty, supported by trial borings, was given in the case of the Narbada valley" (paras 16, 17, 18) In the case of the Indo Gangetic plains this question may be said to present the leading puzzle in Indian geology--to give an account of the relations between the highly contrasting rock features of peninsular and extra-peninsular India all direct observation of the connecting structural features being concelled by the alluvial deposits of the in. tervening plains A few statements will show how the matter stands AII the rocks in contact with the alluvium on the south are of immense antiquity, the small patch of the Gondwana formation at tho extreme cast in the Rajmahal hills being the newest, and it is of middle secondary ago whereas, on the north of the plains, there is a prodigious thickness of Dewest tertiary deposits Again on the south none but the oldest rocks of all, the transition and metamorpluc, havo undergono more than local disturbance, while on the north the newest strata exhibit extreme disturbance througho the rock surface on severally and face, and in thus cise there can be no doubt as to the very strong and late nction of crust movements on one side of the area From the absence in the peninsular area of any trice of that disturbance, or of the rocks upon which it operated, it seems probable that the conditions of that area extend for a considerable distance northwards, and that the plains on the south are underlaid possibly at no very great depth, by gneissic rocks there are inliers of gneiss and granite appearing through the allavium to the north of the transition racks in Bahar, and the structure of the Vindhyan basın suggests that its present northern scarp, overlook ing the alluvion between the Jumna and the Sone, is not far from its original boundary in this direction and that there also tho gneiss is close by This inference has to be qualified by another The great antiqnity of the southern area does not refer only to the age of the rocks found there, as already mentioned but also to the actual configuration of that area In the discussion of the Narbada valley case (para 17), it was shown that the gneissic area of Lower Bundelkhand was very much what at 18 DOW in the Deccan trap period (upper cretaceous), a bag of a great basın to the north Again, far to the east in the actual river valleys draining to the Dorth from the gaeissic upland of Hazaribagh, remnants of Talchir (lowest Gondwana) deposit occur at the level of the Ganges allapium It is thus pretty clear that a great drainage bain in the approximate position of the Ganges valley has existed since at least pretertiary times, and it is highly probable that the tertiury deposits so enormously developed at the baso of the Himalaya extended over a great part of that basın, they may only be overlapped by the present alluvium at a short distance from its sonth margin In an artesian boring the passigo from the alluvium into upper tertiary beds, such as oro not exposed along the foot of the mountains, Buccessit ning that sur ·( 26 ) zone of the sub-Himalayan rocks themselves, and to take up the discussion would lcad us into geological depths, of which many will, no doubt, think there has already been too much in what is meant to be a practical essay. The foregoing indications will suffice to show that, however interesting such discussions may be, they are practically futile when we come to such particulars as estimating the depth of the upper deposits at any point. Observation has done its duty in pointing out that the main conditions for successful artesian boring are to all appearances present. 40. The Ambála boring -I may now make some remarks upon the three borings that have been made in search for water in the upper regions of the plains, beginning with the most important, that at Ambála. The following section is somewhat abridged from the detailed record, some of the thinner alternations being grouped into a single band :- Depth. Thickness No. Section of artesian boring at Ambála (Ist November 1869 to 18t February 1872). Feet. 4 12 27 41 50 87 122 124 154 166 174 181 199 Feet. 4 1 Soil. 8 2 Sand and sandy clay. 15 3 Clay, stiff, with kankar at base. 14 4. Sand, fine; damp at 27 feet, water at 32 feet. 5 Clay, brown and blue. 37 6 Sand and clay alternating. 35 7 Clay, brown, very stiff. 2 8 Kankar (impure segregated limestone). 30 9 Sand and clay, with kankar at 151 feet. 12 10 Clay, dark red. 8 11 Sand with clay; tubes sunk 4 feet by their own weight. 7 12 Clay, with kankar at base. 28 13 Sand, with some clay and kankar; on reaching this bed water rose suddenly 40 feet, and in two hours 70 feet; its temperature was 780, 202 211 223 250 278 302 327 332 335 376 394 424 431 432 446 448 451 459 463 467 477 484 502 507 515 546 585 3 14 Clay, with kankar. 9 15 Sand. 12 16 Clay, red and brown, with some sand and kankar. 27 17 Sand, with a little clny and kankar. 28 18 Clay, top very stiff, red, with ‘shingle.' 24 19 Sand, with some clay, pebbles, and "boulders." 25 20 Clay, with some kankar. 5 21 Sand, dark-brown and grey. 3 22 Clay, stiff, brown, with kankar. 41 23 Sand, with some clay and kankar. 18 24 Clay, with some sand. 30 25 Sand, some gravel, with "large stones and bonlders and binck kankar. 7 26 Clay, stiff, red. 1 | 27 Sand or silt, dark, running. 14 28 Clay, red, very sandy. 2 29 Sand or silt, dark, running. 3 30 Clay, red, stiff. 8 31 Sand, dark, running, with kaukar and "clay boulders." 4 32 Clay, stiff, red, with kankar, 33 Sand, finc, running. 10 34 Clay, stiff, red. 7 35 Sand, running sand. 18 36 Clay, some stiff, some sandy. 5 37 Sand, running. 8 38 Clay, stiff, red. 31 39 Sand, coarse. 39 40 Clay, stiff, some sandy.

·1 Sectiou of artcalan borlds at Am! 411|(1st November 1809 lo tot 1 lbr ary 1872) 41 11 601 611 614 678 683 689 701 16 40 3 34 5 6 12 about 2 cubic urches in TC 2,13 Thug irroin ol *** p i The bottom 41 wedstry (27) Depth. Thickness NO kanlar ambála is only 20 miles distant from tho nearest point of tho Siwalih, nad this proximity is the only unfavourablo point in thio proyect of the oring for being thus on the upper and steeper slopo of tho plains thoro in ask being above the line of artesian riso, which itself alopos mouth. Fards from the presumed head to the lower edge of the doposits Still There is a fur margin for success The lovel of tho Ghaggar, whoro at ents be base of the Siwalıl hills at Devinagar, 25 miles duo north of Am. Dala, and the proposed site of the reservoir for tho Ambala water supply, in ,118 feet There are no observations as to what may bo tho permanent evel of the underground water in this position, but I havo pointed out para 36) what is presumably a lowest limit for the head lovel in thing round, namely, the water level (972 feet) below the bed of tho Jumna at he point where it leaves the hills, and tho sarſaco lovcl nt Amhráin is 900 eet. Eren of the rise of 70 feet that did occur at the depth of 200 fcct (HCO able) were derived from that highest source, thero would still bo liopo, or it is very possible, or even probable, that an absolutely lugher riso front the same head should be derved from a loner stratum, as tho ribo #moto influenced by the variations of potential discharge in the several water #trnta than by the head, the head itself being determined by the total remiatan i ne It would be quite in the natural order for caso G to occur lielow rigo of the experiments described in para 5 There is nothing wlintovor in the abore section of the bong to suggest that the band No 13 18 tho Inno of the allarial deposits, the beds below that level aro decidcůly of tho kamo type, and the equal frequency of alternations shows that ilio atratifica tion is still andistarbed. On the role the fiction facing promixing for ultimate success, the great thickomas of clay liner clown, i wllt! bore was stopped, res secants for the solation of any water arsitum in coarer deposits that should be foand at the Inse of the form ition! JIL thus respect--the prospect of finding each le-al deposits--the justion of Ambala, near the upper margin of the basin, is fasonr illo " } I jura of "bonlders' 11 sere al barils u misleading I mulo carly quirks ahx ut it, and Major Thackeras, P.E, rho was tlinn Excrulive inguis in ality of the final operations to-crt-err? t'r broks n taly, k se to follwin information (30th March 1*74) “I cannot trary wny rucor 1x of lurre stones being found than the one I und son (from M 27), nor of any boulders hasta brem smash A og Prom the mention of clay lymfony In some places I fact that all of that work, 1999 jrs of slageni tally consolidated, pilepa bi lncts De beste am oblouz patient anazit, illetve tan 21:11:44 1 trally water vorn, bat iraben of fruits 1}} largitu' pritus! Eco feet.

·phen ·(29) Depth Thickness No Sect on of the boring at Bh want 1877 207 234 22 27 6 7 Clean sand Sand with imperfect pebbles of sandstone at 231 a large boulder got up (sandstone) 238 287 396 413 417 431 49 109 17 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sand 1 1 The water at the bottom was still brackish The samples described in this section wero carefully examined on the spot by Colonel McMahon, a most competent judge, who recorded the following observations - The clay' 1s simply very fine earthy sand cemented into a mass by the infiltration of carbonate of lime the conglomerate' is coarser sand the grains of which are frequently distinctly waterworn, cemented together in a similar manner, with harder concretions here and there, the boalders' are lumps, 4 or 5 inches long, of dark earthy sand, consolidated into concretionary nodales by carbonate of lime, and suficiently hard to require a smart blow from a hammer to break As far as the boring has gone bed of uniform material, 7 admits tho free passage of the rain falling on the surface of the ground 1 The ab- Bence of any clay deposit, as well as of any coarser water rolled materials in such comparative proximity to rock masses, throughout so great a thickness of deposits is remarkable, and, of course, very unfavourable for any project of deep-well sinking in this region 42 Tle Sabralhot boring - There only remains to be noticed the boring at Sabzallot, in the Dera Ghazı Khan district of the Punjab It is com monly spoken of as artesian, though it was never expected to be more than partially 60, as a source to replenish and freshen an already very deep well in which the water was too saline for use The position would seem to preclude any other expectation From the best information I can procure as to the ground, the place is a small fortifed outpost close to the frontier, at the foot of a long slope 4 miles from the base of the hills, and 28 miles from the Indus, in a direct line through Asni The alluvial level at the river 18 295 feet, stretching nearly to Asui (10 miles), where the height is only 302 feet, the direct distance from the sea 19 350 miles Irom Asni there is a use of nearly 5 feet in the mile to the frontier road, at 6 miles to westward, where the elevation is 331 feet From this road the ground 18 said to slope at about 8 feet in the mile up to Sabzalhot, 12 miles which would give an elevation of 427 feet for that place I think it likely that tho slope increases very much towards the hills, and that the real clevation of Sabzalkot may be considerably higher than the estimate just given If the height given be correct, we have to account for the remarkable fact of the ground water level being 100 feet lower than the water in the Indus for an the well at Sabzalhot it stands permanently at about 224 feet from tho surface It would be additional evidence of the great desiccation the ground has undergone in this region of India and of the insignificant effect of streams in mitigating that inontable result of the destruction of forest vegetation, although the Indus hero annually inundates a broad tract of From Official Correspondence, datci 5th March 1878 ·( 30 ) ground. The contribution from the western hills is comparatively small, for the rainfall is deficient and uncertain; but every advantage is taken of it by the coarse marginal deposits forming the slopes at the base of the hills. Mr. Ball has described in this very neighbourhood how a steady current of water wholly disappeared at the outcrop of a bed of conglomerate in these deposits. The following table is abridged from the detailed section furnished by the Department of Public Works. There were 194 feet of 94-inch tubing, to 410 feet; 114 feet of 7-inch tubing, to 524 feet; and 50 feet of 5-inch tubing, to 574 feet. Abstract section of Sabzalkot boring: Nov. 1870 to Aug. 1878. Depth, Thickness. No. of bed. Foot. Feet. 157 174 189 199 216 240 157 17 15 10 17 24 247 251 267 275 347 351 406 410 500 526 5774 7 4 16 8 72 4 55 4 90 26 48 1 to 14 Sand: some beds eartby, some pebbly. 15 Limestone boulders. 16 Clay and sand, very compact. 17 Loose sand and pebbles. 18 Hard clay and sand. 19 Brown running sand. Bottom of well 230 feet; water level 222 to 224 feet. 20 Very stiff clay. 21 Very coarse sand. 22 Sand and clay intimately mised. 23 Fine runving saud. 24 to 35 Alternations of sand and clay. 36 Gravel with boulders. 37 to 54 Alternations of clay, sand, and gravel. 55 Very coarse gravel and boulders. Water abundant. 56 to 78 Alternations of clay and sand. 79 Clay. 80 to 117 Thin alternations of clay and sand resting on a boulder bed, with abundant water. The comparative scarcity of coarse materials in a deep section so near the hills is fully accounted for by the unconsolidated condition of the newer tertiary rocks forming those hills. The only hard rock mentioned is the limestone of the boulders'; it is no doubt the nummulitic limestone from the higher inner ranges. From several of the porous strata passed through water rose freely, but always stopped at the original water surface of the well. The supply from the bottom boulder bed, at 574 feet, is described as 'plentiful '; at the same time, when drawn upon at the moderate rate of 156 gallons per hour, it was lowered 66 feet. Tliis supply is, however, sufficient for the wants of the outpost. The constancy of the level, to which the water rises from so many different strata, indicates a common source, which also accounts for the water in all being brackish, only less so below than in the top beds, and in a drinkable degree to the people of the country who are extensively used to this quality. The origin of this im. purity is a point of much interest; there is no known deposit of salt in thio rocks forming the adjoining hills; and the conditions generally snggest that its origin may be the same as that of the saline npper ground-water so gencral on this side of India—from the sonkage of tho carly minfall into the parched ground taking with it the soluble results of carth decomposition at ' Records, G. S.I., Vol. VII, p. 1.17.

·THE CALCUTTA BORING. (Reprinted fron Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1833, Vol. II, p. 369,} Extract from Report of the Committee appointed on the 27th March 1833, to consider on the expediency of recominending to the Government the continuance of the Boring Experiment. The principal experiments on record, connected with the operation of boring for water in Calcutta, are those conducted under Colonel Garstin, Chief Engineer, from 1805 to 1820, and those recently made under the superiotendence of Dr, Strong, Mr. J. Kyd, and Mr. D. Ross, iu 1829 to 1833. The following is a list of their localities and of the depths respectively attained :- No. Date. Superintendent, Place. Depth. Cause of failure. .... 3. Sept. » >> .. Auger broke. 1. Dec. 1804 Col. Garstin. Well near Powder Blagazine. 75 ft. 2. Aug. 1805 Ditto. S. W.of Artillery Barrack 119, Auger broke. Ditto. S. E. of Regtl. Parade 55 Ditto. 4. Oct. Ditto. S. E. of European Barrack 59 Ditto. 5. Nov. » Ditto. S. W. of Artillery Parade 80 Ditto. 6. Dec, Ditto. Ditto Ditto 127 Ditto. 7. Feb. 1806. Ditto. Ditto Ditto 94 Ditto. 8. | Var. Ditto. Ditto Ditto 124 Earth fell in. 9. Apl. Ditto. Same operation resumed 127 Auger broke. 10. May 1814 Ditto. S.E.of Artillery Parade 140 Suspended by raios. 11. Nov. Ditto. The same renewed 136 12. May 1819 Ditto. On Artillery Parade 130 Ditto. 13. Apl. 1820 Ditto. Ditto. 122, Ditto. Ditto. 14. May » Near triangular barrack Earth fell in. 128 15. 1815. Mr. Jones. Foundaspring in red sandat... 70 16. 1826-8. Dr. Strong. Bored in the circularcanal to... 70 Water rose. 17. He also made several borings in the Salt-water Lake to 40 Through similar strata. Near the Circular Road Ditto. Hard kankar. 70 18. Sand fell in. Ditto. 19. 70 At Rasapugla Strong, Ross, Near the Fort Church 176 Shaft injured. 20. 1830. and Kyd. 164 Dr. Strong. Near St. George's Gate Sand fell in. 21. 1832. 170 22. 1833. Strong, Ross, Dr. Strong. Under the LockGates, Chitpore 70 and Kyd. Tator sprang 23. 1832. up ... Auger broke. The geological question of the probability of finding a spring is by no means solved by the results of these numerous experiments. The knowledge which they afford us of the nature of the Calcutta alluvium may be summed ир in Very few words. Vide Glcanings, i., 11.1 or 167; ii., 124, 422, &c; also As. Res., 181k ·After penetrating through the artificial soil of the surface, a light blue or grey-coloured sandy clay occurs, becoming gradually darker, as we descend, from impregnation with decayed vegetable matter, until it passes into a stratum of black peat, about 2 feet in thickness, at a depth, in Fort William, of 50 feet below the surface In excavating the Cucular Canal, the same stratum of peat occurred at from 25 to 30 feet, and in the Cntally Canal, it lay just below the bed, or 9 feet below the averige level of the Salt-water Lahe This peat stratum has all the appearance of having been formed by the debris of Sundarban vegetation, once on the surface of the delta, but gradually lowered by the compression of the sandy strata below Assuming that the Salt-water Lake is 5 feet above the average height of the ocean, the peat stiatum is about as much more below the present level of the sea In the grey or blacl clay above, and immediately below, the peats logs and branches of a red' and of a yellow wood' are found imbedded, in a more or less decayed state In only one instance have bones been met with (at 28 feet), and they appear from the report of the worl.men to belong to deer, though they were unfortunately lost before examination A stratum of sand occurs generally above the peat clay from 15 to 30 feet deep, from which the wells in the town are chiefly supplied with brackish water Under the blue clays at from 50 to 70 feet deep, the nodular limestone concretions, known by the name of hankar, occur, sometimes in small grains (called bayrı in Upper India), with the appearance of small land shells, sometimes in thin strata of great hardness, and sometimes in the usual nodular shape At 70 feet occurs a second seam of loose reddish sand, which yields water plentifully It was reached also in the perforation under the lock gates at Chitpore, and there (as MIr Jones bad previously asserted from his own experiment across the rivei), the supply was proved to be derived direct from the liver From 70 to 125 feet beds of yellow clay predominate, frequently stiff and pure, libe potter's clay, but generally mixed with sund and Horizontal seams of hanlar also run through it, resembling exactly those of Midnapur or of the Gangetic bason Below 128 feet a more sandy yellow clay prevails, which gradually changes to a grey loose sand, extending to the lowest depth yet Fenetrated, and becoming coarser in quality until, at 170—176 feet, it may rather be termed a quartzy gravel, containing angular fragments of quartz and felspar larger than peas, such as are met with near the foot of a granıtıc range of hills This stratum has hitherto arrested the progress of the auger, the greatest depth attained by Dr Strong near St Peter's Church being 176 feet The evidence of this gravel might tend to prove that the auger liad here penetrated through the bed of alluvium of the Gangetic delta, while the sandy texture of the undermost layers might be compared to the probable condition of the deposits under the now advanced head of * The common Sundn of the Sundarbans * The root of some climbing tree, resembling the Bizedelia mica NVALLICI C ·( 35 ) every respcet superior Two chruins attriched to tlic ring'of 2 brace herd passed subsequently though a triple bloch fixed to the apex of the gin, and were then led to two powerful cribs, firmly bolted to large fixed sleepers, at about 15 or 18 feet from tlie gid A chain is attached to ench ciab, and on the sciew of the upper rod being entered into the bracc-head, the crabs were worled simultaneously, and the power of both thus brought to bear in raising the mass of the rods, or in any other necessary minner On the 28th of April the actual excavrtion of the bore was commenced with a six inch auger, being that rdapted to the tubing it was intended to employ. On the depth of 120 feet being attained, the quiclsind, which hd rendered the first attempt abortive, was ngun met with. The experience of its previous effects hnd rendered apprent the necessity of secuiing firmly the joints of the tubes, which was accordingly done by merns of four short but strong screws To this precaution the success of the work so far was undoubtedly to be attributed, is the difficulties were found most serious from the loose, even semifluid, consistence of the fand, which on the removal of a portion of the water, then standing in the tubes with 15 feet of the surface, immediately rose to 17 feet, and, though the work was continued night and dıy, actually rose faster than its removal could be effected, so that at the end of eleven days and nights of incessant toil it had risen from 124 to 103 feet Hence it became evident that the only mode of overcoming the obstacles presented by the sand was to force the tubes down till, coming in contact with some firm stratum, the sand should be excluded , by unrelaxing perseverance and much labour, frequently with an advance of pot more than few inches in the day, the tubes at length attained 1 depth of 157 feet The sand was then perceptibly gained upon, and at 199 feet a stiff clay sas reiched, and the borer, which during the prevalence of the sand was always behind the tubing, now passed it, and in twentyfour hours attained a depth of 175 feet The open nuger, it was found, could not be used with effect except iu wailing through clay, a valved instrument, therefore, called the “mudshell,” hód Lutherto been employed for raising ibe sand This tool, mere, bere bezane useless from some defect the nation of the valve, wbich farled either to admit oi retain the sand, now coarse and giavelly, and 10 consequence it was found impiacticable to penetrate with it beyond 175 feet One of the augers, however, being fitted with a valve, and otherwise altered so as to retain the sand, was employed with partial success, but not to in extent sufficient to prevent the sand rising in the tubes, siuce, after working twenty-one days, and the tubing bing been forced down to a depth of 197 feet 2 inches, it was found impossible to work the auger lower than 167 feet 10 inches, occasionally a partial advance was made, but it was neithei permanent vor certain, from the constant variation of the height of the sind in the tubes On entering the stiatum of stiff clay, above alluded to, the nightworl had clased, but it was again found necessary to resume it as the only meins of overcoming the existing difficulties The effect of this was to carry the bore succe slully to a depth of 182 feet 8 inches by the 27th of July, when a temporarv suspension of the operations took place, from the supply of iods baying become exhausted It may be mentioned that ·( 36 ) for some days prior to this date considerable inconvenience had been experienced by the stoppage of the borer, both in its ascent and descent, by somne obstacle, the nature of which could not be ascertained. Had it been constant in its position, it might have been anticipated that the tubing lind again been dislocated or forced from the perpendicular, but so far from this being the case, the borer occasionally descended and was brought np without the least difficulty ; this temporary intermission was followed hy the re-appearance of the impediment; again it intermitted, and latterly disappeared altogether. A further supply of the rods having been obtained from Delhi, the ?»oring was resumed on the 13th October 1836. During this interval of suspension, however, it was found that the tubes had sunk by their Oto weight from 183 to 187 feet, and the bore could now be worked to the depth of 189 feet. By the 10th November following, a depth of 238 fect 5 inches had been attained, the chief difficulty in prosecuting the work arising from the imperfect action of the instrument employed in raisa ing the sand, in consequence of wbich the whole contents of the shell were frequently removed during its passage to the surface. To the construction of the valves of such instruments much attention ought therefore to be paid, as on the effective action of these the progress of the operations is most essentially dependent. On the 15th November, an attempt was made to bring up some water from the bottom of the bore by lowering a bottle with a large brass plummet attached to it, to cause it to sink; but unfortunately before it could be raised the connecting string broke, and the plummet was left below. Considerable anxiety was excited by this, from the anticipation (subsequently realized) of the auger coming in contact with the plummet and being jammed within the tubing. On arriving at the depth of 271 feet, the lower part of the mudshell, including the valve, from some unknown cause broke off, and remained at the bottom of the bore. This accident caused much trouble, but after various attempts to extricate the fractured shell the perforation of an aperture in it, by the use of a jumper, admitted of a strong conical worm auger being screwed into it, and by the Hold thus obtained it was successfully raised to the surface. At the depth of 324 feet the borer came in contact with the long lost plummet, and became so firmly jammed between it and the tubing as to foil every effort made for its extrication, though the force applied at one time was so great as to raise the whole body of the tubing about 4 inches, the weight of this being certainly not less than 74 tons, exclusive of friction. To guard against the inconvenience of an accidental fracture of the rods at any considerable distance beneath the surface, while they were subject to such strains, Captain Thomson of the Engineers suggested that the uppermost rod should be made thinner and weaker than those within the bore (so as to give way first), but yet capable of bearing a strain of 25 tons. The force subsequently applied caused the rods, however, to break at their connection with the mudshell, and though they were all brought up' the tool remained below. A net operation therefore became necessary for extracting the shell, and first the upper portion of it was considerably widened by the use of a jumper. A drill was then introduced, and after several days' labour a hole, sufficiently large to admit of the ponical worm auger being screwed into the shell, was drilled. The entire ·( 37 ) shiell was immediately brought up, bearing ample indications of having been in contact with the plummet, bnt leaving it still at the bottom of the bore On the 1st of October 1837 the depth attained by the tubing was 431 feet, wlule the depth of the bore valled from 418 to 426 feet, accord. ing to the height of the sund The water stood from 10 to 12 feet from the surface, according to the seasons By the 30th of April 1838 the bore was 460 feet deep, and by the 18th September following a total depth of 481 feet was reached Just prior, however, to that depth being attained, the progress of the tubing was arrested by large stones requiring the use of the jumper By its and the tubing was again set free, but at 481 feet again arrested, zad 1 repetition of the employment of the jumper became necessary As the tool originally emploved proved insuficient to fracture the stones then met with a larger and heavier one was attached to the rods, and after a few blows seemed to have effected its purpose, but on attempting to raise it again it was found to be so fi A - O of 15 feet, were then given to the head of the rods, in the hope that the vibration thus communicated to them would tend to loosen the jumper from its hold The large accumulation of sand over the tool and round the rods rendered it, however, problematical of the vibrations ever reached the jumper, and if they did, there can be little doubt that the al ove cause tended most materially to diminish their intensity, as no useful result followed the trial of this experiment Again, and as a final effort, the tubing was securely held down, and four powerful jach screws were applied to ruse the rods, which, after stretching 2 feet 6 inches and thereby affording a glearn of hope that the difficulty was vanquished, unfortunately broke off at one of the connecting joints, 160 feet from the surfare, the remaining 320 feet attached to the jumper beng left within the bore Under these circumstances the only bune of being able to continue the operations lay in the practicability of unscrewing and raising the rods, and this after much difficulty was at length so far satisfactouly effected by the use of an mgenious instrument designed by Captain Jolin Thomson, that 290 of the 320 feet of the rods were successfully extracted Thuis zostrument consisted of three steel arms rivetted to 20 iron bell, and subsequently welded to the end of the undermost boring rod The interior surtaces of the steel arms were cut in grooves so inclied that ou the head of the rod to be extracted being grasped with them, and rotatory motion communicated to the instrument from above, the teeth cut into the soft iron, and by the hold thus obtained the unscrevin g and raising were effected The bell acted as a guide, and was made of diameter just sufficient to admit of the instrument being readily worked within the tubing It became necessary to pass 11on pins through all the connecting joints of the rods, otherwise the rotatory motion would have unscreted them. On the 16th of February 1839 the instrument above described was agun successtully employed in unscrewing 20 feet more of the frac- ·(39) octagon, acute ridges, about } of an inch in lieight, alternating with the fattuned sides The pressure ind ruptured the tin at the edge of the top of the case, and the sand was saturated with the water A double case was then constructed, having iterio cross pieces to strengthen it, but a similar result to the preceding followed the lowering of this, and for it also the pressure (upwards of 5,000 ibs ) was found too great A cylinder of wrought iron was then prepared, and on sending it down the bore it was found so fai capable of resisting the pressure of the water as to retain its sbape, but the sind wis still damped Since, however, the witer bad only partially wetted the sand, it seemed probable that additional care in soldering and in applying the water proof covering might exclude it altogether, and accordingly it was determined to make the first attempt with this viought iron case The depth of water being about 465 feet, the galvanic Lattery was of course the only igniting agent which could be employed, and the following are the details of the arrangements adopted A woodeu plug was turned somewhat larger at one extremity than the collar of the cylinder into which it was subsequently to be driven On opposite sides of this plug grooves were prepared for the ieception of the interior conducting wines Considernble difficulty wis experienced in making the grooves perfectly impervious to water under great pressure in conse quence of the wires being twisted, but ultimately the followmg means were employed with entire success The grooves were first filled with fine Luiope sealing wax, and the wires, bemg previously made very hot, were forced into and completely imbedded themselves in it Subsequently a red lot iron was held near the wax of ench gioose till at boiled freely, and a strip of wood was then forced in over the wie so as effectually to close every aperture The interior extremities of the wires were as usual connected by a short piece of thin platinum, in contact with which a cartridge of dry fine potvder was placed The main cong cting wires were one sixth of an inch in diameter, and their entue lens was nearly 1,003 feet As the bore was lived to the bottom with iron tubig, it appeared essential to insulate the conductors as perfectly as possible, and each wire was accordingly first cased in hemped strands, over which a thich coating of pitch and grease was apį lied, and then the two wnes were lashed together by similar strands, and again covcred with pitch and tallow A single rope, about 1 inch in diameter, tas thus formed, and on immersing the wliole in water its action was tested, and a battery of twelve iodiffurent plates sufficed to effect the ignition of powder On the charge being placed in the cylıpdei, and the platinum wne protected by means of a small tin priming tube, the plug was driven into the collar Over it, and for the purpose of preventing the watui forcing its for the conducting and sol dered In tion betwee fluid to the Le vires was made considerably larger tban that of the wires themselves, and the top of the plug covered nitu serling was The application of a id. hot irou melted the scaling-wax, and on the cap, being driven duso if rosu through the apertures and formed an Jusulatmg coll u ruuud cacb amunicgaly 2010 ·( 40 ) wire. These These arrangements being complete, and the battery of 24 cells, 14 inches x 14 inches, in action, the main conductors were connected to those of the cylindel', and the insulating covering continued cver the junction, when the cylinder was lowered to the bottom of the bore. On its reaching this the circuit was completed, but no explosion followed; and on examination it was found that from the smallness of the priming tube the platinum wire had come in contact with the metal, by which of course its ignition was prevented. It was also found that though the priming powder was dry, the water had reached the main charge, and completely spoiled it. Further precautions being taken, several at. tempts were made, but all with the same result; and it became evident that the wrought-iron case could not be rendered water-tight. Recourse was then had to casting a cylinder of iron, half an inch thick throughout, and on trial this was found to be perfectly capable of resisting the pressure of the water, and preserving the charge dry. The first attempt with this failed from some unascertained cause, and as it was thought possible that some portion of the conductor might have come in contact with the iron tubing, an additional covering of lashings, with pitch and grease, was applied for a second attempt. This also failed, and unfortunately in raising the cylinder, to endeavour to discover the cause of failure, the lifting rope gave way and it became necessary to haul on the conductor. This had been done once or twice before without any bad effects, but on this occasion the junction of the wires at the collar of the cylinder was not sufficiently strong to bear the weight, and the case, after being raised for some distance dropped back to the bottom of the bore. All hopes of benefit from this expedient being thus summarily. disappointed, it only remains to be stated that the operations of the Committee were finally closed on the 20th of April 1840. Throughout the course of the preceding narrative, all reference to the geological information the labours of the Committee have been instrumental in eliciting has been avoided, from a desire to render the mechanical details as continuous as possible, but as few such opportunities as the present have ever been given for observing the structure of alluvial Deltas, a condensed summary of the various points of interest to the geologist is now appended. After penetrating through the surface soil to a depth of about 10 feet, a stratum of stiff blue clay, 15 feet in thickness, was met with. Underlaying this was a light-coloured sandy clay, which became gradually darker in colour from the admixture of vegetable matter, till it passed into a bed of peat, at a distance of about 30 feet from the surface. Beds of clay and variegated sand, intermixed with kunkur, mica, and small pebbles, alternated to a depth of 120 feet, when the sand became loose, and almost semifluid in its texture. At 152 feet the quicksand became darker in colour and coarser in grain, intermixed with red water-worn nodules of hydrated oxide of iron, resembling to a certain extent the laterite of South India. At 159 feet a stiff clay with yellow veins occurred, altering at 163 feet remarkably in colour and substance, and becoming dark, friable, and apparently containing much vegetable and ferruginous matter. A fine sand succeeded at 170 feet, and this gradually became coarser and mixed with fragments of quartz and felspar to a depth of 180 feet. At 196 feet clay. impregnated with ·uion Tas passed througl, and at 221 feet sand recurred, containıng frag. ments of lime stone with nodules of bunkur and pieces of quartz and felspar, the same stratum continued to 310 feet, and at 330 feet a fossil bone, conjectured to be the bumerus of a dog, was extracted At 360 feet a piece of supposed tortoise shell was found, and subsequently several pieces of the same substance were obtained At 372 feet another fossil Lone was discovered, but it could not be identified from its being toru and broken by the borer At 392 feet a few pieces of fine coal, such as are found in the beds of mountain streams, with some fragments of decaved Tood, were picked out of the sand, and at 400 feet a picce of limestone tas brought op From 100 to 481 feet fine sand, like that of a sea shore, intermised largely with shingle, composed of fragments of primary rocks, quartz, felspar, mim, slate, limestone prevailed, and in this stratum the bore has been terminated. In conclusion the Committee tare much pleasure in acknowledging the valuable and derired by them on many occasions of difficulty from the advice and ingenuity of Captain J Thomson of Engineers, and they desire al o to express their entire approral of the zeal and intelligence uniformly duplayed by Sergeant Thomas Longburst, of the Sappers and Jiners, dunng the whole time he tras la charge of the details of the bonag operators Fort TILLLAS, Chief Engineer's Ofice, loa lay 1840 D VCLEOD, Col and Pred! A leFre, Vajor. FP STEOSC V R FITZGERALD P.S–Since the above Report has been eigned by the Jembers I have recollected a most cnintentional omuion for which I am entirely responable, and which I am therefore desirous of supplying It is due to Leutenant Richard Baird Smith of Engineers to state that he has not caly taken a great interest in all our proceedings, la has rendered great stance in carryiog toem ca dura: the most dificult penod of the operation, since he has resided in Port William, moreover, the employment of the galvan c battery to blow ир the I wer portion of the tab. Ekr, was suggested to the Cosmittee by him, and the apparatus applied in that process, a, abyse desenkt, was entirely a has design, I may add in his intelligence and Lnowledge of the subject enabled kort to give essential and in tegung tho matenals for the alore Bcpuesto D UcLeod, Colonel, Chief Engineet.

·ARTESIAN BORING AT AJIBALA. | Reprintsd front " P'rolusual Papers on ludiau Euginecrioz." 2nd Scrics Vol. III, Roorkce, 1574.] Report by JIAJOU E. T. THACKERAY, R.E., Executive Engineer, Ambala Division, Military Horks. Report on Buring Operations. In consequence of the scarcity of the supply of water from the wells in the cantonments and city of Ambála, it was determined by the Govcrument in 1869 that the experiment should be tried of sinking an Artesian horings in the cantonments. Opinions in favor of finding water at a depth of from 200 to 500 feet had been expressed by Dr. Oldham, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, to the Government of India, and the experiment wils also aucivocated by II. B. Medlicott, Esq., Officiating Superiutendent of the Geological Survey iu Iudia. Thu engine and well-boring machinery were ordered from Messis. Matler and Platts, of Manchester. The distinctive features of the machinery are the mode of giving the percussive action to the boring tool, and the construction of the tool or boriog bead, and of the shell-pump for cleaning out the hole after the action of the boring head. These are described int length with illustrations, p. 106 et seq., in the extra number of the " Professioual Papers of Indian Engineering," Ist series, April 1870. The soil at the bottom of the bore is loosened by repeatedly letting fall (from a height of about 2 feet) cutting tools suspended at the end of a flat rope. After a certain depth has been loosened in this way, the cutting tools are brought up and water is put down the bore (if necess sary), and the material, of whatever description, is brought up in a suction pump, about 4 feet loug, let down by the same flat rope. The pump is called a slush pump. In a firm soil a hole could be bored in this way (if sufficient water was available) to a great depth without tubing. In Ambála the soil hitherto met has consisted of alternate layers of clay and sand at close intervals, and all the sand strata are more or less water-bearing In boring here generally the sand-beds have been shut out as soou as they have been bored through, by pressing the tube into the top of the underlying clay strata, and the tubing has generally been kept going, while the boring and pumping are going on, so that the bottom of the tube and the bottom of the hole have been kept nearly on the same level. But in boring tlırough clay strata the boring tools have been allowed to be some depth below the bottom of the tube.. By this arrangement the hole bored is somewhat larger than the erternal diameter of the tube (oving to free play, of the tools below). This * Tide page 46 et seq.

·( 13 ) > go lower is of the greatest advantage m stiff clay soils, becruse tlic resistance in getting down the tubing becomes so much reduced The tubing is pressed down by means of sciew jacl s adjusted to *" clams" firmly fived to it, occasionally assisted by gentle taping on a wooden block fitted to the top of the tubing These screw jacks work against seams let into the sides of an ordinary masonry well, about 30 fiet deep, withiu which the boring was commenced The maclune was erected, and thu boring operations commenced on the 1st November 1869, by Mi Heliop, the ingrueer in charge of the woil and the boring was continued daily, Sundays excepted, until the 16th Apul 1870 When the bore had reached less than half its final depth, water was found, and rose in the tube to a level of 35 feet below the surface of the ground The supply was, however, very scanty and could be pumped out in a few hours In the lope of reaching a more useful water bed at a greater depth, it was resolved to push on and On the 16th Apul 1870 1 depth of 381 feet was reached, and it was found necessary to discontinue bouing with tubes of 94 inches in diametur, a pressure of 64 tops on the screw-jacks being bosuflicient to force the tubes to a further depth The 7 inch tubes were then lowered and forced down to a depth of 455 feet, but on the 13th August 1870 the lower tubes bioke at the bottom joint 9 feet from the bottom of the bore, a pressure of 80 tons having been exerted on the screw jacks Work was then stopped, and Mr Herrop proceeded to Sabzallot under orders of Governmeut, where he was successfully employed in sinking an artesian well The Ambala boring was not re commenced until the 231d May 1871, and in that month a detachment of Sappeis, consisting of a nail and five sepoys, arrived from Roorkee for the purpose of being employed on the boring The 5 inch tubes were now lowered and forced down inside the 7 inch tubes to a depth of 552 feet At this depth it was found that the tubes had become bent, and it was necessary to bring up the whole of the 5-inch tubes This was completed on the 22nd July 1871 On again lowering the 5 inch tubes, it was found that the lowest of the 7-iuch tubes had become detached from the others, and was obstructing the hole at a depth of 456 feet Efforts were made to straighten the tube with a large cigar shaped iron bar, but this was not successful The 5 inch tubes were then again brought up, and attempts made to cut up the biohen 7-inch tube In doing this the 7 inch broken pipe was driven into the sand and clay, and the whole of the 7-inch tubes were forced down after it On again lowering the 5 inch tubes on the 26th August 1871, it was found that the broken 7 inch tube still obstructed the boring On the 2nd September 1871 the violen tubo was cut up by means of a lieavy bır, and several pieces of tlıc bioken tubes were brought up, and on the 9th September the Olstuk was sufficiently got out of the way to allow of the further descent of the 5 inch tubus ·12.11. u III 1.2 Ž Itrie In TULE It A ܝܐ ܝܶܝܶܢܐܝܳܝܳܢܺܝܳܝܚܐ. ܫܝ ܟܨ'- ܝܺܫ: ܫܬܢܶܢܶܚܝܰܡܺܝܢܳܐܝܺ ܘܺܐܐܝܺ ܝܺ-? - ?31 ܚܐܙܐ-; HA ILI 77 11 de Seznam on alaing T*: 15u IDEES, no From ITSE TI dhe TEST: ITSE TII UT 2115, IT na 12 IN IST f TUE TGT: TSI a hun: E TIS 25 - Samaa Les 15 S III ja III Ecce TELEZT AS i DIS DIE JE BI, ܢ1ܝܶܝܽܥܢ̈ܝ. ܪ ܬ̇ܝ 3:ܐܫܐܐ ܝܰܚܫܺܝܫ ܢܺ' J ' ܚܐܐܺܚ £ ܩܝܶܐܐ ܫܰܠܺܝ ܫܝܺܝܝܶܐܺ ܝܚܶܢܠܙܘ̄ ܝ̄ܬܵܬܵ: ܬ݁ܚܶܬܐܐܺܝܢܝܰܫ :1-..3 ܡܥܠܺܝ ܒܝܳܐ ܫܐܶ ܚܰܥܰܝܝܹܢܐܝܫܐܺܝܶܝܐܕܫ ܫܠܢܺܝܺ ܫܐ ܚܰܝܳܝܶܚܝܰܝܝܵܢܐ ܚܵܝܵܐ :f-ܝܺܙܝܺ ܫܺܝܢ 3ܝܐܐ? 7* # * man UNISIE momento ܚܰܝܳܝܺܗ ܚܐ ܝܺܚܰܢܐܫ ܙ . ܐ 1ܐܚ ܝܺ - T ܝܺܝܺܢܐܝ ܝܠܐܨ 1 T 21:04 IIMEIS. FISIES IETEI Imri Ile TS Turun Lane TE S II 1.2 miz mrIn our Firma Voc E TES TIL . mins FIAT PAST IS la UTI I haar ܚܫܝܺ ܝܰܢܝܶܢܳܐ ܥܐ ܫܚ ܝܝܫ ܫܝܢܝܝܶܐܶܙ1 - ܫ ܝܺܝܶܐ ܚܰܪܐ, 1-ܚܳܝܺ ܢܺܝܢTE T w 1. a per FITZIII benci Z mana maumii TÍME AL ܚܰܝܺܢܳܐܐܺ32ܝܵܝܵܚ̈ܝܐ ܢܫܵܐ ܪܸܝܫܵܐ ܡܵܝܵܐܐ ܝܺܪ̈ ܥܰܡܝܕ̈ܪܺܢܶܝܳܝ ܚ ܐܰܐܨܶܐ: ܫܪ̈ܢ̈ܝܝ ܫܺܝܢ ܝܫii- ܝܺܝܢܢ̈ܝܺ TITION w 44 ryth A A ich mit US 2 II SIE TIL Her nem ܪܐܐi: ܚܪܠܚ ܫܝܵܐ ܚܸܢܝܫ-iime zauܪܺܝܐ. ܙܝܢܚܝܬܚܕܰ ܝܺܫܺ- TIILE A #4 wa TAMISE DE DISEID mersin SCENESTE Szemers The Team Theory Sms TICISI ez Caneinn Sie besonders * Samas TIER II Torneo I110L DALT I WILL LOVE ·The specimens, as will be seen from the analysis, contained very little organic matter, and are very silicious, the residue insoluble, in acids, being almost entirely silica It is worthy of remark that at the depths of 600 to 700 feet, very little sand was met with, a stratum of 5 feet of coarse-grained sund only being fonnd at a depth of 683 feet Should it again be proposed by Goverpment to sinL another boring, the experience gained would seem to show that a larger machine should be employed, and that the diameter of the upper tubes shonld not be less than 2 feet. It might then be possible to bore to a depth of 1,400 or 1,500 feet. Nature of soil met with in boring the Artesian well at Ambála. Feet Clay Total depth of 283}} Number of separate strata 47 Sand do 39 Sand and clay 54 12 Kunkur bearing 22 Boulder do do 83 16 10612 13 31 do do 93 9 2 17 Total 701 136 METHOD OF WITHDRATING THE TUBES. The pipes used in the artesian well boring were of four sizes, 210,93 incb, 7 inch, 5 inch, and 3 inch diameter, and were each 9 feet in length. The pipes of the same diameter were screwed on to one another by screws and flanges, and were sunk into the boring by means of a Mather and Platts' steam artesian well-boring engine. The diameter of the boriog at the top was 9 inches, and owing to various obstructions—in most sustances caused by bending or fracture of the tubes--pipes of a less diameter than those with which the boring was commenced had to be used. These were lowered inside the larger tubes, so that the diameters of the tubes were gradually contracted, at first owing to an obstruction at a depth of 381 feet being reduced to lipches, then at a depth of 456 feet to 5 inches; and lastly, at a depth of 525 feet to 3 inches. In consequence of the bending and fracture of the 3-inch pipes at a depth of 513 feet from the surface of the ground, it was found impossible to sul pipes of so small diameter to a greater depth tlian 655 feet, and although the boring was continued with rods and bouing tools to a further depth of 46 feet, making a total depth of 701 feet from the surface, the clay at that depth not being supported by tubes began to fall 10, and the bouing had to be abandoned. The following is a short description of the means adopted for raising the tubes from the boring An implement called a fish-head, with steel cutters, was attached by a screw to iron rods, which were lowered to a depth of 513 feet, at which depth the 3-inch tubes were fractured. The iron rods--which were also used during the boring soil as boring rods--were cach {th of an inch square, and screwed on to one another by means of puts and screws 3 iuches long. The upper end of the rods was attached by clamps to four ·܀ screw-jacks, two allove and livo below; the screw-jacks were furnel.by oight men, two men to ench jack, and on pressure being applied upwards, the stcol cultors, which turu on a pivot in the centre of the fish-Leus! which is attached to the lower end of the rods, open outwards on-encountering the jagged iron caused by the fracture of the 3-inch tubes and cuti tlırongh the pipes at the junction of the screw and flange. The vertical pressure on the rods being still applied upwards by means of the screw-jacks, the upper tubes are separated from the lower ones at the point of fracture. The tubes lave now to be raised, and to effect this the screw-jacks are removed, and a strong iron ring is screwed on to the top of the upper rød, aud is attached by an irou book and shackle to the end of the flat rope, : which wiuds round the drum of the boring engine. Steam being now admitted into the cylinder, the flat rope is wound round the drum and raises the iron ruds, with the lish-head still holding in the under edge of the 3-inch pipes which have been separated from those below them. As ench pipe arrives at the top of the boring it is unscrewed from the pipe noxt below it, steam pressure being still applied to prevent the rods and pipes from falling back into the boring. Strong iron clamps are then fixed round the upper part of the second tube. The clamps rest upon two beams of sal wood, of 14 x 10 inches scantling, which are let into the masonry which lines the upper part of the well. The second rod from the top is also secured by clamps, which are also used for raising the rods, as before described, and which prevents the rods from falling back within the pipes. The upper rod is now unshackled from the winding rope, and unscrewed from the second rod, and the upper tube and the upper rod are removed from the boriug. The ring is now screwed on to the nut of the second-now the upper, rod-and is booked on to the winding rope. Steam pressure is again applied, until the winding rope is taut and sustains the weight of the rods and pipes, and the clamps that secure the rods and pipes are unfastcned. On the rope being wound round the drum, the second pipe is raised in the same manner as the first, the fish-head still holding at the bottom of the tubes; and the process is repeated until all the pipes are brought up.. Several pipes of 5-inch diameter were brought up in a similar manner, the diameter of the fish-head being increased to fit the larger tubes. E. T. T. - Opinion of T. OLDHAU, Esq., LL. D., Supd!., Geological Survey, dated 7th August 1872. I beg to acknowledge receipt of yonr letter No. 927 B-M., dated 2nd iustant, and in reply to state that the grounds of hope for success in prosecuting borings for artesian wells near Ambála are exactly those wbich have been already fully set forth in this office letter, of which a copy is annexed. There is known to be, and must be, a very great absorption of water' along the base of the hill region, of which there is a very limited or no re-appearance at the surface further south, and which therefore, it is most reasonable to suppose, must be found under ground. The existing boring cannot be successfully carried further down; it was commenced with too small a bore, but others ought, I conceive, to- 1 ·( 47 ) be tried, and I would recommend boring at least to the sea level of snccess do not sooner reward the trial Copy of letter by H B MEDLICOTT, Esq , dated 27th Day 1867 I have the honour to acknowledge ieceipt of your letter No 853 of 14th May 1867, addressed to Dr Oldham, asking for an opinion upon the prospects of an artesian boring at Ambala Pending Dr Oldham's retuin from Europe iu November next, I would submit the following remarks on this interesting and important sulject In Volume III of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Indir, at page 182 of my paper, descriptive of a portion of the North-Westein Himalayas, I have triedly deseribed the condition of formation of the Gangetic plains with reference to the prosjects of artesian Lorings Upon general considerations, more or less matter of fact or matter of inference or conjecture, I then expressed an opinion decidedly in favour of such experiments With reference to the definite project now emanating from Government of the Punjab, I have endeavoured to supplement the independent opinion formerly arrived at by reference to numerous authorities and avalogous examples, und I am happy to state that these bave proved entirely satisfactory and encouingiog I can do no bettu than to cite a number of these cases, they are so untechnical and 10- telligible that I hope they may be sufficient to give the Government much confidence in sınctioning the outlay, and in ordering the immediate execution of tlie project (a) At Conselice, in the province of Ferrara, on the pluns of the Po, which are formed by an unknown the ness of alluvii clays, sinds and girvels, an altesian bouing was made on account of the deficient supply and the salıne qualities of the suiface waters (see Bull Soc Gool de France, Vol XIV, p 102, 1856 57) The locality is 13 miles distant from the fanks of the Appenines, along which the phuins' dejosits rest against and upon disturbed strita of upper tertiary age. Water was found at 160 feet in 1 Led of gravel, and rose to 6 feet above the surface The water bed is in the superficial deposits, the underlying formation was not reached The surface beds are not stated, but I wufer from the description that Conselice is but little above the sea level It was formerly on the coast, though not 22 mules inland), and that the water bed is here far below the ser level, and was probably deposited under salt waters The sweet watei now drann from it is, no doubt, delived by infiltration from the higher slopes at the base of the mountous Success was confidently looked for, based upon arguments such as I have applied to the plains of Upper Indir The numerous artesian wells sunl in the Eastern Saharı present stintigraplıcal conditions essentially lil c those of the plains of India, great deposits of coar e and fine detritus adjoining and overlying disturbed and denuded tertiary stinta The composition and the overlapping ne rangement of the beds indicate their mode of deposition by diluvial transportation from the neighbouing mountains The exact thickness of these deposits is not luown, but the artesian Water lies in them apparently in ·C ar ( 48 ) the coarser materials, which, as a rule; ' predlominate at the base of the section. The chief features of some of these borings are worth recording here. The work was all done by detachments of French soldiers, the Vol. XIV, p. 615, 1856-57.) temperature being sometimes at 114°. (See Bull. Soc. Géol, de france, (3.)-At Oum-el-Thiour, elevation 115 feet, about 50 miles from the edge of the plains, where the elevation is 360, a first, spring was reached at 100 feet in quicksand, and rose to within 8 feet of the surface; a second spring at 138 feet in quicksand rose to within 3 feet of the surface the first jet rose from 178 feet in quicksand, and gave 41 gallons per minutë';. a second jet rose from 224 feet in hard sand with kunkur, and gave two gallons per minute; a third jet rose from 264 feet in clear sand, and gave 33 gallons per minute. The deficiency of this spring was accounted for by the proximity of a deep depression of the surface. The chances were , considered unfavorable. (c.)-At Famerna, elevation 128 feet, a jet rose from 198 feet in fine sand, giving 990 gallons per minute. The bore was sunk in 39 days. (2.)-At Sidi-Rached, elevation 142 feet, a jet rose from 178 feet in conglomerate, giving 990 gallons per minute. This is 60 miles from the supposed source of supply at foot of hills. (6.)--At Tamelath, a first boring, 198 feet elevation, and a depth of 148 feet in gravel, gave 9 gallons per minute. A second boring at 191 feet elevation, and a depth of 191 feet in conglomerate, gave 33 gallons per minute. These two wells were especially instructive, because of the total want of similarity in the sections of the beds passed through, although the positions were only 120 yards apart, thus showing that success is compatible with great irregularity in the nature of the strata. (f)-At Oned-el Aleng on the plain of Metidja, which slopes towards the Mediterranean from the north base of the Little Atlas, two borings were made in the deep diluvial deposits. The first boring, at an elevation of 178 feet from a depth of 356 in gravel, delivered 260 gallons per minute at 6 feet below the surface. Annales des Mines, 6th Ser., Vol. IX, p. 333. (9.)- The second well, 4 miles north of the first and 100 feet lower from a depth of 237 feet in gravel, gave a discharge of from 660 to 780 gallons per minute; the forener quantity equals nearly a million gallons a day. The first of these wells was sunk in 51 days of 20 hours; the second in 16 days. (See Anuales des Mines, 6tlı Ser., Vol. IX, p. 333). In this case also the stratigraphical conditions are similar to those of the Indian plains. Some particnlars of cost and construction may be useful for comparison. I may take the well (f.) Rs. Freight and tools 1,090 1,174 Labor and supervision 181 2,445 Contingencies 132 feet of 8.25 inch tubes · 350 765 600 1,715 11.88 4,160, Rs. . 6. # >> 10.62 224 158 75 TOTAL ·( 49 ) The labor was done by military convicts receiving 10 annas per day of 10 hours The worl was completed in 51 days of 20 hours The depth of this bouing is a sixth more than that estimated for by MIr Purdon, yet the cost is little more than a fourth, tlie time of execution also was about a sixth. The ground to be cut through being about identical in the two cases, the discrepancies in time and cost seem vastly greater than can reasouably be accounted for by the different circumstances of Algies and India The engive and the well are extra items in Mr Purdou's estimate, for which the necessity or advantage is not apparent The comparison of all the knowable conditions in the cases I have enumerated with those at Ambala and other such positions on the plains of Uppe. Indra seem altogether in favor of the latter notably the condition of absorption. Although, as I have pointed ossibilities of failure, the apparent chances can generally be counted upon in undertakings of this natuie Viewing the very extensive and numerous regions of India, more especially in the North-West, in which the want of water is more or less felt, and where conditions obtain apparently and, as far as at present Inown, analogous to those which have been just descubed, cousidering, too, the trifling outlay of time and money requisite under good management to obtain very considerable supplies of water by artesian borings, it would surely be well worthy of Government to institute a series of experiments on a really efficient scale. For this it would be necessary to procure from Europe a set of the most improved tools, and one or more trained woilmen. HB M.

·( 50 ) dicturut shwiring the pringaars oil the Irlesin well-buring al Ambálu from the 1st surember 1869 until the 1st February 1572. Depth fruitho Distription of Soil and General Remarks, towl Varma Sinking :) 11.5. Hreeting machiuc. trand 13 it. Xistivo koliday Watue of wil in well. 1st simple & feet of surface soil. 21 2 fine sant. 3 stiff clayey soil. fine 5311. 5th 3 Very stiff clay, 03.04 Sholesteist large por sheet 11 Total 15 fect. Borisu. JS Stilf brown clay from 15 feet to 26! fect below surface. Kukur, 1027 feet below surface. 15 fuet of finc manauit little water from 27 feet to Il fuel below surface, sund falling in; commenced tubing with 9 inch tulles; prt in tubos. I feet of stilf brown clay from 11 to 12 fect. blue from 29 to 11 brown from 11 to 50 2 * Sunny Ol luulloth Nute 60 11 3 feet tine sun 50 to 531 feet falling in. stiff bruwn clay 535 to 56% fect. 10! tine sund with water from 56! to 67 fcet, stiff brown elny 67 feet to 69 feet put in 71h tule, 11 feet of fine sunt with water 69 fect to 80 feet. 5 of brown clay 80 1 of fine sanal to 86) 35) ► of very stiff brown clay from 86) » to 122 » » to 85 > 83 . 971 Sumaya 106 112 118 127 fect kunkur formation 122 feet to 124 fect. 2671 .. e feet fine sand 121 feet to 228 feet. Tubius all this day, put in the 10th and 11th tubes, forcing them down with two 10-ton jacks; put in the 12th, 13th, und 14th tubes. ••• 2711 25th . Suuay, 130 1.13 JULI 2 0 feet of sand and clay from 128 feet to 137 feet. of sand 137 to 139 of aud clay from 139 to 14 of clay from 1.1-1 to 1.13 „saud falling in. 23 of kunkur from 143 to 150 feet. 1 O. 1st December 1:13 .. 108 und and 3rd December, 170 3. 12 of sand 150 to 151 feet. of dark red clay 156 feet to 166 feet. of silnd and clay 166 feet to 170 of shaley formation 170 feet to 1701 feet. T7 » ·mut i Juli's divas ܒܝܐ w pantolat la lucha cu u up the line sta 16th alca top? Lataa lain :buse dua te tahi 4.4 * ar iz 5.6 57 - T!! Caraz Wie soll times 1106 19h 13 Sular. L. 643Sva ca las 171 W 1. Strakt I usual * * * ut 1 2345 Cathetator I state by, ale arshagia a la isci 16:33 fut la 2-4 ***glors je 151 * 13 saates, wins.. these T3Tsh this very s.r. laid wil in the last duz 2.1. Mar Amen fuung down the riam om Sully put dor: Jordi Pouring water drives the " pret Uutg tuote/L** the tubs Tanpa 8 taches va 26.b 17th ** ممنوند که هر اتم را حفظ By سب مر تار ,تما 0. •1 By w 19th 20th ?> و نگرانی ۴ Sunday. 183} 21st + 163 ***** *** + 2200 23n1 1 1.90 € 192 106 ·( 52 ) Holurn showing the progress on the Artesien well-boring at Ambála fros the Lx4 Noriember 1969 until the 1st February 1872-(contd.) Depili fruni tho Description of Soil and General Remarks. 1) ... 223 1903. Boring, Feet. EN 'anar Christin34 day. Sunday. 7th 199 6 inches clny 196 feet to 196 fect 6 inches; put in the 2211 tube, and forcing them down with two ten-ton jacks and two six-ton jacks. 25th *** 203 2 fect 6 inchies sand from 196 feet to 199 feet. 3 feet 6 inclics clay with kuukur 199 fect to 202 feet 6 inches, 2001 2075 8 feet Ginchies sand 202 feet 6 inches to 211 feet; put on the 23rd tubc, anl forcing them dowu with two ten and two-six ton jacks. 30tli 211 1 foot dark red clay with kunkur 2117 feet to 212 feet. 3156 214) Forcing down 1 foot brown red clay with kunkur 212 tubes with fect to 213 feet. two ten-ton 1 foot 6 inches sand and clay with kun jacks. 1670. kur, 213 feet to 214 feet 6 inches. 1st Jinry ... New Year's clay. Uud Sunday. 3r 919 2 fect clay with kunkur from 214 fect 6 inches to 216 fect 6 inches; put on the 24th tube, forcing them dowa with two ten-tou jncks. 3 feet 6 inches clay with kuukur and black spots, 216 fort 6 inches to 220 feet. 3 feet clay with small particles of green sand 220 feet to 223 feet. 5th .. 230. 11 feet fine sand (very dark colored) 223 feet to 234 feet - baud filling in; put in the 25th tube, forcing them down with two sir-ton jacks. Gtle 238 Put in the 26th tube forcing with two six-ton jacks. 2.15 2 inches stift brown clay 23-1 feet to 234 feet 2 inches. 5 feet 10 inches coarse grey sand 234 feet 2 inches to 240. 6 inches brown clay with kuukur 240 feet to 240 feet 6 inches. Oth 253 9 feet 6 inches brown clayey sand 240 feet 6 inches to 250 feet; but in the 28th tube, forcing with two sixton jacks. Very stiff red clay with dark-colored shingle from 250 feet to 265 feet; temperature of water in bore 76 feet. Oth Sunday. 10th 239 2 feet very stiff red clay mised with kunkur 264 feet to 11th 2016 266 feet. 12th 268 6 inches fine soft sand from 266 feet to 266) feet. 13ti 2711 Very stiff browu clay. 1.1th 273. 15th 275 The tubes have been forced down to near the bottom of bore. 8. fect stiff brown clay. 16th Sunday. 17th 276 1 foot stiff brown clay with grey spots. 2783 2 feet soft sandy soil. 279 foot very coarse grey sand with kunkur. 18th 286 7 feet fiue soft sand. 19th Forcing down tubes. 20th 292 6 feet coarse sand mired with small stones. 21st ... 5. ### . ... .. 6. t.

·( 53 ) Return showing the progress on the Arlesian well-loring at Ambála from the 1st November 1879 until the 1st February 1872-(contd ) Date Depth from the surface Description of Soil and Gencral Remarks 1870 22nd January Boring Feet 292 295 296 Sunday foot clay and sand with pebbles, Very coarse sand wath pebbles 17 >>> > > 231 24th 2oth 26th 27th 28th No progress Very stiff clay Sand. Sandy clay Sanil 2P 2) 3 9) 28th January 29th Sand. Very stiff brown clay with Lunkur > 3) J 7 1 Depth of water from surface 31 feet 3) 30th 5 31st Sandy clay and mica. » 19 99 > 37 1st February 37 >> 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 Sunday 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 313 320 391 322 323 324 325 326 327 Sunday 328 329 330 Boring 331 332 333 334 335 2nd » 3) ► 33 Stiff browa clas 3 3r 20 9 Ath 13 Sandy clay (hard) 3 6th 7th 21 Soft dark brown sand 1 Sth 21 » 9th 10th Dark grey sand Stiff brown cly with kunkur > >> 29 95 > 336 Durk grey sand. Sandy clay U 31 > 12th 23 337 338 339 3-40 341 312 Dark grey sand. U 2 13th 14th > Depth of water from sarface 36 feet ·( 56 ) furu sing the proyrra on the Artesian well-boring at ambála from the 1.46 Norduber 1969 witil the 1:1 February 1872-(contd.) Description of Soll and General Remarks. Il soft freutlig liori. Dark gres sand. Allery 11 1 1 357 Dark grey sand with kuukur. .. 350 331 353 333 331 330 ... 1 $ 355 17 . 317) SOL Stilf nuclis. Yellow clay and sand. Dark grey sud. 15:1 31,3 306 > 1 367 303 Dark grey sand. Depth of water from surface 33 feet. Dark grey sund. 13:h 11 . 390 370 Sunılıy: 371 373 1 11 23,1 Dark ru clay. Durk colored clay. > 373 376 373 376 377 378 379 380 3S1 352 353 381 383 Sund:ly. Dark colored sand, Dark red clay. ... 21th 1) Mr. Ilarrop unwell; natives cleaning machinery. . th . ... 26th 27th Sth Dark red clay. Driving and forcing tubes (for] Tubos stuck fast. Enlarging and deepening well in order to gi room for the working of the screw-jacks. G > 356) 1st March. 2nd 6. 3id 1th ·( 50 ) Relryr show ig the progress on the Artesian icell boring at Ambála frore the 1st November 1869 until the 1st February 1872-(contu) Date Depth from the surface Description of Soil and General remarks 1870 Boring Fuet » » 5th March Gtl. 7722 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th to 19th March 20th to 26th Nil A larger masonry cylinder of greater (lepth in course of construction to give room for working a greatur number of screw jacka 32 12 27th Mar to end April 3rl to 9th April 25th April 16th 387 10 ins The pressure available u insuficient to inore the tubing. extra jachs have been applied for The screw jacks have been received The Papes have been forced down 16 inches under a nominal pressure of 64 tons, assisted by hanucring on the top of the pipe The pipes lave suffered, and further attempts to force down the 98 10CL tubing hate been postponed Red clay 1st July 2nd » 93 > 390 391 393 393 391 395 396 397 4th Park grey sind Jellow coarse sand sath stones 9 2 bth 398 V Gth : : 282 282 * 2:25:23: 399 400 401 Dark grey sand with Iurge stones > » 20 7th 402 >>> 1 Very coarse grasel 8th 99 15 23 9th Ilth 3) Very coarse gravel with bouklers 12t2 => » 13th 403 404 405 406 407 408 403 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 ?> ITIL 21 2 3 15th 31 Very coarse grey sand with large stones and red clay 7) 16th » >> > > 3 (Depth of water from surface 31 feet 9 inches ] ·( 56 ) Return showing the progress on the trtesian well-toring at Ambála from the 1st November 1869 until the 1st February 1872-contd. Dule. Depth from tho murlace, Description of Soil and Gencral Remarks, W 1670, Boring. Peet. Isth July 121 ... 1901 Very coarse grey sand with stiff red clay and black kunkur. Stiff red clay. 20th 190 127 .. ... 215 I. 129 130 431 133 133 > 221d Dark silt or running sand. Rel clay (very saudy). 23nl * ► > 135 430 137 138 33 25th Depth of water from the surfaco 32 feet 6 inches. Red clus (very sandy). 139 H10 411 > > 4. 26tb 113 2 415 4:16 3) + 2Sth 29tli 30th 1st August POP Dark silt or running sand. No progress; forcing down tubes. Depth of water from the surface 31 feet 6 inches, Dark silt or running sand. Very stiff red clay, Dark red loamy clay. 443 -19 450 151 152 153 2nd ... >> Dark running sand. 3n1 No progress. 5th Gth Depth of water from the surface 32 feet. >> 454 Hlth & 12th Aug. Dark running sand with clay boulders and kunkur. 455 Note. On 8th, 9th, and 10th engaged in forcing down the tubes, consequently no progress in boring. On the 13th with a pressure on the pipes of 80 tons (besides driving), the tube broke at the bottom joint 9 feet from the bottom of bore: work now at a standstill. Depth of water from the surface 33 feet. 1871. 23rd to 27th May Cleaning the crabs, blocks, cliains, &c., for lowering the tubes. f ·( 57 ) Return showing the progress on the Artesian well-bos ing al Ambála from the 1st November 1869 until the 1st February 1872-contd). Date. Depth from the surface Description of Soil and General Remaika 1871. Boring Fect. 28th May 29th to 31st May 1st to 3rd June Sunday. . Cleaning the cmbs, chains,dc, for lowering the tubcs. 460 feet of tubes 5 sich in diameter lowerel in the bore hole. A telegram was sent to tho Exceutivo Engincer, Dera. jat Division, to despatch a quantity of flat ropo requued for the well The ropo has not yet been recenter, and it is requested that instructions may be issued that will cause the despatch of the rope, as without it the boring cannot be continued to a further depth of 30 feet. Cleaning out the boro and making new wrought iron Jack and shach le for flat rope Repairing sledge pump and fitting new motion oa 6. inch boring bar. Fine soft sand. 4th June 5th, 6th & 7th June Sunday. 8th June Ith 31 9) Stiff red clay with kunkur. 9) 456 457 458 1:59 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 > 9 5) 3) 10th June Fine soft running sand > 3) 9 1 22 » 23 1) 9 12th Depth of water from the surface 31 feet Stuff red clay. > 3 > 3) > 12 2 467 468 463 470 472 472 473 471 475 476 477 1 1 9) 3 31 > 12th 3) 3) 13th Running band. 478 » »1 3) 23 7) » 21 14th 3) > 31 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 496 487 488 489 490 Loamy clay, 3) 15th » Darl sandy clay. > 9) > 16th >> 9 kW ·( 58 ) Return shorcing the progress on the artesian well-horing at Ambálı from The 1st Nurembci 1869 until the 1st February 1872—(contd.) Dalt. Depuh from the Burkicu. Description of Soil and General Remarks, WA 1871. Boring. livet. ... st » $5 >> 33 . 16tli Jasne 432 Dirk sanıly clay. 103 Very stiff rci clar. 195 17th 196 197 198 Light sarıly clny. 199 500 Stiff red clay with small stones. Depth of water from the surfaco 80 feet. 1901 501 Stiff red clity with stones. 503 Fine running sand. 503 50% 605 506 507 Very stiff red clay. 2011 508 509 510 511 612 513 21st 514 Coarse grey band. 515 616 517 618 519 520 21th 521 522 On the 22 nd and 23rd no progress, awaiting the arrival of flat rope from Rajan. poor. Depth of water from the surface 50 feet. Coutse grey sand and kunkur. 26th Juno 523 521 525 526 27th 527 528 523 530 28th 531 632 533 Stiff clay, boulder, kunkur and sand. 53.1 29th 635 536 537 538 sand (blowing). 30th 539 510 541 > > >> 9) . 22 > >> 3 > >> 38 >> 33 39 >> . . > > >> ... 33 >) > ·(59) Return showing the progress on the di lesiant well-boring at Ambála from the 1st November 1869 until the 1st February 1872-(contd ) Date Depth from the surface Description of Soil and Gencral remarks 1871 Boring Feet 30th June Ist July 643 513 456 66 feet 6 inch tubing gone down 7) » »J » 615 646 456-86 feet 5 inch tubing gone down Depth of water from the surface 40 feet Stuff clay with large kundur 3rd 547 518 3 3) > » 519 71 650 29 8th 551 652 3D From 9th to 15th July - - - - 16th to 22nd taben up again on the 7th Very stuff clay with large kunkur 40696 Depth of water from the surface 150 to 170 feet No progress during the weck The pipes near the bottom of the bore, it 18 supposed, again became bent, as the boning bar will not work in the tubes The 5 inch tubes will now be raised in Jes by eal of ength No progress On Friday morning the last tube was The two bottom tubus were bent 14 inch, prepared a new shoe and two now tubes for the bottom and commenced to lower them again Saturday, total pipes lowered 189 feet Note-As tbe 5 inch tubes were brought up, the bore hole filled in until they were brought level with the bottom of the 7 inch tubes No progress On lowering down the 5 inch tubes to a depth of 450 Etet, it was found that the bottom 7 inch tube had become detached from the others and now lies across the hole Efforts bare been made to straughten the tube with a large iron bar cigar slaped, but until now they have been unsuccessful No progress during the week The whole of the 5 inch tubes have been again brought up, and a powerful instrument constructed to cut up the detaclicu broken 23rul to 29th > 30th July to Bth August Gtli to 12th August 7 inch pipes. No progress In trying to cut up the detached 7 inch puc, it has Leen driven further into the band and clay, and the 7 inch tubes have been forced down after it to a depth of 15 inches, no more 7 inch tubing on lianu No progress Lonering tho 5 inch tubes again No progress » 13th to 19th August Oth to 26th August ·( 61 ): Return showing the progress on the Arleszan well-boring at Ambála from the 1st November 1869 until the 1st February 1972-(contd.) Date Depth from the Burface Description of Soil and General Remarks 1871 Boring It In 9th October 10th >> 6 inch pipes 11th JP 12th 2 13th ) 13 14th 16t! 17th J. 3) 18th 19th 13 A sample of flat rope has just been received from Desgrs Harton and Co, Calcutta, that will answer Fery well to replace the worn rope, and a length of 1,000 feet has been ordered Unable to pass the pump or auger down the 5 inch tubes owing to the latter being bent Soine of the joints of the tubes have been forced asunder, in conse quence of tlie great pressure (44 tons) that had to be exerted to force the tubes down, showing that i greater pressure could not be put on the tubes A small pump was attached to four 3 inch pipes, and the whole lowered down the 5 inch tubes, but the pump and 3 inch pipes stuck fast in the point of the The pump and 3 inch pipes extricated with consider able pressure Preparing to lower the 3 inch pires, making sludge pump, clamps, and auger Erecting beams, blocks and clamps for lowering the 3 inch pipes, which will weigh altogether 3) tons Same as on the 13th 3 inch pipes lovered to a depth of 250 feet 275 feet on a level with bottom of 5 inch tubes 25 feet of sand in the pipes, boring with rods and ramping out the sand Pumping out the sand, tubes lowered I foot, total depth 526 feet Pumping and using the anger and boring rods Pipes lowered 1 foot 6 inches Pumping ont the sand, pipes went down 1 foot 9 inches, total depth 529 feet 3 inches The new rope for the 3 inch pipes is being made at Calcutta, but will not be ready for three weeks The Agent, Scinde and Delhi Railway, has been asked if he can lend a rope of 14 inch or 14 inch diameter for boring in the 3 inch pipes to prevent the delay caused by boring with rods until the Calcutta rupe is ready Holiday 3 inch tubes lowered 3 feet 9 inches 1 foot 9 2 feet 3 3 2 8 Pipes going down well with their own weight without pressure, stratum of thick clay with a small quantity of sand and kunk zzr The boring during the past reck was carried on en tirely by boring orders, and in thick clay stritum tlus is found to be as effectual as boning with the rope and auger 3 inch tubes got down 2 fcet 6 inches 6 2 9 20th 21st 520 3 23rd 24th 23th 20th 27th 28th 22 529 3 533 0 5349 5370 639 3 541 11 JC » 23 39 22 99 22 9 30th 318t 14 November 514 5 516 11 619 8 J 73 33 ·76% E- RIDER Returri showing the progress on the Artesian well-boring al Ambula from the 1st November 1869, until the 1st - Febriary 1872—(contd.) Description of Soil . Calli:narks. Depth from the surface. Date. 1871. Boring. Ft. In. 551 6 3-inch tubes got down 1 foot 10 inches old depth t which the 5-inch pipes were got down. Sand. 2nd November ... 1 ... 3rd 4th 5th 552 553 654 554 5 ... 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th Note. The sand is blowing in at the bottom, filling the tubes as much as 26 feet at a time. It is found necessary to apply a force of 6 tons to get the tubi through the bed. 555 4 hours occupied in pumping ont sand. 656 3 Water had to be poured into the tubes to resist the blowing in of the sand. 557 9 560 3 Tubes raised 4 feet, and sand washed out and again lowered. The boring is being carried on entirely by rods. A stratum of very stiff clay with a small quantity of sand is now being worked in. 563 0 565 9 Stiff red clay. 568 9 Clay with slight mixture of sand; pressure of 6 tons 571 9 % on the 3-inch tubes. 574 6 Put on the 63rd 3-inch tube. 577 6 Very stiff red clay at 578 feet. 580 4 Pressure of 8 tons exerted on the tubes. The 3-inch tubes are going down very fairly; tor being carried on entirely by boring rods; but Diesst Harton and Co., Calcutta, have written to say that t rope for the 3-inch tubes will be ready in a fi days, and when this is received much time will saved in pumping. 581 Very stiff clay. 582 582 10 583 584 585 Fine black sand. 586 587 587 9 588 589 589 5 99 93 new 99 9) 20th >> 21st 97 + 93 23rd 590 23 24th 591 591 3 592 593 593 7 .. 27 25th mixed with pebbles. Total depth. A pressure varying from 16 to 30 tons crcrtal to forco down the 3-inch pipes. Note.JVater 46 feet from the surface. Black fine sand, white small ndmixture of pebbles. Loamy clay at depth of 661 fect. 597 11 602' 5 .. 28th 29tlı ·( 63 Y Rolurn showing the progress on the Ailesian well-loring al Ambala from the 1st November 1669 until the 1st l'ebruary 1872–(contd) Date Depth from the Burlace Description of Soil and General Iconar., 1871 Boring Ft In 605 11 608 7 30th Novemler 1st Duccniber 2nd 609 7 3rd 611 1 Loimy clay at 66 feet, 3 inch tubes lowered Loamy cluy, preasure of 32 toxs cxertal to force down the tubes Loimy clay, pressure of 30 tons exerted to forec down the tubes Loiny clay, pressure of 30 tons cxerted to force down the tubes Very loumy clay Soft chy with konkur, small pebbles at 615 fect. Dark rell clay at 617 feet 6 inches Dark rel clay Lighter coloured clay at 625 feet, very stiff red clay with small adını ture of kunhur at 626 fict A pres 1 13 4th 5th 6th 7th Stl: 9th 6.13 615 7 619 1 621 1 623 7 626 1 1 > J f 21th 628 1 fim Calcutta on the 7th instant Stiff red clay with a little kankur Attached the 60tlı tule 3 inch diameter Pregsure of 32 tons on the tubes Red clay at 630 feet Pressure of 30 tons on the tubes 12th 13th 14th 15th > 630 1 631 10 634 4 636 4 > 99 35 » 16th 6390 18th 19tL 9) 639 10 6-11 10 613 4 20th 21st 22nd 2310) 32 614 10 617 4 70th tube attached, tubes slightly bent Red clay, very stiff The nen flat rope has just arrived Stiff red clay at 638 fect 6 inches Very stiff black clay at 611 feet This is a new variety of clay, and the first of this description that lias buen met with. Tluckness of stratum of black clay only 3 feet Stiff red clay with slight admixture of hunkur at 641fect 536=191 Pressure of 40 tons found necessary to force down tho 3 inch tubes The new flat rore for the 3 inch tulca artiyel from Calcutta during the weck, and thic work of pumping is inuch expeditid Boring lung still to be continue with rods as there is not a ritchet shred plate for turning the horing rod in tho 3 inch tulxcy, the size of the tubes being too bipall to allow of such an arrangement Cliristm is day Stiff rexlcly with a little kunkur Loumg clay at 632 feet 25th 2fth 27tl. 25th 619 10 032 1 (31 7 C37 3 EGO 1 2741 30th 3 Very stiff red clay Bottom of the Lore 15 feet below thic tukce no 1110 hua i cen met with for the Lust Go fut Presort on tulos 40 tons ·( 64 ) Return showing the progress on the Artesian well-boring at Ambála frou the 1st November 1879 until the 1st February 1872--(contd). Date. Depth from the surface. Description of Soil and General Remarks: 1872. 2nd January ... > 3rd 4th 5th .. 6th Sth > ... ) .. 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 15th 16th 27th 18th Boring. Ft. In. Yesterday Br. Harrop reported that the 24 feet 3-inclı tuhes from the top of the well had broken at the flange. He has succeeded in drawing up the upper 24 tubes, and work will be proceeded with. The fracture of the tube shows that the 3-inch pipes are not strong enough to resist a pressure of 40 tons, and it is not probable that they can be forced down more than a few feet further. 660 1 226 feet from the surface; the 3-inch tubes fractured under a pressure of 44 tons; and as nothing could be got down past the fracture, the upper 24 tubes were brought up: Employed drilling through the obstruction. Succeeded, but found another at 328 feet below surface. And another at 430 feet. Passed the third obstruction, and met with another at 580 feet below the surface. ... Note. The obstruction is probably caused by a piece of the fractured pipe having fallen into the tube. Passed the obstruction in the 3-inch tubes at 580 fect, and inet with another at 646 feet in the bottom tube. This was also passed. 661 7 Boring below the bottom of 3-inch tubes. 663 4) This boring may be continued for a feir feet lover 665 4 below the bottom of the tubes, but the 3-inch tubes 667 10 cannot be got down lower without the whole being 670 6 brought up and again lowered from the top. 672 2 Loamy clay. 674 2 675 8 678 5 Hard dry sandy clay. This earth seems to harden when cxposed to the air. 680 3 682 3 The boring is now 27 feet 3 inches below the bottom of the tubes. The sand does not fall in, and fill the bore as much as would be expected, considering the depth of the bore below the bottom of the tubes. 684 6 Very stiff yellow clay and kunkur at 683 feet. 686 0 688 0 689 6 Yellow clay. 690 6 Pumping occupied five hours; clay beginning to fall in. 693 0 The bottom of the bore is now 38 feet below the bottoni of the 3-inch tubes. 695 6 Soft sandy clay at 693 feet. 698 3 700 0 At this depth the sides of the bore began to fall in, the bottom of the bore being 46 feet below the bottom of the 3-inch tubes. Received instructions from Government to take up the 3-inch tubes and endcavour to lower them to a greater depth. Preparing to bring up the 3-inch tubcs, 3) >> 19t11 20th > *.. > >> 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th .. 29th 30tli 31st 1 > 1st February .

·( 65 ) Relurn shoring the progress on the Arlesian well-boring al Ambála from the 1st November 1869 until the 1st Pebauary 1872,-concld. Date Depth from thc surface Description of Soil and General Remarks 1872 Boring Ft In 2nd February 3rd 7 Brought up the three top tubes of 3 inch diameter, the lower one being very niuch damaged and split for a length of 6 feet A good hold was taken of the 3 inch, but did not succeed in bringing them up The fish head imple ment used for taking hold of the tubes broke, and broken pieces of the 3 inch tubes seem to have becomio jammed between the 5 inch and 3 inch tubes 1he party of six sappers employed on the well left Umballe on the 3ri, having been ordered to join their company proceeding to Peshawar Tubes being brought up in accordance with instructions from Government - 700 5th to 12th Feb ruary ET TIIACKERAY, Captain, RE, Executive Engineer, Lorcer Sırkınd Dirinon ·SUBZIL-KA-KOT BORING. Narrative Report on the Artesian Tell at Sabzalkot, Southern Derajat, Punjab, by P. S. MCGOWAN, C.E., Officiating Executive Engineer, Mooltan Provincial Division. 1. Best locality for boring.After much consideration as to the most suitable locality for experimenting on an artesian boring for supplying the garrison of the Sabzalkot outpost commanding the Sharee, Chook and Pitook passes in the hills, on the south-western frontier of the Punjab, between the Sharee and Chedgee rivers, with sweet and drinkable water, it was finally decided, from a military point of view, not to abandon the ruinous outpost then existing at Sabzalkot, but to entirely reconstruct it and to benefit with a view to economy and time by commencing the bore at 230 feet below ground level, this being the depth of the bottom of the well then existing within the fortified walls of the outpost. From the strata exhibited in the 230 feet of excavation of the old well, it was known that pebble and boulder strata would have to be bored through were work commenced from the surface of the ground; the starting on ground level would have facilitated considerably the baulage of tubes to be lowered, baulage of plant, examination of excavated material, and given more room for working the screw-jacks, and the workmen, and to supervising the work in progress, but all these advantages counterbalanced that of having to pierce loose pebble and boulder strata which have heretofore proved more difficult and expensive to bore through than solid rock, even with the best machinery, 2. Situation of Sabzalkot outpost. The Sabzalkot outpost is in the Rajanpur sub-division of the Dera Ghazi Khan district in the Southern Derajat of the Punjab province, and situated near the foot of a long slope at the base of the hills forming the south-west frontier of the Punjab, about 22 miles west of the frontier station of Rajanpur. The slope is of varying width and composed apparently of the debris of the higher hills 12 miles to the west. 3. Description of old well in outpost.---The old well in this outpost excavated prior to 1857 is 230 feet deep, 9 feet in diameter for the first 24 feet below ground surface, having its sides for these 24 feet below ground level encased or supported by a wooden framework, the next 192 feet in depth of excavation varied in the diameter from 6 to 9 feet and passed through various strata of soil described in the annexed section. The diameter at the end of this section of 192 feet, or 216 feet below ground level, was 11 feet; from this point a steining of masonry, 13 feet thick, built prior to boring operations being taken in hand, continued downwards for 14 feet, or a total depth of 230 feet below ground surface. 4. Water in the old well. It is believed water collected in the well by mere infiltration from the sides. No spring existed, the water was brackish and tarnished brass vessels, and was totally unfit to be drunk by either men or animals. 5. Tormer means of water-supply for the garrison.-Drinkable water had, therefore, to be brought for the garrison, which consisted of 26 ·( 67 ) Cavalry and 7 Foot, or 33 men and 26 horses, in leather bags or pakbals on camels, from a distance of 8 miles, and in the hottest months of summer, sometimes from Asnz, 15 miles distant, at an average annual cost of Rs 600 6 Object for rendertakıng the Arlestan boring - Prompted by theso circumstances it was decided to experiment on a deeper boring in search for a supply, of pure and sweet water than any that had heretofore becn undertaken by excavation of wells in that part of the province 7 Description of and method of employing machinery —The locality for the experimental artesian boring having been finally decided upon, measures were taken in 1869 to transfer the plant and machinery lately used for the artesian boring at Ambala for employment at Sabzalkot The machinery employed, and the method of working it, have been so fully described with illustrations, vide " Professional Papers on Indian Engineering," Ist series, April 1870, extra No III A, page 106 et seq, and 2nd series, May 1874, No XII, page 117 et 8cq respectively, that it is needless here to recapitulate either a description of the plant or the method of using it 8 Commencement of work by steining lowest 24 feet of well-Work was taken in hand at the latter end of 1870, the first thing undertaken being the steining of the sides of the well for a height of 24 fect, commencing from a height of 216 feet below ground surface, or just above the old masonry, 1} feet thick, which extended for a depth of 14 feet downwards, the burnt brich in lime masonry was carried up perpendicu. larly for 24 fect, 2 feet thich, and giving the sell a clear internal diameter of 9 feet, so as to leave suflicient room for fixing the timber platforms on which to work the jacks 9 Boring with 9 inch tubes diameter commenced al 216 feet and completed at 410 feel below surface - After the steining of the well for a height of 24 from 216 feet below ground surface, just described, had been completed, an artesian boring with 94 inches internal diameter tubes was taken in hand, the water level in the old well pror to actual boring being 2?4 feet below surface, and the supply 40 gallona per hour, this water level, hotverer, varied, rising at times 2 feet to 222 fect below ground surface Boring operations commenced in November 1870 under the immediate supervision of Dir Harrop, the Engage, ander whose management a similar artesian bonng at Amirala 7. eliectel. In Jlarch 1871, or about 5 months afterwards, the treats-tra 3} in railing tubes available were reported to have been atuliza mtaz from a pro 216 feet below surface, or 8 feet above the Intel to wate- 10 tbed well to a total depth of 410 feet below and 219, ths fisztina penetrated by the lowest 97 inch tube wes of Care ZTr1 201 to listening beanng an abundant supply of water, 89 Imantdi 24 to one on on the bore standing untabed for the last 10 fsp of she comm, lat 9 feet of the length of the toring (1-163 [st TEE untabed, this length of 9 fort, zs Iron los or 7 ci pipes commencel 13 Jannas 1-13, Tips for the made to force tbe 97 inch damit einer som Starel and boalders 10. Water struok at $10 fent la rep|4059 coa gravel and woulders, 419 ·, ( 68 ) plentiful supply of water, which rose in the pipes to a height'of 220 feet below ground surface, or 4 feet higher than level of the water in the old well and fell only 8 feet in the tubes when pumped at the rate of 400 gallons per hour; the water was clear and drinkable, but unfortunately, when not pumped regularly in large quantities, stagnated and was subsequently reported to be brackish to some extent, so much so that the garrison ceased to drink it, although it was drawn in small quantities for cattle which did not seem to suffer from disease of any nature by using it, the garrison obtaining their drinking water either from Asni, 15 miles distant, or that collected by rainfall in a pool close to the outpost. 11. Question of continuing bore with smaller pipes. The experimental bore with 94-inch tubes to a depth of 410 feet below surface not having proved a success, it was decided to continue the bore for a further depth of 200 feet with tubes of a smaller internal diameter, viz. 7 inches, of which there were 33 available, each 9 feet long, the object in view being that of striking a water-bearing stratum that would yield sweet water such that would not stagnate or turn brackish if drawn in a'small quantity only, viz., 120 gallons daily, sufficient only to meet the requirements of the outpost garrison. 12, Resumption of work in January 1873...On resuming work in Jam nuary 1873, the level of the water in the tubes was found to be 246 feet feet below ground surface, or 22 inches below that in the old well, and on pumping for two months continuously at the rate of 360 gallons every 24. fours, the water still continued to be of a bad quality; it was consequently supposed that the brackish water in the old well had access to the interior of the 9-inch tubing; such, however, proved afterwards not. to be the case. 13. Analysis of water struck at 410 feet below ground level. In Nov. ember 1873 two bottles of the water yielded by the stratum of coarse gravel and boulders at 410 feet below surface, were sent to the Chemical Examiner to the Punjab Government, at Lahore, for analysis. The result of the analysis was as follows:--- Total Perma. pent hardness. harduess. Total solid grains. PRINCITIL SAITS. 10-1 252.0 Chloride and 'sulphate of soda and carbonate of lime and magnesia. Offensive taste and odour from presence of ammonin and sulphuretted hydrogen.. The water was objectionable on account of the large amount of saline matters. The sulphurretted hydrogen and ammonia were probably due to decomposition of sulphate and organic matter resulting from the water having stood so long before the anglysis could be undertaken ; it was unfortunately allowed to stand in the bottles for about two months before the analysis was made, so that this test can hardly be considered a very fair ope ·( 69 ) 14 Refixing of machinery in disuse since 1871-Owing to the muchvery having been in disuse since March 1871, wheu thc 97 inch dinmeter boring came to a close, the several parts had rusted very much and took four months to clean thoroughly and put together in worl ing order aguin, when in 1874 furtber boring bd been finally decided upon 15 January 1874, flat rope found to be useless an l bore choked to 219 below suur face ----In January 1874, when all the requisites were ready for prosecuting further borin, it was discovered that the fint iope employed for raising and loweung the pump had also decised and two round ones of 13 inch diameter were sewn together and used in lieu of the flat one, but fuled owing to their twisting, and had eventunlly to be substituted by a new flat rope of moon], 2 inches wide and } inch thicl, which tool considerable time to male With all these delays however, worl on actual bouing was resumed on the 3rd March 1874, when the bore was found to be choked with silt, debris fiom above, and a dip pamp formerly in use, up to a leigut of 919 feet below sufice, or 5 feet above level of water in the old well The upper 192 fcet in height of the old tell were not steined with brick masonry, and the choling wis caused chiefly by a portion of the unlined sides of the well falling in In remedying the acciaent a portion of the dip pump was taken out as well as the silt and debuis, but the rest of the dip pamp fell to the bottom of the bore 16 Extended wooden steining 16 feet louer dow –Before the boring with 7-inch tubes could be proceeded with, the unsteined sides, especially the uppermost, 16 feet in height, shewed signs of falling in,and consequently actual boring with the 7 inch tubes was postponed owing to the danger Jabourers and others would be exposed to in venturing below on to the platform to worl the sciewajnchs and pumps About Movember 1874 a wooden steining or fryming wis commenced at a depth of 24 feot below surface, and carried down 16 feet giving a total depth of 40 feet steined with wood from the top, is also 38 running feet with masonry from the bottom of the old well, oi a total of 78 teet out of a total depth of 230 fcet steined 17 Further efforts to lower 9 inch tubing below 410 feet from sun face- After this worl of Loring lower was commenced, and before proceeding to Water the smaller diameter 7 wek tuales, further efferts were made to lover the of inch tubing with the aid of trvosix ton piel s beyond the stratum of coarse gravel and boulders, but besides tubing the last 9 feet of the bore, actually first executed in 1871, from 185 to 194 feet below surface and left untubed then, nothing was done, and the 9 inch tubing for want of more powerful jack power, consequently came to stand still at 410 fcet below surface of ground lhe bore was now cleared of silt and the broken dip pump that fell to the bottom in March 1874 foiced to one side 18 Dlay 1875-lontering of 7 inch diameter tubes commenced --After these preliminary operations, on the 10th May 1875 lowering the 7 inch tubes commenced, the work progressed satisfactorily for one month till the 10th June 1875, until the lowest 7 inch diameter tube reached a stratum of pebbles and sind (No 58), 421 feet below ground surface, or 11 feet below the end of the 3 inch diameter tubing, the 7 inch pipes could not be forced through this stratum of course sand had pebbles i foot thich with the two sie tou jichs available, and work on actually bouing lover down ceased till more ponerful jacl power could be obtained ·20th September 1877 the rope stuck fast in the pipes, after the silt in 19. Sleining noell wilh brick work resumed in Maj 1877.-In the mean time as debris from the remniving unlined portions of the sides of the wall was continually falling in and choking the bore, it was decided upon carrying up the brick-work steining, 1 foot thick, to ground surlace, the lowest 38 feet having already been lined with brick-work, thus leaving a height of 192 feet to build up. Work on this steining was started in May 1877, and by the 10th June of the same year a circular:steining, 1 foot thick, clear internal diameter of well being 9 feet, had been carriol up perpendicularly for a height of 70 feet, so that a total depth of 108 feet out of 230 foot depth of the well's excavation had been lined, and then Tras only stopped for want of carriage for bricks, which unfortunately for, want of suitable soil could not be manufactured at site. 20. Boring with 7-inch tubes from 421 to 524 feet below surface commenced in July 1877.-New and more powerful jacks having been now obtained, thc boring with 7-inch tubes, which last stopped on the 10th June 1875 at 9.21 feet belosy surface, was again started on the 3rd July 1877, more than two years afterwards, with a pair cach of 10 and 12-ton jacks; the pipes penctrated under & pressure of 44 tons the stratum No. 58 of pebbles and coarse sand through which they could not be forced, in June 1875, with a pressure of 12 tons, the maximum the two six-ton jacks then aynilable could exert. After passing this stratum the 7-inch tubes were lowered comparatively casily for a depth of 102 feet from 422 feet to 524 fcct below surface in about 4 months, which gives, including time spent in remedying accident, nearly one foot a day of actual boring. The boring bar actually reached a depth of 526 feet below surface, although the 7-inch tubes stuck fast 2 feet higher up, at 324 feet below surface of ground; boring operations with the 7-inch diameter tubes finally ended on the 6th December 1877, when it was found impracticable to force the 7-inch- tubes ending at 524 feet below surface in the stratum of clay 26 feet thick on to the stratum of coarse sand and pebbles at 526 feet below ground surface, or 2 feet lower down, with a jack power of 44 tons, the maximum available. 21. Difficulty experienced in taking out insoluble clay from bottom of borc. In lowering the 7-inch tubes from 422 to 524 feet below surface, the average pressure exerted was 12 tons, which sufficed to lower the tubes through the strata of stiff clay and sand met with in that length of 102 feet. Considerable delay was, however, caused by the difficulty experienced in taking up the stiff clay after it had been excavated, as it was insoluble, more especially so when the bore deepened and the water in the tubes was as much as 300 feet deep, which rendered the work of the boring bar less effective. 22. Rush of fine sand into bore on striking water-bearing strata. When the strata of sand were hit upon, as a rule a plentiful supply of water was obtained, but the influx carried in a considerable quantity of fine sand into the bore which delayed boring operations; as also the falling-in of a moonj rope, 40 feet long and 1 inch in diameter. On the 5 suspension in the water settled, and bad eventually to be cut out. 23. Stratum No. 74, water-bearing 4891 feet below surface.On the 2nd October 1877 a stratum (No. 74) of sandy clay, if feet thick, was bored through from 489) to 491 feet below surface, then water ·( 71 ) 7-inch pipes appeared in the bore and rose to 224 feet below ground surface, which, after three hours pumping with the dip pump at 187 gallons per hour, fell only 7 feet, the water in taste was similai to that before met with, brackish 24 Clay stratum No 77 struck and water shut off from bore -On the 8th October 1877 clay, was met with, stratum No 77, when the water was shut out from the bore and did not appear again till a stratum of sand (No 78), 1 foot thich, was entered at 499 feet below ground Burface, on the 10th October 1877 this flow of water into the bore was ngrin cut off 25 Stratum of clay 26 feet thick reached at 500 feet below surface On the 11th October 1877, the tubes entered a stratum (No 79) of clay, 26 feet in thickness, extending from 500 to 526 feet below surface 26 Accident to uad cutter - In piercing this clay stratum on the 16th October 1877 an accident occurred, the wadcutter got jammed and the moon; rope to which it vis attached, an old one three years in use, broke, the wadcutter and rope were, however, fished out by the 19th of the same month and the bore pumped dry, the water in the tubes being that accumulated from the leakage through the imperfect joints of the 27 Stratum No 80, pebbles and coarse sand at 526 feet below ground surface - After passing through 24 out of 26 feet of the stratum of clay, or 524 feet below surface, the 7-inch tubes stuch, but the boring bai reached a layeı (stratum No 80), 2 feet thick, of coarse gravel and sand yielding a plentiful supply of water, which rose to a height of 224 fect below surface of ground in the tubes On the 24th October 1877, puraping for four hours, at the rate of 221 gallons per hour, was talen in hand, and the water in the bore lowered 86 feet from 224 to 310 feet below surface, but on the following morning was found to have aguin risen to 224 feet below surface On reaching this stratum of pebbles and corrse sand a great rush of silt into the ensucd, choling the tubing for a height of 22 feet from the bottom, the lowest 2 feet of bore, 224 to 226 feet, being untubed, the water yielded by this stratum was also brackish On the 5th November 1877, the bore was again pumped and the level of the water lowered 140 feet, from 221 to 364 Ieet below surface, while the tubes during the pumping silted up for a herglit of 19 feet from the bottom of the bore 28 End of 7-inch tubing at 524 feet below surface --The 7 inch diameter tubes finally acsted at 524 feet below ground surface, and could not be forced on to the stratum of pebbles and coarse sand with the maximum available pressure of 44 tons, and as tho 12 and one 10 ton jach had their endless scietys damaged in attempting to force the tubes lower, further endeavours were abandoned, and the 7-inch diameter boring cime to an end at 524 feet below ground level on the 6th December 1877 29 Mariations in level of water in tubes --Generally, throughout the inch boring operations, there was a scanty supply of water from the bottom of the bore, at times bardly enough to feed the engine's boiler, and as a rule, when a stritum of firm and plastic clay, very insoluble and consequently difficult to tale up, vis met, very little or no water entered the bore from the bottom, but ccnmuhted from the Icalage ·into the 7-inch tubes throngh their ill-fitting joints with onc another, anul these facts account for the variations in the level of the water in the tubes at different stages of the boring operations. 10. Isoilage of water into the 7-inch tubing ---Thic leakage into the 7-inch tubes is llius accounted for. When the lower end of the pipe (7 in) entors : stratum of clay, no water rises in it from the bottom of the bore, imi the 93-inch inbing, encasing that of 7-inch diameter, contains water, being fed from the water-bearing stratum of coarse gravel and boulder, f10 feet below ground surface, on which its end rests, it will be noted that there was a space of gths of an inch all round Between the external face of thic 7-inch, and internal face of the 98-inch diameter pipes, where the water rising from the gravel and boulder stratum 4.10 feet lciowe ground surface was contained, and it was this water that found its way through the joints of the 7-inch tubes occurring between 110 and 194. fect below surface into the bore. 31. Erclusion of leakage into 7-inch tubes. Although attempts to cxclude the leakage from the 7-inch tubes by caulking the įth-inch space all round with hemp failed, yet were a stratum yielding sweet water struck lower din it could have been drawn uncontaminated after a short, time, it is believed ; as after actual boring operations ceased and the 7-inch tubes, fitting loosely into those of 94-inch diameter, had been stationary for some time, they would have had their joints closed by ruist.. 32. Completion of brick steining.---The 7-inch boring last described having come to a stand at 5:26 feet below surface, and further boring with tubes of a smaller diameter not having then been determined upon, Ilic opportunity was taken, prior to receipt of orders, to complete the steining of the well with brick work; the brick lining was last described as completed to a beigłıt of 108 feet from the bottom, leaving a height, of 2301 fcct--108 feet =122 feet to build. Whilst boring operations with 7-inch tubes were in progress, bricks were manufactured for completing the steining of the well to ground level; they were, not made at site, and had to be conveyed a long distance after being removed from the kilns. Carriage for them could not be procured in the winter of 1876-77, and the summer of 1877 setting in delayed work in lining the sides of the well till there was a cessation of boring operations with the 7-inch tubes, when work was commenced and the brick-work carried up 1 foot thick perpendicularly for a further height of 33 feet, giving a length of 141 out of 230 feet of steining completed to within 89 feet of ground level. From this point it was considered advisable to carry up the brickwork, decreasing the internal diameter of the well from 9 feet to 6 feet at ground level. The work was proceeded with vigorously and finished by the 19th of February 1878, or in about 2 months' time, thus completing a brick-work steining 230 feet in depth. 38. Boring with pipes 5 inch in diameter. In the mean time sanction was obtained to continue the bore to a total depth of 600 feet belov surface (the 7-inch tubes having only reached 524 feet) with tubes Before commencing of 5-inch internal diameter, which were in store. oportions, however, two entire pipes and a leugth of 3 feet of a third of 7-inch diameter pipes had to be removed to make room for lowering the 5-inch tubes.

·( 73 ) 7 on 34 Lorering 5-inch tubes commenced - Lowering the 5 inch tubes into those of 7-inch internal diameter commenced on the 17th March 1878, and by the 3rd April following the first set of thirteen tubes had been let down On the 17th of the same month lowering the second set of thirteen tubes began and was completed by the 22nd April 1878 35 Accident to toooden gauge in ascertaining coupling of first wrth second set of thirteen 5 inch diameter tubes To ascertain whether this second batch of thirteen 5-inch tubes had fairly coupled with the first thirteen lowered, a plug or piston of tamarisk wood 3 feet 4 inches long and 42 inch diameter was lowered, it got jammed in the bore hwing expanded by soaling in the water and could only be extracted by raising the last set of 13 tubes sent down, all however, were not taken up to the surfrce, but only six of the uppel most, the piston being found closely fitted in the last of these, hent was applied when the wood contracted and was forced out, this accident delayed boring operations for a fortnight 36 Re lowering second set of thirleen 5 inch diometer tubes On the 31d May 1878, re lowering the second set of thirteen 5 inch dia meter tubes commenced and reached the end of the 7 inch tubing At 525 feet below ground surface they were forced through the last 2 feet of the stratum of clay 26 feet thick and ending at 526 feet below surface on to stratum No 80 of pebbles and coarse sand first bored to on the 22nd November 1877 (vrde under head 27 of this report) 37 AC surface -- surface till sandy clay, 6 inches thicl , överlying stratum No 84 of 1 foot of sand, when the tubes, although Jacled down with a pressure of 12 tons on closing work in the evening, during the night of the 31st lowered by their own gravity 1 foot through stratum No 84 and rested on stratum No 85 of clay feet thich The tubes in thus unexpectedly descending na few of the uppermost n which the screty jacks tube from the bottom so that jo entue and a portion of the 36th tube descended ono foot, whilst the rest of the 36th tube remained fast with the few upper ones clamped to the platform, the broken tube was cut out and replaced in thrce days' time 3S 11 ater-bcaring stratum No 86 met with After piercing No 85 of clıy, 2 feet thich, water was struck, on the 10th June 1878, in stratum No 86 of sand aud pebbles 1 foot in depth at 535 fect below ground surface , silt was forced into the tubes for a height of 12 feet from the bottom by the force of the water and took two days to clear out 39 Water again struch at 537 feet below ground surface -The next stratum No 87 was of clay, after passing which water was again struch on the 15th June 1878, in stratum No 88, at 537 feet below ground surface, here there was a great influx of silt (coarse sand), which chol ed the tubes to " height of 21 fett from the bottom The silt was coarse and great difficulty was experienced in drawing it up, owing to the shell pump valves and plunger getting jammed with it, the result being that no actual boring could bo done for six days Boring was stopped for thiee weeks and 241 1 264 1 1 1 ·www ( 74 ) Tesamed on the 11th July. By the 17th of that monili stralum No 90 of clay, one foot deep, was reached, or a depth of 516 fect below grum surface; in the last 6 feet depth of boring silt alone fora beight 127 feet in the tabes had to be taken up, the large quantity of silt in the pipes being attributable to the sandy strata bored through latterly, 40. Water struck at 551., below ground suffice. From the 18th Ølst July 1878 strata Nos. 99 to 105 were bored through, the only rircumstances to notice in boring betireen 516 and 561 feet below surfac being that stratum No. 102 of sandy clay, 2 feet thick, at 551! fet? below ground surface, had water in it, and that on the bore reachin stratum No. 105 of firm sand, at 560 feet below gronud surface, the tubes became very stiff and required an increase of pressure to loves them. 41. Inefficacy of boring bar 50 lbs. in weight irhen t-orkcal in grafor. feet deep.-As the boring was now getting deep, and the water in the tubes in the morning found to be over 300 feet in depth. it iras also. lutely necessary to lower the water in the pipes at least 100 feet before commencing the day's work on boring, as the boring lar, 50 lbs in reiyli, was found not to work satisfactorily in water 300 feet dcep, the friction of the flat rope to which it was attached being much greater (on, which reduced considerably the force of the blor that the boriug Var would otherwise bave delivered at each fall. 42. Boring betreen 561 and 573! fect below ground surface:arcal resi of the silt.---From the 1st to the 14th August 1878, stmta Nos. 10G to 115, or a total depth of 12 feet, were bored through, sand chiells lwing met with. The bore was always found choked with silt in the morning. After stratum No. 115, at 5731 feet below surface, was reacherl, the boste on the following morning was found choked for a height of 35 feet from the bottom, 35 feet of sand from stratum No.]]), and 3 feet of gravi! from stratum No. 115, the latter stratum permitting the sand from aluse it to be washed through by the force of the water rushing into the bore, 43. Tubes lowered I foot by grarity or night of the 9!! ***** 1878.-On the night of the 9th Angust 1878, when the wire hail reached 569 feet below ground surface, the tubes lowcrev 1 font logo their own gravity into stratum No. 112, which was of loose sand, for thick, 44. Accident to 40th and 41st of 5-inch diamclor (uber.On commene ing work on the 15th August 1879, it was discorcrel that the both od 41st of the 5-inch diameter tubes lowered had disjoints at 5:5 Less below surface and broken; the breaking of these tuhes is supposed to len due to an unequal pressure having been exerted by the screw-jack-; the pressure actually applied was about 12 tons only, or about intl (ill 8 tv!! per square inch of section) the maximum admissible. 45. Mater-bearing stralu. No, 117 reached at 57-1fic! betra torna!"Pface. Conclusion of loring operations.-The broken tubes were seme:*** and replaced by others by the 22nd August 1975, aud : tratam V). 117 of boulders and pebbles was reached at 571 feet below rm -riu: On the 24th of the same month, after reichling the lines luf, ului; proved too light to be worked at this depth, the bosing liitri dotru only 3 inches decper. Continued ufioris' were mule lig vikti ·(75) the boring bar to pierce stratum No. 117 of pebbles and boulders, but without success. The bore was carried down 3 inches further, and all endeavours with the appliances available failing to force the tubes lower, they were allowed to rest here at 5741 fect below ground surface, which completed actual boring operations at Sabzallot. 46. Storage of machinery-The results of the bore to 574} feet below ground surface not having proved satisfactory, further boring to the proposed depth of 600 feet below ground level was abandoned; the machinery was removed to Rajunpur, there taken to pieces and stored for further use. 47. Quality of water struck at 574 feet below ground surface. There was a plentiful supply of water in this pebble and boulder stratum (the thickness of which conld not be ascertained), which rose to 223 fect below ground surface, but it was still brackish although it did not tarnish brass, as the brackish water from the old well did. Pumping at the rate of 156 gallons per hour, the level of the water fell to 290 feet below ground surface, or 66 feet below level of water in the old well. The outpost garrison drank this water, which was drawn up by a 5-inch dip pump made of sth inch sheet copper at the rate of 8 gallons in ten minutes the pump was attached to a flat rope sound by a single purchase crab winch. 49. Planked shoot for guiding din pump into the bell-mouth at top of tubing.–To facilitate the drawing of water from the bore for the use of the gariison a bell-mouth was fixed to the top of the 5-inch tubes, and a plunked platform erected on a level with the top of the bell-mouth, and to guide the dip pump into the bore a shoot of planks fixed together was set up: A spare flat rope was provided, and an additronal dip pump, so that two pumps could be worked together, the one descending empty whilst the other ascending fall to the top, the rope passing over two pulley wheels of common wood, 3 feet in diameter, fixed to upights.

·( 75 ) The boring bir to picice stratum No 117 of pebbles and bouldeis, but without success The bore was carried down 3 inches fuither, and all endeavours with the appliances available failing to force the tubes lower, they weic allowed to rest here at 5714 feet below ground surface, wluch completed actual boring operations at Sabzallot 16 Storage of machinery- The results of the boie to 57+1 feet below ground surface not having proved satisfactory, further boring to the proposed depth of 600 feet below ground level was abandoned, the machinery was removed to Rajunpur, there taken to pieces and stored foi further usc 47 Qualıly of water struch at 574 feet below ground surface - There was a plentiful supply of water in this pebble and boulder stratum (the thickness of which could not be ascertained), which lose to 223 feet below giound surface, but it was still brachish although it did not tırnish brass, as the brackish water from the old well duu Pumping at the rate of 156 gallons per hour, the level of the water fell to 290 felt below ground surface, or 66 feet below level of water in the old well garrison diant this water, which was drawn up by a 5-inch dip pump made of sth inch sheet coppei at the rate of 8 gallons in ten minutes the pump was attached to a flat rope wound by a single purchase crab winch, 48. Planked shoot for guiding dip pump into the bell-mouth at top of tubing --To facilitate the drawing of water from the bore for the use of the gariisou a bell mouth was fixed to the top of the 5 inch tubes, and a planked platform erected on a level with the top of the bell-mouth, and to guide the dip pump into the bore a shoot of planls fixed together was set up A spare flat rope was provided, and an addıtional dip pump, so that two pumps could be worked together, the one descending empty whilst the other ascending full to the top, the rope passing over two pulley wheels of common wood, 3 feet in diamet fised to uprights The outpost

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·+2 ( 75 ) the boring bar to pierce staatum No 117 of pebblus und voullers, but without success The bore પ und all endeavours with the applıını lower, they were allowed to rest liu u www 1phicli completed actual boring operations at Sabzallot 16 Storage of machinery—The results of the bore to 574) fect below ground surface not having proved satisfactory, further boring to the proposed depth of 600 feet below ground level was abandoned, the machinery was removed to Rajunpur, there taken to pieces and stored for further usc 47 Quality of water struch al 574 feet belowo grourd surface -Tlacru was a plentiful supply of water in this pebble and boulder stratum (the thickness of which could not be ascertained), which rose to 223 feet below lound surfrce, but it was still brackish although it did not tarnish brass, as the brackish water from the old well did Pumping at the rate of 156 gallons per hour, the level of the water fell to 290 feet below ground surface, or 66 feet below level of water in the old nc}] garrison dranh this water, which was drawn up by a 5-inch dip pump made of leth inch sheet copper at the rate of 8 guilons in ten minutes, the pump was attached to a flat rope wound by a single purchase crab winch, 48 Planked shoot for gurding dip pump into the bell-zouth af of tubing -To facilitate the drawing of water from the bore for the use of the garrison a bell mouth was fixed to the top of the 5-inch tubes, and a planked platform erected on a level with the top of the bell mouth, and to guide the dip pump into the bore a shoot of peaks was provided, and an :- be worled together, the came full to the top, thonden ing over two pulley wheels of common wood, 3 feet diameter, f upnghts The outpasti ·( 76 ) Delaileil Section of the Sabzalkoi Boring. No. of Stratum. Thickness of Stratum. Depth belos ground surface. Nature of Stratum. No. of Stratum. Thicknose of Stratuin. Depth below ground surface. Natarc of Stratum, * Haowao లలుకని? 18 no corrente . Ft. Ft. Ft. 1 21 29 Coarse runpivg sand. 59 8 430 37 Compressed sand, Clay. 60 432 Sand. Sand with sligut mixture of 61 433 clay. Clay; no water. 62 437 Fino sand; ug water, 45 Sand and clay, 63 438) Clay. Gb Very coarse sind. Firm sand, 60 Hard clay and sand, 66 412} Clay. 6 Coarse sind. 66 441 Sand. 08 Coarse sand with small pcb. 457 Clay. bles, 68 460 Sandy clay. 7 76 Sand with large pebbles, 69 469 Stiff clay with occasional 10 10 83 Dark sand. layers of gaudy clay. Il 109 l'ine sand compressed. 70 2 471 Sandy clay. 12 113 Very compact sand. 71 11 482 Stiff clay with occasional 133 15 128 Fine sand compressed, layers of sandy clay. 1. 29 157 Clay and sand very compact. 72 4833 Sandy clay. 15 17 174 Limestone boulders, 73 4893 Clay. 16 15 180 Clay and sand very compact. 74 13 491 Saudy clay. 17 10 199 Loose sand and pobbles, 75 492 Sand. 17 220 Hard clay and sand. 76 3 495 Firm saod; water brackish, 13 21 240 Brown ruaping sanda 409 Clay ; No water, 20 2-17 Very still clay. 78 1 500 Sand; water appears again. 21 251 Very coarso sand. 79 26 526 Clay. 22 10 267 Sand and clay intimately 80 % 528 Pebbles and sand; water which mixed. rose to 224 feet below ground 23 8 275 Finc sand running. surface. 286 Saudy clay, slightly red. 82 23 530} Clay. 25 288} Very hard reddish clay. 82 1 531) Pebbles and sand. 20 3 2014 Very coarse sand. 83 532 Sandy clay. 27 302 Sandy clay. 81 1 533 Finc sand, 28 309 Very stiff sand and clay with 85 535 Clay, a few peobles. 66 536 Sand and pebbles; water. 29 309: Bunning sand. 87 637 Clay. 30 318 Sandy clay. 88 538 Coarse sand aud pebbles ; 31 320 Running sand. water, 32 328 Very still light-colored clay. 89 5383 Clay: 33 333} Sandy clay. 90 639 Saud and pebbles. 3.1 330 Very stiff red clay and sand. 91 5397 Clay. 35 327 Sand. 92 5393 Sand aud pebbles. 30 351 Gravel with boulders. 93 Clay. 5.10 37 7 358 Very stiff clay. 5103 Sand avd pebbles. 38 361 Very coarso saud. 95 512) Clay. 39 361. Red loany clay. 96 533 Fine sand. Light-colored clay. 365 37 541 Clay. Hard saud. 516 366 98 Saudy clay. 99 517 Clay. 366) Coarse gravel. 550 43 100 Clay and sand, Stiff clay with stones, 370 371 Sandy clay. 101 551, Clay 102 45 372 Coarso gravel and sand. 553. Sandy clay; water. 656 103 16 Clay. 13 373} Blue and yellow clay. 660 +7 10% Saudy clay. 13 Stiff clay, 376 105 561 Firm 6aud. Coarse blue sand. 377 106 381 Clay and stones. 5611 Pebbles and sand. 107 Gravel and boulders. 50 562 Clay. 387 51 663 Loose sand. 108 13 388) Stift" clay. 390 Coarse blue sand. 109 565 Clay. 566 110 Sand water, 53 15 405 Gravel and boulders. 111 569 Clay. 406 Sandy clay. 112 571 Loosc sand 55 Very coarse gravel and boul. ders. 113 6713 Clay. 573 06 LOO5C 620d. 114 8 Drift pebbles and sand, 57 573) Firm gravel. 115 3 Stiff clay. 421 116 57 Clay. 58 122 Course sand pebbles, plcuty water. 117 574 Pebbles and boulders; waler, DEN Param, مجنون مسکن مهم مرشدبرنا من بر امه اسنی سرد 110 1 ewer

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