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WAR OFFICE
TRAINING REGULATIONS
1934
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28th February, 1934.

·CONTENTS CHALTER I PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM OF TRAI-ING SPC PAGE 1 Object of training : Essential characteristics of an army 5 6 13 7 T 7 Training in delence against gas 8 15 15 16 19 19 1C 11 12 training 13 Claematography ips for 0 21 CHAPTER 11 INDIVIDUAL TRAINING THE TRAINING or OFTICERS AND SENIOR NON-COMMISSIONED OrFICERS au Leutuw 19 Discussions 20 Conferences on training 21 Essays and military writing 22 Appreciations 23 Reconnaisance 24 Promotion examinations 25 Training of senior officer 24 25 27 29 28 29 31 32 32 ·CHAPTER III NDIVIDTIL TRINING EXERCISES WITHOUT TROOPS S-. PAG. 5. Gisbornectica 34 Oar-se excises tiicai troops 3S S. 150-side exercises without cops (trees! er Social examines without troops 33. Donstrations R. A. .. CILIFTER IN . COLLECTIE TRADING J Clinicians 3. Szren, tsite o company training 33 lincamizrlic brigade sad balion train 34. Cavalry aad izlans bince and divisional 3. tomizin nisisicaz mining mm-**75 33. Svetsa icres... CHIPTER V EVERCISES WITH TROOFS 70 71 .. 72 Various mes cíescrises 0. Og; cf 25 exercise ... 1. Score cf an erroSD ?. Preparator ci in cercise i ofcperations Dission oia coe-sided exercise witu tops Direcce of a tiro-silei erercise with troops Conferences Special exercises tita tregs 75 ..

·CHAPTER 11 RULES FOR EXERCISES AND MANEUVRCS Sec PAGZ 48 General rules 80 49 Distinguisbing ilags and arm bands 81 50 Bugle calls 62 51 Employment of aircraft CHAPTER VII ADMINISTRATIVE AND OTHER ARRANGCVENTS IN CONNECTIOY WITH LARGER VALEUVRES 52 Gencral remarks 53 Arrangements for acquining ground 3 54 Reconnaissance of the manquvre area 23 60 Press and spectators 61 Miscellaneous arrangements 62 Provision of maps 80 85 85 86 87 E CHAPTER VIII UMPIRING 63 General remarks 64 Organization and training of umpires 65 Respective duties of the control staff and of the SS 89 90 91 23 93 97 97 اباده ام 72 Dut es of regimental officers of all arms as I gards co-operation with umpires 73 Practical examples of umping og 99

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·Chap. 1, Sec. 1.)
t
TRAINING REGULATIONS, 1934
CHAPTER I
PRIXCIPLES AND SYSTEMI OP TRAINING
1, Object of training
1 The object of military training is to prepare the Army
for war Success in battle is the ultimate aim
2 In a world wide Empirc the Army may be called upon
to fight in developed or undeveloped countries, and under
every condition of climate and ground in India, and in
Corinnathar norte at the more than 1 - nearl
.
categories
Imperial policing
11 Mlinor expeditions, possibly on peace establishments.
iu Major expeditions, wbuch may or may not include tho
Territorial Army.
iv A national war
The problem of formulating a system applicable to all
situations is a difficult one. Different conditions demand
large variations in training for leadership, in tactics, ia
admintrat in no is the nanland and
3 The principles which govern the employment of the
Army in war are laid dowa in Field Servicó Regulations
The instructions in training manuals and training memo.
randa are based on these principles, and are issued to ensure
uniformity of doctrine ia training and unity of action in war

·2 Chap. 1, Secs, 1 and 2. 4. Tlir aim in training must be to producc cfficicnt Icaders, a vell-trained stafi, units rell discipliocd, hardy and skilled in tlic us of this weapons, and administrative services familiar with their tsar scoponsibilitics. 5. It is important to recognize the great expansion of our Cviting forcci which a national war would demand. In order 10 mm thic conditions which would then prevail, all officers and son.commissionce officers must be fiticd in peace to fill cppointments in mar considcmbly higher than those which they normally hold, and be capable of acting as cfficient insiructors in the training for war of Bcwly raiscd troops. A national 13r will dcmaod wie mobilization of all the activitics o! the natios, and not morcly those of the fighting Irrvices. Economical organization of industry will be of vital importance, as will also uic application to war of the most modern resources of sciencc. Officers must, thercfore, calcovor:r in gace to l.cep abreast of modern thought, so as to live ablc in war to talic advantage of scientific progress, which is continuous, and also of the constant changes in industrial organization and methods of production. The Inoxicdsc so gaincd, together with an understanding of the bychology of their Iclloir-citizens, is esscatial iſ commanders are to be capable of handling experts 30d directing their cfforts to the list advantage. 2. Esscntial characteristics of an army LEADERSHIP 1. Tic cfficiency of an army depends on the efficiency of its leaders; this is cvcu morc tic casc now than in the past, since dcccatralization of commaod, due to modern weapons, throws increasing responsibilities on jucior commandlers, while the complications of modern warfare render the demaods on higher lcadership more onerous. The primary task of all training thereforc will be the education, practical instruction, and exercising of Icaders and potential Icadors. 2. Leadership depends on simple and straightforward human qualitics. A leader, above all, must have the confidence of his men. He will gain their confidence by commanding their respcctmnrespect for his determination and his ready acceptance of responsibility: for the clearness and

·Chap. 1, Sec. 2.)
3
L
--thatmain tuharh he insists
owledge
common
hought,
personal
19 men's
hardships : for his cheerfulness in face of difficulties: and
for the obvious pride he takes in bus command
3 The leader who wins bis men s confidence has attained
2.1--hinathwh ave.
4 A leader must also have confidence in himself The
ability to command, developed by actual practice in the
MORAL QUALITIES
5 The development of morale us a vital object of training
Moral qualities include discipline, the fighting spirit, the
will to win, self control, self respect, loyalty, and a high sense
of bodour.
TIGTING SPIRIT
6. The final test of a unit is its fighting spirit, wluch 19
.
The skull at armis derived from constant practice, and the
physical fitness derived from physical training and games.
are essential for efficiency and contribute directly to this
fighting spirit

·(Chiap. 1, Sec.2. + DICITLIE. in Dimits, bis 0: which the morale of a force (*.**in niiiicd, is :: Inock ol all training. It 1: 17.11b: m! circrful and unlirsitating obedicace * ! 2.4: r1 rrets thic fighting spirit. $ 11'ir is the combined efects of dril *!!:***,. t:-.I training, and the inculcation onic His unit and is lic:self. TISZ!CIL TEASIXG 1..!r, iplina, esfril-de-corps, and moblity 4" fra!!!h plynica fitness. Tuc cfficient fighting ISO !! 700 minlin all body. For this the physical Fromm <! :longissical tinirs arc most valuable for plan ***** of mind ani cjc, bat arc not by them. 10. Fits-sol bal; noi contcatment of mind #lily in the Irrc alizosphere of games. L- W!FSTAL TRAINING 10. 71. Hitions of modern farlare accessitate code *! 'Matralistica of responsibility to junior leaders 101 151:9.5oz/s, while modern armamcné sith its scientific * d minds knowledge from all who handle it. 17.- U moet berefore be intelligent, adaptable, and caroli. 01:-tin, on liis orn initiative. These qualitics are 473213T! rviucational training which, though it includes rulitoral story not parcis military in character, is an in part o! ::!itary training. 11. Since the soldier has eventually to return to civil life hel:ould be given every encouragement to learn some trade, and such facilities as cxist for instruction of this kind should k carrelly developed. SHILL-AT-Aps:S AXD FIELDCRAFT 12. All operations of war icad to the application of weapons and nil plans must fail if thc pcapons are not effectively cmployed. It is therefore essential that a man should have a thorough knowledge of his weapons and their use, and that te should appreciate the accessity for their proper ware and arzintenance. He must be so practised that in an emergency bs will instinctively use his scapons to the best advantage is ·5 Chap. 1, Secs, 2 and 3.} which the individual has obtained in all the weapons wylde which he is arted, thereby giving bin a feeliag of superionty 13 In war the fighting man needs many of the qualities of the primitive hunter Though these qualities are ele mteatary, the conditions of peace and present-day civilization call them into play to a very limited extent. Fieldsalt must therefore be acquired afresh by the soldier. He must learn to observe, to conceal bimself and to listen; he must be ab'o to remain motionless or to appreciate instinctively the pro tectioa acorded by ground and by natural cover; he shouls be accustomed to work in darkness 3. Responsibility for training 1 The main priociples of the responsibility for training, are. | That the commander of each unit or sob unit ball In responsible for the training of his corrmani (« also Sec 4,11) of instruction are to be encourages.

·6 [Chap. I, Secs. 3 and 4. 2. Whilc strict adherence must be given to the principio that cach commander is to be made wholly responsible for the training and cfficiency of his command, his superiors must not forego their functions of guidance and control. They should exercise a general supervision which, without curbing initiative or taking the form of interference, should ensure that the training shall be always on sound lines. Criticism of a discouraging nature tends to discourage initiative and originality, 3. Schools of instruction exist to ensure to all arms and units throughout thc Army a supply of officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, and men with the latest knowledge in specificd subjects. It is the duty of commanding officers to ensure that suitable officers and non-commissioned officers arc sent to these schools, and that they are qualified by previous instruction to obtain full benefit from the courses hold. It is also the duty of commanding oflicers to see that these officers and non-commissioned officers on their return disseminate the knowledge they have gained. Details of instruction given at schools are contained in King's Regulations and in Courscs of Instruction. 4. System of training PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUCTION 1. In addition to lcaders for war, the Army must produce instructors for peace: the development of powers of instruction is thercíorc an important part of training: all officers and non-commissioned officers necd systematic education in the art of instruction. The following notes on teaching are framed for the guidance of junior leaders, but the principles on which they are based should be applied by commanders of all ranks and at all stages of training, and are stressed in the instructions regarding the various training activities dealt with in these regulations. 2. A distinction is necessary between instructing and lecturing. The instructor deals with a small class, preferably six or seven: he aims at educating each individual: he makes the class take its share in the lesson. On the other hand, the lecturer addresses a mass and pre-supposes a certain level of knowledge. (For remarks on lectures, see Sec. 18.)

·Chip I. Sec 4 ) 1 3 A good instructor requires the following 1 Common sense Cothusiasm 111 Sympathy with and interest in those under instruction and an understanding of their out look 1v Inow ledge of his subject V A clear idea beforehand of the lessons to be taught ud how he proposes to teach them v1 The abiits to encourage by praisc where praise 13 duc and to avoid sarcasmn There must be a clear object in the rastructors mind for every lesson To train without system and forcsight is waste of time 4 lo method of instructing will be effectue unless it rossesses two ess ntials Simplicity 11 Interest The instructor must set out to teach one lesson only at a time Uncssrntial details obscure the lesson and confuse the mund of the leamer The business of the instructor is to present his lessons in an interesting and varied shape They may take the form Training should not be delayed because of the backwardaess of one or two individual, such mon should be given extra estruction to bring them up to standard 5 The commander must expect and look for mistakes It is by pointing out and correcting mistakes that training progresses Provi led encouragement follons correction criticism of faults due to slackness or neglect should be vnsparing but criticism of shortcomings after an honest attempt must be such as will produce a further and better effort Good work stould always be acknowledge 6 The two main channels of instruction arc Ly the eye and the ear The usual tendency is to train too much by ·[Chap. I, Sec. 4. car and not enough by the eye. The brain retains more dily and firmly what it sees than what it hears. An tructor must train, therefore, more by the eye than by car. The following sequence of instruction will be opted when practicable :- i. Explanation.--Instruction by the car. ii. Demonstration. Instruction by the eye. iii. Execution.---Testing practically the results of the instruction and correcting mistakes. iv. Repetition.--Practice to gain improvement. PROGRAMMES OF TRAINING 7. Formation and unit individual and collective training programmes constitute an important basis of training. It is the duty of all commanders to examine the programines prepared by their subordinates, and, while allowing them the fullest latitude, to assist where necessary to improve their programmes and schemes; commanders can thus ensure that the training is properly organized and can guide their subordinates without interfering with their responsibilities. REGULAR FORCES 8. The training of the regular soldier may be divided into :- i. Educational, physical and recreational training. ii. Military training. The aim of i., which is dealt with in Educational Training and the Manual of Physical Training, is to improve him mentally and physically as a subject for ii., and to make him a more useful citizen on return to civil life. 9. The training both of the individual and the unit will be progressive and continuous. 10. The initial training of the recruits, officer or man, is the foundation of his military efficiency. It is to be designed to develop the mental, moral, and physical qualities of cach individual. The nature of the training given in elementary stages should vary according to the arm of the service and the capacity of those under instruction. The more complicated the arm the longer will be the period of initial training. This initial instruction is almost entirely a matter of individual training, though the object of making the individual onco ·Chap. I. Sec. 4.] 9 a tean must receive consideration In order to maintain efficiency, intal training requires annual repetition, varying in degree with the capability of the individual i Individual training 11 Collective training The object of individual training is to prepare the individuat for the duties such he will be required to carry out in war as a member of a sub-unit. The object of collective training is to make sub-units, units and formations in succession, capable of manaovte and co-operation in battle As the season for trooping lease and furlough 10 most stations corresponds with the period allotted to individual training the paucity of numbers present wath unuts may render the principle that sub-unit commanders should be solely responsible for the training of their commands 1aapplicable in its entirety To ensure economy of effort, and to employ to the best advantage the limited number of fully trained instructors available a reasonable centralization as regards the individual training of officers and non-commussioned officers is permitted 12 Individual training is the annual repetition of the 2 ing manuals of each arm) 13 higher 13 to combu and t commanders in this stage of training the necessity for co-operation between arms and services must be kept constantly in view in bugher collective training units combined in formations which themselves form part of higher formations Icard to operate effectusely under the control of a higher commander.

·(Chap. 1, Scc. 4. 4. Gencral officers commanding-in-chief will determine dates of the commencement of the individual and collective ining periods for the troops in their commands. The -iods will be chosen to suit climatic and other conditions. TERRITORIAL ARMY 15. The role of thic Territorial Army, in addition to that providing the solc means of expansion to forin a national my, includes the liability of supporting the Regular Army vcrscas in the cvcnt of war. 16. The training of the Tenitorial Army in peace will licrcforc bc devoted towards ensuring that the shortest ossible time will be required after embodiment to completo is training for war. 17. The first step towards this objcct is to concentrate on hc training of leaders and specialists, so that on mobilization There will be a sufficient number of trained personnel to fill thc positions held by officers, warrant officers, and non-commissioned officers in units, and sufficient instructors to train thic recruits required to makc up to war establislımcnts and the personnel to throw off cadres. 18. Thic conditions for training of the Territorial Army difícr from those of the Regular Army, owing to the short periods available and other limitations imposed by its organization. Consequently, under the supervision of the divisional commander, it is the responsibility of commanders of brigades or of equivalent formations to ensure that all cfforts are concentrated on teaching officers and non-com- Dissioned officers the art of leadership so as to fit them for command, and to train them as instructors so as to make them capable of teaching those under them. 19. Under the orders of the commanding officers, permanent staff instructors must devote their attention to the instruction of non-commissioned officers and specialists. Territorial Army ofíicers, warrant officers, and non-commissioned officers must be responsible for the training of their own men. 20. Every opportunity should be taken by leaders and specialists to attend week-end courses at regular depots, command or local courses of instruction, simple tactical cxcrcises without troops, and collective training exercises prior to annual camp.

·Chap. I. Sec. 4.1
11
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·Chap. 1, Secs 7 and 8.) 15 7. Training la defence against gas L 1 TL 13th . avta gas defence 2 The object during the individual training period is to render all ranks proficient in the use of their anti gas equip ment, and confident in its efficiency and to ensure that they have a knowledge of the vanous methods by which gas might be employed 8. Administrative training 1 Officers and NGOs will be instructed in the various administrative duties with which they may be faced in peace and war. Such instruction will jaclude 1 Discipline, court martial procedure, pay duties, and accountancy, messing and interior economy within the unit, in peace and war u Medical services and the care and evacuation of Founded a war. bygiene in peace and war ful. Bulleting duties and accommodation of troops in war. » The war time system of Provision and maintenance of food, water, ammunition, petrol, and ordnance stores. 2 Apart from matters of interior economy within tots, administrative work in peace bas little relation to the ad. ministrative requirements of war It is therefore of special importance that staffs and services should receive systematic training in theu administrative war ·IG [Chap. 1, Secs. S and 9. 3. A vital problem of every higher commander in war is how to maintain the energy and efficiency of his force : questions of supply, maintenance, communications, accom. modation, the morale and health of troops, etc., are involved. Practice in dcaling with such problems can to some extent be given at maneuvres, but must be chiefly sought in exercises without troops. (See Secs, 26, 12, 28, 1, 29, 1, 34, 5, and 47, 1.) 9. Training in co-operation with Royal Air Force units 1. In war the Army is dependent on aircraft for tha performance of certain important doties. The units of the Royal Air Force provided to carry out these services operate under the orders of military commanders and in close cooperation with the various arms of the Army. It is therefore necessary for co-operative training between the two Services to be directed so as to ensure that i. officers of the Army become familiar with the powers, limitations, and requirements of the Royal Air Force; and ii. officers of the Royal Air Force are instructed in the organization, tactics, and employment of the Army to enable them to perform the duties required of them in war. In addition, personnel of both services must be trained in methods by which co-operation is achieved between troops and aircraft. 2. In order to facilitate co-operative training, army cooperation squadrons are affiliated to specific army formations. As far as possible, all arrangements for training should be madc direct between the army formations and the squadron commander concerned. Army formations should assist, as far as possible, in the military training of their affiliated Royal Air Force units. 3. Courses held by the Royal Air Force, assisted by the Army, for the instruction of army officers, and courses organized by army formations for instruction of Royal Air Force officers are invaluable as a means of individual training. Suitable courses are:- i. Co-operation courses, usually held at army co-operation squadron stations, to instruct senior regimental and junior staff officers of the affiliated formations mainly ·17 Chap. 1, Sec 9.) in the employment and capabil.tr a 2-T COoperation squadross. 11. Interpretation of aur photographe car to t2.3 regimental and 10telligeace os.cers the sec! arr photography Tuese should be bell tra qualified military pener at a Roral Aur Tore or school where facilits att aralasie. I.LO and S40 courses. --A special course boeid : the School of Army Corpagna, RAF ** a sattable Royal Air Force station above military and air force instructors to tran there sonnel of intelligence Lision sections. iv Courses held by army formations for the too! Royal Ar Force ofcms A Littanyaata జంట be arranged by my forstops * LEI officers of the 2f5112.d squadrons. Isto should include organization, tact:cs, 23! tary subjects, knowledge cl *bach : nessa121 % an army reconnaissance fic: to Lare . #L. 4 Oficers of the intelligence 12.son sections (LLO S.A.O) attached to army co-operation kuadrocs bad ity year aitr 1 ہرا ممكنا لمعلما لماء ميسلا دین بی appointmeat and the section, includes: ILO, Arz-gbisto and clerk should fraction as a bote thro-gbrot the coleste training season. 5 The attachment of army cfarers to Poyal Air Forum prits and the Royal Air Force ofers to my sus funt periods is of value Interest is sticlated as the des of co-operation are leared by 75 of my cierry to *.'.

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·Chap 1 Sec. 9] 19 on the contact for indoor training gratxa saimes battery statos 11 Lterpretzten of the moderne 53 3 of Fa! Artist rat attransare # 5 such 12.5 ar Fly Test BL.A. qualed CITIET. DIE or schade Gaz Dr. ILO OSLO - at and its auotes: the Schod of Lucy Coom LAT, *** mittle Royal A: Format 3:2ry 21 2:1 to be in tralaing sencel al internatural # Courses tad by sy be brot:! i at home will seb Royal Aur Force 21.275. The War Office, by ort (twelve copies) be 1.72ned by the ofiars cf ti eri is ral Army, carned should und... ceatab vill include rocomtary subjects, toorel s decision. Com aa armas recours.sapo. *2003 will samt In additzca to the courses on chay w co-operation stou.d bride! 1 Staff will issue id reports and con Berung given, of possible, by od: train dg penod forc the followice Ist May 1st January 11 dissem aw the attentico ung where prawne 223 and training oobed, om wee ow the directe crorantaa detail the by commands and cours Le TK74U 4 Oficers of Lo stelle Last LD ! S.AO) dded to stay co-operador assust the squadre commande the care! Cuud, LILO., 222 czt, ahond function was photo on tratmcg season 5 The attachment of 2017 dicens to Road 1 berpes onits and the Roel As force on to ext periods is of 12 je It.erest as borders of co-operation are learned by Tadest afiliated squadra The attendance of junior Rosal La Forest tactical exercises, th 1 vitbact bocs boku elements of tartics of the various ass de 2- tot best valac u oblaced if such attendants Electrony with the course outlined in gara 3 ore 5 SE ig to the act Genel SALE ·0 Chap. 1, Secs. 11 and 12. onsider requires special attention by the troops under their ommand. Copies of these, and of all otier Denoranda and structions on training issued by general officers commanding- 3-chici at kone, will be loriarded to the War Osce. 1. The issue of treatises oa training by subordinate conranders is forbidden. Sach treatises tend to confusion of hocght and neglect of the study of the official training zauals, on bich the attention of all ranks shonld be concentrated. 12. Policy governing the issue and use of maps for training 1. The policy and organization for map suppi, ia mes are laid down in tbe Manual of Military Intelligence; they are based upon toe lact that maps of some sort are necessary for all types of operation, and that in certain circumstances the écrclopment of the fuil power of modern arms in co-operation is dependent on the possession of maps which are pot only accurate but oi suitable scale. To meet these requirements the following types of map are issued :- i. Small scale.--These are used for strategical and general parposes; the normal scale is 1/250,000, bit smaller scales may be issued as Decessary. ii. 31edium scale. These are used for all ordinary tactical and administrative purposes, the normal scale being 1/50,000. iii Large scale.--These are prepared only for limited areas, to weet the requirements of deliberate operations; the normal scale is 1/25,000. Although these scales are adopted whenever completely co naps are prepared, occasions will arise when it may be more coavenieat to use some existiag map, diñering slightly from the normal scale of its type. Much of the world is still unmapped. Although air photographic serrey makes it possible to produce good and up-to-date raps in the field, provided the area can be photographed Fell in advance of the operations, and althoaga units are provided and equipped for the purpose, it mer happen on occasions that, for various reasozs, reliable maps are sot available.

·Chap. 1, Sees. La bekaret MY L. Fettes 3 The same! discretsce w to see Demag mister pa a nasca, the ctronique d for a Arne VI. *** or 13. Ce 1 Recent és un t.od indicate that are Chitary transaction Trad. : instructca te sobjects. A list of th. 272. ! catalogues which acts. Conacal Instructors 2. Belo-e stown a L., 2- EG: s is suitable for the state c'tbas 3 Sicce at prosest 2.0 2.0, rann & sbort lecture is set with the theat:&r! as a basis for a conta coches th: Loca! by the coteatator esxtual ·22 (Chap. II, Secs. 14 and 15. CHAPTER II INDIVIDUAL TRAINING THE TRAINING OF OFFICERS AND SENIOR NON-COIMISSIONED OFFICERS 14. General instructions 1. The training of officers and senior non-commissioned olticers must be designed to lay foundations and build progressively upon them, so that officers and non-commissioned officers arc fitted for promotion in the ordinary course, or to mcct expansion of the Army due to a major war; further, the system must casure that senior commanders and staff oſlicers arc fitted for their responsibilities in peace and war. 2. It must be the aim of all unit commanders to train con-commissioned officers for work in a higher grade than that which they hold : in the cavalry, artillery, and infantry, scricants must be prepared to command troops, sections, and platoons--in war, they will certainly do so. The same principle will be applied in other arms. 15. Training of young officers on first appointment to regular commissions 1. Thic training given to young officers at the cadet colleges in England, though is has a strong military bias, is primarily one of general education; the military part of the training is on broad lincs, and is intended to give a sound grounding on which later study and training can be based. It must thercfore be realized that the young officer receives his essential military training after he has received his commission. 2. Oficers commissioned from the Royal Military Academy go at once to the school appropriate to their particular arm of the service, where they receive their elementary technical military education before joining their units. Oficers commissioncd from the Royal Military College go straight to their units, and proceed later to weapon training and other courses at the various military schools.

·Chap II, Secs 15 and 16 ) 3 It is essential that the military tra...ag of tbe young officer on joining his oat should be carefas ergued This applies partucnlarly to young sicers consuced to the caralry, nfantry, and the Usattached Last for the Indian Army, who join serice torta direct from the cade: college and pnor to receiving their ritual technical mility traming at the appropriate schools of their arm of the since. In the case of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, Roya! 4 Information regarding the cumculam of the cadat college 22 England i gasea from time to time ia Traias Blemoraoda issued by the War Ofce 16 Individual study 1 It is the dut; ol senior oficers, with the greater knowledge and wider experience, to encourage and garde theur juniors in their individual stadies. They must first and foremost assist them ia the interpretation of the pa. ciples enunciated in Field Service Regulations, and som them how to study military history and the regulations in the light of these interpretations, so that they may kara to apply the principles instinctively ia scrit any problem with which they may be faced ? Though much can be done by senior obices to trim their in udl, woneration 1 Wursuants of the othcer, vary in each case .

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·Chap II, Secs. 17 and 18 ] 25 knowledge of historical events is of littic value The size of modern armies and their improved armament and means of communication reader many lessons of the past applicable to the present. But bumaa nature and the onderly los principles of mar do not change and it is for this reason that aluable lessons can be Icarned from even the most ancient campaigns . multary history 4 One of the best methods of studying any operation is to fisd out from books what the situation was bilieved to be by a commander at any given time, then to take the map and work out in detail a solution to the problem By this means the incomplete information and conflicting considerations on which commanders Lave to act in war may be realized By such study an officer can makc thợ Dearest approach to actual war expenence 6 Senior officers can do much to assist their juniors by holding periodical discussions for the exchange of views on the lessons to be learnt from the campaign selected for geceral study 18 Lectures 1 Lectures are a useful means of instruction if they stimulate interest and lead to a study of the subject with which they deal, care must be taken to ensure that lectures are carefully prepared and well delivered and that the number given 13 Dot excessive Lectures on regimental history are of particolar value in ensuring that all ranks are conversant with the past acbacicments of the regiment to which they have the honour to

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·Chap. 11, Secs. 17 and 183 25 kpowledge of historical events 13 of little value. The site of modern armoires and their improved armament and means of communication reader many lessons of the past inapplicable to the present. But bumin nature and the underlying principles of war do not change, and it is for this reason that valuable lessons can be learned from even the most ancient camragas 4 One of the best methods of studying any orcration as to find out from books what the situation was beheved to be Ly a commander at any given time, then to take the map By such study an officer can make the nearest approach to actual war experience 6 Senior officers can do much to assist their juniors by bolding periodical discussions for the exchange of views on the lessons to be learnt from the campaig aclected for geacra) study 18 Lectures 1 Lectures are a useful means of instruction of thev 3 Lectures on regimental bistory are of particular valde in eastray that all ranks are conversant with the past acluesc ments of the regiment to whurb they have the bonour to ·(Chap. II, Sec. 18. CIK :,:!l.:sra jut apocritting vi the traditions shich 1911.-: yaratonsiniain. 1! :- pero1:31 tot i kalutir :hould have a thorough ! .art ht:2;. : In orila tidt hr may not only deliver "";Srblad till: roolide??r, fiul that 1:2 may also los 25.-serien S:13 Irrini, on the subject which a **?", 1117.ins. This vectosnatter of the lecture * ! Ir ains! is lirical :-?noner, facts, arguments, !den, Irudir tope to certain clefinite lessons derived 1: !! valls intris able to attempt to impress pro mot 41.19 their you trinite: points in one lecturc. A - Esprit: replassici nn ill:stratou will have a 5. 87" Infissi !!, on the airds of tlir ficarers than a likts; *0ml 1:1-11.mp3trly emphasized lige arguments and Tolini ailentior: it is necessary. Uni a lerturer should ini. *. Erath o his wicace. We should, thcrcforc, por 1214: intrcture fronine" only, and not read his lecturc. It trollm macrury ko svrite out a lecturc in full, but *::-:rat 01:1) ir coolen to a few headings and ty; 11. qveynini wasting and condensation will liclp to *19****: ;?;*-nti..! poic:ti. In sirrini a lecture wiher csontils arc to speak 1:111::.!!!!!! loxiy and distinctl;, to speak with camnest. 17,15:!75ml enthusiast, and to liecy within the allotted 18?-, ::!ich dould co!! arceal tirco-quarters of an hour. 1:15:17. Olla Inclurer wuic speaking find that lie lias 3112!*** 11. in the truc required to deliver his lccturc, it is liciter 1!2tlir shonli omit long, and even important *****, , T.Shin rusis vith a vies to complcting within sm;?;Sr! :: boc dispo:al:II that he had intended to say. !! 11 loctaire. :9:: luci it is relcvant, is a valuable :::-:1 of irlin: 1:16 perals Uit requilc concentrated atteu- :.: 6:ti." o in audioce, it may be usca] with advan. barrio inap: 035.1 point, bui nust be spontancous. 4. 17. principle o! training by the cye snust not be neglected l'oints of importanco worked out on a barktown!. ad rcfcrrnce to all maps, plans, and diagrams urtea 1:17:15 to this end. Lintcr slides can also be used closely to show sluation inaps, vicus of thcatrcs of operations, photograpıs of leading personalitics in any impiin under reviews, etc. In this connection, it is imporwint tu cruc tut all maps, etc., are sufficicntly well ·Chap. II, Secs. 17 and 18.) 25 knowledge of historical echts is or little value. The size of modern armies and their improved armament and means of communcat:od render many lessons of the past iaapplicable to the present. But huraan nature and the unuerlying principles of w28 do not change, and it is for this reason that valuable lessons can be learned from even the most ancicat campaigns. 3 To get fall value from the reading of past campaigns it 13 necessary to examine carefully how principles bave been arplied by commanders and with what results A thorough knowledge of the principles contained in Tield Senice Repu. lations is, therefore, an essential preliminary to the study of military hutory By such studs an officer can malc the gearest approach to actual war experience. 6 Scalor o cers can do much to assist thcar juniors by holding periodical discussions for the exchange ol views on the lessons to be learnt from the campaign selected for general study. 18. Lectures 1 Lectures are usciut means of instruction they stimulate interest and lead to a study of tbe subject with which they deal; are must be taken to ensure that lectures are carefully prepared and well delivered, and that the number given is not excesene Lectures on regimenta! toistory are of particolar salge 10 Enserioz that all racks are conversant with the past acluesc. meats of the tegutsent to which they have the borou to

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·28 (Chap. II, Secs, 20 and 21, 20. Conferences on training 1. During the individual training period conferences of scnior officers should be held to discuss the individual and collective training of the past scason and to consider that of the coming season. At thesc conferences the points brought to notice in the Memoranda on Training (see Sec. 11) should bus carefully noted. 2. Commanders of formations and units should also hold confcrcnces of their immcdiatc subordinates periodically throughout the year, for the purpose of receiving verbal reports as regards training, to cnablc difficulties to be brought to light, and to cnsure the dissemination of sound ideas. 3. Agenda should be prepared for all conferences and issued some timc bcforchand in order that those detailed to attend may come prepared to discuss the subjects for consideration. During the discussion, control by the officer in charge of the conference is essential to its success. 21. Essays and military writing 1. It is important that all officers should learn to express themselves well on paper. Whether it be the drafting of orders and memoranda or the framing of reports, writing, in sonic form or other, forms part of the daily life of every Officer. To improve thcir powers of cxpression on paper, to develop concisc dlought and crystallization of ideas, and to encourage the study of subjects of military interest, officers should be cncouraged to write essays during the individual training period. 2. In writing an essay i. A clear understanding of the subject and of what is required is essential. ii. The subjects should be divided into suitable headings, and these headings should be sub-divided into paragraphs arranged in proper order. Headings, and the general purport of cach paragraph, should be noted concisely clear of the text. jii. Arguments, dealt with in logical sequence, should be balanced against each other and pushed to a conclusion. A mere narrative of events or a rciteration of the remarks of previous critics is ·Chap II, Secs 21 and 223 79 of ittic valge independent thought must be brought to bear and defnite deductions drawn # The style should be concise and clear All arrelevant matter and exaggeration should be as olded $ quotations should appear in inverted commas and cract references should be on en 22 Appreciations 1 An appreciation is a muitary revies of the situation based on all available information culminating in a statement of the measures recommended to meet it A distinction must be drawn between (t appreciations in connection with subjects elaborated in peace time such as plans of campaign and (u) appreciations of strategical or tactical problems in the field which in the case of minor tactical problezns may not be committed to paper In the former rapidity in compilation 13 iamaterial every knows UT 527mised factor however slightly it may bear on the situation must be considered and recorded since future developments may materially alter its importance In tbc tatter rapidity is generally all important and the time available will seldom admit of all the factors being recorded though they should all receive consideration 3 The value of method is very apparent in war where there are so many disturbing influences and where rapeduty 13 otten of the utlost importance Constant practice in apprecating strategical and tactical situations is therefore essential the habit of making appreciations teaches an officer to arrange hufacts methodically and traing him to arrive rapidly at a logical and sound conclusion 4 Whether appreciations are written or delivered verbally it is of advantage to follow a logical sequence of ideas as this enables the argument to be formulated and grasped more rapidly The accepted sequence is - 1 The object 11 Considerations wbuch affect the attainmuest of tits object u Courses open to the tno sides IV The plan ·30 (Chap. II, Sec. 22. · This sequence is applicable to almost all strategical and tactical situations. An opening statement of the situation and in some cases arguments, may be necessary, but the object must always be cicarly stated in a separate paragraph. From the plan in the final paragraph the staff must be able to take appropriate action and write the necessary orders. 5. The heading (if the appreciation be written) should give the title of the appreciation and state from whose point of view it is being made. The place where, and the time and date at which thc situation is being appreciated, should also be included. 6. The object should be clearly and concisely given and should be kept in view throughout the appreciation. It is important not to confuse "object" with "objective." The object can often be stated at the outset, but the selection of the objective, or objectives, to attain that object may only be possible as a result of an appreciation of the situation, 7. Among the factors which might influence the attainment of the object the following may be mentioned: the position, relative strength, armament, efficiency and morale of the opposing forces, including probable reinforcements and the relative resources in men, money, and material of the belligerents, the political situation, topographical and climatic conditions, time and space (an essential consideration in practically every military appreciation), vulncrable points, character of the opposing commander, communications, supply, and transport. It should, however, be remembered that information regarding these and kindred matters is not of itsclf of great value. It is the deductions and infcrcnccs to be derived from such information that are chiefly needed. In the case of proposed movements by sea, rail, or mechanical transport, sufficient detail should be given to show that they are within the capacity of the means of transport available and that the necessary arrangements have been worked out. Though the above and other factors may have to be considered, nothing should be written down that is not essential to the solution of the particular problem under consideration and that has not a definite bearing on it. 8. The arguments for and against each course open to cither side should be briefly discussed, and thcir practicability ·22 and 23 ) proved if necessary A distiaction should be drawn between established facts and assumptions since on the accuracy of the latter the soundness of the arguments is largely dependent It is usually better to consider the courses open to one s own side before dealing with those open to the enemy. To reverse thus procedure tends towards a surrender of the initiative When however the initiative obviously rests with the enemy it may be a lisable to consider his probable action first It is important to visualize the situation from the enemy s point of view and in deciding upon his probable action to credit him with acting wisely unless he has shown in the sot that he is likely to act otherwise The discussion should lead logu ally to the plan proposed 9 The plan of action should be definite clear and practical It should be stated concisely but in sufruent detail for a trained staff officer to be able to draft the or lors required !) carry it out It should where necessary be illustrated on a map or by means of a diagram in order that its salient points mai be grasped more quickly The more simple the plan the greater chance there is of ats successful execution giving greater rapidity it usually allows the initiative to be seized The sound css of every plan will depend upon the correct application of the principles of war as enunciated in Field Service Regulations 10 The foregoing paragraphs have dealt with the framing appreciations for strictly military purposes Occasions ill also demand appreciations for submission to a Cabuet ommittee a Minister or other non military personage ch documents should be framed in a readable and narratic m and should avoid technical military style and aseology The factors and considerations which would cern and conviace the recipient should be fully dealt with he expense of a full military review of the situation which 1}} be unnecessary to develop in such papers hey must conclude with the recommendation of a definite be of action 23. Reconnaissance The object of practising reconnaissance is to render and con-commissioned officers capable of performiog ty in war ·32 (Chap. II, Secs. 23, 24 and 25. 2. A reconnaissance should be carried out in accordance with the instructions contained in Field Service Regulations, Vol. II, and should be executed in connection with the solution of a definite tactical or administrative problem. 3. It is advisable that junior officers and non-commissioned officers should be taken on to the ground and shown, step by step, how to carry out a reconnaissance, and how to make a report, as a preliminary to being ordered to execute a reconnaissance without assistance. 4. It is inportant that officers should also receive instruction in the issue of clear and definite orders for reconnaissance. An effective reconnaissance is almost impossible of execution without definite instructions as to what is actually required. 24. Promotion examinations The aim of promotion examinations is to ensure that all officers maintain the necessary standard of professional knowledge. Office should pass their successive promotion ex inations early, so that they may be qualified for higher rank in case of a local or national cmergency. Further, if qualification is delayed until near promotion, contingencies of service. may interfere and prevent attendance at one or more examinations. On the other hand, an officer should not enter for a promotion examination before he is adequately prepared, since failure is discouraging and cannot redound to his crcdit. The regulations governing promotion examinations are contained in King's Regulations, 1928, pars. 850-871, and Appendix X. A memorandum on the preparation of officers for promotion examinations is given in Appendix I. 25. Training of senior officers 1. As an officer rises in rank, so do the deminds on his capacity increasc. Breadth of view, power of decision, character, and professional knowledge, necessary qualifications for senior rank, will not be gained by chance their acquisition will be the result of an officer's individual study and effort, and of a system of training which apprehends the essential characteristics of bigher leadership and does all that is possible to produce them.

·cc 25 ) со 2 It is an important duts of higher commanders to ensu that systematic training is undertaken of formation manders and their staffs of unit commanders and of seni regimental officers under the command 3 Opportunities of command and staff work in the fiel become less frequent in the senior ranks l'ull use should be made of two-sided exercises both with and without troops to afford practice in leadership and higher staff work Conferences or discussions on larger questions of military policy tactics organization administration armament and training arc of value + Although a commanding officer is responsible for the training of his officers it is legitimate and useful to organize duriag the individual training season under brigade or divisional arrangements short courses for senior regimental oficers in specific subjects 5 Methods should be sought wherever possible of giving officers experience outside their units so as to broaden their Ste vs and stimulate their interest in a wider field of affairs.

·Chap. III, Scc. 26. CHAPTER III INDIVIDUAL TRAINING-EXERCISES WITHOUT TROOTS 26. Gencral instructions Oct or EXESCISES WITHOUT Troops 1. Commanders and stain officers of all gades need syste. altic training in the application of the principles of war to conc:ric rollems, Chances of such practice with troops (cur rrlatively seldoon during training. particularly so far as wait and formation commanders are concerned. The necessary monclicc must thcrcforc be sought in exercises without iropa; such csercises also provide the means of studying jarticular groblcus of stail work and administration. Various Times or EXERCISE 2. Exercises mar mange from a platoon T.E.W.T.* to a :rategic cxcrcise concerned with armics. Ilic object and scope of the crercise, the weather, and thc accesibility oi suitable ground will be among the factors determining whether better instruction will be provided by an iadoor or outdoor crcrcise or by a combination of both. Exercises may be divided into two categories," one-sided cxcrcics and two-sided" exercises (ar games). 3. In a "onc-sided " cxcrcise the directing staff determines the action of the cacmy and controls the exercise by the issue of a succession o? situations." Since the detailed action of the cocmy and the locality for cach "situation can be predetermined, such exercises are particularly suitable {ctactical exercises on the ground or sand model. 4. In a nar fame, on the other hand, opposing commanders are allo:tal their roles, and the exercise proceeds largely arcording to the plans and orders of cach side.. War games are more rallistic, and provide good practice in command whilc uso attording valuable instruction to subordinate commanders and statis. They will usually be rorked out on a map indoors, and are not suitable for dealing with minor tactics. Tacial exercises silkcu: troops.

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·36 [Chap. III, Sec. 26. of inhabitants, capacity of railways, availability of local labour, supplies and transport, sites of aerodromes, water supply, ctc. It may be convenient to show frontiers, important towns, existing railways, etc., by means of an outline map issued with the general idea. In a simple tactical exercise, on the other hand, the opening narrative nccd only consist of a few lines, giving the position of the unit under consideration and the précis of an order from superior authority : such an order will automatically include information of the enemy, information of our own troops and the task to be undcrtaken. 8. Any orders or instructions contained in opening narratives or special ideas, or subsequently issued by the director during an excrcise from an imaginary superior authority, should be carefully framed and should be correct in every detail, in view of their instructional value. 9. In all exercises the problems set should admit of more than one reasonable solution; thereby those under instruction will be forced to weigh the merits of alternative solutions and to make a decision. 10. When deciding the scope of an exercise, and when allotting duties to those under instruction, consideration should be given to the prior importance of training officers and N.C.Os. in the duties of appointments they are likely to hold in war. Consistent with the above, opportunity should also be taken to train leaders and staffs in the duties of the next higher rank. 11. Exccpt in the most elementary exercises, the effect of air operations on strategical, tactical, and administrative questions should receive due consideration. 12. Administrative problems should he studied as they arise naturally in the course of an exercise. At certain stages of an exercise administrative factors may be decisive, and as such should receive full attention at the expense of tactics. CONDUCT OF AN EXERCISE 13. The more closely the proceedings of an exercise are made to resemble war conditions, the greater will be their value. Clear-cut problems do not present themselves in war; uncertain factors, sources of friction, and diversions usually complicate the issue. Information given to belligerents ·Chap III, Sec. 26 ) should be couched in the forms in which it would com haad in war 14 Exercises without troops afford officers frequ opportunities of making up their minds quickly and of give out verbal orders this is a most important part of trainer While in certain situations good valuc may be gained allowing time for discussion in sindicates in other situation both when making plans and when istuing orders officer should be restricted to the time that would be asztable or service 15 In commenting on solutions to any problem the director should condemn definitels any infringement of principles but should allow latitude in their application The directing staff solation to a problem will have been carefully thought out but it will seldom be the only good solution CoupoSITION AND DLTIES OF THE DIRECTING STAFF 16 The size of the directing staff will depend on the scopo of the exercise for example at a company TLKT for the instruction of platoon commanders the company.com mander would act as director without assistance Tor a battalion TCUT dealing with a small force of all arms for the instruction of company and platoon commanders the directing staff might consist of the battalion commander as director with the adjutant an artillery officer and an engineer officer to help him At more comprehensive exercises the director will need a staff representative of all arms of the service and of all branches of the staff to assist him in controlling the exercise and in criticizing the work of syndicates At a two-sided" *Percuse the directing staff will need to be further claborated y the addition of a control stafi and umpires (see Sec 28, 16) 17 Care and forethought must be given to the organization ad duties of the directing staff ui an exercise is to run 100thly It will be advisable particularly in the case of No-sided exercise to give the directing stall some rehearsal their duties prior to the exercise At one-sided exercises when the handling of syndicates be decentralized to sei cral members of the directing staff situation must be thoroughly discussed by the director bus directing staff prior to the exercise addition to a time table for the exercise governing the ·Prk is anirain, wiki TANA ED: Bruna in a మnes ani ranasir in Tamil Fri 2 : Thiram k : Ram in మ nIE TITrs -3. Tir in = am an ins a * REA STATE. 2.3 డi. STATE Anaina... THE ramaram ::. The nam. TERMImrims 2. i iiL, I was in 11 SANA & AREntire - TTISEETARY Mar iTax Smix.in an in Amaralirms --minima - 1 FIRES, Finar TT * man E * IIwmx A. TELE - TREET, 3.min... T. HE - THI, పెRI MERE. - :: SANS ". The TiXming arch: MI: HMI i mitina - TET maint RTE : - hti * train in mins TT T.I am is ARE I am *, ar starriram E... 1. 7. har KRISE. NE, TITA at Miaminx EE 4 ·Chap Ili, Sec. 27 ) on the map or sand model bea weather or ot conditions preclude outdoor work At such exercise order writing message witir and the co-ordination of duties at a beadquare may be usefully practised v Sand model exercise (para 15 brion) PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF A ONE DAY OUTDOOR TEXT (Sc also Sec 26, 519) 2 Having decided on the object and scope of the evenise and having chosen a suitable area to bring out the require! Jessons an outhee of the scheme should then be drawn up from the map the object of the exercise and the lessons which It is desired to emphasize being constanth kept 13 view When this has been done the ground selected should be ested all necessary alterations made in the outline scheme and detail filled in. From the work thus done on the groun the scheme can be completed indoors and detailed solutions to the problem prepared a second visit to the ground 13 advisable to ensure that the finished sheme is in excry way satisfactory The aim should be to create by means of narratı cs a series of situations cach of which will compo! those under instruction to appreciate the groups and others relevant factors and make a decision 3 The scheme will consist of an Opening narrative leading up to the first problem It is advisab e that the first problem should be issued for solution prior to the day of the xercise and that it be capable of solution without reference o the ground By this means a thorough knowledge of the cheme is ensured before work on the ground borgins The Cheme will be continued by a succession of narratives ezcla ading up to a fresh problem To every problem various solutions are likely to be sub tted by the syndicates In order to ensure uniformity the development of the exercise successive narratives be based on the directing staff slation of this previous Blem ufficient copies of the scheme and of all airratives and lems should be made to enable copies to be given to much T Io exercises dealing with the several arms of the servico ·& sa Chap. III, Sec. 2 304 they ir trice, it is force in that officers of all arms of th service and the air kvice should, which possible, be associated in tliria. Olcr: unire instruction gay cach represent the Torn.nl: ofile force call with in the exercise, and may kry nirnirnar ok in syndicates of from two to four. .Adriatisrlys 55*Irkatey mig, ac formed, each comprising a somni.nira, ha stail, and the commanders of supporting +3:193* working with him Syndicates have the advantage sollirink ilir mount of sork to be dealt with by the irriin shall, si filc those under instruction the oppor- (1811! for drillon 110 thic exchange of ideas and 18:30ulica considering the diffcrent aspects of a 3:05!*** Where tlır composition of syndicates suits such a * ******* Garli ohus in ium should art as mouthpiccc of the Finnur: 1 y responsible for the distribution of the work filem tlim obire richbors, and for the decisions made. When m*:;rr' of all arms are not availablc an officer of the uniall in exil o! in the group to represent cach other arm, dial, 191 .ililita tra las other duties, to consider specially the ile to thic arm lir repom onts 5. The value of the instruction given while on the ground sal masn's Irjam upon the extent to which the ground 18-riis actually used Officers must be taught to study tbc 2001 n posrſrrence to their mans and to makc full use of tl.mis fired glassc45 is doing so. In this connection, while 28!3should usually by set it thic same positions on the Inunda thoas concerned sould occupy in similar situations 1!: "r, the solutions should be discussed and criticized at is sliere there is ample standing room for those present, 7.1 front wuch a cool view of the ground can be obtained. 17.p**** points require careful selection on the ground when the irine is bring down up. Care should also be taken to ensure mt no problem is sct on the ground which could be solved qually sell on a map indoors ti. The following will be a suitable procedure at one of Axercices i. As i preliminary to the issue of the first outdoor problem, the director will discuss the work done on the problem issued with the opening narrative (para 3, above) On reaching the ground lic will issue the first outdoor problem and will ensure that thosc under ·27.) - instruction vizuilize the stuntion depicte! Durative die will state the time allowed for the sol and the point at which solutions will be discuss lilt the end of the time allowed the director will sa tum the solution of cach si ndiente I gue or indehnte solotions should be condens Answers should usually be nen in the form Verhit or writtet order or messige Where the station allows it it good practar monde a commander or officer a ting as such out verhuil orders to other members of an acting as sulkurdinties in the sun ister of sung verbal anders can be muht in which th following points should recone attenti13 (a) Whenever possible asses of the ground in question should be abt uncl ani reference muude to it in pin foren to the map lhe minner of relerring to the ground muss depend on the station for example when within Icw of the enemy methods will be neelal to ensure con calment () The standard of sertul onfen As regals matern and method of issur can be judged by the extent to which they are Tagged by sulonlinntes in the synlane in litung betri the solutions of syndicates the diretor wall m7ko his comments and crptun his own solu tion to the problemi 11 The director will then gne out the next nurtutive and direct syndicates to the spot selected for the neut problem and so on At the end of the J11 s hork the director shoult hold a short confereme to stress slechief lyssons sif the excrcise PrerIRATION AND CONDLcT OF A ONI SIDED OLINOOR 11 \ 1 ESTENDING OVER TWO OR THREE D419 2. Lacrescs of this type are curried out on the same lines as day outdoor exercises (ham nhauve) but work at tane, conferences are held eich cyoning 11 sin hatry at he same headquarters througi uut the excrcis, operations ·[Chap. III, Sec. 27. are not continuous, but are regulated by a series of situations issued by the directing staff. Such exercises are particularly suited for brigade or similar formation exercises, in which the commander can practise his unit cominanders and their headquarters, can accustom them to his method of command and orders, and can impress lessons in elementary co-operation with the other arms. In a threeday exercise it is possible to deal comprehensively with situations envisaging attack, defence, and protection, :In example of a time table for a typical exercise of this nature is given in Appendix II. PREPARATIOX AXD CONDUCT OF A ONE-SIDED OUTDOOR SKELETOX FORCE EXERCISE $. Exercises of this kind differ from those previously considered in this section in that the various headquarters of the force concerned are located on the ground as dictated by the progress of events. The provision of intercommunication is an essential feature, The headquarters of actual formations or units may take part as such, or the headquarters in the exercise may be represented by syndicates of selected Officers. Intercommunication should, whenever possible, be provided by signal units in the normal manner. If sufficient signals are not available, extemporized methods of intercommunication, such as the use of the civil telephone system, may be usefully employed. 9. Skeleton force exercises may be used with advantage for command, divisional and brigade exercises, and for artillery exercises. They are particularly valuable for the practice of staff work, co-operation and procedure; and are therefore suitable for counter-battery, air, signal, and similar cxercises. 10. The opening narrative, issued a few days before the start of the exercise, will give the general situation and the superior order on which formations or units are acting. Instructions will be necessary as to the hour of start of the exercise and the initial location of headquarters. 11. The general outline of operations will have been predetermined by the director with a view to teaching the desired lessons. Control may be exercised by him through ·Chap. III, Sec. 27.) the orders he may issue purporting to come from super authority, and by his regulation of enemy action Except in the case of exercises in which tactics arc major importance, it will usually be possible for the direct to prepare a complete narrative of cnemy action to cover u period of the exercise With the aid of this narrative umpires who should b attached to the headquarters of formations and units, wil be able to issue to their headquarters in the most suitable form and at appropriate times information concerning the enemy and the action of forward troops resulting from the orders issued In exercises 10 which tactics are of major importance, the action of the energy may depend to a large extent on the operations of our own troops In this case it will be advisable for a senior officer of the directing staff to command the imaginary enemy and to work out his distribution and plans througbout the eteresse Other officers of the directing staff sboald be provided, as necessary to assist him in making the detailed enemy dispositions and to convey information concerning the enemy to the umpires at the various bead. quarters The enemy commander should be located where he can best control has assistants and also keep in touch with the director 12. It is possible at exercises of this kind to practise tho emplayment of air forces including the cooperation between corps and divisional headquarters and army co-operation squadrons The air forces and intelligence liaison organization concemed should, if possible, be fully represented and aircrift should carry out reconnaissances, photography, and Arghts for offensic action as ordered The enemy should preferably be represented by ground strips which may be used to convey any particular meanings required by the exercise, but if this canoot be arranged, plots should be interviewed by up pares acting as picture ainters, before and after proceeding on their tasks, to enable hem to transmit the necessary messages whea in the art and 3 convey the required picture of the situation to the intelli- Ace liaison sections when interviewed Picture painters ntrolled by the directing staff will also give the au situation d the results of air fighting In this way the working of air force formation and squadron ·[Chap. III, Sec. 27. Jcadquarters, including the intelligence liaison section, and of thic general staff of the headquarters, staffs of artillery licadquarters, and the means of intercommunication can be realistically practised. 13. It will be necessary to consider the question of accommodation and food of the various headquarters throughout the cxercise, whicthcr in billcts, inps, or tents. A suitabic scale of motors and horses, not exceeding war establishments, will be nccded by all headquarters to carry out the moves necessitated by the course of operations, and to meet the requirements of reconnaissance and liaison. 14. An example of a time table of a typical divisional cxcrcisc of this kind is given in Appendix III. SAND MODEL EXERCISES 15. Although a sand model can never replace ground for the purposes of training, it is of great value for elementary tactical training. It can be uscd anywhere, in all weathers, by day or by night. It has the great advantage that thic ground, as represented by the sand, can be made to fit the scheme. It is a mistake, therefore, to make an elaborate model of a particular piccc ol ground and to work on this day after day. 16. The same principles apply to the preparation and conduct of a scheme on the sand model as to a scheme carried out on the ground. These are cnumerated in Secs. 26 and paras. 2-6, above. 17. The simplest form of sand table is a rectangular wooden tray with edges 4 in. or 5 in. high, which is placed on any availablc table. A tray 5 ft. by 6 ft. fits on to two barrackroom tablcs placed side by side, and is a convenient size. The tray is filled with 3 in. of sand and arranged so that it will represent a piece of ground suitable for the scheme decided on and the lessons which it is intended to bring out. It will be found that thc sand iſ slightly damped is easier to model than if it is very dry. Accrtain amount of realistic detail is necessary to stimulate the imagination of the students, and can be casily applied to the sand model, e.g., evergreen twigs for woods and trees, tapes for roads, model houses, etc., made approximately to ·Chap III, Sec 27 ) scale Ir Tro Over elaboration 15 unnecessary and produce teadezcy to retain the same model for a number of exerc on account of the labour and time spent on its preparatio 18 Any scale suitable for the particular scheme can selected but all students from the outset inust be clear regards this scale eg it should be pointed out that this house to that road the distance is 300 yards this wood to that road the distance 18 400 yards etc scale of inches cut on the sides of the sand table 1}} assist quick appreciation of distances represented by the particula scale selected, ie One foot represents 100 yards On inch represents 15 yards etc The sertical scale of the model must be exaggerated in comparison with the horizontal scale It is unnecessary to work to any actual scale of heights 19 Having made the sand model to represent ground suitable for the scheme some tokens will be required to represent troops Iadividual soldiers rifle sections light automatic sections and coramanders can be represented by matches with different coloured heads or halma men In company schemes draughts or dominocs can be used to represcat platoons in close formation 20 Students who are unable to grasp the idea of groun! portrayed on a saod model should place their eyes level with the edge of the sand table when the model will appear much more realistic 21 For elementary instruction simple and definite situations should be created and definite ansaers demanded from the student for example he should be told to place each man of his section on the sand model as he would expect him to be at a certain momcat and to show with his fingers on the model the route by which his section would adsance or to place each map of his section in the fire position ho would recommend etc 22 In addition to elementary tactical instruction the sand boddel can be used for many other purposes eg I for hill warfare exercises u for exemplifying battle drill formations III for teaching reconnaissance and occupation of by artillery or machine guns, IV to slustrate a defensive system, ·46 (Chap. III, Sec. 27. + v. to demonstrate intercommunication or maintenance; vi for discussions subsequent to outdoor operations, the sand model representing the ground in question; vii. for instruction in map reading. ELL'TYTANY TACTICAL EXERCISES WITHOUT TROOPS ron TRAINING WITHIX UXITS 23. in the preceding paragraphs the preparation and conduct of " onc-sided cxercises has been considered in geocol terms: in the remaining paragraphs of this section the orplication of such exercises to clcmentary training in units 15 considered. 24. Elementar tactical exercises for sub-unit commanders 2 y be carried out on 3 sand model or on the ground. The object of such exercises should be to give junior officers and non-commissioned officers a thorough grounding in 13ctics 15 applied to the handling of the sub-units of the 1977 of the cervice to swhich they belong, prior to any detailed coniertion of the co-operation of other arms of the service and the Royal Air Force on the battlefield. While the remarks that follow arc framed with reference lo junior commanders of cavalry, infantry, and Royal Tank Corrs, they arc also applicable to the junior leaders of supporting arms, who must Icarn thc clements of cavalry, infantry, and Roral Tank Corps tactics as a basis for instruction in the tactics of their ostin arm. 25. Each schere should deal with the tactics of a sub-unit (squadron, troop, company, pla toon, ctc.) in one or other of the principal tactical operations of war-attack, defence, or protection. 28. Each scheme should aim, firstly, at giving a clear conccption to those under instruction of the normal distribution of the sub-unit concerned in the tactical operation Wiz: which it deals. To attain this end the names, position, and tasks of the vzrious portions of the sub-unit should be brought out and normal frontages and depth, as indicated in the manuals, should be given. The second aim should be to illustrate and iaculcate the principles which should guide the sub-unit commander conccrned in the tactical handling of his command. This cad can best be attained by teaching those under instruction ·ap IIT, Sec 27.] to approach each problem systematically giving full weg to the following requirements · A clear understanding of orders given and of the obje to be attained 12 A grasp of all the information available regarding the enemy the ground and the location of the troop who are to carry out the operation and how thi Information can be amplificd by reconnaissance in the time available 112 A consideration of alternative plans from a study of the ground and the map having regard to what the enemy is doing and what he is hkely to do how the action of other bodies of friendly troops will affect the situation and how the ground can be used to the best advantage IV The sclection of the plan considered for definite reasons best calculated to attain the object in view ie the selection of a plan which is simple and calculated to achieve surprise which does not involve the breaking up of the organization of units or sub units which does not look too far ahead and which makes the best possible use of the ground v The communication of the selected plan to subordinate commanders ui possible in view of the ground in the form of short concise orders in which a definite task is allotted to each sub-unit 27 It is particularly important in elementary tactica xercises that junior officers and non-commissioned officers hould be taught to appreciate the importance of ground his can best be done by showing them what to look for cach operation es in attack defence and rearguard tions They should be shown that the ground should be died in order to find In the attack (a) covered approaches so that it may be possible to get close to the enemy unseen (6) positions from wbich covering fire to assist the attack can be brought to bear () features the occupation or capture of which will enfilade the enemy s position and enable a flank attack to be made in favourable circumstances ·4S (Chap. III, Sec. 27. ii. In defence (a) facilities for observation, so that the enemy cannot approach unseen; (0) positions difficult for the cncmy to locate from the ground or the air; (c) covered approaches in rear of the positions, which will facilitate counter-attack and supply. iii. In scargsard action- (n) positions from wbich long and medium range fire can be brought to bear on any enemy approaching; (b) covered lines of retirement, so that retreat can be carried out unseen. 28. The considerations mentioned in paras. 2-6, above, govern the preparation and conduct of an elementary tactical exercise. The sclcmc itself should be quite simple and the opening narrative (Scc. 26, 7) may be issued verbally or in writing. The problems, based on the opening situation and subscquent narratives, should usually be set in the form of orders issued by the unit commander. By this means of setting problems thosc under instruction will learn to grasp quickly the purport of operation orders and the form which such orders should take. 29. Before and after each exercise, thosc under instruction should be encouraged to study the paragraphs of Field Service Regulations, Vol. II, and the manual of their arm of the service that relate to the tactical operation with which the exercise in question dcals. In this way they will learn to appreciate llow thc principles contained in the regulations should be applied to a concrete problem. 30. To avoid a multiplication of schemes and ensure that thic tactical training within a unit is conducted upon uniformly sound lines, it is advisable that a commanding officer, or an officer deputed by him, should first carry out an elementary tactical exercise for officers, and that, when they have mastered thoroughly all the lessons involved, the officers should in turn carry out the same exercise for their noncommissioned officers on a subsequent day.

·op. III, Sec. 28 ) 28. Two-sided exercises without troops (war game 1 Among the objects of a war game may be following i To afford practice to the commander of each sida independent command and in pitting his braio against those of an enemy leader u To practise commanders and staffs in frarı ng an executing strategic plans J! To give practice in situations where opporing forces are, initially widely separated and where the full use of all means of reconnaissance is needed together with the suſting of information comog to Land from all sources. 1 To practise commanders and stalls in maneuvre to join or refuso battle To study specific problems of strategy or administra. tion. SCOPE OF A WAR GAME 2. While war games are particularly suitable for crercises dealing with large formations they may also be uscfully co:ployed to practice brigade and unit commanders in the independent command of a small force of all arms 3 The simplest form of war game will deal with two opposvag syndicates, each representing a commander and his stad More comprehensae exercises may include on each side a commander and his beadquarters and also syndicates repre. senting the headquarters of subordinate formations For example, each side might comprise a corps headquarters with corps troops and beadquarters of divisions or a IVISIOnal headquarters with divisional troops and headnarters of iofantry and artilery brigades It will seldom be found possible to extend the scope of an ercise to include a third echelon of command, orders reach very late, and it is difficult for the director to afford time deal with its problems Although a war game will usually be carried out indoors, HI sometimes be possible and advisable to include in the Cisc reconnaissance of ground such reconnaissance ld be rules ant to the situation obtaining at the time ·[Chap. III, Sec, 28. 50 PREPARATION OF A WAR GAME (see also Scc. 26, 5-12) 5. In framing the general and special ideas for a war game. the following points should be noticed :- i. Since the primary object of a war game is to practice opposing commanders in leadership, each side should be given an independent mission. Orders from superior authority should allow latitude in the execution of allotted tasks. If "special ideas are framed in which commanders of sides are given specific and detailed orders, much of the value of an cxercise will be lost. ii. Tlie special idcas should place opposing forces three or morc marches apart; thus more scope will be given for an initial appreciation, and at least one subscquent situation can be framed before close contact between the forces eventuates. iii. It is possible to give additional practice in command by dividing a side into parts which are widely separated at the beginning of the exercise : thus each detachment commander as well as the force commander will have scope for command. CONDUCT OF A WAR GAJE (sce also Sec. 26, 13-15) 6. A war game will start by the issue, some days befor syndicates assemble, of the General Idea, and of Special Idea calling for an appreciation and initial orders from each side. In larger strategic exercises it may be advisable to iss by post one or more subsequent situations requiring furth orders from cach side. By this means the period can be covered from the st of liostilitics up to the moment when opposing forces approaching contact, the situation developing according the plans of opposing commanders and the information will have of each other's movements. 7. When syndicates are assembled the exercise ma continued in one of two ways :- i. As a continuous exercise." ii. As a "broken period exercise." 8. A"continuous exercise will involve the schem corresponding with real time. Thus a two days' exerc dcal with two days' progress of events in the scher

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·Chap. III, Sec, 23.) 53 operation when necessary so as to produce goou instruction. (See para 13, above), It will be the duty of the control section to instal realism into the situations Umpires will be responsible for supplying to syndicates information hich would come to hand as the result of the orders and action of c3cb side, but beyond this the control staff must develop items of intelligente (cg. identifications prisoners and documents) forscen esents affecting administratic services and installations, the incidence of casualtics, sources of friction, failures 14 intercommunication effects of weather, shortage of water, congestion of com. munications, etc, consistent with the course of operations In the tasks the control section will work in close touch with the Chiel Umpire and the Umpire Staff, and will assist to ensure that the interplay between umpires of opposing sides us at: fortom 11. Umrnira rout- 1 Umpires will be organion and trc sid an of an pre, vilupuits purporting to come from the intelligence liaison section or from pilots of szwadonna rernanah. -- ret of ha I, 44 au lurce umpire on each side. 11 Criticism section. The criticism section will examiac all messages, orders, and instructions issued by syndicates The salient points will be collated for the coa, sideration of the director, while minor poi ·Chap. 111, Secs. 28 and 29. riitici... kould be noted on the work of syndicats 25'} returned to them. *, Sartatirc section. 36. cxercise of some score 2 com*** matic o crcats is oí relas, both for inmaa!c use by the directiog stafi, zod fc: scier- PCC submquent to the exercisz. It woul: se do worcery to laim, more than a chie? narrative 0 Tith tro 3-stants COXTTKEUCES Ox 1945. GASFS 17 16 may prove adsiable for the directo: to toid a criteringerce o:c! crening of the warunc o order to aroid croch far! conference Care most to takea, ior- 11, to cominc such coniecerces to general subjects, or to int in th:: citations such are already kroon to both Viens; oherec a realitic in or may be dispersed. 19. 11:11 come cucc wil ly held at kich the directo: **:!1 stortly outine 2.c lashs allotted to commiciers, their porcutions and the main features of resulting operations. lic will ihracom on the operations, confiringais remarks to :!: ???!"3"76 of itc morr important lessons. 1: ITAI merch the final confereace may be useíulit Kivémialoilice ranks, ie, the director's remetarts mm 7:30 question and remarks by the oicers of ha direrting start ccaccrced od special points afecars the l...ll. and the various ATS 2nd services. 29. Special exercises without troops .IDVINISTRATIVE EXERCISES I drain-trative problems sill be studied as they arise riturally in the course or exercises without troops. By this Irr, the nicence or administrative questions on strategy 30l tactics will attain correct proporti035. 1: *ill tx recessary, however, in commands and formatioas :0 lord special (SC CISS with the object of studying Chinistration in greater detail than is possible at an exercise 2. for sirategical or tactical instruction. Soch cerises mar be designed to work 03: the cdmiristratare side of a pes1095 strategic or tactical erercise, or as special crercises to study specific problems mith staff and administratıc sco7es. They will be framed acd conducted on simila: less to exerciss dealt with in precedirs sections.

·Chap. III, Sec 29 ) SIGYAL EXERCISES Stgaal exercises have as their obyekt the training of staffs and signals in the details of cooperation and in methods of economizing time and effort They are usually conducted as outdoor Tru Ts of the type portrayed in Sec 27, 6-14 and last for one day Organized suers istog u decessary to follow and comment on the detailed working and procedure of signals and of the office stafs at the sarious head urters concerned There is no objection to making such ciescases of tactical interest, provided that their chict object--st1 and signal traming is not obscured AIR CO-OPERATION EXERCISES 3 Special exercises to make military commanders and Stais tamiliar with the working of arms co-operation squadrons and with the principles foreruing the issue of orders and instructions to RAL units art of taluc They may be workTU out on the lines indicated in Sec 27, 12 BATTLTFIELD Tours 4 Battlefield tours form a valpable means of training They may be keld for any of the following objects 1 To study on the ground a particular operation with a viey 10 considering the seasons for its success or failure 11 To cossider the annt to 31 ul. To aford of ac UL some of us condita ut a modern battle $ It w not usually be adı able to combine the instruction of both junior and scator ofacers la a single tour 6 A battlefield tour should tavariably be prece led by a Featral study of the campaign R question and a detailed study of the particular tactual operations which are ta be 195estigated The study on the ground should rarely be purely bastorical but and especially to the case of tours attended by Junior Oficers-should consideration of the application of modern arms equirteat and tactical wethods to the station as it existed for this 1 1 ·56 (Chap. III, Sec. 29. preſcrable to restrict the tour to the study of operations of a lisnited period. 7. The success of a battleseld tour will depend in great masure on the folloring factors: i an accurate and detailed knowleage on the part of the conducting officer of the creats and conditions of the operations, together with the faculty on the part of this officer and his assistants of being able to presenta vivid picture of the situations considered; and ii. a well-planned itinerary and good administrative arrangements. A detailed preliminary reconnaissance is essential. 8. Permission to hold a battlefield tour in a foreiga country must be obtained from the War Ofice in the case of commands at bome. Applications should be forwarded three months before the beginning of the tour and should give the following details: i. The name of the officer in charge. ii. The number of the party. iii. The ports abroad of disembarkation and embarkation, 357th dates. iv. The area to be visited. v. The towns in sshich the party will stay, and the dates. Parties should proceed in plain clothes and be in possession of passports. LXPIRE EXERCISES 9. The object of an umpire exercise is to impress on the unpires of a formation the principles and methods of umpiring. Such exercises will usually be directed by the senior umpire of the formation concerned, assisted by the formation stafi. They should be beld as a preliminary to the collective training season. A tvo-sided mercise should be taken, preferably one that has been carried out with troops during the previous training season: it should be worked through situation by situation on the map or on the ground. Thus problems can be set dealing with the organization of the umpire stafi, the action of senior and subordinate umpires in specific situations, and the methods of intercommunication within the umpire service.

·111, Sec 30 ) 30 Demonstrations TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS 1 Demonstrations are of two kinds informatie an instructional Informative demonstrations are used to show patterns of armament vehicles equipment etc and their working to demonstrate some tactical or administratie conception or to illustrate a new organization Instructional demonstrations are used for clementary technical or tactical Instruction Thus the informatie demonstration corresponds to a Jecture while the instructional demonstration coastitutus class teaching INFORMATIVE DENOYSTRATIONS 2 It us feasible to deal with a considerable number of spectators at an informatne demonstration thu following points will need consideration 1 Selection of surtable ground for the demonstration and a suitable view point for the spectators 1 Provision of a time table and programme and an explanation and running commentary on the demonstration estber by megaphone or loud speaker 11 Arrangements for organızıng spectators into groups with instructors if a detailed inspection of ethibits 18 involved 1 Adequate training and rehearsal of those taking part in the demonstration Administratne arrangements car parks etc INSTRUCTIONAL DENONSTRATIONS Much of the elementary tactical and technical instruction quadrons, batteries and companies and their composent should be gunea by explanation and demoastration ined with practice in execution In the preparation and conduct of jastructional de rations the following points should be considered where al instruction is concerned The selectioa of growad to dlustrate the tactical points involved and to provide a suitable view point those under tastruction ·[Chap. III, Sec. 30, 11. Thir organization of those under instruction into a numbers of groups cach under an instructor. iii. The previous coaching of instructors as to the points to 1x: stressed and methods of conducting the demonstration. 5. i vul method of conducting an instructional demon- *$:.tina in minor tactics is as follows :- A portion of the unit or sub-unit is ordered to carry out Ilie operation wilach is the subject of instruction, the seinander being told to observe and being subscquently :11.ril nr criticis1115 'Ile 217 tructor, or where several groups are formed the initructor in charge of cach group, should ask onlookers ssh126 is lxin, donc well or badly, and then explain what (sht to be done and why. 14 sama as the first party has finished, a second group shoull carry out the operation in the light of the lessons tlicy Sinar just leamcl, while the first party and the scrizindes olemic and criticize thein, and so on. It should be realized that, in any system of training trachos los demonstration is only a first step to practica circu107). An instructional demonstration without subs geral practice by the audience has little valuc.

·31.) CHAPTER IV COLLECTIVE TRAINING 31 General Instructions OBJECT OF COLLECTIE TRAINING 1 To achieve success in war an arınmust be well led it must also be able to more rapidly to strike effectively and resist stubbornly The object of collective training is to afford leaders oppor tunitics of exercising command in the field under watlike conditions, to train units and formations and to develop matual confidence and cooperation between them Although under peace conditions the stress and strain of war can never be fully portrayed field operations with troops afford a wholesome check on theoretical training and giic aluable experience as regards the limits of human endurance the incidence of friction and the factors of time and space ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING Collective trauning must Lo progressive starting with the training of the smallest sub-unit and continuing with the traming of the successively Larger sub-units arts and formations When funds are restricted of time limited the most advanced training is that which must first be sacrificed The object of the training of each sub-unit uot or forma ON us to fit it to take its place sa the aext higher formation The training ol individuals and units us not how crer to - cozsidered 23 limited to any particular period advantage ust be taken of any opportugues which may arise for dividual training during the period of collectiso training ilst the tralaing of sub-units may sometimes be arranged take place in the individual training period la order that the best use may be made of the time cy, and ground available it 13 necessary that every mander for the collective training of his command id draw up a carefully pre arranged programme in a due attention should be gised to the various items of ng according to their importance 41079

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·Chap. IV, Sec. 31. 61 PRACTICE IN LEADERSHIP & It is most important that all commanders in addition to training their troops, should themselves obtaja practice La the art of command During collective training, both in units and formations, the superior commandat wil u possible, set and conduct one or more scbemes, 1 order i to give the junior commander an opportunity of practising command of his formation, uaut, or subant, 13. to enable the supenor coramander to judge of the traiding of the lower formation sout, or sub unit 15 DCWg came out on the lines be destres As an example of this principle duriag company trajang the battalion commander should set asd direct schemes for each company, slarly duriag battalion trajnag the brigade commander sbould. 1 possible, set and duect one or more Schemes for each of his battalions Such schones may be one-sided or two-sided exercises Turther opportunities of practice la commaaad will occur during bigher trass for example, doring battalion trainog there will be a proportion of two-sided exercises where one part of the battalion will fight the rest, thus giving two regimental oficers practice is more crtensive command simulasly during brigade traiuag there was! bo two-sided exercises when battaron commanders will command cach side The command of a side, more particularly st the scheme framed to allow latitude to comminders in crccuting somo independent tuss100, makes high demands on an ofices powers of leadership, and affords valuable practice in the art of command On the other hand, to command a formation or unit forkung part of a larger force affords limited instruction. 9 an officer commandog a sub-voit, acit, or formation should pever attempt to command and at the same time to direct operations If he wides to direct to an artine --- ·(Chap. IV, Sec. 31. } + 1 + 7 In framing programmes for higher training time must be Il tween cierci is to conclude the conference on onc injermit the generan l special ideas for the acat likerropuly absorbed illout collective truning the organization of units 1 tl muntiind Sul units must be kept intact inn tirir kentiti bitu n the strength of any sub Tul! I low tl it required for it to act effectively as such itached temporarily to in ther similar sub unit um its sparitu entiti is soon as it regalls mtes It is only 1 ilhering to the proper n that a full complement of subordinate con inl. tined ini sub units shirull occasionally be brough istillishment during training in order that a il the size inir moltion of units and sub unit 111 and that I ders may have an occasion 11tir handling thi respective commands at w Thus should te done by drafting the necessa n I from other units or sub units for a day s trail t1 ut it narned the non commission III onl men so drift a teng used to represent t which the unit or subunit would receive 1 1 1 + T Ian ܐܙ ܐܝܢ fi " It will often h z lusable during collective training 2 shootin on available mun animals machines trin p rt by the job n3 (fie altres thus, training 11 Or Duit ՄՌՏ ( {1} } the expense of units fummatin ing it airs C 7 As the promotion st inding between the var hectic trunin, it is adu the various arms even it When it is not jossa the various arms officers should be attached to ur. state shat i tion would b will also be able to express on luis side would probabl to what ext nt disposition might minimize its effect, n and mutual e of the objects possible, to as of the trains e complete us and of the acers will b eir own ar s to how t arm an ormation ·Chap. rv, Sec. 32.) company fight the rest, will provide good instruction. (Se Sec. 39,) Note kile the follouing garagraça refers starticularly to rondinons plaining in the United Kingdoni, the grinciples intolued are applicable, eti shisht modifications, io foreign stations. 6. Jo order to cocourage lotiatise, resourcefulness, and the sense of responsibility in officers, and to give them an practice camp. exercised. The arts. Preparations must be commenced a considerable time beforehand in order that the programmts of training, the schemes for cach day, and all administrative arrangements • In order to prevent giving tadu trouble to Releaboaring proprieton it may be better ibat the rangements for obtatniog the use of ground Dete Lars Farrisoat should be made by Ngbes commanders, and not be cach company, etc., comander separately.

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·(Chap. IV, Sec. 32. Ir thoroughly tought out, and may be approved by trinitrat ur luttalına corumander vclore the date fixed 11 Soilasining outline of this conditions under which 11.5 criciashould be carried out. I. All Aritaini.trative arrangements will be made by the olliers commodling, muadron, battery, or company cortinil. "Tirac will include arrangements Frith Dr.com and todants for the use of grovad over which to manaruvir, il pot made by a higber commander fik faoinole), Irconaissance of the ground, 611one ments for billcting. hire or camping or 1'110110 crourid, rations, water, sanitation, and transport, tic. licrc no! arranged for by higher Butt:0;ty. $. tuwins fround should not be fired, but a mannregion to tlir clicct that any damage done * pales, dicrisex, wils, fences, ditchcs, etc., will it wode Fox by thc troops il tic circumstances irimit or a 1rt and fair som allowed to the outer ** 101.140116!). hii, a molti artrcnent for the firc of billets or land for canvi cliould lx: dusuad to corrmanders for their funrc. 1*. 'Ilir allavancc o! transport, cquipn.cat, tools, etc., tolx talon will need to be dccdce. 1. Such onnance stores 33 are required will be drawn from ti. K.O.C. VI, A:11 of noncy from the training stant will be allotted to the offices commanding squadron, battery, OF company, to cover the cost of hire of camping filound, water supply, compcasation for disturbance of damage, cic When an allotment is made, instructions will be issucul as to the restrictions which the general ofücer curmanding may desirc, within the pouers entrusted to him by financial regulations, to be placed upon iny class of expenditure likely to be incurred. A stalcment of account including all claims, and supported by vouchers for cach item, must be rendered to the command paymaster as soon as rossible after the conclusion of training.

·Chap IV, Secs 33 and 34 ) 65 33 Regimental, artillery brigade and battalion training 2 The instructions as to training iad dowa in part of the preceding section are equally applicable to a battalion, etc durog the very early stages of its trasang 3 Towards the conclusion of vmt traiaung commanders of forrdations should whenever possible makc arrangements for the assxiation of the various arms in certam exercises gad demonstrations # The system laid down for contpanses in Sec 32 6 should be extended to regimeats artillery brigades and battalions when funds time and ground are unable Oa such exccasions opportunity may be taken to bring the regunental transport up to wir establishment 34 Cavalry and intantry brigade and divisional artillery training 1 Arrangements for the traising of cavalry brigades will be made by seacral officers commanding is-chief Divisional commanders subject to the approval of the ade the duration ty brigades add works should be progressive 2 A periot well be allotted dursn, which the divisional Dunng the divisional artillery period stress will be laid og the following 1 Predictou shooting and al} forms of brigade control To obtain fult value from this it will be necessarv to provide technical umpires whosc duty it

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·69 Chap. IV, Sec. 38, G Mags are usually the most suitabic means of meeting ibe requirements of para 1, sub-paras i and in above Skeletog uaits thus formed will require some proviyaa fot command and intercommunication 7 A skeleton forte mast occupy the same extent of ground and move at the same speed as the force at represents it should not be concentrated but should march at full intervals, of unreality must result.

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·> and 41.]
71
ed exercises is liable to cause loss of
ops
bject of an eserdise
excrcise it is necessary for the director
I as to the lessons to be taught. In a
*ill be able to choose his battle ground
of operations to swt hus object. In
thile it will not be possible to foresce
of operations, it will be possible by
a to opposing commanders, and the
roops in the scheme, to bring about the
Lions on a selected area
bin one-sided and two-sided exercises,
sring the main tactical lessons to be
mine and Dame to his directing staff
a number of subsidiary points to be
le exercise
cise
over a period of
stic deseloptrent
administrative
as far as
engaged : 1t
unlikely to

·[Chap. Y, Sec. 39, CHAPTER Y EXERCISES WITH TROOPS 39. Various types of exercises 1. The nature of exerciss to be undertaken during coll's tire training will deperd on the need for progressive instruction (Sec 31, 2) and on other factors which will vary in different parts of the Empire. The War Ofice, or the responsible military act city, will give directions from time to time as to the objectire ci higher training (Sec. 1, 2). Local problems of delence, an) of duties in aid of civil poter, may require special co-sitetion in framing training programmes. At all stages of training exercises should be designed to get full value out of the particular type of training som arailable within reach of a station. Pariety, realism, ari a Farlike atmosphere in schewss will hold the icterest of this troops and provide good instruction. 2. Exercises with troops may be divided into oze-504 exercises and thro-sided exercises. In one-sided exercises the enemy will consist of a skeleton and will be contin of the director. In two-sided exercises both sides 721 consist of troops, and the commanders of each side vil tara freedom in the esecution of their tasks. The proportion of one-sided exercises and two-sided exercises to be included in a training programme is dependent on the following considerations: At each stage of collective training, iron platoon to divisional training, it will be necessary to bold certain exucises to teach elementary lessons of tactics, control, and cooper tion For such lessons one-sided exercises will be preferabs. since the director can pre-determine situations both asserts ground and opposing forces, by coatrolling the skeletos enemy. In sub-unit training, there much elementary lastresa is needed, the majority of erercises should be oas-sided. In unit training a proportion of opezded esercises til bo needed, while in formation training the majority of exercises should be tiro-sided, with attendant adiantages of practice in command and realison.

·Chap, V, Secs. 39, 40 and 41.) 72 A surfeit of one-sided exercises is liable to cause loss of interest atmong the troops 40. Object of an exercise anarna- 1 . the initial tasks given to opposing commanders, and the initial distribution of troops to the scheme, to bring about tho required type of operations on a selected area 2 The director, both in one sided and two-sided exercises, 19 addition to considering the main tactical lessons to bo stressed, should determine and name to his directing staff and umpires a certain number of subsidiary points to be watched throughout the exercise. . 41. Scope of an exercise A proportion of exercises should extend over a period of 24 hours, or more, so as to practise the realistic development of operations, aight work, and the action of the administrative services in the scheme only at that period The calling of an armistice during operations can seldom ·72 [Chap. V, Secs. 41 and 42. be justified: it is difficult to notify its start and end to outlying troops, the fog of war is dispersed, and the realistic practice of administration is affected. 42. Preparation of an exercise with troops 1. Generally speaking, the same considerations govern the framing of a scheme with troops as those inentioned in Sec. 26, 5.12. For both one-sided and two-sided exercises with troops, the scheme will start with the issue of a general idea and a special idea for each side. General and special ideas should be as siniple as possible. 2. Special ideas should be issued in sufficient time to cnable the situation to be explained to all ranks before operations begin. Since it is necessary that the information concerning one side should not be disclosed to the other, all special idcas will be marked "Exercise Secret" and issued in a single envelope similarly marked. All administrative orders and other papers which might disclose information will be treated in the same manner. In this way, while sufficient secrecy will be ensured, it will not be necessary to treat such papers as secret documents and to carry out the full instructions contained in King's Regulations, 1928, paras. 1576-1583, for their security. 3. When the special idca takes the form of an order or message from a superior, or the report of a conversation with a superior, which in war would be koown to the commander of the force alone, it should be issucd only to the commander of the side and to the umpires. It is the duty of the commander to circulate the whole or part of such information, according to his discretion, to those under him. In the special idea for cach side an arbitrary line, visible on the ground, should be laid down beyond which no troops of that side may move before a certain hour. Thus a "no man's land " between the two forces is ensured at the start of the exercise and there will be room for patrols and advanced troops to operate over a more or less cxtensive area bcloro gaining contact with the enemy. 4. It will usually be necessary to publish unit or formation orders dealing with such questions as dress and equipment, distinguishing marks, transport to be taken, supply arrangements, boundaries, and instructions concerning digging,

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·74 (Chap. V, Secs. 43, 44 and 45. 43. Area of operations In undeveloped countries the freedom of manouvre of troops is often bampered by lack of roads, or lack of crossings over obstacles, rivers, nalas, ctc. It is an important duty of thic director to select arcas for higher training where liberty of mancuvres is obtainable, othcrwise mancuvres may prove dull and uninstructive. By thc crcction of temporary bridges over waterways, and the construction of crossings Over obstacles, the manquvring possibilities of an area may be much improved. 44. Direction of one-sided exercises with troops A onc-sided exercise is framed in order to teach certain definitc and clementary Icssons. The skeleton enemy will be under the more or less rigid control of the director. Usually the commander of the “full strength" side will, in his special idca, receive orders to attack, to defend, or to act 23 advanced guard, ctc., as the case may be: he will thus have limited initiative. Jo spite, however, of these restrictions, which are adopted for instructional purposes, the exercise should be kept as rcalistic as possiblc botlı as regards direction and umpiring. Umpiring should be carried out exactly as for a two-sided exercisc; the plans, strength, and distribution of the skeleton cncmy should be taken into consideration whenever the merits of a tactical cacounter are being assessed. The number of umpires to work with a skeleton force should approximate to that required for a full strength force of similar sizc. The principles developed in Scc. 45, governing the direction ol a two-sided exercise with troops, are to a large extent applicable to thic direction of a one-sided exercise. 45, Direction of a two-sided exercise with troops THE DIRECTOR'S OBJECT 1. The objcct of the director will be to frame and conduct the exercisc so that it develops in a varlike manner, and provides good instruction.

·hap. V, Sec. 45.)
75
Ile will attain this result:-
i By allowing. as far as possible, operations to proceed
according to the merits of opposing plans and their
execution
i. By exercising control, when necessary, in such a
manner as to maintain the realism of operations
and their instructional value
PROGRESS OF OPERATIONS ACCORDING TO THE MERITS
OF RESPECTIVE PLANS
2 The most valuable instruction will be provided if
Aterest and reality.
unreal
It should be understood by all ranls at mangeuvres that
the use of methods of obtaining information, which, owing
to peace conditions are unrcalistic, are forbidden for
example, the employment of spses or the assistance of cialiang
cannot be justified
METHODS OF CONTROL
t.
training grounds ingenuity will be required on his part to
maintain realism and good instruction

·70 (Chap. V, Sec. 45. Tic dircctor will exercise such control as he may consider Dcccssary: i. by tlıc issuc of orders or instructions emanating from an imaginary higlier authority; ii. by narratives or now special idcas giving information regarding imaginary operations on the flanks or ciscsslicrc, or by the issue of intelligence calculated so as to affect the strategical or tactical situation as to bring about the required change in the course of the operations; iii. by the introduction of real or skeleton reinforcements. To make thcsc reinforcements available at the right fimc and place requires nice judgment and considerable forcthought. 4. Soon after the general and special ideas have been issued, the director should get into touch with commanders of sides so as to discover the general nature of their plans: if it is disclosed that these plans will not bring about a useful course of operations, the director must take immediate action to adjust matters by one of thc methods of control above mcntionca. 5. When a stalcmatc" scems likely to occur, or operations arc taking an uudesired course, the director will use one of tbc mcans named in paragraph 3, above, to adjust matters. In no case should hc give orders to his umpire staff to check forward troops or joducace commanders in an arbitrary manner. For example, if it is desirable, from the director's point of view, that attacking troops should not would be progress further than a certain line by nightfall, WTong for him to order his umpires to effect this irrespective of the rucrits of the situation. Troops and commanders are most sensitive to interfcrence of this nature, since it brings about a situation with which they cannot deal in a practical manner, and interest in the operations is at once lost. In such circumstances thc director should influence the attacking commander cither by giving him an order from his superior or by bringing some other factor into play, and thus effect If the desired check to operations in a realistic manner. opcrations rcach a stage, cvcn prematurely, where useful instruction has ccased and where it is not possible to instil fresh intcrcst, the director should stop the exercise and send the troops bome.

·Chap. V, Sec. 45. troops INTRODCCTIOy or sove JEW TActor DURING THE COURSE OF OPERATIONS 7 A commandet must be tenacious in the crecution of his - - I. * niam nad svantage of situation. It is timportant that commanders should be practised in the case in war If the uncontrolled course of operations teads to sufficient anety, it may be unnecessary to adopt the course alovo mentioned. ORGANIZATION AND DI TIES OF THE DIRECTING STAFF & The task of the director 19 to frame the scheme and control the operations so as to provide good instruction will be assisted by a directing stafi normally comprising a control staff and an umpire stał The distribution of duties between the control staff and the umpire staff is given in Sec 65. For usst exercises one officer may act as director and click umpure and a control staff will usually be unnecessary for brigade and higher training the duties of director asid chret umpire should be performed by separate officers 9 The director will usually assist the clief umpirm in assessing the results of the more important actions, since soch ·78 (Chap. V, Sec. 45. The director will exercise such control as he may consider nccessary :- i. by the issue of orders or instructions emanating from an imaginary higher authority; ii. by narratives or now special ideas giving information regardiog imaginary operations on the flanks or clsewhere, or by the issue of intelligence calculated so as to affect the strategical or tactical situation as to bring about the required change in the course of the operations; iii. by the introduction of real or skeleton reinforcements. To makc these reinforcements available at the right timc aod place requires nice judgment and considerable forethought. 4. Soon after the general and special ideas have been issued, the director should get into touch with commanders of sides so as to discover the general nature of their plans: if it is disclosed that these plans will not bring about a useful course of operations, the director must take immediate action to adjust matters by one of the methods of control above mcptioncd. 5. When a " stalemate" scems likely to occur, or operations are taking an undesired course, the director will use one of the means named in paragraph 3, above, to adjust matters. In no case should he give orders to his umpire staff to check forward troops or influence commanders in an arbitrary manner. For example, if it is desirable, from the director's point of view, that attacking troops should not progress further than a certain line by nightfall, it would be wrong for him to order bis umpires to effect this irrespective of the nierits of the situation. Troops and commanders are most sensitive to interference of this nature, since it brings about a situation with which they cannot deal in a practical manner, and interest in the operations is at once lost. In such circumstances the director should influence the attacking commander either by giving him an order from his superior or by bringing some other factor into play, and thus effect the desired check to operations in a realistic manner. operations reach a stage, even prematurely, where useful instruction has ceased and where it is not possible to instil fresh interest, the director should stop the exercise and send the troops home.

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·79
Chap V, Secs 46 and 471
4 As in the case of larger exercises without troops the
director s remarks may be followed by remarks on administra
tion and the work of difícrcnt arms of the service (Sco
Sec 28 18)
It may be desirable after larger mancuvtcr to circulate
the director s remarks in the form of a memorandum
47 Special exercises with troops
1 Administrative erercises --The training of the
administrat e services will be carried out in accordance
with the principles laid down in these regulations so far as
the conditions peculiar to each will allow Excrcises in
which the supply transport medical and ordnance services
are tested should be held the combatant troops being
represented if necessary by a skeleton force
2 Miscellaneous exercises In addition to the training
mentioned in the preceding paragraphs special exercises an
training will be carried out when opportunities arisc Suc
exercises some of which can also bc carried out during th
individual training period may consist of the following
i Combined Daval military and air manæuvres
exercises such as landings on the open beach on
unprotected harbours attach and defence
defended ports including tests of the examina
service and the entry of II M warships
11 Siege exercises
111 Mobilization exercises such as the mobilization
division or of a coast defence command
av Techsical exercises eg engiacer exercises

·80 (Chap, VI, Sec. 48 CHAPTER VI RULES FOR EXERCISES AND DIANEUVRES 48. General rules 1. Rulings given by an umpire are to be regarded as those of the director. 2. The strength of opposing forces is to be estimated by squadrons, batteries, companies, battalions, etc., and not by their actual effectives. 3. Bayopets must not be fixed, or swords drawn, where there are opposing forces. 4. Mounted troops operating on a public road will not more faster than the trot. 5. Firing on a public road will not, as a rule, be permitted, but when a road is unoccupied by the public, with no horses or vehicles near, a single shot may be fired to mark the position. Owing to the danger of stampaling the horses, no firing will take place in close proximity to led borses nor to camps or bivouacs of mounted troops. 6. Artillery will fire blank on the following occasions :- i. On opening fire for the first time from a position. ij. To indicate the engagement of a new target. ii. To indicate the commencement of a barrage or concentration of fire. 7. If operations are temporarily suspended by the director 10 military action of any kind, e.g., obtaining information, ssuing operation orders, ctc., is to be taken by either side luring the pause in the mancuvres. S. When exercises or manquvres are beld on ground, ther than Government ground, instructions will be issued the troops as to the conditions in which tanks may operate id field works be constructed.

·6 ap. VI, Sec 49) 49 Distinguishing flags and arm bands ! Distingushing flags for lances or motors will be as allows Colour of flag By thom used · Authorized flag for his ap- Director of army man pointment (See kings cutes Regulations 1928 para 932A) 11 Square Dark blac Director of other man Quvres 11 Red with white opright Commander of a side army cross manduvrcs 1 Blue with white opright Commander of a side army cross mancuvres White Chief umpire » Colour as laid down 10 rs Commanders of formations Pocket Book 2. The following arm bands 6 in wide will be worn (with the exceptions given in the following table) on the lelt arm above the elbow - Colour of arm band By whom torn 1 Blue Directing star u Wbute with gold badge Military Blanquvres Com missioners IL. White Umpires 1v Red and white Military and civil compensation licers v Green Neutrals VI Red Olicers attending euvres as spectators an Press correspondents ww Red with Press Officer Officer charged with dat 10 black. of giving informatic to accredited represent tives of the Iressa to spectators in uniloe • Word og both arms. man ·(Chap. VI, Sccs. 50 and 51. 62 wy 50, Buglc calls 1. During the progress of operations, buglc calls are only tolx could by order of the dircctor. 1. On the under-incntioned calls sounding, thic troops vill as to follo: Sim i. Stand fast.Stop; infantry lic down; mounted troops dismount. ii. Go on.Ilie engagcicnt is resumed. lii. Dismiss.--Conclusion of operations. ix. Oncer's call.Thosc officers who have been previourly instructed to do so will join the director. Instructions for mancurrcs, or the standing orders ol formations, should show what officers arc to report to the director on the abovc-mentioncd call bring soundcu. 51. Employment of aircraft Units or formations of thc Royal Air Force placed at the poial of military commanders will be employed in accord ance with The Employment of Air Forces with the Army i tho Field. Ticy still receive all orders for strategical tactical missions from the military commander at who disposal thcy bave beca placed, but the allotment of aer dromes and iic administration of theso units will be arrang by the appropriatc R.A.F. authority.

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·(Chap. VII, Secs. 54 and 55. ould be carried out by officers of the stafi, services, and A.F. 2. During the actual manapstes, troops will usually ivouac. When the shitary Vascurtes Act is in force no nicvious arrangements need normally be made, for the lesso che troops depend on pre-arranged camps and bivouac grounds the greater sill be their mobility. It will, however, seldom be possible to give such liberty in the selection of bivouacs as to allor of all troops taking the full measures for concealment against hostile aircraft Thich would be necessary in var. It 37!l usually be decessary to establish camps for use before and after the actual operations. If the water supply or other circumstances restrict the number of bivouac grounds, the available sites may be marked ca the maps, and a list of such sites, with their description, issued to the staffs. This description should give the name ołthe owner oł the land, the water supply, the accommodation 2vzilable for men and horses, the rent per acre, and any other useful information. Tracings from the Ordnance map, on a scale of 6 inches to 1 mile, of the camping grounds or bivouac spaces should be issued with the above lists. Where large bodies of troops are to be kept concentrated, it will usually be necessary to make previous arrangements for frater, but there formations birouac over a considerable area, the existing sources of water supply, e.g., tells, streams, etc., vill usually sufice for their needs. 55. Composition of opposing forces and establishments 1. Commanders and stafis must be detailed, and an orde of battle issued for each side. Troops should be kept as fa as possible in the formations to which they belong. 2. In order that commanders, stafís, and services may given as much experience as possible of sorking und service conditions, the number of officers and other ran allotted in tar establishinenrs to each branch of the st and to each of the various services is in no case to be exceed The numbers will usually be restricted to those actus necessary to perform the requisite duties, having regard į the conditicis under which the mancures are held.

·Chap. VII, Secs, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59.) 85 the other band, it is sometimes advisable to complete staffs up to war establisbraent in order that the work may be distributed as in wat, and that the personnel may learn to work together 3 Xo personnel, motor cars or other reacles, cycles or borses, in excess of those alloned in the oficial establishments are permitted to take part in manæuvres, nor are private servants (in excess of those authorized), private motor cars, or other private vehicles, allowed to accompany the troops 56. Supply and transport services Financial considerations will usually entail considerable modification of the active service system of delivery of baggage and supplies It must, however, be remembered when deciding on the system of supply that the smaller these modifications are the better is the training for those responsible for working the system, and for the administrative personnel inolved 57. Ordnance strvices As a rule the supply of ammunition, camp equipment, stores, and the repair of vehicles can be carried out by the existing peace orgazuzations working from thout normal locations harap the 3 58. Postal and telegraph services When special postal 2872. gements are required for troops in the manuurte area they will be made by the Dutctor of Postal Services 2 acordzace with the sequutenents of the director or command contrast 59. Or and military police | Its adrshinattadainevil planesh immation at a crippire an art 25న m the contractice team of operaణకు

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·Chap. VII, 4.€12
87
Press to teach day, both before
and drinn ri 2: Covenient to them, to
of the operations
2. Tem 2 - piese spectators is established
an oscer* be cabato supervise at
61. Miscellaneous arrangements
1. It will be necessary for the branch of the staff arm
*L.- tha 1ravir
2 For Conveense of reference, a pamphlct will truly
be published by the War Obice, embodying the instru 1V*}*
which have been used on the subjects dealt with in the
- - Inry V.
62. Provision of maps
.
2 Nature of trouvements of manu 4v1* Pt Juwel
3 Maps for mangeuVTCS Will, 80 fxr 64 * pisebordlamper
to troops on the scale and la the 114 11 julle
(See Appendıx VII)
war

·(Chap. VIII, Sec. 63. S CHAPTER VIII UMPIRING 63. General remarks 1. The main difficulty in peace training is to produce the rcalism of war. 'To meet this difficulty, as far as is possible, umpires asc cmployed to convey to the troops the effect ulich would in war bc forthcoming as the result of their orta and enciny action, with particular rcference to effect of fire. 2. The chicf task of umpires is, in the absence of bullets and sliclls, to cnsurc Uiat ihc interplay between attack and dclcncc takes its coursc according to the merits of opposing plans, and thcir cxccution. in thc carly stages of an operation advanced troops will sncct and sub-units will try to make ground with the help of ilicir own firc and mobility. The umpires will here be concerned with the immediatc plans of opposing squadrons or companics, and must assess the results of such cncounters as a "stalcmatc," or allows partial or total success to one side or tlic other. As an operation progresses, action will become more general, involving the engagement of regiments, battalions. and brigades assisted by supporting arms: plans will be more cxtensivc and orders will take more time to carry into effect In consideration of thc distribution, fire plans, and actio: of opposing forces, umpires will adjudicatc on the progres of the battic. Tius, umpires will be concerned with a scries of comba of varying degrcc. To assess correctly thc progress an results of such cncounters and to convey umpire rulings commanders and troops in a practical and warlikc manner thic chici problem of umpiring. 3. In addition to their responsibilities with regard forward troops, umpires are concerned with notifying en action as affccting artillery, reserves, headquarters, admi trative scrvices, and the R.A.F. 4. The following sections deal with the organization methods of umpiring, which are only a means to an namely, to introduce the atmosphere of war. Althoug

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·[Chap VIII, Secs. 64 and 65. 90 of the country whether thic best means of convcyance will be n horse or a motor car. A mounted officer will, whenever ponsibic, be provided with a horsc-holder. To facilitate intercoinmunication throughout the umpire organization, umpirc niccting places or report centres will be established as required. The position of thcsc report centres at the start of operations, and their proposcd moves, must be known to all umpirci, who should visit them whenever possible to kccp themselves in touch with thc gcncral situation. Umpirc information is circulatedi. by personal touch between umpires; ii. by orderlics (mounted or motor cycle) ; iii. by ncutral signal scrvice (when cinployed). G. Tlic training of umpires is important. Elementary training in umpiring dutics will be undertaken in units, while, 14 preliminary to higher training, instruction to umpires will be given by scnior umpires of formations. Umpirc cxcrciscs (Scc. 29, 9) arc a uscful means of teaching thic principles and methods of umpiring in a practical manner 65. Respective duties of the control staff and the umpirc staff 1. The dutics of the director arc dealt with in Sec. 45. lic will be assisted by a dirccting staff normally comprise a control staff and an umpire stafi. 2. The duties of the control staff are as follows: i. To implement the micasures of control which the dire may dctcrminc, and to inform thc umpire accordingly. (Scc. 45, 3.) ii. To keep the dircctor informed of the progress of op tions. This information will be gained throug umpirc stafi or by the activities of the control according to circumstances. iii. Under instructions from tlic director, to watc progress of cvents at particular headquarters, particular arcas, which concern the main less the cxcrcisc. iv. At larger manquvres officers of the adjutant-go and quarter-master-gencral's staff will be in connection with maintenance of discipling control, arrangements for dispersal, ctc.

·Chap VIII, Secs 65 and 66 I 91 3 The duty of the umpire staff is to adjudicate situations on their merits and to create a warlike atmosphere appropriate to events it is not the duty of umpires to exercise control over commanders or troops except in so far as they slow down movement by means of casualty screens or order readjust ments after an assault (Sec 70) If the director for any particular reason requires umpires to assist in doing the work of the control stati he must give specific orders to this effect + Both the control staff and the umpire staff will have the duty of watching special points named by the director during the progress of operations (Sec 40, 2) 66. Duties of the chief umpire 1 The chiet umpire will exercise general control of the umpires through the senior umpires of each side all exercises a previous knowledge of the ground is conducive to sound ampie rulings while as a preliminary to a one sided exercise situations which the difictor intends to bring about may be studied in detall 3 Before the start of an operation the chief umpire will nta i tha con Ae LL trods to senior umpires as to how the battle should develop (Sec 69,7) 4—(1072) ·92 (Chap VIII, Secs. 65 and 67. He will keep the director informed as to the course of operations, particularly as to decisions of actions of to: combatants which may lead to unexpected developments: he will also notify the director of major umpire Things 25 soon as they are decided upon. Similarly, the director i immediately inform the chief umpire of any measures of control which he intends to exercise (Sec. 45, 3). 6. At the end of the operation the chief umpire 77 osvalls hold a conference of senior umpires with the object of obtaining i. A concise narrative of events. i. Details of the particular matters of tactics and pro cedure watched (Sec. 40, 2). iii. Any points of general interest regarding command, tactics, staff work, or administration brought oct during the exercise. The chief umpire will then be ready to conſer mith the director and assist him in the framing of his conference notes (Sec. 45, 11). 67. Duties of the senior umpire of each side 1. The senior umpire of each side is responsible that the umpires allotted to him are distributed to the best advantage during each phase of the operation. 2. He will hold a preliminary conference with his ampires shortly before the start of operations, in order to inform ibem of the points brought to his notice by the chief empire (Sec. 66, 3), and in order to give them any directions which he may consider necessary. 3. He will be where he can best keep touch with his umpires, the progress of operations, and with the chief umpire. Gooi facilities of intercommunication are the governing factor. 4. He will ensure that the chief umpire is kept informed o! any decisions made by the commander of the side with which he is working, of any umpire rulings of importance, and of the progress of operations. 5. When a tactical crisis of importance is impending do Trik! get into touch with the senior umpire of the opposing siaor the chief umpire, with a view to a ruling being made as to the result of the encounter. He will be prepared to state the distribution and orders of his side.

·93 - VIII, Secs. 67 and 68} ruling as to the development of the battle subscquent e impending crisis having been made by him or by the umpire he will co-ordinate the action of bis forward oues in conformity and arrange that necessary realism onveyed to forward troops headquarters and reserves , by fireworks, smoke etc to represent bombardment) He will arrange for conferences with his umpires at st once in every 24 hours preferably in the evening or prior any decisive phase of the operations At the end of an operation he will hold a conference so as be prepared to provide the chief umpire with the data amed in Sec 66, 6 7 In Secs 66 and 67 the duties of chicf umpire and senior umpiro have been discussed with particular reference to Zarger mancuvres and evercises in the case of unit operations it wal) usually be best for the chief umpare also to perform the duties of the sequor umpires of sides, and to deal direct with all subordinate umpires 68. Duties of ali umpires 1 Umpires have four main duties To notify commanders with whom they are working of the direction and intensity of enemy fire and of its effect on the progress of the battle also to notify commanders the appareat effect of their own Ere on the enemy u To keep their immediate superior informed of the plans and orders of the commander with whom they are working and of any umpire rulings given w To rule what the result of an attack will be, and after the assault to issue orders ui decessary, as to action to be taken by each side before hostalities are resumed (See Sec 70 ) iv To pay attention to the special points about which the director has called for information at the end of the exercise (Sec. 40, 2) 2 To carry out these duties successfully demands -- 1. Contiguous coergy in the collection and distributio of information ·24 Chap VIII, Sec. 6S. i. Faratri Pred the probable dramERY cisimi ti he list. i miss to iii. Sita armledge and judgment. 1. Caisrami imaginatom as to be able to dhin a realistics the probable fact ti the fire of all the arti, ainaakit, task, and kintine raits cCarnei. 1. A mariaTE ai Emaria, SI 2 ta he ala ra CUTES -his ricEra to the commanders concenari 122 ) at Risailable in ERCES. 5. Iart ni mass, 22 in since Hi commi 234 tagaier a feeling ki artial minating Bamaa at Empires and the పి. 3. i was baceal animasthi that the constit? Aguilasia he is the catani3. మn rapient Mirchiడain scieair ni tinidlas Mahit. 13. Nesca the coc-= cance-Cai to decia Ga Eis CS catac. Thaar extening to tismile are the Talises ri జ in swim tom morner or calm as iS71, 1), and cate: 2xaintenarii (270). 1. tarimn at he car at :D Bjrcia by their REss rise arius or conceneat a tie art di cle 5: పట్ట ణ: allు antid arg irinam జణnians I Eahable course of opm. aar Pain c cana by RTCITES taragapathi is to 11. 2. iiirman should be mple to comains in near with teace in this seasy read at GIET A Tax, జ, TE= ati.ck maridir anila are stined -3-2: a ceram మజ, the damlag commander aarti విషistancaia: SINA Di the babarimERE ani aapraana ni skel BEASE aa aar parina ai as has new, (22mast be takennot toxireary వు షష్-cinia: coals cair aim by oicer, in:5, a 2:19 positini ni kisomniamais - & To మహా జుటtring or senasatta contai2 ·Chap. VIII, Secs. 68 and 69.) 95 of an operation umpires at unit and formation beadquarters will always record the following i Orders or information received at their headquarters and time of recept u The action taken as a result of it nl. A précis of orders issued and time of issue iy. The time of start of any move v Subsequent des elopments with the times at which they occur 7. Umpires may be required to act as compensation officers in the temporary abscace of such officers and they should always report wilful or unccessary damage 69. Umpire rulings 1 When contact us imminent forward umpites must push well ahead so as to leart the distribution and intentions of the senior umpire present may be able to give a prompt ruling as soon as it becomes necessary 2 Umpires must take a Lroad view of the situation and not allow their attention to be absorbed and their judgment lnduiy influenced by local and runor episodes which coma under their personal observation 3 An umpire must always report to the chief umpire through the umpire immediately superior to him any important ruling he has gnen This report bould be brief but 4 In judging the conduct of an attack the following points should be considered 1 The compander s plan and the extent to which his orders ensure concentration of superior force against the decisive front and co-operation of the various arms and the Royal Air Force, iſ represented ·96 [Chap VIII, Scc, 69, ii. The degree of co-operation actually achieved by the various arms in combining fire and movement, and in providing superiority of fire on the decisive front: also that sufficient time was allowed to make this firc cffcctive. iii. The usc made of ground. iv. Wicthcr thc element of surprisc is present or not. V. The condition of the troops, if affected by length of previous march, previous losses, or repulse. 5. In judging the conduct of the defence, the following points should be considered : i. The commander's plan, and the extent to which his orders casure concentration of fire power for the dcſence of important localities. ii. The distribution of the defending forces, their depth, and the arrangements made for their concealment from ground and air observation. iii. The field of firc. iv. The co-operation of all arms in the decisive stages of the fight. v. The extent to which the position has been artificially strengthened. vi. Tuc use made of counter-attack. 6. In order that the value of determined resistance may bc cmphasized, it is important that a commander of an advanced detachment who decides to fight to the last, should be given all possible credit for any delay or loss to the attacking troops which would have resulted from his action, Similarly, in defence, even where the attacker is adjudged i successful, elements of the defenders which have escaped the covering fire of the attack should be allowed to exert resistance and cause delay. 7. After the delivery of the assault it is important that the ruling of the umpires should be promptly announced and that effect should be given to it by the troops at once. With this cod in view, and after taking all relevant factors ato consideration, the senior umpire on the spot should hrcjudge on broad lines the result of an impending assault .ad notify umpires accordingly. If, during the assault and the phase immediately following it, attacking commanders mishandle their troops, or the iction of supporting arms does not eventuate according to ·Chap VIII, Secs, 69, 70 and 71.) 97 plan, the extent of success proposed for the attacker can be modulied by the umpires A prompt ruling, which may turn out to be sot n bolly correct owing to the insuficiency of the information available at the time it is given, is preferable to one which is delayed in order to obtain fuller or more reliable information 70. Umpire duties in connection with the assault 1 When an assault has been delivered and adjudged successful, the umpires will order the situation to be dealt with in one of the following ways - The defending troops in the zone of the assault will be taken prisoner by the attackers and dealt with as in war, aiter due regard for the provisions of Sec 69, G for purposes of administration it will usually be advisable for prisoners to rejoin their own units prisoners u The defeated troops that have taken part in the actual contest will be ordered to withdraw by the umpires, either behind defending troops adjudged capable of maintaining their position or to a definite locality at such a distance in rear that a new situation can be created and there will be no danger of a running fight ensuing The successful troops will be allowed to occupy captured positions at once and to continue ther operations after such an interval as the umpires may decide This method of dealing with the assault is suitable for one sided exercises, or for two-sided exercise 10 which small numbers are engaged 2 The director should decide before the start of an opera. tion which method of dealing with the assault will Le employed and will notify umpures and troops accordiogly. 71. Flre effect 1 When depicting the effect of fire umpires must ensuro that the information reaches all troops affected thereby The enemy strength 10 weaposs should bot be stated specui- ·98 [Chap VIII, Sec. 71. cally, but the nature (e.g., rifle, machine gun, etc.) and intensity of the fire, the direction from which it is coming, and the degrec of movement possible must be described. 2. To help commanders to realize the relative effect of their own and thc enemy's firc, so that they may take such stops as they consider suitable to the situation, cach troop and platoon vill carry two blue and two red screens whichi, when displayed, will have the following significance Sonora For attacking troops For delending troops Blue l'ader fire of coosiderable Under bre oſ considerable volume. volume. Further advance Fire porrer of defence de only possible by fire and more. creased by: 50 perccot. ment. Radt Under fire of such latensity that (Under Gre of such intensity that further movement is imposfire of defence is silenced. sibic. Screens will be raised only by order of an umpire. The red scrccn for attacking troops implies that no nove ment in front of the red screen is possible for formed bodies. It does not prevent individual men from working fonrard from the leading section provided the ground is suitable. If an umpire desires to stop a whole platoon, he should order one red screen to be erected by forrard sections and one by rescrie or rear sections. Screens when once raised must remain so until an umpire orders them to be changed or furled. Screens must be considered only as a rough ocular denionstration of fire effcct, details of which must be given verbally by the umpires to commanders (see para. I, above). 3. I'mpires may at the discretion of the director be required to assess casualties in order to inculcate the devolution of command and the constant reorganization which battle demands, also, on occasion, to practise the evacuation of wounded. In assessing casualties umpires must have due regard to the apparent adequacy, or otherwise, of the measures taken by the body of troops concerned to minimize losses. In attack, infantry casualties vrill lie down until the Tescries of the side to which they belong have advanced ·Chap. VIII, Secs. 71, 72 and 73.) 99 beyond them They will then, provided the evacuation of wounded 13 not being practised, follow in formed bodies by units In defence, infantry casualties will lie down under cover. Casualties in other arms of the service will be simulated in a manner analogous to the above, the particulat nature of each arm being taken into consuleration 72. Duties of regimental officers of all arms as regards co-operation with umpires Rulings given by umpires must be at once accepted witbout discussion actions t they troops e to an ca K. t...ha 73. Practical examples of umpiring 1 An umpire must not say to the leading troops Put up your red (or blue) screens," and then gallop away The Correct action is to order the screens to be put up and then explain the reason 2 An umpire must not tell troops that they are held up enemy 3 An umpire must not tell a boly of troops that they have been shelled off a hill The correct action is to tell them the number of casualties which are being inflicted and leave them to take whatever action they think fit 4 An unpire must not stop a reserve battalion and tell IL ..

·100 (Chap VIII, Secs, 73 and 74. the umpire should inform him of the sound of rifle and machinc-guo fire, so as to convey to him indications of the action of forward troops which he would have in war. 5. An umpire must not tell a brigade commander that the chcmy has withdrawa: the commander must find this out from his forward troops, or observers. 6. Ap umpire must not tell a brigade commander that two of his battalions have suffered heavy casualties and will require time to reorganize. The correct action is to potify these battalions the casualties which they are considered to have suffered in action: the battalion commanders will then inform the brigade commander of what has happened and of the length of time which they will require to reorganize if this is necessary. 74. Special points with regard to umpiring with cavalry 1. In operations in which cavalry are concerned, situations develop very rapidly. The umpires will probably lose control unless they ascertain well beforehand the dispositions of the defeading side and themselves accompany the foremost troops of the attackers. 2. When shock action is employed, the result is usually decisive one way or the other, the defeated force suffering severely in casualties and loss of morale. The ampires, therefore, in decidiag on the result of such encounters, must so arrange that the victorious combatant shall reap the full advantage of his success. 3. Upapires must not allow patrols to reconnoitre and obtain and transmit information in a manner which it would be clearly impossible to adopt in war. The commander of a patrol that bas transgressed in this respect should be told that information improperly obtained must not be communicated. This applies equally to reconnaissance by staff and other officers; it must be remembered that it would be but seldom that a motor car or motor cycle would be used for reconnaissance in a hostile country, outside the protection of forward troops. 4. In umpiring for advanced points and patrols care must be taken by umpires to take up positions which, while enabling them to give rulings at the right moment, will not give a hint of the dispositions of the enemy.

·Chap. VIII, Sec. 75.) 101 75. Special points with regard to umpiring with artillery 1. Umpires have two separate duties to carry out in connection with the action of artulcry. They are responsible for keeping commanders informed of the nature intensity, and effect of the artulery fire to which the troops may, from tune to time, be subjected, and for indicating the location and intensity of bostile barrages and the position of heavily Thelle : conclusion of operations It is the duty of the senior artillery umpire with a formation to inform bis umpures when they are to concentrate on the technical side and when on the tactical, it will seldorn bo possible to deal adequately with both at the same time 2 When the artillery fire in accordance with a pre-arranged time table, or carry out organized harassing fire, there will usually be time for a summary of artillery orders or messages to be sent through report centres to the umpires of tho opposing side, who will then indicate tho intensity and effect of the fire to the troops concerned at the proper time 3 In other circumstances it is seldom practicable for the artillery umpure with the battery in action to proceed to the forc. that these umpires should be in!ormed as carly as possible of the general layout of the bostile artillery and particularly of the areas in which their observation posts are situated They will then be in a position to know when the troops with whom they are empiring are visible to bostile artillery observation and may be expected to come under shell fire, and they will be able to paint the picture accordingly Whether the umpire describes the action actually taken by the hostile artillery, or the action he assumes that they are taking, does not affect the trainio, of the troops concerned Any reasonable assumption us preferable to a disregard of ·102 (Chap. VIII, Sec. 75. astillery fire, When an assumption of this sort is made and communicated to the troops, it should also be communicated as soon as convenient to the neighbouring umpires so that there may be uniformity or inlormation. 4. Technical umpiring within the unit will require at least one upire for cach battery and one for each brigade. Their duties will be to see that thic various technical calculations are made correctly and in time, and that guns are in fact cngaging targets that have been allotted to them. This is particularly important with anti-aircraft units. An umpire with an antiaircralt battery should notc carefully the lime between the srcognition of the target and the opening of fire, also the number of rounds fired whilst thc acroplane is flying on a steady course within the arc of fire. (Scc. 79,9.) This technical umpiring is very important from the artillery point of vicw; if it is well donc, artillery units will obtain valuable technical, as well as tactical instruction, and plans for artillery support will be kept practical and simple. Artillery brigade uinpires are responsible for passing to report centres such technical information as thc umpires with the opposing sidc rcquirc to kaow (sce para. 3, above) in order to enable them to ca.Ty out their dutics satisfactorily. 5. In addition to thc blank ammunition fired by the guns, umpires con indicato artillery fire by smokc candles. When thic artillery arc firing on a pre-arranged plan, it may be 03exossary for an umpire to call upon the nearest available troops to help lum put down the smoke candics. 6. Target cards, A.F. A 2472, form a valuablc check on artillcry fire. These should be kept by all battery commanders or forward observing officers and forwarded at two-hourly intervals to brigade headquarters, where they will bxc coilccted by the brigade ::mpires. 7. In order to prevent manquvres from conveying false lessons, umpires must always keep in mind the important question of ammunition supply. They should estiniate, from the orders given by battery commanders, the expenditurc of ammunition and ascertain from battery commanders the steps which would be taken to replenish the supply. ll an umpire considers that a battery would liave run out ol ammunition, le should inform the battery commander, who will cease fire until he has obtained further supplies, or until, in the opinion of the umpire, further supplies would have arrived in war.

·Chap. VIII, Secs, 75, 76 and 77.] 76. Umpiring duties as regards works of construction and destruction I In cases where works of construction or destruction have been made out, that the men required have had the necessary tools and materials issued to them and have been on the site of their work for sufficient time to complcte their tasks, and that all other arrangements for the work have been made that mancuvre conditions permit Tl in the nts non of an imn - marly the 3 A house, village, enclosure etc, notified by an umpire as being prepared for delence, will be considered to be occupied if its gratisOn be formed up in, behind or near it. 77. Special points with regard to umpiring with armoured fighting vehicles 1 Owing to the rapidity with which armoured fighting A. 1 - 1 - 1

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·Chap. VIII, Sec. 77 ) 1 cars in the subsequent operations uatil sufficient time has expir to justify as assumption that they have been te pred of communication and the time taken to carn out replace rents should be indicated necessary the same idea the exercise it will seldom be possible hou ever to repic casualties during the course of an excrcise 8 In addition to the umpires with took unite an experi coced artery and infantry oficer sbould be a grunted to each tank battalion to assist in umping a ti is of tanks against artillery and aptr tank weapons fitler arms The tank battalion umpire together #th the attache! artillery and infantry umpires should te vjed with light As soon as the plan of attack and the ure plan sup porting it are know they should go ! rur) as quickly as possible to the area likely to be afletou 7 de umpires with the dclending units will indicate the assadcments for the deleace and the tank battalion umpire with his knowledge of the plan will indicate the probable line of a lvance and the tactics likely to be adopted by the attacking tanks heeprag the various alternatives in mind the umpires orill then estimate the number of tanks to be made casualties during the assalt. As the attack develops tbe umpires 1 single out tanks to be made casualties up to the estate zamber These tanks will be stopped when they come within decisise range of the anti lank weapon by means of dags waved by umpires or by mounted horse-bolders This makes it necessary for the properes with defcadiag coils and their borse-bolders to be suitably mounted After the tanks have passed over the position the senior atapire on the spot will collect reports from the umpires of all vaxts of the delence and in conjunction with the tank umpure will make any necessary adjustment to the puber of tank casualties already made and will assess the casualt of the dcicace 1 In the event of an uaforeseea taak action such as a ank counter attack agaiast advancing infaztry or a sudde Lash between small numbers of tanks the umpires of all mes concerned must come to a quick decision amongst iemselves, the tanks being halted voti casualties have been varded ·106 [Chap. VIII, Sec. 78. 78. Special points with regard to umpiring in defence against gas 1. The possible use of war gases by an enemy may be represented in peace training either by certain harmless substitutes or, so far as mustard gas is concerned, by marking arcas said to be contaminated by it. 2. Thic substitutes at present in use are as follows: i. A non-persistent tear gas to represent non-persistent gases. ii. Pyridine to represent mustard gas. Where gas substitutes are to be used on a large scale it will be advisable to employ special gas umpires. 3. Where marking is resorted to, the method of contamination and the time at which it was completed should be made known to the first troops to encounter the area. It will be the duty of the umpires to ensure that the areas or localities marked could, in fact, have been contaminated under war conditions in the time and with the means available. 4. Gas substitutes (including the marking of areas) aro not to be used indiscriminately by troops or umpires. They will be employed either as part of a commander's plan, or under the orders of the director to bring out a definite tactical lesson. The fact that the effect of mustard gas is delayed should not be overlooked. 5. In assessing gas casualties, umpires should take the following points into consideration - i. Troops who ſail to wear a respirator in the area of an effective concentration of non-persistent gas should be placed out of action at once. ii. Troops exposed to the action of mustard gas should be placed out of action four hours later, if they mom (a) do not wear respirators immediately gas is detected; () remain exposed to the action of mustard vapour on, or within 100 yards of, the contaminated area; come into contact with grass, etc., contaminated with liquid mustard.

·1 - ni Animals which conie intactituith tatron lon frass foraçror monta Hi ha liput musturu gis sho!! lei four bours later 6 To judge the ofte tnere following points wall lx | The organization in after gus rtticks 1The nature and of exposure of tra t in The influence etwritti of thr 15 iv The data dun! v The cflct on thr loaged scanın ! il 1 1 - 171 79. Special points with riborli um fring with ulturaft 1 Vinpiring of air a tini atli att sewing to the spiced at which mu? owing to the difficulty ({ Dr aircraft and of judging 10 troops 2 It is not possibl 11 1 or loriste which sarious tasks are iluft Al this will depend upon with attachcu to obtaining of milen 3 Air umpires will I rm 1 111 Land of the chart air umpire who will alt t il' with the air situation they will w Jostein with army utopires They are stensili 1 do security ol air attack against tre111511H I low) an! also for transnutting La dernit unt aircraft to the cucu W! walls for to an! nforce the awards ACIV !!! uude dretsion will clcft with the units con ulaturi utica dr umparcs in cru tu tu ! * IV challsu duo to umulativc awards 4 The chick air um # ! ruro 1x!!! wirelest and spatch riders for comin with otronic mes an alt spires and if possible # !!! Fuf die wil granice shouli attached to him as 11 ti ! Dj ·108 Chap. VIII, Sec. 79. R.A.F. units should always report to the chief air umpire when a patrol is being sent out: this report should show time of departure, number of aircraft, task allotted, and approximate direction of patrol. 5. Casualties will be awarded by the following methods :- i. Impounding reports or photographs recently brought in. li. Delaying the departure of aircraft for a period. lii. Placing out of action R/T tenders or W/T stations for a period. iv. Placing a proportion of aircraft out of action for the remainder of the day. Careless flying in the face of strong hostile A.A. defence, or flying unnecessarily low, will be severely penalized. 6. Aeroplanes attacking troops or transport with machinegun fire will, if possible, use machine guns fitted with muzzle attachments and fire blank ammunition. Umpires investigating the effect of these attacks must take into consideration the fact that in war bombs also would probably be dropped. 7. Aeroplanes, other than those making diving attacks, which are employed in bombing troops and transport, will indicate their action by firing light signals. In estimating the results of the attack the following factors will be taken into consideration : i. Number of aircraft employed. ii. Number, weight, and type of bombs dropped. iii. Height from which the attack is made, 8. Army and air umpires will co-operate in deciding the effect of air attack and anti-aircraft small-arm fire, and will base their decision on the following considerations :- i. Strength of the attack and the tactics and vulnerability of attacking aircraft. ii. The formation of the troops attacked. iii. Degree of readiness of the troops to meet the attack with fire. The air umpire will decide on the probable accuracy of the attack, and the army umpire on that of the anti-aircraft fire. Casualties to the troops will then be awarded by the army umpire, and those to aircraft by the air umpire. When there is no air umpire on the spot immediate action must be taken by the army umpires concerned.

·Chap VIII, Sec. 79.] 109 9 Decisions with regard to the effect of anti aircraft artillery fire will be based on the following proce lure Every round fired at an aircraft pursuing a strucht course at constant beight between 3 000 and 10 000 feet for su huiently long to enable correctly aimed fire to be brought on to it will be considered potentially effective provided the correct procedure 13 observed at the gun before the round us fired Army umpires well as far as possible keep a record of such rounds and this record will be handed to the air umpire in the area concerned The air umpire after consultation with the army umpire will award the casualties the number of which will be based partly oa his own observation of the flyrog which has beca carried out within range of the guas and partly on the number of potentially effective rounds which have been bred It has not been found possible to devise an eficient method of indicating to pulots the fact that guns are actually firing For this reason pilots should be informed beforehind or tho general area in which hostile anti aircraft batteries are located ·110 (Appendix I. APPENDIX I I'REPARATION OR OFFICERS FOR PROMOTIOX EXAMINATIONS 1. Gcncral.The syllabus for the cramination of officers for promotion is laid clown in King's Regulations, 1928, Appendit X. Inic coinmanding officer of 3 unit is responsible that officers under his comimani arc prepared for examination for promotion (King's Regulations, 1928, para. 78); this preparation IN US! Oierefore lic orginized. Wlciling the necessary instruction is carried out by the commanding officer himself, by bus company, ctc., commanders, or by sclected ofiicers who have special knowledge of certain subjccts, is a matter for arrangement, but a definite sem or instructioa should be organized within cach unit, .indi defrutc lours allotted to this instruction in programmes of training In ordcr luralier to assist officers in this respect, it is necesry to court that the officers' mess library is kept in an accesubic place, and that thic periodical grant is spent on the purchase of sustable books; and that all lctters and circulars on training mallcrs have the widest possible circulation. The reports o:1 thic" examination of officers for promotion," juured after cach examination, arc a valuablc aid to officers preparing themselves for their cxamination; they are obtainable at oficers' referenca libraries, or on payment from H.M. Stationery Office, or through any bookseller. They contain thic jucstion papers, togetlicr with cither suggested solutions or remarks on the way in 1 bich the questions should be approached Officers preparing themsclves for cramination will usually derive considcrablc assistance froin ansiering the papers Within thc ume allowed, and br comparing their answers with thic solutions suggested in the report. 2. Although it is thic duty of commanding officers of units to ensure that the preparation of officers for promotion is corticd out by means of organized training, the responsibility resis primarily on officers themselves to casure that they

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·112 (Appendix 1. 6. Military history.—The books recommended for study for the campaigas laid down for the examinations are notified in Army Orders. The method recommended for thic study of military history is described in Sec. 17. 7. Tactics.-The instruction of officers in their duties in the field by means of exercises, both with and without troops, is one of the most important duties of a commanding officer. A knowledge of the organization, capabilities, limitations, and methods of other arms is essential. (Scc Sec. 5.) Special attention should be paid to the instruction of officers in the rapid appreciation of a situation, in the writing of operation orders and in the issue of verbal orders. 8. Essay.-Notes on essay writing are given in Scc. 21. 9. The use of the Field Service Pocket Book is permitted at all practical examinations, but not for answering oral questions; it may also be used in sub-heads b (iv) and d (iv) only of the written examinations. Officers should therefore make themselves gerorally conversant with its contents, so that they can turn up quickly any information they may require from it.

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·112 (Appendi- 6. Military history. The books recommended for si for the campaigns laid down for the examinations are not in Army Orders. The method recommended for the of military history is described in Sec. 17. 7. Tactics. The instruction of officers in thcir « in the field by means of exercises, both with and * troops, is one of the most important duties of a comm' officer. A knowledge of the organization, capabilities, limit and methods of other arms is essential.“ (Scc Scc. 5.) Special attention should be paid to the instruc officers in the rapid appreciation of a situation, in the of operation orders and in the issue of verbal orders. 8. Essay.---Notes on essay writing are given in S: 9. The use of the Field Service Pocket Book is at all practical examinations, but not for ansı questions; it may also be used in sub-heads b (iv, only of the written examinations. Officers shoul make themselves gererally conversant with its that they can turn up quickly any informatı require from it.

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·116 [Appendix III. 6th May, Morning Afternoon Progress of events resulting from orders of previous evening. Unexpected turn in events. Development of tactical situation. 7th May, Morning 1100 hrs. Progress of operations. Exercise ends. 9th May. Conference. Note. It will be necessary for the director to hold conferences of his directing staff at intervals during the cxcrcisc to co-ordinate action and pote points of importance.

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·APPENDIX V. THE MILITARY MAN@UVRES ACTS, 1997 AND 1911 Thc following is a short précis of the Military Maneuvres Acts. Stafi and regimental officers should have a working knowledge of the Acts, and other ranks should know what powers are conferred or restrictions imposed on them by Those Acts: Points to be noted by omcers concerned in arranging for maneuvres 1. Under the Act of 1897, mancuites are authorized by Order in Council made by His Majesty: the draft Order has to lx sent to thc Council of cach county, county borough, district, and parish wholly or partly within the proposed arca, and in the case of the New Forcst to the Court of Verderers, not less than six months bcforc the Order is to comc into force, but if sent bclorc 31st March this period is reduced to four months: the drail Order also has to lic bcforc cach House of Parliament for 30 sitting day's 2. Under the Acts, manquvres may only take place over the same arca once in cvcry five years, but by the consent of the council of the county or borough concerned this proviso may be waived in respect of any particular arca. It should bc notal that in the case of any arca situated in the New Forest the conscrit of the Commissioners of Crown Lands and the Forestry Commission and of the Court of Verderers 2 required. 3. Whicncver thic Oruer in Council is made a Militar Manauvres Commussion is appointed; it consists of membe appointed by the County Councils and County Borou Councils wholly or partly within the proposed orca togeth with a certain smaller number of members appointed by Secretary of State for War. The Military Mancuvres C mission decides ulicthcr thc whole of the proposed arcal • It should be noied that tlus Appendix is a précis only of the Mano Acts and is mcluded here solely for general information Where diffic etc., as to the rowers conferred or restriciions imposed by these Acts relcrcnce sbould be made to the Acts in original

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·120 (Appendix V. 5. Compensation is paid by the military authorities for any damage to person or property caused either by the troops themselves or by the presence of troops, or for any damage to roads caused by excessive weight or extraordinary traffic. 6. The commander of the troops is empowered to prevent trespass or damage to property by spectators and others, and it should be particularly noted that the military authorities may be held liable, under certain conditions, for damage done by spectators. 7. Any general or field officer may be authorized by justices of thc pcace to close any roads within the area to traffic for not more than six hours daily. Reasonable facilities for traffic (e.g., doctors, market produce, or urgent traffic) must be given during that period, and the authorized officer in question must give such publicity of his intention to close roads as he may consider practicable. Justices of the peace may authorize the closing of roads and footpaths other than county, main or parish roads for a period not exceeding 48 hours; they may also, when sitting in Petty Sessions, authorize the closing of a county, main or parish road for a period not exceeding 12 hours, but in this casc seven days' notice of the intended application to the justices must be made in the local Press; such public notices as the justices may require must be given not less than 12. hours before the order authorizing the closing of the road or footpath comes into force, and the same facilities for traffic as mentioned above must also be given. 8. Any person whom i. wilfully and unlawfully interferes with the execution of the maneuvres ; ii. without authority enters or remains in any camp; iii. removes distinguishing notices or erects unauthorized notices, such as out of bounds" notices, etc.; iv. damages field telegraph wires; is liable to be fined, on summary conviction, and in the case of i. and ii. may be removed by any police constable, or by, or by order of, any commissioned officer,

·Appendix 11.2
ATTENDIX VI
COVTEXSATION
1. Concrat instructions
The following Fantapha els rattrele to a
held whes the lastary 3:20 VTCS Acts, 1897 * 1911
1. Aprendex 17. ure rutir'o force, the arratsam-as for
MARGROTTES Budes the Acts are made either by the lat un CC
direct or by commands aeder Instructions on the Wat
Ofice; these are referred to in the following mananana
"Array Jlanouitenand "Command labours
spectively lo both cases, however, the steps to obtain the
Onda la Colccil and to kt up the sury Maakuntas
Cocomission, etc. are cadertakea by the slur O.CO.
2. Military Hanourres Commission
The Mitary Bascurrey Commissios main romatice,
with respect to compensation art with the cor Curtance of
the Istaðury *hich & obtaired by the War OTC) Arroints
compensatioa oscets These sis, in practice, militar
officers appointed 13 " caiet conpensation o" cer", and
compensatsoa oicers," on the recommendation of the
Army Council. Is some cases civilusa lans vatreys are also
appointed as "crit compensation oricen " It is customary
for a military of cet to be angolsted Secretary to the Com.
ELISICA ON tác reconsacadation of the Army Couocul
3. Chief compensation omcer
It is advisable that the oficet *hom it us proposed to
recommerd for the gapins!

·122 (Appendix VI. the results of his reconnaissance of the manquvre area, especially as regards any portions of it which it is advisable to place out of bounds. 2. The duties of thc chief compensation officer will be as follows: i. He will be responsible to the Military Manduvres Commission for the assessment and payment of all claims for compensation arising from the putting into force any of the provisions of the Military Mancuvres Acts, and will arrange that, as far as possible, all claims are dealt with on the spot. ii. He will organize the compensation officers under his command into- (a) Arca compensation officers; (b) load compensation officers; and will issue to them gencral instructions on all matters aflecting their duties. iii. He will correspond on financial matters relating to claims for compensation with the command paymaster of the command in which the mancuvres are being carricd out, or, where more than one command is concerned, with the command paymaster of a command selected by the Army Council. 3. The chicf compensation officer should have carly information of the position of standing camps. He will fix his headquarters in the locality most convenient for the performance of his duties, and will be furnished with an cstablishment of clerks. It is essential that he and the officers employed under him should receive full information as to the general plan of manæuvres and daily operations from the directing and other staffs, to cnable them to follow the movements of the troops and arrange for recording any consequent damages, but this information must in all cases be treated as strictly confidential. 4. Area compensation officers 1. Arca compensation officers should be field officers or senior captains. Retired or reserve officers are often employed on this duty. Officers on the active list, while employed as compensation officers, will be relieved from all other duties and they, and officers on the retired list so employed, will ·123 Pay Warrant 1931 Article tted to each officer will be R officer The size of arcas to the nature of the country hely to take place in the lowo tands might be con up into fields or much inter reas should be comparatively are expected to operate over who will be supplied with and general instructions as to Se ground in sulficreat tirno to inspect their respectivo cuvres on a large scale are before the troops enter the The area compensation rsonally acquainted with the their areas "They will record gates orchards etc before troops are operating in his Acer will Leep in touch with داليد cer will not leave his own han ch ef compensation off cer I as possible in that area and t 3 conven ently central place legrapbic communication with on seed clover gates fences and assessed immediately after e to grass and roots except uld sometimes be deferred for a slould be inspected before thr after the departure of the main 7 peosation officers ficers who should when possible vll be charged solely with noting Loth those leading to the mancuvte ·122 (Appendix VI. Ilic Iraultz oi his ricornaissance of the mana.uvrc arca, mpircially as regards ty portions of it which it is advisable 10 place out of 10!!nks. ... The dusic of the chief compensation officer will bc as (Willows i. llc will lor responsible to the Military Vancuvres comm' }] for the assessment and payment of all c!?t for compensation arising from the putting into foise any of the provisions of thic Military Minellus acts, and will arrange that, as far as finisite, all claims are scalt with on the spot. ji. Ilc will organise the compensation officers under his Command into (A) Arca compensation officers; (b) liond compensation ofiicers; and will issuc to them gencral instructions on all smatters a ficcting their duties. ini. lie will correspond on financial matters relating to claims for compensation with the command pay. mzier of thic conisand in which tlic mancuvres are Lring carried out, or, wlicre more than one command is concerned, with the command paymaster of a cornmand selected by thc Army Council. 3. Tiic chici compensation officer should have carly informilion of the position of standing camps. He will fix his denne quarters in the locality most convenient for the performance of his duties, and will bc furnished with an establish- Nient of cicras. It is essential that he and the officers (Diployed under lum should reccive full information as to ihe general plan of manautes and daily operations from tlic directing and other slafis, to cnable them to follow the movements of the troops and arrange for recording any conscquent damages, but this information must in all cases be trcated as strictly confidcntial. 4. Area compensation officers 1. Arca compensation officers should be ficld officers or senior captains. Retired or reserve officers arc often employed on this duty. Officers on the active list, while employed as compensation officers, will be relicveri (rom all other duties and thcy, and officers on thic retired list so employed, will ·Appendix 171 recerse acts de telast 193' Azulta 331 or 32 Tableted tom defned by txt messagista must teessa Tact and of the open sou da potram utas. For the Los aderably 12TA EE sected by teams to come and garden all it bryt toiseen them. 2. Area coment maps of the South their dates - before trastorns met areas thorough her I contemplandu ett story area 2,25 are ocers wat Sandoutors 25mm the content on me permet the arvad tror og area the 7. the man body 3 Aa 2 ATT area ta se on He will be the hes to 22 22 the chest ter - etter to be a pesset ? daga SISS 25+ IT KOODI Each a bed that arrival, 2' body astot $ 2 Pastor Pratont whet. be Rosad Ezizent ple's worn antist the coada de tiers: TOR ·124 (Appendix VI. ground and those traversing the whole area over which the troops will move. The conditions of their employment will be similar to those laid down above for area compensation officers : for large mancuvres they should proceed to the maneuvre area about three weeks before the arrival of the troops. They will carefully note, in conjunction with the county or district surveyors, the condition of all roads, bridges, culverts, etc., before any movement of troops takes place. 2. If a road is in a very indifferent condition before the start of manouvres, the attention of the county or district council should be drawn to it and its state noted, more especially if a large amount of traffic is expected to pass over the road during the operations. 3. Road compensation officers will follow movements of troops along the road and note any damage which has been done. 4. A second inspection should be made subsequently, but should not take place till some time after the completion of the maneuvres and, preferably, after rain has fallen. 5. The local representative of the Ministry of Transport should be consulted before the conclusion of negotiations with local authorities regarding claims for compensation. 6. Civil compensation officers Civil compensation officers (see Sec. 2 of this Appendix) may be consulted by the chief compensation officer on any matter which he has been unable to decide. They should have a good knowledge of farming, land valuing, road making, etc. 7. Secretary to the Military Manæuvres Commission and staff officer to the chief compensation officer 1. The Secretary to the Military Vancuvres Commission should usually be the staff officer to the chief compensation officer, and should take up his preliminary duties about six months before the beginning of army maneuvres. 2. He will assist the chief compensation officer by making a general reconnaissance of the maneuvre area, with the object of enlisting the goodwill and support of the chief landowners, ·Appendix II) farmers and others de sbould beer Witary Training Directorate of the 3 He 13 responsible for obtaibinh! av police fo- circulating the inforn folosing section and for secing t} at regulations the Military Hanquiry He will send the names an! road compensation officers to ti Osce asking lum to notify all go tv 2502 5 AD communications between the Mistary Hanæus res Com secretary 2 11 8 Circulation of Intormation! ts in the manausreure 1 The names of all comix La badgharters wul be Sc Secretary Vitary Wangust se 08. defore the start of the man i UV Posters will be distributed rough tu as arangel by the Secretary Hoon, generalls with the aid (the stila boties The posters st mation and be sugаed by te D2015 9100 The dames of all mu itary ap! Forteu) compensation officers tiesalu and the area with which each oficer d als The distinguishing badye ol a cor ensation oficer To whom claims must be sul mt the time by which bey bust be laiged the res tons as to procedure 200 the forts of claim to The formation that shoui ! en on the claim and bere forms of claim fran obtained Asst.mation that is the e at of the award of com yasation approved by te chief compensation oces being disputed its may refer the same to arb tration 2.3 II for 13 the Military ...caves Act of loy7 ·126 (Appendix Vi. vi. A warning to all owners of animals to keep their stock together, so as to enable them to be casily placed in folds, yards, or places of safety should it be Decessary to do so while troops are operating in the vicinity. vii. Notices to the eflect that compensation officers will deal direct only with persons to whosc property damage has been done, and that farmers, cta, employing valuers do so entirely at their own expense. 3. Notices will be served through the arca compensation officers who, whenever necessary, will obtain the assistance of the civil police, as to hours and times during which animals should be kept in places of security. As long nntice as possible should be given. Whenever, owing to suddenness of move. ment, it is necessary for an officer other than the arra con. pensation officer to give this notice direct, the arca compen<3. tion officer should at once be informed. Provision is made in the Military Manæuvres Acts whercby any person who without reasonable causc fails to comply with the regulation shall not be entitled to compensation for any damage caused to his property by reason of his default. 9. Claims 1. Claims for all damage must be submitted to the arr3 or road compensation officer, as the case may be, within ihm time specificd by thc alilitary Plancuvres Comm-ion usually within seveo days of the alleged commission of tisse damage, except in the case of damage to roads, when 14 days is preferable: no claims will be entertained unless submitirdi withia that time. Claims for compensation for damage other than for damage to roads must be made on AF.A+51, those for damage to roads on AF. A 2.152. Arca and old compensation officers will issuc forms of claim to applicants only. No indiscriminate distribution of these forms will be made in districts. On receipt of the claim, the allegro damage must be immediately inspected by the offices coo: cerned, who will, iſ possible, at the same time 245<59 the compensation to be paid. It is advisable that claims shout! be sctticd, as far as possible, on the spot. Arca computo tion officers may thcrcforc be authorized by the cluci col• pensation officer to satisfy all claims up to 415 without ·Appeadk VI] reference to him, anless they tarzdobs 23 ttb yang of the days, or the amount claimed cassette reasonabe Egert. They wil recere : 23 enable them to settle claues ca the spot ABSthe amoest of compensation cas De ' sconto Eat, will be signed by the army or to come as the case may be a traced bp Latino comtreasatron oficer together wiha da sem fons pad ezt er heroes led 2 11 tt us found that a chamad annot be redately assessed, bodusis Beat m'ormed that it noted for subsequent se 3 Any case of conte me teemed to peration ofácer Claims . (2 ri te ther compensato .cr bretto 2 us pounded for at the ry Karmy Aui. la the case of cod 2222222 Egkway acthont w be more than * Leadquarters, to the Massy c Troscrty with particulars 29 to the role in army 2020, the stat de les obres the fie: Oce, 10. Telegrames TE- compensation on : 1 co matters connected with the 11. Birla cam The compensativa ces STY clarms for damage to LA k te Manmuvies Acts rare rail at cara ade a korma Andar to the command stars. The last 2 command much as 27 tit prepare a premiadam u 2 Apart stais regard.ag the taies 231 tot Eeighbourhood banat 21:15 should be prepared to try de case af ar y mantenir to the larizaci+azersz Landbook Scel by ·125 (Appendix VI. Oncc for the man curtes. If the memorandum cabo prepared in good time, this system should secure a rcasonable winiformity of payment. Ii, however, excessive rates are deinanded, the land should be used without prior agreement, compensation for actual damage and loss being assessed oltcrnards. 2. In cases of exceptional damage to hired ground, owing to wet wc,ther or other cause, it will be open to the cominand, in consultation with the chief compensation officer, iu milie an alditional payment at a later stage. 3. The plan of inaking agocenients beforchand prevents to 2 grcat catcnt doubt or disputes as to the amount to be paid and is thic most suitablc for standing camps, rest camps, and camps of assembly; but for bivouacs and dispersal camps the plan ol 2 sessing compensation afterwards for actual damage ani loss is preferablc. ..F. K 1334 should be used for the nire of land. 12. Orders to be issued to the troops 1. Special orders as regards the prevention of damage will be issued cither by the l'ar Office or by the headquarters of the command or commands concerned before the comincncement of manauites. 2. Oficers commanding units will be held responsible for reporting in the compensation officers (a) damage committed by men under their command cither when in camp or durio; inanauvres, wbcther such damage be wilful or the result of military operations, and (0) the site of every bivouac or camp occupied

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·130 Hrpendir \II. cicers connaraag indenesceat disias, so at De maximum use may be obtained from the mans prived. 7. Connınds abroid which cepaa) Tolly or in part 13 local surrer craartments in their mari matase locally as may be accessory eporting teastia Ta Chcica cachecosio. Tomasis, az allotmea's we made in the cases of Est Cerica Malaya These commands will repertorir Sarizma ricther aar change can be instantle ameni Rare for the falloirgincial resi. S. Comics of the man causes ani annamal path lished by the Geographic Sectica, Geraalse 32 issued ia: use at the heacausrisis ci commands and sacepandeni districts, with adcoca copies :: disitation Tribia the comrands, cto Commands atzond soul is be in Passion of the stages oiion sater department 9. A nap account ? he samej or como sad distist testaures and commantaas of scious, the lasticele mens ? Da o com szocier di te a crics emmanding achie, Serra cas Commanairs independent drains, contos schoo's, etc 2. Procedure for damaging maps 1. Renaisionariestale ka masam in tipiis:a 02 JF. L 1357 Tars can A.F. 1575 list convention cas. Nosa scor is made, isrois ? de Konin, 02 cer : Triction, the other terrigasinimaa bikini Fires a sri ramini racter ante, as the ar: Apr Rarchassmate by a camatabritraalaalENE department - Mansmil actress racemanistr:- i. the one and scale of de sis, .-5. Escă Tais l-, ograns reisar, iis palusze accomT, G.S.G.S., No. 5 igarak in hisuad as the lat: corner oude bral; ui, the editora, iar bare en cae; 19. the number or aile ci Seic shain inter maps are arriate il: జవాణperies aish beraierad 10 mia camics are proprei.

·Appendix VILI 131 3 A3 Sedat mas of 23T ! regardless ! tera te expi.ca of the largest e Grua: -- LC1352 11. 6 che ti sale tu. 1257) sa's A separator besed for each of those three categories 3. Slaps for adult educational training • Tragus2 editational training purposes are a in the . dieu map her of vull dia 1. . ! appender. 2 Copies of the special maps prepared for exam-1.14 for 1st class certificates of education are current commands, etc., as soon as possible after each cz... to assist in educational training Commands will inform the War OS (DOT, quantities required of the map for the 12. by 1st October preceding and for the O-T..." tel by 1st May preceding it will got to go quent indents, as only the quanuten 4. Maps and plans for easiert: Wat oor ant ni annn Yrrs For Imer + 5. Scales of issue of tags ius solantine tradheld ..." --- Ser ?. 1 Oficers 11 Warrant ofliomis 40d Stats u Rark and file ·[Appendix VII. 132 Small scale Medium Large scale maps scale maps maps Tarroation or Unit Serial .No. i 1006 ii. 256 1 307 ... 10 1007 ii. 250 207 3 2% 5 il. 50% 10% 6 70 .. 70 20 11.0. of formations (including 100% 11.Q. of divisional troops and i. 100% i. 100% ii. 100% Bdcs, of all arms). ii. 100% ii. 100% iii. 2007 iii. 50% m. 20% Cavalry regiinent 1. 100% i. 100% ii. 1000 ii. 1000 ini. 1000 ili. Cavalry A.C. regiment and i. 100% i. 100% R.T.C. A.C. company. i. 500 . 1000 ii. 1000 ui. 1100 xii. 110% ü. Battery, R.A. i. 100 1. 100% i. 100% ii. 3307 ij. 10002 ii. 33% ni. 50 iii. 10% iï. 10% Squadron or company, R.E. i. 1000 1 1000 i. 100% ii. 2567 ii. 100 ii. 500 iii. 20% ui. 106 Troop or company R. Signals or i. 100% 1. 1000 i. 100% signal section (non-divisional ii. 1000 i. 506 units). ii. ül. 30% iit. 10% Infantry battalion į. 1000 i. 100% i. 1006. ii. 50% ii. 1000 ii. 2501 ini. ui. 256 iii. 200 Tank battalion ... i. 100 i. 1000 i. 1009 ii. 50% ii. 100% ii. 25 jii. 201 ii. üi. 209 Company, R.A.S.C. i. 1000% i. 100% ii. 1009 iii. 756 ii. 750 iii. Field ambulance, R.A.M.C. i. 1000 i 50% ii, 2501 ili. iii. Mobile veterinary section i. 100% ii. iii. jii. Ordnance workshop i, 100% ii. 2507 ül. 7 ... 2561 ... S ... ... ii. 1006 9 i. 1000 ü. 2507 ii. 106 100 i, 10001 20, 10 50 11 ... .. 201 10 12 See Sec. 12. The relative maps available in tinch to l.inch, the l-inch to 1 mile and the I respectively.

·Index.) 133 INDES PAOE 31 561 A Administration - Arrangement decessary to irrus with troops Problemy crercise for study of - l'atts to be exercises artistes tre fraining Training impuriam consurrats nas Adminlttrade exercise llach stoop, olject of stbout troops ftarum, and wlu tot amotment and airtut 15 Aerodromes 74 54 8 an1uires 18 { . II sul rest is , photographie sunet for production - Dams in the teld * photographinterpretalinn of courses Cor Alrcra Allotted for manruimtezipshirat ut nLmploymetis of 10 " our edryf exercises considera trans Impatiat *th regant 10 yerel mis Ammundon-- BIn 107 80 8 102 104 or purse ntha 19 de 12?d Area Aim 11100 6 lu topiring t2 103 my co-operation squadros employment of ist 3193203 irmy manauites prbcipal objarts 19 ·134 findex. Artillery- PAGE Brigade training: general details concerning 65 Training in co-operation with aircraft: general 18 Uinpiring with, special points with regard to Attachment of officers to other arms for training in co-operation 13 101 et seq. I. .. ... B, ... ... .. .. ... . 55 56 55 56 80 ... .. Battalion training: general considerations Battery training: general considerations Baillcſeld tours Objects of Permission to hold ; authorities granting Preparation for, by those joining Success of : factors on which depending Bayonets not to be fixed when there are opposing forces Blank ammunition Limitation to firing of Supply for a skeleton enemy to be liberal Bomber and fighter units (R.A.F.): employment of during collective training Buglc calls on manouvres : sounding of and action on ... ... 6.9 ... ... ... 80 68 . .. .. 18 82 .. .. .. .. Camp for privileged spectators at mancuvres, supervision of 87 Camps, hiring of: considerations affecting compensation officers 127 Casualties, assessing of by umpires : considerations in ... 98, 106, 108 Cavalry Brigade training : arrangements for 65 Regimental : instructions for 65 Umpiring with, special points regarding 100 Chief compensation officer Appointment and duties of 121 Staff officer to: duties of ... 124 Chiel umpire Conference of umpires held by: object of 92 Duties and tasks of 91 Cinematography, use of as an aid to training ... 21 Civil compensation officers, general considerations 124 Claims for compensation : submission and adjustment 126 Collective training Artillery brigade and divisional : general *** 65 Battalion, infantry and tank: general 65 Co-operation bettveen various arms : importance of during 60 Defence against gas: object for during 15 55 ... . ... .. ... ... ... ... ...

·Coton ower 12'in during coccine training . Inder) General 14 70 470w Melare sorrly of Act of General 9 59 Command practices to Le came out 10 cs - Area art 62 Colectly tradin--for and Divisional training smatra Employment of a rerait during consistinen 1 Irrotes das factors afectir z cature of instructions concerning Jolastre brigade aneta! Leaderssip, in pria during Hlaps for sales of 1990e in peace 171 and scope of O Orsztatog of cradletators as ring Jerrod deterts nation of commencement --- Regrental and cavalry Inde Combor Latinct cor pary consules alone Commard cature of Frueral considerations Arm Dands tur prointment par during and Instnx tiom Quand ma itary #7 - Chef arrointment and duties of 13) Ciเป: 120 litary pacct a Jotment of to 25525t Road Instructions atd general du ses of Urpires acting at wted Decessary 83 Conference --Chet ump res obect of on Final submision of reaks of duector Ben Junior to the commander Senar umpires when he and object of - Training preparation for and scope of 11 ar mame douails of those to be led ot at any mangue Twosited exercises Cecessity for 17 Cooper Woah Aflation of other apps for training In man Sttackmeat of off cers of alter arts and Rar for Courses, RAP and army formations Cature and 16 Rogal Ar r'orce tra ning on meneral Training is during collectie training importance of Training of the d Terent arms ta um portance of 13 Impures and regimental o'licers dous in 89 urses - Army formatiocs, for amiliated PAP of cen object . 16 17 79102058 288 Stara 85 3 AT 28 --Cousinen 99 of sect of 13 13,60 16 d 314 of ..

·136 [Index. Courses-continued. Co-operation (R.A.F.): object and scope of instruction by I.L.O. and S.A.O. (R.A.F.) object of Intelligeocc: instruction in air co-operation to be given Interpretation of air photography, nature and use of Royal Air Force, for instruction of army officers Short, for senior regimental officers, organization of PAGE 16 17 * .6 .. 16 33 .. . . ... D. Damages by troops during manœuvres : reporting of Doronce against gasmo 128 Training in: general considerations 15 Umpiring in: special points Demonstrations, types of and difícrences in 106 57 Dirooting staflm Arm band, colour of 81 Composition and duties of 37 Control section, duties of at larger exercises (war games) Criticism section : duties of at war games 52 53 Narrative section : organization and duties of at war samcs 54 Ollicers R.A.F. attachment for members of 18 Size of : factors affecting 37 Time-table: necessity for in larger exercises 38 Two-sided exercise with troops : organization and duties with 77 Umpire section : duties of in war games 53 War games : composition and duties of at work at to be interesting and instructive ... 52 Director Conference of: notes for: framing of Junior to commander : submission of remarks by 62 Ohject of and control in exercises with troops Selection of area for higher training: duty in 74 Discipline: the bed rock of all training Discussions : instructions for conduct of, general guide 27 Distinguishing flags for commanders, directors and chief umpire 81 Divisional artillery training: considerations regarding 65 Divisional training: details of importance in 66 Dummy screens : use of to represent skeleton forces 68 . ... 52 € seg, 78, 92 74 et seq; ... .. .. ... SOC . Educational training Elementary taotical exercises Preparation and conduct of: factors governing Training within the unit: without troops 48 40 c 29.

·Jadex ] PAC 2 2 30 Essay writing general instructions for Essays and maltary rriting use of in training officers Establishments, tous etc to be muntanned during training be Examination for promotion preparation of officers for 32 10 547 Exercises - Administrative factors when decisive to be gi en full attention Administrative framing and conduct of 5+ Administrative with troops object of Air co-operation object and scope of Combined to be carried out Expenses insolved to be justified responsibility for Miscellaneous nature of to be carried out Alobalization, to be carried out Rules for general Sand models use of for value of Scope of factors to consider when deciding Swege to be carried out Signal object and scope of Sheleton force use of - Squadron, battery or company condition execution of -Technical to be carried out Time for making plans etc to be located to sersi e conditions 37 Hithout troops general con.iderations regarding 34 Lmpire object of xereisus with troops--- Object of considerations by the director One and thro-sided factors determinus; proportion of 71 Preparation for general considerations Scope of considerations 71 Types of sanous 70 Teises without troops Adminstraure arrangements for Conduct of graeral instructions Object of Scheme basic considerations for Types of vanous gereral details concerning 34 (564 F aft Deed of for tbe fightıra man a far g spirit the boal testri a vout se of for mutar training upph of ks, supply to a skeleton enem be liberal ank ammunion 'mitauons to of to represent sub.eton 107c6 56 72 39 16 34 33 5 3 21 ·(Indes. PAGE G, Gs. cuisine : special points regarding empirias at 105 Grims: Doctors romans 19 Gross: Seats for acquiriag &3 Ensei: Sining iz zypreciatioz of .. ... . HE:: Luf: cty ciecia iz selecting 05 Oective of actioaitr deciding They object cca scrisg air co-operation ... .. 9 70 18 ... .. .. L ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. . ... imperial grosrapor, scope in study for oficers 111 Individual taining Centralization of fox officers and Y.C.Os.: necessity for 9 Deixace against gas: object of training during 15 Japs for: supply of 21 Object of 9 Osicers and senior N.C.Os. general instructions 92 Period, determination of commencemeat 10 Success of: factors determining 9 lafantry brigade training: arrangements for 65 Information: methods of obtaining when unrealistic are forbidden 75 Informative demonstrations, object of 57 Initial training of recruits, nature of 8 Instruction Elementary tactical: use of sand models for 45 ci sei Lecturing and : necessity for distinction between 6 Jain channels of: the eye and the ear Sfethods of: variation and originality in: to be encouraged Principles of Sequence of to be adopted Schools of: use of ... Iestructional demonstrations, preparation and conduct of ... 57 Instructions 1 Training manuals: basis for and object of Training, military: basis for issue of Instructors 7 Good: qualificatioas necessary for 6 Training of oficers and V.C.Os. for ... .. ... 6 & SCG. .. .. క్షణం 14. ... 1 ... ... ... -

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·.. ... .. . Od . P . ... .. hu ... .. ... 110 (Index. Manguvres-a-coillissed. Progress of, points to be noted by all ranks during and PAGE aftrrwards Ruics for, general 119 SO Spectators at, officers; arm band : colour of $1 Supply and transport services : considerations 85 Account, to Isc lcpt by commands, etc ... 130 Adult elucational training: supply of 131 nir photographic survey, Inr procluction in the field 20 Catalogues : Issic of 130 Colicline training: use of at: scale for equipment of 21 Demanding: procedmc for 130 linkineer works cervices, and plans : demanding of 131 Indivnual training, use of lor ; supply of 21 Issue of for training: policy governing 20 Vanausres, provision of : procedure 87 Scalcã of 15lic for collective training in pcace 131 Supply of in war, general considerations 20 mctloci and general instructions for 129 Training period, use of during : considerations 21 Typcs : details of those assurd 20 Mental training, necessity for niilltary history Bonks for study; nonfication of 112 Importance in study of loy officers 24 Wilttary lau : study of by oflicers, general Military Manauvres Acts 1897 and 1911 : précis oi .. 118 d seg When not in force in manoeuvre area 83 Military Mancuvros Commission Irm band : colour for 81 Civil police, application for, made by 85 121 Coinposition and duties of Secretary to general duties and instructions 124, 125 Setting up of authority undertaking procedure Miniature ranges, use of an air-co-operation training discellancous exerciscs to be carried out, pature of... 79 Mobilization exercises to be carried out 80 dlounced troops operating on a road • pace of 3 Moral qualities, factors in Morale, development of ... .. . ... ... 44 ... . 4.. .. 121 19 79 . .. . .. 3 0. N, 2 .. National war: general considerations ... *** Non-commissioned officors Preparation of for courses of instruction Senior, training of as leaders in war Traiqug of in reconnaissance A 6 22 32 ... .. ..

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·142 [Inder, TAGE 59 . Programmes, training Collective training: to be curclully pre-arranged Iligher trainiug: framing of One and two-sided exercises: proportion to be included in Preparation and cxamination of Promo:ion cxaminations : preparation of officers for .. . I. 70 8 32, . 110 d 54. 31, 32 R' Reconnaissance, training in: methods of Kecruits, initial traiaing of 8 Regimental training, general details concerning Rozd compensatioa oficer, instructions for and duties of: general 122 Royal Air Force, co-operation with in training: details 16 e sez. Rulit:83, umpira's Acceptance of without discussion 99 Considerations affecting To be considered as from the director 95 526 ... ... . .. . . .. . 44, 45 ... ... . . 39 et seq. ... 5. S.A.Os., courses for instruction of Sand model Exercises, procedure at Lise of for iactical exercises 34 Sand table, preparation of Scbemcs)- Elementary tactical exercises : preparation of ... 46, 48 Exercise with troops : (raming of 72 One-day outdoor T.E.W.T.: preparation of Opiniog parrative" in one-sided exerciser 35 Practice in leadership during collective training: setting or 61 Preparation of : considerations affecting elaboration of 35 Squadroa, battery or company training: drawing up of 63 Variety, realism and a wurlike atmosphere : essential factors in ... 70 War games; division and claboration of 35 Schools of instruction : use of Science and inodorn thought, officers to keep abreast with in reace Screens, use of in depicting fire effect Security and intelligence duties, training in 32 Senior officers, consideration in training of Senior umpires: duties of on both sides .. . ... ... ... .. ... . I ...

·103 TACT SETrarot remaar bi se fuerondon: al se met scope - se mere and - Being as -Sport et over! Apie muset durmalTEST Etore pentru Saat it Sacharitamrutarrerman Samo cos Smareng TT CRT STEST KES con something E se Erravision cosas lates Socia - At Grerscoir: -Wasses, ese de $11 yo 3 9928 EUR 41 19 SU T. 1945 Tuetaal exercises - Attendance of fealer RAP o5cers at resta Sand models use of for Tactics, instruction of ofcers i respons.biely for Tank action, instrucuons for umpirog in battalion triarg groeral Target cards to be kept by artillery Technical exercises to be carried out Territorial Army Employment of regular persoanel 1x traies Training seceri consulerations Imeuble - Doeskind omidou dinsional siektes War game tradiple of atning -And - Admustrare reportant contre Cuocl.ve . m Colective training." - Costerono preparata i Euro Coorgerra batteen difereet Book end Night ·. ... . . :: ... .. 1 +. ... ... ... . ... 144 [Index, Training continued. PAGE Dates for periods of : determination of Defence against gas: general *.. 10 15 Delayed by backwardness of individuals : not to be allowed 7 Discipline : the bedrock of Films; use of supply of for 21 Grant: instructions regarding Individual : see " Individual training." Initial of recruits : nature of Intelligence and security duties, general Instructions, periodical : basis for issue of Military, object and aim N.C.Os.: special considerations 6, 22 Officers in peace for higher commands in a national var Officers Training Corps : details 12 Organization of: method by which ensured Primary task of Regular soldier : details of 8 Reports, annual : submission of 19 Responsibility for ; main principles of 5 System of, general ... · Territorial Army: general considerations Treatises on by subordinate commandeis, issue of forbidden 20 Year: division of into two periods Training memoranda- Instruction in : basis and object of 2 Issued by C.I.G.S., object and dates for 19 Issued by G.Os.C.-in-C., instructions regarding 19 Use of at conferences on training 28 Treatises of training by subordinate: issue of forbidden 20 Two-sided exercise Command and direction never to be combined ... 61 Directing staff at : composition and dutics of 37 for: including control staff and umpires 37 35 Preparation of : framing of scheme for 33 Training of senior officers during ... 49 War game, with troops, object of without troops, nature and control of Two-sided exerciso, with troops 70 Both sides to consist of troops 78 Director's conference on conclusion : general procedure object and attainment of 77 Directing staff : organization and duties of 75 52. Methods of control : exercised by the dircctor Progress of operations : considerations in the develope 75 ment of 6 i sra. 10 6 524. ... ... ... ... . ... ... ... ... ... ... . ... ..! 74, 75 ..

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·[Index. .. 7 4 21 19 8 ܕ 1 1 M ... ... 8 19 5 6051G. 10 45.3. ... 20 9 ... ... Training-lirard. PAGE Ditri Its primis of: detrimination of Irrace 37710st gos: pomagal 10 15 Dringed by backwardac-s of individuais : not to be Dir... il.m Ledroci: o: 111*; wol supply ni ior (raat: intructions re. ariing 11 4:1:11:11: sre" Individual traisir..." is.11n! Of counts: nature of 15:m..cc as.d srcuity dutrs, geroral Trstrt:*410":5,"Occai: 62.ts for 1-500 of Viitory, osject adil airn (0 : posal consucrauons 05.r: in grace for higher co:nmands in a national . of the Trainin; Cor;'s: details 12 (:1731:00 of: mcthod by which casured 8 :17.77 1.*' of 2 1* !.«r!!1er: details of 1. nurl: subm65107 of Hinggilility for; main principles of Ni *.10, nal. fromat 24.irmy: 1,forral consideratiogs Trrais ans ca b; susunare coinmanders, issue of 10:- Ye:: divis:02 0 19 to iso periods Traininmernorandam insireciion 1.1: bis 2nd object of !«ur by C.I.G.S., object and dates for 19 Tam by G.O:.C.-in-C., instructions regarding 19 l':cai conſercaces oa training 23 20 iralico, o trun.ng by subordinate: issue of forbidden Two-sided crcrcises 61 Coward ard directicn never to be combined ... 37 Deccuag staff at: cornposition and duties of for: including control stafi and umpires 37 35 Preparation of: framing of scheme for 33 Iraining of serior officers dunoz. War faine, with troops, object of 34 sithout troops, nature and control of Two-sided cxcrcise, with troops 70 Both sides to consist of troops 73 Darcctor's conference on conclusion: general procedure object and attainment of Directing stat : organizauon and duties of Methods of control : exercised by the director Protress of operations : considerations in the develop ment of 1 .. ... ... de. 74,75 75 Str 11 75 ·Inder) Umpire - Composi09 Duties of at any Ompresa Absence of action to remizam - Acung a companies As and AIDS -Arm band an Armoured Egsobre 5px Y 12 # = Exereses, a ser piethods Exercises on your store Forward ans Istr.ctvors t* judging to Amber fra Organizatxo DE Rules coses ett lemer to be congen Special 33 cm Two-s.ded to Umpining Antu arrange Ant ta ez Aircraft som Artillery 2 TOFTE. Cavalry Sipat E. I Defence care General One day Practical szpit Warks best regarth it War Corder to 5 ·146 [Index. PAGI 1. . 1.1 . #.. .. +++ t. 10€ War çamos continued. Continuous exercise," nature of Objects of, general. 49 Preparation of the general and special ideas for 50 Scheme for: division and elaboration of 35 division of into " General" and "Special" ideas 35 Scope of: general considerations 19 Time-table, example of 117 Two-sided exercise without troops: type and control of 34 War, national: general considerations .. $ w P. . Printed under the authority of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFTXI by William Clowes & Sons, Ltd., London and Beccles. (1072) Wt. 1649-8264, 56% 3}34. W. C. & S., Ltd. GD. 310.

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