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PUBLISHED AND SOLD FOR THE AUTHOR,
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73, Cheapside.

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·DEDICATED TO TAE ADMIRERS OF TITE PLEASING AND REALLY USEFUL SCIENCE OF STENOGRAPHY. SOME twenty years ago, when this laborious work was Sonipleted, as it now appears, the Author was not in circunstances to meet the (to him then) vast expences of so hazardous an undertaking, at a remunerating price to ensure a return; since when it has lain upon his shelf, as an intended heir-loom for his sons, whose more fortunate plight might, in after times, enable, thein tu realise thcir father's desire of ushering into the world the proceeds of his lucubrations. > Events, however, have now driven the author into an expansivo sphere of usefulness to mankind, and, with it, a more complete I command of the world's geer; which enables him, without fear of pecuniary consequences, to obtain the opinion of the admirers, and real judges of the Science, whe he trusts, will at least do him the credit to admit, that he has reduced the principles of Short-hand Writing to a degree of simplicity and perspicuity hitherto unknown in the art :-that time is gained to the ready writer; and, that honour is more a matter of consideration than gain with THE AUTHOR. - London, 8 August, 1833, 59, FLEET STREET. Entered at Stationers' Hall.

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·OTT. tiRPA PUBLIC LIBRARY 1859 PREFACE. Iy indertaking the ariluous task of introducing to the notice of the scientific world, in its present advanced state of improvement, what we presunie to call a new System of Stenography, or Shorthand writing, it is with the greatest diffidence in our own abilitics ilə 31 Author, and with all due deference to that British candour which is ever indulgent to a first atteint, that we offer this treatise : or the full assurance, that, il merit is discovered in the performance, it will be duly appreciated. llaving had our attention drawn to the study of Short-hand writing, at a very carly period in life, and finding the systein by 'which we were taught (Mr. Byrom's), what we then conceived in many points defective; it has afforded the pleasurable amusement of upwards of five and thirty years in revising the apparent c'rrors and inconsistencies of that system, and in searching in, and collecting from, every other treatise that we could meet with (having in oc" possession upwards of sixty different publications on the art—which is, perhaps, as large a collection as is to be found in any private library), we have had anple means of investigation, and have been furnished with every opportunity of approaching somewhat nearer to the attainment of the desideratuni of-perfection, which may lead to a standard, than has hitherto been produced. Ample, however, as those means have been, we have found much objectionable in overy system-all capable of improvement; and that, in order to cim at perfection, it was absolutely necessary to move independently of all, and to create a ner system.

·18 PREFACE. 1 To add another, therefore, to the numerous ports of estal)- lishing an universal system of Stenography; might be deemed presumptuor ; in any one who had not from long experience, produced ai least something new to add to the conmon stuck of the improvements of the day. of the utility of this beautiful science, whether in tracing with the pencil, quick as thought, the delivery of the oratorical cflusiong of the Pulpit, the Senate, or the Bar-in matters of privacyor or amusement-or, in embodying many of those creative energies of the mind, that flit in visionary fantasy v'er the elastic evanescency of thonght, which would, perhaps, he lost to onrselves, and to the world, but for this divine art of transmitting them to perpetuity by this quick and easily attained method of giving them an everlasting existence.-Of the extensive usefulness of this truly an zelic substantiation of mind, little need be said; as all men of sq ence, and of enlarged understanding, court it as a supernatural gift for the guide of thought, -the grand economiser of time, the magic tablature of the rind, -the establisher of the inestimable blessing of memory,--the consequent prolonger of the intellectual enjoyments of life, and reconiniend its general adoption in the liigher branches of educa on. The only impediment to the universuladoption of this invaliable accomplishment is not altogether in its “not being regarded as an object of general attention, but in the want of a system which shall at once command the utmost degree of brevity, simplicity, perspicuity, and facility; so happily blended with cach other, that nothing of the value of either may be sacrificed for the more extensive application of the rest; and thus laying down a fundamental principle, or ground-work, which must lead to the desired perfection. Numerous as have been the attempts to attain the desideratum of the art, it is a matter of surprise, that the science of Stenography, in this enligl.tened age,- in this country where it was first reduced to alphabetical rule, and where the peculiar genius of ils language is best calculated of any on canh (the Latin tongue, perhaps, excepted) for that purpose, should be still so very far from complete.

·PREFACE. It is pleasing, however, to observe, that some few have made considerable improvements, which principally consist in discarding the uncouth symbolical and hieroglyfical characters in common use among the earlier writers in the art; and that, at least, the last half century is not wholly barren in the advanceinent of the science. There can be no doubt that this science will arrive at & n, ich higher degree of perfection: and we may be assured that some future author will be crowned with that success which shall entitle him to the deserved appellation of " Universal Stenographist," whose work shall be reduced to that elegant simplicity which must characterise its worth, and ensuru its general adoption and lasting establishment. When such a system shall appcar, it will be the nation's honour (as it must be it pride), which gave it birth,* to foster it wth parental care, and make it generally useful, by introducing it's a necessary branch of moder.. education. the term short-hand is sufficiently expressive of its import and its use, all that is necessary, is to found a system that shall, in the shortest, quickest, and most legible manner, cnable us to fix the required standard. To obtuin this standard, certain axioms must be laid down, as invariable guides, hy which we must regulate our pursuits. All geometricians have firmly established this leading axiom, from which all others must emanate, viz.,—that all figures, however produced, or in whatever form, must have their origin in the simple dot; and that it is only by the secondary aid of its extension into straight-lines, curves, and circles, that we are enabled to form, and distinguish, ono figure froni another, and to convey our ideas to one another." As, then, we are, of necessity, confined within these narrow limits, it is the first imperative duty of a Stenographist to economise the use of this privilege, so that nothing useful inay be lost, that can be made applicable to our purpose, nor anything redundantl:- As 1 ography was first introduced to Alphabetical Rule in the reign of Bilizabeth.

·PREFACE. enforced into action, that can possibly be dispensod with. From this kindamental axiom arise these four, viz. :- First. Thata brevity and simplicity command us so to apply those powers, that we forn a clear, unmixed, simple alphabet. Secondly. That perspicuity compels us so to form those alphahabetical characters, that they may be perfectly distinct from cach other. Thir lly.-- Thai facility guides us so to appropriate those ebaracters to their destined import, that their most frequent joinings with each other may be clearly defined. Fourthly -That from thence all arbitrory or symbolical characters, except in few, or well defined instances, and subject to some positive rulc, are useless. Brevity and simplickty, therefore, being the ground-work on which a standard syslem only can act, our first attention must be paid to a just appropriation of the simple signs. In every system that has come under our investigation (and we have seen all the modern, and nearly all the ancient treatises on the subject), it is peculiarly remarkable that not one produces an arrangement of a simple, uncompounded, alphabet: but, that, we invariably find the angle (which requires the coujunction of two simple straight-lines), or a twirl or ring, joincit to the straight-line, or curve, which are altogether compound, and, as will be found in this treatise, wholly unnecessary, and, consequently, redundant and useless. One system, in particular, the one which Dr. Mavor calls his, displays no less than sixteen of these compounds, in the formation of his alphabetical characters, and only nine simple ones: and he confirms our opinion of his attention to the subject, and of Iris knowledge of the mathematical powers, by his assurance that nature” atfords him no power to produce more than these nine simple signs. Now, when it can be proved (and, we come heive, the learned Dr. himself will not now deny the fact) that we can have a complete alphabet, without even one of these useless accompaniments, we shall have proof that his system is * capable of improvement, and that the whole powers of " ma- ·PREFICE. Thematics" du furnish us with a more simple alphabetical arrangeinent. The comparative lists of alphabets, given in this treatise, will set that point aţ rest.-.-(see Plates I. and II.) One very great omission in all the sy tems hitherto publishica is, that none of those numerous authors have given us a clear description or value of the circle, from which source they derive their different characters, thereby unpardonably 'uglecting to lay down' rules for the due mathematical proportion, furni, or position of cach character, by which the learne. can at all times prove the correctness of his progress as he proceeds in the task of fixing the alphabet in his memory. To avoid that crror, and to establish a fundamental principle of rulo which may be comprehensive to the mcanest capacity, the dissection of the circle will evince the extent, power, and value of the simple signs.--(sce Plate III). 0. this, then, we found our two first axioms of brecity and perspicr ty. 'The nest point (or axion), facility, or lispatch, which arises from the preceding, proves its superiority over the compound systems, by joining any two of those characters, and theu comparing them with any two of this systemi, by which, further Comment is rendered uscless. Or the symbolical characters, which at all times are fanciful, arbitrary, and confusing to the memory, little need be said, as the simplicity of this system supercudes the use of those charicters, being alone sufficiently brief to write the word or senfonce. Whøre they are used in this system, they are so guided by rule and their vowelitical position, that their identity and value are instantly apparent. Thus, then, we conceive we have cleared and proved the absolute necessity of a fundamental simplicity in the forming of i Stenographic Alphabet, which is fully explained and exemplified in the analysis of the circle in the borty of the work, to which the reader is referred, and which will superccdo the necessity of further enlargement hore. The next inprovement that we lay claim to, is the adoption of the ruled lines, by which we obtain incalculable advantages, We have through the medium of this adoption, the known ·PREFACE. Upl situation of the five vowels, and are thereby enabled, by dropping the first consonant of any word in its incipicnt or learling vowels' place, to give either the leading or first following vowel of that word; which first vowel and consonunt, together with its termination, or one or two intervening consonants, is found suficient to express almost any word, of whatever length. The mos simple elucidation of this is clearly exemplified, and instantly proved and admitted, by taking the words afar, fur, ever, feur, fire, over," for, fury, which are all expressed by the same consononts, f and ", and which, in all systems, (with the exception of those who have adopted characters for vowels, or who take off the pen to drop the dot (or, as in Dr. Mavor's “ completo system," the complex comma), in the vowel's placu, on the confonant's, express all these words, known only to cach other by the conncrion, of what has preceded, or may follow thens : whereas, in this systents by the simple operation of commencing the word in the incipient vowel's place, they can be instantly distinguished, as they are individually intended. This alone is sufficient to establish the great utility of these lines, but we have a still more coinprehensive illustration of their value, by taking a whole sentence; and, in common wriling, set down the first vowel and consonant, every word separate, and discarding all other vowels; then write the same sentence, discarding the whole of the vowels, as is common with all of the most approved systems, and instantly will be seen the great advantages of the lines. The following is the Lord's prayer, for example, viza:- Or Fathr wo art in hevn ; halwd be nam ; the kingdom kom, thi wil be don on erth as it is in hevn ; give us this da or daly bred, and forgo us or dețs, as we forgv or detrs; led us not int tentshin, but delvr us from evt. Anin. R Fihr w rt h hun; hlwd b th nm; th kngelın km, th wl b du #rth s t s n hvn ; gu s ths dr dly brd, nd frgu sr dts, s w frgy r dtrs ; lds ht nt titsha, bt.dlvr s frm vl. Mn. . Here nothing can be more clear than that, in this comparison, which stands good in every possible case, independently of prepositions, terminations, and other abreviatory adaptations, the value of the ruled lines is of incalculable advantage; and that thi ·PREFACE. IT the four material points of brevity, simplicity, facility, and perspicuity, are offered to view with some fair claim to perfectibility. The simple process of preparing these lines, is a matter of no tritling moment; as those who have them p.epared, go to copy a specch, or a sermon, with about one-third of the task already performed. One other great advantage is gained by these lines, as some thousands of common-occuring words are aptly designated and expressed by single consonants only. Our next claim to originality is founded on the very conious, yet concise, arrangement of the auxiliary verbs, as connected and combined with the personal and possessive pronouns, which distinctly express upwards of fifteen thousand conjugations, by the most casy operation of eight simple signs, as is clearly exemplified in the body of the work. This part of the science has generally (vhen treated on at all, as by Mason, Weston, Gurney, and so ic others), been performed ky joining all the first consonants of each portion (or word) of the conjugation and the pronoun together; and thus forming a string of eight, ten, or twelve, conjoined consonant characters, without any distinguishing mark to ascertain whether the figure is such a conjugation, or any worr, or words, of different import: whoreas, by the simple application of the cirenlating pronoun dot of this system, it is immediately known for what it is intended ; and never, whether in the affirmative, the negative, or the interrogative case, requires more than four simple sign. The terminations tion, ous, ound, and ect, which end some thousands of substantives, verbs, and adjectives, by being expressed, together with (and by the disjunctive position of) their preceding consonant, form a neus feature in the science, and clearly proves the saving of at least one stroke in every such word. These, with a more comprehensively abbreviated arrangement of prepositions and terminations, than art to be found in any of the works of our predecessors, on the pure clementary principles of the first formed alphabet, conclude the basis on which we found our claim of invention at least, and some degree of confidence in the hope of public approbation, as un improvement.

·Y PREFACE, Where we have followed any one particular author, in wints not common to all, we shall feel cqual pleasure in ach nowlodging the source of its adoption, as we shall feel obliged by the suggestions or corrections of those who nay le disposed to disapprove of any part of our labors. Impelled by a niost arik:nt desire of aiding in the perfecting of this niost pleasing and useful science, we disclain every idea of personality against any one of those authors whose works have fallen under our animadversions ;-feeling that we lay ourselves equally open to their's, and that the press is ever at hand for an amicalie. adjustment of such differences. Slaving in the title page professed our having produced a system that shall perform the task of following a speaker with ene third less inflections of the pen, than by any system extant, it is incumbant on us lu prove that asscrtion. Laying down the rule, which inay be considered Matheinatically correct, that every dot, curve, circle, or stenghi-linca regardless of size, is an indicetion of the pen, or stroke, and common to all systems, we have copied one or more of the examples of all the authors who have given us specinicus of their systems in that complete state', by which it is provesi, as will be seen by a reference to the plates, that, by the above rule, and to a clear mathematical demonstrulion, our claim in the title page is correctly founded on fact, and, in many instances, proved to be performed with only one hull the numbers of inficctions. The following example is the first Psalm by live different authors; and copied upon the principles of this system, cach of which contain: Strokes and Dots. Par ofl. Moat... ......17 Iloldsworth 277.. 13:. 17 Angel.... IH. Blanchard... 306... Maculley.... 30.1...... 162. Mokiaux [Sce Pute XX111.1 Dots. 117.. 121...... 287. 158.... 370.... 208.. 13 ·PREFACE. Ditto.... • • • Ditto.... . The comparative number of strokes must descide; but that is not the only rule to judge from, as every time the pen is taken off, is equal to a stroke; and, therefore, t'ie difference between our such like ærial movements, and each of the above specimens, should be added to the difference in strokes; and the actual differencc will be :- Strokes. Moat less than Holdsworth.... 118 Ditto Angel.... 133 Blanchard 166 Ditto ...... Macauley 168 Molineux 288 A striking and convincing proof of the advantage; and that, 100, independently of the dots which, in point of time, must by the shortest and quickest of all strokes. By this it appears that our claim is fully proved, as ours is as to the first and second, more thai one third less; the third and four ch nearly one half less; and the last, Molineux, more than two-thirds less. Purther comment were useless, except to remark that this last system is the one of all others that Dr. Rees has chosen lo insert in his immense Encyclopedia, as a specimen, we might imagine, cf a work that had brought the science to the highest pitch of perfection. llow far the system we now venture to offer to the attention of the scientific examiner--to readers in general-lo those whose worl.s we have presumed to analyse, and to those who have been followers of their systems-will entitle it to the appellation of an improved advancement in the science of Stenography,--time, and the public voice, must determine.

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·THE SHORT-HAND STANDARD &c. A sketch of the fundamental principles of this system of shorthand writing, having been preliminarily laid down in the Preface, we now proceed to establish our claim of having produced the most simple system of Stenogruphy extant, hy entering into the minutia of each department, which will be comprised in the ton following sections ; viz. :- 1. On the analysis of the circle. 2. Cad the increase of power from the diminution and enlargement of the size of the characters. 3. On the introduction of the ruled lines. 1. On the Alphabet in general, as connected with the ruler Jincs. 5. On the junction of all the characters with each other. 6. On the prepositions and terminations. 7. On the use and value of dots. 8. On the auxiliary verbs. 9. On abbreviations in general. 10. On arbitrary and symbolical characters. II. Conclusion. SECTION I. On the Analysis of the Circle, and a comparativ. View of the above preceding Systeins, with this new Systen. PART I, As the boundaries of the rircle, with its divisions and subdivisions by straight lines, comprise all the mathematical and ·SIORT-ILAND STANDA elementary principles of ligvres, we shall, by its analysis, die monstratively proro (contrary to the assertion of Mr. Mitchell, and others, who say that there are not niore than wine simple signs, and wlich the learned and Rev. Dr. Mabor declares that " the powers of mathematics do not furnish hin with more," and that it is not in the power of man to improve upon)," that there are not loss, than twenty perfectly simple, uncompoubted, and unconnected characters, or signs, and which must completely supercedle every possible necessity of employing one mise I or compounded character in the whole alphabet. Before we enter upon the analysis of the circle, the student is requested to refer to plates 1 and 2, where will be found alphabets of the niost celebrated authors of the day, and in a comparative view of brevity and simplicity), the one now offered for his investigation and study. Under each autho's name, is given the number of compounded and simple characters which he has adopted in the formation of his alphabét, as Mitchell twenty four compounded, and nine simple; Mavor sirteen compounded and nine simple, &c. &c. The first impression that must strike the notice of the most superficial observer of these two plates, must be the apparent simplicity of this system, in comparison with all, or any of the other. In the one we have a full and complete alphabet of twenty simple, uncompoundeil characters; and, in all the others, at least seven, whilst some display from thirteen to tumuty-four characters, composed of the unnecessary addition of twirls or angles; some with twirls and angles in une character, and even some with common hunil letters; all of which unnecessury oppeniluges, if they can be dispenced with (as is proved by this system) are now rendered perfectly useless. PART II. On the Characters for the Consonants. The polygramic circlo A (plute 3), displays at one view the whole source and arrangement of our alphabet. Divested of its internal lines of division, into semicircles and segnients, we ·SUIORT-LANT STANDARD. 15 S burn this simple circle 1, (plate 5)*, which the alphabet E, (pluti 3), is appropriated to the letters st, and to be understood ils the chararter to represent those letters. By an equal horizontal i rison of the circle, a, 0, $, we have the avgures 2, 3, 1, 5, which give the two last horizontal semicircits appro- 5 priated to the letters b and w. By the perpendicular division, ll, 0, 1, we have li, 7, which give the two perpendicular se'.i circles 8 and ), and which are individually made to represent 9) Charlestors kind g. By the division of the circle with the coveted share (, ;, li, pop, WP 1:2 ven thon figures 10), 11, which give us The two horizontal segments 12 m and 13»; and the two perpendicular segments 1 ! 7, and 15 (; and by the division of llora circle with the doctor lozenged, a, i,g, d, we have the fire tres 16 and 17, which gives the incline segment of fortyfive decrees, from right to left 18, 2; and the three other seye nents, of the same inclinntion of forty-five degrees, from left to right, 19, h; 20, th; and 21,94. Here, then, we have already produced thirteen completely simple, unconnectal chuo rutchers, from the circle, and its divisions and subilivisions, only; • * Desirous of keeping the price of this work within as moderate a compass as possible, we have adopted reference numbers to the several necessary explanations aud examples, in preference to being at the expence of engrav. ing so cxtensive a number of plates as would be required to give a fulltrungth explanauon to or many characters, for words, prepositions, tore minations, alles iations, sentences, &c. By this means, the system will bic introduced to the public inspection, at onc-fourth vc expence; and, for those who are satisfied with its principle, we have prepared wlank shects of ruler paper, with which the student may practice himself in forming a complete vocabulary of a l the words, in alphabetical order, under the differcut sections, heads, and parts, which may be either hound up separately, or with the work. Should this system mect with the hoped -for encouragement from the scientific part of its examiners, and a culopletu vocabulary be called for by a number «ulli ient to pay the expence, we engage to produce une that would vender the work the most etlic'nt of its kind.

·16 SIORT-VIND STANDARD. gor 2, and independently of all the advantages to be derived from the straight lines, affording us not not less thun seven distinct characters more, from the horizontal, the perpendicular, and the inclined lines of forty-five and twenty-two and a half degrees, from right and left, and two clevations : a,', for 24;d, S, 22: b, o, for , 23: 1, 0, for f w V, o, fort, 25 : 2,0, for1, 26: j, o, for r, 27: and o, f, for y, 28. In plate 3, E, we have in the first column, the letters of the alphabet (omitting the vowels); in the second column, the sign, or character, by which each letter is denotedor known to represent; and in the third column the direction for commencing and (nding each respective character; as, by carrying the pen from the point a, c, d, and e, to g, we have the characters for b; from the point a, j, i, h, to g, we form the character for w; frum to o, we have the character for T; and so on of all the rest. Thus, then, we have twenty distinct and simple signs, which are three more (as will be hercafter shewn), than are necessary for every purpose of a stenographic alphabet, and have therefore appropriated them for the two useful double consonants th and qu. To the two double letters, or sounds, ch and sh, we have given the semi-elyptic characters, 29, and 30. We are well aware that the adherents to the old Systems, who have been accustomed to the compound alphabetical characters, will start objections to this simple system, on the pretended plea of a want of perspicuity or clear distinction between one character and another. On those who are thus prejudicad in favor of twirls, angles, and pot hooks, and will not condescend to admit one single stroke is an capable of representing a letter of the alpha-. bet as completely as two strokes, or inflexions of the per, little time need be wasted in endeavouring to congince them of the weakness of their prejudice, having now proof to the contrary before them. But we should blush for any child, above twelve · years of age, who whould stumble over the difficulty of distinguishing and fully comprehending the characteristics of the different alphabetical signs. .

·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. 17 By placing the different characters in all their analogical bearings, or aflinity to each other, as the horizontal (31, 32, and 33), the perpendicular (31 and 35), the inclined (36 and 37), and the straight lined approximations (38, :), and 10), we shall find that no one whatever (if made with any degree of, or pretensions to, accuracy) can be inistaken for another. It is no more possible, on mathematical principles, to run a segment of a circle into a semi-circle, and still remain that segu ent, than it would be possible to extend a circle to eteruity (had we the power), and produce a straight line. To say, then, that any two of these characters are so like each other that they require the adılition of the tuirl (41 and 42) to enable the student to distinguish one from the other, -or to argue that, in joining two characters together, four inflexions of the pen are made with equal fucility as with twoo in Accions, is the contention of school-boys, but not of mathematician. Let any one look at Taylor's plm p-plump (43), Maror's & png-gaping (11), Paluer's kid-cold (45), or, Byrom's Agglhagyto (16): let him compare these specimens (and they are but a sample of all the authors) of the twirling system with the same words (53, 54, 55, and 56) more fully expressed by this systent, and he will be enabled to judge on whoin he shall conſer the palm of brevity, perspicuity, and facility. Enough has been said on the redundancy of the tuirling systems to prove their inaecuracy in forming any brief mode of stenographic foundation : but what shall we say to the absurdity of introducing the compound characık'ts formed by angles, which never can be used without destroying all perspicuity; as no compound character, forming an angle, can be made without joining two simple signs? One elucidation from Mitchell's alphabet will determine this point. A reference to Plates I. and II. will shew that he (as well as Gurney) has a compound character for all the vowels. formed by the junction of his r and m; nis e of a twirl and a. perpendicular segment; his i of a short r and his s; his o of a (Firl and his c; and his u and u of his m and his r: his , again, Hlis at 13 ·18* SORT-HAND STANDARD. unequalled brevity, the first step to be recommended to the is forned of his t, and m; and his v of bis m ond r. Lot lis then take the monosyllable brave for an example, when his conjunction of the five letters will produce the figure -47; but, riving it all jhe advantage of discarding the vowels (as is now in general practice), and the figure will stand as in 48. Now it will be clearly seen that in the dissection or decyphering of This figure, we have cqually the letters 6 y 15-brave (-19), br mig brimmer (50)), 't rr-ho word (51), t mr 7-10 word (52), tmr mirato murmur (57), ma-to mar (58), and r-ho wbrd; thus producing an amalgution of matter, to the utter destruction of all perspicuity in wriling, or facility in decyphering or reading. This exainple stands good in all cases where an angle is introduced in a Short-hand alphabet, in clearly shows that, if the imple signs of this system are all-suficient to express the whole of the consonants if our uplabet, the necessity of having recourse to the compound twirl, or anyl, is completely supercribed, and an entirely nuu frature given to this delichtful and invaluable science, To the inımediate application of our characters, tu represent the different consonants of the alphabet, no more particular reason can be assigned for the appropriation of cach, than that of being determined by the inore frequent recurrence of some, to that of others; a close adhereuce to their adaptation of jointing with one another, so as w effect the utinust facility in practice; and a firm belief that not one can be changed ſur another, without a material injury to both. Promising thus for, and having produced an Alphabet of student is that of a steady practice in forming with accuracy, and getting off, and perfecting in the mempry, these twenty simple signs: and not to suffe'r himself to proceed a step farther, until he can write them distinctly clown at least six times in a minute. When this firse grand point is gained he may then proceed to the next part of this Section. 6 ·SHORT-HAND STANDARF. 19 PART III. On the five Vowels. The most sir.iple of all signs, the dot, we have adopted in common with many of our predecessors) to represent the five vowels. We have this decided advantage, however, over all, as we immediately identify each vowel hy the position it is placed in between the two lines, or space, in which we write, as,-the a near the top (first column, Plate IV); the e, i little below; the i, in the centre; the o, midway between the centre, and the bottom line; and the u, near, or upon the bottom line. The value of this appropriation of place, to give this simple dot a distinct five-fold identity, will be duly appreciated in the sequel. It gives us the power of expressing, to the full extent, many words that not a sentence can be written without. : PART IV. (In the junction of the Vowels and Consonants. Although, in this systen, we have little occasion to attach the clot to the consonant, to express the preceding or following vowel (as is the case in most systems, having no other means of identifying their munosyllables, beginning or ending with a vowel), yet, as each cousonant has a five-fold situation connected with it, it is necessary, and of immediate importance, to be well acquainted with what part of each consonant the five respective vowels ars connected. The horizontal character s ch and sh, have their vowels' place expressed by the preceding dot above, and the following dut below the character, from left to right, as exemplified in the adjoining Table, (Plate X and X). All the perpendicular and inclined characters, have their vowels' place expressed on the left to precede, and the right to follow, froin the top to the bottom, as in the same plates. All the vowels are progressively arranged, and begin with the commencement of the consonant character: hence the up-strokes r y and ,' begin at the bottom, as in the same plates. The horizontal circular characters mil w n differ ·20 SITORT-HAND STANDARD. from the rest, by having cach two limbs in their formation, and, consequently, twice two sides, by having to the characters b and m, the preceding vowel a, placed to the left from the comniencement of the character; e, midway upward ; i, on thcetop: 0, midway dounward, within the character, and to the left of the second limb; and , at the bottom in the same direction; and to follow must separately, be placed on the opposite side of the limb. To the characters w and », being the opposites of the b, and and, consequently, commencing with a down-stroke for the Crst limb, and an up-strokc for the sound, the order of placing the vowel-point is reversed,--as a, lo precede at the top on the outside to the left; e, half-way downward; i, in the centre within; o, inside rising upward ; and u, at the top inside: and to follow, contrariwise--as in Plates IX, and X. This vowelétical situation, belopging to all the consonant characters, is worthy of particular attention, and will be found of inestimable value in the issue. SECTION II. On the increase of power obtained by varying the size and thickness of the original characters.. PART 1. . On the half-sized character. Presuming the student has by this time fully impressed on his mind the value of the siniple alphabetical characters, as in due order in Plate IV. column 1, we now, refer, him to the next column 2, in the same Plate, wherein he will find, by the unprecedented adoption of reducing the size to that of one-half the original size, we obtain the very great advantage of expressing two or more letters, prepositions, first whole syllables of words, or eren whole words themsleves, by one simple stroke, us is evinced in innumerable instances.

·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. 21 PART II. On the thickening of the original character. By doubling the thickness, with a hea,ier pressure of the pen, of the original sized characters, as in plate IV., column 3, we have a further increase of power to that simple characteri; by laking the addition of thr: as thus, a got, which stands for a, ly being enlarged or thickened, instantly becomes athr, 0, author; e, ethr-cither; 0, othr_other; f, fii, father, 'ather &c., &c. PART III. On the thickening of the hulf-sized character, By the same rule of increasing the power by thickening the original sized character, we obtain a further increase of the half-sized character of thr, as in plate IV., column 4, ex., fr, lir, farthr,-farther; tr, tri, trithr--try their, &c., &c. PART IV. On the double sizcd character. By doubling the original sized character we obtain the addition of rus, as in plate IV., column 5, thus f, fa, frans-France; 1, le, lerns-learns; b, ba, barns, or barrons, &c., &c. PART v. On thickening the beginning of both sired characters. By thi skening the beginning of a character we sain the addition of spr preceding it, as t, it, spirt, or spirit; t, to-sport, &c., &c. PART VI. On thickening the end of both sized characters. We have, again, one more enlargement of the signification of the simple character, by thickening the end of it, and there- ·22 suORT-HAND STANDARD. hy obtaining an increase of its to all words so ending; as, , fe, fetrs--fetters 684; 1, le, letrs-letters, &c., &c. 690. SECTION III. On the Adoption of the Ruled Lines. PART 1. . On the Formation and Space of the Ruled Lines. This department, of this system, being on an entirely new principle, the student is particularly requested to enter upon it with circumspection, and to be prepared with the conviction that it will enable him to express cvery first vowel, either preceding or following every first consonant, in every word whatever, without cither thought or trouble, thereby obtaining, with one single stroke, the whole of almost all monosyllubles, and the 'nost important part, with the addition of one more consonant character, or termination, most of the longest words in our languuge. The space we write upon is thrce-tenths of an inch, with two intermediate lines; between two double lines, one-furticth purl of an inch, or one-fourth of one of the middle spaces, as 380* PART IL. On the Application of the Vowel Dots to the Ruleil Lines. We have already affixed a situation for the five vowels, (plate 4, col. 1), ły which we know one from the other, al- * We have revolving machines that dots each margin of the paper, or book, and produces the proper distance to rule from in an instant; as well as paper and books of allsizes ; which may be had of the booksellers for those who do not choose to take the trouble of ruling for themselves. Attention to the instruction above, is all-sufficient for the means of forming the lines. The proficient, however, will discard the use of the interinpdiate lincs altogether.

·SHORU-ILAND STANDARD. 23 thonglı formed by the same single speck, or dot; but we now come to the enlargement of the establishment, by giving to each a field, or space, peculiar to itself, and into which 10 first consunar.t can wander without entering into a completo coparl- Dership. The fiell or space between the top doublu line, and the first intermediate line, including that line itself, is to be considered as ai's field, 399; the field, or space, between the two intermediate hours, is the e's place-the second linc only, is the i's place: the space between the second line and the bottom double line, is the o's place, 393; and the bottom double line, is the u's place', 394. The great value of these determined spaces, are advantageously esemplified in plate vi, 395 to 398, wherein will be found a selection of words of the most common recurrence, without one or more of which there are not, on a fair average, sur words written or expressed in any language; and which is thus denoted by the most simple of all possible exertions of mind, or action, that of dropping, from the pen, the least of all possible marks that can be conceived ; and with no other tax on the menory than that of merely touching one of four situations in the small compass of one-tenth part of an inch. There are four situations in the field of 11,3993, to which we have affixed the words thut-at-and-and a; Three situations in the field of €, 396, for ever, evury, or every thing-the, or he, and in; Onc situation for the line i, 292, fr I, eye, high, is, his, and it; Three situations for the field, 0, 397, for not. -tu, too, or two-and out, or out of ; And two situations on the double line, u, 398, for you, cwe, hew, lue-and, upon. It is to be understood, then, that a dot dropped upon any one of these situations, fully, clearly, and positively, expresses that word as there laid down. Those thirteen positions must be udellibly in printer on the memory. The task is extremely ·21 SHORT-HAND, STANDARD simple; because by omitting the self-evident article a, in whose field the rest are placed, there are only three words to get off', within that space; in the same manner omitting the pronoun he, (which, by the unaspirated h becomes e), in whose field the rest are, there are only two words to recollect, as the three first are al! deflections of the same word; by discarding the self-evident pronoun I, and the two following words, which are equally as evident there are only three words to recollect in the i line; three in the o's field, and two on the u’s line. The vowels place itseb, carries a definite direction, as we cannut drop a word wluse incipient vowel is o in the a's fielil, or a in the u's place, &c. PART III. On the Application of the Consonant Characters to the Ruled Lines. Having gained so much by the ruled lines with the clotting system, as appertaining to the vowels, and the above list of useful worils, expressed by that brief mode of application, we now proceed to give to our consonant characters all the acvantages and expansion of power that can be derived from them also. In the first place, they give us three distinct situations in the a e and o's ficlds, and two in the i and u lines, for an increase of power to the consonants; as thus:-By placing the top of the character at the top of the space or field of age, or p, we gain the añdition of that vowel, when preceding it; as, by just touching the top line of 'with the character for d, we obtain ail, adel; if we place it in the midway, touching neither the top nor hultom line, we gain that following vowel, as du, day; by placing it to rest on the bottom line, we gain some other consonaut (generally a liquid), placed between the first consonant and the rowel in whose field it is placed, as dra, olray, 100; v in the mis field, ev, ere"; fe, fue; fle, flee, 401; p in the o's field op, hope ; po, Po; plo, plough, 106, &c. On the i and u's lines or fields we have but two situatiſins, taking the benefit of the pre- ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 25 coding and following vowels only; and that by placing the foot of the character only, just through the line, or take the preceding vowel; as f in the i's linc, 409, if, it; and all but through for the following vowel, as fi, fye, 409; r in the u's field, as ur, your, 410; ru, rue, 411 &c. &c. 399—ab, ba, bla 400-ad, da, dra 401-ef, fe, fle 402-ag, ga, gra 403ak, ka, kra 406_op, po, plo 407-as, sa, sla 408mmt, ta, twa In the next place, this three-fold position gives us, to the double-consonant characters, a three-fold modulation of the vowel, preceding, between, and following them, as fr in a; aft, affair ; fur, far, or fair ; fra, fray, 413; prs in o, as, oprs, oppress ; pors, pores ; prose, 424, &c. &c. 411-abl, bal, bla 413--afr, far, fra 411-egl, gel, gle 416-empr, mper, mpre 117-contr, antr, ntra 118-apr, par, pra 419mporpr, rapr, rpre 420-estra, ster, stre 421-atr, tar, tra 423-extr, cxter, extre 424-oprs, pors, pros And in the third place, we gain prepositions, or prefixes, to our double and single consonant characters, which, in the precess of the work, when we come to the termination department, will display an astonishing (yet clearly defined) power of abbreviation. By this mode we gain an amazing degree of lacility, and clearness of expression, giving an advantage over every other system, as hy conveying the incipient nowel, either preceding or following the first consonant of a word, we obtain almost all that is wanted of the whole of any word. The few examples abuve (and they are not one hundredth part of what our language can produce), made hy one simple inflexion of the pen, most clearly proves that they express as much in sound and that is all that any system of stenography can require), as if they were wriilon down in Ronan churacters. Agreeably with this rule, a list is here given, as applicable to all the characters in the whole of their seren-rou morfirulions. V ·26 SHORT-ELAND STANDARD. . wherein are set down nearly one thousand cominon-recurring words and sentences, most of them self-evident and fully expressive of their import, with here and there a few interspersed to fill up a vacancy, or to introduce what is useful, ofa fregnent recurrence, or peculiarly circumstanced; as for example, there being no monosyllable expressed by ab; but, being at the top of the space a, above, is naturally expressed by the b being placed in the first position, 399; there being no word expressed by chl; and our language having but one word, (ebullition), 5516 with that beginning, we give that chanacter for that word in full; and in many cases we have introduced words often wanted, which, from the peculiar advantages of our double lines, are casily and readily recollected. 1 0 A vocubulary of, words denoted by simple original-sized characters, placed in their incipient vowel's situation, viz. :- 995 that at ani, hand a, hay, ah! hi 399 above bay, obeymed branch 462 before, begin—ing be, better, best breath-e, besides 469 by, betwixt, between behind, beyond 464 observe, object both brought 465 but beautifull 400 add, day drawing had 466 heed, hend deed, dead, geath dream 467 hide, I'd did, die, dye 468 odd, owed do-es-ing, doubt drowned 469 dew, due, duty 396 everything thic, tlice, lic in 470 affable faithful flame 471 home, half afterwards 472 evron--ing fce Rec, feel 409 if find, fye 473 of, ofl, oftcn foc flow, down 474 few, full future-ity 402 against gay, gave gray, gravemaity 475 068, great d' grieve, gl.ef 476 ignorant give 477 god, govern go, ago grow, ground 478 good, gradge 479 hallowed habitation 180 hence health .

·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 27 502 an, and, any -ance nay, name answer 481 hypocrite-cricy hinder- 482 how-much-soever hold-ing 483 humanity humble ility 392 1, high, eye, it, is 484 ago january, jaundice 485 jehovah jesus, generally jilt join 186 judges, ment just-ise, jew 403 accordingly 503 even, e'en, indced Deed, necessit, noxt, annexed 504 nigh, instead on, one, own, only 505 no, koow NOW 506 knew, new understood 397 not, note 10, two, too, oh ! how out, of 507 happy, happen рау. play cane 508 heap acknowledgement corn 488 luccausc, cho key, keep, kept credulous-city 489 king, kind kill 490 occupy-cation could crown 491 come curious--osity 492 always, also lay, already language last-ing-ly 493 hell, ell, cel, he'll less, let while--st 491 lie, lye live, life 495 whole, hole lord, love low, lo! along 496 luck pea, peculiar pleasure piety, pity 509 hope, opinion oppose, po plough 510 up, upon put, punish 511 quality quantity 512 equal, equity queen, question 513 qnick quit, quito 514 quote quorum 515 air, bair, heir ray, rather argument 516 therefore-of, from religion-mous remembers ire, hire, higher 517 or, our, hour romanance your luxury 497 among rue, ruin 498 them, 518 as, has, ass say, saviour many, make may emblem me, means method 499 my, him, I'm 500 whom, omnipotent most, alıncet 501 monarch, modest inust, mutual shall 519 ease, ibese see, sea certainly 520 this those, whose so ·28 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. ube, something thus SUC, SCW 4322 hatc, ale take lwang 523 'eat, heat, et, cetera tea, teinpt twelve tie, time, heigtit 524 ought, to toward, two tumult 398 you, yew upon 525 awon foul way, away, was wlrat, was 526 where whence wise-don 527 why, whilsto 528 worship, worth woe, word would 529 worse wooder 530 acts, axe example, examine exclaim, exchange except, expect exceed, excel excess 532 cxcite, exit exist, exhibit 533 exonerate expose excuse, execute 534 yard Yawn 535 yea, ye, yes year, yet yesterday 536 yield yoke 597 yonder young youth 538 change chapter chaste-ity 589 each cheap chief, check 540 which child, chide 541 choice, chose', choo much such 542 ask, shame shallow sbatter 553 shield sbe sheep-heara 534 shy, ship show, shoe 515 shoulder shew 546 hath, athletic than, thank they 1547 then-ce, heather theology thy, thick, think 548 oath though, although thou-sand 549 thunder Words denoted by single half-sized Characters. 550 ablemy-ity ball, bail, hale. blameable. 551 ebulition, beheld. bell, belicve. bless--ing. 552 bill bile, bliss. oblige-ring-gation. belooy, behold, blow, below. 553 blar. adds, aids, disadvantage, days. 554 discase. disbelicve, distress. deceive. dessig»), desirc. 535 disobedient. disorder. disappoint.

·SITORT-HAND STANDARD 29 impart. 571 emperor. imperial, impress. 572 einpire. soterior, naturel nonatural. 574 enter. neater. entreat. 575 nitre, entire est. notorious-mety. introduce, untrue. 558 over, 556 appear. disunite. 556 afar, affair, aver. far, fair, fare, vary. fray, affraid. fraternity. 557 ever-laning. fear, very. free, friendship. fire, fry, Arst. offer. fur, fora, from. furnish. 739 gall, gale. glad. 500 eagle. gler-m-n. guile, guild, guilt. 561 ogle. goal, gold. glow, glory. glue, ugly. 562 hard. harmony. 563 her, henr, bere. hei.ditary. hicrarchy. 564 horridible. hurry. hurt-ful, 365 zjar. jar-gon. jeer-og. jirk-ing. 566 jingle. journal, journey. juror. jury. 567 compara-ison. compress. comprise. compromise. 568 allay; ally. wall. allude-usion. all, always. well. illegible. 569 will, little wholly. lobe. illunninc. illustrious. 570 hamper. impair. par, pure, pair. pray. prayer. perhaps. peer, pier.' pretend. pry, pride. 571 opportune--ity. pore, poor, power. proper-iety. pure-iy-ify. 578 quarrel. quarantine. equery. queer, query. quire, choir. quorum. 579 harper. repair. repremand. represent. reprisal, reprint. repent, reprove. reperase. 580 austere, Austria. star, stare. stray, atrange 420 Easter, Hester. steer. stretch, strength. 581 stir, history. oyster. store. astronomy. strucktare. 421 attire. tar, tare, tray. 582 eternal-y-ity. tear. tree, trumble.

·30 SHORT-HAND STANDART). trike, tire, try, trinity. otter, hotter, tore-ment, tour. trouble. truth. 583 withal. withdrawn. withstand. 584 with cvenovery. with ease. withheld. within. 585 withhold, without. with the whole. without uoderstanding. 586 exicrate-able' external.mipate. cxtravagant-ct. 587 experience-Neat-al. 590 person, persuade peers. precedemence. price, prize, prys. 591 oppress, &c. pores, pours, powers. proscper-pect. 592 charity, &c. chairman, charın. cheerish. cherubins. 593 children, church. 594 share, &c. Shicrif. sherry, 595 shire. short. sure. 596 authorize. there, their. thraldom. 597 either, ether. theatre. three, threat --cn. 598 hitherto. otherwise through-out. threw. esert, &c. extreme--itr. exist, exercise 588 exhort. extraordinary. executor. exeeutrix. 889 appearance. pairs, pares-imony. prays, praise, practice. Words denoted by single thickened original characters, conreying the addition of author, there, theirs either, theory, other, or through. 599 that either, &c. 605 hithertoward. at their, &c. everythirg there. either. and through, &c. the other. authormigo.mity. in either--there. 600 above their. is there. balther 006ʻ age of the author. be either generally there. 601 by their, join in their. add their. in justice to their. had either, &c. 607 according to their. 602 did throw, &c. can there. do their. because their. due to their could there. 603 father. 608 always there. have their, &c. lay there, lather. after their last there. 604 against, their, &c. let there, leather. gather. lie there. give their live there.

·SITORT-JIAND STANDARD SI lore their. along there. 609 among their. many therc. may their, 0 10 them there. me there. 011 my other, him there, mnother. 012 another, any other. answer their. 013 peither. nigh their, &c. 011, on thicir. no other, know their. 615 not there, to their, th'other. out ef their, &c. 610 pay thuir. peculiar to their. pity their. upon their, &c. put there, &c. 617 quality there. quanlity there. equal their. question their. quit their. quo*, their. GIS as there. shall there. case their. 019 hate their. tether. tye their, ought to be there, together. (20 was there. Were there. when there, weather. 621 whither. who are there. you there. 622 examine their. expect their, exist there, expose their. excuse their. 623 cach other. mucli there, 625 thauh their. than either. then there. 626 thither. although there. 027 blame their. beheld their. believe their. belong to thcre, 028 disadvantage to disbelieve their.their. disobedient to their. disappoint their. 629 farther. fear their for their further. 630 a May their. all or always there. well there or through. will their. wholly there. 631 impair their. Impress their. implore their. 632 natnral to thcir. cnte ,there. interest there, 033 appear there. perhaps there, power there. property there. 634 eternally there. try their. trouble their true to their. · 635 with all their. with every thing therc. with held their. with their. 030 withhold their. without their. without understan lingtheir 637 extravagance there. experience their. exercise their. extraordinary there. executor there. 038 authorize their.. there, their. either there. other there. through their. Words denoted by single double sized charucters, taking the addition of rns. 639 barrerness. burue. bitterness. 510 adherence. 610 abhorrence. darns. 1 ·32 SHORT-HAND STANLARD. f ailorns, durance, 612 variance. 613 gardens. grains. 6+4 eagerness. ignorance. 615 grounds, groans. grunts. hardinese. heroines. 647 histories. horns. hurricanes. 648 abjurance. jurisprudence, 619 caverns. occurrence. 650 crowns. currency. 051 largeness. learns. 612 marines. 613 mourns. 054 narrowness. 655 nearness. 656 appearanee. parents. prauce, 637 prince. poorness. pureness. 068 quarrelsomeness. quccruess. 059 arraigns. reigns, rains. irons. errofeous. ruins. 661 assertions. seriousness. 060 sovereigns, assurance. 602 trance. cteroize. attornies. turns. C63 warns. wherein is. 6G+ extravagance. cxperience. exhorbitance, exuberance. 665 charitableness. 664 cheerfulness 667 churus. 668 sharpness. shrines. C66 shrewdness. 679 they are on his. thorns. thrones. Words denoted by thickening the beginning of single characters, conveying the precedency of spr to them, as- 671 aspired. 673 suprenie. he sprcad. sprain, spread. 076 sprained. -spared. shares. spurred. 677 spires. 67% as a proof. who sparcs. some proof. 676Csome peal's. 073 sprigg. superiors. some proge. 679 as a part, asperity. a gparks . sprat. 674 spark. separate. sprawi. spirit, spright. his peril. sport. whose perll. superiority, support. > Words denoted by thickening the end of single charac.ers conveying trs as ending them. J 080 batters. betters. bitters. : 681 both theirs. auditors. daughters.

·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. debtors. 082 doaters. due to theirs. 683 disasters, distress. d stroyers. 68+ afterwards. fetters, features. fighters. 680 voters. vultures, 686 ferreters. fire eaters. fortress. gaiters. 687 guitars. gutters. 688 heaters. 669 actors, actress. caters, keep to theirs. coteries. 090 alters, altars. letters. litters. loiters, lotteries. 691 amateurs. matters. (932 meteors. iniuisters. 693 monsters. mutters. 694 importers. quoters. 695 latters. tetters. titters. tutors, 696 tartars. treaters. tortures. 697 waters, waiters. chatters. 608 cheaters. shatters. These vocabularies, however, are not given as absolutely necessary tasks for the learner to impress 'upon his memory; but as references to which he may have a frequent and profitable recourse, and of which he will gladly avail himself as he proceeds in the road to perfection. Here is already sufficient to convince the student of the powers of this astonishing art, where, with the advantages of only twenty simple characters, and four ruled lines, we have the means of committing to paper, with the quickness of lightning, upwards of two thousand words, without some one of which not a sentence can be written or uttered. It is not yet, however, necessary to commit any of these to memory, as a thorough knowledge of the seren alphabets, in fact, but one with its different modifications); the thirteen words expressed by dots 395 to 398; and the full import of the ruled lines, is allsufficient, until we come to an examination of the means of joining the characters. (which are, ·34 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. SECTION I V. On the Alphabet in general. C PART I. Preliminary Observations on the discarding of Vowels. All the best systems of short-hand have adopted the plan of distarding all the vowels, or writing with consonants only. Although this was a great step gained in the earlier periods of the science, yet it was attended with many, and great inconveniences, as it left too great a deficiency in decyphering, depending too much on connexion, or the sense of what had previously been written, or was to follow, to be made out by the reader, or transferer. The want of perspicuity in those systems, where no vowels are used, cannot be better exemplified than by writing the words, amen, man, many; men, mean, mine; omen, moan, moon, and human, 428; all of which words are expressed by the giving of the two consonant characters, m and n together, as 62, the identification of which of these words is required, depending wholly on the subject-matter of what is written. But in this system, it is evidently clear that this diliculty is completely overcome, as the voweletical situation of the two joined consonants; as 425 to 428 instantly and incontestably points out of the precise word wanted. The discarding of the vowels, is, therefore, in this system adopted, not so much as a point gained for brecity's sake, but that of there being altngether useless. PART II On the discarding of unsounded consogants. No important adteration, or improvement, we apprehend, can be made on the long established stenographic custom of disc carding all unsounded consonant characters, or writing sounds, as we speak, and not as we write: and occasionally. substituting one character for another, as, in the word laugh, we should write laf, 436; bought, hat 699; solemn, solm 700; character, karakter $ ·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. 35 701, &c. Nothing further need be said on this head to enforce the self-evident advantages and utility of this common practice. PART III. On affinities in the sounds of letters. There are certain affinities in sound, which some of the consonants bear to each other, that have opened a field for the curtailing of the ncmber of consonant characters in the Stenographic Alphabets of most of the approved systems, such as the f and v, which are both represented by one character; and the e soft, s and z, by another single character. We, too, have taken this liberty (although not for want of simple signs to give one to each), as in no way interfering with perspicuity, because of the aid afforded by our ruled lines giving the incipient vowel. Mr. Gurney appears not to have noticed this affinity, as he has given each a distinct compound character to his f and v. A very little practice will make it familiar to the student to use one character indiscriminately for both or either. It is remarkable, too, that, although the affinity of sound is still more immcdiate between c soft, s and 2, Mr. Gurney has given the same character for his c as to his k, two letters as directly opposite in sound as any in the alpahabet, and which he could never intend to join to his h, to form the sound ch, as he has given a distinct compound sign for these two letters. There can be no difficulty whatever, with the least practice, in discriminating the proper articulation in the words, cinnamon, sens, zion, &c., &c, ·although cach is begun with the same sign. Sorre, very improperly, have carried the affinity of sound too far in the adaptation of thrir consonant characters, by making one character for b and P, d and t, q and k, and g and j, cither of which can never be indiscriminately used without great confusion. Mavor, Palmer, Ewington, Gurney, Nicholson, Taylor, Rees, Hodgson, and Richardson, nine out of twelve, have althe same character for their g and ;.

·36 SHOR'T-ILAND STANDARD. PART IV. . On the characteristic Form, Position, Affinities, and Opposites of each Alphabetical Sign. A. 4, is a simple dot (as all the vowels arc), and known fronı the rest, when that article is to be expressed, by being placed on the first intermediate line between the double lines. When it is made larger, it takes the addition of tht, and becomes athr. A simple dot is made with as slight a touch as can be dropped from the pen, so as to be distinctly seen; and the double dot, hy a heavier pressure, or sudden twirl of the pen. In words ending in a, as Anna, senna, &c., and necessary to be expressed, its place is the first position to the right, as 429. A, at the beginning of words, is never written, as the first consonant, being placed in the first position in the field of A, takes that vowel for its leader, and are both expressed by that simple character, as is the case with all the vowels, distinguished by their position among the ruled lines. B. B is the upper half of the circle, divided horizontally, heginning at the left limb, and carrying it round with an ưnvaried pressure), as all simple characters must be), to the complete semi-circle, and ending the right limb on a horizontal line with the first, as 4. The size of the b, as well as the rest of the characters, must be two thirds of the depth of the space between the lines. B is discarded in limb, lim; plumb, plum, &c. "The nearest affinity to b, in form is m 63! its direct opposite is w 64. C. C is a horizontal straight line, when sounded soft only, as in cellar, citron, &c., and is the same character in common with s and z, 22. When sounded hard, as in could, come, character, &c., the character for k is invariably used in its staad. When preceding h it is wholly lost in the character for th 29.

·SUIORT-JAND STANDARD. 37 1). D is the right side perpendicukur segment of a circle 15, from top to bottom. Its affinities are g and h 65, 66; and its direct opposite is p 67. I is not repeated when followed by another consonant, as addle, adl; fiddle, fidi, &c. 430:; d' is dropped before g in words like ridge, badge, &c. E. E is a dot, possessing the second field among the lines; but, expressing no word of itself, takes the privilege of disposessing the pronoun he of its scarcely asperated h, and assumes that name in the second position in its field, together with the article the, and the natural transition thee. The final dot e is never placed but in words ending with its full expression, as in settee, 431; refugee, 432, &c. F. F is a straight line, of an inclination of forty-five degrees, from left to right from the top : 24. From the affinity of sound between fv and ph, the same character is respectively used for either, as in fervor, 433; visit; 434; philosopher, 435. The nearest affinity to this character in form are j and t asj ft, 68 In words where the gh are sounded as f, as in tough, laugh 436, this character is always given. G. G is the right half, or semi-circle, of the circle divided by a perpendicular line, beginning at the top, 9. . This character is only used where the g is sounded hard, as in gold, give, get, 437, &c.: but in words, is sounded soft, as in gentle, 438; general, 439; refuge, 448, the character for j is always to be used. In all words where the g is not saunded, that character is dropped or discarded. The only affinity to g is d, 65 ; its opposite is k, 69. H. H is an inclined segment of the circle of forty-five degrees, from left to right, being the right limb, or right half of the character for b, 19. Its only affinity is d, 66; its opposite, th, 70. H, being seldom aspirated, is used but sparingly, except in the beginning of some words, and even then may generally be ·assumes A 38 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. omitted, and the next consquant carried 10 the incipient vouwels place, as habit, heaven, hope, 441, &c. In many monosylables it is entirely dropped, and represented by the vowel dot only, as hay, he, high, oh! hue, hew, &c., 442. Wher his preceded by t, and the sound th is produced, then the character for h is lost, and its opposite, th, substituted. When preceded by Ex in the middle of words, they are both lost, as in might, sought, &e.: 443. I. I is a dot, possessing the second intermediate line, among the ruled lines, and expresses many useful words, as in 3d Section, 2d Part. This dot is the centre point of division for the five vowels' places attached to all the consonants, and striking feature in being the main pivot of the revolving pronoun system, as will be explained in plate XIV. J. J is a straight line inclined twenty-two and a half degrees from Left to right, as 23, and is co be always used in the place of g soft, as indulge, 444, refugee, 440, &c. Its affinities are s and 1,71 and 72. It has no direct opposite, the y being an upstroke, 73. K. K is the opposite half of the perpendicularly inclined circle to €, commencing at the top. It assumes the representation of the hard c and ch, and entirely diseards the c, when preceding it in the middle, or end of woads, as thickened, 445, black, 446, &c. The nearest affinity to k, is p, 74; and its opposite is g, 69. In all words begin sing with k, and followed by n, the k is omitted, as knight, knowledge, 447, &c. When followed by s, or preceded by c, and followed by a, the character for is placed in their stead, as sticks, heretics, 448, &c: L. L is a straight line of forty-five degrees, beginning at the top, 26. Its nearest affinity is r, 75, as being of the same declination, and are only (although fully and perfectly) distinguishable from each other, by the l being a down stroke, from right to left, and the run upstroke, sfrom left to right. In their junction they are ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 39 as distinct as any other two characters, as lr, 76, rl, 77: and its next affinity is t, 78. Its opposite is f, 79. The character for 2 is discarded when followed by k, and not sounded, as talk, walk, 4-9, &c. M. M is the top horizontal segment of the circle 12. Its nearest affinities (if any affinity can be found in curves horizontally and slopingly dirccted, or between a horizontal straight line and a curve), are m and h, 80, m and X, 81, and m and s, 82. Its opposite is n, 83*. M only is written in words where it is fol- Jowed by n and b, and are not sounded, as in limb, condemn 450, &c. N. N is the bottom horizontal segment of the circle 13, and is the opposite to my Its affinities are th, 84, 8, 85, and qu, 86. 0. O is a dot possessing the whole of the lowest field among the ruled lins, and expresses many useful words appertaining to that vowel. It is seldom put to the end of words, excepting the proper names of men, as Plato, Strabo, 651, &c. P. P is the left perpendicular segment of the circle, beginning at the top, 14. Its affiniti's are th, 87, and t, 88. Its opposite is d, 89. Before t, the p is lost, as contempt, exempt, 862, &c. Qu. Q is an inclined segment of the circle, of forty-fire degrees, forming the lower half of the character for &, thrown upward from left to right, 21. As the vowel u always follows y, it is to considered as expressed with the character. When sounded as k, it is to be written as such. Its afinities are T, 40, and y, 91, &c.; and its opposite 3, 92. * It is very remarkable that but a small proportion of the Systems have employed the inclined segmente in their Alphabets, and that it onc has introduced the four valuable horltontal and perpendicular segments. thereby losing eight simple signs.

·40 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. • R. and z. R is an upstroke straight line of forty-five degrees, from left to right, 27, and distinguished from 1, which is a down-stroke in the same elevation and direction, as is seen by joining both with any other character, as rs, ls, 93, rb, lb, 94, &c. The affinity to r, is y, 95, and has no opposite. S 9 is a horizontal straight line, 22, and is the same as the soft c an z. Its only real affinity is j, 71, and its opposite t, 96. The plural s, need be seldom written, as the antecedent quantity always implies it, as a horse, 453, two horses, 454, &c. T. T is a perpendicular straight line, 25: Its affinities are f and 1,97, and its opposite, s. T is lost between p and s, as attempts, 455, accepts, 456, &c. U. U is a dot, possessing the two bottom double lines, and the space between them, giving its initiatary lead to whatever consonant is placed there. As a dot, it expresses the pronoun you, and many other words of the same sound, as ewe, hugh, yew, &c. V. V is the same as F. W. W is the under half of the circle, divided by a horizontal line, beginning at the top of the left limb, 5. Its nearest affinity is n, 91; and its opposite, b; 64. When followed by h, the latter is dropped, as whip, when. 457, &c. In words ending with ew, thcy are lost, and fall in to n, as knew, flew, 458, &t. X. X is an ir clinud segment of a circle, of farty-five degrees, from right to left, beginning at the top, and is the first half of the character for k, 18. Its only affinity is 1,,99, and its opposite qu, 92. x takes the place of cts, in all words so ending, as acts, enacts, 459, &c. Y. • Y is an upstroke straight line, of twenty-two and a half degrees, from left to right, 28. Its affinity is r., 94, and has no opposite, except the clown-strokei. In monosyllables ending with ay, they ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 1 are both dropped, and expressed lay the consonant only, as bay, day, lay, 460, &c. Words ending in oy, should generally have the y joined to the last consonant, as decoy, boy, 461, &c. In general, this letter is written only at the beginning of words; never in the middle; and but seldom at the end. Ch. As we have no character for c, it was necessary to have one for the sound ch, to distinguish it from the sound sh, and that aguin the propriety of forming two corresponding, yet distinct, marks, for them, we have appropriated two hooked horizontal semi-conpounds for them, ch, with the hook upwards to the left, 29, and sh, with the hook downwards, also to the left, 30. Sh. See above. Th. Th is the simple segment of a circle, formed by the lower half of the semi-circle g, 20. Its affinity is f, 100, and its opposite is 2, 101. St. St is the all complete circle, and has neither affinity nor opposite. From this character many useful symbols are formed as Plate XII. PART V. On the elementary properties of the half-sized, or double consonant characters. Having gone regularly through the whole of our original dla phabetical characters, and laid down such ruies for their formation, and mathematical proportions, as no one can pay due attention to, and be incorrect in comprehending, we will now proceed to entro into an examination of the double consonant characters, produced by the simple process of reducing the size of tire originals. By this new principle we reduce our stenographic labours to at least one half, by means of prefires, prepositions, and terminations, as well as middles of words, and even whole words themselves. As the vowel dots cannot be reduced in size, we must necessarily begin with ·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. bl. Bl, is a contraction of the character 6 to half its size, or as small qs can be made distinct, agrceably to the proportions in cul 1 and 2 in plate IV. Bl (as well as all the half-sized characters), has a sit-fold signification, or value: I. as fully expressing whole words ; II. as a prefixed preposition, or representation of the first syllable of a word; III. as a prefixed part of the first syllable, or the first, and part of the second syllable of a word; IV. as a termination ; and V. as the first half of a compound termination. The first division stands alone, and is, in itself, the word complete: the four last are in a joined state, or commixture with each other, or with the original sized characters, ar any of the other modifications of the Alphabet. The half sized signs have a further value, as VI. a disjoined termination. Besides all these different powers in their simple form, as expressing consonants only, they acquire, at least, an additional ten-fold increase of value by the power of the ruled lines giving to each character at least two siłuations to each of the five vowels. Although the plates VI. and VII., give a full display of all these powers, it may be necessary, in this place, to make an abstract of each contracted character, as follows, viz. :- As a whole word, bl expresses fully the words as laid down). II. As a prefixed preposition, or first syllable, in . 703. 1 703. 705. 702. ability. balance 0. 704. hobbling. bgwled. blowing. belkwire. billing. bullrush. 3 III. As a prefixed part ofatite first syllable, or the first, and part of the second, in a. 0. n. 706 bald blab. 708 709 707 build 708 L obligo bolt blood bullct 709 believe blessing .

·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 43 IV. As a termination, able, liable, 710; ble, trouble, 10. V. As the first half of a compound termination ; as ble-cd, hum-bled, 711 ; bling, tre-bling, 711, &c. 2 VI. As a disjoined Termination, as ablshn, the abolition, 712. The three first of these powers, are self-evident deductions, arising from the fundamental principles of this System, and speak as plainly (the previous rules being understood), as if written in common letters. The three last positions, as terminations, are more arbitrary, and, consequently, require more study, when we come to that department, but which are there determined on elementary foundations, and readily fixed on the memory. Having introduced the terminatine powers, as applicable to the first double consonant (bl), merely to shew the principle on which they act, as valuable abbreviations, and as the first (or whole words) is fully displayed in plates VI. and VII., and pas c it will not be necessary to continue them with the rest, and shall therefore only give the second and third positions to them, in this Section. ds. The letter d, admitting of no other consonánt immediately to follow it, we have adopted the s, taking the intermediate vowel in whose field the contracted dis placed, as, e. i. O. 76. dastardy, disappeared. 712 II. dese.., despe- distinguish 714 dispose : 714 dispute rate 713 . III. dissipate . 715 dissent 715 dissimilar. 716 disollima 717 disunite. 718 II. 722 719 720 Armament 721 728 average variance. ferment frequent. overlaid forrner, froward force furlong fruit 723 723 73 ·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. i. 0. u. ģI. gallant 726 gulled glued 726 II. 724 guelderland 724 gilbert 725 golden glowing! III. 127 glebe 727 gild glide 727 gold glows. glad 708 glues 720 hir há bour 729 hermit horrid 732 hurried 733 11. # 730 hiroling 731 III. 730 hired 731 hart. heard horse 732 hurt 733 jr. jargon 734 jerusalem 734 Jordan 735 jurynan 730 III. C Jirk 738 jerkin 737 compr. U. comparison 739 comprehend 740 comprising 741 III. compartment 742 compress 743 comprise 744 compromise 745 II. allude 746 ell wide. 746 illtaught 748 wallet 746 well come 741 willing 748 wholesome 749 lulling 7.19 III. wills waltz . 750 welts 750 . 751 woollen . 751 illumine 752 unpudent 736 766 unutteral)le 169 mpr. II. liampering 752 emperor 753 inopertune 754 impaired 752 | impertinent 753 importunate 755 inprecato 823 Imprimis 754 III. hainpers 760 empresa 761 impart 761 imperial . , 762 import 764 impreus 763 impriņt. 764 improve . 765 ntr. II. autorior entertain 767 natura) 767 intermediate 788 intirely . 769 introduce 769 IIL Baters 772 natures 770 entrance 771 intreat 772 intrepid. 773 JI. appertain 774 opportunity 776 particularly 774 perdition 77 portable . 777 preventie 775 | private 776 propriety 777 III. 778 part 778 port 178 port 779 porale 778 prime 779 prove 7801 pair II. quarrel 781 anerulous 781 intrude > 773 prudent 177 . apart prude 700 ·SHORT-ILAYD STANDARD. 15 e. is qur. quart 752 quirk 782 1 rpr. repartee 783 repertory represent II. 783 784 reprisal , 785 reprobate 785 reproduce 786 TII, 787 our part. 790 788 report 790 789 reprove. 791 re-peruse 791 $ areapart 787 ber part reapers repress str. austerity. 792 II. oaster inonday 794 steering - 795 stiring 795 storing 795 strewing 796 . starling stratagem austrians. starving strap 792 793 796 797 797 + stern street 798 799 Btorm strove 799 800 strive , 799 street SOO II. tr. attiring tarif travel 801 801 801 eternal tergid trennur $02 803 804 torpid 803 tropical Irideot 805 turpentine 806 805 truly 806 111. . attract tars trample 07 807 808 heaters terms trespass 808 809 otters 811 torn 813, 409 trough 813 trudge 810 trip 811 813 tr. II. exterminate 815 executrix. 816 extravagant 814 extirpate 816 extort 017 Oxecutors 818 III, extract 817 extreme . 818 prs. for y. parsonage 919 personate 821 praiseworthy pressing. 822 prize 820 oppressing 823 perusing824 prosperity 828 pursuing. pursuit 824 chr. charming . 825 cheerful. 886 3 827 III. chirp II. churi : 827 shr. sbjerir 829 III., shirt 880 short 830 sharp 828 sbearing. 829 thr. authority. 831 etherial 892 theoretical 832 thraldom. 831 threefold 833 II. otherwise 883 thoroughly 894 throughout 894 threw out 895, III. thras 835 threat 836 three $36 ·16 >LIORT-HAND STANDAUID. Thus we have the plain matter of fact before us, and to a denumstration that cannot be doubted, that, by means of these simple half-sized characters, we can express nearly two hundred words by one inflexion of the pen only, and thus more 'fully and perspicuously written, than with all the common sized charucters: for it must be evident that if we take the word free, we instantly ensure the situation of the vowel, by placing the double consonant character in the third position of e, 557; but, if we use the original f and r, and when joined (as 837), and placed in e, we are not so immediately informed of the real situation of the vowel, as whether fer or fre is written. By the use of this one character only (fr) we find (556 to 558) not less than twenty words, plainly, separately, and positively expressed, whereas, by cvery other System hitherto published, we have no means of knowing which of those words is meant, by their two conjoined characters f and T, without they make another inflection of the pen, by dotting the yowel, or joining a vowel character. PART VI. On the remaining five Modifications of the Alphabet. The principle of applying the five remaining modifications, or variations of the simple single consonant characters, being exactly the same as the preceding two, we shall not enter into an unnecessary enlargement of the work, by joining so particular and circumstantial a detail of them, and shall conclude this section by a few general observations. The whole of these modifications, yield each a new and an increasing power, to the simple first characters, all arising from the original soot ; performed with a varied pressure of the pen; and with no dtner load upon the memory than that of four recollections, diz. that, by doubling the original size of any letter or character, the three additional letters, rns, is to be understood as following that letter, and belonging to that word which they are jointly to express; that, by thickening the character by an ever, and hovy pressure of the pen, thr is to be ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. added, as following and belonging to, that character; thut, by thickening the beginning of a character, spr is to precede it, and to form a part of it, and that, by thickening the end of a character, trs is to follow and belong to it. We again remark, that the student is not necessarily compelled immediately to imprint those five variations on his memory, as the two first are all-sufflcient for his initiatory purposes; and therefore recolulmend his passing over them at present, and to preserve them as a treasure to be drawn upon at more advanced opportunities, when he will be glad to avail hiinself of the means of expressing, with one simple dash of the pen, many useful words of four, five, and six consonants, (and in many instances, two or more whole words), as clearly as if fully written. No. 599 to 698 may be occasionally and profitably referred to. We have now fully considered the brevity of our characters, as severally expressive of single characters, or letters of the alphabet ; as advancing in brevity by means of adding the preceding and following vowel to each, through the medium of our ruled lines, and thereby turning them iuto short monosyllables ; as progressively increasing in power, by the simple operation of reducing the size of our original signs, and thus, by turning them into double consonants, obtaining the means of expressing a wider range of words of one or two syllables ; and as still increasing in consequence by five other modifications of form of the original sign, giving the means of writing down, wlth perfect perspicuity, words of considerable length and usefulness ; producing not less than two thousand of them, with only one simple inflexion of the pen. It yet remains, however, to treat of these characters in their connected or conjoined state, whether as with the originals only, or with their different modifications, to fill up those componant parts of words (as prefixes, middles, or terminations), which naturally belong to words of length, and which necessary point we shall clearly elucidate in the following section. .

·48 SHORT-HAND STANDARD). SECTION V. On the Junction of all the Characters with cach other. PART I. On the joining Tables, as relative to the Originals. An invariable rule having been laid down for the commencement and ending of each alphabetical character, so that we cannot at pleasure begin at the wrong end of any one, the mode of joining any two or more characters together, is on the most simple principle possible, being merely that of continuing the end of that of the Arst into the beginning of the second, and so on to the third, or as many more as are wanted to finish the word, or sentence, without taking off the pen. The joining tables, (plates 9 and 10), give at one view a complete display of every possible joining that can take place between any two characters, on the well-known'and very simple principle of a multiplication table; as thus, if the joining of any two letters is wanted, say t and m, we have but to look in the first left-hand column of characters for t, and run the finger or pen horizontally until we come under m, on the top line, when, at the point of junction, we find these two letters, or characters joined, as they respectively should be. By reversing the characters, as m and t, we shall, by the same process, come to the manner of their junction; and so of any other two whatever. It follows, in course, that if any two can be thus joined, three or more can be joined by the same means. Comprehensive as thiş table is, a necessary attention to the due proportion of size and form of the characters is requisite, as, in a joined state, they form a peculiar work of distiäction in the three compartments of long words, taking generally that internal division of words we call interminables, or neutral, in contradistinction to the self-evident prefired prepositions and the clearly defined terminations, subject to determined rules. These intermediate characters, then, that are not like the other two compartments) defined by any voweletical identity, are what we ·SHORT-IANT STANDARD. 49 call neutruls, and can receive no other aid from us than that of our care in giving them their due proportions in their conjoined conforination. We will mor: clearly explain ourselves by two short illustrations :- Let us take the words entertainment, and 7 reordination, and we lind, in the dissection, that the first is composed of the prefixed preposition, enter, the termination, ment, (which are Luth delined in full, as if in common hand), and the two consonants, 1, n, which are neutrals, because they are not, nor can they be, regulated by any voweletical identity, and leave to the mind to put in the vowels required; and that the second is composed of pre the preposition, ordi tho neutrals, and nation the termination : enter-tain-ment, 838, pre-vrdi-nation, 839. 'The first and last part of a long word, being clearly definable, care in the formation of the neutrals is the only aid we can give them. The principles of these two plates are instantancously perceived and comprehended, and is observable that (with the exception of gb, 91', wk, and ur), every joining is made in a plain straight forward direction, and without any commixture of character, or ambiguous dilinition. In the department of these two plates, as pertaining to the original characters, we have the relative situation of the vowels to each other, as well as to that of their situation to each of the consonants. A very important part of these two tables is to be observerl, that from the peculiar mathematical simplicity of our rharacters, there are nearly fifty conjunctions, the first character of which possesses so much in its conclusion, of the beginning of whe second, that they are run into each other (without stupping to identify the point of junction) with perfect perspicuity, and form only one character, or performed with une inflexion of the pen: these are bd, 102, (plate 5), bf, 103, bn, 104, bt, 105, buo, 126 ; 6th, 107; dl, 108; 0p, 108, dth, 110; fd, 111; fo, 112; fth, 113; gp, 114; jn, 115; hf, 116; hn, 117; hp, 118; ht, 119; hu, 120; hth, 121; kf, 122; k), 123; kn, 124; Ies, 125; kth, 126 ; 'p, 127; lt, 128; md, 129; mf, 130; mj, 13); HU, 132; mth, 133; nm, 134 ; pd, 133 ; pf, 136; pon, 137:

·STORI-IIAN STANDARD. pth, 138; qui, 13); 11, 140;, wb, 111 ; tır, 142; rl, 143; et, 144; and wu, 145. These are all well worthy the student's particular attention, as they all, with the addition of a vowel, form whole wore's; are of immediate and easy construction; never to be mistaken or forgotten; and performed with only one stroke. All the rest of the junctions require twu inflections in their formation. The remaining parts of these plates will be explaineid as we proceed. PART TI. On the Junction of the original and half-sized Characters together. The mode of joining the half-sized characters with the originals, whether preceding or following each other, being precisely on the same principle as that of the junction of the originals only, we have decmed it unnecessary to introduce, specific examples for that purpose; and shall, therefore, disiniss this part of our labours by recommending the student to make one for himself, as a practical and profitable lesson, and conclude it with a few gencral remarks :- In the first place, every one of these half-sized characters, being double consonants, the instant they take the precedence in their forming a junction with an original character, they beconie prepositions, or prefires, to that consonant, and give birth to a whole word; thus creating several hundreds of words, with but two strokes; and where the junctions bid, bold, 840; blf, belief, 841; blt, built, $42; blw, bellow, 813; blth, blythe, 944, dsl, dassle, 345; drth, 146; frd, feurd, 846; frn, foreign, 847; frth, froth, 848; glp, gulp, 849; hrf, hereof, 850; hrn, herown, 851; hrp, harp, 852 ; hrt, heart, 853; hrw, harrow, 854; hrth, heurth, 855; jrn, journey, 856; comprf, 147; compig, 148; comprn, 149; comprs, comprist, 857; comprth, compareth, 858; wlp, whelp, 859; wolx, walks, 360; mprd, impair'd, 861; morf, improre', 862; mprj, 150; uprn, 151 ; myrth, impurteth, 863;

·SHORT-TIAND STANDARD). 51 nirm, interim, 864; prd, poride, 865 ; porf, proof, 866; pri, prawn, 867; prth, pareth, 868; quir, qucerer, 869; rprm, 152; trw, trou, 870; withl, 153; withm, with-him, 871;: vatri, 154; extrt, 872;-where these junctions meet, which are all joined with one inflection, they all (with the exception of the cigli 999999, distinguished by a comma immediately under then), express whole words of not less than three tonsonants, many with four, and some five, and all with only one stroke. In the second place: every one of these half-sizt:d characters, the moment they are placed at the end of an original, become terminations, and thereby instantly create some thousands of words, many of which are of considerable length, and with only two strokes : but this will be better understood by the student when he becomes acquainted with the specific significations of the terminations. Where the interinixing junctions inect, (as in the first part of this section), many of these long words are formed by one stroke only. And, in the third place, these conjunctions of the originals and terminatious, give us an unineasurable power of abbreviation in the expressing of long words connected with the sub- 'ject matter of what is written, by wholly discarding the neu. trals; a licence of which the proficient will easily and rearlily avail hiiself. A few examples will sufficiently explain our meaning; as ab-ble, abominable, 873; er-ary, extraordinary, 874; ba-ment, banishment, 875, &c. &c. This will sutlice for the present on this head, as we shall have to enlarge more fully on this mode of construction, when we come to treat 01) abbreviations in general. PART III. On the Junction of the half-sized Characters with each other. The joining of two half-sized characters (veing but contractions of the size of the originals), must, of course, be on precisely the same principle, and cannot admit of a variation therefrom. We have, therefore, for the same reason as before stated, and for the student's practical purposes, omitted to give à plate of joinings with them. We have seen the value of the ·59 SIIORT-IIAND STANDARD. incrensing power of these reduced characters, as propositions and prefixes, to originals; we have seen them joined to the originals anel terminations, with a still more extensive increase of power; but what shall we say to that amazing and immeasurable increase which must arise from the junction of these two simple symbols of prepositions and terminations together? We are lost in the immensity of their combined power of turning such a mass of long words into being with two such insignificant 'signs! We believe that, were time allowed us, we could produce thirty thousand words, and many of grent length, with these two simple strokes only. All the intermixing junctions of the first part of this section, have the allvantage, too, of taking this increase of power of expressing many of these long words with one stroke. PART IV. On the Junction of the fire last Modifications of the Originals. The junction of any of these inodifications with theinselves, any of the others, or with either of the two first, should they occur, which is rarely the case, is precisely on the same principles as originally laid down in this section. Forming words of themselves, in their single state, they require little aid from ‘prepositions or terminations ; but when it is necessary to stato of a mau as being a father, (876), or as being fatherless,(876), then the termination less may be superadded; or to express the difference of spirit (877), and spirited (877), then the termination ed, must be joined, &c. &c., yet in very rare instances necessary. SECTION VI. On the Prepositions and Terminations. PART I. On the Rejection of the disjoined Prepositions. We have always considered every system of stenography reiective, wherz disjoined prepositions have heen practised as ·SHORT-ILIND STANDARD. 53 a leading principle of abbreviation, because, in the first place, the very act of disjoining a preposition from the body of the word, is the loss of one stroke, and which, on the contrary, ought rever to be done but by the grining of one stroke, or inore; in the second place, because the number of prepositions in our languages so far exceeds that of the quantity of letters in our alphabet, shat they have been driven, of necessity, to ne expedient of employing all manner of arbitrary characters to fill up the deficiencies; in the third place, because the disjoined preposition is difficult to be distinguished, as to whether it stand, for a whole word, or only a part of a word; the fourth place because the adoption of even the alphabetical characters of those systeurs is arbitrary, and gives rise to many anomalies that are altogether inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the science, by giving names to marks, and at the will of the composer, making one character stand for many prepositions, or different significations to the same character, according to its voweleucal approximation to the firct following consonant of the word, --cither way creating great difficulty in comprehension, as well as confusion in construction; for, in the last place, if these arbitrary prepositions are to be distinguished by their voweletical proximity to the next consonant character, it can only be obtained by one of two most incongruous means : either by fixing a moving character to an exact voweletical point ca itself, or that of writing the after part of a word first, and then taking a most barbarous leap backward, to fix an already arbitrary proposition.. PART 1l. On the prefixed half-sized Prepositions. For the above reasons, then, we totally reject the improvident n.ode of expressing prepositions by disjoined characters; and have completely overcome the necessity of having recourse to such a process, by producing a tenfold power, through the medium of our ruled lines, of expressing that valuable portion of ninc-tenths of all the words that are written; as is clyarly ·54 SIIORT-IIAND STANDARD. proved hy a reference to the fifth part of the fourth section, wherein are fully enumerated not less than two hundred and fifty prépositions and prefixes, by only one unseparated, selfevident, never-to-be-forgotten, character. Considerable as this vast number is, it is yet very incomplete, as to the real quantity of simple and compound prepositions, which our language produces, and which ought to be provided for. 2 PART III. On the double-sized prefixed Prepositions. We have provided for many of the above by means of our double-sized character (on a somewhat arbitrary assumption we admit), prefixed to the word, thereby obtaining a concise and comprehensive mode of conveying such long prepositions, as, 909 anti, . 878 inde, independent 879 indi, individual 680 indo, indolent 881 indu, induce 882 fraus, France 883 frens, phrensied 88+ magna, magnanimous 883 magni, magnificent 886 judge, judgement 887 accompl, accomplice 888 colapla, complaint 889 comple, complete 890 compli, compliment 891 complo, comptrol 892 compul, compulsory 893 Almighty, Almighty God 894 large, large map 895 length, length-ways 896 long, loog-time 897 ample, ample 898 mpal, impailing 890 mple, implacable 900 impel, Impelled 901 imple 902 implement 903 impli 904 implicate 905 mple $06 imployment 907 mpul 908 impulse antidote 910 never, nevertheless 911 none 912 nonesense 913 under 914 understand 916 prans, prancing 916 prins, principle 917 circum, circumvent 918 super 919 superb 920 ast, hasten 921 sat, satisfaction 922 rsta, restated 923 rsto, restole 924 attend, attending 925 trans, transmit 926 tenth, tenth part 927 time, timepiece We are aware we may be told that this adoption infringes on one of our own rules, having given an express meaning to each ·STIORT-UTAND STANDARD. 5.3 of the double-sized characters, by giving them the addition of T, 1, s. In reply to such objections, we shall remark that they can never upply to our disadvantage with respect to prepositions, as rns, do not belong to any whatever, except f-rns, p-rns, and trns (which three are su appointed). , Thus unfettered, we may well be allowed to turn them to so valuable a purpose without fear of criticism. Greatly as this application of the double-sized prefires has reduced our wants to fill up the insufliciency of the half-sizes, there are still some valuable prepositions to find signs for : such as com, con; incom, incon, &c. &c., which are highly worthy of a provision by an extraordinary draw upon our prejudices to arbitrary adoptions. PART IV. On the Introduction of the arbitrary Prepositions. Cautious as we ever are to enter upon anything leading to an arbitrary tendency, we nevertheless tread with firmness on the ground we have taken, and proceed with a confidence in having obtained a full, and more than sufficient, supply of simple signs, to cover all the deficiencies of the original alphabet, to compass the whole of the most common prepositions. Although we have, fruin the first, rejected the adoption of the twirl in the formation of the alphabet, as redundant and useless, forming compounds without necessity, at the expense of brevity, and, consequently, of facility, ye now bring them forward from their humblr nothingness, into a state of active usefulness. The twirl, the least size that can be made, can have but two forms the open. and the blind (or filled ap) twirl, and can each represent one or two similar prepositions. However, as there are two sides to cach character, we can obtain at least four prefixed prepositicus, and as many affixed terminations; of which we have most advantageously availed ourselves, as will be observed by examining the joining table, where the student will find them as prepositions in the six bottom lines, and as terminations in the six last columns, with every possible joining that can take place either with the whole alphabet, or with theinselves. We trust the labour of getting of these right ·36 SHORT-11 AND STANDARD). sinple signs, will amply pay the student in the knowledge of their brevity and power. To be enabled to express inconse (928), with the same character as Mavor, and Mitchell, give to their f only, is worthy of his attention. Fill up the figure, (929), and it will be inconceivable into how concise a compass so long a word is reduced. The following list will display misre fully the power of these four diminutive prepositions, not the least of their consequence arising from their ability to reach the incipient vowel to the next syllable after them. Attention must be paid to which side of the characters each sign belongs. They are shewn, in a disjoined state, in one side or the other of a line, in the second column of the joining table, to point out on which side they should be fixed. The right and left side of the horizontals, s, ch, and sh, are the upper and under sides : Ic 155 con, or com, a, e, i, o, u 930 command, coipmeud 931 commit, commodious 932 communion 933 contaminate 934 content, coonive 935 console, confuse 156 un, a, e, i o, u 936 untaught, uncven 937 uulte, unopened 938 unused 167 incon, or incon, a, e, i, o, u 939 in command, incompetent 940 iu committing, in composing 941 in communion 942 in a convalescent state 943 inconvenient 944 in contriving 945 incontrovertible 946 inconsumable 158 mis, or im, a, e, i, , 11 947 mistake 948 missent, inissile 949 mlsgoverned 950 misunderstand 951 imagine 952 immense, immipent 963 immolatc, iminured Having thns advantageously disposed of the prefred dot and circle prepositions, we now conclude this department by observing that we have still a fund of upwards of forty yet intouched simple signs, formed from the ellipsis, (which will be noticed in the tenth section), from which we have taken a few draughts for the remaining part of the prefixed compound prepositions, 954 bene, benevolence 955 disin, disincline 956 indis, ipdisposed 957 undis, undisturbed 1958 infr, inform 959 inii, inflict 960 grat, grateful 961 grav, gravity 462 guard, guarded 963 cal, calculation ·SIOR'I'-HAND STANDARD. 57 96+ cor, correct 965 crus, crucify 967 legis, legislation 96A recom, recoin mence 969 recon, reconcile 970 rep., repealitz 971 repls, repulsed 972 ple, plenty 973 application 974 plas, placeman 975 plat, platform | 976 tran., tranquil PART V. On the half-sized affixed Terminations. All terminations are, and must be, arbitrary; and can only be more or less so, according to the variation in their degrees of withdrawing from, or approximation to the original alphabel, whether joined or disjoined. The mecrest tiro in the science must be convinced that the terminations of any words of length must rest on that point. However gorgiously a word may be introduced by its preposition, or with whatever state the preposition may be carried on by its intermediate neutrals, it is the termination only that clistinguishes a prince (977), from a principle (977). Sensible of the importance of this power in the terminative department of all long words, all the compilers of systems of stenography have been obliged to have recourse to the disjoined principle of conveying the different terminations, by placing their alphabetical characters, dots,' or arbitrary signs, at certain distances from, and after the body of the word. This principle, then, has been generally adopted; and very little improvement has been introduced in this department, in the last century, up to the present day. We, however, have presumed to arrange the terminative characters on a new principle: that of a joined, instead of a disjoined, termination, on the leading impression of saving a struke in every word so constituted, which would be lost by a contrary mode; and have deviated from this plan with a very few exceptions, but which are so regulated by general rules, and attended with such a saving of strokes (and consequently time), as will ensure the approbation of the unprejudiced examirer. Consonant with our views of brevity (and equally distinct as with disjoined characters), we have designed one of each of ·59 SHORT-HAND STANDARD). our half-sized characters to represent one or more terminations, without disjoining them from the body of the word, which is fullg as explicit as the disjoined originals of the old systems, and clearly saves one stroke. To exemply this point om difference between the old systems, and ours, we will tuke the word entertainment. They would write thus, (see 978); we write it "hus (see 979). They make four strokes, and two breaks, which are equal to six strokes ; whereas ours, being all joinci, is performed with four strokes only; and with this additional advantage in our favor, their's is an arbitrary preposition, whilst ours is a self-evident one, and not dependent on the will of the compiler, or the memory of the student; but stands upon the fundamental principles of an unalterable system. In conformity to these views we have given a full display of all the terminations below, to which we refer the student, and recommend a full and persevering attention to them as highly advantageous. 980 able, bl, bly I serviceable 2 scribe 3 subscribe 4 habit, hibit 5 inhabit 6 bate, reprobate 7 brate, vibratc 8 bility 9 inability 990 ed, added 1 bation, approbation 2 hlation, the oblacion 3 bound, not hound 4 bous, amphibious 5 did, sordide 6 date, candidate 7 duafity, Individuality 8 demption,.redemption 9 dition, addition 1000 dopifon, the adoption 1 duction, reduction : 2 disation.cthc ditsuasion 3 dect, she deck'd 4 dict, addict 5 duct, deduct 6 dous, arduous 7 full, merciful 8 ify, glorify 9 fold, three fold 2010 tion, invațion 11 tion, invention 1012 vision, division 13 votion, devotion 14 fusion, infusion 15 fraction, infraction 16 friction, the friction 17 frution, the fruition 28 fact, the fact 19 fect, infect 1020 vict, the convict 21 the conviction 22 voct, invok'd 23 found, profound not found 24 vous, grieyous 25 full, frettui 26 friend, befriend 27 Hatc, inflate 28 volence, fuerce, benevo. lence form, inform 1030 thc formation 31 violepl, benevolent 32 viality, joviality 33 gle, angle 34 gage, engage 35 guage, language 36 guish, guish, distinguislı 37 galiou, leration 1038 ground, underground 39 gous, apalagous 1040 gram, polygram 41 graphi-y, stenography ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 18 1042 gross 43 ingross 44 gate, propagate 15 grate, migrate 16 gality, legality 47 hood, hardihood 48 gery, surgery 19 ology, theology 1050 jury, injury 51 judge, misjudge 52 judice, justice, prejudice 53 ginality, originality 54 jetion, injection 55 jution, in conjunction 56 ject, reject 57 joined, rejoined 58 jous, religious 59 act, ect, ict, oct, uckt, enact 1060 cracy, democracy 61 cate, indicate 62 crate 63 procrcate 6+ crite 65 hypocrite 66 culate, calculate 67 clude, conclude 68 cality, rascality 69 archy, monarchy 1070 cation, occasion 71 cusion, the concussion 72 cct, erect 73 crown'd, is crown'd 74 kickt, he kicked 75 cous 76 promiscuous 77 Îy, sweetly 78 less, tasteless 79 ally, really 1080 ledge, alledge 8] late, relate 82 loyalty, disloyalty 83 lation, relation 84 lection, reflection 85 lition, abolition 86 liction, affliction 87 lotion, the lotion 88 lution, absolution 89 lict, afiict 1090 loct, he lock'd 91 lous, jealous 92 allowance, ni, allowance 93 ment, contentment 94 soine, handsomne 95 most, utmost 96 mality, formality 97 empts, attempts 98 mation, ir formation 99 the niansion 1100 mention, to mention 1 mission, manumition 1102 -, the mission 3 motion, promotion 4 the motion 6 mulition, the emulation » 6 moct, he mock' 7 mops, infainous 8 mound, the mound 9 nd, attend 1110 ness 11 willingness 12 nate, innate 13 nds, attends 11 nality, personality 15 nation, contanyination 16 nection, connexion 17 nition, ammunition a uation 19 notion, a notion 1120 uution 21 diminution 22 nect, connect 23 noct, he knock'd 24 pound, renown'd 25 nous, strenuous 26 ends, transcends 27 pr, proper 28 plant, transplant 29 pality, principality 1125 ple, palsply, principle, or pal 31 ples, pals, principles 32 palace, place, king's palace 33 pation, occupation 34 in a passion 35 pension, his pension 36 picion, suspicion 37 potion, the potion 38 punction, much compunction 39 pration, preparation 1140 pertion, dispersion 41 prison, in prison 42 portion, proportion 43 pect, respect 44 pict, depict 45 pouud, tua pounds 46 pous, copious 47 pate, anticipate 48 quel, sequel 49 quish, relinquish 1150 plate plant-contemplare 51' quate, adequate 52 quility, tra xquillity 53 quation, an equatiou 54 question, the question 55 quisition, acquisition 56 quotient, the quotient 57 quact, he quak'd 58 quous, dbsequious 59 ary, statuary 1160 rer-ror, gerrut ·63 e sense, commence 60 SNIORT-ILAND STANDARD. 1161 rate, moderate 1217 tution, constitntion 62 rality, immorality 18 -, her tuition 63 ruple, yuadruple 19 traction, attraction G+ rinth, labyrinth 1220 trention, retrention 65 roris mize, izm, terrorist 21 trition, nutritiou 66 ration, moderatign 22 much contrition 67 rection, direction 23 tortion, extortion 68 rition, derition 21 turition, pai turition 69 orption, absorption 25 town, in town 1170 ruption, interruption 26 tact, he talk'd i 71 reparation, a reparation 27 tract, the tract 72 reprution, the reproduction 28 tous, calamitous 73 rect, direct 29 trous, viticus 14 round, quite round 1230 fransaction, the transaction 75 rous, tibrons 31 transition, the transition 76 str, restore 32 tality fatality 77 soever, whatsoever 33 tility / futility 78 sality universality 34 tribute, contribute 79 35 irate concentrate 1180 solate sensuality dessolate 36 trit ſ contrite 81 solute absolute 37 titude, altitude 82 38 titute, constitute 83 serve, observe 39 est, wisest 84 cept, except 1240 rest, labourist 85 stance 41 ward, backward 86 substance 42 worthy, praiseu ortliy 87 sation, conversation 43 wation, situation 88 eeption reception 44 wition, tuitiou 89 sesion secession 45 wound, to wound 1190 sition, decition 46 wact, he walk'd 91 disposition 47 ecks, checks 92 sorption, absorption 48 ects, selects 93 sumption, presumption 49 pars, repairs 91 stration, administration 1250 press, Express 95 striction, restriction 51 pires, transpires 96 stortion, extortion 52 peruse, reperuse 97 struction, distruction 53 persation, 98 servation, preservation 54 presous, too prescious 99 ceptation, 55 cial, tial-counnercial 1200 acceptation 56 tiality 1 stancratiou 57 partiality 2 transubstancia- 56 ship, worship tion 59 lationship, relationship 3 sound, to sound 1260 ing living restund 61 seeing, coming 5 sect. dissect 62 thing something 6 sous, facelioun pretence 7 ity prosperity 64- 8 terre lustre 66 ent, ant-content 9 tor torinentor 66 sent, comment 1210 ture postgre 67 cle, icimdiabolical 11'ate Agitate 68 -, sickle, comical 12 tute institute 69 oise, oys-noise 13 trange entract 1270 oint joint 14 tation, temptation 71 Sannoint, appoiut 15 tention, attention 72 ually, usually 6 tition, competition > ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD 61 - In order to give at one view the whole of the terminations, in an alphabetical arrangement, we have been compelled to make a general commixture of circular, elliptical, and dotting characters, which' necessity runs the sumetotal of the terminations to the great extent of nearly three hundreds but we recommend the student to select, and form tables, of the first and last only; and leave those formed from the ellipsis for a time, until his arrival at a more matured period of the science, when he will find them of infinite value, and well.worth fixing on his memory. PAPT VI. On the double-sized affixed Terminations. One set of characters (the half-sized), being very incomplete to repros“nt the whole of the termination marks required, we have given a further portion of the number to the double-sized character, as generally representative of long single terminations, as is fully displayed in the above termination plates, alphabetically arranged and intermingled with the whole. Ellipticul portions are aiso introduced as terminations, which will be purticularized in the sequel. 2 PART VII. On the conjoined compound Terminations. The compound (or double) terminations, are those where two (or even more) simple terminations meet, or follow each other, as is frequently the case; as in the words commended, (1273); witnessing, (1274); ingeniously, (1275), &c. &c.; and is merely the operation of joining them together, as they happen to follow cach other ir their regular order, as increased or decreased representatives of single terminations.

·62 SHORT-HAND STANDARD PART VIII. On the disjoined Terminations, tion, shon, &c. f On the disjoined terminations, tion, sion, scion, scian, shon, &c., which end nearly one thousand of our substantives, we ty claim to an invention, as well as improvement, in our mode of representation, by which we gain one stvoke in every word so ending. In all the most modern systems, this termination is denoted by placing an s, disjoined, at the vowels place preceding it, to signify whether it is meant for ation, ction, ition, otion, or ation; as Mavor's invasion (159); profession, (160); division (161); promotion (163); infusion (162). In this system we have given both the preceding consonant und vowel to the termination; and thus combining the whole, and furining one termination, by dropping the consonant mark, preceding the shon, at the vowel's place opposite its preceding consonant, we take the full termination, of fashon, feshon, fishini, fushon, or fushon, as in the words invasion (1276); profession (1277); division (1278); devotion (1279); infusion (1280), &c. &c., equally applicable to every original and half-sized character in the alphabet. By this leap we gain, not only that consonant in every word ending with shon, bút it furnishes us in an instant with the means of expressing whole words with one single stroke, and with the most immediate and perfect perspicuity; as abolition (Mavor), by the old systems. The same hy ours, with the original character (1282); and the abolition, with our half-size (1281), which fully gives the whole word with one stroke. Again, a mansion (1282), to mention (1283), discarding the intermediate consonants; the mission (1284); the motion (1285); and the emulation (1286), are all expressed with one character. In this last case the vowel point is caught by the character being placed with its vowel point opposite the dotted articles which stand for a, the, and to. It is plainly scen from the words visitation (Mavor's 165, and ours 1287); resolution (Mavor's 166, our's 1288); anticipation (Mavor's 167- ·SITORT-HAND STANDARD. 63 our's 1289), which are here given by both systems, that we, in every instance, gain one stroke, at least. In words where they use disjoined prepositions, as in discussion (Mapor 1885, they display three loose figures dancing a reel, and requiring five strokes, while we perform it (1290) with three, and thereby save two strokes. In words where our half-sized characters, seperate in both the preposition and termination only, as in alesperation, which they would write thus (Palmer 169), with seven strokes, we write thus (1291) with three (and gain four) strokes, We believe there are not ten words in the English language, with this termination, but what we can express most fully and distinctly with four strokes and one break. (See transubstantiation, 1202). These, then, are our grounds for laying claim to an improvement on this valuable point, there being no term in our language of such frequent recurrence, or of so general a necessity of application. This disjoined termination only, is worth all the disjointed te, mination marks of any of the old systems. So fully are we convinced of the value of this termination, that we have given every intlexien of shon to cach of the characters in the tərinination list, which form but a part of nearly one thousand words in our language:- An extensively useful mode of abbreviation arises from this termination, by which many long words may be expressed by three strokes only, viz., by taking the incipient consonant and vowel, and adding the termination only, as:- 1292 ab-vation, abbreviation 93 ob-vation, observation 01 bpditio., benedictious 95 ad-cation adjudication 1296 destratior, demonstration 97 dise-bation, disapprobation 98 consodation, convulidation 99 lt-lation, legislativo This mode of abureviation, which will soon become familiar, and be found very conspicuously applicable, as we are not aware of one instance where the same two characters (placed in the same situation) can give two words of the same meaning, or give an indirect construction. It is true, fornication, and fortification, are hoth the sanie; but can never clash in sense, ·64 SHORT-HAND STANLARD). as may be the case with many others, but always with the same exception. A still more extensive view is given of the útmost powers of this invaluable mode of contraction, to which we refer, and subjoin their meaning, as follows, viz :- ' 55 1300 occasion, all occasions 1 before that occasion 2 caution, with all caution 3 on this occasion 4 conception, I had no conception, 5 condition, the conditiou 6 convertion, the convertion 7 confession, the confession 8 confusion, no confusion 9 contraction, an excellent contraction 1310 contusion, a bad contusion 11 contrition, with great contrition 12 with much contri. tion 13 with due contrition 14 connection, the connection 15 qpr connecticu 16 constriction, that constriction 17 construction, this construction 18 that construction 19 the same CORstruction 1320 consumption, he was in a consumption 21 contention, so much contention 22 contortion, with sad contortions 23 condition, the condition 24 edition, the edition 25 the first edition 26 adoption, her own adoption 27 dissention, by those dissentions 28 affedion, with great affection 29 fashion, it was all thc fashion 1330 it is much the fashion 31 evasion, without evation 32 variation, with little variation 38 fraction, co a fraction 84 version, the last version they are his avertion 36 vision, a vision 87 fusion, in a state of fusion 38 junction, in junction 39 lotion, he took the lotion 1340 allution, in allusion to 1941 he made an unkind allusion 42 mansion, a noble inansion 43 --, my father's mansion 44 mention, not to mention 45 mission, on a mission 46 apostolic mission 47 motion, he made a motion 48 it was in motion 49 emulation, he took the emulation 1350 nation, the nation 51 in this nation 52 as a nation 53 notion, they had no notion 54 interruption, no interruption without any interruption 56 preclusion, by this preclusion 57 persuation, with great persuation 58 apparition, he saw an apparition 59 perdition, it was his perdition 1360 procession, they went in procession 61 presumption, on this presumption 62 privation, by thosc privations 03 so great a privation 64 prevention, by these preventions 65 provision, he made provision 66 the provisions were bad 67 prpfusion, so much profusion 68 petition, in his petition 69 production, it was his production 1370 equation, an equation 7l question, that is the question 72 -, not to question 73 ration, he had his ration 74 oration, he made an oration 75 after his oration 76 eruption, a dreadful eruntion 77 reparation, he made a reparation 78 restoration, after the restoration 79 the king's 'restoration > 3 3) ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD 60 > 13H0 restoration, the queen's resto. ration 81 session, the next session 82 in due season 83 cessation, without cessatiou 81 ou dis cessation 63 sensation, not the least sensation 66 he had no sensation 67 station, on that station 88 in the present situation 69 on that unhealthy station 1390 attention, he paid no attention 1391 with all due attention to the attention of 93 tension, with firm tension 91 attraction, without the least attraction 95 with all the attraction in the world 96 such were lier at. tractions that 97 she had no attraction on earth 98 hat by those attractions 99 she was all attraction 1 100 tertiau, he had the tertian affue 1 tuition, uoder his tultion 2 with due attuation to his luitiou he had good tuition by that private tuition -, she had ber tuition at che 1406 contusion, a contusion on his head 7 & compound contusion & contraction, a dad contraction 9 # contraction in biy feet 1410 exaction, by those exactions 11 the exactions of the government it was too grei an exaction 18 exception, without an exception 14 there were many exceptione 15 there were excep tions 16 There were other exceptions 17 there were on er coptions 18 there were no other exceptions 19 yet to all these ex ceptiopa 1420 execution, at his executiou 21 year ago the execution of it was put lo execution and that at the execution 84 they were sold iny execution the national adop tion of executions 26 in a fashion 27 dictated by passion 28 axecuted in oppres- 'slon 29 nud ends in coufasion ** 9 We trust the student is by this time in tap full possession of this valuable mode of abbreviation, to require further comment; we shall therefore proceed to qur next new mode of contracting another extensive terruinations W RT ex. On the diljoined Termination, ots. The next advantageous, or extensive termination, to which we lay claim of originality, are all those words ending in ous, B ·66 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. OUI, ous, owsa, oose, ius aous, vous, ious, uous, aeous, under the general pronounciation, or term, ous. To this, as to the termination, ţion, we take the preceding consonant, and place it immediately under, and half across its preceding consonant as vi-cious. (1430); furious (1431), &c.; or by the broken continuance of the termination, when the two consonants run jurice each other, as facetious (1432); fortui-tous (1433), &c. Presuming the student has fully made himself acquainted with the process of the termination shon, we feel assured he will instantly take possession of the ous, as he will clearly perceive that, although they are obtained in the exact same principle, they are perfectly distinct, from the circumstance of the shon being identified by its peculiar situation after its preceding consonant, and the ous being as peculiarly placed under, and half across the end, or in a disjoined continuation of its precoding consonant. This termination, always forming an adjective, is very extensive, and in general application, which renders a thorough' comprehension of it highly necessiry and useful. (See the termination list). G PART X. On the Terminations in act, ect, &c. Our next commodious mode of abbreviating long words, and saving strokes, and consequently time, is in all those words ending in act, ect, jft, oct, wct, cate, cute, quate, inct, unct, ack'd, eckºd, ick'd, bek'd, and uck'd; to which we take the preceding consonants in the last terminations), and place that consonant at its vowel's place to the preceding consonant, as select (1434); connect (1435), &c. In verbs. thus ending, their participles, d, and ing, are expressed by turning the ed, a quarter through, and the ing half through the preceding consonant; in which case the termination must be made a little larger, to distinguish it from its antecedent, if composed of only one cunsonant; as selected (1436); selecting (1437), &c. The three positions of ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 67 shon, ous, and ect, are cvidently distinct in selection (1438); zealous (1439); and select (1484). In words where the characters run in the same direction, as effect (1440); detect (1441), wtc., the termination character, or small k, must be added. When the whole word is formed, as fact, tract, &c., or perticiples, contracted (as in poetry) into ane syllable, as tal.de walk'd, as they are generally pronounced; as well as others with the prepositions com, con, &c., as compact, "conduct, &c.; and immediately follow any word expressed by a dot, the consonant must be placed to the left, in contradistinction to the rule for shon; as the fact (1442); the fashion (1442); the convict (1443); the conviction (1443), &c. When any additional termination occurs, it may be joined to the attached consonant: as abjectly (1444); benefactor (1445), &c. &c. The termination list will sufficiently elucidate this valuable termination, and render further observations unnecessary; except to notice that, from the peculiar structure of those words, as containing so many consonants strung together by one vowel, the saving of strokes is very considerable, as in so contracted, by the old systems (Byron 171), by our's (1446); ficting (Gurney 170), their's; afficting (1.147) our's. In the first case, six, and in the second case, four strokes are saved; and so in proportion with all the words: for it is not in the selection of here and there a word to gain a point, or answer a purpose, that we give the examples, but to testify as to the superiority of our mode of contractions upon general principles, and equally applicable in all cases. PART II. On the disjoined Termination, ound. Our next definitive Termination is compichended in all those words ending in ond, onds, ound, ounds, inon, own'd, owns, oui, outs, ount, ounts, once, ounce, und, awance, oyance, oin, oins, oint, oints, &c., and are added, as before to the preceding conso 2 E ·09 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. nant, and conveyed in a fourth situation around its antecedent, that is, above the preceding consorant, or dotted word, as the hounds (1443); the sound (1449); ten pounds (1450); his joints (1451); remounted (1452), &c. A list of words are given below, which will exemplify this termination in a comprehensive mønner, and will be found peculiarly useful in conveying a diphthong sound which no single vowel's place can conipass :- EXAMPLES. 1460 rebounds 61 out of bounds 62 redounds 03 the downs 64 profound 65 he found 6i6 her gown 67 good ground 08 the hounds 69 rejoin 1470 his joints 71 recount 72 his accounts 73 uo allowance 74 remount 75 the mound 76 repown 77 a noun 78 expound 79 ten poiinds, &c. " PART XII: On the Termination, self, sclves. Self and selves are denoted by a double-sized character, thrown disjoined from the vowel's point of the preceding character, as : 1454 to have done myself 4165 for our ownselves 55 of myself 66 by yourself 56 as well as myself 07 in yourself 57 see to it myself G8 for your own self 58 for myself 69 as itself 59 by himself 1470 by Stself 1460 of his ownsa' 71 to its owoself 63 by thạnaselves 72 by their own selves 62 to themselves 78 bs; herself 68 for their ownselves 74 she ought have had her 64 by ourselves ownself PART XIII. On the Termination, ality. There are many words endinig in ulty, ilty, ulty, ality, ealty, ility, ality, ulicy, &c., which we have rendered subject to ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD 6:9 a general rule of expression, by running an inward curve within (and in the same direction) with the circular characters, and a backward stroke turned from the end of the preceding straight-lined cliaracters, as exemplifier in the termination list, the first view of which will imprint this beautiful abbreviation on the mind of the student, and render examples unnecessary. Thus, then, we conclude our instructions on the formation and application of five disjoined terminations, in which, we trust, we are clearly understood, as we feel some degree of confidence in our opinion that we have enlarged the scope of information on this valuable department of the science. Our object has been, not only to make the disjoined terminations subservient to some general rule, but to obtain the two desirable objects of rendering them more perspicuous, and at the same time much shorter, than the common mode in general practico. SECTION VI. On the Dotting Systen in general. PART I. On the thirteen Original Dots. Ilaving already given our opinion on the inagic powers of the dot, as being the most simple of all possible conveyances of the min.l's eye to paper, we need not again enlarge on its extensive usefulness, as a stenographic abridgment. However, as a proof of its amazing power, we refer the student to the first chapter of Genesis, (plate 31), wherein he will find that, out of 918 strokes, or inflexions, there are not less than 275 dots themselves for:..ing that number in the 918, which are nearly one-third of the whole; and that in the number of words, they form nearly one-half of the whole! It is true that Gurney has. (in the same cxample) 241 dots, out of 1648 inflections (abort one-seventh of the onlarged whole); but then it is to be observed that his dots (like all the other systems) are not ·70 SHORT-HAND STANDAND. expressive of words, but parts of words, or vowel dots, to which purpose they are never applied in this system, With this power,' then it is well for the student to be acquainted ; and for this end we entreat'his close attention to the enlargcd view on which we are about to enter, with the conviction that he will be gimply repaid for his researches, and that he will admit the valklity and correctness of our professions. We have given to the simple dot a five-fold power in the representation of the five vowels, dessignated from each other hy their situation between the space on which we write; wc have assigned to each vowel dot a peculiar place, or field, to rangu in, and, have given each respective place the name and title of its vowel; we have divided these fields into distinct compartments, and have assigned to each a word of frequent recurrence represented by a dot, remarkable in cach bearing the vowel in whose field it is placed, and out of which he cannot wander without losing its identity. These words are in plate 14. 1580 that 81 at, hat 82 and, hand 83 a, an, ah! ha! 84 ever-y-thing 85 the, be, thee 86 in, thine 1587 1, high, eye, it, is, his 88 not, note 89 to, too, toe, two, o ! oh! 1590 out, of 91 you, ewe, hugh, hue 92 ppon 'On these fundamental representations of words by dots, (with which we trust the student has already made himself familiar), we have established a superstructure of immense magnitude, of capacity sufficient to fill a large volume of the interchanges that may be produced, by taking all the varieties of a two, three, four, or five-fold direction with each other. We have given a two-fold list of their bearings with each other, which will instantly shew their usefulness, as :- 1598 that that 94 that at 98 that and 96 that a 97 that ever 98 that the 99 that in 1600 that is I that noto 2 that to S that out of 4 that you 5 that upon 6 at that ·SHORT-HAND STANDÅRD. 1607 the toe 08 he out of 69 the yew 1007 hat, at 8 at hand 9 at a 1610 at every 11 at the le at the im 13 at it 14 at, not 15 at two 16 at, out 17 at you 18 hat upon 19 and that 1620 and at 81 hand, and 22 and, a 23 and ever 24 and the 25 and in 26 and is 27 and not 28 and to 29 and out of 1630 and you 1670 thee upon 71 in that • 72 in at 73 in and 74 in a 75 in every 76 in the 77 in the inn 78 in it, his 79 in not 1680 into, in two in out 88 in you 83 in upon 84 is that 85 is at 86 is hand 87 is a 88 is ever 89 is the 31 and upon 1091 he or she is 92 I am 93 thou art 94 you are 95 who is 96 it is 97 we are 98 they are 1700 is in I his is 2 is not 3 is to 4 is out of 5 his awe 6 is upon 0 32 hay that 39 a hat 34 a hand 55 ah! ha! 36 a very 37 hay the 88 an inn 39 an eye 1640 a note 41 a toe 42 an out 43 a huo 44 hay upon 15 every thing that 46 ever at 47 ever and 48 ever a 49 ern, and ever 1630 ever, the 5l ever in 52 ever is 53 every note 54 ever to 55 every thing out of 56 ever you 57 ever' pon 58 he that 59 the bat 1660 the hand 61 the hay 7 not that 8 not at 9 note of hand 1710 not a 11 not every thing 12 got the 13 noi in 14 rpt it, his 15 oot the note 16 vot to 17 not out of 2 18 nd you 19 not upon 62 the very 1720 to that 21 two at 22 two and 23 to & 24 to every thing 25 to the 63 thes, the 64 the ign 65 the eye 66 the note ·72 suokT-HAND STANDARD. . 1726 to the inn 27 to it 28 to note 29 to two 1730 two out of 31 to you 32 two uron 33 out of that 34 aut at 35 out of band 36 out of a 37 out of every thing 38 out of the 39 out and in 1740 out of it-his 41 out of the note 12 ont to, out of two 43 out and out 44 out of you 45 out upon 1749 you a 1750 you ever-y-thing 51 you the 52 you in 53 you it 54 you note 55 you to 56 you out of 57 you and you 58 you upon 59 upon that 1760 upon the hat Bl upon hand 62 upon a 63 npon every thing 64 upon the 65 upon thing 66 upon it, or his 67 upon the note G8 upon two 69 upon the act 1770 upon you 71 open upon 46 you that 47 you at 48 you and Here, then, we have one hundred and seventy parts of sentences, without some one of which, no piece, of any length, can be written, and with two dots only relatively and appropriately placed according to a comprehensive rule. By adding another dot to each of these, it is evident we should produce nearly two thousand parts of sentences; if we add one more dot to these also, we should produce twenty-six thousand; and so on to infinity. The fact is, that so generally applicable are these thirteen original dot signs, that pieces of considerable length may be composed where these dots only would form threefourths of the whole. To all this power, contained in two (or snore) 'simple dots, extensive as it is, we have still the means of considerable increase, by thickening either, both, any,' or all of them, as occasion may require; as thus, that there is (1772); that is there (1773); is there that (1774); is that there (1775), &c. &c. PART II. On the revolving Pronoun Dot. The student will observe two breaks in the preceding exciuplification of the process of the relative bearings of any two ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 73 dots with each other, between 1689 and 1700, which is meant to represent a separate view of the conjugation of the verb to be, in its definite sense. On this point we have laid thg foundation of a new principle of working the auxiliary verbs, which, in this system, will be found to form a striking feature of its improvements in the science, and to which we request his purticular attention. In the Polygram B, plate 3, are placed nine dots in a square, thu more immediately to designate the bearings of each outer dot to the inner onc, or pivot, round which they revolve either in a horizontal, perpendicular, or on an inclination of fortyfive dogrees; but all, except one, at an equal distance from the pivot dot, as if on the circle lipe within the square. By dissccting this square, the pivot dot being immovably fixed on the line I, we have the conjugation, I am (1692); thou art (1693); you ure (1694); who is, or are (1695); it is (1696); two close dots in contradistinction to I an, being both on the horizonul line; we are, (1697); they are (1698); ana he or she is (1691). It will be observed, as guides to the memory, that the it, and the 1, are placed on their incipient vowel's line; the thou, and the who, ure in their vowel's field; the we, he, and she, in their vowel's field, and the they, (sounded tha), and the you, in its nearest approximation to its respective vowel's field. The principle is neat, simple, and attainable in a few minutes. It may be said, by our close investigators, that we have introduced a new mode of expressing the same words, without (contrary to our general boast), our having saved any in- Alections of the pen, as the same words may be given with as 'many, upon our original plan; as I am (1495) ;-yo:' are (1496); who is (1497); it is (1298); we are (1499);" they are (1500); and he is (1501); or shu is (1502); have just the same number of inflexions. In answer to which, we observe that, if by this şiimple process we obtain a higher and more compact degree of perspicuity, and likewise gain time, we have gained a point at least, and might be satisfied to rest our claim of an improvement on that point only. We, however, intend not to stop here, as ·SHORT-IJAND STANDARD. we find, and mean satisfactorily to prove, that this revolving pronoun principle is capable of an enlargement to an inmeasurable extent. PART 111. On the revolving Possessive Pronoun Circle. Presuming the student is in full possession of the principle of the revolving pronoun system, we refer him to our first enlargement on it, in the Polygram C, plate 3, where the original pronoun dot is exchanged into a circle to represent the possessive pronouns; and which, when dissected, as in Polygram B, gives the conjugation as it appears in the plates and changes I into mine; thou, thinc; you, yours; who, whose; it, its ; we, ours; they, theirs; and he or she, into his or her's. PART IV. On the Interrogative and Negative Revolving Pronouns, The negativo never is expressed by an inverted close, or open comma, as :- 1813 I am never 14 thou art never 15 yours are never I6 are ours never ? 17 their's are never 18 are their's never ? 1819 he is never 1820 is he never ? 21 his is never therc? 22 is his never there? 23 mine are never 24 ar mie paver > Thus far, then, have we laid down our rules for the management of the revolving pronoun system, as far as they relate to this section, and shall at present leave them until we come to give them a conspicuous power of action in the declension of the auxiliary verbs. In the meantime, we proceed to display other powers of representation in the double dots.

·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 75 PART V. On the Double Dot, It is. From 'the peculiar horizontal approximation of the double dots, it is (1696, plate 14), we take the advantage of conveying that term to all the originals; run each into the other, and form a unity of expression, as :- 1825 that it is, or it is that 1831 it is in 26 it is at 32 it is not 27 and it is 33 it is to 28 it is a 34 it is out 29 it is ever, or, ever it is 1830 it is the The negative not, is expressed by another doi, in the sanie horizontal direction, as :- 35 it is you 30 it is upon 1837 it is not that 38 it is not at 39 and it is not 40it is not a 1 it is not very 42 it is not the 43 it is not in 1844 it is not it, or his 45 it is not the note 46 it is not to 47 it is not out 48 4t is not you 19 it is uot upon The identity of these is produced by so simple and comprehensive a process, that it is but to perusc them, and to become at once in full possession of them. PART VI. On the relatively situated Dot. There are many relative situations which a revolving dot may represent, as to above, below, before, after, &c., ar, fixed point, or dot, that may be turned to an expensive usefulness, and which we arrange as in Polygram D, plate 3; the dissection of which gives as follows, taking the dots, it, a, and u; as standards, or pigots; as:- 1850 on or upon it 51 above it 52 before it 53 after it 54 under it 1655 below it 56 the beginning of it 57 the end of it 58 aboru a 59 on or upon a ·71 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 1860 before a 61 after a 62 the beginning of a 33 under a 64 below a 65 the end of a 66 before you 1867 on or upon you 68 above you 69 after you 1870 the beginning of your 71 under you 72 below you 73 the end of you In intermixture of these positions, or the blending any two of the revolving satellites round their contre into one sentence', affords an immense variety, as may be seen by the four we shall select, and leave the rest for the students amusement ut his leasure, as 1874 above and below it 75 hefore and after it 76 before the beginning of it 77 before the end of it 78 beginning after it 79 beginning at the end of it 1880 after the end of it 81 upon the end of it 82 before and after a 83 before the end of a 81 beginning at the end of a 1885 after the end of a ho upon the cod of a 87 before you are upon 86 before you are above 39 before you are at the end 1890 before you are under Ol before you are bclow 22 before you begin 93 upon your heginning 9. after you are unde. &c. The fifth and sixth parts may be joined, thus, 1805 before it is 96 it is upon 97 above it is 98 it is above 09 it is after 1900 it is ended 1901 it is under 1902 it is below 1903 in the beginning it is 1904 before it is upon 1905 before it is above 1906 before it is ended &c. PART VII. 5 On the re-union of the Relative and Pronoun dots. The above rule may be advantageously united with the Pronoun dots, and produce many useful combinations, as, 1907 before I am 08 I am upou 09 before thou art 1910 thou art boforg ul before you are. 12 before we are ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD: 1913 we are hefore 14 before they are 15 they are before 16 before he is 17 he is before 18 thou art upon 19 you are upon 1920 who is upon 21 we are upon 22 they are upeni 23 he is upon 1921 after I am 25 I ani after 26 after thon art 27 thou art after 28 after you are 29 after we are 1930 we are after 31 after they are 32 they aro above 33 I am at the end &c. &c PART VIII. On the peculiarly distinguishable arbitrary double dots, not reduced to rule. There are many double, and treblo dots, which from their peculiar construction, or direction, are perfectly distinct, and independent of any of the foregoing rules, and which a skilful practitioner may appropriate most advantageously to suit the peculix bent of his' avocations, whether: as to Law, Physic, Divinity, or Business. We shall, however, point them out, and give them such terms as we conceive the most suitable for general purposes; leaving at the option of the student to adopt or reject them, as we do not insist on either (bcing arbitrary) although fully assured of their extensive usefulness, and always practised by ourselves. First. The perpendicular close double dot. 1934 in the rst place in the second, or next place in the third place in the last place 1835 in each place in either place in neither place in both places 1936 pot to have not to be not to do 5 . Second.-The perpendicular wide double dut. 1037 at that time or all times 1941 one or the other at the same time cither of the two 1938 in the mean timo aercher at the two between the times 1042 on the ptrary 1989 at some time and according to at po time under all considerations 1940 ip that case or occasion 1943 under all circumstances as in all cases or under those circumstances as in some cases or ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. - Third. The inclined close double dot. + 1914 of that for that from that 1815 of the for the from'the 1946 that of that for that from 1947 the first the next at last, or the last 1948 on all sides on neither side on both sides 1919 under it under the under all Fourth. The treble perpendicular dot. 1950 and in the first place and in neither place and in the second place 1952 and vot to have and in the last place and not to be 1951 and in each place and not to do and in either place Fiftk.-The perpendicular open treble dot. 1998 and at all times and at the same time 1954 and in the meantime and on the contrary 1955 with respect to Sixth. The inclined close treble dot. 1956 but if that hirt for that 1957 unt of the but for the 1958 but not to have but not to be 1959 not the first not the last 1960 but on all sides but on either side 1901 and under it and under all We recommend the students frequent reference to the above, and particularly to 1934; 1936; 1937; 1944; 1945; 1947; and 1949; and the rest will gradually fall into the ranks of approbation and usefulness. SECTION VIII. On the Auxiliary Verbs. 1 PART 1. of the Autiliary Verbs in General. The means of committing to some general, specific, concise rule, of the signk, words, and tenses, of that class of words cleno- ·SUORT-HAND STANDARD, minated verbs, called auxiliary verbs, (which, in our langunge, form a leading portion of almost every sentence we utter), seems to have been unknown to all who have written on the science of Stenography; or, when it has been noticed, to have been very imperfectly understood. There are but two classes of writers on the science, out of seventy publications in our possession (which is nearly two thirds of all that have been written); those who have not noticed this important value of the auxiliary verbs at all, as Palmer, Byron, Molyneaux, Nicholson, Williarnson, Sams, and a host of the earlier writers;-and those who have clashed the whole mass of the varied, and almost innumerable, declensions, arising from that intermixture of the pronouns, and the auxiliary verbs, with all their moods and tenses, into one amalgamated incongruous figure, formed by the initial consonant of each word, strung to the tail of each other, without any clue for distinguishing this heterogeneous mass of eight to fourtecn consonants from any other string of consonants (or words), than thať of their uncertainty (we had almost said impossibility), and the bewildered imagination of the transposer :-of this class, we enumerate Mason (the founder of this scheme), Weston, Mitchell, the Gurney's, Prosser, Gibbs, Swaine, Nash, Blanchard, Ansel, Lewis, &c. &c. A few specimens of the above will lay before the student a more correct idea of their schemes than a mere observation from us. No. 172, is Lewis's mode of expressing, he ought not to be: we give our's in 1508 : de would have had, Gurney 173; our's 1504: you should not have bren, Nash 174; ours 1504: it was to have been done, Gibbs 175 our's"; 1506: I never shall be, Blanchard 176-7; our"s 1507 : it might have been aone, Weston 178; our's 1508: &c. &c. It may be premature to present the comparative view of our specimens of the saine declensions to the student, before we have taught him how to form, or produce them, but we were induced to adopt this mede, in order to shew both kinds in one view, of the comparative neatness in appearance; brevity, and consequent facility in production ; and in perspicuity of expression (as will be proved); it were superfluous to enlarge upon, as self-evident facts super cede, every necessity of farther comment.

·short-HAND STANDARD. a) PART II. On the Auriliary Verbs-Can, Could, &c. 0 In order to relieve the eye from the lengthened continuity of the perplexingly unintelligibility of the old schools ; and to com- 1.7288 into one. focus, by some well defined, simple rule, which shall at once grasp the whole mass of this department in an instantaneously perspicuous point of view; we have adopted an entirely new principle of working all the auxiliary verbs, together with their attendant pronouns, in every possible extension of variety, which takes in its progress nearly fifteen thousand declensions (so' vast is the immensity of this power), and which can on no occasion require more than five simple signs to express any of those varieties, without one of which (as has been before observed), no sentence of any length, can be written or uttered. How to produce this simple power, then, wc procedd to explain. The auxiliary verbs, seventeen in number, as can, could, had, did, do, have, will, may, might, must, has, shall, should, to, onght to, was, aud would-being all monosyllables, have a distinct place in the single original character vocabulary 395 to 626; and are expressively known to stand for these words. The mode of giving them their different deflections or combinations is accomplished by the applications of a conjoined dot, small circle, or large circle, at one of the four points of each character, representative of each other in a single or combined state added to the root, or character to be worked, as thus, the dot joined to the top, and to the left, ' of an auxiliary, say, ought to (1509), is to be understood as standing for, ought to be, (1509); if joined to the bottom, on the left, for, ought to do (1509); if at the top, to the right, for, ought to have, (1510); to the bottom, on the right, for, ought to add, instead of hud) (1510); the small circle, at the top, to the left, for, ought to be done, (1511); at the bottom, to the left, for, ought to be had, (1511); at the top, to the right, for ought to have been (1512); + ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. B1 at the bottom on the right, for, ought to have done, (1512); the large circle at the top, on the left, for, ought to have had, (1513); at the bottom, on the left, for, ought to have been done, (1513);. and at the top, on the right, "for, ought to have been had (1514). In this manner the whole of the seventeen auxiliary's, or helping verbs, are to be worked, giving to each a twelve-loid deflection. We e are aware that the cavalistic disputant may start an objection to this arrangement, as militating against our prior appropriation of these conjoined dots, and circles, to the representation of our preposition, and termination signs: to which we have to reply, that, the roots being all in an auxiliary capacity, and expressly laid down in the vocabulary, together with the directing sense of the subject matter; it will not happen in one case in twenty where they can be misapplied, or miscomprehended. Let us take this example of ought to, as a proof, as, by conceiving the signs to represent our prepositions and terminations, we should have com at, at ent, un at, at icles, incom at, at ing, in at, at ance, ast t, at est, and otest, where (with the exception of otest which might stand for hottest), there is not one that can, on the utrnost stretch of Stenographic subserviency, be made to represent one English word. This, too, is the case with all the rest, which would be sufficiently refutable of the charge of iuconsistency, were we not fully prepared with an irresistible ground of a still more clear mode of identity, and that is, the general accompanir..ent of the revolving pronoun dot, which is never employed in any other capacity, Plate 15.-Gives ai une view the whole proceeds of the various combinations of the roots in the two firstó columns, taking in and combining with the different modifications of the top linc, running from tne root on the left, horizontally to the right line to the point of junction under the deflective accompaniment, adding to the root, or left hand column, the deflection wanted under which the character is placed, as, would have been is Wanted, run on the line would, until we come under the deflec- O ·89 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. tion, have been, where we have the character would have been : and so of all the rest. Where had, and have, do not convey sense, add, and half, may be reciprocally used, as to add 1515; he had haf 1516 ; &c. PART III. On the Sunction of the Negatives, no, not, and never, to the Auxiliary Verbs. The negatives no, not, and never, are expressed by a simple joined tick (or short upstroke r) joined to the end of the deflection, for no; an original r, for not; and a long r, for never ; as: 1617 we have no means 18 they have not been 19 it will never be 1520 he might have no opporlunity 1521 they could do no better 22 they have not had 23 they ought never to have had PART IV. - On the Application of the revolving Pronoun Dots and Circles to the Auxiliary Verbs. In the second part of the seventh section, we introduced the principlo of the revolving pronoun dots, affixing to each pronoun its tespective situation round the pivot dot on the line i; we now place all the auxiliary verbs, with whatever conjugated variety, as the piyot; and continue the pfonoun dots, circles, close and open commas, in their appropriated stations, revolving in the same manner, and with the same powers of expression, as when revolving round the pivot i dot. "Ex. pl. 26. 1524 I can 25 thou can's 86 you can 27 who can 28 is can 29 we can 30 they can 31 he or she can 1532 I had bec 'l 33 thou didst not do 34 you have dever done 35 his will be done 30 may I pot have 37 must it not be 88 he has dons 39 it is to be had ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. Thus we can proceed almost ad.infinitum, as may be conceived when we consider that there are 17 routs times 12 declentions 8 pronouns 204 8 possessives negatives 3 8 pronoun interrogatives 8 possessive 012 32 32 .do 624 1836 18,984 declensions A power so advantageous as this, must certainly be worthy of the student's most persevering aptention to attain a mastery of, and particularly so when the full possession is to be acquired by the trilling labour of fixing on his mind these twelve signs only. PART V. On the revolving Conjunctions and Adverbs. Presuming the student has by this time fully impressed on his mind, the value and importance of the revolving pronoun sys: tem, and particularly that part of it which belongs to (what we term) the pivots. We next proceed to introduce a further enlargement of this mode of abbreviation, by causing all the consonant characters to take the revolving department of the dot and circle pronouns, giving to each a specific signification, combining with them the power of expressing the pronoun, in whose situation they are placed. It cannot have escaped the notice of any one who has paid the least attention to the grammatical construction of the English language, that there are certain words expressive of doubt, addition, comparison, quality, time, &c., (generally denominated conjunctions and adverbs), which take the precedence F 2 ·84 SHORT AND STANDAXD. of the pronoun of most sentences forming the auxiliary declensions. Of this kind of attendants on the auxiliaries, there is one, at least, which may be represented by its incipien consonant sign, to every consonant in the alphabet. To many there are more, which may be represented by different sizes; but for our present, and for general purposes, we believe the following will be found of the mosi frequent recurrence; as: 179 before but Lesides 180 inderd 181 for if furthermore 182 glad as against grcat as 183 hitherto high as how much soever 184 just as 1x6 compared to which, what, or whom because according to what, or which 187 also although altogether 189 much as moreover 190 and until nerertheless 191 perhaps presuming peradventure 192 unquestionably 193 reprehensible as religious as irreproachable as 194 as since as much as 195 true es that at the utmost 196 with all when without 197 extraordinary as except excusable as 198 practised as yet young as 199 cheerfully which much as 200 such as 201 therefore than, then although 202 notwithstanding t EXAMPLES. 1540 bat I am 49 i ydeed you hava never been 41 but thou art 1550 indeed it can have no 4,2 but you are $1 indeed we ought never to be 43 but it is 52 indeed they should not add 44 but we are 53 indeed be is to be 45 but they are 54 for they ure not to have 40 but he or she is 55 if they were never to have 47 lodead I might he 56 furthermore it is to be 48 indeed thou mightest do 67 glad as I should be, &c.&c. For the possessive pronoun, attach the circle to the end of the revolving consonant character; and for its interrogative put the ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 85 open conima. For the interrogative of the prinary pronouns, join the dot to the revolving character; and where of necessity, or necessarily, is to be expressed, join the short rto the end ; as: 1558 great as miue may have been 59 hitherto yours have not been 1560 how muchsoever theirs ought to have been 1501 It is not just as it ought to be 62 because mine ought pot, necessarily to have been 63 are mine also to have ? &c.&c. Thus we see the variety of interchanges is almøst boundless, and can only be comparatively guessed at by imperfect calculation, as no one could find time to prove, with accuracy, the vast whole. Thus far we know, that there are 17 roots, and 58 revolving characters 12 declentions 53 possessive pronouns 106 interrogatives 204 3 negatives 212 612 612 2544 1272 which give 129,744 deflections; deduct one-half not to sense, 64,872 reduceable and we have still 64,572 deflections, of never more than five strokes. PART VI. On the Conjugation of Verbs by Doubue Pronouns. Great as is the powers obtained by the foregving rules, we yet can advance them one step farther, by the adoption of a double revolving pronoun and auxiliary. There are many words of frequent recurrence, which may be made subservient tr most of the various declensions of the guxiliaries (plate 15), with the revolving pronouns, and distinguishable from the auxiliaries, hy their never occupying the same situation. Each character will afford one or more useful word, whose initial con- ·86 SEDAT-HAND STANDARD. over sonant may be applied to this rule, with perfect perspicuity. The following list of words are of the most frequent reçurrence, deducibie to this rule; but may be varied agreeably to circumstances, as it will oftex happen that the santo charatter will represent two, (or perhaps more) words, equally declinable; although the context will always point to the one intended :- 1564 above 83 epea able necessary lamc 84 entirely 65 believe only observed 85 know oblige notorious 66 both 86 understand bold 87 happy 07 but appear, blush painful 6A determined particularly desire 88 petitioned design perhaps 69 affraid principally 89 hope fear positively 1570 feel probably find purpose 71 often 1990 rather found ready 72 over right further order 73 against 91 say agreeable sen 74 given 92 casy going used 75 hear 93 hate generally time just try-ed 76 acknowledge 94 aware complain withal compelled want curious 77 always at last 96 exactly 78 av'legat expect likewise 97 prays wholly yet long 08 changed 79 ambitious chc 380 eppley 99 ashamed emulous shortly 1080 mcan-white. maiort-overt 2000 thankful 81 impelled then empowered I there, 82 anxious think tural-ly 95 went wish worse $ sure ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 87 EXAMPLES 2002 I am above 3 thou art abors being 4 you are able 5 who is able to do 6 we are blamed 7 they are observed 8 he is obliged to have 9 they are both to add 2010 it is determined to be done Il you are affraid to be had 2012 jam ever to be 13 they are further to have 14 he is given to have 15 it is going to be done 16 they are generally to be pad 17 he is just to have 18 ! acknowledge to have been 19 they are compelled to bave, &c. &c. When two pronouns are in the same sentence; i. e. by one person speaking of, or to, another, the double dot is required in their proper places; distinguishing one from the other, by placing the preceding pronoun dot nearest to the pivot; as:- 2020 I believe 21 I believe I am 22 I believe he is 23 they believe I am 2. they believe you are 2025'we believe thou art 26 he believes I am 27 he believes they are 28 we believe you are The particles of the verbs and the preposition, to, are frequently implied, to make up the sense, although not written; as :- 2029 I believe they are to be 2030 it is believed he is to have 31 it is believed they are to have 2032 it is believed they are 33 he is belleved to have had 34 they are believed to have done The negatives, no, not, and never, are joined to the pivots as usual. 2035 I am believed to have no right 36 he is not believed to have 37 he rever believed he had 38 they are uot believed to have bad 2039 it is not believed to be 2050 is it never believed to ha been > The possessive pronouns can only either be applied alonc, or in the second place, when double ; as :- 2040 mine are believed to have 41 his are not believed to have 42 your's pre Rover believed to have had 2049 I ath not to believe his are 44 he is not to believe their's ar 45 you are never to believe his are ·88/ SRONT.HAND STANDARD. The interrogatives as before, 2046 am I to believe you are ? 47 are you to believe he had ? 48 are they to believe it to have been ? 2049 am I to believe his to have ? 2051 is mine believed to have ? 52 are our's believed to have been ? 7 Thus, by this simple process, wo gain an almost universal power of conjugating and combining all regular verbs with their auxiliaries and pronouns, however diversified, and of whatever length, with never more than six simple, well placed characters, according to express rules.-We can prove, that from this one verkk(believe) alone, we can make not less than twelve thousand declensions, or varieties of expressions; as : the simple root--believe negatives 3 auxiliary declensions 11 5 • • • 8 8 16 single pronouns single possessives 8 cach interrogatives 8 times 8 double pronouns and possessives twice 64 interrogatives 64 64 128 288 1132 1 132 14.452 Enough, this, we might imagine, to satisfy any moderate experimentalists": but we rest not here: we can yet go farther. .. PART VII. + On the Double Revoluing Auxiliary aud Pronoun Characters. To show how much farther this revolving principle can be ·SBORT-HAND STANDARD 99 extended in variety of inflections, or positions, into which one simple verb can be placed, we give to each of the seventeen primary auxiliary signs the revolving power of expressing themselves and the pronoun in whose situation they are placed. When two or three auxiliaries are formed by the same character, as can, and could; had, did, and do; may, might, and must; shall, and should; was, and would; they are each to bo designated by the three different sizes ; as: 2053 I can believe I am 54 I believe I am 55 I can believe he will 56 I could not believe he would 67 I can believe you can be 58 they do not believe I can have 59 I will not believe he would do 2060 thou dost not believe be will 2070 I cannot believe he ought to have had 71 I ought not to believe thou! canst be 2072 I can believe you may have 73 we do believe you might have had 74 we do believe you must ha*e been 75 I will never believe you did 76 I ought to believe mine is 2061 I shall pot believe he was 62 I should nerer believe they ha.] done it Let us now try our strength in numbers. In addition to our last calculation of .... let us add 16-say. 10 primary auxiliaries each 8 revolving points, singly 12,452 80 when doubly with each other, only, 80 X 80 or 80 there are 6400 44 declensions 95,600 256 281,600 281,600 294,052 This immense number, it is to be observou is muependent of - the deflections formed by the doublo revolving auxiliary and pronoun dot, which would produce 6000 more!!

·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. If, then, this immense number is but the produce of one verb, what must be the number that may be formed by all the verbs and other deflective parts of speech, that are deducible to this revolving principle? The words given in Plates 18 and 16 ; 1564 to 1579; and 1980 to 2901; are all partially or wholly so deducible, and if we take the average, we may conclude that at least, one-fifth of that are wholly so. The words there are one hundred, one-fifth of which, are twenty: then say 290,000 by 20 1 and we obtain .... 5,800,000 sentences On an invariable and comprehensive principle of production, with never more than six simple signs ! It is scarcely to be believed that the revolving principle of at most, six simple signs could produce such an immense variety of positions in which one single verb can be so many times differently expresseds-However, we have the fact as fulle proved before us as the principle of producing it can effect, and are satisfied of its being correct. We are unconscious of this principle having ever before been introduced to the public, nevertheless, we trust that its novelty will prove no bar to a duc appreciation of its value. It may, and doubtless will, be a stumbling block to a beginner, but we strongly recommend, on the strength of our own practice, and confidence in its extensive usefulness, a steady and firm perseverance in its attainment. It is to be observed, that the whole of our revplving system is new; advances step by step in continual enlargement of power ; and that, although so replete with brevity and uscfulness, in every stage of its progress, to full perfection, the whole principle is not absolutely necessary, as all, or any part of it may be rejected or disused until a time of leisure, and our syg'am be not deranged; as we shall still have produced, by our other general abbreviations, a power of expressing the same length of words ,"with one third leg inflexions than that of any system extant," v AME 1 ·SHORT-ILAND STANDARD. 9: PART VIII. . On the Junctionof the Adverbs and Conjunctions, with the Revolving Auxiliary Characters. To prove that the increasing power of the enlargement of the revolving system is almost inexhaustible, we conclude with one more rule of abbreviation, on the conviction that the practical student will gladly avail himself of its usefulness. This enlargement we produce, by simply joining (and preceding) any of the signs of the conjunctions and adverbs (in the fifth part of this Section), to the revolving auxiliary, without disturbing its intended position round the conjugated verb; as :- 2063 before I can believe they will have 6+ but you had no belief in his having been 2077 besides I could not believe they would do 78 perhaps he would not believe your's had, &c. &c. racy, of the immensity of the possible extent of this increase of power, we will not attempt to fathom with any degree of accubut of this we may be assured, that if we add one-fifth part of the conjunctions and adverbs above, we gain a tenfold increase of power of modification, and that in upwards of one million of forms, is one single verb capable of being placed, with never more than six simple signs!! SECTION IX. On Abbruviations in General. PART I. 7 On the Iinprovements in the different modes of Abbreviation of this System, on those of all preceding Oystems. Thus far, we have proceeded in our abbreviating adaptations, on principles wholly our own: 3 ·612 SHOR'T-LAND STANDARD. 6 Ot-itself: In the first place, we have abbreviated, on mathematical principles, the formation of the alphabetical characters, by wholly' discafding the useless accompaniment of the twirl or angle: In the second place, we have overcome the accusto.ned ambiguity of discarding all the vowels, by expressing the incipient one of every word by our ruled lined system : In the third place, we have enlarged the sphere of action of the dotting principle to an extent amounting to little short of a system In the fourth place, we embrace a considerable degree of abbreviation in the seven modifications of size and form of our simple alphabetical characters : In the fifth place, by the discarding the useless principle of the disjoined propositions, we gain an inflectionary abbreviation, and a much more perspicuous identity of expression : In the sixth place, by the discarding of all disjoined terminations (except those we have specifically adopted on a general principle of application te all the consonants), we lay the foundation of an immense power of abbreviation in the further process of our revolving principle : and which, In the last place, as expressive of all the evolutions and modifications of the auxiliary verbs, presents a mass of concentration and brevity, unequalled in the science. What we have further to offer to the students attention, as a matter of optional adoption, on the subject of abbreviations, are what are common to all the most approved systems, and shall point out where we have improved upon them.“ RULE I. On the Voweletical Junction of the two First Concinants. Eyron, Palmer, Molineaux, Mavor, and others, express as many words as there are incipient) consonants running into each other, and known to be as such, by an unusual mode of ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. .. 93 joining the two first, that is, by placing the second, at its inci-' pient vowels place, on the first, and continuing as many as follow, joined in the usual mapner, as 203, s at; 2049 t is ;- 205, t is n; 206, t se; 207, t se t; 208, t is n t ; &c.: thus running a whole sentence, with consonant characters; and without any other clue to its developement than the ambiguity of the connecting sense of the subject. This was, doubtless, an attempted improvement, on Mason's, Weston's, Gurney, and others' mode of congregating the auxiliary verbs, as noticed in the first of the eighth section : and but an attempt, as they left it very short of its capability of effecting the intended purpose, never having reduced it to any specific rule. This mode of abbreviation, howcver, we have partially adopted, but with these evident improvemonts, arising from the general facilities of our system : as first, by our power of commanding not only the incipient vowel to the first consonant, but, generally the first word itself; as :- 2079 it has or was 2081 it is not 2080 its 82 as it (83) was &c. And secondly, by the adoption of a three-fold vowelletical character (viz.), by giving each of them, after the second (the two first being defined by their commencement and peculiar junction) a vowel with them, determinable by their size : that is to the original size i; to the reduced size a or e; and to the enlarged size, o or u; as: 2083 it is to 88 it as (was) 30 (not) ne (ne- 84 it is to be cessary) to be 85 it is no (not) to be 89 it is no (not) to be su (sup- 86 it se (seems) to le puse) tha (that) 87 it as (was) to av (have) 2090 at sa (name) ti (time) &c. (been) &c. This rule may occasionally be resorted to; byt our revolving principle is evidently preferable, because of its being more concise, and taking a wider range of action. Compare the two figurer si each of the two following 2079, 2069; 2080, 2065; 2091, 8081; 2002, 2082; 2093, 2083 ; '2094, 2084; 8095, 2085; 2097, 2087; 2098, 2088; as the same words are there, under each other, on both principles. : 1 > ·WORTHAND STANDARD), . RULX II. On Abbrebiating by Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial Dots. This rule and the eight following, originated, we believe, with Byrom, and has been generally adopted by his successors. The principle is neat, and tolerably expressive; but, we apprehend its valuo (through the want of the incipient vowel of those systems, did the necessary immediato impression on the mind, of the part of speech required) must be more indebted to the capacity of the reporter than to that of the author of the rule. The principle is this : by placing one of the three dots, as, 209 to 215, after, or at the end of a single consonant, they denote that that is the first consonant (and in our system the first vowel also) of some peculiarly marked, or (from the sense), some clearly defined word, and that the position of the dot points out whether it is a substantive (by the centre dot) as 216-17 and 19; an adjective (by the dot on the left) as 219-20 and 21; or an adverb (by the dot in the right) as 222-3 and 4. 2101 at the conclusion of the bat'le 9106 houses on fire 2102 the tyrant made a 2107 and burnt the 2108 triumphant entry into the 2108 abbeys and the palaces to. 2104 town set the gether 2105 churches and the In this example, the student will instantly perceive the supe- ‘riority of our system over those of the old school, from our power of expressing the initial vowel with the consonant. We express the most essential part of the word, with the same stroke in which they hide their's in a labyrinth. We should reject this mode of abbreviation altogether, but for this decided advantage. RULE III. On the Derivative Subetartive, Adjective, and Adveto )ot. Derivative mbstantives, adjectives, and adverbs, are, by the second denoted by placing their respective dot at the end of the crom whence they are derived, as :

·SIORT-HAND STANDARD. 95 . 226 reason 220 softice 26 reasonable 230 suficient 27 reasonableness 81 suficiency 28 reasonably 39 sufficiently This is worse than useless, and only introduced here to point out the absurdity of its invention : it being suffice-clear, to any reason--man, that the root of any word is all sufice to express, with all reason and in full suffice-, the whole of the * ramifications of that root-suffice it to say, we trust we are suffice --understood, and that we cannot reason--expect to meet with any rcason-objections to our observe. • This rule originated with Byrom, and cherished by Mavor, and the rest of his followers, as the apple of their eyes: and we are the more surprised that Palmer (who has drenuously tried to cut up Byrom, root and branch) should, 4 his attempt to improve upon this absurdity, launch out into all the extravagancies of his dancing (what he calls his “Grammatical'') marks, skipping round one root, to represent its different bearings, by having a disjoined "substantive singular mark;" a substantive plural mark;" an " adjective, and participle perfect mark;" an "adverb mark;" a "participle in ing mark;" and a "participle plural, in ings mark:” Thus laying down, with all the gravity of “ grammatical” pomposity, as many round about roads to express the seven bearings of one root (which could have been done with all possible ease, and with much more clearly defined. perspicuity and facility by a simple termination), as we have done to found our whole auxiliary principle of conjugating one verb a million füld. - BULE IV. On the Junctim of Adjectives with Substantives, by a Dot. Althragt we decry the use of dotting represehtatives of the parts of speech generally, we do not wholly reject them on particular occasions, as they may sometimes, with caution, be advantageously used, and without much interference with our !!

·96 9710RT-HAND STANDARD. dotting system; as in the case where well-defined adjectives can be joined to their corresponding substantives; and particularly where the s djective expresses a word, as :- 2066 a good king 2112 human nature 67 a great kingdom 13 the Christian religion 68 a bad name 14 Great Britain 2109 an idle fellow 15 old England 10 an excellent horse 16 a virtuous woman Il an interesting woman 17 native land, &c. RULE V. On the Junction of two or more Substantives, by a Dot. As in the fourth rule, two or more substantives may be designated by the substantive dot at the end, as :- 2118 Jesus Christ 2121 Almighty God 19 our Lord Jesus Christ 22 King George 20 God Almighty 23 Magna Charta, &c. &c. RULE VI. On the Junction Point of two Substantives. A dot, placed at the point of junction of two consonants, denotes two substantives, connected by one or two prepositions, or articles, which are omitted, as :- (2124) the love of money (2125) is the root of evil; (2126) the kingdom of God; (2127) the House of Lords ; (2128) the love of God is evinced by (2129) the light of the Gospel given fur (2130) the redemption of mar. RULE VII. On the Junction Point of Adjectives and two Substantives. Whero an adjective precedes two substantives, they may all three be joined together, placing the dot at the etrie of the first substantive, 18:- 2131 the King of Great Britain 2134 Fellow of the Royal Society the great goodness of God of Edinhurgh 2133 Corpus Christi College ·4 SHORT-HAND STANDARD 97 RULA VIII. On the Omission of various Prepositions between Conxonants tad Adjectives." The prepositions, with, after, in, far, &c., may be ieaplied by the point of function dot, of two substantives, or adjectives, as 2135 good for evil 36 pleasure with pain 37 confidence in God 2138 good with evit 39 light from dryckness 40 pain with pleasure RULE IX. On the Repétition Deto, A dot placed before a single consonant, denotes that it is a substantive, repeated with some intervening preposition, &c. 2144 hour to bour 42 from day to day 45 year to year 43 night after night 46 week to week 2141 from time to time -- RULE X. On the Conjunctive Dot. The substantive, adjective, or adverb dots, placed before two or more consonants, denotes' such words to be connected by a conjunction, as : 147 good and evil 2150 night and day 48 pain and pleasure 51 day and night 49 light and dark 32' man and woman il Our blessed (2153) Lord and Saviour (2154), Jesus Christ, by his (9:05) death and passion, made a sufficient (2156) atonement and satisfaction for the (2157) sins of the whole world. As before observed, these are to be used with caution; and only where the context is clear. ;

·98 SHORT-HAND STANDARD). What other rules follow, we claim the origin of, or considerable improvements on, and can recommend them with confidencen RULE XI. On the Abbreviation of long Words, by their first. Syllable or Preposition only. Almost all words beginning with the vowels a, ez or o, (with their first consonants), as well as the prepositions and first syllables, contra, mag, mul, sig, neg, pub, circum, sol, sup, trans, seg, and all peculiarly formed beginnings, not of frequent repetitions in other words, may be denoted and expressed by those beginnings only, aş : (2158) A gentleman at a (2159) public meeting, (2160), before an immense (2161) multitude of (2162) spectators, made a (2163) most magnificent (2164) speech (2165) on the circumstance (2166) and difficulty of (2167) supporting a (2168) regiment of (2169) soldiers in (2170) thus free country (2171), and absolutely (2172) declared that they ought to be transported. (2173) It was contrary (2174) to the contract (2175), as the publication (2176) was published before (2177) it was publicly expected. RULL XII. On the Abbreviation of long Words by the Preposition and first following Consonant onty. Many words beginning with a preposition, may be expressed by it, and the next consonant:only, when the context will permit, as :-(2178) Mr. Ash (2179) went to the continent (2180), and continued there until he had (2181) nearly: (2182) parted with all his money (2183); when (2184) he felt the (29612 inconvenience of (2186) dešping up a large (2187) establishment (2188) with a confined (2189) purse; and represented (2190) to his companions (2191) the necessity, of (2192) retiring to (2193) England to repair it. -- ·NIORT-HAND STANDARD 99 KULE AIS w On all Words beginning with a vowel, or h mute. Almost without exception, all words beginning with a vowel, or an h, (but slightly aspirated), may be represented by the first consonant only, as :-(2195) the Emperor of Austria (2196) on entering (2197) the Imperial dominions (2199) of Russia, abolished (2199) all the articles of (2200) luxury in their houses, (2201) obliged the (2202) abandoneil noblesse (2203) to liberate their (2204) slaves, and to (2205) attend to the happiness (2206) and comforts of the (2207) community at large. RULE XIV. 3 On Abbreviations by Prepositions and Terminations only. Many long words, and particularly long adverbs, may be represented by the preposition, or first consonant and the termination, only; as:-- 2208 abominable 2210 respectfully 9 abolishment 17 enlargement 10 obliged 18 disappointuent 11 beautifal * 19 nevertheless 12 notwithstanding 2220 particularly 13 absolutely 21 accordingly 14 bashfulness 32 represent 15 obligatory ร RULE XY. vo On Prepositions of equality. Prepositions of equality are expressed by placing a short 8, fof as, before and after the first consonant of the adjectives of comparison; and an originais for 'so, before the adjective with the short s (for as) after it; 'as: 2223 yo 31 as long as as dear as 32 as pany as 25 as far as 33 89 well as 26 as free as 34 so long as 27 as full as 35 so far as 28 As grear as 36 so free as 29 as well as 37 so much as 2230 as good as G 2 e as ·100 SPORT-HAND STANDARD. RULE XVI. On the Prepositions to, and of. Many words connected and ending with t), and if, may be expressed by the first consonant and (233), to (233) of: as:- 2238 liable to 2244 sensible of 39 agreeable to 45 desirous of 2240 according to 46 emulous of 41 preparatory to 47 ominous of 42 taught to 48 doubtful of 43 made to 49 subject to, &c. &c. RULE XVII. On the Prepositions, with, in, &c. The principle of the last rule may be cxtended, by joining the preposition, will, withal, without, in, by, &c., to an adjective, connected with and followed by to, of, for, upon, &c., as: 2250 with regard to 2255 in consideration of 51 in order to 56 by reason or 52 without respect to 57 upon account of 53 without any regard to 58 with all deference to 54 in consequence of RULE XVIII. 1238 hits 39 us 41 your On Joining the relative Pronoun to the 16th and 17th Rules. Wc c join the relative pronoun by transferring the dot to the pronoun required; as :- 234 them 35 me 36 him 2.10 our 37 my And for you to the u's place, 4:3—(2259) to you ; of you ; (2260) for you, hy you, &c., forming one figure, as :- 2261 agreeable to his 2267 by rembois his 62 according to your 68 with regard to 68 doubtful of his 69 in order to our 64 with regard to my 2270 in coming to your 65 in consequence of his 71 preparatory to your 66 in consideration of your 72 upon account of my After a little practice, the dot may be entirely omitted.

·STORT-HAND STANDARE 101 RULE XIX. On the Junction of the Prepositions, of, for, to, and upon, to the preceding Verb. The propositions of, for, to, upon, &c., may be frequently joined to a preceding verb, and the relative pronoun occasionally added; as :- 2271 to ask of 2279 to enquire for us 75 to seek for 80 he said to him 76 to speak to Al they spoke to us 77 to ask for him 82 we read of his 78 to look upon him - RULE XX. On the Junction of Terms of Quantity with the Prepositions and Relative Pronouns. The common terms of quantity, or number, as, all, any, any one, euch, everyone, either, both, half, more, most, much, neither, none, onc, two, three, four, some, such, which, &c. &c., followed by a proposition, and a relative pronoun may be joined together. as : w 2284 all of tbem 85 all for him 86 all of weir 87 any of them 89 any of his 2290 any of their 92 any of our 93 any one of our 2294 any one of their 95 any one of them 96 any one of his 97 09-. vf them 2306 both of their 7 much of his 8 ucither of his 9 neither of their 2310 none of thein 11 two of them 12 three of his 18 somgr of them 14 some on thcm 15 some to your 16 some to their on his 18 such of then 19 some or all of them 2320 some for his 21 which of them 24 which by it 23 which on his 2+ which of their, &c. 17 soins r each of your 2 99 each of their 2300 every one of thebi I to either of them 2 both of them 3 inost of their 4 more of them 5 inost of it ·102 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. RULE XXI. 17 On the junction of the terms of Equality and Quantity, together with the Prepositions and Relative Pronouns. By joining the 15th and 20th rules together, we have an extensive and easy-flowing mode of stringing many words and phrases together; as: 2325 as well as any of them 2330 as much as any onc of their 26 as far as any une 32 as inuch as any inan 27 as far as any man 33 as well as any man aniong 28 as much as any one thein 2329 as much as any one of them RULE XXII. 1. Oni Direct Opposites. Direct opposites are denoted by a circle at the end of the word, as :- 2335 day from night | 2336 light from darkness | 2337 summer from winter (2338) “ Woe unto them (2339) that call evil good, (2340) and good evil; that put (2341) darkness for light, (2342) and light for darkness; that put (2343) bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter, (2344)/" · When joined by the copulative conjunction und, the open dot is to be placed at the tirst end of the word; as :- 2345 day and night | 23-46 light and dark | 2347. sumirer aud winter *** RULE XXII. 1 On Repetitivida A repetition is denoted by a line drawn under them, which is to be repeated, and to be carried as often as a long « is atrand; +2348 and 9 whatsoever things are true, 2350 whatsoever things are honest. 2351 whatsoever things are jusi, 52 whutsoever things are purc, &c.

·SHORT-WIND STANDART 103 * RULE XXIV. On Punctuation. The stops are made nearly as in common, differing only in inaking open dots, between or upon the double lines; as :- 2358 the comma, semi colon, and colon, 54 the period, interrogation, ant admiration, A quotation as usual" A hyphen, four dots upon the bottom line as (2355): and as many, or more dots, immediately under any word or words, or sentetice, meant to be peculiarly impressive, as is generally denoted in Italics, or Roman Capitals. A parenthesis, as usual (* RULE XXV. On Figures, Figures, from their concise mode of expressing the words they represent, and the general facility in their formation being so impressed on the minds of overy one, receive little advantage from their being Stenggraphically denoted by specific marks for that express purpose, and can by no other system be effected but by fixing on a complete set of arbitrary characters; an el ternative which should at all times be avoided, if possible. The student cannot but have observed, by this time, that the peculiarly expressive and concise principle of our system has, from that very principle, produced not less that six out of the ter TRADICTAÍS "(two, three, four, five, eight, and nulla, pr nothing,) fully written by a simple struky, eoch'in their respective places; and that the other four (one, dix, seven, and nine,) are half expressed by their yr. letical situation. Cu this principle, then, we found our list of figures, as follows: 2356 one 2357 four two three fivc six ·104 JIORT-ILAND STANDARD. 2358 geven eight pipe 2339 uothing repeat medium, or division 4 Thesc, standing alone, or commencing any quantity of figures joined together., are cxpressive of their respective numerals, from their situation; but, as there are two t's, it is necessary to make the distinction between two and eight, by making the latter a double sized t, as five as a double sized f. The cyphers are arranged thus, by joining the small circle to the left of the preceding number, we express tens ; hy a double sized circle, hundreds ; by a loop, thousands ; by placing the small circle to the right, tens of thousands ; by the large circlc, hundrcus of thousands; and by the loop, millions : as :- - 2360 teen 61 one hundred 62 one thousand (either way) 68 ten thousand 64 one hundred thousand 65 one million (either way) 06 one hundred and two 67 two hundred and two 68 three hundred and five 69 four hundred and six 2370 five hundred and seven 71 six hundred and eight 72 8602 73 70,506 74 8,000,409 75 9677 76 1824 77 600,000 (either way) - Where two of the same line meet (as two and eight, and four and five, they are to be divided by a short r: asimm 2378 28 2381 5045 82 4054 2179 454 83 500,45 2380 645 84 4,000,045 82 never A short T, (the character for rpr, which occurs in the middle of a word) is the mark of distinction to designate the characters as numerals, from common words or sentences, and is equally appliq.ble to all the numerals. The original r, is de nominated among the numerals as a repeat, which implies, that when two of the same number come together, the latter is represented by the repeat mark:- 2685 11 86 22 87 83 88 44 89 55 2390 66 2391 77 92 88 Us, 09 94 100 95 200 96 300 ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD 105 $ + 2397 400 24 0 7006 98 5006 2401 8009 99 6007 2402 9002, &c. The m, is to denote the divisional line of pounds, shillings and pence; as: - 2403 28, 2d, 2410 8t. 108. 9d. 2404 38. 4d. 11 48. 4d. 2405 40. Bd. 12 178. 7d. 2406 6s. 7d. 13 2207.148.761 2407 Is. 4d. 16 8921. 28, 7d. 2408 78. lld. 14 975.11$. 7d. &c. 24109 21. 78. 7d. Ordinals are represented by joining an original th; as: 2418 18. 2423 9th 19 2d. 24 10th 3d. 26 11th 2420 4th 26 12th 5th 27-13th 21 Oth 28 14th 7th 29 15th 22 8tb 2430 16th, &c. Times of numbers are denoted by the condition of a short s; as. 2431 once 32 twice 33 thrice fonr times 34 5 times 35 6 tiines 36 7 times 37 8 tiines 2438 9 times 39 10 times 40 11 times 41 12 times 42 13 times 43 14 tiipes 44 15 times 55 16 times, &c. The numerals may be written, either singly or in strings of hundreds, upon the double lines only; as :- 2446 and 7 123,456,780 2442 41. 4.. 8d. 48 1 824 43 71. 28. 101d. 49 and 60 138,907,051 55 91. 28.1144 796 56 78.d. Writing upon the double lines is preferabla for a beginner, until he is accustomed to run them into each other, on the first proposed principle. On the double lines they form a peculiar identity of rnerals, in contradistinction to alphabetical writing. Th.ce may generally be added by thickening the preceding number; as :- 2458 43 2462 835 63 7236 64 4,307,239 61 532 65 43,053,000 59 433 24 630 } ·106 SPORT-ILAND STANDARD. Decimals are expresied hy the attached circle and loop proceding the figure; as: 2466 01 2469 00001 67 002 2470 (0005 68 0004 71 000008 &c. € SECTION X. On Arbitrary and Symbolical Characters and Signs. PART I. "On Arbitrary Characters in General. Firm in our opinion, that no system of Stenography can have any pretensions to perfection, or ever deserve to be universally adopted, where recourse has been had to the unscientific principle of crowding it with Arbitrary characters: we should be inclined to pass over this department, without notice, were it not to enter our protest against its inconsistencies and inutility. It matters not, in our opinion, whether arbitrary signs, which have no derivation from the original alphabet of any systein, be ailopted for prepositions and terminations, or for whole words or sentences ;--the principle is bad, inefficient, injurious to the science, and is only more or less worthless, as it is more or less diffusive in its application. Arbitrary characters for prepositions and terminations, can only be tolerated, where they gain an ad tantage in strokes, (which is synonimous with time); for no arbitrary character can be formed ffork purely simple signs (pre-supposing that the author of any system has exhausted Kis fund in the foundation of his alphabet), they must therefore, partake of two or more; and, as soon as ever that is the case, become of equat.zeth (at least, if any two or note simple signs joined together), when they instantly assume a worse than useless set of characters. It is clear, then, that if any arbitrary assignment partake of any two single characters, there must be au irregular mixture of signs, ·SITORT-HAND STANDART. 107 to the ulter destruction of all parspicu.y, let the ingenuity of the inventor be ever so great : but what shall we say of the ingenuity of those Authors who give names to doublcon.ɔnants, which partake of, not one iota of the origin of those signs from whence they are or ought be derived? Of this sort of anomaly the Lewisian school (cvidently borrowed from the worn-out Westonian principle, and its numerous followers) abounds, which would take up a volume to point out its inconsistencios; what with its double consonant characters, and its compound alphabetical signs for prepositions, terminations, and whole words. Suffice it to say, that, in our opinion, any system founded on such principles can never become universal. Two or three instances (out of fifty that may be noticed) will state the justice of our observations in a clear point of fiew. The “Lewisian” character for c, is a s.nall circle; and our f for his l; which, consequently, when joined, yields the double consonant, 242; and which when so joined must equally stand for the words--call, keel, kill, coal, coul, cull, and clue : whilst this very character is given in the compound alphabet to stand for d-dues, doing, declare, deliver; as a preposition, to stand for, (lis, disin, dare, and down; and as a termination, for-ded, dom, dure, dant. From the same school, we learn that the f, is our k; the S, the samo as ours; when joined, forms 243, expressive equally of face, fers, phiz, foes, fuss; that this character, in the double consonant table, as representative of gl; (although expressly formed of fs), stands for tho words glad, gloomy, glory, and glorious.- We would ask, where is the necessity, or advantage in giving the character 244, for the woris cause, and came, vjen the character 245, expresses the one, and 246, the other? What is gained by making the same character 244, stand equally for the prerosition pro, con, com, when they are better expressed (and with no unnecessary additional tax on the memory) by the original 947 to 8 and 9? Or there is the ingenuity in making the fol-, lowing nine different compound marks to stand for as many different deflections of the one simple, yot compendious terminatiom ·108 SPORT-HAND STANDARD. shon, as 250, ation ; 444, ception ; (here the same character forms the preposition con, and, consequently, the very concise figure, * 251% for conception); 262, hension ; 253, ition ; 254, clusion ; (hence 255, conclusion); 256, ation : 257, slon ; 258, tions; and 259, ution ; with each of these marks standing for thröe other arbitrary terminations ! This kind of arbitrary, puzzling, and profitless adoption is common with Weston, Lyle, Gibbs, Rich, Botley, R. Taylor, and several others; varying in conceit, ambiguity, and inconsistency, without end. Another kind of (moro fanciful, yet not less mystifying) arbitrarfpractice, is common with some of the above; and others by an unnatural decripitude of form, or position of the common large and small letters of the alphabet.-Thus, REES, makes. 270 above 71 around 72 asunder 73 along 74 a WTY 75 between 276 downwards 777 first 78 sideways 79 together 280 upwards 81 extend, &c. &c. R. TAYLOR 382 abbreviate 83 abroad 84 along 85 bottomless 86 capital 87 dificulty 88 downward 89 backward 290 forward 91 Holy Ghost 92 principal 93 particularity, &c. HERVEY, 294 appoint 95 because 96 according 97 eternal 98 everlasting 99. epistle 300 govern 301 government 302 hold back 303 philosopby 304 therefore 305 thereby, &c. GIBBS. 306 backwards 307 eye to eye 308 extraordinary on very great 310 exceeding great 31 joining together, &c. . These few extracts lich are not one thousands of what might have been produced), from the many systems in which this playful mode of expression abounds, we trust will be found sufficient to justify our objection to its principle, as being useless, as far as regards universality, because the same distorted letters, ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 109 depend wholly on the whim of the investors, and have nothing in common with the science, or even vith each other : as may be seen by comparing 289, with 316; which are both wiado to stand for backwurd: 273, and 274, are different deflections of the letter a, and stand for the same word, along, &c., &c., which proves that this principle cannot be universal; is extremely burthensome to the memory; and never at any distant period, 10 be recollected, without a reference to the particular vocabulary from whence they were obtained.. PART II. 1 On Symbblical and Hieroglyphical Arbitraries. In this wide field of fancy, all the old, and most of the modern authors, have largely indulged themselves, much more to the amusement than the edification of their readers, or the advancement of the science: indeed, it has been a great bar to the perfecting of its fundamental principles, by impressing on the Students mind the extreme difficulty of attaining to any perfection, from the necessity of laying such a load on the memory, and thereby creating a distaste to that study he had entered upon with so much hope and pleasure. We shall present the Student with a few specimens of these whimsies, from some of the most remarkable systems extant, to chable him te judge how far we are correct in our objections, or whether he wouldinot much rather prefer writing the words in full thon tax his memory with signs and wonders that can never be realized, or turned td any profitable accrunt. The father of these mysteries, is Fich;, and followed “ with astonishing improvements" by KOTLEY, as follows: 17 darts 18 abundance 312 angel 19 b8th behind and before 13 inighty angel 320 brotherly kindness 14 altogether 31 compassed about 16 associating 22 conjunction 16 arches ·110 prokT-HAND STANDARD). 56 round the world 87 world without end 58 end of the world 59 great part of the world 360 from one end of the world to the other 23 conversation 21 covered 25 devil yaur adressary the dypil 27 the devils fear and Tremble 328 divers 29 doctor of divinity 30 hand in hand 31 heart 32 falschcart 33 in the ninth month 31 entangled 33 multitudes 36 more than ordinary 36 plenty 37 perpetual 38 trinity 39 tremble 340 the eyes of our understanding is darkened R. TAYLOK. 311 parallel 42 separate 13 similitude 4.4 divide i 45 asunder ANGELI.. 361 broken 02 contradict 63 divided 64 embraced 65 inseparable 66 equal 67 unequal 08 trinity 69 mistake 370 parallel 71 licarts set upon the world SWAIN. 372 around 73 between 71 confederate 75 contradistinction 76 high priest parallel 78 quaker 79 surmount 2780 surround GIBBS, 316 conjunction 47 contrary 49 concord 4,9 face to face 330 hand in hand HERVEY. 351 the world 52 in the world 53 this would 34 nothing in the world 55 foundation of the world HODGSON. 2781 associations 62 between 83 both houses of parliament 84 broken heart 85 double 86 large 87 long 88 multiply 89 scattered The least reflections, we trust, will convince the student, that our objections to his kind of arbitraby, principle are genuine, from the incfficacy of its proceeds, and want of general usefulness: it being clearly seen that the enactment of these arbitrary signs is altogetherodependent on the wills of the authors; and not from any interest, or self-evident principle in the marks themselves, as representative of their different meanings. In the whole of the list we have tranșcribed, there is but one (331) which can be said to be truly representative of the thing in- ·SHORT-TIAND STANDARD. 111 tended; 851, is the next best, but which is itself incomplete, as the point in the middle would impl! in the world, and not - the world” alone, 'rs there atated. This figure (the rircle), all the sy.nbolical writers have distorted into a thousand shapeless shapes, as pertaining to the world, whereas, simply as a circle, it is as evidently representative of the earth, the sun, the moon, and a globe: all of which are equally entitled to this distinction, and, therefore, the appropriation of that sign to the world, alone, is arbitrary, not being subject to any rule but that of the will of the author. A slight survey of the rest will shew the arbitrary principle of the whole: as 325, by one author, is weant to prefigure the devil; whilst another 375, makes it contradistinction; one makes 324, a cover; another «77, purallel ; another, 341 pardttei, (the same figure by another is cqual); and another 370, parallel; now these cannot all be enablemmatical of the same thing, and become universally so, on which ground only any emblenı can be generally useful,"or scientifically established. As for such figures as 327, 340, and 2783, they might with equal propriety be styled, the devil upon two sticks; the fuce of u and two ducks under an arch. cat; PART III. On the symbolical Derivations of the Circle. Ilaving given our decidid protest against al symbolical abbreviations, on the 'legitimate principle of a want of universality of self-evident signs for that purpose, it may be expected that wo should not attempt to introduce it puties a our system: however, as we discover there is one (and only one) sign, of universal application, and common to all nations, the one complete circle, ar a general appellative of rotundity, we have so far devlated from our own reasoning as to commit to rule, a list perfor ·112 SIIORT-ILAND STANDARD. of words of extensive, usefulness, which the student may either take advantage of, or pass over, as inclination directs. It will be observed, that the peculiar #dvantage of our ruled lines, gives a voweletical identity to each, although expresked by the same figure, as; 2472 heaven 2485 universe-al " 78 earth. 86 sphere-ical 74 sky 87 centre-ical 75 world 88 circumscribe 76 moon 89.about 77 sun 8490 round 78 annual 91 encircle 79 circumambient 92 wheel 2480 ellipsis-tical 93 ring-circle-ar 81 equator, equinox 94 round 82 firmadient 95 nothing 83 orb 96 surround. 8+ globe To these primary circles may be added, where they are applicable, any of the relatively situated dots of the 6th part of the vii, section; as : 2497 before the heavens 2527 under the sky 98 above 28 below. 99 after 29 in. 2500 iu the beginning of the 2530 nothing in heavens 31 before the world 2501 under beaven 32 upon the world 2502 below the 33 above 2503 the ends of 34 after. 2504 in heaven 35'in the beginning of .. 2505 nothing in heaven 36 under 2506 before and after the heavens 37 below. 2507 above and below 38 the end of .. 2508 before the earth 39 before he was above the 2509 upon the world 2510 above, 2540 the end of 11 after 41 above and below 12 in the beginning. 42 after the begivning of 13 under. 43 the end of 14 below. 44 from the beginning to the 15 the end of the earth end of 16 in the earth. 45 in the world 17 nothing in 46 nothing in the world 18 before and after 47 through the world 19 the beginning of 48 over the world 2520 the pad of 49 all the world 21 above and below 2550 round the world 22 nothing under! 51 before the moon 23 before the sky 52 upon the 24 after 53 above 25 above. 54 after 26 in the beginning of the sky V 1 ·SHORT-IIAND STANDAR), 119 255) in the beginning of the world 56 under the 57 below 58 in 59 nothing in 2560 hefore it was above the face of 62 after the light of. 63 nothing above 64 nothing under 65 nothing below 66 -after 67 no end of 61 upun 2571 above the sun 72 :fter 73 ne begioning of 74, der 75 low 76 tue end 77 before was above 78 -and after 79 the beginning of the 2580 before and after the light of 81 upon the face of the sun 82 above and below - the light of after the begiuising. 85 in the sun 86 nothing in the sun 87 under. . 83 . the light 69 before the sun 2570 upon . Here, then, we have an arrangement of this one simple, yet universal, symbol of rotundity, which grasps, in its compass, the vast field of the first crcation, the expansive utility of which is evinced by a reference to the first Chapter of Genesis (Plate XXI.) where this figure appears nearly forty times, and with a degree of perspicuity and brevity that inust induce the student to possess himself of its advantages. PART IV. On the Additional Simple Arbitrary Signs. $ In the conclusion of the fourth part of the sixth section, we hinted at our having a reserve of upwards of twenty distinct simple characters, derived from the analysis of the ellipsis, and perfectly unconnected with ouw original circular signs. We now produce them, and leave them t the choice of the student, to make what use he pleases of them, In the same manner of division used in the circle, we pro luce the several compartments of the ellipsis, with this additional circumstanco attending it, that the ellipsis has four different positions ; whereas the circle can have but onc: as the mai 90), the inclined from the left (2791); the perpendicular (2792); and the inclined to the right (2793); which are, in themselves, four distinct characters; a line al ross the centre of each of these four, gives us the H ·114 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. eight semy ellipsis (2794-5-6 and 7); [the division by the line lengthwise gives us notlying, as they are already comprehended in oar segments, or der i semi circle marks (11 and 17)]; from the half of each of the four ellipsis made narrow, as 2748 to 2801 ; and cut lengthways from one bend to its opposite, as 2892 to 9; we obtain sixteen more complete signs; as 2810 to 2825; and four more upstrokes, 2826 to 2829. Now 2810, and 2812, are already our sh-ch; 2813, sed ; 2817,f-nd; 2819, mort; 2818,t-end; 2323, mprl ; 2822, 1-end ; 2829, r-ment; 2826, ntrar; and are, therefore inadmissible as new, rent from the original arrangement: the rest, however, are all new, and wholly independent of any connection with our original straight, linc signs; as 2811, 14, 15, 16, 20-21, and their half-sized appendages ; 24, 25, 27, and 28; making ten new simple signs, forming in all twenty-two new and independent characters; as in 2930, to 2852 ; to each of which we give a characteristic name, as in the following part. or difte- PART 1 On the Reduction of the Arbitrary Elliptical Signs to Alphabetical Rule, 49 To shew the power of the elliptical signs, we have reduced them to as near an Alphabetical order as we possibly could, to bear some analogy to the original circular signs; and, although we do not insist on this adoption "as generally, necessary to a learner, yet we are convinced the proficient will duly appreciate their value. In the first plpce, we call 2830 a, Almighty 2504 everlasting 81 c, everlasting 95 and infinite 32 i, o, infinite omnipotent 96 omnipotent 38 u, universal 97 universal 2088 Almighty 98 infinity of the Almighty 89 Almighty and everlasting 09 infinite and everlasting 2590 infinite 2600 infiniteity omnipotent 2001 and universal 92 universal 2602 infinite and universal 98 everlasting and Almig lat 8603 omnipotent and Almighty € 91 ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD 115 2604 omnipotent and everlasting 2005 infinite 2606 omnipotent 2007 apd universal 2608 universe-al--aly 2609 Almighty Father 2610 and universal 2611 Almighty power 12 Lord 18 everlasting Son 14 infinite power ,15 mnipotent puwer 16 universal love, &c. &c. 1 . R$ .. In the second place, by the reduction of the ellipsis, we nxpress the double vowels, or dipthongs, where necessary, as in many common names; thus, we call- 2617-a, which, standing alone, is--answer-ed-ing 2618-an, author-ize-ity 2619-e, ever-ry-thing 2620-ee, ei, either 21-0i, egy joy, rejoice 22-0,00, ow, to, too, two 23ig understand Where any of these words are connected together, the for mer character may be put in the place of the latter, and express both; as: 2824 answered the author 2633 the author rejoiced 25 answered every things 34 the author is too 26 answer to either 35 the author understood 27 answered with joy 36 every answer 28 answered two 37 every author 29 his answer was understood 38 every thiag is either 2030 the author answered 39 every joy 31 authorized every thing 3640 ever to 32 the authority of either 41 if he ever understood, &c.&c. In common names, or where strongly accented single or double vowels may be deemed necessary, the ellipsis is intermingled with the conscnant marks; as: 2012 Laertes 43 Laodician 44 create 45 redeem 46 Theophilus 47 Euphrasin 2648 sion 49 lion 2650 joja 51 enjoy 52 emuntrale 53.renew, &c. &c. In the third place : to each of the three sizes of the demi. ellipsis, we give an appropriate signification of two or three ·116 SIORT-HAND STANDARD. commun conjunctions of consonants, which are thus expressed, whether in the beginning, middle, or end of words; as :- 2856 Ork * 74 fell 2654 bark 75 filful 55 brake 76 fulgi 56 break 2855 At 57 broke 2677 fault 2864 orn 78 (elt 2659 barreu 79 flight 59 born 2080 float 2060 stubborn 2x37 fra 2838 brs 2681 friend 2661 bars 82 foreign 62 brace 83 frown 63 breast 2853 grd 280.5 drw 2681 guard 266+ draw 85 regard 05 drew so degrade 66 Andrew 2835 gr8 2154 dan 2687 grace 2067 disdain 88 greece 68 design 89 gross 69 disowa 2690 disgrace 2857 dro 91 digress 2070 dwell 92 engross 71 dwarf 2861 grsd 72 dwindlet 2693 disgraced 2863 f 94 disgressed 2673 fall 95 engrossed 2860 kl 7713 scar 2696 call 14 secure *97 kill 15 scarlet 98 calumny 2867 slt 2834 krs 2716 assault 2699 cares 17 salute 2700 Christ 18 resuit I cures 2841 snr 2 demcraw 2719 senior 3 hypocricy 2720 sinuer 4. discourse 21 sooner 2836 mro 2866 stk 2705 marvellous 2722 slave 6 morelver 23 self 7 merry-fellow 24 silver 2858 rol ( 2839 spl 2708 repel 2725 spell 9 replace 26. spoil 10 replied 27 splendour 2840 rpls 1 2839 whr 2711 repulse 2728 whereof 12 replace' 29 wherefore 2859 kr 2780 wherein-on,&c.&c. In the fourth place, from cach of the threc sizes of the narrow demi-ellipsis, together with the straight-lined hooked ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 117 characters (2842 10 2851), we form a long list of useful prepositions and terminations, which are generally intermingled in the lists, with the addition of the 'following prepositions, diz 2885 grau 286) anti 2731 antimony 32 Anti-christ 33 anticipate 2888 bene 2734 benevolence 35 benefit 36 benediction 2880 brit 2737 Britain 38 British 39 brightness 2869 guard 27410 guardian 41 guarded 42 gradual 2743 agreed 44 guard 45 gored 2877 grat 2746 grateful 47 gratitude 48 gratification 2766 industrious 2.93 inft 2767 influence 08 inflame 69 involuntary 2903 infr 2770 infringe 71 infer 72 in franchise 2895 An 2773 fallen 74 voluntary 75 Aint 2905 fru 2776 frivolous 77 frivolity 73 fearful 79 for ever 2921 major, mages 22 majority 23 magistrate 24 magisterial 2848 legis 2925 legislature 26 legislation 27 alledges 2874 miare 2978 misrepresent 29 miserable 2749 gravel 2750 gravity 1 grafting 2719 judge 2752 judgment 53 judging 54 judged 2920 jury 2755 juryman 56 jurymen 57 jurisprudence 2864 cor 2758 correct 59 correspondence 2760 corrupt 2868 charac 27Gl character 02 caracature 63 characters -882 indis, indus 2701 indisposition 65 indistinct 2930 misrepresentation 2883 nk 2931 include 32 inclination 33 incline 2851 irreoon 2934 irreconsile 25 irreconsiliation 2882 repres 2936 represent 37 representation 2891 reprt 2938 repartee 39 report 2940 sreported : 2843 revolve 2941 revolving 42 the revolution 2043 circum 2944 circumvent 45 circumscribe 46 circumstance 2896 tempt 2941 tempting 48 tempted 49 the temptation 2846 tribute 2950 tributary ·118 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. It will be observed that we have in no instance introduced an arbitrary (that is, any one not derived from, or connected with, its radical) character, without an evident economy in strokes, or appropriation of some otherwise unemployed sinple, sign, and therefore lays claim to being worthy of recollection. 'SECTION XI. CONCLUSION. PART 1. A few General Observations. The Student having now run through the whole of the treatise in a cursory manner, let him enter upon a reperusal, and that with all steadiness, and determined perseverance; advancing step by step; writing any common piece of prose, as the Lord's Prayer, over and over agpin ; first writing it in full withiut the vowels, or lines; then write it with the lines, and by degrees introduce one rule of abbreviations after another, until he arrives at the complete whole, which pieco he will soon be able to perform in two minutes. After copying some familiar pieces in this way for half an hour a day, for a week, he will then be enabled to copy from the gentle reading of a friend, who will regulate his pace according to the capacity and industry of the Student. Thus, by degrees, he will be emboldened to go into public, and here we enjoin him to proceed with all firmness of nerve, and promptitude of indifference to surrounding objects, not to suffer himself to be fluttered, or embarrassed because he finds he cannot at first keep pace with a speaker; but, let him persevere; we say, with a thorough knowledge of our rules, he' will soon conqyer every difficulty, and find that he will write words, with all the apparent ease of pointing sounds, and have time to spare Silver, or Steel Pens, are the best for generał writing in short hands, as being finer, and more durable than the pens made ·SHORT-HAND STANDARD. 119 from quills; but a pen made from a good quill, with a short cleft, and harder and finer than for common use, will aswer every purpose. The ruled lines should be of a pale ink, and the luwer part of the double line made more black, to give a boldness to the space in which we write: however, the proficient will soon be enableu to write with only two single lines, at the distance of two tenths of an inch, conveying in the mind's eye the imaginary intermediate lines; for, although a word may be placed a little # too high or too low, its approximation to the place intended will always convey its meaning, PART II. PART On the Specimen with all the Rules of Abbreviations. In the eight specimens we have given of the complete work in Plates XXI., II., III., and IV., (which are all introduced as pieces chosen by other authors, as specimena of their works, in order to prove the peculiar brevity of ours in comparison with all those who have written on the science), we have not given copies of the pieces in the different authors systems, as any one, having a copy in their possession, can refer to it to prove, or disprove the correctness of our assertions in counting the strokes, as our proof of brevity. The name under, each piece shows the author who has given it as a specimen.' The three columns of numbers shew how many strokes have been made before the pen has been taken off; and how many dots," each specimen has been performed by. The nuribers thems_lves contain volumes, and demonstrauvely prove our assertions, with which we started, to be correct, that of our having produced A System of Stenography, founded on principles of simplicity, brevity, perspicuity, and facility, hitherto unknown; and commanding the power of com-, mitting to paper any speech, in one-third less time than by any other system excant:

·120 SHORT-HAND STANDARD. . Before we launch our little bark on the ocean of public favour we beg it tq,be explicitly understood thing we disclaim all invidious motives in the introduction of names; that it is not men, but systems, we contend with; and that the ardent desire to porfect the kind of study we bave taken so runch deliy it in (and which is of national importance) has been the only notive for drawing these comparisons. IN FINIS. TEINTED BY W, SOUSTOIN, 99, FLEET-STRET.

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·FRINTEN BY W. HOUSTOUJN, 59, FLEET-STR2ET.

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