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·THE HISTORY OF INDIA

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·THE
HISTORY OF INDIA
As Told By Its Own Historians
THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD
THC POSTHUMOUS PAPERS
OF TIJE LAIT
SIR H. M. ELLIOT
Edited by Prof John Douson
SUSIL GUPTA (INDIA) LTD.
CALCUTTA

·First Fdition 1871
Second Edition 1952
Published by S. Gupta for Susil Gupta (India) Ltd., 35. Central
Avenue,
Calcutta 12,
and
Printed by
by M. Mukerjee from
Temple Press, 2, Nayaratna Lanc, Calcutta-4.

·CONTENTS PAGE . 7 10 12 12 17 20 25 28 . 1. TURTLESIH YEAR OF THE REIGN 2. FOURTEENTUI YCAR Or rur: Rricx 3, FOUNDATIOx or THE TOWN OR FATIPUR 1. CoxQUEST OF KALINJAR 5. BIRTH Or Prixcr Sultax SALIN MIRZA 6. FIFTECNTIL YEAR OF THE REIGx 7. MARCIT OF THE EXIPEROR TO Ajilir 8. SIXTEENTI TEAR Or THIC REIGN 9. SEVENTECATII YEAR or TIL REIGN 10. COMPAIGN IN GUJARAT 11. A DETACIIMENT SEXT TO Invest SURAT 12. MJRCH AGAINST SURAT 13. EVEXIS DURING Sirge or SURAI 14. EIGITECNTU YEAR or Tur REIGN 15. MARCH or HUSAIN KULI KIIAN AGAINST NACARKOT 16. EVENIS Wilicu OCCURIU IN GUJARAT 17. EvrzIS AFTER Tiit: EXPIROR'S RITURN TO TATUTUR IS. NINETEENTHI YCAR 01 TIL REIGN 19. CAMPAIGN AGAINSI PATA. AND HAJIPUR 20. TWENTICTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 21. DEFEAT OF DAUD BY KJIAN-KJANAN 22. CoxCLUSION Or Pr.ACC WITH DAUD 23. DLATII OF KHAN-KUAYAN MU'NIN 24. TWENTY-FIRST YCAR or TuC REIGN 25. TWENTY SECOND YCAR OF THE REIGN 26. DEFEAT OF RANA KIKA 27. KHAN-JAHAN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST DAUD 28. KHWAJA SHAH MANSUR MADE DEWAN 29. TWENTY-THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGN 30. TWENTY-FOURTHI YEAR OF THE REIGN 31, CAMPAIGN AGAINST RANA, KIKA 31 35 47 48 19 62 60 74 75 76 78 79 81 83 89 91 ·... PAGE 92 95 96 104 110 111 .. ... 133. 133 82. TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 33. TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 84. AFFAIRS OF BENGAL 35. TWENTY-SEVENTII YEAR OF THE REIGN 36. TWENTY-EIGHTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 37. TWENTY-NINTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 38. THIRTIETH YEAR OF THE REIGN 39. THIRTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE REIGN 10. THIRTY-SECOND YEAR OF THE REIGN 41. THIRTY-THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGN 12. CAMPAIGN AGAINST SHIWAN 43. THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 44. 'AZAM KUAN'S CAMPAIGN IN GUJARAT 45. THIRTY-SIXTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 46. 'THIRTY-SEVENTH JEAR OF THE REIGN 17. THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR OF THE REIGN 48. HUSAIN KHAN TUKRIYA 49. MIR FATHU-LLA SHIRAZI 50. SULTAN MD. KHAN OF MULTAN 51. SULTAN HUSAIN ... 138 142 143 145 146 147 149 153 156 ... 157 158 161

·TABAKAT-I AKBARI
OF
NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD, BAKHSHI
PART TIVO

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·THIRTEENTH YEAR OF THE REIGN Tlic beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 14th Ramazan, 975 H. (14th March, 1568). At the beginning of this year the Emperor left Ajmir. and proceeded by way of Mewat towards Agia. On his journey, he passed a jungle which was the abode of lions (sher) and tigers (babar). A terrible tiger (sher)" came out, and His Majesty's followers, who were constantly in attendance upon him, discharged their arrows and stretched him in the dust. His Majesty then gave orders, that if a like thing should occur again, they were not to shoot until he directed them. As they went on, another tiger (sher), larger and fiercer than the first, came out and made towards the Emperor. No one of the atten dants darcd to fire without orders The tiger-hunting king alıglitcd from hus horse and levelled a musket at the beast. The ball grazed the animal's face, inflicting slight wound, which caused him to rush from his place towards His Majesty. The Emperor fired a second time and brought him down. At this juncture, 'Adil Muhammad Kandahari, boldly placed an arrow to his bow, and faced the animal, which then turned away from the Em peror and attached him It brought him to the ground, and was about to take his liead in his mouch That brave fellow, in his supreme moinent, chrust his hand into the animal's mouth, and sought to draw his dagger to stab him in tlic belly. But the handle of the dagger stuck in the shcath, and the beast gnawed the flesh and skin of tht hand which was in his mouth. Notwithstand ing this, 'Adil inanaged to draw his dagger, and inflicted some decp wounds in the animal's belly. Brave men 11 1 It was in 'all probability a tiger, although thic aur thoi would seem to use the words 'sher and balar dos tinctively, ·2 AKBAR lo gathered sound on all sides and finished him. Adil Muhammad reccived a sword-cut besides thc wounds the liger had given him. Hc lay for some time on the bed of pain before be dicd of his wounds. After the tiger hunt the royal camp inoved towards Alwar, and directions were given that it should proceed .thither, while the Emperor himself went to pay a visit 10 Shaikh Nizam Narnauli. He then returned to the camp, and proceeded With thc army the .capital. After a slay of some months at Agra, the Emperor resolved to attack the fort of Rantambhor, renowned as onc of the strongest and highest fortresses of Hindustan. An order vas issücd-for-thic assembling of those troops which had not been engaged in the siege of Chitor. Ashraf Khan Mir-munshi and Sadik Khan werc sent on this service with a large portion of the Imperial army. When these amirs had marched several stages, intelligence reached the Emperor of disturbances created by the sons of Muhammad Sultan Mirza, who had escapaed from the hands of Changiz. Khan, in Gujarat,2 and Bad laid siege to the fort of Ujjain, in Malwa. The Emperor then directed that Kalij Khan, with the amirs and the army that had been sent to Rantambhor, should undertake thic repression of the revolt of thc Nirzas. The two forces united, according to the order. On approaching Sironj, Shahabu-d din, the ruler of that :Sarkar, came forth to meet them. He joined them and marched on with them. When they encamped at Sarangpur, Shah Bidagh Khan joined them with his forces. The army had now grown very large. When the Mirzas were apprised of its approach, they raised the siege of Ujjain, and went off towards Mandu. Muhammad Murad Khan 2 "The Mirzas did not get on amicably with Changiz Khan, and were tyrannical in their 'jagirs, so :they fled from him."--Badauni, vol. ii., pp. 106, 199.

·VIZIVIU-> DIN WVID S to 1 and Mirza 'Azizu lla, who had been besieged in Ujjain, being thus released, came out and joined the amırs. Ali marched together in pursuit of the Mirias, who llcd bcfore them from Mandı the banks of the Nerbadda. Thicy crossed thus river in such confusion that many of their men were drowned. Just at this time Jajhar Khan Habshi mudered Changiz Khan, the ruler of Gujarat, in the trpauliya maidan of Almadabad. When the Mirzas lieard of this, they seized the chance which it afforded, and fled to Gujarat. The Imperial anurs turned back from the river Nerbadda, and the jaguodais of Mandu returned to their jagırs. Kalij Khan and the other amirs proceeded to Court, and were rcceived with royal favoui On 1caching Gujarat, the Alirzas first seized upon the ſort of Champanir," and then marched against Broach, to which they laid siege After a while, ther by stratagem got into their power Rustam khar Rumı, ulio was besieged in the fort, and put hiin to death.' The icmainder of this transaction will be told in its proper place. In the course of this year Mır Muhammad Khanhalan, Kutubud din Muhammad Khan, and Kanal Khan Ghakar, jagıdays of the Panjab, were summoned to Court. They lastened to obey, and in Rabi'uu-1 awwal, 976 H, they arrived and made their offerings. Husain huli Khan and lus biother Isma'il Khan were summoned from Nagor, and appointed to the government of the Panjab instead of them, The jager of Muhammad Khan i Kalan, in the sarkar of Sam s "And Shat."- Ahbar-nama,' vol. ll., p. 418. 'The fort was held by Rustam Khan, a Turki slave, in whose house the sister of Changiz Khan had lahen refuge. He fought bravely, and held out for two years; but being left without help, he was at length obliged to.sunender, and was then “in a base and dastardly manney put to death”–*.11.bar-nama,' vol. ii., 0.418.

·4 ARBAR the Emperor went in to examine the place. He placed pared to return to the capital, Leaving the army under 5 See Blochmann's Air2-Akbari,' vol. i., p. 408. bal, became a tankhwalı. When the Emperor marched to conquer Rantambhor. Husain Kuli Khan was his personal attendant in the campaign. But after the reduction of Rantambhor, and thc return of His Majesty 10 Agra, Husain Kuli Khan and his brother Ismail Kuli Khan took leave and departed to the Panjah. On the 1st Rajab, the Emperor marched from Agra against Rantambhor. Proceeding to Dehli, he stayed there some days and went out to a kamurgha. hunt, in ihe neighbourhood of Palam, where four or five thousand animals were killed. FOURTEENTII YEAR OF THE REIGN Thc beginning of this year agreed with 5th Ramazan, 976 H. (22nd Fcbruary, 1569). The Einperor marched at the opening of the year towards Rantambhor, and in a short period arrived at the foot of the ſort. The place was invested, batteries raised, sabats constructed, and several breaches werc cffected by batlering with cannon. Rai Surjan, the commander of the fort, when he observed the progress of the siege, was brought down from the pinnacle of his pride and insolence, and he sent out his two sons, Dudh and - Bhoj by name, 10 ask. forterms. His Majesty received kindly the two young men, who had come to seek his mercy, and pardoned their transgressions. He sent Husain Kuli Khan, who had received the title of Khan-jahan, into the fort to give assurances to Rai Surjan. He did so, and brought the Rai to wait upon the Emperor, when he made a frank submission, and enrolled among On Wednesday, 3rd Shawwal, the conquest of the fortress was accomplished, and on the next day Mihtar Khan in command of the fortress, and then prewas servants.5 the royal ·NIZAVIU-D DIN AHMAD the command of Khwaja Aminud din Mahmud, who was entitled Khwaja-jahan, and Muzaffar Khan, the Emperor left them to conduct the army back to the capital, while he made a hasty journey to pay a visit to the tomb of Faizu-l anwar Khwaja Mu'inu-d din Chishti. He remained there a week, and then departed for Agra, where he arrived on Wednesday, 4th Zi-1 ka'da, 976. Darbar Khan, one of his personal attendants, had been compelled by sickness to continue with the army, and he died before His Majesty reached Agra. Upon his return His Majesty went into the Khan's dininghall, and made a princely provision for his family, LOUNDATION OI THE TOWN OL E THPUR The Emperor had several sons born to him, but none of them had lived. Shaikh Salim Chishti, who resided at the town of Sikri, twelve kos from Agra, had gladdened him with the promise of a con The Emperor went to visit the Shaikh several times, and remained there ten or twenty days on each occasion. He commenced a fine building there on the top of a hill, near the Shaikli's inonastery. The Shaikh also commenced a new monastery and a fine mosque, which at the present day has no equal in the world, near the royal mansion The amis also built houses and mansions for themselves. When one of the Emperor's wives became preg nant, he conycyed her to the dwelling of the Shaikh and left her there. Sometimes he stayed there himself, sometimes at Agra. He gave the name of Fatiipur to Sikri, and built a bazar and baths there. CONQUEST OI KALINJAR This is a strong fortress, and many former Sultans had been ambitious of taking it. Sher Khan Afghan ($her Shah) besieged it for a year, but was killed in the attempt to take it, as has been narrated in the history of his reign. During the interregnum of the Afghans, ·KIIR Raja Ram Chandar had purchased the fort at a higla price from Bijilli Khan, the adopted son (pisar-i a hwanda) of Bihar Klan Aſghan. The renown of the conquest of the forts of Chitor and Rantambhor spread through the world, and the men of the Imperial army who held jagirs in the neighbourhood of Kalinjar wereconstantly forming plans for the capture of that fort, and were anxious to begin the war. Raja Ram Chandar was a prudent and experienced man, and considered himself an adherent of the Imperial throne. He sent by bis envoy the keys of the fortress and suitable offcrings, with congratulations for the victories achieved, to the Emperor. On the same day the custody of the fortress was. given into the charge of Majnun Khan Kakshal, one of the jagirdars of that quarter, and a friendly farman was sent to Raja Ram Chandar. The fortress came into the possession of the Emperor in the month of Safar. 977 H., in the fourteenth year of his reign. BIRTH OF PRINCI SULTAN SILINI MIRZI On Wednesday, 18112 of Rabi'u-l Qural, 977 H., and the fourteenth year of thc reign, wlien seren tours of the day had passed, the exalted prince Sultan Salim Mirza was born in the house of Shaikh Salini Chishti in the town of Fathpur. The Emperor himself was in Agra at that timc, and the joyful tidings was conveyed to him by Shaikh Ibrahim, son-in-law of Shaikh Salim, who was. right royally rewarded. In thanksgiving for this happy cvent, giſts were distributed among the people, prisoners were set free, and great ſeasts were held, which were: kept up for seven days with great pleasure and rejoicing. The date of the birth is found in the words Shah-i al i "Rnja of Panna??.T. Alfi. See Blochmann's 'Ain-i Akbari,' vol. i., p. 406. *""Ali Khan, the refruted son of Bihar Klian 'Azur" Humayun, and son-in-law of Shri Klian (Sher Shah)."** 'T, Alfi.?

·NIZAJIU-D DIN AHMAD . 7 Timu). Khwaja Husain composed an ode, of which the first line contained the date of the Emperor's accession, and the second the date of the prince's birth. The Khwaja received a present' of two lacs of tankas for this. ode, and several other poets received rewards for their productions. The Emperor madc Fathpurs a royal abode, raised a stone fortification round it, and built some splendid edifices, so that it became il great city, Before the prince was born, the Emperor had resolved. in his own inind, that iſ the Almighty granted his wishes; he would go a pilgrimage on foot to the shrine of Muradu-l anwar Kutbil-l wasilin Khwaja Mu'inud din Chishti. Having prepared his offerings, on Friday, the 12th Sha'ban, 977, le started on foot froin Agra for Ajmir. Every day he travelled szven or cight kns. He visited the sirine, and performed the usual observances imniediately upon liis arrival. He passed some days there, and then left Ajmir for Dchli, where be arrived in Rainazan, 977. TIITEENTH YEAR OG TIL REIGA The beginning of this year correspondeu with Saturday, the 6th Shawwal, 977 H. (14th March, 1570). ...On Thursday, the 3rd Muharram, 978, the star of good fortune shone, and the Emperor had another son, Prince Murad, borne to him in the house of Shaikh Salim. In gratitude for this blessing, he opened the hand of liberality, and gave away inany munificent gifts, and men were enriched by his bounty. The nobles and officers of the Court prescuted olierings suitable to their respectivc ranks, and received robes of honour. Maulana Kasim Arslan on this occasion wrote a couplet, of which the first line contained tlic date of the birth of Prince Salim, and the second that of Prince Murad. MARCH OR THE EMPEROR TO AJVIR The Emperor was accustomed, wherever he might Now known as Faihpur-Siki. See silpra.

·8 IKDIR be, to pay a visit every year w the Tomb of Muinu-l hakk wau.d din Hasan Sanjari at Ajmir. In this happy year, on the 8th Rabi'u-l Akhir, 978, lic started for that place, in order to show his gratitude for the boon granied to him. He stayed twelve days at Fathpur, in order to make some necessary arrangements for his journey. He arrived al Ajmir in due course. To show his favour, and to improve the condition of the place, he ordered a strong wall to be built round it, and a palace to be .ercceed in it for his own residence. The amirs and khans, anci alicndants of the Couri, vied with cach other in crccling dwellings therc. He distributed the villages and lands and houses of Ajmir among his anirs, to enable them to pay the expenses of the new buildings. On Friday, 4th Jumaca-l akhir, hc leſt Ajmir, and arrived in sight of Nagor on the 16th. Here there is a large lank, which he ordered his soldiers to dig and fill with water. Hc himsell inspected tlic tank, and gave in the name of Shukr taino. While he was thus staying at Nagor, Chandar Sen, son of Rai Maldco came to pay his allcgiance, and make his offerings. Raja Kalyan Mal, the Raja of Bikanir, also came with his son, Rai Singh, to wait upon His Majesty, and present his tribute. The loyalty and sincerity of both father and son being manifest, the Emperor married Kalyan Mal's daughter. For fiſty days ne shed the lighi of his justice and equity upon the poor people of Nagor. From thence he proceeded to Ajodhan, to pay a visit to the tomb of Shaikh Faridud din Mas'ud Ganj-i shakar. Rai Kalyan Mal, who was so fat that he could not ride on horseback, now received permission to relurn to Bikanir; but his son was ordered to remain in attendance upon His Majesty, in which he received high promotion, as will be related in the proper place. There were many wild asses (gor-khar) in this de- :sert country, and His Majesty, who had never hunted 9"Ruler of Marwar."--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 133.

·VIZAVU D) DIY VID thc camp asses shuis anim il, was desirous of doing so One day as he was journeying on, thc scouts brought information that there was a herd of wld asses in the vicinity of the camp He immediately mounted a fiect courser, and after a ride of four or fivc ios, came in sight of the herd He got off his horse, and comminded all luis followers to remain quiet He himself, with four or five Bıluchis, who were acqurinted with the country, approuched the hierd with guns in their hands At the first shot he struch an ass, and the remainder of the herd, being frighteneck tuy the noise, dispersed His Majesty cautiously ap proached, and struck another, and so on, until sixteen asses ſell by his hand That day he travelled nearlv seventeen hos in hunting, and at the close returned to By his order the sixteen were brought to the camp in carts and their ficsh was distri buted in front of the royal tent mong the amırs and courtiers Then he proceeded towards Ajodhan, and on arriving in sight of the place he went on immediate ly, and performed all the ceremonies of pilgrimage, and distributed his bounty among the poor Trom thence lie proceeded towards Lahore, and when he arrived at Dipalpur, the jagerdar of that par gana, Mirza 'Aziz Muhammad Kohaltash, who bore the Litle of 'Azam Khin, and was well known as Mirza Kola prepared an entertainment, and begged him to stay there a few days and rest His Majesty graciously con scnted, and remained there For some days feasting went on, and upon the last day splendid offerings were presented to lum Arah and Persian horses, with sad dles of silver, huge clephants, with chains of gold and silver, and housings of velvet and brocade, and gold and silver, and pearls and jewels, and rubies and garnets of great price chairs of gold, and silver vases und vessels of gold and silver, stulfs of Lurope, Turkey, and Chini, and other precious things berond all conception Pre sents of siinilar kind also were presented for the young princes and the Emperor's wives All the ministers ·10 AKBAR and attendants and dignitaries received presents, and cvery soldier of the army also participated in the bounty. SIXTEENTH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 17th Shawwal, 978 H. (13th March, 1571 A.D.). At thc beginning of this year His Majesty departed from Dipalpur for Lahorc, and Hasan Kuli Khan, the governor of that city, hastened forth to receive him.. Leaving his camp at Malkapur, the Emperor went on speedily to Lahore. He passed that day and night in the house of Hasan Kuli, and next day thc Khan presented his giſts. On the following day the Emperor returned to the camp, and after spending a few days in the vicinity of Lahore, he set off for Hisar-Firozah, on a visit to the shrine of Khwaja Mu’inu-d din. Nahid Begam was wife of Muhibb 'Ali Khan son of Mir Khalifa, and her mother was wife of Mirza 'Isa Tarkhan, the ruler of Thalla. Mirza 'Isa being dead, Nahid Begam had received leave from His Majesty about a year beforc this date to go to Sind, to see her mother, and bring the daughter of Mirza 'Isa to pay homage to the Emperor. Muhammad Baki Tarkhan now occupied the seat of his father, and would have nothing to do with Nahid Begam. She therefore returned in anger to the Emperor, and made a statement of the harshness and Lyranny of Muhamınad Baki, and of the disrespect he had shown to the Emperor's servants. She said that if the Emperor would permit and support her husband Muhibb’’Ali Khan, he could easily effect the conquest of Thatta. As Nahid Begam was returning from Thatta, she had some conversation at Bakar with Sultan Mahmud Bakari who was one of the officers of Mirza Shah Husain Arghun, and his koka; and, after the death of Mirza Shah, Bakar remained in his possession. This Sultan Mahmud Salai Samarkandi told Nahid Begam that if Muhibb 'Ali Khan would undertake the conquest of Thatta, he would join and assist him, and that he would ·NIZAMC-D DIX AHDIAD have no necd of any further support. In consequence of this promise, Nahid Begam was very desirous of going · to Sind. Muhibb 'Ali Khan had for a long time given up the military liſc, so the Emperor granted him a banner and a kettle-drum, and he gave him a jagir of fifty lacs of tankas in the sarkar of Multan, towards the expense of the campaign. He also sent with himn his. daughter's son Mujahid, a young man of resolution and courage, and he wrote a farman to Sa'id Khan, the ruler of Multan, directing him to support Muhibb 'Ali Khan. When the Emperor left the Panjab for Fathpur lis. loyal residence (daru-l khilafat), le sent Muhibb Ali on his expedition. Upon arriving at his jagir in Multan.. Muhibb 'Ali set about collecting men, and got together nearly 400 horse. Relying upon Sultan Mahmud Bakari, he wrote letters to him, and began his march. But Sultan Mahmud was adverse to the entrance of any Imperial forces into his territory, so, disregarding the promises he liad made to Nahid Begam, he sent to say that he wouldl not allow Muhibb 'Ali to pass through his country; but that if Muhibb 'Ali would march by way of Jcsalmir, he would send luis army to him, and render hinn all the assistance he could. Muhibb 'Ali, and his grandson Mujalid, took a bold course, and proceeded towards Bakar. Sultan Mahmud sent his whole army to oppose them, but his men were defcated, and obliged to seek refuge in the ſort of Manila. Mujahid and Muhibb 'Ali Khan besieged the ſort for six inonths, and at length obtained possession of it by capitulation. At this time Mubarak Khan, a slave of Sultan Mahmud's who acted as his valil, being aggrieved with his master, went and joined Muhibb 'Ali. The latter having incrcased his force, laid siege to Bakar. Sultan Mahmud sent out his army, amounting to nearls 2000 horse and 4000 foot, archers, and gunners. They were defcatçd in battlc and driven back into the fort. For three years Suitan Malmud sonictimes daily, somctimes every two or three days, sent out armed ships and ·12 IKBIR ghrabs to fighi. Threc times he sent out his whole army, horse and foot, to fight a regular battle, but each time he was dcfeated. In consequence of the large number of men which he had crowded into the fort, pestillence and sickness10 broke out and became very fatal, so that 500 to 1000 persons died daily. At length, in the year 983, Mahmud himself died, and the fort came into the possession of the Emperor's adherents. When the Emperor left the Panjab and proceeded to Fathpur, Mun'im Khan Khan-khanan came from Jaunpur, bringing Sikandar Khan with him. The offences of Sikandar Khan were pardoned, and the jagir of Lucknow was conferred Khan-khanan quickly returned to secure his Bengal frontier. Sikandar Khan also took his leave, and was sent along with Khankhanan to his jagır. Each received a jewelled sword-belt and four horses with golden saddles. Soon after his arrival at Lucknow, Sikandar Khan fell sick, and died on the 10th Jumada-l awwal, 979 H. upon him. SEVENTEENTH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday. 25th Shawwal, 979 H. (11th March, 1572 A.D.) CAMPAIGN IN GUJARAT 1 In the Court of the Emperor conversation continually turned upon the state of affairs in Gujarat, and information was often brought about the oppression and wilfulness of its petty rulers, and about the ruin of its 30"ufunat o bimari.” Badauni (vol. Badauni (vol. ii., p. 135) calls it "waba." 11 "Gujaral had for a long lime had no legitimale master, and its amirs were quarrelling with each other, and oppressing the peasants. 'Itimad Khan was minister of the country, but was 120t able to keep it in his grasp, and each chief in his own city considered himself supreme ruler of Gujarat."'Tarikh-i Alfi.

·NIZAMI:-D DIY AHMAD 13 $ towns and cities. Now that His Majesty's mind was set. quite at test by the suppression of rebels, and the reduc. - tion ol their lofty forts, he turned his attention to the conquest of Gujarat. The order was given for the assembling of the army, and on the 20th Safar, 980, in the eighteenth year of the reign, the Emperor started and proceeded enjoying the chase on his way, to.Ajmir. On the 15th Rabi'ul awwal, he paid a visit to the tomb of Khwaja Mu'inu-d din Chishti, and gladdened the hearts of the shaikhs and attendants with his munificent gifts. Next day he made a visit to the tomb of Saiyid Husain Khang-sawar, a descendant of Zainu-l 'abidin, which is on the top of a hill at Ajmir. Next day, Mir Muhammad Khan Atka, better known by the title of Khan-i kalan, was sent on in advance with 10,000 horse, and His Majesty followed on the 22nd Rabi'u-s sani. Two stages from Nagor, messengers brought him the news that in the night of Wednesday, 2nd Jumada-1 awwal, a son was born to him (at Ajmir) He spent, several days in rejoicing, and made many happy by his inunihcence. As the child had been born in the house of Shaikh Daniyal, one of the most pious and celebrated shaikhs of the time, lie gave the prince the name of Daniyal. After the rejoicings were over, he again marchcd and arrived at Nagor, on the 9th Jumada-l awwal "There he remained fourteen days employed in arranging for the supply of his army. From thence he marched to Mirath, and there le was informed that when Mir Muhammad Khan caine near to Sirohi. the Raja of that place professed subjec. tion and obedience, and sent some Rajputs as envoys to wait upon the Mir. The envoys arrived and delivered their message. Mir Muhammad Khan gave them an appropriate answer and fine robes and then, according to the etiquette observed among the people of India, he. 1.Badnuni, vol. ii., p. 139.

·11.159R walismissed them will his own hand.? 3. One of ilosc desperate envoys at at that moment stabbed the Khan in ihe breast, und the weapon picrced through to liis back under the shoulder. Bahadur Khan, a young man and 2 scrvant of ile Khan, who was standing behind Sher Khan, but now has his place among the nobles, rushed Torwar. and scizing the Rajput. dashed him to the ground. Muhammad Sadik Khan, who was scated by ihe side of the Klan. anosc and despatched the accursed wretch with his diagger. When this intelligence reached the Emperor, on the same day hc seni Lashkar Khan Mirhaklıshi lo inquirc afier Mir Muhammad Khan, and next day he marched forward himself. Sadik Muhammad Khan and the other amirs called in surgeons, who dressed the Khan's wounds, and by the Emperor's good fortune the screrc wound was cured in fiſtcen days, and she Khan mounted his horse with his quiver girl upon his loins. Tlc limperor continucci his march, and on the Sil Jumada-s sani formed a junction wiil the advanced force. When he reached Sirohi, cighly Rajputs in a icmple and seventy in thc Raja's house stool ready 10 perſorm the vow they had made to die. In a few moments they were all despatched. Dost Muhanımad, son of Talar Klian, perished in the Raja's house. At this stage His Majesty resolved to send one of his officers to niakc sure of the territory of Joudhpur, and keep the road to Gujarat open, so that none of the Ranas might be able to inflict any loss. This duty was imposed upon 136 When the cnvoy was taking leave, according to the custom of the country, he asked for pan, and the Khan taking some in his hand, called him forward to give it to him. The cnvoy then draw a dagger (jamdhar) from his bosom, and stabbed the Khan in the breast.. The aliendants of the Khan killed all the followers of the ambassador, although they denied any complicity in the shameful deed."-T. Alfi.

·VIZAVIU I DIVIIVAD 13 Rui Singh Bikinii,!! ulio was sent with a strong force of Imperial troops rarmans were written to the ainus wind jaigudars of that province, directing them to sendei Rar Singh cicry assistance he might require At this stage Yar 'Ali Turlamın with an escort of Turkomans, camc as an ambassador from Sultan Muham mad Mirzi, and froin Shah Talam isp, king of Khurasan bringing with them Arad und Pervin lorscs, and othei presents They were ieceived by His Majesty with all due state and lionour Thic 1 mperor then inarched from Siroli to Pattan Naliru ala, ind when hc ned near the fort of Disa, which is twenty kos from Pattin, in telligence was brought thint the sons of Sher Khim Fulndı Trad taken off their troops and famılıcs towards Idar The Emperor sent Raja Man Singh in command of a detachment aftei them On the lat Rajab 980, the army arrived in sight of Pattun, and rested there for 2 wech The government of the country HIS conferred upon Saiyid Ahmad Kliin Barlı?, a man of courage and resolu tion, who had numeious funds and allies among the Saryds of Hindustan At this halt Rajı Man Singh returned bringing in 1 Irage booly, whuch hic lind taken from the remnant of the Afghans The imperor tlien muclied lonaids Ahmadabrd Sher Khan Fuladı had been cngnged for six months be sieging Ahmadabad, which was held by 'Itimid Khan,in but when he heard of the Emperor's approach, he took to flight The Emperor hd hardly advanced two stages from Pattan, when Sultan Muziffar, son of Sultan Mall 11 'Rai Singh of Bulanu was sent to Joudhpur to keep the road to Gujarat open, and to prevent any an moyance from Rana Kaka, chief of Kokanda and kom balmır"-Badauni, volit, P 146 tu "The slove and prime minister of Sultan Mah mud Gujaralı"-Badauni, vol ul, 141 He was originally a Hindi slate See Ain Akbar, vol 11 , 385 ·16 AKBAR mud Gujarati, whom, 'Itimad Khan had kept continually in confinement, came with a great display of respect to meet the Emperor, and on Sunday, 16 the 9th Rajab, was admitted to an interview. Next day, 'Ilmad Khan, ihc ruler of Ahmadabad, Mir Abu Turah, Saiyid Ahmad Bukhari, Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk, Malik Aslıraf, Wajhu-l Mulk, Ulugh Khan Habshi, Jajhar Khan Jajhar Khan Habshi, and other amirs and chicfs of Gujarat, 100 numcrous to mention, came in to wait upon the Emperor, and make their offerings. 'Itimad Khan presented the keys of Ahmadabad, and showed every sign of submission. The officers of thc Court were suspicious of evil designs on the part of the Habshis (Abyssinians), and brought tlie matter to the notice of His Majesty, and although lic desired to act generously and royally towards then, as a precaution he committed them to the charge of some of his attendants. The Emperor then marched on, and on Friday, 14th Rajab, pitched his cainp on the banks of the river of Ahmadabad. The khutba was read in the name of the Eniperor, and all the people of the city and environs offer congratulations and thanksgivings. On the 20th Rajab, Saiyid Mahmud Khan Barha and Shaikh Muhamınad Bukhari brought their wives into the royal camp. On the same day Jalal Khan who had been sent on an embassy to a Rana returned. Ibrahim Husain Mirza and Muhammad Husain Mirza held Broach, Baroda, and Surat)in defiance of came to 16 According to Abul Fazl, Sultan Muzaffar separated from Sher Khan Fuladi, and wandered about without aim or purpose. Akbar sent a party to search for him. He was found hiding in a corn-field, and was brought to the Emperor, who treated him very kindly.- Akbar-nama, (There is here a lacuna of about six monilis in the Lucknow edition of the Akbar-nama). 11 Ibrahim Mirza held Baroda, Muhammad Husain held Surat, and Shah Mirza had Champanir.--Akbarпата.

·MIZVOD DIY AINVAD 17 thic Lmpuroi, so he resolved to free the country of Gujarat from then rebellious poner On Monday, 2nd Shii ban, he started from the ruer of Ahmadabad and marched towards kambay 'Itımad Klian and other ol the Gujarat anirs were at the request of some of the great officials allowed to remain behind in Ahmadabacı for a few days to arrange their affairs Seizing this oppor tunity, Ilhtiyarul Mull, one of the chief nobles of Gujarat, fed on the 4th Sha'ban from Ahmadabad to Ahmadnagar As no reliance could be placed on the nobles of Gujarat, 'Itimad Khan was given into the custody of Shahbaz Khan Kambu On the 6th the En peror rcached hambay He went to look at the sca and Icaung Kubay on the 12th, he rcached Baroda on the 14th After reflecting upon the best means of guiding and governing the country of Gujrat, he appointed Mirza 'Aziz Muhammad Kohaltash the Khanı azım to be thc governor of the country and especially of its capital Ahmadabud A DETACHMENT SENT TO INVEST SURAT After the departure of the Azam I han, thic Empciol determined upon attacking the fortress of Surat, whiclı u is the home and stronghold of the Mirzas To effect. thus purposc fic sent Saiyid Mahmud Khan Barh, Shalı Kuli hhan Mahram Khini 'alam Raja Bhwagın Dis hunwar Man Singh and scveral others to overpower Husun Mirzi, who was in Surat Next day, 17th Shibau, when one watch of the night was passed, intelligence x ts brought in that Ibrahim Mirza Klian, having heard 7t Broach of the Imperor's advance, lind murdered Rust 113 hh Rumıls and then left the town intending to pass about eight los distance from the Emperor's camp ane! to raisc disturbances and rebcllion elsewhicre On herning tlus the Emperor's wrath was hindled 18 "T! ho nos desirous of relarming to his allegiance -lbar nama ·18 IKBAR He instantly gave orders that Khwaja-jalan, Shuja'at Khan, Kalij Khan, and Sadik Khan should take charge of the young princc Salim, while he went to chastise Ibrahim Mirza. He took with bin Malikhn.sh Shark Gujarali, who was well acquainted with the roads, and he sent Shahbaz Khan Allir Bakhshi in all hasic, lo recall to his sidc Saiyid Muhammad Khan, and the forces which had marched against Surat. The remainder of that night, and the greater pari of the next day, he kept up the pur. suit for a long distance. When night came on, he arrived with foily horscinen on the banks of the river Mahindri.:.0 Ibrahim Husain Mirza was in the town of Sarnal, on the other side of the river. When they lcard this, thc Emperor's followers cndeavoured to conceal themselves. At this crisis, Saiyid Mahmud Khan Barha, Kuli Khan Mahram Khan-i 'alanı, Raja Bhgwan Das, Kunwar Man Singh,....Bhoj, the son of Surjan, and others of the force sent against Surat, by a forced march came up and joined the Emperor. Kunwar Man Singh, at his own solicitation, was placed in command of the advanced guard. Although the whole of his followers did not number more than 100 menal the Emperor, without hesitation, determined to attack. They dashed into the river and crossed over. Ibrahim Husain Mirza, who had with him about 1000 horsemen, on perceiving this bold movement, went out of the town of Sarnal by another road, telling his 19 The force he took with him numbered about 2000 men.--Akbar-nana. 20 Abu-l Fazl calls the river also "Sakanir.”_10. There is a "Sinnole on the Maujam river, thirty miles south-east of Almadnagar. 21 The text says distinctly that the whole of the Emperor's men did not exceed one hundred. Firishta makes thern 156. Badauni (vol. ii., p. 142), however, states that Man Sing crossed the river with 100 men. See Extract from Akbar-nama, infra.

·VIZIVUD DIN AHVID 19 men tliit he intended to give battle in the open The rond between the river and the fort was very brohen, so kunnar Mun Singh,ind the advance under his com mud, took another rond, and the Empeior passed by a 1oad to the gate of the town by the water sidc Some ol thc eneins, whose blood was up, made a stand in the street, and showcd fight Makbul Khan, a Kalmuch slue, who on that day rent in front of the Emperor, cul one of them down and wounded several others It was now discovered that Ibrahim Husam had quitted the town, and the Lipeior gave orders for the pulisuit Ilie troops accordingly loſt the walls and went out into the plain ind there the two parties confronted .cach other Ibrahum Husun made an attach upon Baba Khan hak-lil, i ho had been sent foru ard with a party of howmen Although these madc a stout resislar.cc, thicy were driven bach a short distance But every man of the Imperial force fought desperately, and killed a great anny of the enemy Bhupat, son of Raj Bihar Mal, 1 very brave young man, made 1 charge upon the enemy, and ſell Emboldened by his fall, the enemy renewed his attack But the royal forces were in a contracted spot, where three horseinen could not pass abreast, as it was all Jedged in with thorns The Fmperor had, with great courage gone to the front, and Raja Bhagwan Das liad hept with him Three of the cnemy's horsemen now charged them, and one of them attached the Raja As his advers'ıry was entangled among the thorns, Raja Bhagwan Das hurled his spear at him and severely wounded him, so that he withdrew The other two assaulted His Majesty, who received thein so yaliantly that they were obliged to make off At this time Mahbul khan Ghulam and Surokhº- Badakhshi joined His Majesty, and he sent them in pur suit of his assailants The royal forces, seeing the danger in which the Emperor had been placed, were roused to 7 33 * One AIS invariably calls him “Iraj" ·20 AKBAR desperation, and made a fierce onslaught upon the enemy Ibrahim Husain Mirza was disheartened, and took to flight. Some bravc inen pursued him, and cut down several men on their way. But the night came on darker than the fate of that band, so the Emperor gave orders to pursuit. Ibrahim Husain Khan, glad to save his life, inade off with a few persons by the Ahmadnagar road to Sirohi. The Emperor went into the town of Sarnal, and offered thanks for his victory. Every inan who served in this engagement received his reward in increased rank and in jagirs. Next day the Emperor started on his return to the royal camp, but he seni on in advance Surokh Badakhshi, whose conduct in this affair had gained the royal aprobation, to carry news of the victory in the princes. When the news arrived, the princes and the ladies of the harem , and the amirs and the officials, swere filled with joy sufficient to last them their lives. On Wednesday, the 18th Sha’ban when one watch of the night was passed, the Emperor rejoined his camp at Baroda. Next day he conferred a banner and a kettle-drum on Raja Bhagwan Das, who had so greatly distinguished himself in this action. MARCH AGAINST SURAT The fortress of Surat is small, but exceedingly strong, and secure, and remarkable among fortresses. It is said, that a slave of Sultan Mahmud Gujarati, Safar Aka by name, who received the title of Khudawand Khan, built this fortress on the sea shore25 in the year 947, in order to resist the attacks of the Europeans, for before the fort was built, the Europeans did all kinds of mischief to the Musulmans. When Khudawand Khan was engaged in the erection of the fort, the Europeans several times fitted out ships to attack it, but could not succeed in their object. Khudawand Khan then called for his architect, a ycry clever man, to provide for the security of the fort. 23 “On the shore of the Persian gulf," but is reallzi on the river Tapti, lwenty miles from the sea': S ·VIZIVUD DIN AHMAD 21 Altcr a little reflection, the careful builder determined on Ius plan on the two sides of the fort which face the land, he formed ditches reichung to the water, which were twenty yards (dara')"? widc, and filled with water, they were built of stone, chunam, and burnt bricks The thickness of the double walls" is five yards, and the height twenty yards, and these are likewise built of stone, chunam, and burnt brick The thickness of the four walls is fifteen yards, and the height twenty yards It is a remarkable circumstance that cach stone is firmly fast ched to the most with cramps of iron having molten lead poured into the interstices The battlements and embra sures are forned of stone, and are formidable to look at. On the top of the tower there is a chaukandi" which, in the opinion of Europeans, is an invention of the Portu guese When the Europeans were unable to prevent the crection of the fortress by force of arms, they offered large sums of money to prevent the raising of this structure But Khudawand Khan, in contempt of the Luropeans, rejected their applicition and raised the structure After the death of Chingiz Khan, the fortress camc into the possession of the Mirzas When the Emperor marched into Gujarat, the Mirzas pliced all their soldiers in the place, and left it under the command of Ham zuban, who had formerly been one of the orderlies (kor chian) of the Emperor Humayun, but had fled from the Imperial Court, and joined the rebels The Mirzas them selges did their best to stir up war and strife outside Badauni (vol 12, 146) itses gaz as the equi valent of "dara'» drwarı dulahi This word is used for the 'howda' of an elephant, and so by inference may mean a watch tower or a cipola; or perhaps it was something in derision of Christianity Badauni uses the word "ghurfa, upper room'' as an equivalent Sec Sir H Elliot's note in the Extract from Badauni ·22 AKBAR When Ibrahim Husain Mirza was deſcatel and pul 10 llight al Sarnal, the Emperor returned to Baroda, and. renewed his design of conquering Surat. He sent forward. Shah Kuli Khan and Sadik Khan, with instructions to inrest thc fort so that no one could get oul. Upon this Moreuient becoming know 10 the garrison, Gulrukli. Bcgam, daughter of Prince Kamran and wiſc of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, took her son Muzaffar Khan Mirza with her, and led to thic Dekhin before the arrival of the Inperial forces. When the anir's hicard of her escape, Shah Kuli Khan Mahrain pursued lier for fifty kos, and 1Cturnéd unsuccessful, but somc of the Began's servants. fell into his hands. Some days a afterwards tlic Emperor seni Raja Todar Mal to examine and ascertain precisely thic inlets and outlets of the fortress. After a weck hc returned and made his report.25 His Majesty, relying on the help of thc Almighty, leſt Baroda on the 251) Sha‘ban, and encamped at llic distance of a kos from Surat on thc 18th Ramazan. On the samc nighi hic went up and reconnoilred the fort. He distributed the batterics among his nmirs, and threc days afterwards he inoved his camp, and pitched his tent so near the fortress that cannon shot and musket balls could reach it. But the chicf carpet-spreader brought to his knowledge through the annirs that there was near at hand a tank called Goli-alab, and although the bank of the tank was close to the fort, the uneven ground and the trees would prevent balls from reaching it. So the order was given for the removal of the royal tents to this spol. The siege was pressed on, and in a short time the way for drawing water was closed. After it had gone our for nearly two months, the besiegers advanced their bat-- teries, so that every way of ingress or egress was closed. (The soldiers and the followers of the amirs collected a 27 He considered its reduction an easy matter, not requiring the presence of the Emperor --Akbar-nama.“ Badauni, vol. ii., p. 144.

·NIZAMU D DIN AHMAD 23 or tomorrow vast quantity of earth, and raised a high mound, wlucht commanded the fort And the gunners and musketeers stationed upon the mound kept up a fire that greatly harassed the garrison, and prevented the men from moving about or bringing anything up Every hole big cnough for a mouse was closed The miners pushed their mines under the bastions, and made such progress that the capture of the place, was a mere matter of today When the gurrison perceived thc state of affairs),28 they were reduced to the greatest alarm and distress The wretched disloyal Ham zaban and all the people in the fort sent out Muulana Nizamu d din Lyri, who was a student and an eloquent man, to sue for quarter The Maulini was conducted to the royal tent, and made his plea for mercy through the amırs and afli cials The chief amirs reminded His Majesty that the batteries had been advancea very forward, and when they saw that he was inclined to mercy, they remarked that the garrison had resisted and fought with all their might so long as they had any power, and now that they saw that the fall of the place was imminent, they were ready to beg for mercy His Majesty, in his gentleness and humınity, granted the petition Maulana Nizamud din Lari was allowed to pay his homage to the Emperor, and being dismissed, he returned to the fortress with the glad news of quarter having been conceded A royal ordei was then issued for Kasım 'Ali Khu 28 The passage in parenthesis is 1101 given in the MS. of the E 1 Library, but is found in the margin of the Vauab Jhajhar's cops, from which Sir H Elliot's uas transcribed It is written in a different hand from that of the MS, and docs not fit in very well, with the context; but it is found 11 Badauni (vol 11, 144) There are other sırrılar additions, which accord witir Badauni, and the probability is that they have been horroued from luis zor/ are in ·26 ARBAR Surat, several events occurred. Among them was the journey of Ibrahim Husain Mirza to Hindustan, for the , purposc of raising disturbances. After his defeat at Sarnal, Ibrahim fled to the neighbourhood of Pattan, where he joined Muhammad Husain Mirza and Shal Mirza, and informed them of his escape, and of the siege of Surat. After consultation it was resolved that Ibrahiin Husain Mirza should go into Hindustan and create disturbances, while the other two Mirzas, along with Sher Khan Fuladi, laid siege to Pattan: their expectation being that the Emperor, on receiving intelligence of these proceedings, would abandon the siege of Surat, and fall back upon Ahmadabad, to repress these two outbreaks.34 Having induced Sher Khan Fuladi to join them, they invested Pattan. Saiyid Ahmad Khan Barha (the governor) put the fort in order, and shut himself up. He sent an account of the investment to the Emperor, who, on hearing it, issued orders that Kutbud din Muhammad Khan and ... all the jagirdars of Malwa, Raisin, and Chanderi, and all the other nobles: and adherents of the Imperial throne, such as should assemble under the command of 'Azam Khan to repress this rebellious attempt. The nobles accordingly joined 'Azam Khan and marched to Pattan. When they were' five kos distant from Pattan, Muhammad Husain Mirza and Sher Khan Fuladi came forward to meet them.35 The Mirzas fell upon the advance and defcated it. They then attacked • 34.4bu-l Fazi's view is diferent. He says that Ibra- Frim, who was as able with the sword as he was wanting in sense, quarrelied with his brothers, and left them with the crude design of making an attempi on the capi.. tal.-Akbar-nama. 33 Abdu-l Fazl and Faizi siale that the rebels endeav-- •oured to treat and gain time for the arrival of expected reinforcements.-Akbar-nama.

·AIZ AVUD DIN HVID 27 the right, which was under hutbud din Muhammad Khan, and defeated it also Shih Muhammad Atha re ceived a wound and fied These two divisions being broken, fled towards Ahmadabad hutbud din's camp was plundered, and Shaikh Muhammad Bulhır136 was killed When 'Azum hhan saw the defeat of his right and left, and the fall of Muhammid Bulharı, he icsoly ed to make a bold attempt to retrieve matters, and to dash into the fight But Bidagh Khan, who was lumself a man of war, held his bridle, and would not let lum go When the enemy's men dispersed in search of plunder, and there remained but few in array, 'Azam Khan, with Bidagh Khan, formed his ranks and fell upon the enemys centre By God's help victory declued in their favour, and the foe was scattered on every side 37 Sher Khan Fuladı, in a forlorn and helpless state, went to Ainın Khan, the ruler of Junagarh, and there found refuge Muliammad Husain Mirza fled to the Dehlun This victory was won on the 18th Ramazan, 980 'Azam Khan, after setting things in order at Pattan, left Saiyid Ahmad Khan Barbi in command as before and went to the Emperor. whom he joined under the fort of Surat, on the 20th Shawwal, and reported the devotion and bravery of the amırs and all the troops On his way back, le sent Kutbud din Muhammad Khan and some other amus to Ma'murabad, in order to chis tise Ilhtraru I Mull* and the defeated troops who were scattered in the jungles and forts kutbud din drove Ikhtiyaru 1 Mull and the othei Habshes out of the jungles, took possession of the forts, and left his own girrisons in them When thc Inperor departed from *He held the jagı of Dulal a ---Farzı "Abul Fazl attributes the victory to Kutbud din, wlo rallied his broken forces, and led them again to the fight *He had escaped from prison at Ahmadnagar Badauni, vol 11, p 149 ·.30 AKBAR Panjab. He plundered Panipal, Sonpat, Karnal, and other places on his route. Many plunderers and advenlurers joined him and inflicted grcal wrongs upon the people. When he icached thic Panjal), Husaini Kuli Khan Turkoman, Amiru-l umarn of the Panjab, was engaged with the forces of his province in besieging Kangra, well known as Nagarkot. On hearing of the Mirza's arrival, Husain kuli Khan set off with his brother Ismail Khan, and other anirs, and by forced marches came up with the Mirza near the town of Tulambha, forty kos from Multan. He was returning from hunting free from apprehension and in disorder, when he was attacked. His men were dispersed and were unable to reach him. His brother Masud Husain Mirza, who had.come up before him, attacked the troops of Husain Kuli Khan, but was taken prisoner. Ibrahim Husain Mirza being unable to do anything, made off. Upon arriving near Mullan, he wanted to pass thc Gara, which is the name of the river formed by the junction of the Biyah and Satlej. But it was night, and he had no boats, so he rested on the bank. A party of Jhiis, who are fishermen dwelling about Mul- *tan, made an attack upon him in thc night, and the Mirza received a wound in his throat from an arrow. Seeing no other means of escape, he quickly changed his · clothes, and separating from his people, endeavoured to get away. But some of the people of that country recognized him, look him prisoner, and carried him to Sa'id Khan at Multan, and in the custody of the Khan he died.43 On the 12th Muharram, 981, in the eighteenth year of the reign, the Emperor paid a visit to the tomb of Khwaja Mu'inud din Chishti, and observed the usual · ceremonies, and dispensed his customary gifts. He re- 4 43He had received a severe wound, and died soon . after his rapture.Akbar-nama, vol. ii., p. 12. Badauni, vol. ii., p. 159.

·NIZAJIU-D DIN AHMAD 31 anained there a week, and cvery morning and evening paid a visit to the tomb, showing strict attention to all the observances. From thence he started for the capital, and on reaching Sanganir, he left bis camp and went on express, with a few attendants to Fathpur. In two nights and one day he reached the town of Badiuna, twelve kos from Fathpur. To secure an auspicious time, he reinained there three days, and on the 2nd Safar he arrived at Fathpur. MARCIL OF HUSAIN KULI KHAN AGAINST NAGARKOT (There was a brahman named Bralıma Das, a bard (badfarosh), who was distinguished above all his compeers for his skill in celebrating the achievements of great men, and he used to make excellent Hindi verses. He was some years in the service of the Emperor, and was admitted among the number of his privatc attendants, when lic received the title of Kab Rai, chief of poets)." When the Emperor's favour was alienated from Raja Jai Chandar, Raja of Nagarkot, he issued orders for putting him in confinement. The Raja's son, Badi Chand, although a ininor, assumed the place of his father, and deeming him as dead, broke out in revolt. The Emperor having given to Kab Rai the title of Raja Birbal, 15 bestowed upon him the country of Nagarkot. Hereupon farmans were sent to Husain Kuli Khan, and the amirs of the Panjab commanding them to take Nagarkot froni Badi Chand, and place it in the possession of Raja Birbal.48 Birbal in Hindi signifies courageous and great, so his title means "Brave and mighty Raja”. 11This passage is another marginal addition appa- Tently taken from Badauni. 45 In the MISS. the name is more frequently written "Bisbar"; but the more familiar forin has been here adopted. 46 Abu-l Fazl places this transaction in the senver. deenth year of the reign.„Akbar-nama,' vol. ii., p. 426.

·32 AKBAR When the Raja arrived at Lahore: Husain Kuli Khan,. .. .. and other nobles of the Panjab, set out for: Nagarkot. On rcaching Damlari, the holder of that place, whose name was Cholo, and who was a relative of Jai Chand, relying on the security of his fort which he had strengthened, kept hinscil in privalc, and sent two, vnkils with his offerings. He also sent a message excusing himself from attending in person, on the ground of his ſcars and anxiciy, but he undertook the duty of keep ing the roads clear. Husain Kuli Khan presented the vakils with robes and sent them back. Lcaving a party of men at a village situated ncar thc opening of the road, hic went onwards. On arriving at thic fori of Kutila, he pitched his camp- This ſort is a very high onc. It formerly belonged to Raja Ram Chandar of Gwalior;^but Raja Dharm Chand and Raja Jai Chand had obtained possession of it by force. The officers icft in charge of the fort by Raja Jaſ Chand discharged muskets and arrows and stones against the troops who had dispersed in search of plunder, and inflicted some dainage. Upon hicaring of this, Husain Kuli Khan mounted his horsc with the other amirs to reconnoitre the place. He ascended a hill which is Opp0- sito to the fort, and commands it. With great labour. some guns were brought up the hill, and fire was opened pon the fort. Its cracked masonry was shattered by the balls. A large number of men stood under the walls, and great loss was suffered. As evening approached, he returned to the camp, leaving a force in charge of that position. During the night, the Rajputs who were in the fortress, and were terrified by the cannonade, made their escape. In the morning Husain Kuli Khan, beating his drums, marched into the fort of Kutila, which he delivered over to the Raja of Gwalior, to whose ancestors il had formerly belonged; but he left a garrison of his owIK there. 47 The Gwalior in the hills.

·VIZAMUD DIN AHMAD 33 Continuing his march, he came to a thickly wooded country, through which it was difficult even for an ant or a snahe to creep, so a party of men was set to cut a road through the jungle On the 1st Rajab, 990, he cncamped by a field of maize near Nagarkot The fort ress (hesar) of Bhun, which is an idol temple of Mahamai, and in which none but her servants dwelt, was taken by the valour and resolution of the assailants at the first assault A party of Rajputs, who had resolved to die fought most desperately till they were all cut down л nutmber of Brahmans, who for many years had served the temple, never gave one thought to flight, and were killed Nearly 200 blach cows belonging to the Hindus during the struggle, had crowded together for shelter in the tem ple Some savage Turks, while the arrows and bullets were falling like rain, killed these cows one by onc Thes then took off their boots and filled them with the blood and cast it upon the roof and walls of thc temple Thc outer ſortications liaving fallen, the buildings were destroyed and levelled to make a camping ground After this the fort was invested Sabals were formed, and a mound comminding the fort (sar lob) was raised Some large guns were also placed upon a neighbouring hill and were fired several times a day upon thie fort and thic resulence of tlic Raj? Oni dny tlit commander of the artillery fired a large gun upon a place which tlic Raj had thought to be safe, and in which he was sitting at mcat The bill struch the walls, and killed nearly cights people who were within the building Among them was Bhuj deo, son of Raj? Tahhit Mal In the beginning of Showwal, lutters came from Lihore with the intelligence that Ibizhun Husain Mirzi had crossed the Sutlada (Satlej), and was mirclung upon Dipolpur Husain huli Khan held a sccrct council with the aimirs about the course necessary to be pursued The aimy was suffering great hudshups, and the dogs in the fortress were anytous for pcice so Husain Kuli Khan felt ·34 AKBAR constrained io accede,18 Thc infidcls undertook to pay a large tribute: five mans of gold, Akbarshahi weight, and various kinds of stuffs for His Majesty. A mosque was founded in front of the palace of Raja Jai Chandar, and after the completion of the first arch a pulpit was zaised, and Haſız Muhammad Bakir read the khutba in the name of the Emperor on Friday, in the middle of Shawwal, 980. As he repeated the titles of the Emperor, gold was showered upon his head. When peace was concluded, the khutba read, and the ocins stamped with the Emperor's name, Husain Kuli Khan marched away. He then proceeded against Ibrahim Husain Mirza. At the town of Jamari he paid a. visit to the holy Khwaja Abdu-sh shahid, who presented him with his garment, and sent his blessings with him. When he reached Tulambha, he achieved the victory, which has already been described. Upon His Majesty arriving at Fathpur after his campaign in Gujarat, Husain Kuli Khan took Mas'ud Husain Mirza with him, and went to wait upon the Emperor. The other prisoners, nearly 300 in number, were presented to the eyes of the Emperor with cow-hides placed on their necks in a strange fashion. The eyes of Mas'ud Husain Mirza · 18 Husain Kuli required each of the 'amirs' to give him a written opinion, signed and sealed, in favour of granting a capitulation. Abu-l Fazl gives a somewhat different version of the terms. 1. The Raja was to send his daughter lo the Emperor's harem. 2. To pay, a proper tribute. 3. To give his children and some relations as hostages for the surrender of the fort, if the Emperor refused to ratify the peace. 4. To compensate Raja Birbal for the loss of his 'jagir.'-'Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 10. Faizi Sirhindi incorporates the versions of the 'Tabakat and 'Akbar-naina: 49"Charmahae gao dar galu andakhtah.” Such are the words in the text and in Faizi. Charm-i gao means #1 thong or lash, the American “cow-hide”; but Abu-l Fazi ·NIZANU-D DIN AIVAD 35 were sewed up, but the Emperor in his Lindness ordered them to be opened. Several of the prisoners were liberted, but some, who had taken a leading part among tlic rebels, were kept in custody. On the same day Sa'id Khan arrived, brining with him as an offering the head of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, and he received distinguished marks of favour. When the Emperor returned from Gujarat, there remained no resistance in that country, all the forts were in the hands of his servants, and such of his troops as liad not served on the campaign were sent to strengthen 'Azam Khan. But he had hardly been six months in his capital, when news of fresh outbreaks came in time after time, and 'Azam Khan himself wrote for reinforcements. EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN GUJARAT When the Emperor had settled the affairs of Gujarat, and bad returned to his capital, the disaſfected and re hellious men, who had crept into corners and hidden themselves in dread of the royal forces, once more raised thicir heads. Having assembled round Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk, so they got possession of Ahmadnagar and the surrounding territory. Muhanımad Husain Mirza left tlie Dekhin! with the intention of attempting the recapture of Surat. "Kalij Khan, who was jagırdar of the fort, made it secure, and prepared for a siege; so Husain Mirza gave up the project, and made a rapid march upon Kamminkes the matter clear. He says, "The prisoners were brought in cow-skins, from which the horns had not heen taken away."-Akbar nama, vol. iii., p. 14. 50He was in the neighbourhood of Idar, and was supported by Rai Narain, the zamindar of that place.-- Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 13. Si The neighbourhood of Daulalabad.–16. p. 14.

·56 AKBAR bay... Hasan Khan Karkarah, the Shikkdar, being unable to make any resistance, fled to Ahmadabad." Khan-i 'azam sent Naurang Khan and Saiyid Ahmad Bukhari against thc Mirza, while he himself marched 10 Ahmadnagar and Idar against Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk. When Naurang Khan and Saiyid Bukhari approached Kambay: Muhammad Husain Mirza came out to mect him. Sharp fighting went on for several days, and Saiyid Jalal, son of Saiyid Bahau-d din Bukhari, was killed. At length thc Mirza was worsted, and fled 10 join Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk. Azam Klian, who had marched against Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk, Mulk, took a position near Ahmadnagar. Hc several times attacked him, and fighling went on for several days. between Alimadnagar and Idar with no decisive result. Intelligence now came that the sons of Sher Khan Fuladi, the son of Jajhar Khan, and Mirza Muhammad Husain had joined Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk, and had formed the plan of making a rapid march by a different road to Ahmadabad. On being informed of this, Khan-i 'azam: marched for that city, and when he rcached it he sent a messenger to sunimon Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khair from Broach, who accordingly marched and joined Khan-i 'azam at Ahmadabad. Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk and Muhammad Husain Mirza, and the other insurgents, got together a force of 20.000 men–Mughals, Gujaratis, Habshis, Afghans, and 'Rajputs--around Ahmadabad.. The Raja of Idar also kept up a connexion with them. Khan-i'azam and Kutbu-d din, being unable to depend upon some of their men, shut themselves up in the town, but sailied out every day, and fought under the walls. One day Fazil Khan, son of Khan-i kalan. went out and made a bold attack upon the enemy, and 52He gol possession of Broach on his way.-Ib. . 13. 53 Abu-l Fazl imputes negligence to Hasan Khan. 1b. p. 13.

·VIZAVUD DI AVIAD 37 Rilled several nien, but he was slun by 1 tlirust from a spear Khun i'azım duly sent off despitches to the Em peror, calling for assistance The Imperor therefore resolved once more to rusc his banner in Gujarat, to clear the country of the rebels und lo uproot their families The Imperor summoned lus clerks and officials and gave them directions to provide for the outfit of in army The foriner cimpugn had lasted 1 year, and the men through the length of the mach were without ac coutrements After returning they liad not had suffici «ent time to get money from their jagus to replace their necessaries His Majesty therefore issued money from the public treasury to the soldiers, and made libtral grants foi procuring the materials of war He sent Shuja at Khanur on in advance with his cup equipage and he sent with it his horses under the charge of Khwaja Aha Khan Hc personally enjoined the diwani officers to use the greatest desprtch in outfitting the army To expedite matters he on the same day sent the men of lus advanced guard out of the city to join his camp equipige He frequently said that although lic was everting himself in the organization and despatch of the army no one would be ready sooner than himself to take his part in its work When several a lis with their troops Ind been sut in motion for Gujarrit he bestowed the title of Khan jalan upon Husun kuli khan who liad rendered good service, and lie increased his jagers ind allowinces He confirmed to him the government of Lahore and the sarkar of the Punjab and then disīnissed him to his duty Each person who sought for an increase of dignity, or for an increase of his allowances met with 7 favourable hearing Raja Todar Mal was ordeded to join Khan jahan Husuin huli Khan, and to give him and the w Raja Bhagwan Das and Rar Singh were sent with Anim --Albar nama, vol 311 ·36 AKBAR bay:52 Hasan Khan Karkarah, the Shikkdur, being unable to make any resistance, fled to Ahmadabad.53 Khan-i 'azam sent Naurang Khan and Saiyid Ahmad Bukhari against the Mirza, while - he himself marched 10 Ahmadnagar and Idar against Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk. When Naurang Khan and Saiyid Bukhari approached Kambay, Muhammad Husain Mirza came out to mect him. Sharp fighting went on for several days, and Saiyid Jalal, son of Saiyid Bahau-d din Bukhari, was killed. At length the Mirza was worsted, and fled to join Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk. Azam Khan, who had marched against Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk. took a position near Ahmadnagar. He several times attacked him, and fighting went on for several days, between Ahmadnagar and Idar with no decisive result. Intelligence now came that the sons of Sher Khan Fuladi, the son of Jajhar Khan, and Mirza Muhaminad Husain had joined Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk, and had formed the plan of making a rapid march by a different road to Ahmadabad. On being informed of this, Khan-i 'azam marched for that city, and when he reached it he sent a messenger to summon Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khair from Broach, who accordingly marched and joined Khan-i 'azam al Ahmadabad. Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk anđ Muhammad Husain Mirza, and the other insurgents, got together a force of 20.000 men-Mughals, Gujaratis, Habshis, Afghans, and 'Rajpuls--around Ahmadabad.. The Raja of Idar also kept up a connexion with them. Khan.i'azam and Kutbu-d din, being unable to depend upon some of their men, shut themselves up in the town, but sailied out every day, and fought under the walls. One day Fazil Khan, son of Khan-i kalan. went out and made a bold attack upon the enemy, and 52He got possession of Broach on his way.-Ib. p. 13. 53 Abu-l Fazl imputes neglige?ice to Hasan Khan.- Ib. p. 13.

·VIZAVUD DI HVAD 37 ncccssaries Riiled scier il mon, but fic was slun by i thirust from a spear Khu 'azain duly sent off despatches to the Lm peror, calling for assistance The Lipcrol therefore csolved once more to 111c luis banner in Gujrit, to clcar thic country of the rebels und to uproot their families The 1 mperor semmoned lus clerks und officials and 37c them directions to provide for the outſit of an army The former cimpugn hrad 17cd cır, and thic men through the length of thic mirch were without nc coutrements After returning they 111d not lind suffici ont time to get money from their jagiis to replace their His Viajesty therefore issued money from the public trcasury to the soldiers and in de liberal grants for procuing the mitcrials of wir Hc scnt Shujr at kliinul on in adı ince with lus cup equipige ind lic sent with it lus lorses under thic charge of Khwaj? Aha hlian He personally cnjoined ille diwani officers to use the greatest desprechin Outfitting the army To expedite matters lic on the same day sent the men of lus adı inced gud out of the city to join lus cump cquipige He frequently said that although he Wis cicrting fuself in thc organization and despiteli of the army no one would be rendy sooner than himself to tile lus part in its work When several a urrs with tlıcır troops Ind been see in motion for Gujarat he bestowed the title of Khan jalan upon Husain huli hhan who had rendered good service, and lic increascd lus jagers and allowinces He confirmed to him the government of Lahore and the sarkar of the Panjab and then dismissed him to his duty Each person who sought for an increase of dignity, or for an increase of his allowinccs met with 1 favourable fiearing Raja Todar Mal was ordeded to join Khan jahan Husam huli khan ind to give him and the of Raja Bhagwan Das and Rar Singli zucre sent with lumilbai nama, vol 112, p 18 ·brave fillous, was placed under the command of Muhammad Kuli Khan and Tarkhan Diwan:1. His Majesty kept miler his own immcdiatc direction 10063 borst men, reserve intended to support any division which might be hard pressed. Strict orders were issued that no man was Although the horseinen uuidor his colours were only 3000 in mulcr, and the enemy hack more than 20,000, his trust in God, and in the latter part of the day marched from Balisana towards Almadabad. A messenmarched all night, and on Tucsday, 3rd Jumada-l awwal, he reached Kari, a town twenty kos from Ahmadabad. 5 This is the nimlier giiien by Abul Fazi, Badauni 166), and Firishia; but one of our MSS. has Ivy Mir Muhammad Khan with his army and all amir's and attendants, such as ... and a party of t. principal Rajpuis, such as Khangar, the nephew of R- Bhagwan Das, who had perionly marched from F pur to suppor Klan.i'azamn, lu whom rantion lrad trained from advancing beyond Pattan. In order was now issued for all the troops to appe? fully armed and accoutred. The aimirs accord.com brought out their men, and the imperor reviewed the Although he had full trust and hope of heavenly assist ance. He neglected no matcrial means of success. He gave the command of the centre, which is the place of the Sultan, 10 Mirza Klun, son of the laic) Khan-khanan Bairum Kban, a young man of great parts and promise, He also appoined Saiyid Muhammad Khan Barlia, a. Khan to the centre. The command of the right was given in of great bravery and Shuja'at Khan and Sadik 10 Mir Muhammad Khan-i kalan, and that of the left to Warir Khan. The advance. composed of a number of men who had been picked out from a thousanda 10 stray from his place. lic pul ger was sem 10 apprise Khan-i'azam of his approach. He The scouts now brought in the intelligence that a large fon?

·were sent will jahan Husain Kuli Khan, and to give him and the 37 XIZAVU-D DIX AUVAD killed several nen; but lic was slain by a thirust from a spear. Khan-i'azam daily sent ofl despatches to the Em. peror, calling for assistance. The Emperor thcrcforc resolved once morc to raise his banner in Gujarat, to clear the country of the rebels, and to uproot thcir families. The Emperor summond his clcris and officials, and gave them directions to provide for the outfit of an army. The foriner campaign had lasted a year, and thic men through the length of the mach wcrc without accoutrements. After returning they liad not had suſfici. ent time to get money from their jagirs to replace their necessaries. His Majesty therefore issued money from the public treasury to the soldiers, and inade libtral grants for procuring the materials of war. Hc scnt Shuja'at Khansi on in advance with his camp equipage, and lic sent with it his fiorses under the charge of Khwaja Ala Khan. He personally enjoined thic divani officers to use the greatest despatch in outfitting the army. To expedite matters he on the same day sent the men of his advanced guard out of the city to join his camp equipage. He frequently said that although he was everting himself in the organization and desprich of the army, no one would be ready sooner than himself to take his part in its work When several am:rs with their troops had been ! in motion for Gujarat, he bestowed thic title of Klan. jahan upon Husain Kuli Khan, who liad renderal goal service, and he increased his jagirs and allowances. He confirmed to him the government of Lahore and the sarkar of the Panjab, and then disinissed him to his duty. Each person who sought for an increase of dignity, or for an increase of his allowances, met with a favourable hearing. Raja rodar Mal was ordeded to join Khan 5. Raja Bhagwan Das and Rai Single thim --dlbarama, vol. ii., p. 18.

·36 161.IN bay.*? Hasan Klan Karkatal, the Shikkdar, being 111- able to make any resistance, lled to Almadabuci."* Khairi azam Sol Nurang Khan Khan and Saiyid Ahmad Bukhari against the Mirza, while he himself marched to Ahmadnagar and Idar against Iklliyaru-l Mulk, When Naurang Klan and Shiyid Bukhari ap. proached Kambay; Muliammad Ilusain Mirza Come oul 10 moct liim. Sharp lighting wellt on for scvcral days, and Saiyid Jalal, son of Saiyid Bahaud din Bukhari. was killeci. Il length the Mirzt was worsted, and fica 10 join Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk. Azam Klian, who had marchcd against Ikhtiyaru- Vulk. look a position sicar Ahmadnagar. Hc several times allacked him, and lighting went on for several days, belticen Almadnagar and Idar with no decisive result. Intelligence 1700 came that the sons of Sher Klian Fuladi, the son of Jajhar Khan, and Mira Muhammad Husain had joined Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk, anal hail forinca the plan of making a rapid march by a different road to Ahmadabad. On being informed of this. Khan-i 'azam marched for that city, and when he rcaclied it lic sciit il messenger to summon Kutbud din Muhammad Khan from Broach, who accordingly marchiod and joined Kihan-i azam at Almadabad. Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk and Muhammad Husain Mirza, and the other insurgents, gol together a force of 20.000 men-Mughals, Gujaratis, Habshis, Aſghans, and Rajputs--around Ahmadabad. The Raja of Idar also kept up a connexion with them. Khan-i'azam and kuibu-d din, being unable to de pend upon some of their men, shut themselves up in the town, but sailied out every day, and fought under the walls. Onc day Fazil Khan, son of Khan-i kalan. went out and made a bold attack upon the enemy, and 52He gol possession of Broach on his way.-1b. 13. Abu-l fazi impuies negligence to Hasan Klin12.- Ib. p. 13. 53 ·NIZAMU D DIN AHMAD 39 letched the tomb of Khwaja Aſu'ınu d din Clusti (at Ajmır)oC where he went through the usual observances, and bestowed his gifts upon the pooi He rested for a while in the palace, which he had built for his own use, but towards the end of the day he mounted his horse, and continued his journey Among his attendants when he started were Mirza Khan, son of Khan khanan Bai ram, Asaf Khan hoka, Zain Khan Kola, and . Thc night was bright moonlight in the morning they joined Shah Kuli Khan Mahram, and Muhammad Kulı Khan Taghbani, who had been sent on in advance from Fath pur The intelligencers now brought the information of the royal army having marched His Majesty alight ed at the town of Pali, which was near at hand, and then, having chosen Khwaja 'Abdulla, Asaf Khan Bakshi, and Ruisal Darbari, he took them along with him On ihc 2nd Jumada l awwal, 981, he reached the town of Disa, twenty hos from Pattan, in Gujarat, where the shikkdar came forth to meet him His Majesty now sent Asaf Khan to Muhammad Khan directing hinu to collect his forces, and join the party at the town of Balısana, five kos from Pattan In the middle of the night His Majesty started from Disa for Balısana and turning aside from Pattan, came in sight of Balısanak2 in the morning, and there halted Here he was joined 60 Distance 140 hos--Farzı "228 miles "Thorn ton 61 The route from Ajmir was by Mirtha, thirty miles to the NW Jitaran forty five miles S W Thirty miles farther to Sojhat, and from thence twenty to Palı. From thence to Bhagwanpur. He now wished to take the shortest road by Sirohi; but as that toute was danger- 0115, his attendants were in favour of Jalor The guide pretended to lose the way in the night, and they went to Jalor, and so on to Pattanwal --Akbar nama, vol 20 Farzı. 62 About five miles south east of Pattan ·38 AKBAR to amirs of tlic Panjab tlic bencfit of his experience and advicc in the management, of. tlic province. All the amirs of the Panjab took their Icave with Khan-jahan, excepting Mirza Yusuf Klan. The Mirza and Muhamznad Zaman, who exhibited great intelligence, were accompany thc Emperor. Sa'id Khan, the Ruler of Multan, was sent lo his jagir, laking with him his brother Makhsus Khan, who had been promoted. In thc carly morning of Sunday, 24th Rabi-u'l akbir, 981, the Emperor, with his companions and allendants, inounted swiſt shc-camels," and took their departure: On that day hc rode to the town of Toda," without drawing rein. There he ate what he could get and conlinued his journey. On the morning of Monday, hc took a short rest at Hans-mahal, but quickly resumed his journey: One watch of thc nigiit of Tuesday had passed, when he rcached the village of Mu'izabad.57 He was now fatigued,ss and several of his attendants had dropped behind, so he stayed a few hours to take rest. After his attendants had come up, he mounted a fastgoing cari,sy and travelled all night. On Tuesday he 55 Abu-l Fazł (vol. iii., p. 18) agrees. The words used are jummaza and naka; and the naolalor of the Akbar. nama, gives as an explanation the Hindi sandni. According to Badauni (vol. ii., p. 165) the animals were bukhlis, or lwo-humped camels. Faizi uses both terms, jum- 2naza and bukhti. 56 About seventy miles W. by S. from Agra. "He proceeded by way of Basawar and Toda, and accomplished 100 kos in two days. On the 261h he arrived at Ajmir.”_Badauni, vol. ii., p. 165. 67 Thirty miles S. W. from Jaifjur. 58 According to Faizi, his limbs had lo be anointed with oil, to assuage the effects of the friction. 59 Here the T. Alfi says they rode on swift female camels, bui Abu-l Fazl agrees as to the carriages.--Akban nama, vol. iii., p. 19.

·NIZANU-D DIN AHMAD reached the tomb of Khwaja Mu'inu-a din Chishti (at Ajinir)60 where he went through the usual observances, and bestowed his gifts upon the poor. He rested for, a while in the palace, which he had built for his own use, but towards the end of the day he mounted his horse, and continued his journey. Among his attendants when he started were Mirza Khan, son of Khan-khanan Bai. ram, Asaf Khan Koka, Zain Khan Koka, and The night was bright moonlight. In the morning they joined Shah Kuli Khan Mahram, and Muhammad Kuli Khan Taghbani, who had been sent on in advance from Fathpur. The intelligencers now brought the information of the royal arıy having marched. His Majesty alighted at the town of Pali,ci which was near at hand, and then, having chosen Khwaja 'Abdu-lla, Asaf Khan Bakshi, and Raisal Darbari, he took them along with lim. On the 2nd Jumada-l awwal, 981, he reached the town of Disa, twenty kos from Pattan, in Gujarat, where the shikkdar came forth to meet him. His Majesty now sent Asaf Khan to Muhammad Khan directing him to collect his forces, and join the party at the town of Balisana, five hos from Pattan. In the middle of the night His Majesty started from Disa for Balisana, and turning aside from Pattan, came in sight of Balisana 2 in the morning, and there halted. Here he was joined 1 60 Distance 140 kos-Faizi. “228 miles." --Thornton. 61 The route from Ajmir was. by Mirtha, thirty 'miles to the N. W. Jitaran forty-five miles S. W. Thirty miles farther to Sojhat, and from thence twenty to Pali. From thence to Bhagwanpur. He now wished to take the shortest road by Sirohi; but as that route was dangerouts, his attendants were in favour of Jalor. The guide pretended to lose the way in the night, and they went to Jalor, and so on to Pattanwal.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 20. Faizi. ** About five miles south-east of Pattan, ·40 ARBAR ... а. by Mir Muhammad Khan with his army and all his .amirs and attendants, such as and a party of the principal Rajputs, such as Khangar, the nephew of Raja Bhagwan Das, who had previously marched from Fathpur to support Khan-i'azam, but whom caution had restrained from advancing beyond Pattan. An order was now issued for all the troops to appear fully armed armed and accoutred. The amirs accordingly brought out their men, and thc Emperor reviewed them. Although he had full trust and hope of heavenly assistance, he neglected no matcrial means of success. He gave the command of the centre, which is the place of the Sultan, to Mirza Khan, son of (the latc) Khan-khanan Bairam Khan, a young man of great parts and promise. He also appointed Saiyid Muhammad Khan Barha, a man of great bravery, and Shuja'at Khan and Sadik Khan to the centre. The command of the right was given to Mir Muhammad Khan-i kalan, and that of the left to Wazir Khan. The advance, composed of a number of brave fellows, was placed under the command of Muhammad Kuli Khan and Tarkhan Diwana. His Majesty kept under his own immediate direction 10063 horsemen, men who had been picked out from thousanda reserve intended to support any division which might be hard pressed. Strict orders were issued that no man was Lo stray from his place. Although the horsemen under his colours were only 3000 in number, and the enemy had more than 20,000, he put his trust in God, and in the latter part of the day marched from Balisana towards Ahmadabad. A messenger was sent to apprise Khan-i'azam of his approach. He marched all night, and on Tuesday, 3rd Jumada-l awwal, he reached Kari, a town lwenty kos from Ahmadabad. The scouts now brought in the intelligence that a large t. This is the number given by Abu-l Fazl, Badauni (vol. ii., p. 166), and Firishta; but one of our MSS. has "500".

·VIZATUD DIY AIIVAD 41 battle si Torce of the enciny Ind come out of the fort to give Orders were accordingly given to attach thein, and drive them from the road, but not to incur any cmbarrassment by attacking the ſort This was accom plished in thic twinklmg of an cyc, and thosc of the enemy who escaped the sword, threw themselves into the fort Lcaving the fort untouched, in obcdicnce to orders, the army inarched five los from har, where it rested till dawn As soon as it is light, the bakhshis drew up the ſorces, and marched on without drawing rein to a place about three los from Ahmadabad Orders were given for every man to arm himself, and the royal armoury was opened, so that every man who lind lost or damaged a aveapon might choose one to suit bim Asaf hhan was sent to Kanni 'azam, to inform him of the provimity ol. ilic Lniperor, and directing him to effect a junction "I hus, in nine dıys, the Emperoi inarched from rathpur to the outskirts of Alimindabad, 2 fcnt which it is diflı cult for thc pen to describe It was nou discovered that the enemy, drunk with wine, were asleep on the bed of licedlessness quito unan tre of the approach of the royal army The feeling ran through the ioyal ranks, that it was unmanly to full upon an enemy unawares and that they would wait till he was roused 6 When the blast of the trumpets was licard the enemy, in amaze and alarm rushed to then Muhammad Husnın Mirza adianced with two horses 67 61 Under the command of Roliya, an officer serving under Sher Khan Fuladı -Akbar nama, vol 111, p23 & 7 his is probably figurative Badauni (vol 11 , p166) employs a inore common simile, 'the sleep of neglect no The battle was fought on the oth Jumadal arral --Ahbar nama voli, p 26 67 Some thought a reinforcement had arrived foi 'hemselves, and others that it was a ficc come from ·42 AKBAR or thrce horsemen to the bank of the river to ascertain the trull, and it so happened that Subhan Kuli Turk had also gone down to the river with two or three men from our side. Muhammad Husain Mirza called out to Sublian Kuli, inquiring whosc army it was, and he was answered that it was the Emperor, who had marched from l'athpur lo punislı traitors. Thc Mirza replied, "My spics have informed me that ſourteen days ago the Emperor was al Fathpur; and if this is the Imperial army, where are the royal clcphants which always accompany it?" Subhan 'Ali said. "How could clephants have Travelled with us 400 kos in nine days?" Muhammad Husain Mirza returned amazed and troubled to his army, and drawing out his forces, hc prepared for battle. Hc directed Ikhtiyar Khan to take 5000 horse, and prevent Khan-ı 'azam from sallying out of the city. When the time for delay drew to an end, the Emperor directed the advance to cross thc river, and that Wazir Khan also should cross with the left. This being . donc, he himself crossed over at thc head of his chosen men. Some little confusion occurred in the passage, but ihc troops all got over together, and advanced a short distance on the other side, when a strong force of the enemy cane in view. Muhammad Husain Mirza, with. 1500 Mughals,6s all devoted men of his own, came up and fell upon the advanced force . under Muhammad Kuli Khan and Tarkhan Diwana. Simultaneously the Habshis and Afghans attacked Wazir Khan, and then the fight grew close and warm. The Emperor perceived some signs of weakness and distress in the advanced force, so he gave the word, and charged the enemy like a fierce tiger. Another body of the royal forces came up and took them in Aank. Saik Pattan to support Khan-i kalan.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 26. 68 The name is generally spelt "Mughul” in this work.

·NIZANU-D DI AHMAD 43 Klan Koka made a rash charge and was killed. Mulammad Husain Mirza and Shah Mirza struggled manfully, but ill-luch attended them, so they turned and fled. The royal troops advanced and cut off some. His Majesty with several of his men drew up and stood fast. Muhammad Husain Mirza had received a wound, and in his haste to make his escape, he put his horse at a thorn hedge, but the animal fell. One of the royal troops, a Turk named Gada 'Ali, who pursued him, threw himself from his horse and made him prisoner. Wazir Khan on the left fought well and bravely, but the Habshi and Gujarati troops made charge after charge, until they became acquainted with the defcat of Muliammad Husain Mirza and Shah Mirza. Then they also turned their backs. Mir Muhammad Khan on the right drove back the sons of Sher Khan Fuladi, and put many of their men to the sword. Victory now declared itself on every side, and His Majesty returned triumphant to his couch, which was placed at the edge of the battle-field, and therс he offered up his thanks for the victory vouchsafed. Gada 'Ali Badakhshi and a servant of Khan-i Lalart now brought in the wounded Muhammad Husain Mirza a prisoner, cach laying claim to the honour of capturing him. Raja Birbal asked him who made him prisoner, and he replied, “Ingratitude to His Majesty;" and he spoke the truth. His Majesty spoke a few kind words to him, and gave him into the custody of Rai Singh. Among the prisoners talen was a man named Mard Azamai Shah, who declared himself the Koha of Mirza Ibrahin Husain. His Majesty struck him to the earth with a spear, and the attendants cut him to pieces with their swords. It was afterwards found out that he had Lilled in the battle of Sarnal, Bhupat, brother of Raja Bhagwan Das. 69 1 According to Abu-l Fazl, it was the knowledge of ·AKBAR 44 t An hour after the victory was won, another large division of the enemyo made its appearance, and the vedettes brought the information that it was Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk Gujarati. He had been charged with the duty of closing the road against ’Azam Khan, but when he heard of the defeat of the Mirzas, he left the city roads and came out into the field. His Majesty ordered a force to advance and, assail him with arrows. When he came in sight, some fierce horsemen charged and otherthrew the troop which preceded him. Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk in his [right cast a look upon the hill whereon the royal standard was planted, and he and his men) ran off on both sides of it in such disgraceful panic that the royal troops pulled the arrows out of the quivers of the fugitives, and used them against them. A Turkoman named Suhrab Beg now recognised Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk, and pursued him. Coming to a thorn hedge, the fugitive endeavoured to make his horse leap over, but the animal threw him. Suhrab Beg dismounted and took him prisoner. Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk said, “You look like a Turkoman, and the Turkomans are followers of 'Ali. I belong to the Saiyid of Bokhara, do not kill me.” Suhrab Beg replied, recognized you and pursued you. You are Ikhtiyaru Mulk.” Thus liaving said he cut off his head and r turned to mount his horse, but some one had taken it, he wrapped the hcad in the skirt of his garment a walked back. At the time that Ikhtiyaru-l Mulk adva ed towards the hill on which the Emperor was stand the Rajputs of Rai Singh, who had charge of Muh mad Husain Mirza, cast the Mirza off an elephant to ground, and despatched him with a spear. After the victory, 'Azam Khan and the other of who had been besieged in the city came out to the this fact which induced the Emperor to kill iz Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 36. 70 “More than 5000 in rumber."-Akbar-zam :iii., p. 37; Badauni, vol. ii., p. 168.

·NIZAVUD DIN AIIV ID peroi, who bestowed upon the Khan many mails of bis approval fo cvery one of the Khans he gave promotion or other distinctions, and he had hardly finished with them, when Subrab Beg Turkoinan came up and threw down the heid of Ikhtiyaru 1 Mull When thic Linperor sau it, he praised him and libcrally renaided lum, and then he ordered that a pyramid should be raised of the licads of the rebels who had fallen in the Lattle, and these were inore than 2000 in number After this hc proceeded into Almadabad, and occupied the royal abode, which is in tlic citadci The men of the city of all ranks waited upon him with their offerings and con gratulations He rested five days in the citadel, and then he removed to the house of 'Itimad hhm, in the middle of the city His first ict was to sec funt all those who lad ien dered good service in this camp ugn, especiall those who had distinguished themselves in the battle, should receive their due renard in advanced ranh and increased allow ances Cloquent scribes were employed to write des patches of the victory, and the leads of Muhammad Husam Mirza and Ilhtiyaiu 1 Mulh were sent to be hung. up over the gates of Agra and Fathpur After attending to the wants of the poor people ol Alimadabad, he sent hutbud din Muhammad Khan and Naurang Khan to Broach and Champınır, to uproot the power of Shah Mirza Raja Bhagwan Das, Shah Kuli Malram, Lashlar Khan Mır Bakhshi, and several others, were sent to Idar, to ravage the country which Ran? Udı Singh hid abandoned The government of Pattan was again confided to Mir Muhammad Khan (Khuni Kalan) Wazır Khan was appointed to Dulaka and Dandula, and he was to support Khan i 'azam When the Emperor had made all his arrangeinents he resolved to return home, and on Sunday, 16ti Jumada l awwal, he left Ahmadabad for Mahmudabad, and rested in the lofty and fine pal ice of Sultan Mahmud of Gujurat Khwaji Ghrasu d din 'Ali Bakhshi, who liact ·48 AKBAR to the rulers of the Dekhin, returned, bringing with him the presents they had sent to His Majesty. On the '16th Shawwal the Emperor went to pay a visit to the tomb of Khwaja Mu’inu-d din at Ajmir, for although he had visited it this year on his return from the second campaign in Gujarat, he had now determined upon an invasion of Bengal; and as this campaign might last longer than a year, he might be prevented from making his usual pilgriniage; so he determined to proceed thither at once, and offer up his prayers for divine help in his war against Bengal. He accordingly set out on the 16th Shawwal, 981, and remained till the 20th in the village of Dair.73...At this place Dilawar Khan, assisted by the Emperor's orderlies (yasawals), was directed to protect the cultivated land in the vicinity of the camp; and besides that, trustworthy men were appointed to carefully cxamine the land after the camp had passed, and were ordered to place the amount of any damage done, against the government claim for revenue. This practice became a rule in all his campaigns, and sometimes even bags of money were given to these inspectors, so that they might at once estimate and satisfy the claims of the raiynts and farmers, and obviale any interference with the revenue collections. Continuing his journey. and hunting as he proceeded, he arrived at a spot seven kos from Ajmir, on the 12th Zi-l ka’da. Next day he went on fool to pay his visit to the tomb, and from thence he repaired to his palace in Ajmir. There he remained twelve days, risiting the tomb everyday, and enriching the poor with his bounty. NITTETt1 YEAR OF THE REX The with berri {}°rresponda Thursda ch. 1,171 A.D.) holy Aftis ܚܕ ..

·NIZATIV-D DIN ARVAD now pur on Saturday, 7th Jumada-l akhir, having been absent forty-threc days. CVENTS ATTER TI. CMIPCROR'S RETURN TO FATIIPUR One the 25th of Jumada-l ahhir, the ceremony of circumcising the young princes was performed, amid grcat rejoicings and congratulations. The time was arrived for beginning the education of Prince Salim, so on the 22nd Rajab His Majesty appointed Maulana Mir Kalan Harawi to be his tutor, and to instruct him in the creed and the Kuran." Muzaffar Khan, who had been formerly appointed to the government of Sarangpur, in the icrritories of Ahmadabad, was summoned to Court, and on the 4th Rajab lie was appointed waðir or prime minister of Hindustan, and reccived the additional title of Tumlatu-1 Mulki. The general management of the alfairs of the country was committed to his hands. The debts of Shaikh Muliammad Bulhari, who was killed at the battle of Pattan, and of Sail Klan Koka, who fell in the second campaign of Ahmadabad, were ordered to be paid out of the public trcasury. The total amounted to one lac of Albarshali rspecs, equal to 2500 tumans of 'Irak. Such a fact has not been recorded of any king in books of history. Raja Todar Mal, who had been sent to settle the revenues of Gujarat, having made the necessary arrangements, now returned, bringing the accounts of his settlement, and suitable presents for His Majesty. He was highly applauded. After a few days the Emperor gave him one of his own swords and sent him along with Lashkar Khan Mir-bakhshi to serve under Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan, and assist in the conquest of Bengal. Mir Muhsin Rizwi, who had been sent on a mission 72 The translation of this and other unimportant passages of this section is abridged.

·16 AKBAN rendered good service in this campaign, received the title of Asaf Khan, and he was appointed diwan and bakshi of Gujarat, so he remained behind with Khan-i 'azan. The Emperor travelled by night from Dulaka to Kari, and from Kari also by night to Sitapur. Here a despatch was received from Raja Bhagwan Das, and Shah Kuli Mahram, reporting the capture of the ſort of Barnagar, 72 and a letter. of thanks was returned. He made no other · halt till he reached Sirohi, where he gave Sadik Khan a commission to chastise rebels and robbers. On Wednesday, 3rd Jumada-l awwal, 981, he reached Ajmir, and immediately went to visit the tomb of Khwaja Mu’inu-d din Chishti, and made liberat donations to the poor, Next day he departed, and marching night and day, he reached the village of Puna, three kos from Sanganir, in the jagir of Ram Das Kachhwaha. Here Ram Das had prepared an entertainment for His Majesty and all his attendants. At this station Raja Todar Mal, who had been directed to fit out a thousand boats (kishti) and ghrabs at Agra, had an interview with His Majesty. The revenues of Gujarat had not been paid up satisfactorily, .so thie Raja was sent to ascertain and settle the assets, and draw up an account of them for the royal exchequer. The Emperor started again at midnight, and rode to "Toda, which he reached on the morning of the 6th, and, after resting for a while, he again mounted and reached Basawar in the middle of the night, where' he was met by Khwaja-jahan and Shahabu-d din Ahmad Khan, who had come out of Fathpur to meet him. At dawn he again -started' and went to the town of Bajuna, where he remained till the following day. He then ordered his attendants to march into Fathpur with spears in their "hands. He himself followed, riding upon a gray horse, -and holding a spear in his hand. Thus he reached Fath- 7 About thirty miles cast of Pattan.

·NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD 49 Khwaja, who is the helper and protector of kings, the Emperor started on his return from Ajmir on the 23rd. Ziel ka'da. Hunting as he went along, he arrived at Fathpur on the 17th Zi-l hijja. CAMPAIGN AGAINST PATNA AND HAJIPUR Sulaiman Kirani, one of the amirs of Salim Khan Afghan (Salim Shah), and ruler of Bengal and Bihar, who had always in his letters acknowledged himself a vassal of the Imperial throne, died while the Emperor was engaged in his Surat campaign in the year 981 H. His eldest son Bayazid succeeded, but he was murdered by the amirs, 14 and the younger son Daud was raised to the throne. The Emperor was informed that Daud had. stepped out of his proper sphere, had assumed the title of king, and through his morose temper had destroyed. the fort of Patna, which Khan-zaman built when he was ruler of Jaunpur. A farman was immediately sent Khan.khanan, directing him to chastise Daud, and to conquer the country of Bihar, At that time Daud was at Hajipur, and his chief noble, Lodi, who was in open hostility to him, was in the fort of Rohtas, and set up a claim to independence. Khan-khanan Mu'nim Khan marched with the Imperial forces against Patna and Hajipur. Lodi, knowing the destruction of the Afghans to be certain, notwithstanding his hostility towards Daud, made a sort of peace with Khan-khanan. The old friendship and respect which Khan-khanan had for the late Sulaiman Kirani led him to agree that, upon the payment of two lacs of rupees in money and one lac in stuffs as a tribute, the Imperial to 74 "In consequence of his evil conduct."-Badauni, vol. ii., p. 173. According to Abu-l Fazl, the nephew and son-in-law of Bayazid, whose name was Hansu, took an active part in his removal. He in his turn was killed by Lodi, and Daud was placed upon the throne.--Akbaidnia.

·AKBAR 10 the rulers of the Dekhin, returned, bringing with hinr se presents they had sent to His Majesty. On the '16th Shawwal the Emperor went to pay a visit to the tomb of Khwaja Mu’inu-d din al Ajmir, for although he had visited it this ycar on his return from the second campaign in Gujaral, he had now determined upon an invasion of Bengal; and as this campaign might last longer than a year, he might be prevented from making his usual pilgrimage: so he determined to procecd thither at once, and offer up his prayers for divine help in his war against Bengal. He accordingly set out on the 16th Shawwal. 981, and remained till the 20th in the village of Dair..?...At this place Dilawar Khan, assisted by the Emperor's orderlics (Jasau'als), was directed protect the cultivated land in the vicinity of the camp; and besides that, trustworthy men were appointed to carefully examine the land after the camp had passed, and were ordered to place the amount of any damage done, against the government claim for revenue. This practice became a rule in all his campaigns, and sometimes even bags of money were given to these inspectors, so that thcy might at once estimate and satisfy the claims of the ruivats and farmers, and obviate any interference with the revenue collections. Continuing his journey, and hunting as he proceeded, he arrived at a spot seven kos from Ajmir, on the 12th Zi-l ka’da. Next day he went on fool to pay his visit to the tomb, and from thence he repaired to his palace in Ajmir. There he remained twelve days, visiting the tomb everyday, and enriching the poor with his bounty. NINETEENTH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 17th Ži-l ka’da, 981 H. (11th March, 1574 Á.D. After paying his visit to the tomb of the hol 73 "Four kos from Fathpur."-Badauni, vol. p. 171.

·WIZAVU-D DIV ALVAD precautions for coinbating liis cnemies and relying upon that unsatisfactory peace which Lodi had concluded, he banislied all care. When the death of Lodi was reported to Khan- Llanan and his circlc, which was full of amirs of renown, lie at once sct his ficart upon the conquest of Bengal and Lallinauti, and marched against ratna and Hajipur. In high spirits he arrived in the vicinity of ratna. Daud now deeply regretted the murder of Lodi, who, by his wisdom, and judgment, and devotion, had hept tlic affairs of Bengal in order. He marched towards Patna and was at first resolved upon battle; but he afterwards recoiled from trying an action, and resolved to tahe shelter in luis fortifications Khan Wanan was dclighted wiien lie was informed of this resolution, and he alrcady foresaw the conquest of Palna and Hajipur. Daud, without drawing a sword or shooting an arrow, retired precipitately into the ſort of Patna, and set about repairing the works. Khan Lhanan, with the concurrence of the amirs, proceeded to invest Patna. Upon hicaring this, the Emperor determined to personally direct the operations against Patna and Hajipur. Acting after resting for a few days at Fatlıpur, he sent off his camp and clephants hy land under the command of Mirza Yusuf Khan Rizwi, one of his chicf amirs. He placed Agra in charge of Shahabu d din Ahmad Khan Naishapuri and cmbarked on board a boat on Sunday the last day of Safar, 982 H. The young princes went with him. The boats carried all his equipments and establishments, armour, drums, treasure, carpets, kitchen utensils, slud, etc., large boats were specially prepared for his modation, in which he embarked with The boats required by the amirs for their establishments were in the rear of and so they started. On arriving at of Ratanbh, one of the dependencies of And sent a letter to Klan-khanan Mu' WO . 1 ·50 ALBAR forces should be withdrawn. Then having sent Jalal Khan Krori, he entered into a peace with Daud. But Daud was a dissolute scamp, and knew nothing of the business of governing: At the instigation of Katlu Khan, who had for a long time held the country of Jagannath and of Sridhar Hindu Bengali, and through his own want of judgment, he seized Lodi his amiru-l umara, and put him in confinement under the charge of Sridhar Bengali. When in prison, Lodi sent for Katlu and Sridhar, and sent Daud this message, “Il you consider my death to be for the welfare of the counlry, put your mind quickly at ease about it; but you will be very sorry for it after I am dead. You have never given me any good wishes or advice, but still I am willing to advise you. Acl upon my counsel, for it will be for your good. And this is my advice: After I am killed, fight the Mughals without hesitation, that you may gain the victory. If you do not do so, the Mughals will attack you, and you will not be able to help yourself. Do not be too sure about the peace with the Mughals, they are only biding their time." The power of Daud and of all the Afghans was on the wane: it was God's will that they should fall, and that the power of the Emperor should be established over the country of Bengal. So Daud resolved to put Lodi out of the way, and by so doing to establish his authority to his own satisfaction. Katlu Khan and Sridhar Bengali had a bitter animosity against Lodi, and they thought that if he were removed, the offices of vakil and wazir, would fall to them, so they made the best of their opportunity. They represented themselves to Daud as purely disinterested, but they repeatedly reaninded him of those things which made Lodi's death desirable. Daud, in the pride and intoxication of youth, listened to the words of these sinister counsellors. The doomed victim was put to death, and Daud became the master of his elephants, his treasure, and his troops. But he was puffed up with conceil and folly, and took no ·NIZAVU D DIN AHMAD 63 to on in arrived from Khan khanan, urging him march with all speed So on the 3rd he sent on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpur, and then departed on his campaign against Bengal Bo On the 4th the boats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges, and Mirza Yusuf Khan, the commander of the army, waited on His Majesty. It was now arranged that the army should keep within siglit of the royal flotilla On the 6th it encamped in the plain of Ghazipui, and the Emperor went hunting On the 7th he halted at Gangadaspur, and here he was met by the ennuch 'Itimad Khan, a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in the siege of Patna, and who now made a full report of all the uccurrences to His Majesty, and urged hun to lasten forward. His Majesty thereupon directed Saiyid Mirak Ispahanı, one of his principal attendants, who was Icarned charms, to sech an zugury in his books by sortilege The augury was favourable, and a few days proved its truth On Tuesday, the 8th Rabi'us sani, lie encamped at the ferry of Chrunsa, and here a despatch annyed from Khan Lhanan reporting that 'Isa Khan Niazı, an Afghan renowned for his courage, had made a sortie with cle. phants and a large force from Patna, and had attacked the besiegers 'Isa Khan was slain by Lashkar Khan, one of the Emperor's men, and a great number of Afghans fell This news was sent on to the princes On the following day Dilawar Khan was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry of Chaunca, and on the 10th the army encamped at the village of Domni, belonging to Bhojpur Kasım 'Ali Khan was now sent to inform Khan Khanan of the near approach of the Emperor, and to inquire what he advised to be done The 80"News arrived on this day of the conquest of Bhalar" This is in the text, but has been placed here as a note Badauni's version is “News arrived of the death of Sultan Alaluud of Bliakar, and of Muhibb'Ali Khan's oblarning possession. of that country" 2 ·52 AKBAR information of his approach. On the 1st Rabi'ul awwal the expedition procecded. Every day he left the boat and went hunting on shore.7" Every day he was joined by fresh parties of troops. (Punishincni of a brahman guilly of incest with his daughter). On the 23rd of the month the Emperor rcached, Illahabas, which is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna. This is a great place of pilgrimage for the Hindus, and contains some fine buildings. Il is. celebrated in all parts of the world as a holy place of the Hindus, who resort thither from all parts. On the 25th he reached Benarcs, from whence he sent on Sher Beg Tawachi in a boat to Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan, to apprise him of the Einperor's arrival at Benarcs. At that city hic remained three days taking rest. On the 28th he reached the village of Kori, a dependency of Saiyidpur," at the confluence of the Gumti77 and Ganges and there anchored." Here he was waited upon by Mirza Yusuſ Khan, who had brought down the army by land. He now determined that until he received accurate intelligence from Khan-khanan, he and the young prince and his wives would go and stay at Jaun- So he left the army at this encampinent, and went up the Gumti in boats to, Jaunpur. On thc 2nd Rabi'ul-s sani he reached the village of Yahyapur, a dependency of Jaunpur. Here a despatch pur,79 75 “In the cvening they cast anchor, and the Empe- Tor engaged in discussions upon science and poetry,'” etc.--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 176. 76 Badauni for Saiyidpur has Jaunpur, and is prob-- ably righi. "Here called in the MS. “Guda” and “Guri”; by Badauni “Gudi", and by Abu-l Fazl "Kudi”. 78 The expedilion encountered three violent storms, and several boats sank.----Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 64. 59 The T. Alfi writes the name indifferently "Jaunapur' and "Janipura: , ·MIZA 10-D DIN AHMAD On arrived from Khan-khanan, urging him to march with all speed. So on the 3rd he sent on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpur, and then departed on his campaign against Bengal.50 On the 4th the boats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges, and Mirza Yusuf Khan, the commander of the army, waited on His Majesty. It was now arranged that the army should keep within sight of the royal flotilla. On the oth it encamped in the plain of Ghazipur, and the Emperor went hunting. On the 7th he halted at Gangadaspur, and here he was met by the ennuch 'Itimad Khan, a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in thc siege of Patna, and who now made a full report of all the accurrences to His Majesty, and urged him to hasten forward. His Majesty thereupon directed Saiyid Mirak Ispahani, one of his principal attendants, who was learned in charms, to seek an augury in his books by sortilege. The augury was favourable, and a few days proved its truth. On Tuesday, the 8th Rabi'u-s sani, lie encamped at the ferry of Chaunsa, and here a despatch arrived front Khan-khanan, reporting that 'Isa Khan Niazi, an Afghan renowned for his courage, had made a sortie with clephants and a large force from Patna, and had attacked the besiegers. 'Isa Khan was slain by Lashkar Khan, one of the Emperor's men, and a great number of Afghans fell. This news was sent on to the princes. On the following day Dilawar Khan was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry' of Chaunsa, and on tlie 10th the army encamped at the village of Domni, belonging to Bhojpur. Kasim 'Ali Khan was now sent to inform Khan-khanan of the near approach of the Emperor, and to inquire what he advised to be done. The 80“News arrived on this day of the conquest of Bhakar". This is in the text, but has been placed here was a note. Badauni's version is "News arrived of the death of Sultan Alahmud of Bhakar, and of Muhibb'Ali Khan's oblaining possession of that country."

·52 AKBAR information of his approach. On the 1st Rabi'u-l awwal the expedition proceeded. Every day he left the boat and went hunting on shore.75 Every day he was joined by fresh parties of troops. (Punishment of a branman guilty of incest with his daughter). On the 23rd of the month the Emperor reached Illahabas, which is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna. This is a great place of pilgrimage for the Hindus, and contains some fine buildings. It is celebrated in all parts of the world as a holy place of the Hindus, who resort thither from all parts. On the 25th he reached Benares, from whence he sent on Sher Beg Tawachi in a boat to Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan, to apprise him of the Emperor's arrival at Benares. At that city he remained three days taking rest. On thc 28th he reached the village of Kori, a dependency of Saiyidpur, 6 at the confluence of the Gumti?? and Ganges and there anchored." Here he was waited upon by Mirza Yusuf Khan, who had brought down the army by land. He now determined that until he rereived accurate intelligence from Khan-khanan, he and the young prince and his wives would go and stay at Jaun- So he left the army at this encampinent, and went up the Gumti in boats to, Jaunpur. On the 2nd Rabi'u-s sani he reached the village of Yahyapur, a dependency of Jaunpur. Here a despatch pur.79 75 “In the evening they cast anchor, and the Empe- Tor engaged in discussions upon science and poetry," etc.--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 176. 76 Badauni for Saiyidpur has Jaunpur, and is probably righi. 77 Here called in the MS. “Guda” and “Guri”; by Badauni “Gudi”, and by Abu-l Fazl "Kudi”. 18The expedition encountered three violent storms, and several boals sank.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 64. 79 The T. Alfi writes the name indifferently "Jaunpiral and "Janipur":

·NIZAMU:D DIN ANIMAD to On arrived from Khan-khanan, urging him marci with all speed. So on thc 3rd lic scnt on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpur, and then departed on liis campaign against Bengal.so On the 4th the boats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges, and Mirza Yusuf Khan, the commander of the anny, waited on His Majesty. It was now arranged that the army should kecp within sighit of the royal flotilla. On the 6th it cncamped in the plain of Ghazipur, and the Emperor went hunting, . On thc 7u lic halted at Gangadaspur, and here he was niet by thc cnnuclı 'Itimad Khan, a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in the sicge of Patna, and who now inade a full report of all the uccurrences to His Majesty, and urged lajin to basten forward. His Majesty thercupon directed Saiyid Mirak Ispahani, one of his principal attendants, who was learned in charms, to scck an augury in lois books by sortilege. The augury was favourable, and a few days proved its truth. 'On Tuesday, tlic Sth Rabi'u-s sani, le cncampcd at thic ferry of Chaunsa, and fiere a despatch arrived from Khan-khanan, reporting that 'Isa Khan Niazi, an Afghan renowned for his courage, had made a sortic with clephants and a large force from Patna, and had attacked the besiegers. 'Isa Klian was slain by Lashkar Klian, one of the Emperor's men, and a great number of Afghans .fell. This news was sent' on to the princes. On the following day Dilawar Khan was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry' of Chaunsa, and on thie 10th the army cncamped at the village of Domini, belonging to Bhojpur. Kasim 'Ali Khan was now sent to inform Khan-khanan of the near approach of the Emperor, and to inquire what he advised to be donc. The 80“News arrived on this day of the conquest of Blakar. This is in thc text, but has been placed here as a note. Badauni's version is "News arrived of the death of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakar, and of Muhibb'Ali Khan's oblaining possession of that country."

·52 AKDAR information of his approach. On the 1st Rabi'ul awwal the expedition proceeded. Every day hc leſt the boat and went hunting on shorc.75 Every day he was joined by fresh parties of iroops. (Punishment of a braiman guilly of incest with his daughter). On the 23rd of the month the Emperor reached Illahabas, which is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Junina. This is a great place of pilgrimage for the Hindus, and contains some fine buildings. Il is. cclebrated in all parts of thc world as a holy place of the Hindus, who resort thither from all parts. On the 25th he reached Benarcs, from whence he seni on Sher Bcg Tawachi in a boat to Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan, to apprise him of the Emperor's arrival at Benares. At that city hc remained ilirec rays taking rest. On the 28th he reached the village of Kori, a dependency of Saiyidpur,:6 at the confluence of the Gumti"? and Ganges and there anchored." Here he was waited upon by Mirza Yusuf Khan, who had brought down the army by land. He now delcrmined that until lie received accurate intelligence from Khan-khanan, he and the young prince and his wives would go and stay at Jaun- So he left the army at this encampinent, and went up thc Gumii in boats to, Jaunpur. On the 2nd Rabi'ui-s sani he reached the village of Yahyapur, a dependency of Jaunpur. Here a despatch pur.77 ** “In the cvening they cast anchor, and the Empe- Tor engaged in discussions upon science and poetry,” etc.Badauni, vol. ii., p. 176. 76 Badauni for Saiyidpur has Jaunpur, and is probably righi. ??Here called in the MS. "Guda" and "Guri”; by Badauni "Gudi", and by Abu-l Fazl ""Kudi". 78The expedition encountered tiiree violent storms, and several boals sank..--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 64. 79 The T. Alfi writes the name indifferently "Jaunpur” and “Janipura:

·VIZAVU D DIN AHMAD 53 to on arrived from Khan Klanın urging him march with all speed So on the 3rd he sent on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpur, and then departed on lus campaign against Bengal 80 On the 4th the boats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges and Murzı Yusuf Khan, the commander of the army, waited on His Majesty It was now arranged that the army should keep within sight of the royal flouilla On the oth it encamped in the plain of Ghazipur, and the Emperor went bunting On the 7th he halted at Gungadaspur, and here he was met by the ennuch 'Itimad Khin a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in the siege of Patna and who now made 2 full report of all the uccur. rences to His Majesty and urged hun to hasten forward His Majesty thereupon directed Saiyid Mirah Ispahını one of his principal attendants who was learned in charms to seek an zugury in his books by sortilege The augury was favourable and a few days proved its trutlı On Tuesday the 8th Rabi us sini lie cocamped at the ferry of Chiunsa and here a despatch anned from Khan Lhanan reporting that Isa Khan Niall an Afghan renowned for his courage had made a sortie with cle phants and a large force from Patna and liad attacked the besiegers Isa Khan was slun by Lashkar hhan one of the Emperor s men ind a great number of Afghans fell This news was sent on to the princes On the following day Dilawar Khan was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry of Chaunsa and on the 10th the army encamped at the village of Domni, belonging to Bhojpur Kasım Ali Khan was now sent to inform Khan Khanan of the near approach of the Em peror and to inquire what he advised to be done The 80 News arrived on thus day of the conquest of Bhahar) This is in the text, but has been placed here as a note Badauni's Tersion 25 'News arrived of the death of Sultan Mahmud of Bhal ar, and of Muhibb' 417 Khan's obtaining possesszor of that country" ·52 AKBAR information of his approach. On the 1st Rabi'ul awwal the expedition proceeded. Every day he left the boat and went hunting on shore.73 Every day he was joined by fresh parties of troops. (Punishment of a branman guilty of incest with his daughter). On the 23rd of the month the Emperor reached Illahabas, which is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna. This is a great place of pilgrimage for the Hindus, and contains some fine buildings. It is celebrated in all parts of the world as a holy place of the Hindus, who resort thither from all parts. On the 25th he reached Benares, from whence he sent on Sher Beg Tawachi in a boat to Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan,. to apprise him of the Emperor's arrival at Benares. At that city he remained three days taking rest. On the 28th he reached the village of Kori, a dependency of Saiyidpur," at the confluence of the Gumti?7 and Ganges and there anchored. Here he was waited upon by Mirza Yusuf Khan, who had brought down the army by land. He now determined that until he received accurate intelligence from Khan-khanan, he and the young prince and his wives would go and stay at Jaun- So he left the army at this encampinent, and went up the Gumti in boats to, Jaunpur. On the 2nd Rabi'u-s sani he reached the village of Yahyapur, a dependency of Jaunpur. Here a despatch 78 pur.79 15 “In the cvening they cast anchor, and the Emperor engaged in discussions upon science and poetry,'' etc.--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 176. 76 Badauni for Saiyidpur has Jaunpur, and is probably righi. 7?Here called in the MS. “Guda” and “Guri”; by Badauni “Gudi", and by Abu-l Fazl "Kudi”. 78The expedilion encountered thee violent storms, and several boals sank.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., .p. 64. "'The T. Alfi writes the name indifferently "Jaunpurks and "Janipur", 1 ·NIZAVU D DIN AHMAD 53 to On arrived from Khin Nanan, urging him march with all speed So on the 3rd le sent on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpur, and then departed on his campaign against Bengal so On the 4th the boats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges, and Mirza Yusuf Khan, the commander of the army, waited on His Majesty. It was now arranged that the army should keep within sight of the royal flotilla On the 6th it encamped in the plain of Ghazipur, and the Emperor went hunting On the 7th he halted at Gangadaspur, and here he was met by the ennuch 'Itimad Khan, a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in the siege of Patna, and who now made a full report of all the uccur. rences to His Majesty, and urged him to hasten forward. His Majesty thereupon directed Saiyid Miral Ispahanı, one of his principal attendants, who was learned in charms, to seek an augury in his books by sortilege The augury was favourable, and a few days proved its truth On Tuesday, the 8th Rabius sant lie encamped at the ferry of Chaunsa, and liere a despatch anned from Khan lhanan, reporting that 'Isa Khan Nian, an Afghan renowned for his courage, had made a sortie with clephants and a large force from Patna, and liad attacked the besiegers 'Isa Khan was slain by Lashkar Khan, one of the Emperor's men, ind a great number of Afghans fell. This news was sent on to the princes On the following day Dilawar Khan was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry of Chalınsa, and on the 10th the army encanıped at the village of Domni, belonging to Bhojpur Kasım 'Ali Khan was now sent to inform Khan khanan of the near approach of the Fmperor, and to inquire what he advised to be done The 80“News anived on this day of the conquest of Bhakar This is in the text, but has been placed here as a note Badauni's version as “News arrived of the death of Sultan Mahmud of Blialar, and of Mulubb'Ali Khan's obtaining possessio, of that country."

·54 AKBAR Khan advised the Emperor to advance as hitherto, himself by boat and his army by land; and he requested that some horses might be sent to replace those that had been rendered useless by the rains.81 Horses and arms were accordingly sent. Khan-khanan and the other amirs advanced two kos from Patna to meet His Majesty, who, on the 16th Rabi'u-s sani reached his destination, and took up his abode in the tents of Khan-khanan. Great rejoicings followed, and rich offerings were made. On the 17th Akbar called a council of war in the lents of Khan-khanan, when he observed that the siege had now lasted a long time, that he was resolved upon reducing the place, and upon crushing the defenders, so that they should be unable to make ony further resistance either in the city or in the country. He thought that the best course to pursue was to first reduce the fort. of Hajipurs? which rendered very material assistance to the garrison of Patna, and that their operations inust be directed to that object. Thc Khans greatly applauded this scheme. At that same council Khan-'alam was sent off with three thousand men in boats, with the materials required for a siege. Raja Gajpati, the zamindar of that country, who had many armed adherents, was directed to support Khan-'alam. Next day, the 18th, Khan-’alam crossed the river, embarked immediately, and went to lay siege to Hajipur, while the troops marched by land.83 In order to see the field, His Majesty mounted a battery of Shaham Khan Jalair, which was upon a hill on the bank of the Ganges, ( 82 s1Thc weather continued very stormy; heavy rains fell, and the waters were 177uch out.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 76. 2A forl which stood opposite to Paina; the Ganges, about 'two kos in width, flowing between them.”--Akbarrama, vol. iii., p. 73. 8He went up the Gandak.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii.,. p. 75.

·NIZAMU D DIN AHVAD 55 and from which Hajipur was visible As however, he could get no certain information of what was passing in the evening he sent a party of men in three boats to wards Hajipur to gain intelligence When the enemy saw these boats approaching, they sent eighteen boats full of fighting men against them But the three Impe mnl boats prevented them from advancing, and by hard fighting cut their way through, and joined Khan alam Victory now declared in fuvour of the Emperor 84 rath Khan Barha commander of Hajipur, and many Afgh ins, were slain, and the place fell into the hands of Khan alu The head of Fath Khun Barha and the heads of other Afghans were thrown into boats and sent to the Emperor After offering his thanksgning for thus victory he sent the heads of Iath Khan and of the others to Drud that he might see with luis own eyes what had be fillen lus oficers and might be led to reflect upon huis own position When Daud s eyes fell upon these heads he was plunged into dismay ind set his mind upon Right On the same day the 16th the Emperor went out upon an elephant to reconnoitre the fort and the inviorns of the aty, and he ascended the Pang paharı which is opposite the fort This Panjpaharı or "Five domes is a place built in old times by the infidels with burnt brichs in five stages Che Afghans who were on the walls and bastions of the fortress saw the Emperor and his suite as he was making his survey, and in their despair and rechlessness they fired some guns at the Panj pahırı but they did no injury at all to any one When Daud saw the Imperial forces swarming 117 the plain, and when he was informed of the fall of Haji pur, although he had 20 000 horse, abundance of artil lery, and many elephants he determined to fly and ad midnight of Sunday the 21st Rabi u s sanı, he embarked in a boat and made his escape Sridhar the Bengali, who SiFarzı Sırhındı follous this account, but Alill Fazl's version is somewhat different ·-56 IKBAR was Daud's great supporter, and to whom he had given the title of Raja Bikramajit, placed his valuables and ircasures in a boat and followed him. Gujar Khan Kirani, who was Daud's minister85 brouglıt the elephants out, and ſled by the rear of the .city. On that dreadful night, a foretaste of the day of judgment, the inhabitants were in a state of bewilderment and despair. Some endeavoured 10 escape by the river, but through the crowding and struggling many of them were drowned. Others cndcavoured to fly by land, but were crushed under the feel of elcphants and horses in the narrow lanes and screets. Soine in their despair cast themselves down from the walls and others perished in the moat. When Gujar Khan came to the Punpun86 river, lic passed his elephants over the bridge; but the ſugitives in his rcar so pressed and crowded upon the bridge that it broke down and numbers were precipitated into the water. Those who came up afterwards threw away their arms and clothes and cast themselves naked into the river. Lale at night, when the flight of Daud was reported the Emperor gave thanks to heaven, and as soon as it was light Khan-khanan having assured himself of the fact, the royal forces entered the city with great display. Fiſty-six elephants, which, the enemy had been unable to carry oſl, were found in the city and paraded before His Majesty. The date of the fall of Patna, which was indeed the conquest of Bengal, is found in this line "Mulk-i Sulaiman zi Daud raft.” (983). The Emperor remained in the city till four hours of the day had passed, and having made proclamation of amnesty to the inhabitants, he leſt Khan-khanan in command of the army, while he himself dashed off with a 85 His iitle was "Ruknu-d daula." --Badauni,- vol. ii., p. 181. S6A river which runs from the south,' and falls into the Ganges near Patna.

·VIZANU D DIV AHVID 57 detachiment in pursuit of Gujar Khan and the elephants When he reached the Punpun, he swam over on horse. back, and the amirs and soldiers followed his example Then he gave orders for every officer and man to press on with all his might in the pursuit of the enemy, and he himself spurred forward The amurs, driving Gujar Khan before them, secured Daud's elephants, and brought them to His Majesty On reaching the paigana of Daryapurs7 twenty six horse from Patna on the banks of the Ganges, they drew rein and it was found that nearly 400 elephantsS9 had been taken His Majesty halted at Daryapur, but ordered Shahbaz Khan MIcr bakhslu and Majnun Khan haks to continue the pursuit They went on to the river Balbhund, seven hos from Darya pur There they learned that Gujar worn out and half dead, had passed over the river and that some of his men had been lost in the water Shahbaz Khan and Majnun Khan then returned On Monday, the 21st, Khan Lhanan, according to orders, came by water to wait upon His Majesty, bring ing with him the royal boats and attendant establish- The Emperor stayed at Daryapur six days He appointed Khın khanan to the government of Bengal, and left lum an additional force of 20 000 horse He increased his military allowances twenty five or thirty per cent, he gave him all the boats which he had brought down from Agra, and invested him with full power and authority Then he raised the standard of return, and dismissed Khan Lhanan and the other Next day he marched to the town of Ghıyaspur on the bank of the Ganges There he rested for days, employed in the pleasing occupation of viewing the elc 870n the right bank of the Ganges, sıxły miles cast from Patna 88Abul Fazl mal.es it thirty Fos-Akbar nama, vol. 211, 78 89 Two hundred and sıtly five--Ib ments amirs ·clays, and employed himself in hunting. In the begir. went. Al the town of Narnaul lic was waited upon by Khan-jahan, who came from Lahore to see him. The afterwards Azam Khan also came from Ahmadabad ex pressly to offer his congratulations. In the beginning of Ramazan, the Emperor reached Ajmir, and hastened spoils of Bengal he presented lo nakara-khana of the It now came to his knowledge that Chandar Sen, bourhood of the forts of Joudhpur and Siwanah, and of Dehli, and Subhan Kuli Turk, with a suitable force, 9-4 This intelligence was brought from Siwanah by Raja Rai Singh.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 87. Siwanah AKNAR 1 led his forces, and advanced in great force against T. When Daud's spies carrica him carried him the intelligence Klan-klanan's idvance. he and his associates to mi of the black night of Patna, and Ned in dismay, ab doning the low. Thus on the 11h Jumada-s sani, capital of Tanda was W011 for the Emperor witi. fighting, and in proclamation of protection was issu. to the peoplc. Again ine Emperor was delighted with this news. 11e determined 10 go on to Dehli and he ... there on the 1st Rajabs. llc made a pilgrimage sombs of the saints and holy men; he also visited lomb of his father, and he dispensed luis bounty, am the needs, and offered up prayers suitable to. his posi tion. To give his cscort rest he remained at Dehli su ning of Sha'ban he started for Ajinir, and hunted as ; W toi + Emperor was much pleased 10 sce the Khan, and him some princely marks of his approval. A few days gave immediately to pay his visit to thc tomb. Khwaja a pair of drums which had belonged He also dispensed the usual gifls. son of Mal Deo, was oppressing the raiyats in the neigl was creating disturbances.94 Khan, son of Tahir Khan Mir-i faraghat Out of the to Daud. His Majesty sent Tayib the governoi s about sixty miles S. W. of Joudhpur.

·NIZAMU D DI AHVAD 61 to chastisc luim When they approached, thic rebel with drew with his followers, 9- into dense jungles and places hard of access But some of the fugitives were caught and put to the sword, and the royal troops ieturned with considerable spoil In the middle of Ramazan the Emperor started on his return to the capital, and on the same day Khan ı 'azam departed for Gujarat The Li peror arrived at Fathpur on the last day of Ramazan It had become manifest that much of the cultivable land of Hindustan was lying uncultivated, and to en courage cultivation, some rule for dividing the profits of the first year between the Government and the cultı vator seemed to be required After careful considera tion, it was arranged that the various parganas should be examined, and that those which contained so much land as being cultivated would yield a kror of tankas, should be divided off and given into the charge of an honest and intelligent officer, who was to receive the name of kurort The clerks and accountants of the lx chequer were to make arrangements with these officers, and send them to their respective districts, where by ugilance and attention, in the course of three years the uncultivated land might be brought into cultivation, and the revenues recovered for Government out these viens, a number of the most honest and trust worthy servants of the State were selected, such as and appointed to the office of hrori The amirs also were called upon severally to appoint hroris, who were sent into the country upon their responsibility At this time Shah huli Khan Mahram, Jalal Khan Korchi, and some other amirs, were sent to effect the re duction of the fort of Suwanah, belonging to the son of Rai Mal Deo The fort was besieged for a long time and Jalal Khan Korchi, one of the officers of the Court, was killed there After that Shahbaz Khan Kambu was To carry 95"by way of Rampur"-Ah nama Tonk, seventy miles S from Jaipur Rampur 112 ·64 AKBAR . fore he could arrive, Junaid had fled into the jungles. Todar Mal therefore stopped at Midnapur. Muhammad: Kuli Khan Birlas died here after a few days' illness. He was an able man, and his loss was a great cause of weakness in the Imperial forces. In concurrence with the remaining amirs, Raja: Todar Mal returned from Midnapur to Madaran. Here Kiya Khan Gang, being offended with the other amirs10' without reason, went off into the jungle. Todar Mal reported the fact to Khan-khanan and remained for some days in Madaran. Hereupon Khan-khanan sent Shaham Khan Jalair and to support Raja Todar Mal. When they joined the Raja at Bardwan, the Raja left them, and went out into the jungle after Kiya Khan, and having pacified him, brought him back with him. From Madran they marched, to Jitura. There they were informed that Daud, with his forces, had gone into the fort of Katak Banaras, 101 and, was engaged in preparations for war. Raja Todar Mal halted, and sent swiſt messengers to inform Khan-khanan of the position of affairs. Khankhanan then left Tanda to march against Daud, and he formed a junction with Raja Todar Mal. Daud had organized his army and now advanced to meet him. The Afghans entrenched their camp, On the 20th Zi-l ka'da 982102 the armies met.103 100 With Khan-khanan in particular.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 98. 101 Attock and Cuttack, at the two extremilies of the Empire, both have the world Banaras (Benares) added to their names in the Tabakat. 102This date shows that Abu-l Fazl is right in placing the battle in the nineleenth year of the reign. Several lines are occupied with the names of the amirs in command of the various divisions of the two armies. 1036fat Bajhora."-Badauni, vol. ii., p. 194. The MSS. of the Akbar-nama, have “Takaroi." The name is.

·NIZAMU D DIN ALIMAD 65 After the array was formed, the Afghans advanced rapid ly and boldly to the attack. Khan khanan ordered fire to open upon them from the swivels (zarb zan) and light guns (zamburah), which were mounted on arabas in front of his line The fire of the guns drove bach the elephants which were placed in front of the Afghan at. lach, and the musketry mowed, down the Afghans who were in the advance Gujar Khan, with his division in cxcellent order, now came up boldly, and drove bach Khan khanan's advanced force upon the Altamsh 104 Khını alam, who commanded the advance, held his ground, and was killed The Altanish division was next defeated and driven back upon the centre, which in its turn was in great difficulty Khan khanan did all in his power, but could not restrain his men At this time, Gujar Khan attacked and wounded Khan Lhanan, and as the latter had no sword, he returned Gujar Khan's cuts with slashes of his whip In this conjuncture Khan Lhanans horse tool fright and although his rider was anxious to stop him and rally the fugitives, he could not restrain huim The Afghans pursued Khan khanan for half a kos, when Kiya Khan Gang attached the Afghans and showered arrows upon them The Afghans not given in the MSS of the Tabahat, nor in the Akbar nama, of Faizı Sırlundı Blochmann finds the loca lity of the battle in the Trigonometrical Map of Orissa, en two places called Mughulmarı (Mughal's fight), and Tool aroe, a vulage about seven miles southwards, half way betueen Alughalmari and Jalesar (Jellasore), and wo miles from the left bank, of the Soobanreeka river lat 21° 53' The battle extended over a large space. Badaunı (vol 1, p195) speaks of threc or four hos, ie , nbout six miles Sce Arni Akbari, vol. 1, p 375 103 Aliamsh is a Turki word meaning "sitty," and at is apped to a force placed at the lead of an army between the advanced guard and the general See supra 5 ·G6 AKBAR Were cxliausled by thcir long ride, and could not inove. Then Khan-klanan got his horsc under control, and rallying his men, led them back to the field. They discharged showers of arrows, and by the guidance of fate, -11 arrow struck Gujar Khan, and brought him down. When thc Afghans saw their Icader fall, they turned their backs and ſled; but many of them were cut down in their llight. Raja Todar Mal, Lashkar Khan, and others who werc upon the right, now charged the left. of the enemy. Shaham Khan and others, who were on the left, also attacked their opponents of the right, de- Seated thein, and drove them back upon Daud. His clcphants, being worried by the arrows, turned round upon thc body of his army, and the stonc of dismay was cast among them. The banner of Khan-khanan now bccamc visible, and the death of Gujar Khan came to the knowlcdge of Daud. This shook his resolution, and he turned and fled. Immense booty fell into the hands of the victors, and Khan-khanan encamped victorious on the battle-field. He remained there a few days, to have his wounds tended, and sent a report of the victory to the Eniperor. All the prisoners taken were put to the sword. Lashkar Khan Mir-bakhshi, who had rendered such good service, died of his wounds before the army moved. CONCLUSION OF PEACE WITH DAUD: HIS INTERVIEW WITH KHAN-KHANAN After his deſeat, Daud fled to Katak Banaras (Cuttack) in the centre of Orissa, and Khan-khanan, who reinained stationary on account of his wounds, held a council, in which he and his amir's determined to pursue Daud.105 Raja Todar Mal and were directed to proceed after him, and it was agreed that Khan-khanan himself would follow as soon as his wounds permitted. -105 "A large number of Afghan prisoners were put to death by order of Khan-khanan."--T. Alfi ·NIZAMU:D DIN AHAIAD 67 The Raja and his amirs accordingly started and did not halt until they reached Kalkal-ghati.10s After resting there a while, the scouts brought in the intelligence that Daud and the Afghans, with their wives and chil, drery, 'were shut up in the forl of Katak Banaras. Reduced to extremities, and having no other refuge, the men were resolved upon fighting, and fugitives from the field of battle daily gathered round them. Raja Todar Mal sent a report of the state of affairs to Khan-khanan,107 and the Khan set out for Katak Banaras, never resting till he came within two kos of that place. Then he held a council with his amirs, and having. pitched his camp on the banks of the Malanadi, which is half a kos from Katak, he began to collect materials for a siege. Daud had suffered several defeats in succession, and Gujar Khan, his mainstay and support, was slain. Death stared him in the face; so, in his despair and misery, le sent a messenger to Khan-khanan with a message to this effect: "The striving to crush a party of Musulmans is no noble work. I am ready to submit and become a subject; but I beg that a corner of this wide country of Bengal sufficient for my support may be assigned to me. If this is granted, I will rest content, and never after Tebel" -The amirs communicated this to Khan-Khanan, and after considerable discussion, it was determined to accept the proposal,108 upon the condition that Daud 107 106 Abu-l Fazl calls the place "Bhadrak." The *Bhudruck" of Thornton, north of Cuttack. Badauni and Faizi Sirhindi follow the Tabaket, and have “Kal- Ral-ghati.” 97 According to Abu-l Fazl, the Raja's men were des. pondent, and he was obliged lo call for support.- Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 107. 108"Raja Todar Afal, who well understood the true position of affairs, thougli he wrung his hands and stamped his feet (to prevent the armistice), met with 110 ·68 AKBAR in himself should come out to meet Khan-khanan, and con: firm the agreement by solemn binding oaths.109 Next dayllo Khan-khanan ordered a grand Court to be held, and all the nobles and attendants to be present in their places in fine array, and the troops drawn arms in front of the tents. Daud came out of the fort, attended by his Afghan nobles and officers, and proceeded to the tent of Khan-khanan. When he approached it, Khan-khanan, with great courtesy and respect, rose up and walked half-way down the tent to meet him. When they mel, Daud loosened his sword from the belt and holding it before him, said, “I am tired of war since it inflicts wounds on worthy men like you.” Khankhanan took the sword, and handed it to one of his attendants. Then gently taking Daud by the hand, he seated him by his side, and made the most kind and fatherly inquiries. Food and drink and sweetmeats were. served, of which the Khan pressed him to partake. After the dishes were removed, the terms of peace came under discussion. Daud protested that he would never take any course hostile to the Imperial throne, and he confirmed his promise by the most stringent oaths. The treaty of peace was drawn up, and then Khan-khanan brought a sword with a jewelled belt of great value out of his stores, and presenting it to Daud, said, “You have now become a subject of the Imperial throne, and have promised to give it your support. I support." He roſused to take any part in the settlement-Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 108. 109The terms were that Daud was to do homage of service, to surrender his best elephants, and pay up his tribute. Eventuaily he was to go to Court and do homage in person, but for the present some relations were to be sent as hostages. His nephew Shaikh Muhammad was the hostage.--Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 108. 110 1st Muharram, 983 (12th April, 1575).--Akbar:. nama, vol. iii., p. 108.

·NIZAMU-D DIN AILIAD 69 have therefore requested that the country of Orissa may be settled upon you for your support, and I feel assured that His Majesty will confirm my proposition-granting this to you as my tankhwah has been granted to me i now gird you afresh with this war-like sword.” Then lie bound on the sword with his own hands; and showing him every courtesy, and making him a great variety of gifts, he dismissed him. The Court then broke up, and Khan-bhanan started on his return. On the 10th Safar, 983, he reached Tanda the capi. tal, and sent a report of his arrangements to the Emperor, who was greatly delighted and satisfied with the conquest of Bengal. Splendid robes and jewelled swords, and a horse with a golden saddle, were sent to Khankhanan, and all the arrangements he had made were confirmed. While Khan-khanan was occupied at Katak Banaras, the sons of Jalalud din Sur, in concert with the zamindars of Ghoraghat, attacked and defeated Majnun Khan, drove him to the neighbourhood of Tanda, and captured the fort of Gaur. Mu'in Khan and Majnun Khan provided for the security of Tanda, and awaited intelligence of Khan-khanan's success. When his return became known, the insurgents scattered and hid themselves in the jungles. 111 BUILDING or AV 'IBADAT-KHANA The Emperor had from his early youth taken delight in the society of learned and accomplished men, and had found pleasure in the assemblies of men of imagination and genius. He always treated them with the greatest respect and honour, and frequently graced their heavenly meetings. He listened to their discussions of nice points of science, of the ancient and modern history of 113 Abu-l Fazl says that Mu’nin Khan utent to Ghora-ghat, and suppressed the insurrection.---Akbar gama, vol. iii., p. 140.

·70 AKBAR: a: religions and people and secls, and of all matters of wordly interest; and he profiled by what he heard. His great favour for such men, led him at the time of his return from Ajmir in the month of Zi-1 ka'da, 982, andi in the twentieth year of his reign, to issue his commands. for skilful architects and clever builders to erect in the gardens of the royal palace a refuge for sufis, and a home for holy men, into which none should be allowed to enter but saiyids of high rank, learned men ('ulama), and Shaikhs. In obedience to the Imperial commands, skilful architects planned a building, containing four balls (aiwan), and in a brief period completed it. When this happy abode was finished, the Emperor used to go there on Friday nights and on holy nights, and pass the night untii the rising of the sun in the society of distinguished men. It was arranged that the western hall should be occupied by saiyids, the south by the learned ulama) and the wise, the northern by. shaikhs and men of ecstasy (arbab-i hal); all without confusion or intermixture. The nobles and officers of the Court, whose tastes were in unison with those of men of greatness and excellence, were to sit in the eastern hall. His Majesty graced each of the four halls with his presence, and enriched those present with his gifts and bounty. The members of the assembly used' to select a number of the most worthy among those present to be presented to His Majesty, and to receive from him handfuls of ashrafis and rupees. Those, who from evil fortune diđ not participate in the royal bounty in the evening, used to sit down in rows before the 'ibadat-khana on Friday mornings, and receive handfuls of ashrafis and rupees: from His Majesty's own hands. This assemblage vsed frequently to last beyond mid-day on Fridays. Sometimes, when His Majesty was tired, one of the attend ants of the Court, in whose kindness and gentleness he had confidence, was deputed to perform this duty: In this year Gulbadan Begam, daughter of the Em-- peror Babar, and aunt of Akbar, piously undertook the: . .

·NIZAVIUD DIN ATIVAD journey to Mecca When Gujarat was annexcd to the Imperial dominions, he determined that every year one of thc officers of huis Court should be appointed Mir Haji, oi Leader of the Pilgrims, to conduct a caravan from Hindustan, like the caravans from Egypt and Syria, to the lioly placcs This design was carned out, and every year a party of enlightened men of Hind, of Mawarau n nahr, and Khurasan, received provision for their journcy from the royal treasury, and went under thic appointed lcadcr from the ports of Gujarat to the holy places 119 Never before had any monarch provid ed for the annual departure of a caravan from India, any one furnished means to the needy, to enable them to perform the pilgrimage Gulbadan and Salıma Sultan Begam'13 now obtained the Emperor's permis sion to go thc pilgrimage, and received from him a sum of money for the expenses of the journey All the pious poor who desired to join in the pilgrimage obtained the meins of travelling nor had ARRIVAL OF MIRZA SULAIMAN Mirza Sul uman had been ruler of Badakhshan since the time of the Emperor Babar He had a son, Tirza Ibrahim, ? finc intelligent young man, who was then pri. soner in battle and killed by the adherents of Pir Muhammid Khan Uzbeh, in the year that Mirza Suluman invaded Balkh Mirza Ibrahim left a son, Shah Rukh by name whom Sulaiman carefully brought up and to whom, in spite of his tender «ge, he gate several districts of Badakhshan When Shah Rukh arrived at years of discretion and Mozi Sulaiman gren old, some designing people incit 12" "After five or six years, this arrangement uas set aside' --Batauni, vol 11, p 213 113 Daughter of Nurul din Muhammad Mirze who was married to Bairam Khan" (see supra) --Badau ni vol 11, p 213 ·72 AKBAR cd the youth with storics of his rights. iu! the Mirza's wife was a clever woman; she kepi a sharp watch over Shah Rukh, and prevented any outbreak. But when she dica, these same people stirred ap Shah Rukh's ambition to be ruler of Badaklıshan. Hc caine from Kunduz to Kolab, and being supported by his party, the whole of Badakhshan, from Hisar Shadman 10 Kabul, fell into his hands, and he wanted to send his grandfather to join his father. Mirza Sulaiman ſcd in great distress to scek assistance from Muhammad Hakim Mirza. But he did not mect with the reception hic expected, so he begged to be sent on to the Indus. Hakim Mirza did not comply with this willing request. He sent him a party of pretended guides, who left him at the first stage and fled 10 Kabul. But Mirza Sulaiman, trusting in God, continued his journey,114 and although he was sometimes opposed by the Afghans, and had to fight his way, and was wounded by an arrow, he at length reached the Indus. Thence he wrote to the Emperor, who sent him 50,000 rupees, horses, and necessaries, by the hand of Khwaja Aka Khan, and after some days Raja Bhagwan Das 115 came to the Indus with an escort, and conducted him honourably to Lahore. At this time a ſarman was sent 10 summon 'Azam Khan from Gujaral, and he arrived at Court116 with speed and alacrity. Some cavillers and fault-finders made insinuations about his management of affairs,117 . 114 He had his daughter with him.Badauni, vol. ïi., p. 214. 115 Then ruler of Lahore.-Badauni, vol. ii., p. 214. 116 On the 4th Rajab, 983 H. 117 Abu-l Fazl (Akbar-nama, vol. ii. p. 120) says the charge was about the branding of the horses; but Badauni (vol. ii., p. 214) states that there were complaints also against his revenue, military and general administration. They agree that he was sent into retirement.

·NIZAVU:D DIN ATLISAD 73 and the Klan, in defending himself, passed the bounds of prudence and respect, and made use of unseemly words, which brought upon him the displeasure of the Emperor. Thereupon the khan, forgetful of his duty, retired to his garden at Agra, shut himself up alone, and refused admission to every body. Mirza Sulaiman, after staying a few days ar Lahore, started for Fathpur. On reaching Mathura, twenty kos from Fathpur the Emperor sent. several nobles to ineet him, and to arrange for his meeting the Emperor on the 15th Rajab, 983. All the nobles and officers were sent out to the distance of five kos from Fathpur to receive him. And when intelligence of his having left this stage was brought, the Emperor himself went out on horseback to niect him. Five thousand elephants, with housings of velvet and brocade, with gold and silver chains, and with white and black fringes on their necks and trunks, were drawn up in lines on cach side of the load to the distance of five kos from Fathpur. Between cach two elephants there was a carı (araba), the chilas in which had collars studded with gold and housings of fine cloth; also two bullock carts, which had animals that wore gold-embroidered headstalls. When all the arrangements were made, the Emperor went out with great pomp and splendour. Upon approaching, the Mirza hastened to dismount, and forward to His Majesty; but the Emperor observing the venerable age of the Mirza, also alighted from his horse, and would not allow the Mirza to go through the usual observances and ceremonies. He fondly embraced him; then he mounted and made the Mirza ride on his right hand. All the five kos he inquired about his circumstances, and on reaching the palace he seated him by his side on the throne. The young princes also were present, and were introduced to the Mirza, and after a great entertainment, he gave the Mirza a house near to the royal palace. On this occasion an order was issued to Khan-jahan, the ruler of the Panjab, to take ran ·more 74 AKBAR 5000 horse and proceed to Badakhshan in attendance on the Mirza, to recover the country and restore it to him, and then to return to Lahore. DEATH OF KHAN-KHANAN MU'NIM KHAN When Khan-khanan, with his mind, at ease about Daud, returned to Tanda, the capital of the country, under the influence of his evil destiny, he took a dislike to Tanda, and crossing the Ganges, he founded a home for himself at the fortress of Gaur, which in old times had been the capital of Bengal,118 and hc ordered that all the soldiers and raiyats should remove from Tanda. 10 Gaur. In the height of the rains the people were involved in the trouble of expatriation. The air of Gaur is extremely unhealthy, and in former times, the many diseases which distressed its inhabitants induced the rulers to abandon the place, and raise the town of Tanda. Sickness of many kinds now broke out among the people, and every day numbers of men departed from Gaur to the grave, 119 and bade farewell to relatives, and friends. By degrees the pestilence reached to such a pitch that men were unable to bury the dead, and cast the corpses into the river. 120 Every day the deaths of many amirs and officers were reported to Khan-khanan, but he took no warning, and made no resolution 10. change his residence. He was so great a man that no one had the courage to remove the cotton of heedless- *** 1 118 He was influenced by two reasons. It was on the side of the river nearest to Ghora-ghat, the seat of the rebellion, and it contained many handsome un conve. nient buildings.--Akhar-namn, vol. iii., p. 140. Faizi Sirhindi. 119 Az gaur ba gor; the two words being written exactly alike. A neat though misfarell.pun. 120 "Out of the many thousand men that were sent, 10 that country, 10t more than a hundred were known to have returned in safely."--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 217.

·NIZAJIU-D DI, AILS ID ncss from his ears, and bring him to a sense of thc actual position. His own hсalth became affected, and hc gress worse, and at the end of ten days, in the month of Safar, * 985, he departed this life. His nobles and officers, who had so often met to congratulate him, now assembled, to lament him. They placed Shaham Khan Jalair in com. mand,121 and made a report of the facts to the Emperor. Klian-khanan had no son, so all his property escheated to the royal exchequer, and an account of it was made out. When the despatch reached His Majesty, lie ap. pointed Khan-jahan, who had been supreme governor of the Panjab, to be governor of Bengal. He raised him to the dignity of Amiru-l umara commended the naiyals and people to his tender are, bestowed upon him gifts of embroidered coats, jewelled swords, and a richly-caparisoned horse, and dismissed him to his government. Khan-jalan, furnished with full credentials, then departed to assume lis authority. TWENTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE RLIGV The beginning of this year corresponded with Sun. day, 9th Zi-i hijja 983 H (11th March, 1576 A.D.). MIRZA SULAIMAN'S JOURNEY TO MECCA The Emperor had determined that hhan-jahan should march with the army of the Panjab to recover the country of Badakhshan, but fate ruled otherwise. Khan-khanan, the ruler of Bengal, was removed by death, and the Emperor deeming the retention and administration of that country more important than the conquest of Badakhshan, sent Khan-jahan thither. When Mirza, Sulaiman saw this change of forlunc, he sought leave of the Emperor, through the officers of sta'e, to go *The Akbar-nama says Rajab, which might be true. 121 Upon this appointment, Badauni, in his caustic way, quotes the proverb.--"In the treeless land the shrub Palma Christi is a trec."

·AKBAR . on the pilgrimage. The Emperor complied with hi .request, and furnished him with 50,000 rupees in cash, besides other things required for the journey. He sent with him, to attend upon him in his journey to the coast, Muhammad Kalij Khan, one of the chief nobles, who .bad been appointed governor of Surat. When the Mirza went on board ship, twenty thousand rupees more were given to him out of the revenues of Gujarat. The Mirza performed the pilgrimage in the same year, and afterwards returned and recovered his kingdom of Badakhshan. On the 7th Zi-1 ka'da, 984, the Emperor set off on a visit to Ajmir. He hunted as he went, and on the 4th Zi-l hijja he encomped at ten kos from Ajmir. He afterwards, as usual, walked five kos on foot to the tomb of the saint, and after going through all the cbservances of the pilgrimage, he gave away two thousand rupees in charity TTVENTY-SECOND YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with the 20th Zi-l hijja, 984 H. (11th March, 1577 A.D.). While the Emperor was encamped at Ajmir, the itelligence was brought to him that Daud Afghan had ung away the treaty which he had made with · Khanaanan, had risen against the royal authority, and had arched against Tanda. The Imperial officers in that arter, having no chief among them on whom they ld rely, had abandoned the country, and retired to ipur and Patna. All this commotion had arisen use Khan-jahan had taken his time in going there in equence of his army being being at Lahore. Upon ving this intelligence, the Emperor sent a letter by an Kuli Turk to Khan-jahan, directing him to take him all the amirs and jagirdars who had abandoned 1, and to march against Daud. In twenty-two days 1 Kuli travelled nearly a thousand kos,122 (1) and Badauni (vol. ii., p. 227 confirms this.

·NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD 77 this army. delivered the farman to Khan-jahan. The Khan' took the field, and advanced into Bengal. He had an action with three thousand men whom Daud had left in charge of Garhi, and took the place. Nearly fifteen hundred of the enemy werd slain, and many chiefs were made prisoners. Whilst the Emperor was staying at Ajmir, he sent Kunwar Man Singh, a brave and able man, with five thousand horse, against Rana Kika.123 He also sent Kazi Khan Badakhshi, and other ambitious young men with him. Asaf Khan was appointed Mir-bakhshi o£ His Majesty presented Kunwar Man Singh and all amirs and sardars of the army with robes and horses. After fitting out this army, he started to return home on the 20th Muharram, and reached Fathpur on the Ist Safar, 985 H. After his arrival at Fathpur, messengers arrived with the intelligence that Khan-jahan, after the capture of Garhi, had advanced to the vicinity of Tanda. There he found that Daud had evacuated Tanda, and had taken up a position in the village of Ak.124 On one flank was the river, on the other a mountain, and he had thrown up entrenchments to secure his position. Khan-jahan marched against him, and sharp fighting followed. One day Khwaja 'Abdu-lla, one of the Imperial officers, advanced from his battery to the edge of the Afghan entrenchment. The enemy sallied fortli and attacked him, and be fell, fighting bravely. On hearing of his fall, the Emperor's anger was roused, and he sent an order to Muzaffar Khan, the governor of Patna and Bihar, to 123“ Against Kokanda and Kombalmir, the territory of Rana Kika."--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 228. Kombalmir is in the Aravalli mountains, about forty miles north of Udipur. 124 Or "Ak-mahal” or Aga-mahal, afterwards calledt*** "Raj-mahal" by Raja' Alan Singh, when governor Bengal. The ancient name u'as Raja-griha. .

·AKBAR al and void of troops, hic collected a party and attacked Farhat Khan and his son Mirak Rawi, who were at the station of Arah. In the fight whici cnsucd Farhat Khan and liis son werc killed. Grcal disturbances followed, thc roads were closcd. When intelligence of this reached the Emperor Fathpur, on the 25th Rabi'u-l akhir le set off. At ſive hos distance hic made a halt, and issued orders for the assembling of troops, and for the preparation of boats and artillery. Here lic was waited upon by 'Abdulla Khan, whom he had sent as a messenger to Khan-jahan, and who now returned to cast the hicad of Daud at the fool of the Emperor's throne. Rejoiced at the victory, he returned to the capital. Saiyid 'Abdulla Khan thus rehcarsed the story of llic victory. Muzaffar Khan arrived with the forces of Bihar, Hajipur and Patna, acounting to nearly 5000 horse, and joined Khan-jahan. On the 15th Rabi'u-1' akhir, 984, they drew out their forces and attacked the enemy. Daud also, supported by his uncle Junaid Kirani end other Afghan chiefs, made his dispositions. Junaid ras struck by a cannon-ball. His leg was broken. After while the armies closed with each other, and the enemy as defeated. Daud being left behind, was made priner, and Khan-jahan had his head struck off, and sent to His Majesty. Great Spoil and many elephants fell o the hands of the victors. At this time, Sultan Khwaja was appointed Mir i, and a sum of six lacs of rupees' in cash and goods assigned for the benefit of the poor people about ake the pilgrimage to the holy places, and given into harge. He was directed to furnish what was necesto any one desirous of being a pilgrim, and many led by this liberality. The annual pilgrimage to the tomb of Khwaja Mu'inu-d din at Ajmir) has already been related how Raja Man Singh ·NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD 81 - defeated Rana Kika, and occupied his country-low the Rana fled into the high hills, and how the army penetrated to Kokanda, .which was, the Rana's home. The roads to this place were so difficult įthat little grain reached it, and, the army was nearly famished. The order was given for Man Singh to fall back quickly, and he very soon arrived at the Emperor's throne. When the distress of the army was inquired into, it appeared that, although the men were in such grçat straits, Kun. war Man Singh would not suffer any plundering of Rana Kika's country. This caused the Emperor to be displeased with him, and he was banished from Court for a time.131 After a while he was forgiven, and was sent at the head of a force to ravage the Rana's country. It must be'understood that in the langauge of Hind "Kunwar" signifies "son of a Raja.” On the 19th of the month the army marched from Ajmir towards the Rana's country. KHWAJA SHAH MANSUR MADE DIWAN SHAH, Mansur, a Shirazi clerk, at the beginning of his career was employed in the royal perfumery department. But Muzaffar Khan was then in power, and he caused him to be first imprisoned and afterwards banished frohr Court. He then entered the service of Khan-khanan Mu’nim Khan at Jaunpur, and rose to be his diwan. The conversation of thc Khan made his abiliti'es known to the Emperor, and after Khan-khanan's death, Mansur was summoned to Court, and appointed to the office of diwan in chicf.132 vi Sultan Khwaja had been appointed Mir Haji,., or Lcader of the Pilgrims, and as the road to Gujarat via 131 Badauni (vol. ii., p. 240) tells us that 'Asaf Khan fell into disgrace along with the Kunuar; vult, that the others, including Badauni himself, received rewards and promotion. 13: Abridged transiation. > ·52 AKBAR up, and Kokanda was ncarest, Kutbu-d din Khan Kutbu-d 'din Khan .. and the other amirs were ordered 10 escort the caravan through Kokanda. They were directed 'lo plunder and lay waste the country of Rana Kika, and to follow him Harry liim wherever they might licar of him. When Sultan Khwaja was about lo depart on the pilgrimage, the Emperor, acting after the manner of pilgrims, stripped himself, put on the ihram or pilgrim's garment, and went some steps after thc Khwaja. 133 A cry arose from those present, and their voices were raised in tencdiction and praise. When His Majesty reached thic pargana of Mohi,134 news came in from the front that Kutbu-d din Khan and the other amirs, on arriving at Kokanda, found that thc Rana had fled into the hills. Orders were then given for Kutbud din and Raja Bhagwan Das 10 remain at Kokanda, and for Kalij Khan and thic other amirs to accompany thc caravan of pilgrims as far as Idar. The amirs were to stop at Idar, and lay siege 10 it; but they were to send on an escort with the cravan as far as Ahmadabad, forty-eight kos froin Idar. When Kalij Klan arrived there, he found that the Raja135 had fied into the hills, but that a party of Rajputs remained in the temple resolved upon death. They were all killed in a short time. Next day Kalij Khan sent on Timur Badaklıshi with the caravan to Ahmadabad.' Here Shahabu-d din Ahmad . . . . and other jagirdars of Malwa came in to pay their respects. . GRANTS OF MANSABS TO VARIOUS CHIEFS When the Emperor reached Udipur, a despatch' arrived 133 According to the Akbar-nama (vol. iii., p. 165) the Emperor had a strong desire to go on the pilgrimage but was dissuaded by his friends and counsellors. 134 “Mohani." Badauni, vol. ii., p. 241. 135“Narain Das" by name---Baudauni, vol. ii., p. 241.

·NIZAMU-D DIN AIDILD 83 from Sultan Khwaja, the Mir Haji, from the port of Surat,' reporting that, owing to no pass (kaul) having been obtained from the Europeans, the ship was useless. The Emperor directed a messenger to be sent to Kalij Khan to bring him quickly to Surat, in order to secure the departure of the vessel. During Kalij Khan's absence, Asaf Khan was to have the command of his army. Kutbu d din Khan and Raja Bhagwan Das returned from Kokanda, and waited upon the Emperor. Shah Fahhru d din and Jagannath were left in Udipur, and Raja Bhagwan Das and Saiyid 'Abdu-lla Khan were left in Dhauli-ghati of Udipui. When His Majesty came into the territory of Banswala (Banswara) and Dungarpur, the Rajas and zamindars of the country came to wait upon him with their offerings and were right royally received.136 Here also Raja Todar Mal came from Bengal to wait upon him, bringing nearly 500 clephants from the spoils of Bengal, with other presents and offerings. Kalij Khan also arrived to attend upon him, and was sent to Surat to despatch the ships. He went along with Kalyan Rai, a inerchant (bakkal); and having got passes (kaul) from the Europeans, he sent off the ships. He quickly returned, and waited upon His Majesty, while he was in Malwa. After arranging his posts (thanajat) to his satisfaction, and securing the loyalty of the samındars, he entered Malwa. TWENTY-THIRD YEAR or THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, ibe 2nd Mubairam, 986 H 137 (Ilth March, 1578). 136 Abu-l Fazl spécifies "Rawal Partab, chief of Banswara, and Rawal Askaran, chief (marzban) of Dungai pur''-Akbar-nama, vol. iir., p. 169. 137 The AIS. has 935, but this is a manifest error. The Akbar-nama (vol. ii., p. 203) is correct. The twenty-second year began (supra) on the 20th Zi-l hijja, ·AKBAR T + to as, The festivals of the Nau-roz and of the Empero accession were celebrated in the pargana, of Dipalpur, dependency of Malwa. The Emperor devoted his atte tion to measures for increasing the prosperity of th country, and the raiyats waited upon him in parties, an made statements of their circumstances. He paid the kindest attention to every one's case, and made a satisfactory settlement of the affairs of the province. Many zamindars, became submissive and obedient to his will. Raja' Ali Khan, the ruler of Asir and Burhanpur, had not been duly subordinate, and it being deemed necessary chastise him, several , amirs, such Shahabu-d din Ahmad and with other jagirdars of Malwa, werc sent against him. Shahabu-d din was appointed commander. Shahbaz Khan, the Mir-bakhshi, was to check the brands (of the horses) and the muster · of the army. The other amirs were 'to 'exercise their diligence, and 'secure the speedy departure of the force. *. At this same place Raja Todar Mal was commissioned' to settle the revenue and other affairs of the province of Gujarat. 'News. also was brought from the force at Idar, that a battle had been fought with Raja. Narain Das and a victory gained. The particulars of the occurrence were 'these: When Muhammad Kalij Khan, in obedience to orders, repaired to the Imperial camp along with 'Ali Murad Uzbek, the army was left under the command of Asaf Khan. Intelligence came in that the Raja of Idar, with a number of Rajputs who had been driven from their homes, together with some zamindars of the country, and supported by Raja Kika, had gather- +84, and being a solar year, il exiended over the whole f Hijra 985, and ended on the 1st day of 986. The versight of this fact ļas given rise to some confusion the dates about this period, and the events here reeded as having occurred in the twenty-third year of oreign are placed by Abu-l Fazl in the twenty-second- Table, supra.

·NIZANU-D DIY AHAD 85: 1 ed a force which was posted ten kos distance, and contemplated a night attack. Wiren this intelligence was con., firined, Asaf Khan and'... held a council, 1 About 500, jnen' were left to secure the camp, and the rest of the vforcc was called out at midnight, and marched towards, the enemy. On the morning of the 4th Zi.l hijja, after marching seven kos, they cncountered the foc, and a battle: began. Nirza Mulianımad. Mukim, who led the advance, was killed; but the cnemy was defeated. Raja; Narain Das fled, and the chiefs of the royal army, obtaincd llic victory. Asaf Khan's despatch gave i His Majesty much pleasurc, and he ordered letters of thanks to be written to tlic amirs and officers' of the army. When His Majesty had arranged the affairs of Malwa, and settled the matters of the amirs of Asir and Burhanpur, he turned homewards; and, hunting as he went, he arrived at Fathpur on Sunday, 23rd Safar. After three months, troubles arose in Gujarat, through the coming thither of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, son of Ibrahim Mirza, who was son of the daughter of Kamran Mirza. The circumstances of his case arc these: When 'the Emperor was engaged in the siege of Surati Gultuklı Begam. daughter of Kamran and wife of Ibrahiin, carried off her child Muzaffar Husain, as has been related in the account given' of the conquest of Ahmadabad. 'A \disaffected man named Mibr'Ali, a servant of the latc Ibrahim Mirza, who accompanied. Gulrukh Begam when she fled froin Surat to the Dekhin, now stirred up the ambition 'of Muzaffar Husain, who was fifteen or sixteen years of age. He induced him to leave the Dekhin, and collecting a number of adventurers from all directions, he cntered Gujarat intent upon insurrection, At this timc Raja Todar Mal was in Pattan, engag ed in the settlement of the revenue. The insurrection spread, and the disaffected were everywhere raising their "heads. 'Wazir Khan, the ruler of Gujarat, had ,3,000 horsemen, but there were amongst them many adven.

·86 AKBAR . turous mon upon whom he could not rely, so he retired into a fortress, and sent an account of the occurrences. to Raja Todar Mal. Before the Raja came to his assistance, Baz Bahadur, son of Sharif Khan, and Baba Gadai, thc diwan of Gujarat, attacked Muzaffar Husain in thc pargana of Nandurbar, 138 and were defeated. Muzaffar Husain then went to Kambay,139 and after staying two or three days, he went oft towards Ahmadabad. Raja Todar Mal turned back from Pattan, and arrived at Ahmadabad. When the insurgents heard of this, they fell back, and went towards Dulaka. The Raja and Wazir Khan pursued them, and coming up with them at Dulaka, a batile ensued, in which the royal forces were victorious, and the enemy drew off to Junagarh. Raja Todar Mar then departed on his return to Court. Muzaffar Husain, as soon as he heard of the Raja's, departure, came back and besieged Wazir Khan in Ahmadabad; for although Wazir Khan's force was large, it was not trustworthy, and so he was obliged to seek the shelter of the fortress,140 Mihr 'Ali, the wakil of Muzaffar Husain, and the great prop of the revolt, brought forward scaling-ladders to attempt an assault, but he was sent to hell141 by a bullet from the fortress.. When he was removed, Muzaffar Husain withdrew, and: went towards Sultanpur. So the insurrection came to an end. - 136 In Khandesh. This is writlen Nadarbar and Naryadaba in the MSS. Badauni has “Patlad.” 139 Bul failed to gain fossession of the fort.-Akbarnama, vol. iii., p. 181. 110 The rebels had a number of partisans in the city also, who acted in concert with thein.--Akbarnama, vol. iii., p. 187. charitable expression, though commonly used for the deatins of infidels, is not reserved exclusively for them. 141 Thuis ·NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD 87 * ARRIVAL OF 1HE AMIRS WITH AN IMPERIAL ARMY AT ASIR AND BURHANPUR It has been mentioned above, that Shahab Khan and other amirs were sent with 10,000 horse against Asir and Burhanpur. When Raja 'Ali Khan heard of the approach of this force, he drew in his horns and crept into his fortress. The anirs entered the country, and did not stop till they reached. Bijanagar.142. Great dissension arose in the country of Asir, and Raja'Ali Khan was reduced to beg pardon for his offences. He promis. ed the amiis to send suitable tribute and some elephants in charge of his people to the Emperor's Court. At this time, Kutbud din Muhammad Khan separated from the other amirs, and went off to Nandurbar and Sultanpur, in consequence of disturbances which had arisen in his jagirs of Broach and Baroda, through the proceedings of Muzaffar Husain. The disorders in Asir and Burhanpur which the amırs had been sent to settle being ended, by the submission of Raja 'Ali and his Jayment of tribute, the amirs retired to their respective jagirs. When Hakim 'Ainu-l Mulh, who had gone on an embassy to "Adil the ruler of the Dekhin, returned, he was sent with the elephants and the tribute to the Imperial Court. (The Annual Pilgrimage to Ajmir) The Emperor, on his return journey, when be irached the neighbourhood of Ambir,143 ordered a fort and town to be founded in the village of Mulathan,14s one of the dcpendencies of Ambir, on the site of an old city which had been in ruins for some thousand years. Walls and forts, and gates and gardens were allotted out among the amirs, and injunctions were given for the completion of 149"Bijagarle", about seventy-miles N. IV. of Bure hanpur? '143 Four miles N. E. of Jaipur. 144Or as Badauni (Vol. ii., p. 251) writes the name "Afultan".

·88 AKBAR the work. So a building ('imarat), which might: have taken years for its completion, was finished in twenty days. Orders: were then given for raiyats and all sorts of niechanics to be collected from all the parganas of that province, to populate the fortress (hisar). The land of this place was an ancient possession of Rai Ion Karan, and his son, who was young and was being brought up. with the princes, was named Manohar, so the town was called Manohár-nagar after, that child. This child has now grown up a clever young man, and composes poetry under the lakhallus (nom de plume) of Tausani. APPEARANCE OF A COMET146 At this period, at the time of evening prayer, a comet, appeared in the sky towards the east, inclining to the north, and continued very awful for two hours. The opinion of the astrologers was, that the effects would not be felt in Hindustan, but probably in Khurasan and *Irak. Shortly afterwards, Shah Ismail, son of Shah Tahmasp Safawi, departed this life, and great trouble arose in Persia. On arriving at Narnaul, the Emperor paid a visit tc Shaikh Nizam Narnauli. ... From thence he pro-. ceeded to Dehli, and encamped near the Hauz-i i has, and paid a visit to the tomb of his father with due ceremony. · Then he visited the tombs of the holy men who sleep at Dehli and dispensed large charities. He next halted at the sarai of Bawali, and here he was waited upon by Haji Habibu-lla, who had visited Lurope, and had brought with him fine goods and fabrics for His Majesty's inspection. He started from thence, and passed through the pargand of Palam. He passed the night' in the house of the mukaddam of the village, and in the morning he directed that the revenue officers, whenever 7 1156Ruler of Sambhar": --Badauni. 3 46 Badauni (vol. ii, p. 240) places the appearance ·NIZAVU-D VIN AUVIAD 89 Sie so rested in the liouse of a cultivatoi, should, remit the tax and tribute (baj o khira) of this' cultivated land By way of madad-m'ash,'1? or help for subsistencc.118 When he arrived at the pargann of Hansi, he went to pay a visit in the town to Shaikh Jamal Hansawi, and. inade his offerings and alms. Here a despatch arrived. announcing that Muzaffar Husain Mirza, after Aying from Gujarat, had been taken prisoner by Raja'Ali Klian, thic ruler of Asir-and Burhanpur. On the 1st Zi-l ka'da the amp moved for the Panjab, and a farman was sent to Raja'Ali Khan, directing him to send Muzaffar Husain Mirza with his (the Raja's) son to Court. (The inaulud-nama or horoscope of His Majesty)! TWENTY COURTII YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this yeut correspondeck with Thurs-, day, 13th Muharram, 987 H.'1" (12th March, '1579). (Hunting etc.) The Emperor marched to the town of Bahira, and ficre , intelligence was brought of the approach of Her Highncss Maryam Makani from the capital, and Prince > of this coinet in the twenty second year of the reign. He also records a joke of the lime. Shah Mansur, the diwan, used to wear a turban with the end hanging down His back; so lie got the name of “The Comet", or 'Long-tailed Star." Abul Fazl · likewise places this comet in the twenty second year of the reign, or 1577 A.D., and according to Fergusson, the comet passed its, perihelion on the 26th October, 1577 (Fergussan's. Astronomy, vol. il., p. 231) Abul Fazl enters, into a learned discussion upon comcts in general.Akbarnama, vol. iii., p. 192. 117This is the title of a very common la-khiraj tenure 148This passage, and a few more lines of 10 importance, dre found in only one copy. 0149The text has “986" bilt see nole, supra, words ·92: AKBAR him with presents--fabrics and stuffs of Turkey and Europe, Arab horses, Abyssinian slaves, holy, relics a curiosilies. These His Majesty accepted with mi satisfaction, and hc raised Sultan Khwaja to the mans of Sadr (chief judge). As it had been determined send a leader of the pilgrims every year, Khwaj Muhammad Yahya . was now appointed, and he re ceived four lacs of rupees for expcnscs. At the end of this ycar. 987, intelligence arrived of the death of Khan-jahan, the ruler of Bengal, His Majesty was much gricved, and sent a letter of condolence to Ismail Khan, the brother of the deceased. Muzaffar Khan, who had been appointed diwan, was promoted to the governor of Bengal; Rizwi Khan to be bakhshi, and Hakim Abu-l Fath,' and Patar Das to dis- Charge jointly the office of diwani. TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR OF THE REIGN. The beginning of this ycar corresponded with Thursday, the 24th Muharram, 988 H.15. (12th March, 1580). The rulers of Kashmir had always been well-wishers and servants of the Imperial house. His Majesty now intended, after performing his usual pilgrimage to Ajmir, to pay a visit to the tomb of Shaikh Farid. Shakar-ganj, and to visit the Panjab.. So he sent Mulla Ishki, one of the old servants of the Court, along with Kazi Sadru-d din, 10 Kashmir.. 'Ali Khan, the ruler of Kashmir, entertained them nobly and respectfully; and exhibited his fidelity and devotion. he' two envoys he sent his own; vakil, Muhammad Kasim, to carry his tribute and productions of Kashmir; s presents to the Emperor-saflron, musk, paper, hawls, etc. They accordingly brought them to His ajesty, and reported what they had seen and knew of li Khan's, cordiality and good wishes. Muzaffar Husain Mirza, whom. Maksud Jauhari, Along with 151The author has now got the date correct. 1 ·.VIZIVIU D DIN ALIVAD 99 - - liad brought 'from Raja 'Ali Khan, was pardoned through His Majesty's clemency, and relcased from prison. One day, when His Majesty was taking his dinner, it occurred to his mind that probably the eyes of some lungry one 'liad fallen upon the food; how, therefore, could be eat it while the hungrysuere debarred from it? He therefore gave orders that every day some hungry persons should be fed with some of-the food prepared. for himself and that afterwards he should be scried Hakim 'Ali was now sent to Bijagarh along with the cnjoys of 'Adil Khan Dahlini. The rulers of the Dalliin, every one of them scierally, had been accus tomed to send their envoys every scar with tubute and presents to the Imperial Court. When Khwaja 'Abdu lla i brought presents and elephants from 'Adil-Klan, the ambassador, and his son Shabi Beg were presented with robes, one hundred' Akbar shahi ashrafis, one thousand five hundred and one rupees, and twenty four tankas Mır Nizam, husband of the sistei of Muza Slralı Ruhh, the ruler of Badakhshan, camc on a mission to the Imperial Court, bringing Turki horses bred in Badakh shan, fine rubies, sei eral' camels and othei gifts The Emperor used to keep every year the anniver sary of the Prophet's birth This year the hept it on the 12th Rabi'ul awwal, and he gave a great entertain iment, at which'the saryrds, learned men, sharhlıs, ond 'amırs' attended Open table was kept, and no one in the city was debarred from partaking of the refreshments On this occasion it was represented to him that the 'Pro phet and the four lawful Khalifas!5s used themselves to preach The 'Abbaside Khalifas also cbscried this tradition, and themselves used to speak 156 Sultans such 156 Abu' Bakr, 'Umar, 'Usman, and Ali 156 “Khutba mi 'khwandand." This, however, is not the technical Khutba, but simply a speech . 1 } ·94 AKBAR went $ as Salib Kiran Amir Timur and Mirza Ulugh Beg used to follow the examples thus set them. His Majesty thereforc felt it to be liis duty to carry into practice on some Friday the custom obscrved by the Khalifas and Imams. On Friday, 1st Jumada-l awwal, he into the Níasjid-i janın' of Fathpur, and mounting thc pulpit, hie: opened his speech with these lines: The Lord who gavc mc empire, Gave me a wise heart and a strong arn, Guided me in the way of justice and equily, And drove all but justice from my thoughts. His praise surpasses understanding! Grcal is His Power-Grcat is god!! To these cloqucnt lincs bricfly added some verses of the Kuran, expressing thanks for mercies and favours; then he repeated the fatiha, and came down from the: pulpit and said his prayers. Muzaffar Khan, since his appointment to the government of Bengal, had not sent a singlc article of the productions of the country, or any portion of its revenuc, o the Imperial treasury; but he now sent live lacs of rupecs in cash, various goods and articles of the country, and clephants and rarities of great value, which was graciously accepted.. Muhammad Ma'sum Kabuli also sent thirty-nine elephants as tribule. On a Friday in this month notice was given for all the poor and needy to assemble on the chaugan ground. Sultan Khwaja Kalij Khan distributed the alms to them one by one. Nearly a lac of persons assembled, and there was such a crowd and crush that eighty weak women and children were trampled to death. When the Emperor was informed of this, he ordered that for the 157 Badauni (vol. ii., p. 268) says these verses were the production of Shaikh Faizi, and that the Emperor, *fstammering, trembling, and in great confusion, got half through them with the help of others."

·NIZAVU D DIN AHMAD 95 future the people should come a few at a time, and not make a crowd. Kutbud din Atha, a nobleman of high ranh, was now appointed tutor to Prince Salim In celebration of this appointment he gave a grand feast, and the young prince honoured him with lus presence There was grand assemblage, and Kutbud din made many offerings of elephants and Arab horses, jewels and cloths Accor ding to the usual custom, hutbud din Muhammad Akta carried the prince upon his bach, and raised his aspiring head to the pinnacle of grandeur He made presents of money and jewels to the prince, and the clamour of con gratulations reached the sky 'Abdulla Khan Uzbch, ruler of Mawuruun nnhr, had always kept up a friendly mtercourse and commu mity of feeling, and used to send his envoys to thc Impe- Tial Court His Majesty now sent Mirza Fulad with Khwaja Khatib, a native of Bukhara as his envoys to *Abdu lla Khan, bearing a letter?58 full of hind words and a great variety of presents (A legal discussion The usual journey to Ajmer) On the 21st Shawwal he returned to Fathpur Mihtar Sa'adat wliose title 18 Peshrau Khan, and who had been sent on an embassy to Nizamu 1 Mull Dalhin now returned with the Dalhini envoys, who brought with them elephants and other tribute TWENTY SIXTH YEAR Or THE REIGN Corresponding to 988 H 159 An Imperial order was made abolishing the tamgha (tolls) and the zakatico (customs) throughout the empire 15% See Inshae Abul Fazl, Daftar IV. 159 See Table published on a previoils page 160 Badauni (vol 11, p 276) substitutes "Jizya" for "zakal" and says thot the produce of these tares amount ed to several krors (or dams?) Abul razl calls then "baj misprinted taj) and tamgha" -Albar nama, vol , 258 ·96- 'AKBAR Farmans cnforcing this abolition was issued. These taxes amounted to as much as the wholc revenue of Iran, and it is clear that no king would havc remitted them without divinc guidance.161 In this year Muhammad Ma'sum Khan, son of Muinu-d din Ahmad Khan Farankhudi, who held the government of Jaunpur, came to Court, and was allowed to return to that place. Mulla' Muhammad Yazdi was appointed chieſ Kazi of Jaunpur. The government of Dehli was given to Muhibb Ali. Khan, son of Mir Khalifa. AFFAIRS OF BENGAL Muzaffar Klan, on arriving in Bengal, set about arrang, ing the affairs of that province. But his prosperity was on the wane, and his day was gone by. He was harsh in his ineasures, hic offended men with his words, he deprived many, amirs of their jagirs, he demanded the dagh (brand-tax), and brought old practices up again. Baba Klan Kakshal, although he was conciliatory, and begged that his jagir might be left undisturbed, was called upon for the dagh, and received no attention. The pargana of Jalesar, which was the jagir of Khaldi Khan, was taken away from him at the beginning of the spring. harvest, and was added as lankhal to the jagir of Shah Jamalu-d din Husain.: A sum of inoney. due from the spring harvest had been received by Khaldi Khan, and lo recover this Muzaffar Khan put him in prison, and ordered him to be scourged and bastinadoed. At this time a farman arrived from the Imperial Court, directing Muzaffar Khan to apprehend and put to death a servant of Mirza Muhammad Hakim named Roshan Beg, who had left Kabul and gone into Bengal, and to send his head to Court. This Roshan Beg was among the Kakshals, and Muzaffar. Beg issued an order for his:execution. He also spake some harsh words about Baba Khan Kakshal. · The soldiers who were present, 1 161 "taufik na-yafta”.

·NIZAMU-O DIN AHMAD 97 and especially Baba Khan and the Kalshals, trembled together, and resolved upon mutiny. They shaved their heads, put on their high caps,169 and broke out into revolt. Crossing the river, they went to the city of Gaur, celebrated in old times under the name of Laklınauti. There they collected men, and having found property of Muzaffar Khan in several places, they took it or destroyed it. Muzaffar Khan collected boats, and sent Halim Abul Fath and Patar Das,163 with an army against them on the banks of the river. When the disaffection of the Kakshals was reported to the Emperor, he sent a farman to Muzaffar Khan, in which he said that the Kakshals had long been servants of the throne, and that it was not right to hurt them, they were therefore to be conciliated and encouraged with hopes of the Emperor's favour, and the matter of thcir jagirs, was to be settled. The farman arrived al the time when Muzaffar Khan was in face of the insurgents. Upon the arrival of the farman, Baba Khan and the other rebels made a show of submission, and sent a mesa sage to Muzaffar Khan, asking him to send Rizwi Khan and Patar Das to arrange terms with them, and to their minds at case. He accordingly sent Rizwi Khan, Mir Abu Ishak, son of Mir Rafi'ul-d din and Rai Patar Das. Baba Khan put all three of them in confinement. and so stirred the fire of warfare. Coincident with this, it so happened that Mulla Taiyib, Purhhottam Baklıshi, and the revenue officials of Bihar, also entered upon harsh dealings. They took away the jagirs of Muhammad Ma'sum Kabuli, 'Arab 162takihne Mughuli, "Mughal caps." —Badauni, vol. ü., p. 280. 163 Badauni (vol. ii., p. 281) observes that Abu-l Fath was fonder of feasts than of war, and Patar Das was a mere Hindu clerk, so that no vigorous action could be expected. set ·98 AKBAR 10 Bahadur, and all the amirs, and so laid the foundation of an evil system. Masum Kabuli, who after this insurscction obtained the cognomen of 'Asi, having lcagued with 'Arab Bahadur and Suſaid. Badakhshi, resolved to rebel, and kill Mulla Taiyid and Rai Purkhottam. Having put them to flight, they plundered their dwellings. After a ſcw days, Purkhottam rallied some loyal subjccts, and crossed the river Jausa with the intention of attacking thc rcbcls. But the rebel 'Arab Bahadur anticipated him, look him unawares, and killed him. Upon intelligence of 'Asi Ma'sum's rebellion rcaching Baba Khan Kakshal, a correspondence was opened between them, and when the Kakslials confronted Muraſar Khan, 'Asi marched to assist them, and arrived at Garhi. Muzaffar Khan then sent Khwaja Shamsud din Muhammad Khwaſi with a detachment and some guns to the passes of Garlii, arrest the progress of 'Asi Ma’sun. But the latter had a strong force: he broke through Garhi, and attacked the Khwaja and defeated him. He then formed a junction with the Kakshals, and the revolt gathered strength. The Kakshals then crossed the river, and advanced against Muzaffar Khan. Wazir Jamil,ils one of the old amirs of the Statc, along with Jan Muhammad Bihbudi, and some others, deserted Muzaffar Khan, and joined the insurgents. Muzaffar Khan then took shelter in the ſort of Tanda, which was nothing better than four walls. The rebels occupied. the lown of Tanda. They look Hakim Abu-l Fath, Khwaja Shamsu-d din and others prisoners, and began to pillage. Hakim Abu-l Fath with ihe Khwaja and Rai Patar Das effected their escape by artifice, and fled on foot. By the help of the zamindars, they managed to reach Hajipur. The rebels made themselves masters of the fort of Tanda, brought Muzaffar Khan out of his house upon a solemn assurance (of safety), and put him to death. They took possession of 164 "Wazir Khan Jamil Beg.”-Badauni.

·NIZANU D DIN ALI 4D 90 his property and effects, and all the country of Bengal and Biliar fell into their hands. Nearly 30,000 horscmen assembled round the rebels: The Emperor some time before this had taken Mirza Sharalu-d din Husain out of prison, and sent him to Bengal to dluzaffar Khan.103 The rebels now released'lim from conſinement, and placed. hiin at their head. So the revolt increased. Upon the facts being communicated to the Emperol, he sent Raja Todar Mal... and other amus to repress it. Farmans werc sent to Muhainmad Ma'sum Faran- Lhudi, governor of Jaunpur, and Samanji Khan and the jagırdars of that country, directing them to place them selves under the command of Todar Mal, and render ci cry assistance to quaslı tlic rebellion. While the Imperial arıny was on the march, Shahan Khan Jalair fought with Saiyid Badakhshi and killed him. Whien the army reached Jaunpur, Muhammad Ma'sum joined Todar Mal with 3000 horsemen fully armed, and marched on with him. But Muhammad Ma'sum was a weak-minded man, his dignity and the strength of his army had turned his brain, and lie began to show many little actions savouring of disaffection, and to utter <xpressions indicative of dislovalty. Raja Todar Mal, like a prudent and experienced man, temporized with liim, and did all he could to reassure and conciliate him. When the Imperial army reached Mongir, Asi Kabuli and the Kakshals, and Mirza Sharafu d din Husain with 30,000 horse, and 500 elephants, and with war boats and artillery, in battle order, advanced to meet the Imperial army. Raja Todar Mal had no confidence in the cohesion of the) adventurers composing the enemy's army, and deeming it inexpedient to fight, he occupied the fort of Mongir, and throwing up other Tortifications around it, he hept that position. Every day combats occurred between the men of the outposts. When these proceedings were reported to the Emperor, 163 To be kept in custody.--Akbar-nama.

·100 AKBAR sons. sent toi he on one occasion sent Zainu-d din Kambu by dakchauki with a lac of rupees for the expenditure of the. army. Some days after, he sent the same amount by the. hands of Darya Khan ab-dar, and so on by different per- Al different times he a great deal of inoncy. Al this time Humayun Farmuli and Tarkhan Diwana deserted the Imperial army and joined the insurgents. For four months the loyal forces and the insurgents faced cach other, but at length some loyal. camindars of the vicinity cut off the supplies from the insurgents, and great scarcity prevailed among them. Baba Khan Kakshal fell sick at Tanda and died. Jabbari, son of Majnun Khan Kakshal, who was the main prop. of the rabble, being informed of the sinking condition of Baba Khan, wanted to go to Tanda. 'Asi (Ma'sum), not being able to maintain his ground, withdrew Bihar. 'Arab Bahadur made a rapid march to Patna,. seized upon the city, and appropriated the Bibar Khan Khassa-khail166 went into the fort of Patna, and held out. Raja Todar Mal and his supporters sent Muhammad Ma'sum Farankhudi with a detachment to the relief of Patna. On hearing of his approach, 'Arab, Bahadur raised the siege, and went off towards Gajpati, one of the chief zaminders of that country. The Raja and Sadik Khan, and ... and the other amirs marched to Bihar after 'Asi Ma'sum, who sought an opportunity to make a night attack upon Sadik Khan's camp. But Sadik Khan was a wary commander, and on that night he and his men were prepared. Jan Beg and Ulugh Khan Habshi were in command of his advanced force, and the enemy attacking them unawares, Jan Beg was killed and Ulugh Khan fell back. Sadik Khan had to resist a sharp attack, but the Emperor's good fortune aided him, and he defeated Ma'sum, who 166 "Commonly known as Saiyid 'Arif."-Badauni, vol. ii., p. 283.

·MIZANIU D DIY AHMAD 101 was went off to Bengal in sorry plight Now, Garh fell into the hands of the royal troops Among the strange occurrences of the time this A letter was sent by the hands of Hasan tawachebashr to Shuja'at Khan, ruler of Malua, summoning fum to Court Accordingly, he and his son hıyam Khan set off from Sarangpur to attend upon His Majesty His attendants were seized with the desire to rebel, so they killed both him and his son, and then dispersed, each one taking his own way When the Emperor heard this, he sent Shant Khan Atka to be governor of Malwa, and called the young surviving children of Shuja'as Khan to Court In consequence of the state of affairs in Bengal, *Azam Khan who had been living for some time in re tirement at Agra, was again recerved into favour, and he was sent with 5,000 horse to assume the government of Bihai 167 For greater security, Shahbaz Khan hambu, who was engaged against Rana Kila, and had nearly driven the Rana from the country, was summon ed and sent with an army to the support of the forces in Bengal When Shahbaz Khan came near to Hajipur, where 'Arab Bahadur had taken reſuge with Raja Gajpatı, he marched to attack kım For one month lie carried on operations against him, clearing away the jungle, until at length he drove off 'Arab Bahadur and made the Raja succumb (The Emperor pays a visit to Sharif khan atha Hakimul Mulk Gilanz appointed "Leader of the Pilgrimage'') A despatch now arrived from Raja Todar Mal, stating that he had kept Muhammad Ma'sum Tarankhudı along with him by concilitary treatment and all 167 The MISS agree in this, but Badaun izolu, 285) says “Bengal" Abul Fazl seems more accurate 132 saying he was appointed to the comment on the Eastern Provinces - 11 bar nama volil, p 275.

·102 AKBAR kinds of expedients. That Khwaja Mansur (the diwan) had written sharp letters to him, claiming a good deal of money due from him. He (the diwan) had also written letters to Tarsun Muhammad Khan, one of the great amirs and commander of an army, holding out threats to him, at a time when encouragement was necessary. The sharp practice of the diwan having been repeatedly mentioned to His Majesty, he removed him from office, and placed him in charge of Shah Kuli Khan. An order was promulgated appointing Wazir Khan to be diwan in chief instead of him, and Kazi Ali, son of Kutbud din Baghdadi, was to assist him in deciding important questions. A great natural curiosity' was brought to the notice of the Emperor at this time. It was a man born without cars or any orifice of the cars, who yet hearck all that was spoken, just like people with ears. His Majesty was greatly interested in the man, and settled a pension upon him. (Prince Daniyal makes the usual pilgrimage to Ajmir instead of the Emperor). Raja Todar Mal, Tarsun Muhammad Khan, and thic other amirs took up thcir quarters in Hajipur during the rainy season, and Ma'sum Farankhudi, with their permission, went to Jaunpur, which was his jagir. There he began to show signs of disaffection. His Majesty therefore sent Peshrau Khan, darogha of the farash-khana, to set him at ease; he also gave him the country of Oudh instead of Jaunpur, and bestowed the latter upon Tarsun Khan. Ma'sum spoke dutiful words to Peshrau Khan, and did not show his disaffection; but as Dudh was near, he went there. Niyabat Khan, son of Hashim Khan Naishapuri, who had grown up in the nurture of the Imperial Court, broke out in rebellion in his jagir of Jausa and Payag (Allahabad), and attacked the fort of Karra, which was the jagir of Isma'il Kuli Khan. Illyas Khan, who was Shikkdar of that place for Isma'il Kuli, fought ·NIZAMU-D DIN AHMAD 103 to with him and was killed. He then invested the fort of Garha, and began to pillage. This being reported to His Majesty, he sent Ismail Kuli Khan, . ,.and several other amirs to repress him. He also sent Raja Birbal and Siah Kuli Khan Mahram to excite the hopes of Ma'sum Klian Farankhudi and bring him Court. When Wazir Khan had departed, Khwaja Mansur was released from confinement, and again appointed to the office of diwan. As soon as Niyabat heard of the approach of the royal army he raised the siege of Karra, and went towards Kantal, one of the dependencies of Patna. The amirs followed him, crossed over the river, and came up with him. Niyabat Khan attacked them, and a hard fight cnsued, but at last he was defeated and went off to Ma'sumn Khan. At this time, also. 'Arab Bahadur fled before Shahbaz Khan, and took refuge with Ma'sum,168 Shalıbaz Khan, in pursuit of him, went to Jaunpur, and from thence to Oudh against Ma'sum. But Ma'sum advanc: ed to meet him, defeated him, and put him to flight. In one day Shahbaz Khan travelled forty kos to Jaun, pur. Tarsun Muhammad Khan, who commanded the right wing of Shahbaz Khan's force, had been hidden by the jungle, and when Masum's army was disordered, this force came up and defeated it. When Shahbaz Khan was informed of this he returned immediately, joined his right wing, and rallying his forces, pursued the enemy. Ma'sum fought again in the vicinity of the city of Oudh, and was again defeated. His mother, and sisters, wives, and children, property and troops were taken. He himself fled to the Siwalik hills. This 168Ma'sum Klian had an immense stock of thic materials of war, "and there were thirly or forty ban. ners, lughs and kettle-driems in his army." -Badauni, vol. ii., p. 290.

·104 AKBAR happened in the month of Zi-l hijja, in 988169 H. the ycar TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 15th Safar, 989.170 In the beginning of this year intelligence arrived that Mirza Muhammad Hakim, allured by the induceinents held out in letters sent to him by 'Asi Ma'sum Kabuli and Ma'sum Farankhudi, and urged on by his imaternal uncle Faridun, had set out from Kabul with the object of conquering Hindustan. He sent his servant Shadman over the Indus (in advance), but Kunwar Man Singh, son of Raja Bhagwan Das, attacked him and killed him.171 On hearing of this, the Mirza crossed the river, and encamped in the pargana of Saiyidpur. The Emperor assembled his forces, and having advanced to all the soldiers eight months' pay out of the treasury, he marched towards the Panjab. Prince Daniyal remained at Fathpur, and Sultan Khwaja and Shaikh Ibrahim were there left in charge of affairs. Upon the Emperor's reaching the sarai of Bad, fifteen kos from Fathpur, he received intelligence of thc victory of Shahbaz Khan over Ma'sum Farankhudi. Dceming this an auspicious omen, hc continued; his march. Wlien Kunwar Man Singh defeated Shadman, hc obtained from Shadman's portfolio three letters from Mirza Muhammad Hakim: onc to Hakimu-l Mulk, onc lo Khwaja Shah Mansur, and one to Muhammad Kasim Khan Mir-bahr; 'all in answer to letters of invitation and encouragement. Kunwar Man Singh sent these 169 Should be 989. 170 This should be 990 (11th March, 1582). 171 A force sent in advance of this had been deſvalod by Mirza Yusul Khan, govcrnor of the Panjab.--Akvarnama, wol. iii. p. 310.

·NIZAVUD DIY AHVAD 105 letters to the Emperor, who ascertained the contents, but kept the fact concealed After the Lmperor marched from Dehli, Mirza Aſuhammad Hakım advanced to Labore, and encamped in the garden of Mahdı Kasım Khan. Kunwar Man Singh, Sa'id Khan, and Raja Bhagwan Das had gone into the fortress On the Emperor's reaching Panipat, Malik Sanı Kabuli, diwan of Mirza Muhammad Halim, who had the title of Wazir Khan, deserted the Mirza, and came to the Imperial camp He alighted at the tent of Khwaj? Shah Mansur, and made him the channel for offering his services to the Emperor When Khwaja Shah Mansur announced his arrival, the Emperor's sus picions were aroused, and he thought that the diwan's arriving at the time when luis master was invading Hindustan must have some policy in it He was already suspicious of Mansur, and his doubts were now con firined So he dismissed Mansur, and showed him the Mirza's letters Mansur asseverated (his innocence), but at was of no use The Emperor proceeded to Shaliabad, and Malik 'Ali brought lum a letter to the following effect • Wien my scouts were coming from tfic ford of Ludi an2, which is under my charge, and reached the sara: of Sırhind, they found a footman with swollen feet This footman sud to them, 'I belong to Sharaf Beg, the ser vant of hluwar Shah Musur He is the Khwaja's silldar in lus jagır of Tirozpur, thirty hos from Lahore These letters are to be delivered to the hluwaja, as my fcct are in a bid state, do you convey the letters quickly to him' Thcse letters iny men have brought to me When the secretary opened them, one was a letter from Sharaf Beg to Khwaja Mansur, about the affairs of Firoz pur, and the other was a letter from one person to an other person, and of the following purport: “I met Taridun Khan, and he cried me to wait upon Muhını inad Halım Badshah Although he liad sent his reichuc collectors into all tlic parçanas of this quarter, he has ·108 AKBAR Toul. al Surkhab, fiſtcen kos from the arny of the Prince. When thc rcar of the Prince's army was allacked and plundcrcd, it so happened that Haji Muhammad Ahadi, who had gone on in advance as messenger (dak-chauki) 10 thc Prince, arrived upon the spot, and beheld the He turned back and reported the disaster, which annoyed the Emperor. But notwithstanding this news, next day the Emperor went on a stage, and then receiv- ' ed accounts of the victory that had been gained, and for which he offered up his thanksgiving, On Friday, 10th Rajab, he entered Kabul, and remained there for twenty days visiting the gardens. Here he was informed that Mirza Muhammad Hakim intend- .cd to abandon his country, and take refuge' with the Uzbcks. Deeming this a disgrace and shame, he sent Latif Khwaja to Mirza Muhammad Hakim, who was at Ghorband, to tell him that his offences were forgiven. The Mirza, having in the presence of Latif Khwaja made a promise and a vow of fidelity, executed an engagement, and seni il by 'Ali Muhammad Asp along with Latif Khwaja to the Emperor. His Majesty then turned homewards to Hindustan, after conferring Kabul upon Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Leaving the army, he went on quickly 10 Jalalabad, where there was a large encampment. Prince Salim, and the nobles who were with him, lastened forth to meet His Majesty, and to congratulate him on his victory. Khwajagi Muhammad Husain, the brother of Kasim Khan Mir-bahr, who one of Mirza Muhammad Hakim's nobles, came to proffer his services to the Emperor, and was admitted among the number of his "friends. From Jalalabad he sent a detachment to attack the hills of the Kator infidels. Travelling by regular stages, he reached the banks of the Sind-sagar (Indus). was 174 1745'On the 12th Sha'ban." Badauni, vol. ii. p. 295.

·NIZABU-D DIN ACAD 109 Muliamnad Kasim Khan who had been left behind to inake a bridge, had constructed one of boats. The journey to Kabul had been performed in onc month. In one day he and his cscort) crossed the river and went on to Lahore, where lic arrived on the last day of Ramazan. He again entrusted the government of the Panjal) lo Sa'id Khan, Raja Bhagwan Das, and Kunwar Man Singh, and went on his way hunting to Fathpur. At Panipat Shahbaz Khan came to wait upon him. On the 25th Shawwal he arrived at Dehli. Prince Daniyal and the amirs who had remained at Fathpur, and Her Highness Maryam Makani camc forth to meet him, and on the 5th Zi-l ka'da he arrived there. While the Emperor was engaged in the Kabul campaign, Baladur 'Ali, son of Saiyid Badakhshi cntered the country of Tirhut, and gave himself the title of Bahadur Shah;11s but he was taken prisoner and killed by the men of Khan-i 'azam. Masum Khan Farankhudi, being in great distress and anxiety in the Siwalik hills, beggel forgiveness for his offences through Khan-i 'azam; and in consequence of the Khan's intercession he was pardoned. Then he waited upon Khan-i 'azam in humble guise, and was afterwards admitted to an interview with the Emperor at Fathpur.176 When the Emperor was waited upon at Kabul by the confidential servants of Mirza Muhammad Hahim, he made inquiry into the case of Khwaja Shah Mansur, 175 According to Badauni (vol. ii., p. 298), he caused the khutba to be read and coins to be struck is his name. 278He was soon afterwards murdered, as he was returning home from the palace. Niyabat was also para doned for the sake of his uncle Shahabu-d din Ahmad Khan, ruler of Malwa; but he was sent to the fort of Rantambhor, and confined. There he was guilty of things which cannot be mentioned, and stirred up a great mutiny among the prisoners:' so in 998 he was condemned and executed."-Badauni, vol. ii, p. 299.

·110 AKBAR and it appeared that Karmu-lla, brother of Shahbaz, had colluded with others to concoct letters, and that he had forged the last letter on the evidence of which Khwaja Mansur was executed. After this was discovered, the Emperor often regretted the execution of Khwaja. He now remained for some time at Fathpur, administering justice, dispensing charity, and arranging public business. On the 19th Muharram, 990 H., Khan-i 'azam, gov: crnor of Hajipur and Patna, came to wait upon the Emperor, and to give an account of the affairs of Bengal, After staying several days, he was sent back to Bengal. and several nobles and soldiers who had been to kabul was sent with him. TWENTY-EIGIITH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, 27th Safar, 991 (11th March, 1583 A.D.) (A FESTIVAL OF EIGHTEEN DAYS' DURATION AT TIE NAU-ROZ, Shaham Khan Jalair from Bengal, and Raja Bhagwan Das from Lahore, came to wait upon his Majesty. It has been mentioned in a previous page how Khan-i'azam came with a number of jagirdars from Bengal to wait upon the Emperor, leaving the suba empty. Evil-winded men took advantage of their absence, and coming out of every corner began to excite disturbances. A servant of Ma'sum Kabuli, by name Khabita, in concert with Tarkhan Diwana and Surkh Badakhshi, raised commotions in Bihar. Muhammad Sadik Khan, with Muhibb 'Ali Khan, defeated him and killed him. (Return of Gulbadan Begam and Salima Sultan Begam from Mecca. Prince Salim seni t'o Ajmir 10 meet them, and to visit the shrine of Alu’inu-d din.) Muhammad Sadik Khan came from Bihar, and was well received, but he was soon sent to assist Khan-i'azam in suppressing the revolt of 'Asi Kabuli. Shah Kuli Khan and other amirs wlio liad been on the Kabul cani- ·NIZAMU-D DIN AUSAD 111 paign were sent with him. About this time Mir Abu Turab and 'Itimad-Khan, who had visited the holy tem. plc together, came to Court, and liad an interview with His Majesty. Abu Turab Irad brougłıt il stone upon which therc was said to be an impression of thic Pro phet's foot. His Majesty went out four kos to receive this stone with every mark of honour. An order was issucd that all the amirs in turn should carry it on their backs a few steps. So each one carried it a little way, and brought it into the city. (IVeigling of Prince Salim against gold and silver). The traitor, Nur Muhammad by name, was brought a prisoner from Tirhut, änd suffered punishment in the market.177 TTVCK 71-NINTII YLAR or TIC RCIGN Agrccing with 991 H.178 (Festival of the new year). The news from Bengal was, that Klan-i'azam lad occupied Tanda, that Khaldi Khan, Jabbar Burdi, and Mirza Beg Kakshal had separated from 'Asi Kabuli, and had come to Khan-i 'azam, and that "Asi liad sought refuge with certain zamindars. All the parts of Bengal that were in the possession of the rebels 110w camic again under the authority of the Imperial officers. As 'Itimad Khan had held the government of Guja. rat for several years, he was better acquainted with the prosperous management of thic country than others would be, and if the government were confirmed to lui it might be the means of exciting the cmulation of rulers in other countries. For this reason he was appointed governor of Gujarat. Mir Abu Turab was ap. poințed amin, Khwaja Abul Kasim, brother of Mulla 171 He was a Tarkhan, and had been a rebel in Bengal. Having attacked a caravan of salt-merchants, they made a breastwork of their bags, and beat him off. He was afterwards takent near Gaya.-Akbar-nama, vol. iii., . 388. 178 Should be 992 (1584 A.D.)

·112 AKBAR 'Abdul Kadir was appointed diwan, and the humble servant Nizamu-d din Ahmad, the author of this work, was appointed bakshi. Muhammad Husain Shaikh and ... were made jagirdars of Gujarat. Amir Fathu-lla, one of the saiyids of Shiraz, a very wise and learned man, had gone from Siraz to 'Adil Khan in the Dakhin, and had there held high office. On the 22nd Rabi'u-s sani he came to visit the Emperor at Fathpur. Khan-khanan and Hakim Abu-l Fath were sent forth to meet him, and to bring him in with due honour. He was appointed to the exalted office of Sadr. The suppression and dispersion of the rebels in Bengal was reported to the Emperor. It was known that 'Asi Kabuli was in the country of 'Aisi, and Khan-i 'azam was desirous of returning home. For these reasons the Emperor ordered Shahbaz Khan to proceed to Bengal, to allot the whole of that sarkar in jagirs to the soldiers, and to do his best to exterminate 'Asi Kabuli. On the 17th Jumada-s sani, he started to assume his duties. In this year, an order was given for the translation into Persian of the Maha-bharat, which is the chief book of history of the Brahmans. The translation was completed, and received the name of Razm-nama (Book of War). Information was now brought that Khan-i'azam had sent Shaikh Farid to make peace with Katlu Afghan (in Orissa). When the Shaikh reached his dwelling, and had an interview with him, Katlu was very humble. Bahadur Gauriya, one of the zamindars of Bengal, and a high officer in the army of Katlu, came to see the Shaikh, who then travelled on under the eyes of the zamindars and the servants of Katlu. Bahadur, in a hoslile manner, blocked up the road by which the Shaikht was returning, and attacked him. Many of his men were killed, but the Shaikh escaped without injury. Burhanu-l Mulk, brother of Murtaza Nizamu-! Mulk, ruler of the Dakhin, fled from his brother to ·NIZAMU D DIN AHMAD 113 Kutbud din Khan 179 and by command he came from thence to wait upon the Emperor in the month of Rajab But before this, a person calling himself Burhanu 1 Mull had waited upon the Emperor, and liad obtained a jagir Now that the real man had come, and the imposture was displayed, the impostor fled and hid himself, but he was discovered after the lapse of a week. among some jogis, and was cast into prison An order was given to 'Itimad Khan to take iway the country of Sirohi from Sarman Dcori, and to give it to Jagmal his brother who was an adherent of the Im perial throne 1 000 mohurs (mi hrs) was sent in charge of the writer of this work towards payment of the ex penses When 'Itimad Khan arrived at Jalor, the author, Muhammad Ma'sum Bakhuri Kambar Beg Ishang Aha, Zainu d din Kambu, and Pahlawan 'Ali Sıstanı, who was appointed kotwal of Ahmadabad, joined 'Itimid Khan Muhammad Husain Shaikh and several jagırdars of Gujarat remained behind After 'Itimad Khan arrived at Jalor, he procceded to Sirohi, and having removed Sarman Deori, he installed Jagmal, whom he left there with Aghzan Khan, Mahmud Jalori, Bijad Deora, Rai Singh, son of Chandar Sen, son of Rai Mal Deo Then he proceeded towards Ahmadabad, and on ap proaching the city, Shahabu d din Ahmad Khan camc out and posted himself in Usmanpur, one of the suburbs On the 12th Sha'ban, 'Ilimad Khan went into Two dwys afterwards it was discovered that 'Abid Badallisi and a large party of the servants of Shahabu-d din Khan liad left him ind gone off to Kathus ur, to invite Muzaffar Gujaratı,180 who was there living in the returement to which he had been driven the city > 179"71: Alaina" -Badaun, vol 11, 324 180“IV ho had fled from the Imperial Court, anst had sought refuge with lus mothers relations" Badaun, tol 11, p 327 Abul 1 azi says he was really 8 ·114 AKBAR by the Imperial arins; their object being to promote a revoli. 'Itimad Khan thought il desirable to have a couiiercucc with Shahabu-d din upon thc subject; so he sent me, thc author of this work, to him. When I saw him, he told me that this band of conspirators had a design against his lifc, and that they had for a long time been preparing this plot. Now that they had torn the veil from their designs. they would receive no encouragement or help from him. When I reported the state of the casc to 'Itimad Khan, he thought it expedi- .cnt to conciliatc the conspirators; so he sent me and two other persons to appease them. But they rejected our overtures, and continued thcir journey. Shahabu-d din removed and lo Kari, lwenty kos from Ahmadabad. We now sent several letters to Shahabu-d din urging him to delay his departure for a few days; but making no siay, he went on his way. On the 27th Sha’ban, the intelligence arrived that the rebels had come to Dulaka,182 bringing with them Muzaflar and some Kathiwar people. Kambar Beg Ishang Aka now in from 'Shahabu-d din, reporting that he had promised to stay at Kari. Itimad Khan, Mir Abu Turab, and I, thereſore went forth to see Shahabu-d din, lo mollify him and bring him back with us. Towards the close of day, 'Ilimad. Khan set off for Kari. It had been urged upon him that it was not right for the ruler of a city to leave went 183 > came was an obscure individual named Tannu, who took the name of Muzaffar, and called himself son of Sultan Mahmud of Gujarat.--Akbar-namu vol. iii., p. 404. According to Blockmann he called "Nathu", which means "dwarf''.-Ain-i Akbari, vol. i., p. 38. 181 The author's words are explicit, though they seem to be inconsistent with what follows. 182"Twelve kós from Ahmadabad".-Badauni, vol. ii., p. 327. * ·NIZAMU-D DIN AILMAD 115 9 at when the enemy was.at a distance of only twelve kos. But it was of no avail. He left his own son with Amir Ma'sum Bakhari and and my son, and started. When lie and I reached Kari, we talked with Shahabud din, and we reconciled hin, upon our promise that the parganas which he had for a long time held in jagir should be relinquished to him, and that hic should be paid a subsidy of two lacs of rupees. In fact, all lic ashed was conccdcd. Towards close of day, 'Itimad Klian and he set out from Kari, to return to Ahmadabad. On the same day that 'Itimad Khan went to Kari, Muzaffar Gujarati came to Ahmadabad. The men of ihic city gave liim (access to) thc fort, and as part of the wall was broken down, hic made his way in imme kliately. At midnight, whicn ('Itimad Khan and) Shahabu-ch wtin were ten kos from Alimadabad, they were met by Mir Ma'sun Bakhari and Zainu-d din Kambu, who had come out of the city and brought the news. Tlicy alighted, and after consultation decided that as the chemy liad gained only one day, bc liad had no time to strengthen himself, and that we must get into tlic city as he had donc. So we went on to the city, and in the amorning arrived at Usmanpur, wliich is on the side of the river ncar the city. Muzaffar Gujarati canie forth, und drew up his forces on tinc sandy bank of the river. Shahabu-d din was quite helpless, because his men were not trustworthy, and many of tlicm ran off. I did all I could with a few mcn, but without cffect. My son who siad been left in the city in charge of the fort, was plundered of cverything. Shaliabu-el din Ahmad Khan and 'Itimad Khan took to flight; and went to Nalırwala, better known as Pattan, forty-lise kos from Ahmadabad. I, thic author, wrote a report of the occurrences to the Emperor. Three days afterwards íuhammad Husain Shaikh and other jagirdars of Gujarat came to Pattan, and Having set the fort in order, prepaial to hold out. Muzi- 7 ·116 AKBAR ffar Gujarati gave away jagirs and titles to the leading: rebels, and busied himself in collecting forces. Sher Khan Fuladi had been governor of Pattan for many years, but had (since) lived for some years in adversity in the country of Surath. He joined Muzaffar Gujarati,. who sent hiin with four thousand horse towards Pattan. When Sher Khan arrived at Kari, he sent forward his men to the town of Jutana, twenty kos from Pattan.183 I attacked them and defeated them, and left Mir Muhibbu-lla .... and a detachment of soldiers at that place. Zainu-d din Kambu was sent to Kutbu-d din, governor of Broach and Baroda, desiring him to advance from that side against Ahmadabad, so that the enemy. might be attacked on two sides and overpowered. Zainu-d din went to Kutbu-d din, and brought him to Baroda. When Muzaffar was informed of his arrival there, he led a large force to attack him, and Kutbu-d din, having fought in an unsoldier-like way, was defeated, and had to take refuge in the fort of Baroda. Many of his men and officers joined Muzaffar.. Sher Khan Fuladi now advanced as far as the town of Masana, 184 fifteen kos from Pattan, and great consternation fell upon the garrison, so much so that they were on the point of abandoning Pattan, and going off to Jalor. I resolved at all hazard to fight, and went to encounter Sher Khan. Shahabu-d din Ahmad Khan and 'Itimad Khan stopped in Pattan,165 the other arnirs joined me. When we reached Masana, we found that Sher Khan had drawn up his forces, and he advanced to attack us with five thousand horse, while we did not ex- 183South of Patlan, and about twelve miles north of Kari. 184"Mysana” in the maps. About twenty miles north of Kari. 185 These two nobles “had determined to fly lowards Jalor, but through the cfforts of Nizamu-d din Ahmark They remained in Pattan."_Badauni, l'ol. ii., p. 339.

·NIZAVUD DIN ALIAD 117 ceed two thousand Sher Khan was defeated, and went off to Ahmadabad. Many of his men were killed, and a large booty fell into our hands I strenuously urged that we should advance against Ahmadabad, 186 but the amirs who were with me would not agree When we reached Kan, we remained there, awaiting the arrival of the soldiers who hid been sent to Pattan with the spoils of our victory We waited twelve days, and during that time several persons were sent to Pattan to collect men We now heard that Muzaffar Gujarati had bombarded the fort of Baroda, and that Kutbud din, having received a promise of safe conduct), had sent Zainu d din Kambu out (to treat) Muzaffar, re gardless of his pledge, put Jainu d din to death. Kutbud din, although the perfidy and vow breaking of Muzaffar were manifest, was so demented, so blinded by fate, that he trusted to the promise of that promise breaker, and went out to him 187 Then, at the instigation of lirwarı, Zamındar of Pipla, he was put to death Upon hearing of this, I, and the men who were with me at karı, returned to Pattan Trom Baroda Muzaffar went to Broach, and the offi cers of Kutbud din surrendered the fortress He obtain ed there fourteen lacs of rupees which were in the royal treasury at Kambay, and had been conveyed to Broach by Khwaja 'Imadu d din Husain And he also got pos session of all the property and treasures of Kutbud din, which exceeded ten brors Collecting the soldiers and Rajputs from all parts near him, he rused his force to ncarly thirty thousand men When these occurrences were brought to the know 184" 7 huis was the proper course under the circunı stances, for intelligence of Kutbud din Afuthammad's affair had not as yet been received”-Badauni, vol 1, P 330 187 He uas at first recerved with great kindness and honour-Badaunr vol 1, 331 ·118 AKBAR as . lcdge of the Emperor, he sent Mirza Khan, son of Bairam Khan, along with the jagirdars of Ajmir, such. Payinda Muhammad Khan Mughal and others too numerous to mention, by way of Jalor and Pattan;, and lie also sent Kalij Khan, who was the jagirdar ol Surat, with .. jagırdars of Malwa, by the way of Malwa.. This latter force had arrived at Sultanpur and Nandurbar188 whilc Muzaffar was engaged at Broach, bul dread of Muzaflar prevented them from advancing a step fur-- ther. I, the author, every day wrote letters from Pattan. Lo Mirza Khan, urging his speedy approach. When he arrived with his force at Sirohi, I went forth to mcet. him, and brought him on with all speed. He remained one day in Pattan, and then advanced. When Mirza Khan's arrival became known to Muzaflar Gujarati, he lell Broach, and returned to Ahmadabad, leaving the fort of Broach in charge of Nasir, his. brother's son, and Charkas Rumi, one of the Imperial scrvants who had deserted to Muzaflar. Mirza Khan and his army encamped at Sarkaj, three kos from Ahmadabad. Muzaffar pitched his camp opposite the Imperial army, two kos distant, ncar the comb of Shah Bhikan (God rest his soul!). On the day the two armies were thus brought near to each other and afterwards some fighting went on, to ilie advantage of the Impcrial arms, until Friday, 16th Muharram, 991, when Muzaffar marshalled his forces. and allacked us. Mirza Khan, on his side, had made his, dispositions. I, the author, and were directed to keep the lown of Sarkaj on our right, and to fall upon the rear of the enemy. The two armies met, and the battle began. Saiyid Hashim and Khizr Aka, vakil ol Mirza Khan, were slain, and many men ſell. While Muzaffar was engaged with Mirza Khan, I brought. round my men, and ſell upon his rear. Rai Durga, also, 188Snilanpu lics aboul luonly iniles north of the Tapli; Nandurbar nearly the same distance south of il..

·NIZAVU D DIS ALITAD were slain 189 of the left wing, under the orders of Muza Khan, fol lowed to support me Muzaffar was put to flight, and great numbers of his men Next morning Mirza Khan entered the city, and issued a proclamation of amnesty so that every one felt reassured Muzaffar fled to Ma murabad and the banks of the Mahindari tiver Troin thence he went to humbay Many of the fugitives joined him there so that his ſorce again rose to nearly ten"90 thousand men 191 Three days after the victory, Kalij Khin arrived at Ahmadabad with the army of Malwa Mirzı bhrn and all the amirs then mörched towards Kambay On their irriving at ten hos from the place Muzaffar went off towards Baroda When Mirza Khan reached the village of Basad, near Patind, on the bank of the Mahindarı 29" he sent halıy bhan and on in advance to overtahe and attack the chemy, but this force deterred by the difficulty and narrowness of the road came to n halt, and Muzaffır got off to Raj pipli and Nadot 193 Mirza Khan and his army entered Baroda on the ܐ0 111, 18"Abaul Land says the Imperial force amounted to only 10,000 horse, whule their opponents numberer 40000 horse and 100 000 foot -Albar nama, 465 190Badaun (vol 1, p333) makes the number to be "2,000" 191 Abul Fazl blames the Imperialists for not pur suing the enemy, and for allowing him time to levy con tributions on Kambay and assemble huis adherents nama, vol 111, p 467 19 Thus shows that “Mahindari") is another name for the Maha o Mhye, for there is no other river near Patlad, and the maps give a "IVassud" on its northern banh 103 Raj pıpla is south of the Nerbadda, almost on a line arth Broach Nadot is no doubt Nandod, ucir eer the Nervadda and Rajpipla 4kbar ·120 AKBAR 16th, and there rested. While he was there, intelligence arrived that Saiyid Daulat, one of the officers of Muzaffar, had entered Kambay, and overpowered the royal forces in the place. Naurang Khan191 was sent to repress this diversion, and having driven out the insurgent, he returned. Saiyid Daulat then came back and seized the town again. Khojam Burdi, an officer of Mirza Khan's, marched against him from Patlad, and defeated him. Mirza Khan marched with his army to Nadot, and Muzaffar went off into the mountains. Atalik Bahadur now deserted from the Imperial army, and joined Muzaffar. So the insurgents were again set in motion. Mirza Khan imprisoned San Bahadur Uzbek, of whom he was suspicious on account of his relations with Atalik Bahadur, and he resolved to attack the rebels. Sharif Khan and Naurang Khan were appointed to the right, Kalij Khan and Tolak Khan to the left, Payinda Khan and some other amirs to the advance. I was sent forward to reconnoitre, and find out the best way of attacking the enemy.19 When I reached the foot of the hills, I attacked the enemy's infantry, and drove them back for a good kos to where their main force was drawn up in array. sharp action ensued. The discharge of arrows and bul- Iets was quite bewildering, and many men and horses on both sides were wounded. I dismounted some of my best men, and rode on with them to the mountain, and I sent some to call up Kalij Khan. I also sent Khwaja Muhammad Rafia', a man renowned for his courage. Kalij Khan came up on the left, and becoming engaged, he bore back the enemy a little. But reinforcements were brought up by the enemy, and Kalij Khan and "Tolak Khan were repulsed, and fell back a bow-shot dis- 195 А 104 Tolak Khan in one MIS. 195 Mir Ma'sum Bakhari was associated with him.- Akvar-nama, vol, iii., p. 429.

·NIZANIU D DIN ANVIAD 121 came tance The men whom I liad dismounted, while the enemy was pushing after Kalij Khan, finding the way clear, ascended the hill When the enemy returned, they attacked us, and many men were killed Kalij Khan had found some shelter and held his ground I sent to Mirza Khan for the elephant guns (hath nal) They were brought up upon the elephants, and we discharged several guns against the spot where Muzaffar was stand ing Naurang Khan now crime up the mountain which covered the enemy's left, and got the command of his position When the balls from the elephant guns fell in the midst of Muzaffar's division, he fled, and great numbers of his men were taken prisoners or killed The Imperial arms obtained i completc victory 198 Mirza Khan returned, and to Ahmadabad, where he busied himself in arranging the affairs of the army and the peasantry He left Kali Khan and the other Malua arrers to proceed against Broach For seven months he remained in Ahmadabad, and at the end of that time the fort of Broach was captured Charhas Rumı, who had deserted Kutbud din Muhammad Khan to join Muzaffar, ind was appointed by him com mandant of the fortress of Broach, was taken in the fort, and executed Nasir, who was also an officer, escaped, though half dead At the time when Mirza Khan was sent to Gujarat, His Majesty commanded a city and fort to be built at Payag, at the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna, to which the name of Illaliabis was given His Majesty went there by boat from Agra and spent four months there pleasantly When intelligence of the Killing of Kutbud din and the spread of the resolt in Gujarit arrived, His Majesty started for Agra and Fathpur, so . 196Abul Fazl places the scene of this action near Nandod, south of the Nerbadda, and estimates the loss of the enemy at 2,000 killed and 500 prisoners --Akbarnama, vol 111, 430 ·122 AKBAR lo that he might set out from the latter place to Gujarat. On rcaching Etawa. intelligence of the victory arrived, and so he stayed al Fathpur. He sent farmaris lo the amirs in Gujarat. To Mirza Khan he gave the litle of Khan-khanan, a horse, a robc, a jewelled dagger, and ilic banner of 5,000195 (ruman lugh). On me, the author, he bestowed a horse, a robc. und incrcased cmolunents. All thic officers reccived marks of his favour. After his second defeat, Muzaffar Gujarati rctrcated by way of Champanir. Birpur,198 and Jhalawar,199 Le country of Suraih.." and rested at the town of Gondol, tuclvc kosal from the ſort of Junagarh. His scallcred forces gathcred round him from all sides, so that he mustcrcd ncarly three thousand horse and foot. He gave a loc of Mahmudis and a jewelled dagger to Amin Khan Ghori, ruler of Surath, and so won his support. He gave a similar sum to Jam Marsal,202 Raja of Jhalawar, who was at the head of a body of troops and clansmen. He forined designs against. Ahmadabad. Amin Khan, bcing cautious, said Muzaffar, “Go to the Jam, and take him along witlt I will attend to the provisions for the army, and will follow you." When Muzaffar went to the Jam, he drew back and said, “You march and advance against Ahmadabad: I will follow." On the arrival of Muzaffar al Morbi,205 sixty kos from Ahmadabad, and the 011CC Illorc lo pou. 19800 195 Baciauni (vol. ii., p. 336) makes this clcar by using the words pani hazari. Birpur" or "Virpur", fiſły miles north-east of Ahmadabad ? 199 Jhalawar is one of inc ten pranis or districts of Kalhiwar. It is on the northern side. 200See 101c supra. 201 North-east. 20%Badauni's reading (vol. ii., p. 359) is “Sattarsal", which looks more correct. 203 The “Morvi” or “Morbi” of the maps, in the ·NIZAMU D DIV AIIMAD 19 intelligence of his advance being brought to Khan Thanán, the Khan set off with all diligence to encounter him. When Muzaffar reached Param gam, forty kos from Morbi, and neither the Jam nor Amin Khan arrited, hd returned disheartened and distracted towards the mountains of Barda.204 Then lie proceeded to Jagat, which is thc extreme town of Surathi, and well know under the name of Dwarka 205 The Jam sent luis vakils to Khan-Klanair, to represent that he was fiiendly to the Imperiai Government; that he had taken money from Muzaffar, but had not joined him, and that he was then ready to conduct the army to the place where Muzaffai was staying Ainm Khan, also, through the introduction of Mir Turab, sent his son to wait upon Khan-hhanan, and assure him of his good wishes. Ilie Jam's men guided Klan Khanam on a rapid march into the mountains of Barda, which were plundered and ravaged A vast quantity of bootv was obtained, and many men werc hillal or made pri- Soners. Muzaffai, with five hundred Mughal borsemen, .nl fuc hundred Kathiwar horscmen, went off towards Gujarat, and proceeded to a place called Othaniya, which is situated between the Sabarmati ritcr and thic mountain dcfiles, and was held by a rebellious Kol named Bhai. When Klinn-khanan went away into the mountains), he left Medini Rai, Khojain Bardi, ... anc others in charge of the ariny at Hadala, near to Dandır on the high road to Kambay He also Icſt Bayan ha, por north of Kathrza, on je roule wluch crosses thic Ran *0* Banda o Jailuar is a frant or district of Kasha. zar. It is bounded on the west by the sea, and the river Bliadar is for somc distance it's southern bondary Thornton, s.). "Burda". *030n the coast. 206 About twenty miles X. r. of Danuka.

·424 AKBIR Bahadur and ... with a division at Paranti,207 ſour kos from Othaniya. When Muzaffar procccded Lo Olhaniya, Saiyid Kasim Barlia came from Pattan to Bijapur,208 which is shirty kos from Othaniya; and the force which was at Hadala camc and joined the one at Paranti. Muzaffar, supported by the Kols and Grassias, and all the disaffeciedl zumindiars of thc vicinity, gave battle to the force which was at Paranti; but hic was signally deſcated, and liis clephants and canopy fell into the hands of thic victors. Many of his men were killed, and lic himself escaped barefoot and half-dcad. TVhilc Khan-khanan was thus engaged in the moun. tains of Barda, it becamc known that thic Jam was not acting honestly. His vakils were dismissed, and sent back to him. Thc Jam prepared to oppose us, and collccted an army of twenty thousand horsc-09 and innumerablc infantry. When Khan-khanan came to within seven kos of him, he sent an envoy to make his apologics, and lie also sent his son with threc large elephants and eighteen Arab horses210 10 Khan-klanan, expressing his carnest desire to cnter into a trcaty, and to act in a Triendly way. Khan-klanan then relurned to Ahmadabad, and live months afterwards he was summoned to ihc Imperial Court, whither he proceeded in all haste. Muzaffar was then in Kathiwar, and was greatly aggrieved with Amin Khan for having taken his money, and not having given him any help. Supported by the people of Kathiwar and the zamindars, he collected an army, and marched against Amin Khan, who took shelt- .er in the fort of Amartali. Intelligence of this was 207 Thirly niles north of Ahmadabad, 208 About twenty miles N.W. of Paranti. 209Badauni (vol. ii., p. 360) makes the number only "8,000 horse". 210“Horses of Kach, which like Arabs." Badauni, vol. ii., p. 360. are ·NIZAMIU-D DIN AHMAD 125 . brought to Kalij Khan and me, who were at Alimadabad. Kalij Khan remained in the city, and I rent out with Saiyid Kasim Khan Barha, Medini Rai and and marched forward with all speed to Surath. When I reached Hadala, Muzaffar, feeling unable to contend with me, raised the siege of Amin Khan, and went off towards Kach. I then sent Mir kalij and to Amin Khan, proposing that, we should in concert pursue Muzaffar into Kathiwar.' I pushed forward and went to Morbi. Muzaffar fled and crossed the Rani, which is an inlet of the sea, and took the road to Jessalmir. In some places the breadth of the water of the Ran is ten kos and twenty kos. He went into the coun try which they call Kach, on the other side of this water. When I reached Morbi, the Jam and Amin Khan sent their sons to me, and having entered into engagements with me, I returned towards Biramn-gam.211 Intelligence now arrived of the departure of Khan- Lhanan from Court, and of his having gone to the neighbourhood of Sirohi, with the intention of taking Sirohi and Jalor. I, in agreement with Saiyid Kasim Khan, proceeded with my men to join him. The Raja of Sirohi came to see Khan Khanan, and paid a sum of money as tribute, Ghazin Khan, of Jalor, also came forward. But when Khan-khanan was on his way to Court, Ghazin had shown some rudeness and signs of disaffcction; he was therefore imprisoned, and possession was taken of the fort of Jalor. Khan khanan went and took up liis rc. sidence at Ahmadabad. To return to home affairs. Twenty days after Klian. Llanan arrived at Court, intelligence was brought of the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, the Emperor's brother, Orders were given to Raja Bhagwan Das and Kunwar Man Singh, the governor of thic Panjab), to go -110r "Viram.gam", twenty-fire miles cast Ahmadabad.

·120 DIR . and take possession of Kabul. His Majesty - hiinselſ pro- .cccded to the Panjalı. Al this time Mir Murtaza and Kludzwand Klian, Tulcr of the country of Birar in thc Dakhin, marched to attack Ahmadnagar.219 They were dcfcated in battle by Salalat Khan, the makil of Nizamu-l Mulk, and then came complaining 10 thic Imperial Court. A farmun was SCHI 10 'Azam Khan, uler of Malwa, directing him to snarch against thc Dakhin, and subdue Birar. Farnians were also sent 10 Mir Murtaza, Khudawand Khan. Tirandaz Khan, and other men of the Dakhin. Many of the srcal nobles, such as 'Abdul Alatlab Khan, Rai Durga'. Raja Askaran, and many others, 100 Bumerous 10 mention, were sent with artillery, three Dundred cicphants, and the army of Malwa on this expedition. Mir Fathu-lla, who had received the title of Azdu-l caula,' was sent to make arrangements in the Dakbin. Khwajagi Fathu-lla was ippointed bakiishi, and Mukhtar Bcg diwan of this army: This force concentrated at Hindia,215 on the bordcrs of the Dakhim. 'Azam Khan had a (cud with Shahbu-d din Ahmad Khan, then ruler of Ujjain, because he sus- :pected. Shahabu-d din of having instigated the murder of his father. Azdu-d daula endeavoured to issuage his animosity; but ’Azam Khan was a passionate man, and insulicd both Shaliabu-d din and 'Azdu-d daula. For six months the force remained inactive at Hindia, and at length matters reached such a pitch tliat Shahabu-d din, being offendeci with 'Azain Khan, went off to his jagir of Raisin. 'Azam Khan marched to attack hin, and a dire calamity was upon the point of falling upon the 03 212“The capital of Nizamu-l Mulk."--Badauni, vol. ii., p. 343. 213See Blochmann's Ain-e-Akbari, vol. i., p. 417. 2141b. p. 458. 2150n the south bank of the Norbadda, Lal. 77.

·LIGAVUD DIV AIIVID 127 royal arm), but 'Azdu d laula managed to eflcct a reconciliation. When Raja 'Ali Klan, the rulei of Asir and Bu hanpur, sau these dissensions in tlic Imperial arinv, he gathered his forces and marclied against Ardud danla On his approach, Ardud duula wint tu) him, and sought to win him over, but he did not succeed, so hc ietrcated to Gujarat to strengthen Khan Khanan The abovc named (Azam Klian) went towards Birar, and plundered flichpur, but not being able to naintain his ground, proceeded towards Nandurbar ?? The Dahhinis followed march by march, and 'Azain Khan, noluithstanding his great strength, fell back bc forc thcm. till he reached Nandurbai He wrote letters do Khan Klanan at Alımadabad, calling for assistance, and Khan khanan sent inc .nc a munber of amirs, such als... on in advance, and declared his own intention of following When I arrived at Mahmudabad, 'Azam Klan left his army at Nandurbar, and proceeded with a few attendants to Alimadalad Khan-khanan came out quickly from Alimadabad to recenc him, and they nct at the place where I was resting, and then returned to Alunadabad. 'Azam Khan's sister was wife of Khan Khanan, so he went to se lici, and the tho Khians rc solved to proceed afterwards against the Dalhinis I and my associates marched against the rebels to Baroda, and Khan llanan and 'Azam Khan followed me; but the latter went on quickly, in order to get the urny at Nandurbar ready Khan Khanan wrote to me, wirecting me to wait at Baroda till he arrived. When the Khan arrived, he proceeded with the army to Broach, and on reaching that place he received letters from 'Azam Khan, in which he said, that as the rainy season had begun, operations must be postponed to the following year, and then they would proceed together 210Elichpur is in Bırar, and Nandurbar in Kandesh, about 200 Ariles due west of the former.

·aeard thal Muzaffar had gone to the village of Akhar, which was four kos off, and had there shut up Saiyid ith his family. 'Night had come on, and we were unable proceed farther. So I sent twenty horsenen, with a pair kettle-drums, directing them to go about a kos from AKBAR After iny Rai Singir. When I rcached Ilalwad, I sent a detachment to ravage the villages in the pargana of Malia,222 which belongs to Khangar; and I seni another detachianent, under Medini Rai, to Amarun, against Muzaffar. Upon their approaching that place, Muzaffar went off to Kathiwar and hid himself. The Jam sent his son to me to make excuses for his cruel treatment of Rai Singhi, and Khangar also sent his agents to renew his promises of loyalty. I then returned to Ahmadabad. arrival there Kalij Khan started for Surat, and encamped outside the city It then occurred 10 Muzaffar that after the departure of the army and the return of cach mnan 10 his jagir, he 'Would make a dash upon Dulaka and Kambay, "might thus be able to raise a force before the return of the Imperial army. So he advanced rapidly upon Dulaka at the head of two thousand horsemen, Kathis and Jharejas. On receiving letters from Medini Rai, who was at Dulaka, 1 instantly look horse and started thither. As I was resting till evening at Sarkaj,223 Kalij Khan came in and joined me with all the chief nobles and men of the city: Next morning we arrived at Dulaka, but then Muzaffar was four kos away. For when his scouts informed him that the army of Ahmadabad was approaching, he fell back to Morbi. The Imperial army occupied Dulaka, and at night Kalij Khan returned to Ahmadabad. I and my companions followed Muzaffar. One night and the next day ve travelled forty-five kos. On reaching Biram-gain, we as he Iustafa, son of Saiyid Jalal, who happened to be there 22*Near the edge of the Ran. 2230 pposite Ahmadabad.

·VIZAVIU D DIN AHLI AD 131 1 to the village, and beat then, that Muzaffar might suppose our army to be near and give up the siege By God's help my stratagem succeeded, the beleaguered people were released, and Muzaffar went off to the Ran and hach In the morning I mounted and hastened off in pursuit I went as far as the Ran, then leaving an outpost in the village of Jhajusa,* neai thit water, returned Ahmadabad. Four months afterwards the camundars of kach collected force of neurly 1 thousind horse and ten thousand toot, undei che coinnand of Jasa and Bajain, nephens of Klangar Thiey procceded to the village of Radhanpur, one of the dependencies of Pattan, and laid siege to the foit When intelligence of this arrived mt Ahmadabad, I and . went off to ichieve the place On hearing of our appioach, the enemy took fight, passed over the Ran, and went into their own country, It was niccessary to put in end to these proceedings, so I crossed over the Ran into Kach at a place wheru the water was not more than three hos wide, and set to work plundering and destroying TVe burnt and des troyed the towns of Karı, und hataria, two places well knowii in hach We realized an enormous booty, and aftei plundering and destroying nearly tlıree hundred villages in the course of three days, wc re crossed the Ran opposite Malia and Norbi. Here the Ran was twelve los wide, and we were engaged from dawn till eve in the passage The water was up to 7 man's naval After crossing we ravaged and destroyed the parganas of Malia and Morbi which belonged to Khangar We remained at Morbi three days Here I wrote to Khangar, telling him how i fad been informed that the hostile proceedings were the work of Jasa and Bajain, and had not been sanctioned by him I had therefore inflicted a little punishment Had it becn *Doubtful **!A toun sily miles dest of Patlan ·AKBAR Rai Singin. When I cached Halwad, I scut a deta ment to ravage the villages in the pargana of Malia," which belongs to Khangar; and I scni another detach ment, undier Medini Rai, lo Amarun, against Muzaffai Upon their approaching that place, Muzaffar went offic Kathiwar and hid himself. The Jam sent his son lo inc to make excuses for his cruel treatment of Rai Singhi, und Klangar also sent his agents to renew his promises of loyalty. I ilcn rclurned 10 Almadabad. Alter my arrival there Kalij Khan started for Surat, and cncamped ontside the city. Il the occurred 10 Muzaffar that after the departure of the army and the return of cach man to his jagir, he would make a dash upon Dulaka and Kambay, mighi thus be able to raisc a force before the return of the Imperial ariny. So hic advanced rapidly upon Dulaka at the head of two thousand horsemen, Kathis and Jharcjas. On receiving letters from Medini Rai, who was al :Dulaka, I instantly took horse and started thither. As I was resting vill evening al Sarkaj,223 Kalij Khan came in and joined me with all the chief nobles and men of the city: Next inorning we arrived al Dulaka, but then Muzaffar was four kos away. For when his scouts informed him that the arnıy of Ahmadabad was approachng, he fell back to Morbi. The Imperial army occupied Dulaka, and at night alij Khan returned to Ahmadabad. I and my compaons followed Muzaffar. One night and the next day travelled forty-five kos. On reaching Biram-gam, we urd that Muzaffar had gone to the village of Akhar, ch was four kos off, and had there shut up Saiyid stala, son of Saiyid Jalal, who happened to be therc his family. Night had come on, and we were unable oceed farther. So I sent twenty horsemen, with a pair ettle-drums, directing them to go about a kos fronı as he *Near the edge of the Ran. Opposite Ahmadabad.

·NIZAVUD DIN AIN40 135 ached the Imperial Court at Lahore in fourteen days, and was most graciously received. The intelligence of the successes in Gujaiat reached the Emperor as he was travelling. He returned thanks to God for his success, and continued his journey in great joy. At this time Zain Khan Koha, Raja Ram Chandar, Raja of Bittiah, a man of high repute among the Rajas nof Hindustan, who had never before acknowledged allegiance to the Sultans of Hindustan, now expressed his desire of doing so, and came to wait upon the Emperor at Fathpur. He was graciously icceived. He presented -as his tribute one hundred and twenty clephants, and a fine ruby, valued at fifty thousand rupees, THIRTIETH YI AR OF THE RLIGV The thirtieth year of the reign and the Naurozi Sultani or New Year's Day of the Ilahi era, now arrived. (Rejoicings). Letters arrived from Mirza Muhammad Halim, relating that 'Abdulla Khan Uzbek had obtain red possession of Badalhshan, and that Mirza Shah Ruth and Mirza Sulaiman were coming to Hindustan (Mirza Shah Rukh crosses the Indus and meets with a gracious reception from the Emperor in 993 H Marriage of Prince Salim with the daughter of Raja Bhaguan Das. Great ceremony and rejoicing) THIRTY-FIRST YEAR OF TIIE RIIGV The Nuroz i Sultanı of the thirty-first year of the reign and the first year of the second harn of the reign fell upon Thursday, 19th Rabi'ul awwal, 993 H. (11th March, 1585). (The usual rejorcings.) At the beginning of this year Mir Murtaza and Khudawand Khan, amirs of the Dalhin, came to the Imperial Court. Their affairs have been already noticed in describing the occurrences in Gujarat, When they were defcated by Salabat Khan, and came to Buritanpur, Raja 'Ali Khan, the governor of that place, took their elephants from them, and he sent 150 of them in charge ·132 AKBAR this a otherwise, I would have allacked Bhuj, his residenc If he did not henceforth act loyally, he would see wha would happen. Klangar sent his vakils to me with his apologies. After barrier was raised (againsi inroads). In the year 995 the younger son of Amin Khan rebelled against him, and went to Muzaffar, and brought hiin against his father. When I heard this, I went with. against Muzaffar, to repress this outbreak, On arriving at Rajkot,225 30 kos from Almadabad, and thirty from Junagarh, Muzaffar made off towards the Ran. Sidi Rihan, vakil of Amin Khan, and a promoter of the strife, with Nokin Gohil, and other zamindars., and Bir Khan Singh, Malik Rajan, and others of the chief men of those parts. nearly five hundred horsemen. separated from the insurgents, and came in to make peace. I treated them hospitably, and held out to themi expectations of royal favour. The Jam and Amin Khan also sent their sons to me, and renewed their professions of loyalty. After returning 10 Ahmadabad, I turned my thoughts to the repression of the Grassias. In the course of two months I fitted out an army, and then marched towards Othaniya and Ahmadnagar. I attacked and laid waste nearly fifty villages of the .Kolis and Grassias, and I built forts in seven different places to keep these people in check. Falling back with my forces, I went to Wakaniru and Sarnal,226 to put down the mutinous proceedings of the Grassias. Having put Chait Rawat to death, I removed Karmi Koli, Kishna Koli, and Lakha Rajput, who were the principal Grassias of those parts, and left forts and garrisons in their places. In the year 996 the Emperor gave Gujarat' to 'Azant Chan, and recalled me to Court. By rapid stages I re- 225 Near the centre of Kathiwar. 226 Wakaniru or Wankanir is on the Watrak river, ty miles N. E. of Ahmadabad.

·ZAVOD DIN AUVAD 133 ached the Imperial Court at Lahore in fourteen days, and was most graciously received. The intelligence of the successes in Gujarat reached the Emperor as he was travelling. He returned thanks to God for his success, and continued his journey in great joy. At this time Zain Klian Koha, Raja Ram Chandar, Raja of Bittiah, a man of high repute among the Rajas of Hindustan, who had never before acknowledged allegiance to the Sultans of Hindustan, now expressed his desire of doing so, and came to wait upon the Emperor at Fathpur. He was graciously received. He presented was his tribute one hundred and twenty clepliants, and fine ruby, valued at fifty thousand rupees THIRTIETI YT AR OF THE REIGN The thirtieth year of the reign and the Nauioz i Sullanı or New Year's Day of the Ilahi cra, now arrived. (Rejoicings). Letters arrived from Mirza Muhammad Hakim, relating that 'Abdulla Khan Uzbek had obtain. ed possession of Badakhshan, and that Mirza Shah Rulh and Mirza Sulaiman were coming to Hindustan (Mirza Shah Rukh crosses the Indus and meels with a gracious reception from the Emperor in 993 H Marriage of Prince Salim with the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das. Great ceremony and rejoicing) THIRTY-FIRST YEAR ON TIIL REIGN The Nuroz ı Sultanı of the thirty ſirst year of the reign and the first year of the second karn of the reign fell upon Thursday, 19th Rabi'ul awwal, 999 H. (11th March, 1585). (The usual rejoicings) At the beginning of this year Mir Murtaza and Khudawand Khan, amirs of the Dalhin, came to the Imperial Court. Their affairs have been already noticed in describing the accurrences in Gujarat, When they were defeated by Salabat Khan, and came to Burlanpur, Raja 'Ali Khan, the governor of that place, took their elephants from them, and he sent 150 of them in charge ·152 AKBAR with .. otherwise, I would have attacked Bhuj, his residence. If he did not henceforth act loyally, he would see what would happen. Khangar sent his vakils to me with his apologies. After this a barrier was raised (against inroads). In the year 995 the younger son of Amin Khan rebclled against him, and went to Muzaffar, and brought him against his father. When I heard this, I went against Muzaffar, to repress this outbreak. On arriving at Rajkot,225 80 kos from Ahmadabad, and thirty from Junagarh; Muzaffar made off towards the Ran. Sidi Rihan, vakil of Amin Khan, and a promoter of the striſe, with Nokin Gohil, and other zamindars., and Bir Khan Singh, Malik Rajan, and others of the chief men of those parts, nearly five hundred horsemen, separated from the insurgents, and came in to make peacc. I trcated them hospitably, and held out to then expectations of royal favour. The Jam and Amin Khan also sent their sons to me, and renewed their professions of loyalty. After returning to lo Ahmadabad, I turned my thoughts to the repression of the Grassias. In the course of two months I fitted out an army, and then marched towards Othaniya and Ahmadnagar. I attacked and laid waste nearly fifty villages of the Kolis and Grassias, and I built forts in seven different places to keep these people in check. Falling back with my forces, I went to Wakaniru and Sarnal,226 to put down the mutinous proceedings of the Grassias. Having put Chait Rawat to death, I removed Karmi Koli, Kishna Koli, and Lakha Rajput, who were the principal Grassias of those parts, and left forts and garrisons in their places. In the year 996 tlie Emperor gave Gujarať to 'Azant Khan, and recalled me to Court. By rapid stages I re- 225Near the centre of Kathivar. 226 Wakaniru or Wankanir is on the Watrak river, fifty miles N. E. of. Ahmadabad.

·NILAVIUD DIY AIIVID 135 Whicn the news of his death rcaclied the Emperoi, hc was much gricued, and after the period of mourining was oici, luis purpose was to confirm the country of Kabul to the sons of the Mirza But the nobles irgecl that the Mirza's sons were of tender age, and incapable of ruling; and that the Uzbek army wlich had already taken Badakhshan was on the look out for Kabul also Tliesc considerations induced the Linpcroi to march to thic Panjab), and lie bcgan luis march on the 10th Ramazan.. The Emperor travelled on by succesec stages uithaout maling any halt to Dehli There he visited the tomb of his father and the shrines of the saints, and dispenscal lus charity upon the pooi, and cclebrated the Id On thc 19th Shawwal he reached the bunks of the Sutlej and cncainped There he was informed that Kunwar Man Singh had sent a body of men across the Indus to Peshawar, and that Shah Beg, the officer ol Mirza Muhammad Hakim, had fled to Kabul Sadık Khan was sent from Lahore to tale charge of the Government of Bhalar. On the 17th Zil ha'da the Emperor encamped by the side of the Chinab, ancl on the 28th he reached and crossed the Bchut (Beyah). Here he received a despatch from hunwar Man Singhi. reporting that the people of Kabul had willingly sub mitted to the Imperial rule Muhammad 'Ali Khazanchi, who had been sent to habul, returned and reported. that when Muhammad Hakim Mirza died, his sonsas*** Tiere so young and incapable, that the direction of affairs at Kabul was in the hands of the nobles, who were favourable to the claims of the Emperor Moreover, Faridun Khan, uncle of the late Mirza, when Kunwar Man Singh entered Kabul in hot baste, finding that he was felpless, brought the young princes to wait upon the 5-7 heir names were "Kaikubad and Afrasıval "-- Badauni, vol r, 348 The former was for teen, and the latter nine years of age --Akbar nama ·184 AKBAR . of his son to the Einpcror. The Dakhini amirs were received, and presented thcir tributc on New Ycar's Day. Mir Fathu-lla Shirazi, who had the title of 'Azdu-d daula, was now created chick Sadr of Hindustan. and received at the samc limc a horsc, a robe, and five thousand rupees. Letters arrived from Kabul, stating that ... Mirza Sulaiman with with the assistance of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, had returned to Badaklıshan, and obtainer a victory over the army of 'Abdulla Khan Uzbek. Letters now arrived from Atak-Banaras, from Kunwar Man Singh and Khwaja Shamsu-din Muhammad, with the information that Mirza Muhammad Hakim was very ill. That Faridun had started with a caravan from Peshawar to Kabul, but had been defeated by Afghans in the Khaibar Pass, and compelled to retreat to Peshawar. That a fire had broken out in the fort of Peshwar, and thal a thousand camel-loads of merchandize had been consuined. That through this disaster Faridun had got free, and had gone by another road to Kabul. and that seventy men had perished on the journey from thirst. 'Abdu-lla Khan of Badakhshan, when he was firformed of Mirza Sulaiman's success, gathered a strong force, which he sent to oppose him. Mirza Sulaiman, unable to cope with this army, retreated to Kabul, and all Badakhshan came into the power of the Uzbeks. Intelligence now reached the Emperor of the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim. The Mirza was the Inperor's own brother, but the Emperor had shown him kindness and affection greater than even that of a brother. For the Mirza had often been presumptuous and aggressive, and the Emperor had not only pardoned him and showed him favour, but had sent amirs and armies to maintain him in Kabul. He was greatly addicted to wine, and excessive drinking was the cause of his illness and death. He died on the 12th Shaban, 993.

·VZUYU O DI UV 11) 195 011 When the news of fus deuth reiciied the kinperor hc was much grieved, and after the period of mourining was vier huis purpose is to confirm the country of kabul to the sons of the Mirzi But the nobles urgcc that the Mirza s sons acre of tendei age and incapable of ruling and that the Uzbek umy which had already trken Bidallislin was on the look out for hibul niso These considerations induced the Emperor to march to thc Panjab and fic began lus march the 10th Ramazan The Emperor truelled on bt successive stages sath out making any halt to Dchli There he visited the tomb of his father and thic shrines of the sunts and dispenscd lus charity upon the pooi, ind celebrated the 'Id On thic 19th. Shawwal hc rcached the banks of the Sutlej und encainped There he was informed that hunwar Man Singh had sent ? body of men across the Indus to Peshau ?r ind that Shah Beg the officer of Mirza Mulammid Halı had fled to kabul Sadık hhin was sent from Laborc to take chirge of the Government of Bhakar On the 17th Zilla dn the Emperor encamped by the side of the Chinnb ind on the 28th he reiched and crossed the Belut (Beyah) Here he received a despatch from Kunwar Man Singh reporting that the people of habul had willingly sub mitted to the Imperial rule Muhammad 'Ali Khazın chi who had been sent to habul returned and reported. that when Muhammad Hakim Mirza died his sons were so young and incapable that the direction of affairs 10 habul was in the hands of thc nobles who were favourable to the claims of the Emperor Moreover Farı dun Khan uncle of the late Mirza when Kunwar Min Singh entered Kabul in hot haste finding that he was lielpless brought the young princes to wait upon the **77 heir names were 'harkubad and Afrasval'. Badauni vol it, 348 The former was fouteen anal the latter mine gears of age --Akbar nama ·13+ AKHAR WCIC . of his son to thc Emperor. Thc Dakhini amirs received, and presented their wibutc on New Ycar's- Day: Mir Fathu-lla Shirazi, who had the title of 'Azduclaula, was now created chick Sadr of Hindustan, and received at thic same timc, a horse. a robe, and five thousand rupecs. Letters arrived from Kabul, stating that Mirza Sulaiman with the assistancc of Mirza Muhammad Hakiin, had returned to Badakhshan, and obtained a victory over the army of 'Abdulla Khan Uzbek. Letters now arrived from Atak-Banaras, from Kunwar Man Singh and Khwaja Shamsu-din Muhammad, with the information that Mirza Muhammad Hakim was very ill. That Faridun had started with a caravan from Peshawar to Kabul, but had been defeated by Afghans in the Khaibar Pass, and compelled to retreat to Pesliawar. That a fire had broken out in the fort of Peshwar, and that a thousand camel-loads of merchandize had been consumed. That through this disaster Faridun liad got free, and had gone by another road to Kabuk. and that seventy men had perished on the journey from thirst. 'Abdu-lla Khan of Badakhshan, when he was irrformed of Mirza Sulaiman's success, gathered a strong force, which he sent to oppose him. Mirza Sulaiman, unable to cope with this army, retreated to Kabul, anal all Badakhshan came into the power of the Uzbeks. Intelligence now reached the Emperor of the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim. The Mirza was the Emperor's own brother, but the Emperor had shown him kindness and affection greater than cven that of a brother. For the Mirza had often been presumptuous and aggressive, and the Emperor had not only pardoned him and showed him favour, but had sent amirs and armies to maintain him in Kabul. He was greatly addicted 10 wine, and excessive drinking was the cause of his illness and death. He died on the 12th Shaban, 99%.

·NIZATUD DIY AIVA 13E When the news of his death reached the Emperor, le was much grieved, and after the period of mourining was over, his purpose was to confirm the country of habul to the sons of the Mirza But the nobles urged that the Mirza's sons were of tender age, and incapable of ruling, and that the Uzbek army which had already taken Badakhshan was on the look out for habul also These considerations induced the Emperor to march to the Panjab, and he began his march on the 10th Ramazan The Emperor travelled on by successive stages with out making any halt to Dehli 'I here he visited the tomb of his father and the shrines of the saints, and dispensed his charity upon the poor, and celebrated the Id On the 19th Shawwal he reached the banks of the Sutlej and encamped There he was informed that Kunwar Man Singh had sent a body of men across the indus to Peshawar, and that shih Beg the officer of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, had fled to Kabul Sadık Khan was sent from Lahore to take charge of the Government of Bhahar On the 17th Zil ha'dn the Emperor encamped by the suie of the Chinnb, anct on the 28th he reached and crossed the Behut (Beyah). Here he received a despatch from hunwar Man Singh, reporting that the people of Kabul liad willingly sub mitted to the Imperial rule Muhammad 'Ali Kliazın chi, who had been sent to habul, returned and reported that when Muhammad Hahım Mirza died, hus sons Herc so young and incapable, that the direction of affairs at Kabul was in the hands of the nobles, who were favourable to the claims of the Emperor Morcover, l'arı. dun Khan, uncle of the late Mize, when Kunwar Man Singh entered Kabul in hot haste, finding that he was helpless brought the young princes to wait upon the 22-7 heir names were "Karhubad and Afraszaal," Badauni, rol , 348 The former was fouteen, and the lnller nine years of nge --Akbar noma ·.1KTIR of the army, and ... were all killed. On the 5th Rabi'uawwal Zain Khan Koka and Hakim Abul Fath were alc [cated and reachel ile forl of Atak with difficulty. This dcfcat greatly troubled the Emperor. He dismissed these commanders, and sent Raja Todar Mali with a large army to repair the slisaster. The Raja eniered the mountain region with great caution. Here and there he built forts, and harried and plundered continuallyso that he reduced the Afglans to great straits. Raja Man Singh, who had marched against these scccarics. fought a hard battle with them in the Khaibar Pass, in which many of them were slain and made priconcrs. The Raja obiaincci a great victory. News now arrived that Nlir Kuraish was coming lo Court as an ambassador from Abdulla Khan Uzbek, King of Mawarau-n nahr, bringing presents. Nazar Be,233 who was of the great nobles of 'Abclu-lla Khan, being offended with the Khan, was also coming with his thircc sons, Kabz. Bc, Shadi Be. and Baki Bc, all' of whom had attained the rank of nobles. The Emperor sent Shaikh Farid Bakhshi and Ahmad Beg Kabuli, witlu a party of ahadis, to meet the caravan and bring it through thic Khaibar Pass. This armed party, with the help of Kunwar Man Singh, brought the caravan hrough the pass, having beaten the black sectaries who ilempted to block the road, and killed many of them. ONIC TUIIRTY-SECOND YEAR OF THE REIGN n the 11th Rabi'u-l akhir, 995 (11th March, 1597 D.), when the sun passed from Pisces 10 Aries, thc uroz-i Sultani was celebrated at the fort of Atak, and nwar Man Singh came to the ſeast. When Mirza Shah Rukh, Raja Bhagwan Das, and Kuli Khan Mahram reached the 233“An Uzbek, and ruler of Balk!."-Badauni, vol. . 351. pass of ·NIZAVUD DIN AHMAD 13 Bhuliyas,234 on the confines of Kashmir, Yusuf Khan, the ruler of that country, came up and blockaded the pass The Imperial forces remained for some dav» in active, snow and rain came on, and the supplies of corn were cut off. Moreover, the news of the defeat of Zain Khan arrived, and the army was in great difficulty The amus resolved to make peace. They settled a tnbute to be paid by saffron, shawis, and by the mint to the royal treasury, and they appointed collectors 235 Yusuf was delighted with these terms, and came to visit the amiis. and they brought him along with them to see the Emperor. When they came to Court, the Emperoi dis approved of the peace, and the amurs were forbidden lus presence; but after some days they were allowed to make their obeisances About this time the ambassador of 'Abdulla Khar with Nazai Be, and his sons arrived, and had an mter View Ismail Kuli Khan and Rai Singh also arrived. bringing with them the chief men and leaders of the Biluchis A sum of four lacs of tankas equal to five fundred tumans of 'Irah, was presented as a gift to Nazar Be and his sons. After the feast of the Nanowas over, Kunwar Man Singh was ordered to go to the support of Raja Todar Mal, who had been sent against the Yusufzai Afghans and others When the Emperor had settled the course to be pursued with the Afghans. and the affairs of Atah and Kabul, he resolved to return to Lahore, and started on the 24th Rabi'us sanı. Hunt ing and amusing himself as he went, he arrived at Lahore on the 18th Jumada s sani 236 7 . 352 234" Phulbas" --Badauni, vol. ir, + 352 235'Tney garc the country entirely over to I usuf" --Badauni, vol. u. 236The author's arrangement has been slightly changed here. In his diary style of writing, several lines are interposed between the Emperor's departure for and arrival at Lalore.

·142 AKBAR and a few men who were with him at the time, fought and perished. The Emperor sent Zain Khan Koka and .. with a large force to subdue these herctics, who occu.. "pied the Khaibar Pass, and closed the road between Kabul and Hindustan, Kunwar Man Singh marched from Kabul,29 and attacked and defeated them in the Klaibar, and put a great many of them to the sword. He then occupied Janirud, and left al detachment in the · Klaibar. Mirza Sulaiman, having relurned from his pilgrinage to Mecca, once more tried his fortune in Badakhshan; "but he was unable to contend against 'Abdu-lla Khan Urbck, and fled to Kabul. From thence he went Hindustan, and was received by the Emperor in the month of Rabi'ul awwal, 995 H. THIRTY-THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGX The beginning of this year corresponded with Monday, **23rd Rabi'u-1 akhir, 996 H. (11th March, 1588). (Festival of New Year's Day.) Kunwar Man Singh completely subdued Jalala the seclary, so that he could no longer make any resistance, and was compelled to take flight towards Bangash. 'Abdu-l Matlab Khan, and . ... were sent after him with detachment to Bangash. Jalala deceived the royal -commanders, and gathering a numerous force around him, he attacked them, and a ficrcc battle ensued. But the rabble were defeated and put to flight, and many of them were killed. Next day the heretics assembled in great force, and howling all night and day like jackals, they kept up fight in all directions. At this crisis Man Singh's brother, Madhu Singh, who was stationed at Ohind with Isma'il Kuuli Khan,"arrived with a strong force to the assistance of fris brother. The Afghans then fled, and Nearly 2,000 were killed.”-Badouni, vol. ij., p. 355. + ·VIZ ANU D DIV AVSD 145 In this year a son was born to Prince Salım by the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das (Rejoicings) CAMPAIGN 4G AN\ST SHIVAN In this year Sadık Khan, the governor of Bhakar, under orders, proceeded to attack the country of Tatta He besieged the fort of Sıhwan, ind Jani Beg, ruler of Tatta, grandson of Muhammad Bakı Turhliani, follow ing the hunible practice of his ancestors, sent envoys with suitable gifts to the Imperial Court The Emperor took compassion on him, and sent a farinan to Sadık Khan, saying “I bestow the country upon Jani Beg Withdraw from its occupation On the 25th Zil ha'da the entoys of Janı Beg received leave to depart, and to show them greater honour, Halim Ainul Mulk was Sent with them ind they received many princely gifts At the beginning of Rabı us sani the government of kabul was given to Zan Klan Kola, and Rajı Man Singh was recalled to Court At the end of the same month Khan lhanan Mirza khan mide 1 rapid journcy from Gujarat with 'Azdud duula, and was most gracı ously received On the 28th Rajab Sadih hban an from Bhakar Man Singlı arrived in Shz ban, and at the end of the year he was appointed governoi of Bihai, Hajipur and Patna About the same time the govern inent of Kashmir was given to Mirzı Yusuf Khan Rizwi, and Kasiin Khan Mr bahr was recalled Sadih Khan was sent to Swat and Bajaur against the Yusufrais, and the jagers of Man Singh at Sialkot and elsewhere were granted to him Isma'il hule Khin was recalled from Suat and Bajaur, and sent to Gujarat, to replace Kulij Khan, «110 iis summoned to Court The government of Bihar ind Bengal was conferred on Kuyr Man Singh TEIIRTY TOUR17 ITAR Ol Tuir RCIGY The beginning of this year corresponded with Siturday, ·144 AKBAR 4th Junada-l awwal, 997, (11th March, 1589). (The usual festival of cighteen days.) 10 Kalij Khan arrived from Gujarat, and was appointed to assist Raja Todar Mal211 in Revenue and Civil administration, Hakiin 'Ainu-l Mulk returned from his. embassy to Talla, with thc envoys of Jani Beg Tarkban, who brought the offerings of the Beg along with a letter. On the 22nd Jumada-s sani, 997, the Emperor startcd to pay a visit to Kashmir and Kahul. On reaching Bhimbhar,249 at the beginning of the mountains of Kashmir, he there leſt the ladies of the harem with the Prince Murad, and went on express. On the 1st Sha'ban le rcached Srinagar, where he remained some days, visiling thc city and neighbourhood. neighbourhood. When the rainy scason caine on, lctters were sent for the ladies of the barem and Prince Murad to go to Rohtas, and there await his return. Amir Tathu-lla Shirazi ('Azdu-d daula), died in Kashmir, to the great sorrow of the Einperor. Shaik Faizi wrote an clegy upon him. On the 27th Ramazan the Emperor started for Kabul by way of Pakhali and thc fort of Alak. Abu- Fath, one of His Majesty's friends and companions, died al Dhamtaur, and was buried at Hasan Abdal, Prince Murad and the ladies, by command of the Emperor, came up to Atak from Rohtas. Here Shahbaz Khan Kambu was sent against the remaining Afghans. His Majesty. then crossed the Indus, and proceeded on to Kabul, where he arrived on the 22nd Zi-l ka'da. Hakim Humam and Mir Sadr Jahan, who had been sent on an cmbassy 10 Mawarau-n nahr, 'now returned, bringing 240 1 Badauni (vol. ij., p. 365) places sone cif the following events in the thirty-third year. 241"Who had grown old and stupid and had lately received a wound from a sabre at the hands of an enemy who lay in ambush for him.”_Badauni, vol. ii., p. 365. 242" Which the people of Kashmir call Kaji-dar."--- Akbar-nama, vol. iii., p. 563.

·MIZAVUD DIN AIIV ID 145 with them an ambassador from Abdu lla Khan, who was thc bearer of a letter and prescnts His Majesty spent two months at Kabul, often visiting the gardens and places of interest All the people of Kabul, nobic and simpic, profited by his presence Here intelligence reached him that Raja rodar Mal Wahilus sallanai, and musłırıfı dizan, and Raj. Bhagwan Das amirul umara had died at Lahore:13 On the 8th Muharram, 998, the Emperor started on bus return-14 to Hindustan, leaving the government of Kabul in the hands of Muhaminad Kasım Mir ball, with Tolbta Beg Kabuli, and scveral amirs, as co adjustors. He gave the government of Gujarat to Mirza Aziz Muhammad hohaitash 'Azam Khan, who held the government of Malwa 255 He recalled me, Nizamu-d din Ahmad, the author of this work, to Court. 10 Khan klianan he gre Jaunpui instead of the pager which he had held in Gujarat . 216 tan 245 Badaunı cannot repress his bittei religuus hatred, even in recording the deaths of these farthful servants of the throne His words are (voli, p 77), "They went to their everlasting abode in hell" "He has some verses also, conceived in the same spirit Abu! Fazl is more generous Of Todar Mall he says that "for honesty, rectitude, manliness, knowledge of business, and administrative dbility, he was without a rival in Hindus- --Akbar nama, vol 111, 595 211 He mct with two serious falls on his journey homeuards One at a hyæn hunt, the other from a female elephant which was attacked by a furious male Al bar nama, vol 211, p 597 345Malwa was given to Shahab Khan, but Khan, in spite against his successor, u asted the province and laid it desolate (khak siyah) before leaving it Badauni, vol 11, p372. 24&It was at this time that Khan Lhannu u as elevat ed to the wakalat or premiershup (This fact should ap Azant ·146 AKBAR THIRTY-FIFTH YEAR OF THE REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with Thurslay, 14th Jumada-l awwal, 998. (The usual celebraiion al Lahore). The author of this work, with his escort of camelriders, arrived at Court,' having performed the journcy21? in twelve days. He was very kindly received. Raja Bliagwan Das being dead, his son Man Singh, one of the great nobles and governor of Bihar and Bengal,' succeeded to the title of Raja, and the Emperor sent him a letter by one of his attendants with a robe and horse. 'AZAM KHAN'S CAMPAIGN IN GUJARAT, Wlien 'Azam Khan arrived in Gujarat, he essayed to conquer the territory of the Jam,248 one of 'thc zamindars of that quarter who maintained a numerous' body of mnen. The Jam, in concert with Daulat Khan, son of Amin Khan, ruler of Junagarh, and locum tenens of his father, and several other zamindars, assembled nearly twenty thousand horse. 'Azam Khan divided his army into seven divisions, and some severe fighting followed. Saiyid Kasim Barha, in command of the advanced forcc, fought bravely. Khwaja Muhammad Rafia, commander of the left, was killed with some other amirs, old servants of the State. Mir Sharafu-d din, nephew of Mir Abu Turab, was killed with the van. Four thousand Rajputs fell in the battle. The eldest son and representtative of the Jam, with his wazir, were among the slain. Victory declared itself in favour of 'Azam Khan. The date of the battle was 6th Shawwal, 998 H.249 pear in page 597 of vol. iii., of the Lucknow edition of the Akbar-nama, but there is an omission there of sevenal lines.) 247"Six hundred kos.". -Badauni, vol. ii., p. 372. 218“Sattarsal" by name.Badauni, vol. ii., p. 373. 249 Briggs justly observes, that as 110 results followed ·NIZ LIU D DIV HVAD 147 The city of Laliole had been for some years (chans cal) the royal residence, and inany chiefs of that quarter had conic to wait upon the Emperor. But Jani Beg, of Tatta, although he had sent letters and tribute, had. never come in person to enrol himself among the supporters of the Imperial tlirone Khan-Khanan was now appointed governoi of Multan and Bhakar, and he was commanded to effect tlic conquest of Sind and the Biluchis. In the month of Rabi'us sani he was sent on his enterprise along with . and a number of nobles, whose names are too numerous to record He had a Hundred elephants and a train of artillery. Khwaja Muhammad Mulim, an old servant of the State, was appointed bakhshi. The King of Poets (Faizi) found the klatc of this entei prise in the words "Kasad i Talia' TIIIRTY SIITH ILAR OT THL REIGN The beginning of this vear corresponded with rhurs- Qay, 24th Jurnada-l awwal, 999 H (11th March. 1591). (Usual rejoicings). In Shawwal of this year four servants of tle State were selected to go on missions to the ſour rulers of the Dalhun. The hing of Poets, Shaikh ſaizi, was sent to Raja 'Ali Khan, the ruler of Asir and Burhanpur. Khwaja Aininu-d din was sent to Burhanu-l Mult, who, supported by the arms of thc Iinperial Government, Tield Alimadnagar, the of liis ancestors. Mir Muhammad Amin was sent to 'Adil Khan, the ruler of Bijapur; and Mir Mirza to Kutbu-l Mulk, the ruler of Golconda Shaikh Faizi received directions to proceed to Burhanu 1 Mulk after having 'terminated his mission. On tlie 28th Zil hijja Prince Sliah Murad, better known by his 'cognomen, “Pahari Jiu", was appointed to the Government of Malwa, icceiving the standard, eat Otvn this "viclory", il was Firishta, vol. ii., p. 264. most bely a dcfeat.-Briggs, ·148 AKBAR kettle-drums, the laman, the tugh banner, and all the insignia pertaining to a prince royal, Isma'il Kuli Khan was appointed to be his wiki il (general manager), and , were also sent lo scric under liin. When thic Prince rcached Gwalior, he found that Madhukar, zamindar of Undachah, who held a prominent position among thc Rajas of these parts, on account of his numerousadherents, liad scized upon the parganas of Gwalior. Sothe Prince resolved to chastise him. Madhukar assembled his numcrous forces lo resist, but he was defeated in battle,º50 and obliged to fly into thc jungles and hills.51 All his territory was ravaged, and then his son, Ram Chandar, who was his eldest son and representative, came humbly to beg for mercy, and to be admilled a subject of the Imperial thronc. He waited on the Princc, and presented a large tribute, and the Prince sent him to the Emperor, who, when hic arrived, granted him pardon for his offences. The Prince took up his residence at Ujjain. 'Azam Khan, after his victory over the Jam, remained for a limc al Ahmedabad, and then resolved upon the conquest of Surath and the fort of Junagarh. Daulat Khan, son of Amin Khan, who had succeeded his father as chief, had been wounded in a battle with the Jam, and was dead. Having determined upon this campaign, Azam Khan proceeded to the country. The son of Daulat Khan, with his father's ministers, took refuge in the fortress (of Junagarh) and temporized. But wherr they found matters going ill with them, the ministers begged for mercy, and brought the youth to 'Azam Khan, presenting the keys of the fortress, and professing their allegiance. This conquest was effected on the 5tlr Zi-l ka'da. Khan-khanan, who marched to conquier Tatta, laid'. 250 In the vicinity of Narwar ---Badauni, vol. ii.,. p. 378. 251 Where he died a natural deati. ܀܀ ·VIZAVUD DIN AHMAD 149 Siege to the fortress of Sthwan Janı Beg, with all the camındars of that country, came with gharabs and boats ammed with artillery, to give battle Khan Lhanan raised the siege, and inarched forwards Vhen he arrived at Nasrpur, there was a distance of ser en hos between the rival forces Jam Beg advanced to battle with more tlian a hundred glırabs and two hundred boats (hishti) full of archers, gunners and largc guns Khan Khanan, although he had only twenty five ghrabs, went to meet Ium, and the fight began Thc battle went on for a night and a day, but victory at length declured in favou of the Imperial armis Jani Beg lad to hundred men hilled in ghrabs, seven ghrabs were taken nd the mest made oft This battic was fought on the 26th Mulrani, 1000 H After his defeat, Janz Beg with drew to a spot252 on the banks of the rner, which was flanked by water and morasses (chihla) Here he entrenched his force Klian Lhanan raised batteries before it, and besieged it for two months During this time the Emperor sent 150,000 rupees then 100 000 rupecs, then 100 000 mans of grain, with several"-3 large guns and many gunners, to reinforce Khan Khanan He also sent Raja Rai Singhi, a noble of four thousand, by the route of Jesalmır THIRTY SEVENTH TEAR OF THIC REIGN Thc begu.nin of this year coresponded with Saturday, 6th Jumxdal akhir, 1 000 H (Usual rejoicings Lahore) Jalala the sectary, wlio hnd fled 10 'Abdulla Khan 2-"Frrshta transcribes this account, but here he zises the more specific uora bini, a icaze or promontory Briggs renders the passage by a paraphruse, “on a spot of ground currounded by a suamp, which was flooded at high water" 2-3 Badauni (vol 1, Þ 379) specifies the number as one hundred ·1 150 AKBAR (in Badaklıshan), now rclurned, and again cngaged in rcvolt and robbery. On New Year's Day Ja'far Beg Asal Khan, the bakhshi, was named to lead an army against hini in communication with Muhammad Kasim Khan, governor of Kabul. I, the author, was appoinica to the post of bakhshi. At the end of Sha'ban, Zain Khan Koka, who had been sent to scltle the country of Swat and Bajaur, and to root out those Afghans who had cscaped the sword, was ordered to march and cxtcrminato Jalala. On the 24th Shawwal, agreeing with 12th Amurdack of the 37th year of the reign, the Emperor set off hunting 10 the banks of the Chinab, on the way to Kashmir. He passed the Ravi, and stayed for five days, cnjoying himself in the garden of Ram Das. From thence hc made a march of three kos. Then he apppointed Kalij Khan and Mota Raja 10 take charge of affairs al Lahore. As it was now the rainy season, and the waters were out, he left Prince Salim to march on slowly with the camp, whilc hc hastened on with his hunting altendants to the Chinab. Here he reccived intelligence that Yadgar, nephew of Mirza Yusuf Khan Rizwi, governor of Kashmir, had conspired with some disaffected Kashmiris, and having raised the standard of revoli, had assumed thic title of Sullan. Kazi Ali, the diman of Kashinir, and Hasa Bog Shaikh Umari. The collector (tahsildar-7 akhraj), attacked him with their men, but Kazi 'Ali was killed, and Husain Beg was glad to cscape half dead"5! to Rajauri. His Majesty sent Farid Bakhsir with a party of amirs, such as and a thousand Badakhshani Aimak horsemen, into, Kashmir. He himsell crossed the Chinab, and waited there for a while hunting, until Prince Salim came up with the camp. Khan-khanan had besieged Jani Bcg for months. Every day there was fighting, and loss on botlu sides. The Sindians had got possession of the roads, two 25? Through the passes of Kashmir. wohne ·NIZAMU D DIY AHAU 151 to and prevented the passage of protisions Grain had consequently become very scarce, and brend excecdingly dear hin Llanan liad no resource but to move away, so he set off towards the pargana of Jun near Tatta But he sent a portion of his force, under Saiyid Bahaud din Bukhari Mir Muhammad Ma suin Bhaları, and other of his officers to invest Sihu in. Jani Beg, assuming Siliwan force to be weak in numbers, marched. against it When Khın hanın heard of this movement, he sent off with all possible speed Diulpt hhın Lodi, Khwaja Muhammad Hahım Bal lishi, Dharu son of Raja Todar Mal, Dal Bait the son of Ra Singh and reinforce the Sıhwan division This detachment much ed eighty los in two days, and effected a junction Next day Jani Beg came up and arrayed his army Dulal Khan also made lus dispositions His force amounted to only two thousand, while Jini Beg had more than five thousand but confident in the Imperial good fortune they tient into battle Raja I odar Mal's son Dhuru fought most bravely, and was killed The wind of victory blew upon the royal standards, and Jan. Beg flew towards the banks of the river He stopped at the village of Unarpur,“ok on the banks of the river, ind again entrenched himself Khan Khanan upon hus side and the Shwan force upon the other bore donn upon him and besieged him There was fighting every day At lengtlı Janı Begs men were reduced to eat their horses and camels, and many were killed every day by the fire of the guns and muskets Jani Beg was compelled to make an offer of capitulation, and to promise to go and wait upon the Fmperor He begged for the period of three months to make preparations for luis journey, and this was conceded It being the rainy scason, hhan khunan remained in the village of Sann, in the vicinity of Sihwan, for that time The fort of Sılman wis surrendered ind Jını Beg gure his daughi *Tar “Ambarpur" ·152 AKBAR icr in marriage to Mirza Iraj, son of Khan-khanan. He also surrendered twenty ghrabs. The intelligence of this victory gave the Emperor great joy, as he deemed it a good augury of his success in Kashmir. He then continued his journey to Kashmir, and when he arrived near Bhimblar, which is at the beginning of the mountain passes, he received intelligence that his army, having inade five or six marches in the mountains, had been allacked by a force of Kashmiris and men belonging to Yadgar, who had blockaded the pass of Kartal.256 But these men were unable to hold their ground against the brave soldiers of the army, and took to flight. Yadgar came up as far as Hamirpur with a large force to oppose the progress of the royal army; but in the course of the night a party of Afghans and Turkomans belonging to Mirza Yusuf Khan fell upon him and put him to death. Three days afterwards his head was brought to the Emperor, and was exposed as a warning. The Emperor's good fortune thus secured: an casy victory for him. It was a curious coincidence, that the day on which the Emperor crossed the river of Lahore to proceed to Kashmir, was the day on which Yadagar broke out in rebellion and caused the khutba, to be read in his name. On thc 23rd. Zi-l hijja, the Emperor left Prince Daniyal behind in charge of the ladies of the harem. because he was not well, and he was directed to proceed with them to the fort of Rohtas. The Emperor himself went on rapidly to Kashmir, taking me with him in attendance. On the Sih Muharram, 1,001, he reached Kashmir, and stayed there eight days, riding about and hunting water-fowl. He conferred the government of Kashmir on Mirza Yusuf Khan Rizwi, and left a number of officers with him. such as ... On the 6th Safar he started on his return journey, and embarking, in 2. < + 256 This is very doubtful name, see supra. It is written Kartal, Kamarbal, Kartal and Kenarbal.

·XI/AVUD DIV V41) 153 boat, lie piocecded towards Bara-mula, on the confines of Kashmir, in the way to Palhali. On the road he saw a rescribir called Zain-lanka. This reservoir is inclasca on the west, north and south by mountains, and it is thirty los in circumference. The river Bchut (Jilam) passes through this lake. Its water is very pure and deep. Sultan Zainu-l 'abidin carried out a pier of stone to the distance of one part into the lake, and upon it crected a high building Nothing like this lale and building is to be found in India. After visiting this edifice, lic uvent to Bara-mula, whcrc lic disembarked, and proceed. cd by land to Pakhali. When lic reached that place, there was a ſcary fall of snow and wain. I'rom thence lic went on rapidly to Roltas. I, thic author of this luis tory, and ... were ordered to follow slowly with the Ladies of the larem. It is a curious fact, that when the Emperor started on his return from Kasını, lie observcd, "It is forty years since I saw snow. and there are many men with me, born and bred in Hind, who have never seen it. If a snow-storm should coine upon us in the neighbourhood of rakhalı, it would be a kind dispensation of Providence." It occurred just as His Majesty expressed his wish. On the Ist Rabi'u-l awwal nic reached the fort of Rohtas, and theic rested. On the 13th le started for Lulore, the capital, and on the 6th Rabi'u-s sani he arrived there Intelligence here reached hini that Raja Mian Singh had fought a great battle with the sons of Katlu Afghan. who, since his death, fiad hcld the country of Oriss.l, and having defeated them, ine had annexed that exten sive country which lics beyond Bengal to the Imperial dominions THIRTY-FIGUTH YEAR OF TIIL REIGN The beginning of this year corresponded with the 17th Jumada s sani, 1,001 (1{th March, 1593) (Rejoicings) In the midst of the rejoicings, on the 24th Jumada sani, Khan Khanan arrived with Jani Beg, the ruler of ·154 AKTI IR Tatta, and was graciously received. Shah Beg Khan, and other amus who had taken part in this campaign, also presented themsclves al Court, and were suitably rewarded, with jagirs, incrcase of allowances and promotion. At the time which the fort of junagarh and the country of Surath were subdued and annexed to thc Impcrial dominions, Sultan Muzaffar Gujarati, who was in that part of the country, fled and betook himself to Khangar, the zamindar of the country of Kach. 'Azam Khan attacked Khangar and ravaged some of his terricorics. This induced hina 10 profter' his own allegiance. and to makc Muzaffar a prisoner. Under this arrangement the son of 'Azam Khan made a sudden unexpected: attack upon the place where Muzaffar was staying, and took him prisoner. As thicy tvcrc going along, Muzaffar made an excuse for retiring into privacy, and then cut his throat with a razor so that he died. His head was then cut off and seni to 'Azam Khan, who sent it on to thic Emperor. One hundred and twenty elephants, taken by Raja Man Singh in Orissa, now arrived at Court, and were presented to the Emperor. 'Azam Klari Mirza 'Aziz Koka had now been absent from Court ten years, so a farman was written calling him to Couri, to receive the marks of royal approbation. Meanwhile some mischiefmakers, had reported to thc Khan some unkind words. which the Emperor was said to have uscd, regarding him.257 So on the 1st Rajab hệ embarked in a ship with his sons and family, and sailed ſor Hijjaz. When the Emperor was informed of this, he gave the country of Gujarat to Prince Shah Murad, and a farman was issued directing him to proceed from Malwa to Gujarat. Muhammad Sadik Khan, one of the great nobles, was. 25+ He had long entertained the desire of going 10 Mecca.

·NIZAVIU-D DIN AKVAD 155 appointed his vahil, and the sarkans of Surat, Broach and Baroda, were assigned to him in jagır. On the 21st Amurdid of the 38th year of the reign. agreeing with 14th Zi-i hada, 1,001H, Zain Khan Koka and Asaf Khan, who had been sent to chastise the Afghans of Swat and Bajaur, and to repress Jalala the sectary, killed a great many of them and sent the wives and family of Jalala and of Wahdat 'Ali, his brother, with all their friends, nearly four hundred-58 in number, to Court. On the 29th Zi-l hada the government of Malwa was given to Mirza Shah Rukh; and Shahbaz Khan Kambu, who had been three years in prison, was releascd; and appointed to be the vakil and general manager of the affairs of Malwa, under Shah Rukh On the 12th Muharram, 1,002, Mirza Rustam,219 son of Sultan Husain Mirza, son of Bahram, son of Shair Isma'il Safawi (Shalı of Persia), who hold the govern. ment of Zamin-dawar, came to bring a complaint to the Emperor, accompanied by his sons and family. (Grand reception). The Emperor presented him with a lror ol fankas, made him a panj-lazarı,"6and gasė lin Mul. lan in jagir At this time the Prisíce of locts, Shaill Fairi. rcturned from his inission to Raja 'Ali Khan and Burhanu-l Mulk Dalhini. Mir Muliammad Amin, Mir Munir, and Amim-d din also returned from their mis. sions to the different rulers of the Dalhin, Burianu'l Mulk had icceived favours and assistance from His Majesty, but now he did not send suitable tribute, nor did he act in a grateful and becoming way. His tribuic 256 Badauni (vol. ii., p. 388) gives the incredible number of "14,000". 25'He was unable to maintain himself in Zamina dawar against the enmily of his brother and the increasing power of lie Uzbeks. 20 A cominander of 5,00n.

·AKBAR . 262 did not exceed fifteen elephants, some fabrics of tl Dakhin, and a few jewels. So the Emperor determine to effect the conquest of the Dakhin, and on the 21s Muharram he appointed Prince Daniyal to commang the invading army. Khan-khanan, Rai Singh,261 Rai Bil, Hakim 'Ainu-l Mulk, and other amirs of Malwa, .and jagirdars of the subas of Ajmir and Dehli, were appointed to attend him. Seventy thousand horse were ordered on this campaign. The Emperor himself went out with them, hunting as he went, as far as the river -of Sultanpur, thirty-five kos kos from Lahore. Khan- Khanan, in attendance upon Prince Daniyal, had come as far as Sirhind, and was summoned to hold a Council with the Emperor. He joined the royal party wat Shaikhupur, and the campaign in the Dakhin was rc- .considered. Khan-khanan was now ordered to proceed on the service alone, without troubling Prince Daniyal. An order was published that the army of the Dakhin was to serve under Khan-khanan, and Prince Daniyal was recalled. With high marks of favour Khan-khanan .commenced the march. He took leave of the Emperor at Agra, and His Majesty returned, hunting as he went, to the capital Lahore. I have thus written a history of the occurrences of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, as perfect as my poor pen can accomplish, up to the thirty-eighth year of his reign. If life is spared and grace is given to me, I will, please God, also record the events of days to come, so nat my volume may be completed. HUSAIN KHAN TUKRIYA263 2 was called Tukriya, from the fact of his having issu- 261 Whom one might cail Rai Sag, says Badauni (vol. p. 389), sag meaning dog. 262The Prince at this time married a daughter of n-khanan.-Badauni, voi. ii., p. 389. 203 These two Extracts arc from the biographical ·MIZANU D DIV AHMAD 157 He was ed an order, when he was Governor of Lahore, to the effect that Hindus should bear on their shoulders a dis criminating marh which being called in Hindi, Tukri, obtained for him the nick name of Tukriya nephew and son in law of Imam Mahdi hasim Khan, and was a mansabdar of 2000 He died AH 983 are MIR TATHU LLI SHIRAZI In the year 990 H, corresponding with the 26th of the Ilahi, the Amir arrived at Court from the Dilhin, and. was received with royal favour He was directed, in conjunction with the Ministers, to revise the systein of ad ministration, and to inquirc into the management of the cul and revenue administration 2 On this duty he was engaged for many years, and, in token of the Kings satisfaction, was honoured with the title of 'Azdu d daulah He was a very learned man, and was better verscd in cvery kind of knowledge, theoretical and practical, than any man in hiurasan, 'Iral or Hindustan In short, in the whole world he was with out a rival He was also an adept in the secret arts of magic and enchantment for instance, le mide a wind portion of the worh, which comes in at the end of die reign of Albar rhes appeared in the old vol of 1849 264Some of the proceedings of this enthusiast zull be found in the Extracts from Badauno Sec Antal ha buit 7 au arikh The Ala asırı ! Umara tells us that this order das 1.5511- ed in consequence of lus having one day salulcd a Hindi, who passed by with a long bcard, the distinctive mark of a Musulman IVe do not learn wicther this cdict was approved or annulled in the decline of the repub lic, when a similar measure itas proposed at Rome will respect to the slaves, a misc man exclaimed, "quantum periculum inininerct, nostri 11 rncratc coepresent:" Seneca, De Clcmenlia, 1, 24 263 bih tahli mulamint 'alz an ishiiglal druani Schui 0106 ·158 AKBAR „mill which produced flour by a self-generated no ment. . . In Kashmir, he departed for the land of el nity in the year .997 H. SULIAN MAHMUD KHAN OF VULTAN 66 A few days, after, Sultan Mahmud assembled an arm .and marched on Shor,267 when Jam Bayazid, leading out ’Alam Khan, with the general consent of his follow ers, advanced to the distance of twenty miles from Shor to meet him. When he reached the Ravi, he halted, and seni a letter lo Daulat Khan Lodi, acquainting him with the particulars of the movement. Upon receipt of this intelligence, Daulat Khan Lodi, at the head of the .Panjab forces, came to the assistance of Jam Bayazid before the conflict was at an end, and despatched a confidential person to Sultan Mahmud, 10 enter into a negotiation for peace. · Al last, through his meditation, a peace was arranged, under the terms of which the Ravi was to be the boundary. Daulat Khan then seni Sultan Mahmud back to Multan, and Jam Bayazid lo Shor; after which, he himself proceeded to Lahore. No withstanding that the terms of peace had been . adjusted by by so wise a man as Daulat Khan, yet it did not endure long. In the interim, Mir Jakir Zand,248 . 266 These extracis are from the separale history of Aſulian. They were printed in the old vol. of 1849 20-Shor or Shorkole, is talenty-six miles north of Tulambin, and on the road from that place to Jhang. Among the extensive ruins of this place, the most 10- zarkable is a mound of carih, surrounded by a brick all, and high enough to be seen from a circuit of six eight milcs. Native tradition represents il lo be the bital of a Raja of the name of Shor, who was conquerby a king from the west.-Burncs, Bokharn, vol. ii., 131. 26. This agrees with the name as given by Briggs, in the original of Firishia it is stir 'Imad Gurdezi.

·NIZAVU D DIN AH,11) 139 with his two sons, named Mir Ilahdad, and Mir Shahdad, came to Multan from Mavi. It was Mir Shahdad that introduced the principles of the Shia creed into Multan, As.the. Langah family had great, respect for Malik Sulirab Dudari, Mir Jahir Zand could not remain in Multan. He therefore sought the protection of Jam Bayazid, who treated himn with respect, and was pleased to grant a portion of his private donuin for the support, of the Mir's family. Jam Bayazid was a man of bencficent character and of generous spirit and was particularly anxious to promote the interests of the learned and virtuous. He is said to have sent their pensions to Multan from Shor, even during the period of actual liostilities. His generosity towards men of talent was so notorious, that many persons of distinction quitied their homes and took up their abode at Shor. He carnestly invited many others to resort to that place, and among them Maulana 'Azizu-lla, pupil of Maulana Fathu-lia, whom he urgently pressed to come. On his apprach to Shor, Jam Bayazid received hiin with much honour, conducted him to his private apartments, and ordered his servants to pour water over the Maulana's hands, and then, by way of a blessing, to sprinkle the same water on the four corners his house, There is a curious anecdote concerning the Maulana and Shaikh Jalalud din . Kuraishi, vakıl of Jam Bayazid, which, though not much to the purpose of this history, is yet here recorded for an example, and as an awakening from the sleep of ncglect. It is this: When the Jam received the Maulana with such unusual distinction, and took him into his private apartinents. 1 In many other respects there is a great difference between the original and translation, and it is evident that the translator must have used a different mani. script in this portion of his work.

·1 160 AKBIR 1 the Shaikh sent to the Maulana, and told him t Bayazid had given him his compliments, and that the Maulana should select for himself one slave-girls who had been ordered to attend him. Maulana sent one of his own servants to Jam Ba and said in reply, “God forbid that a man shoulo look upon the women of his friend; moreover, sentiments are unworthy of my advanced age.?? Bayazid replied that he had no knowledge of the im cd message. The Maulana being much embrassed this, cursed the person that sent the message to saying, “May his neck be broken!" and returned to home without even seeing Jam Bayazid, who was informed of his departure until he had actually left dominions. It so happened that the curse of the lana took effect; for after Shaikh Jalau-d din came Shor, having deserted the service of Sultan Sikandar, chanced one night to miss his footing, when he fell an upper storey with his head downwards, and liter broke his neck. After the conquest of the Panjab in 930 H., by late Zahiru-d din Muhammad Babar Badshah GE that monarch, at the time of his return to Dehli, sent commission to Mirza Shah Husain Arghun, governor Tatta, ordering him to take charge of Multan and i neighbouring districts. He accordingly crossed the riv near the fort of Bhakkar, and marched towards Multa with a large army. The wind of the divine wrath t to blow, and a great flood arose. When information this reached Sultan Mahmud, he trembled. Then collected all his forces, and advanced to the distance two days' journey from the city of Multan., He sen Shaikh Bahau-d din Kuraishi, successor to the celebra ted Shaikh Bahadu-d din Zakariya (may God sanctify sepulchrei), as an ambassador to Mirza Shah Husai. nd appointed Maulana Bahlol, who was noted for th. race of his eloquence, as well as the elegance of hi. eas, to accompany the Shaikh. The Mirza receiy ·NIZAMU D DIN AUVAD 161 them with much honour and said that he had come with the view of chastısıng Sultan Mahmud, and of visiting Shaikh Bahau d din Zakariya's tomb The Maulana stated that it would suffice of the chastisement of Sultan Mahmud were effected at a distance, in the same man ner as the Prophet had mentally admonished Awais Karn, and that Shaikh Bahau d din was already come to his presence, inasmuch as hc himself was the repro sentative of Zakariya, and that there was therefore no need of hus troubling himself to proceed any further They were, however, unsuccessful in accomplishing the objects their interview, and returned to the Sultan, who died suddenly in the same night, poisoned, it is said, by Langar Khan, one of his slaves He died AH 933, after a reign of twenty seven years RESPECTING SULTAN HUSAIN, SON OF SULTAV MAHVUD OI MULTAN After the death of Sultan Malinud, hawam Khan Langah and Langar Khan, who were the commanders of Sultan Mahmmud's army, deserted their lung und joined Mirza Shah Husain Arghun, and having met with a kind reception from him, they subsequently took possession of the different towns of Multan in the name of the Mirza, while the remaining Langah chicfs, con founded at this intelligence, hastened to Multan and proclaimed the son of Sultan Mahmud 7 king, under the title of Sultan Shah Husain, and read the k autba in his name—though he was but a child but he was king only in name for Shaikh Shuja'ul Mulk Bulharı, son in law of Sultan Mahmud issuining the office of wazır, secured to lumself all the regal power By the advice of this incaperienced man, they took refuge in the fort, which had scarcely one inonth s pro visions in it, while Mirza Shah Ilusain, deeming the death of Sultan Mahmud a most convenient opportu nity for the conquest of the rountiv, immerliately lud siege to the fort ·162 AKBAR After a few days, the garrison finding the provisions of the fort were consumed, and that they were about 10 perish, canic 10 Shaikh Shuja-l Mulk, who was the cause of his country's disasters, and solicited his perinission to divide their forces and give the enemy batile, representing at the same time that they had still some vigour leſt, that thcir horses were fresh and that it was not improbable that the gale of victory might incline to their side; and that to remain inactive and bcleaguered as they were expedient only when there was some liope of receiving succour from withoutwhich was not al all a probable contingency in their case. The Shaikh did not make any reply, but retiring to, a private apartment, he invited the attendance of some of the chieſs, and said that as the sovereignty of Shah Husain Langah had not as yct been well established, he was afraid, lest most of their men, on making a sally from the ſort, should take the opportunity to desert, and join Mirza Shah Husain, in hope of receiving a favourable reception, and that the small remnant who had regard for their reputation, and who would make a stand, would be slain. Maulana Sa'du-lla of Lahore, a learned man of that time, who was in the fort of Multan on this occasion, relates that a few months after the siege had commenced, when all the avenues of the fort were closed by the enemy, and no one was able to enter for the purpose of rendering assistance, or go out for the purpose of escaping his doom (for the attempt was attended with certain destruction), the garrison were at last reduced to such extremities, as to be compelled to consume dogs and cats, which were partaken of with as much avidity as if they had been the choicest goats and lambs. The protection of the fort was committed by Shaikh Shuja'u-1 Mulk to the charge of a vagabond, named Jadu, who had three thousand militia of the country under him. That wretch entered all the houses wherever he had the least expectation of finding grain, and plundered them so unscrupulously, that the people ·MIZAVUD DIV AHMAD 163 earnestly prayed for Shaikh Shuja'ul Mulk's destruc lion At last, the besieged were reduced to so desperate a condition that they preferied being killed to a slow death by famine, and they accordingly threw themselves down from the walls of the fort into the ditch Mirza Shah Husain, being aware of their distress, refrained from killing them After a siege of one year and several inonths, his men, one night towards the dawn enered che ſort, and made grcal slaughter All the inhabitants between the age of seven and seventy were taken pri soners They treated most oppressively all the citizens on whom there was the least suspicion of possessing wealth, and treated them with various kinds of indig nity This took place at the close of A H 934 Maulana Sa du lla gives an account of what hap pened to himself in the following words "When the fort was captured by the Arghuns, a party of them entered my house, seized on my fatlıcr, Vaulana Ibrahim Juma, (who in studying and teaching various sciences for sixty five years, had in the evening of his life, lost the use of lus sight) und inade him pri Seeing the neatness and comfort of our house, aley suspected that gold was somen here conccalcd, and .consequently treated us with great indignity Another person came ind bound me and sent me as a present to the nazır of the Mirzn The nazir u 15 sitting wooden platform in the open hea when I reached luis house, and he ordered me to be bound with a chain, of Which one end 117s tied to one of the feet of the platforin I did not, however grieve for myself, but I could not help shedding tous when I recollccted my father's snd condition " After a while, hic clied for us escritoire, mended luis pen, and then iose up and went into the house, with the intention of wasluing his hands ind ſcct, and pray ing, before he sat down to write There was no one Icft in the place but my sell, so I approached the platform, soner on

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·THE HISTORY OF INDIA BY ELLIOT AND DOWSON Vol. 9. Akbar-nama by Shaikh Abul Fazl. Also comprises Takmila-z Akbar-nama of Inayatı-lla, Albar-nama of Shaikh Illahdad, Faizi Sirhindi and Irkaya'-i Asad Beg or Halat-i Asad Beg. to The reign of Akbar, which the Eighth volume left unfinished, is in this volume brought to a close. It contains Extracts from Abu-i Fazi's skbar-nama, a great work well known students of history. Extracts relating to the closing years of Akbar's reign have also been taken from the continuation of the Akbar-nama by 'Inayalu-lla. Another and smaller Akvar-nama by Shaikh Illahdad, otherwise called Faizi Sirhindi, has also been included. Some curious and interesting personal details have been derived from the Memoris of Asad Beg, an officer in Akbar's service. Price Rs. 4. VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED Rs. 4 Vol. I. AURANGZED by Khaſi Khan Vol. 11. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF TIMUR AND Zirar Nama of Sharafuddin Vol. III. LATER MOGHULS by Khaft Khan Vol. IV. Sirr Sual by Abbas Klian Sarvani Vol. V. SUBUKTIGIN by Abul Fazl Bailali Vol. VI. AKBAR, Part by Nizami-d Din Alimad ... Vol. VII, AKRAR, Part II, by Nizamu-d Din Ahmad Vol. VIII. MEMOIRS OF JAITANGIR Rs. 4 Rs. 4 Rs. 4 Rs. 4 Rs. + Rs. 1 Rs. 1

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