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·DUTCH ACTIVITIES IN THE EAST

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·DUTCH ACTIVITIES
IN THE EAST
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
BEING A "REPORT ON THE RECORDS
RELATING TO THE EAST IN THE STATE
ARCHIVES IN THE HAGUE"
WITH TWO APPENDICES BY
FREDERICK CHARLES DANVERS
Edited with an Introduction
BY
NIHAR-RANJAN RAY
M.A. (Cal.), D.Lett & Phil. (Leiden)
University of Calcutta.
THE BOOK EMPORIUM LTD.
CALCUTTA
1945

·First Edition, 1945 Printed by P. C. Ray at the Sri Gouranga Press, 5, Chintamani Das Lane, Calcutta, and Published by the Author, Senate House, The University, Calcutta. To be had of The Book Emporium Ltd., 22/1, Cornwallis Street, Calcutta.

·TO
NETHERLANDS
IN MEMORIAM
1936

·CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
.
.
pp. vii-XX
xxi
NOTES AND CORRECTIONS
2
THE REPORT
1-54
.
APPENDIX I
55-67
.
APPENDIX II
68_76
.
.
INDEX
77-81

·INTRODUCTION On January 26, 1910, Messers Mackenzie Lyall & Co. of Calcutta held a public auction in which a large number of books, manuscripts and typescripts were put under the hammer. A portion of the collection was purchased by Mr. Haridas Ganguli, a very keen student of history and a friend and collaborator of the late Mr. Rakhaldas Banerjee, archæologist and historian. It transpired that the collection contained at least two books bearing the signature of F. C. Danvers, and more important, three typescripts of uniform foolscap size, paper, script and ink, the last two bearing on a slip of paper pasted on their covers their respective title, name of author and date. They may be described as follows: 1. [63 pp.) No pagination number. On the first page at the top runs the title: Report on the records relating to the East/in the State Archives in the Hague. Text proper, pp. Appendix I/List of important events in connection with the Dutch in India /during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries [45-55 pp.) Appendix II/Governors General of Netherlands India [57-63 pp.). Typing on one page (recto) only. Writing faint on first and several other pages including the last. Paper board cover, blank. Thick cartridge paper bearing water-mark of A. Pirie & Sons/Ld./ Register. Ink: violet. No mention of authorship anywhere. 45 B ·biii 2. A slip of paper containing the title pasted on paper-board cover. Report/on/India Office Records/by/F. C. Danvers/— Appendix /-/ 1898 [42 pp.) Content: List of Manuscripts in the British Museum relating to India and the East. On pages 4, 6 and 7 there are entries, one on each page, in inked handwriting, presumably of Danvers himself, that had evidently been omitted by the typist. Writing on several pages indistinct. Thick cartridge paper bearing watermark of A. Pirie & Sons/Ld./Register. Ink: violet. 3. A slip of paper containing the title pasted on paper-board cover. Report/on/India Office Records/by/F. C. Danvers/-/Appendix /-/ 1898 [6 pp.] Contents: Papers in the Public Record Office (Colonial Section) relating to India and the East, [p. 1]; India, East, (p. 2]; Admiralty Records, East India House, [p. 3]; Pepper, Purchase and sale of, [p. 3]; Persia, [p. 4] ; Correspondence, S. Helena, [p. 4]; Colonial Office Records, [p. 6]. Clear writing. Thick cartridge paper bearing water-mark of A. Pirie & Sons/Ltd./Register. Ink: violet. Mr. Ganguli was not slow to realise the importance of the typescripts, and he was persuaded by one of his friends to make a present of them along with some other books he had purchased from the auction to the public library of the Young Men's Association of Vaidyabati, an old and flourishing village not very far from Calcutta. There they stood on the shelves till 1920 when Mr. Prabhatchandra ·IX Ganguli, a scholar and publicist, then interested in the history of Dutch activities in Bengal, tried to utilise them; but he eventually gave up the idea, and they again went to rest on the shelves. In 1940, I happened to visit the Vaidyabati Library and examine its collections when the three typescripts fell to my hands. The authorities of the Library were good enough to part with them on personal loan to me, and since then they have been lying with me. It has been proposed that they will eventually be made over as a gift to the Manuscripts Department of Calcutta University Libraries for preservation and use. A close preliminary study and examination of the typescripts convinced me that they were unpublished works of Danvers, and perhaps even unknown to and unutilised by scholars in the field ; indeed I did not find any reference anywhere to these documents, though it was well known that Danvers had been deputed to the Hague by the India Office for securing for their library transcripts of Dutch Records relating to India and the East, and presumably also to report on them. True, the first typescript had nowhere any mention of its authorship, but it was clear from the text that there was nothing inherently improbable about Danvers being the author ; on the contrary, the first few paragraphs and the last of the Report left hardly any doubt in this respect. But before deciding to publish the documents or part thereof I put myself into touch with Dr. S. N. Sen, Director of Archives of the Government of India and wanted to have some more definite information in respect of Danvers and the typescripts in my possession. Here is the relevant portion of Dr. Sen's letter, dated 8th July, 1941:

·“F. C. Danvers was deputed by the India Office for securing for their library transcripts of Portuguese and Dutch Records on India. These transcripts are now available in the India Office Library. Danvers published a brief report on the Portuguese records and two volumes on the Portuguese in India (1894). The typescript in your possession is unknown to me and so far as 1 am aware has not been published as yet. You will however do well' to write to Sir William Foster who is likely to be better informed. Danvers was an official of the India Office and more is likely to be learnt about him at that end than at Delhi. The transcripts of Dutch records brought by him are also in the India Office. Eleven volumes of these transcripts were translated into English. Sir William Foster however told me that these translations might not always be accurate because Danvers did not know Dutch, and the Dutch scholar who collaborated with him was not familiar with Indian history Subsequently in a private letter Dr. Sen advised me to publish the documents for scrutiny by scholars. But I deferred publication and wanted to contact the India Office and Sir William Foster before going to press. This I did sometime towards the middle of 1942. The Superintendent of Records of the India Office informed me with regret that 'after an exhaustive search no trace had been found of the Report by Mr. F. C. Danvers' (letter dated 25th August, 1942). Almost simultaneously came also Sir William's reply which is all but fully quoted below. .

·"I know nothing of any report by Mr. Danvers (beyond interim ones) on his researches in the Dutch archives. His assistant in that task (until 1895) never heard of anything of the kind; the India Office can not trace one ; and I myself could hardly have been ignorant of such a document. In any case I can not conceive that such a report would be worth publishing. It must be nearly half-a-century old and would be now quite out of date. Moreover, Mr. Danvers knew no Dutch and was not well-informed on the subject of Dutch colonial history. There remains the mystery how anything written by him could have found its way to a small library in India. Is it certain that the document really relates to Dutch archives? Or, can it be the work of some Indian student in London, based upon Mr. Danvers' general report on the India Office Records, issued in 1888 (can 1898 be a mistake for that date?). This report contains sections dealing with Dutch activities in Java, Sumatra and elsewhere. In that case "State Archives" would refer, not to the Dutch but to the English official records." Even a casual reading of the Report published would show that it deals not with English but with Dutch official records in the State Archives in the Hague. And since it is so, the Report is more concerned with Dutch colonial activities in the Archipelago than with India proper, and India in the Report more often than not stands for the ·Kii: Dutch colonies in the East in general but their colonial settlements in the Southern Seas in particular. Certain Dutch publications relevant to the subject have also been utilised and largely drawn upon. The documents examined and utilised are the most important ones in the Hague Rijksarchief and are mentioned in the very first few paragraphs of the Reporte Nor can it be the work of an Indian student in London based on any of Mr. Danvers' general reports. A reference to the first few paragraphs and the last one of the Report would show that it is the work of one who examined the Dutch Records locally in the State Archives in the Hague in 1893, 1894 and also in the year (1895?) when the Report was actually drawn up. Mr. Danvers' general "Report ... Ok the Records of the India Office" was issued in 1888—a reference presumably to this report is made in f.n. 2 of page 51 ; but the present Report has hardly any thing to do with either that Report or with the India Office Records. It is interesting, however, to note that Typescripts 2 and 3 though described as Report on India Office Records : Appendix, contain, in fact, only lists of English official documents relating to Dutch activities in the East, in the British Museum, Public Record Office (Colonial Section), Colonial Office and elsewhere, in London. presume, they were intended to be treated as appendices to the main general report on the India Office Records issued in 1888. This may or may not be true, but since the English official records are more or less well-known and have been utilised by various scholars I am not publishing these bare lists which are hardly of any use to-day. The Report on the Dutch official Records stands, it seems, on a different footing. True, it is already about half-a- I ·century old, and we are now fairly well-posted with facts and circumstances relating to Dutch activities in the East. Even so, there are in this Report points of information, and in certain instances details of facts that are not yet available to English readers. Such, for instance, is the detailed account of the relations between the English and the Dutch between the years 1617 and 1620 and of the selection of Jakatra as the seat of the Dutch Government in the East and its eventual transformation into what came to be known as "Batavia", the head-quarters of the Dutch in the East. New side-lights on Dutch policy are also available on many points of detail, especially in respect of Dutch relations with the Archipelago nationals, the Chinese, the French and the Spaniards besides the English and the Portuguese. Of other interesting items mention may be made of the introduction of coffee plantation in Java. But the value of the Report lies in its analysis of the "Articles of Instructions” issued from time to time, beginning from November, 1609, by the Netherlands Administration for the regulation of their eastern trade. Mr. Danvers correctly points out that "these instructions are the embodiment of the principles on which the Dutch East Indian possessions were obtained, held and governed. Without these it would be impossible fully to appreciate the continuity of policy pursued by the Dutch in the East, or properly to apportion the responsibility for their actions between the State, the Company and their Governors. This is, I believe, the first instance of these important documents being made available excepting in the Dutch language.” Reference to these "Instructions" are to be met with in recent publications in English, but Mr. Danvers' claim that he makes available for the first time to English readers their ·XIV detailed statement and draws attention of English readers, to their importance is, I think, substantially correct even to-day. The 'mystery of how anything written by Mr. Danvers could find its way to a small library in India can easily be explained. Instances are frequent of personal collections including manuscripts of scholars and bibliophiles in Europe being broken up after the death of their owners, their being auctioned locally and then shipped out—if they were of Indian interest--for sale in India. More than one auction house in Calcutta within my knowledge used to and do even now hold periodical auctions of such books etc., and some of our important libraries have enriched their collections by purchase in lots from such sales. Important old book-sellers also make a profitable trade in business of this kind. It seems that Mr. Danvers' collection after his death was similarly broken up and somehow or other part of it at least found its way to Calcutta where Messers Mackenzie Lyall & Co. put it under the hammer. This assumption finds support in the fact that in the lot purchased by Mr. Ganguli there were at least two books which from the signatures on their title pages seem to have belonged to the collection of Mr. Danvers. I am told by Sir Jadunath Sarkar that H. H. Shrimant Bala Sahib Pant Pratinidhi Raja Sahib of Aundh also has in his possession a small collection of typed papers of Mr. Danvers which, I understand, were purchased by H. H. the Raja Sahib from a London old book stall, and which relate themselves to Dutch activities in India and the Archipelago. It is difficult to assess from this Report the extent of Mr. Danvers' knowledge of the Dutch language or that of ·the help he received from his Dutch assistant. The fact that he was deputed to the Hague to report on the Dutch Records in the State Archives perhaps shows that he was not altogether ignorant of Dutch and it is quite possible that he was materially helped by Dutch assistants. In any case I have not been able to find in his Report anything that seriously contradicts facts known from English and Dutch publications on the subject or materially alters the course of events reconstructed from unpublished records in the State Archives in the Hague. It is true, the Report is scrappy and inadequate even in respect of the seventeenth century which admittedly was the scope Mr. Danvers had set for himself ; but we must remember that it was not meant to be anything more than a preliminary sketch like his brief Report on the Portuguese Records ... (1892) that seems to have later developed into two big volumes of History of the Portuguese in India (1894). Had he lived for several years more he would perhaps have given us an equally valuable book on the Dutch in India. His investigations in Dutch activities in the East seem to have begun sometime before 1888 when he issued his Report on the India Office Records, and continued till his death. It is likely therefore that he had laken notes and drafted tentative reports that we have yet no knowledge of. Sir William in his letter refers to such interim drafts; in the present Report Danvers also speaks of one that was drawn up a year before (1894?). Frederick Charles Danvers was for nearly fifteen years, from January, 1884 to 1898, Registrar and Superintendent of Records of the India Office. In the India Office List for 1898, his career has been detailed as follows:

·Xn' Educated at Merchant Taylors' School and King's College, London, and after a special training preparatory for Addiscombe, studied for two years for a civil and mechanical engineer ; East India House writer, old establishment, 26th January, 1853; junior clerk, Public and Ecclesiastica! Department, India Office, September, 1858; Public Works Department, 1861 ; senior clerk, June, 1867; assistant secretary in the Public Works Department, February, 1875; assistant secretary in the Revenue Department, 1877 ; Registrar and Superintendent of Records, January, 1884 ; in 1855 designed a salt-weighing machine, of which a number were manufactured in this country for the use of the Madras Government; in 1859 was deputed to Liverpool and Manchester to report on Traction engines, with a view to their being used in India ; deputed to Lisbon to examine the Portuguese records relating to India, 1891-92 [and at Evora relating to India ; India Office List, 1895] ; on similar duty to the Hague, 1893-95. [On similar duty to the Hague, Sept., 1893 and again, Oct., 1894 ; India Office List, 1895] ; author of articles published in "Engineering" relative to public words in India, 1866-75 ; of a design for carrying the East Indian Railway under the Hugli from Howrah to Calcutta, transmitted to India by the Secretary of State in 1868 ; of “Statistical Papers relating India" (Parliamentary Paper 1869); of memoranda on Indian coal, coal-washing and artificial fuel 1867-69; of "Coal Economy", 1872;

·vii of "A Century of Famines", 1770-1870, 1877, of papers read before the Society of Arts, on “Agriculture in India", 1878 (Society's silver medal), "Famines in India", 1886, and “The India Office Records”, 1889 (Society's silver medal); of a "Report on the Records of the India Office", 1887; "Chiefs, Agents, and Governors of Bengal”, 1888 ; of a "Report on the Portuguese Records relating to India", 1892; and of a "History of the Portuguese in India", 1894 ; elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Geographical Society of Lisbon, 1894, and of the International Colonial Institute, Brussels, 1895. It will be seen from above that Mr. Danvers was deputed by the India Office to the Hague thrice, once every year, in 1893, 1894 and again in 1895, evidently to report on the Dutch Records on India in the State Archives in the Hague. This is exactly what Mr. Danvers states in the last paragraph of his Report. It is further clear that except an interim one in 1894 (p. 5), he did not issue any further report on those reocrds before his death, though it appears that the present Report was actually drawn up in 1895. The two appendices (not published) to the Report on the India Office Records were however prepared in 1898. It is difficult to say why Danvers chose not to submit to the authorities his final Report on the Dutch Records which must have been the purpose for which he was deputed to the Hague. In any case it is clear that he did prepare a Report which for some reason or other was not submitted to the proper authorities nor issued independently which explains why the India Office List has no entry, or why Danvers' assistant ·XVII (till 1895) had no knowledge of any such report. Absence of any knowledge on the part of the India Office and of Sir William Foster may also be explained in the same manner. In the printing of the Report, Mr. Danvers' typescript has been followed rather very scrupulously. Nothing has been changed, not even the spelling of proper names. I have however inserted certain punctuations to facilitiate easier reading and understanding, but that too where it was found absolutely necessary. Vingurla has been spelt in at least three different ways (Wingorla, Vengurla, Vingorla); Mataran occurs also as Mataram, Pondicherry as Pondichery, Nega patam as Nagapatam, Achin as Atchin, Coromandel as Coromandal, Macao as Mecao, and so on. I have chosen not to interfere with such alternative forms of proper names. There are however certain evident mistakes, perhaps typist's errors, which have been rectified in "Notes and Corrections", e.g., Pieter van den Broeck should certainly be Pieter van den Broecke. There are very few comprehensive works in English relating to Dutch Activities in India and the East. Prof. P. Geyl's chapter on the "Dutch in India" in the Cambridge History of India, vol. V (1929), is certainly a competent and well-summarised narrative, but it is meagre. K. M. Panikkar's Malabar and the Dutch (1931) traces the history of the relations of the Dutch with the west coast of India which may be said to begin with the capture of Cochin from the Portuguese in 1663 and continued till the surrender of that place to Major Petrie in 1795. In recent ·XIK years Prof. D. G. E. Hall published two very interesting . accounts relating to Dutch relations with Burma and Arakan ("Studies in Dutch relations with Arakan" and the “Daghregister of Batavia and Dutch Trade with Burma in the seventeenth century", in the Journal of the Burma Research Society, 1936 and 1939). Interesting studies on different aspects and phases of Dutch relations with Bengal, Ceylon and the eastern coast of India have in recent years been made by various scholars ; some of them have been published in the Annual Proceedings of the Indian Historical Records Commission, others in different Indian historical journals. But there is yet scope for a full and comprehensive account in English of Dutch activities in India and the East such as Mr. Danvers gave us in respect of Portuguese activities. Original materials for such a study, in manuscripts and in printed form, are now casily available, in Dutch and in English translations; and a fairly comprehensive bibliography of such materials has been furnished by Prof. Geyl and Mr. Panikkar. Besides, Prof. J. van Kan, a Dutch scholar who visited India in 1929-30, has given us a valuable catalogue entitled Compagniesbescheiden En Aanverwante Archivalia in Britisch-Indie En op Ceylon which gives us an inventory of the documents available in India and Ceylon. There is also a small collection of Dutch records in the Bengal Record Room, but they deal mainly with revenue matters in Chinsurah. Valuable secondary works in Dutch are also available and Prof. Geyl and Panikkar mention all important publications in this connection. Attention may also be drawn to the necessity of consulting materials available in books and manuscripts in Indian languages, mainly in ·XX Malayalam, Sinhalese, Tamil, and Bengali where incidental references to the Dutch and their activities are not altogether rare. It is true they are not mentioned as often as the Portuguese, but nevertheless such references furnish side-lights that are too interesting to be missed. It remains for me to acknowledge my obligations. I am very thankful to Mr. Haridas Ganguli and the authorities of the Vaidyabati Young Men's Association who very kindly allowed me to keep the typescripts with me for such a long time, and gave me permission to edit and publish the Report. I am also thankful to Dr. S. N. Sen, Director of Archives, Government of India, for having promptly replied to all the enquiries I addressed him from time to time. Sir William Foster was also very prompt in replying to the queries I placed before him for clarification. My young friend and pupil Mr. Sudhiranjan Das helped me in reading the proofs and preparing the Index. To all of them I extend my sincerest thanks and gratitude. N. R. "THE UNIVERSITY Calcutta.

·NOTES AND CORRECTIONS P. 1, line 2 P. 6, f.n. P. 11, line 1 P. 11 4 P. 14 23 . P. 15 P. 20 1 22 P. 29 P. 32 P. 36 P. 36 P. 40 P. 42 ►) the XVII is evidently the Seventeen General Directors of the United Company, Instruchen shonld be read as Instrucliën. Gerard Reynat is evidently Gerard Reynst. Instruction shoud be read as Instructiën. and elsewhere, Jan Pietersz Coen is evidently Jan Pietersoon Coen. The name has been mis-spelt in more than one place in the typescript. Read Archipelago for Archipelego. and elsewhere, Pieter van den Brocck is evidently Pieter van den Broecke. The surnaine has uniforinly been mis-spelt in the typescript. Read Cambodja for Ganbodja. Read Piscardores for Piscardorea. Queda is evidently Keddah. Read St. Hclena for St. Helana. The Great Mogul refers evidently to Shah Jehan. Saldanka Bay is also known as Saldanha Bay. (See also p. 36, line 14). Rickloff van Goens is Rijckloff or Rijkloff van Goens. Read Zwaar de Kroon for Zwaardekroon. Hendrik Zwaar de Kroon is evidently Henricus Zwaar de Croon who was Governor General from 1718 to 1725 (See p. 71). Palliacat is evidently Pulicat. Read approaches for apprpoaches. Bassora = Bussora=Basrah. Read Reynst for Reynat. 16 14 3 9 5 8 P. 42 25 P. 45 > 1) 1 P. 49 P. 51 P. 57 P. 68 P. 68 P. 69 P. 69 P. 70 P. 70 P. 71 P. 71 28 5 25 7 19 11 22 8 & 9 19 9 13 ) Jacues for Jacqes. Antonia for Aontonie. Maetsuyker for Maetsuycker. Speciman for Speeiman. Christofel for Christoffel. Henricus Zwaar de Cro012 for Henrious Zwaardecroon. Rynier for Brynier. Daendels for Daendis. Sirardus for Sieards. Sioet and Beele for Siolet and Berle. Frederick for Frederik. P. 72 P. 73 P. 74 P. 75 P. 76 23 17 28 26 & 27 14 .

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·REPORT ON THE RECORDS
RELATING TO THE EAST IN THE
STATE ARCHIVES IN THE HAGUE

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·DURING my visit to the Hague last year, I searched through the following records, viz., "Letters from [the] XVII to India", from their commencement in 1614 to the year 1633, “Letters from the Governors General to the various factories", from 1617 to 1633 and "Letters from India" from 1669 to 1686. On my return visit I continued an examination of these same records from the last named dates tu the year 1700 ; I also examined a fourth series, consisting of "Letters from the Kamer at Amsterdam to the Governors General”, from their commencement in 1642 also to the year 1700. I have thus completed an examination of all the most important documents in the Rijksarchief, bearing upon the history of the Dutch in India, and have made selections of documents to the copies "principally of those having reference to the contemporaneous histories of the European nations in the East) up to the beginning of the 18th century". Since the commencement of my engagements of this work I have searched through 564 volumes and have marked the important documents to be copied. Of the latter copies have already been made and delivered of .... selected records, all belonging to the 17th century. Where important documents have been published I have procured copies of them, that being, at the same time, more satisfactory and cheaper than having them specially copied. Other Dutch records are contained in books already in the India Office 1 Two words illegible.-Ed.

·1.4) Library, such as those by de .... The 17th century was a most important period of Indo-European commerce and witnessed more ....? by the Portuguese, Dutch and English for the monopoly of that trade. The opening of the century found the Portuguese in almost undisputed possession of this commerce but in little more than half a century the Dutch had captured their most important possessions, leaving them practically' little more 10 boast of than the territories now occupied by them in the East. The struggles between the Dutch and English during this period were principally confined to the Eastern Archipelago where the former succeeded in driving the latter out of Java. In the early years of this century the English had been sufficiently strong to command the respect of the Dutch, and from some letters from the latter of a much later date it would appear as though they had, for the time being, limited their opposition with the Portuguese against themselves in the East, in which contingency it seems highly improbable that the Dutch would have been able to withstand them. Fears to this effect were seriously entertained in 1635", in 16524 and again in 16725 and these apprehensions no doubt contributed in some measure towards the comparative freedom of the English factories in India proper from attack. Towards the end of the century, however, these fears evidently died out, and in 1688 we find the Dutch Governor General referring 10 "the miserable condition of the English”, whilst, so far from feeling any dread of them he remarked to the $ · The surname is illegible, but evidently de Jonge.---Ed. Two words illegible.-Ed. Letter to G. G. (Governor General) 30th April 1635 (108). * Letter to G. G. 24th July 1652 (130). Letter to Governor in Persia, 15th January 1672 (12). 5 ·[ 5 ] Commander at Cochin, that "fear of the English does not exist; they only talk".1 It will be seen from my report of last year (copy annexed)? that I therein gave a very brief sketch of some of the leading events that occurred in the East, of general European interest, between the years 1595 and the conclusion of the Treaty of Westminster in 1654. In my recent researches I have come across a number of additional documents bearing upon several of these events, between 1635 and the last named year, and it may be of interest if I here refer back to that period before continuing my narrative for the second half of the seventeenth century. Foremost amongst these documents may be mentioned the "Instructions" issued at various dates by the Netherlands Administrations for the regulation of their Eastern Trade. These "Instructions” are the embodiment of the principles on which the Dutch East Indian possessions were obtained, held, and governed. Without these it would be impossible fully to appreciate the continuity of policy pursued by the Dutch in the East, or properly to apportion the responsibility for their actions between the State, the Company, and their Governors. This is, I believe, the first instance of these important documents being made available excepting in the Dutch language. Up to the latter part of 1609 the Dutch East India Company was carried on principally as a trading enterprise, and the Treaties entered into with the rulers of various places in the Eastern Archipelago were, with the exception 1 Letter to Comr. Cochin, 31st August 1688, (J15) Letter to Comr. Padang, 29th September 1688 (J15). * I have not been able to get hold of this copy.-Ed.

·1.6 ] of one with Amboyna, in 1600, principally commercial Treaties, for facilitating the purchase of spices by the Dutch. The Treaty with Amboyna, above referred to, included however, a stipulation that the Dutch should assist in the expulsion of the Portuguese from that island ; and subsequent Treaties with Banda and Pulo Ay respectively -both dated in 1602-contained clauses under which the Dutch bound themselves to assist the natives against their enemies. Under these, and subsequent Treaties, the Dutch had acquired predominant influence in the Moluccas, and had opened trade relations with Bantam, Borneo, Macassar, Johore, the Malay Peninsula, Achin, Malabar, Coromandal and even with China. With the exercise of so wide an influence over a vast number of distant countries, the want of some supreme authority in the East soon began to be felt at home, and accordingly, by a Proclamation of the States General, of the 26th November 1609, it was decided to appoint a Governor General and Council for the purpose of regulating the affairs of the Dutch in the East Indies, who should "act as an authority over persons and their actions, so as to inspire the Indian Princes and peoples with confidence in the Dutch nation, and regulate their relations with the mother country.' By a proclamation dated the day following (27th November, 1609) Pieter Both was appointed the first Governor General. It will be interesting to give here a few details of these first Instructions, contained in the Proclamation of the 26th November, the author of which is reputed to have Introduction to "Verzameling van Instruchen van Nederlandsch Indie &c.". See also Preamble to Proclamation appointing Pieter Both.

·1.7 ] . been Cornelius Matelief the younger, a distinguished naval commander in the Eastern seas, who returned to Holland in the year 1608. The first Article of these instructions is as follows: "As soon as the Governor General shall have arrived at Bantam, all actions of the, daily Council, which had authority over the fleet, shall cease, and, after all information shall have been duly taken, a legislatite body, to control all actions and affairs in India, shall be formed under the advice of the Fiscal and Accountant, which Council shall be called the Council of State for India. It is expressly ordered that, besides the Governor General himself, the two following gentlemen shall be members of the Council of State, namely Jan Lodenykaz van Rossengijn and Steven Doensz. van Groenendijck; furthermore, these three shall appoint others so as to bring the number of the Council up to five, by the advice of which five persons the Governor General shall appoint Counsellors and others with power and authority to administer justice in all civil actions", • Under Article 8 the Governor General was granted full liberty of action in regard to all matters connected with trade ; Article 9 prescribed certain enquiries the Governor General was to make about persons and affairs connected with the internal affairs of the Company, whilst Article 10 explained, in considerable detail, the investigations he was ·[ 8 ] + to institute with regard to the Company's foreign relations, of which the following is an extract: "You will enquire particularly into the relations with all Kings, Princes, and nations of all India with whom the Company is trading, so as to know whether these are friendly and favourably, or otherwise, disposed, and why, and for what purpose each and every one of them is so disposed towards the Company. You will try to find out which of them are friends or enemies of the Portuguese, and why, and for what purpose they are so, what their power, possessions, and connections are, and in what relations they stood towards the Portuguese before the arrival of the ships of these countries in India, and how each and every one of them behaved towards our nation and towards the Portuguese! You will férther enquire who are the actual rulers of affairs in the different States of India, and what are the best means of entering into closer relations with them, in order to be able to decide what can and should be done, not only to extend the East Indian Commerce, to propagate the name of Christ for the salvation of the Heathen, for the honour and reputation of our nation, and for the profit of the Company, but also to increase it by all possible ways and means." Up to this time the Dutch had no head or central station in the East, but under these "Instructions" Pieter Both was directed to select either Bantam, or Johore, for a capital and residence of the Governor General ; the Officers of the Company were prohibited from trading on their own account, and authority was given for searching the ships when anything of that sort was suspected ; and by Article 21 the Governor General was granted a wide margin of liberty ·[.9.] in his dealings with native Kings, so long as he succeeded in extending the power and trade of the Company in their several territories. With regard to the Moluccas (Art. 22) it was especially laid down that the trade of those Islands, including also that of Amboyna and Banda, was to be retained “wholly, absolutely, and entirely in the hands of the United Company, and that no particle of it shall be left to anyone but ourselves, and to those whom we think proper." To this effect it was ordered that all the Dutch fortresses and strongholds thereabouts were to be strengthened and well gar ned, to which end, if necessary, the Kings of those countries were to be required to give assistance. As however, the Dutch were at this time, at peace with Spain and Portugal, Pieter Both was instructed that his actions must be regulated accordingly. By Article 23 Pieter Both was advised to establish a rendezvous at Jakatra. He accordingly contracted an alliance with the King of that country, by which certain privileges of commerce were granted to the Dutch, and he purchased from him a piece of land, situated to the East of the river Tangerang, for the erection of a Factory, which subsequently developed into the City of Batavia. Orders were given in Articles 28 and 29 that the Portuguese were, by all means, to be kept out of the country "and", it was added, "if the Portuguese or Spaniards should so far forget themselves (which we hope may not be the case) as to attack you, your subjects, or your allies, or cause them damage, contrary to the Truce and the interpretation thereof given by the States General, and embodied in resolution of the last meeting of the Seventeen, whereof a copy is enclosed, ·[ 10 ] you must at once counteract the same, in such manner as you may deem proper according to Divine and Human right in your Council, always remembering the duty incumbent on you of upholding our nation's honour and reputation by all honourable means." Article 34 provided that some ships should be employed in a coasting trade, which should bring all produce to Jakatra, from whence the home sailing vessels would take in their cargoes and return at once to the mother country. This regulation, however, proved inconvenient in practice with regard to some of the outlying stations to the west of Jakatra and, accordingly, in 1633 the Seventeen sent out instruction to the effect that shipments from Surat and Persia should be sent home direct "on the principle adopted by the English”, and that the vessels from those ports should meet the homeward bound fleets from Batavia at the Cape of Good Hope or at St. Helena'. With regard to the China trade, it was recommended (Art. 35) that Nanking should be made the principle port of call, instead of Macao or Canton ; and by Article 37 it was advised that reprisals should be taken against Surat, where David van Deynsen had been murdered.? The foregoing "Instructions" were necessarily of a somewhat tentative nature, and these remained in force for % · Letter from the XVII to the Govr. Genl. in Council, 19th Sept., 1633 (100). David van Deynsen had been director of the Dutch Factory at Surat About the year 1607, at the alleged instigation of the Portuguese, and with the assistance of the natives he was taken prisoner and sent to Berampore. He was subsequently taken back to Surat and subjected to torture, under which he endured great agonies, and in a moment of despair he shot himself to put an end to his sufferings. Letter to Masulipatam, 15th Feb., 1608; De Jonge, Vol. III, pp. 35 and 222.

·נ נו : ] a short time only. On the appointment of Gerard Reynat, in 1613, as Governor General, in succession to Pieter Both, new "Instructions" were issued. These are not contained in "Verzameling van Instruction", but are to be found in Dr. P. van Dam's “Beschrijving", Appendix, Vol. III, a MS. book in the Archives at the Hague. They have also been published in “Tijdschrift Indische Taal, Land en Volkenkunde" Vol. I. p. 117–161. These "Instructions” contain more detailed directions with regard to trade than were given in the earlier Orders to Pieter Both; they authorised the new Governor General to change the Commanders at all the Ports (Art. 3) which would appear to have been in imitation of the plan adopted by the Portuguese in India. It would seem from Article 18, that the servants of the Company had already entered upon a regular system of private trading and that many of the best articles and commodities sent home were on private account; the most stringent orders were consequently issued for the prevention of this trade, and all vessels going home, or trading from port to Port were to be searched accordingly. But little change was made in the former orders with regard to Native Princes, except as regards Bantam, where, it was complained, the trade was much prejudiced by the high duties exacted. With regard to the Portuguese, it was observed in Article 26, they would no doubt endeavour to spoil the commerce of the Dutch as much as possible, and that therefore every means must be adopted to drive them away from the various countries visited by Dutch vessels, so that such ·[ 12 ] natives as desired to trade with the latter should not be hindered from doing so. Should force, however be employed by the Portuguese or Spaniards it must be resisted by force. Article 30 gives instructions regarding shipping, wherein it is stated that as a journey from Holland to the Moluccas takes a whole year, and at the end of that time the vessels have become too much damaged to withstand with safety the stormy seas of the Cape of Good Hope, on a return journey, those ships must as a rule, be kept in the Indian seas, and the produce from those Islands stored at some head quarters, to be put on board vessels arriving there from Holland, to be sent home direct. The trade with China (Art. 31) was also to be carried on by means of small vessels from the seat of Government in the East. In the 33rd Article the death of David van Deynsen was again referred to, and orders were given that possession should be taken of vessels belonging to the people of Surat, (but in such a manner as to avoid complications with any friendly Native Princes of India) with the view of impressing the Natives with a sense of the injuries of their actions, and with the view of obtaining compensation for the death of van Deynsen. Should, however, compensation be refused, the Governor General was to take revenge in such manner as might seem fit. The next "Instructions" to the Governor General were dated the 22nd August 1617, and were ratified by the States General on the 3rd November following. They commence by defining the authority of the Governor General, ·1:13 ] and decree that his Council shall be constituted as follows: Ist Member. The most able merchant who can be found. 2nd Avaliant and able sailor. A Vice- Admiral: 3rd One of the most able and experienced Officers of the Army. 4th A person learned in Law and Equity. 5th Director General of all Officers of Trade in India. 6th Vice-Governor and Director of the Fortresses and Offices in the Moluccas. 7th Vice-Governor of the Fortresses and Offices on the Coromandal Coast. 8th Vice-Governor and Director of the Fortresses and Offices in Amboyna and the adjacent countries. 9th Vice-Governor and Director of the Fortresses and Offices on the Islands of Banda Neera, Pulo Ay, Pulo Rhun, Lontivi Rosengyn, Goenong Api, and all countries adjacent thereto. Then follows a list of salaries of all the highest Offices, exclusive of the Governor General, the Director General at Bantam and the Vice-Governor of the Moluccas receiving the highest, viz. f. 250 a month (Art. 12-16). The greater part of these "Instructions” refer to Officers of the Company and their respective duties. Article 35 contains orders for > ·( 14 ) preventing other nations from injuring the trade of the Dutch, contrary to treaties; if this cannot be done by persuasion, force is to be used, and their vessels and cargoes to be siezed. Articles 52-55 contain directions in the case of captured prizes and the treatment to which prisoners were to be subjected ; none but enemies were to be employed as Galley slaves, and Spaniards are particularly mentioned in this category, but no convict of Dutch nationality was to be so used. Articles 56 to 73 refer to free trading, and in Article 74 it is recommended that Chinese should be encouraged to settle in the Moluccas, there not being in those islands a sufficient number of inhabitants for the proper cultivation of the soil. Chinese, it was stated, are to be preferred for their purpose, they being an industrious and laborious race, and not in the habit of carrying weapons. Orders were again given in these "Instructions” for the selection of a place as the capital and seat of Government in the East (Arts. 75-77); accordingly Jakatra was decided upon for that purpose on the 30th May, 1619, and its name was changed to Batavia, on the 4th March, 1621. The circumstances connected with the selection of Jakatra for this purpose were as follows': Jan Pietersz Coen felt great difficulty in arriving at a solution of the question as to which place in the East would be most suited for a capital, and his choice wavered between Bantam and Malacca. On the whole he gave a preference to the latter, partly on account of its traditions as a place of commerce and as being more convenient for the trade with China and De Gouverneurs General van Nederlandsch. Indie 1610_1888, p. 36.

·[ 15. ] the Eastern Archipelego. He had not however sufficient force at his disposal to capture that port. On the other hand, if the Dutch left Bantam, that place and the pepper trade would be left open to the English. He decided therefore, to remain for the present at Bantam, and to erect a fort there. Shortly afterwards, however, in consequence of differences with the Regent of Bantam, opinian changed in favour of Jakatra as a head quarters for the Dutch Government. Buildings had already been erected there for the storage of merchandise, and, on the 10th July, 1618, Coen resolved to garrison the place with 24 soldiers, owing to a great extent to his mistrust of the English there. On the arrival of a British fleet commanded by Sir Thomas Dale off Jakatra, in December, 1618, Coen fortified the Dutch factory, and prepared for resistence. This place was speedily strengthened and converted into a fortress, and on the 12th March, 1619 it was officially named "Batavia", and since then became the head quarters of the Dutch in the East. These occurrences are intimately associated with the expulsion of the English from Jakatra and as that event is not recorded in any of our histories, and only fragmentary documents bearing on the subject are extant in our Records, it may be interesting to give a brief account of it as taken from the Dutch Records. Although the Governments of Great Britain and of the Netherlands had, since 16ļl, endeavoured to devise means for the establishment of amicable relations between the English and Dutch East India Companies, the quarrels between them, in the East, appear to have increased rather than otherwise and by 1616 their animosities resulted in fights between their respective adherents in the streets of ·1.16 ) Bantam, and shortly after the arrival of Dr. Laurens Reaet. in Java, as Governor General, a most serious riot occurred at Bantam on the 22nd November, 1617. It appears from the Records at the Hague that some Spanish and Portuguese prisoners had escaped from the Dutch and found a safe" hiding place on board certain British vessels ; and when one of the Dutch Officials went to claim them back, the English refused to give them up?. A few weeks later, one of these prisoners was seen walking about Bantam, where he was seen by some Dutchmen, who recaptured him, and locked him up in one of their warehouses. As soon as this became known to the English, they attacked the Dutch factory, plundered a warehouse, and killed and wounded several Dutchmen. Shortly after this news arrived that twoBritiðh ships, which had been sent to Banda had been seized by the Dutch, and this further incensed the English against them. As soon as the Dutch Governor General at Jakatra heard of the attack on the Bantam factory, he ordered a large fleet to proceed to that port, and issued a placards declaring that the trade with Banda, Amboyna and the Moluccas would be closed to the English, on the ground that the Dutch had procured for themselves a monopoly of trade with those islands, and threatening that if these orders were disobeyed the English would be driven from these ports. Against these orders Mr. George Ball, the Letter from Coen to the XVII, Bantam 18th Dec. 1617. De Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 67. * The Solomon" and "Attendant" (or "Attendance") Vide 0. C., Vol. VI, No. 963 and Vol. VII, No. 813. * Dated 19th November 1617, Vide “Dutch Records at the Hague", No. Xcd.

·1'17 ] President at Bantam wrote a strong protest' and positively. refused to recognize his authority or pretensions to an exclusive trade. The relations between the English and Dutch became still further strained when, on, the arrival of two vessels belonging to the French East India Company at Java, one of which was commanded by Hans de Decker, a Dutch subject, the Director General (Jan Pietersz Coen) had him arrested and tried on a charge of disobeying the laws. He was imprisoned, and the two French ships were detained. De Decker however escaped-as was alleged-by the aid of the English, and he obtained a hiding place in Bantam, the Regent of which place refused to surrender him to the Dutch. The English Factories at Bantam and Jakatra were now, the Dutch authorities asserted, being used as places of refuge for run-away Dutch soldiers, sailors, and inferior officials, who were enticed away by the promise of higher wages. George Ball, the English President at Bantam was deemed to be the principal offender in this matter, and Nicholas Ufflete, the Factor at Jakatra was charged with having incited the natives to kill Coen* and all the Dutchmen there, and to pillage their Factory. Coen, in consequence, issued a placard prohibiting all intercourse of Dutch subjects with either Englishmen or Chinese. * Dated 19th Nov. 1617. Vide "Dutch Records at the Hague", No. XCII. • The "St. Michael" and "St. Louis". Vide 0. C., Vol. V, NO. 587, 589, 591, 602. Letter from Coen to the XVII, before Bantam, 11th March, 1618, and Jakatra, 24th June, 1618; de Jonge, Vol. IV, pp. 74 and 81. Letter from Pieter de Carpentier to the Kamer at Amsterdam, Jakatra, 24th June 1618; de Jonge, Vol. IV, pp. 86. "Dutch Records at. the Hague", No. VIII. 2 ·[ 18 ] In the course of the year 1618, a serious difference arose between the English and the Regent of Bantam, who now seemed inclined to be more friendly with the Dutch ; but just as affairs appeared to be taking a favourable turn for the latter, a conspiracy broke out, instigated by the Javanese, who feared lest the Dutch who had obtained permission to erect a fortress at Jakatra should abuse that privilege by making themselves masters of the whole Island, as they had done in the Moluccas'. An intention had been formed to murder all the Dutch. At Japara, their factory was taken by assault, the merchandise stolen, and several Europeans were killed. At Jakatra' precautions against attack were taken by strengthening the fort with guns from the ships, until the place became so strong that Coen considered it "the very place for a capital"2. These preparations for defence seriously alarmed the King of Jakatra, who applied to the English to assist him in an attack he intended to make on the Dutch, but this the Chief Factor declined. About this time the English East India Company sent out a strong naval force, of ten vessels, to Bantam, which arrived there in November 1618; and in the following month five more ships arrived under the command of Sir Thomas Dale. According to the Dutch account, the arrival of these 15 ships much emboldened the English at Bantam, who declared they would "teach these Dutchmen a lesşon; they would not only drive them out of Amboyna, · Letter from Coen and Council to the XVII of Jakatra, 29th Sept., 1618; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 97. Letter from Coen and Council to the XVII off Jakatra, 12th Nov., 1618; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 108. $ 0. Č., Vol. VI, No. 707.

·[ 19 ] Banda and the Moluccas, but altogether out of India, and as to that fellow Coen who had done them so much harm, they would catch him dead or alive."! A few days after the arrival of this fleet at Bantam, they captured the Dutch vessel, ""Black Lion” upon which Coen addressed a strong protest to Sir Thomas Dale, asking for explanations, and enquiring whether he intended peace or war. The reply was that war was meant, and that an English force would arrive at Jakatra, anihilate the Dutch forces, and take Coen prisoner, either dead or alive. About this time news arrived at Bantam from Jambi that Richard Westby, Cape Merchant at that port, had been invited by the Dutch to supper, and had been murdered by them in their own house. Coen had not been prepared for the present turn of affairs, and was very scantily provided with war material both at Jakatra and Bantam, having recently sent way the main part of his fleet, which was, at the juncture, concentrated in the Moluccas, and at Banda and Amboyna. Besides this it soon became evident to him that the Javanese Kings and Princes had conspired together against the Dutch. The Dutch fortress at Jakatra was situated on the eastern bank of the river Tji-li-wang. On the 22nd December, 1618 Coen discerned a covered battery to the southwest in the place where the English factory had stood, and earthworks to the Westward manned by Javanese, mounted with guns in charge of English gunners. 1 de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. LXXX. '0. C., Vol. VI, No. 714. Java Records, Vol. 3. Letter from Coen to the XVII, 13th Jan. 1619. de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 112. * 0. C., Vol. VI, No. 719.

·[ 20 ] Altogether he estimated the enemy's force to number some 7,000 men. On the 23rd December, Coen found that all the Javanese dwellings round about the Dutch factory were destroyed; he thereupon, at once attacked the English fortification, which was captured, sacked and burnt. The English would appear to have then retired from Jakatra, for in a letter to the Company from Messrs. James Cartwright and John Cooper, dated Amsterdam, 20th August, 16191 it is stated that the force in the native fort consisted only of Indians (Javanese) some 7,000 or 8,000 in number "our English keeping their forces by sea from them". Coen then had the ground cleared between the Dutch factory and the town of Jakatra. The next day the Regent of Jakatra opened a destructive fire from his batteries to the westward of the Dutch fort, which were unsuccessfully attacked by the Dutch on the 25th December. On the morning of the 30th December eleven English ships arrived before Jakatra, from Bantam, whereupon Coen determined to attack them with the seven vessels he had there, and himself took command of the fleet, leaving Pieter van den Broeck in charge of the fortress. On the 31st Coen encountered the English vessels, which were shortly afterwards reinforced by three more ships. The English fleet avoided coming to close quarters, and after a few days of fighting, Coen finding his ammunition running short, sailed away to the Moluccas to procure reinforcements from the ships in those seas, intending to return at once and recover 1 Java Records, Vol. 3.

·1.21 lost ground. Before leaving he sent a message to Van den Broeck to defend the fortress as long as possible, and, should he be unable to hold it, he was to consent to no negotiations with the Javanese, but rather surrender the place to the English. In reporting these events to the XVII in Holland, Coen impressed upon them the necessity for sending him a strong reinforcement in ships, and wound up his letter with the observation, “I swear by Almighty God that the General Company hath no worse enemies than the ignorance and apathy which excuse me for saying so, reigns supreme amongst your Council.”2 Sir Thomas Dale shortly after his arrival concluded an alliance with the King of Bantam by the payment of 1500 Reals in cash, and an annual allowance of 700 Reals to assist him in routing the Dutch. This was dated the 14th January, 1619. It appears from a letters addressed from Bantam to Sir Thomas Dale in Jakatra, dated the 26th December, 1618, that the King of Bantam was then sending a number of prows full of men to Jakatra as reinforcements. Subsequently, at a Councils held at the King's Court, Jakatra, on the 14th January, 1619 at which Sir Thomas Dale presided, it was agreed to lend the King 10 more pieces of cannon with 20 barrels of power and ammunition to assist him in battering the Dutch fort at Jakatra. On the same date van den Broeck received a letter from the Regent of p. 136. * Letter from Coen to de Broeck 3rd Jan. 1619. de Jonge, Vol. IV, * Letter from Coen to the XVII, dated 13th Jan., 1619; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 112. *0. C., Vol. VI, No. 724. . 0. C., Vol. VI, No. 733 and 789. For a diary of events preceding the 6th Feb. 1619, see "Dutch Records at the Hague", No. XCIX.

·[ 23 ] Jakatra' in which he sued for peace and offered to assist the Dutch against the English in return for a payment of · 5,000 Reals in cash, and 1,000 Reals in Cloth. This was accepted, and a contract was entered into on the 19th whereupon van den Broeck went to the Regent's palace with a small' escort, who, on arrival, were all knocked down, bound and imprisoned. The Regent then forced van den Broeck to write to the Dutch garrison directing them to deliver the fortress to the Javanese. The Chief Merchant, who had assumed the command on the departure of van den Broeck, at first refused to comply, and on the 29th January he received a letter from Sir Thomas Dale advising that he should surrender to him, urging that it would be better for the Dutch to capitulate to a Christian nation rather than to Javanese, Moors or Mahommedans. After various devices had been adopted by the Regent of Jakatra to secure the surrender of the fortress, van den Broeck at last agreed to a treatya which was signed on the 31st January, under which the fortress with its garrison, guns and ammunition were to be given up to Sir Thomas Dale; the money, treasure and merchandise were to go to the Regent, and the garrison to be embarked on board an English vessel and transported to the Coromandel Coast. The King of Bantam was greatly enraged at these conditions ; he deposed the Regent of Jakatra, quarrelled with the English, and at the same time showed favour towards the Dutch. Finding every impediment thrown in . de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. XCVI; also "Journal of the Siege of the Fort of Jakatra"; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. 158. * 0. C., Vol. VI, No. 735. Letter from P. v. d. Broeck, 26th Jan. 1619; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. CXII, and p. 156.

·[ 23 ] his way in fulfilling the terms of this treaty Sir Thomas Dale proceeded to Bantam to try and set matters right again with the King, whereupon the garrison of the Dutch fortress seeing no prospect of an attack, set to work to repair the damaged fortifications, and destroyed the earthworks that had been erected against them.. Thus maters remained until the 10th May when the Dutch frigate "Ceylon" arrived at Jakatra, and was followed the next day by a Dutch fleet of 16 vessels with Jan Pieteraz Coen on board, which all cast anchor in Jakatra roads. Coen, having ascertained the state of affairs, assembled a force of 1,000 men, and attacked and captured the town of Jakatra. Having driven out the Javanese garrison, he burned down the town including the palace and mosque, and in writing home to the Company giving an account of his proceedings, he observed, “Thus have we punished the people of Bantam, and driven them out of Jakatra The foundation for a capital has been laid ; a great part of the best and most fertile country now belongs to you." Coen next desired to have his revenge on the English, whom he looked upon as the real cause of all these troubles ; he therefore sent out vessels with instructions to take compensation from any English vessels they might encounter. In Patani roads they met two English vessels, one of which was commanded by John Joardain ; these they fought and captured and in the engagement John Jourdain and 39 of his men were killed”. On the 1lth October, 1619, four other English ships were encountered near Tekoe, which . ; · Letter from Coen to the XVII, dated 5th August 1619; de Jonge, Vol. IV. p. 179. : 0. C. Vol. VII. No. 863; de Jonge, Vol. IV, p. CXVIII.

·24.1 were also captured, after a sharp fight, and the Commander, Captain Bonner, was killed together with thirty of his men'. Coen was not satisfied with the revenge thus taken on the English, and was contemplating further acts of retaliation when news arrived, on the 27th March, 1620, of the conclusion of a treaty between the English and Dutch (on the 7th July preceding), in accordance with the conditions of which both parties were to trade peaceably in India, abstaining from all acts of hostility and violence. At this Coen was very indignant, and, writing to the authorities at home, on the 11th May, 1620, he remarked, "Well may the English thank you ; they had already shut themselves out of India, and now you have put them right back in the middle of it. If their intentions be honest and just, all will be well, but, if you will perceive that you have fostered a serpent in your bosom. True, the servant has not to enquire into his master's actions, and I am aware that to the United Provinces it is of great importance to live in friendly relations with the Crown of England; but still, if I mistake not, you have been too hasty, and I cannot conceive why the English should be allowed a third of all the spices of the Moluccas, for they have not conquered one grain of sand of the beach of the Moluccas, neither of Amboyna, nor of Banda. If they had any power there, why have they not driven the Spaniards away from Tidore and Ternate?" Under this Treaty, the "Council of Defence" was not, then 10. C. Vol. VII. No. 856. Letter from Coen to the XVII, dated 22nd January 1620; de Jonge Vol. IV. p. 191 . de Jonge. Vol. IV. p. CXIX. • Letter from Coen to the XVII, dated 11th May 1620, de Jonge Vol. IV. p. 202.

·( 25 ) established, which consisted of four English and four Dutch members. The King of Bantam, however, persistently refused to have anything to do with the English, and that town was consequently blockaded by a combined fleet. This prevented the re-establishment of an English factory there, and necessitated the selection, for that purpose of a site close to the Dutch fortress at Jakatra, being prevented by Coen from occupying again their former position, which was still strong enough for defence should hostilities again break out between the two companies. From this time the English remained in Jakatra only by sufferance, the Dutch claiming proprietory rights in the town and neighbourhood, in virtue of having conquered the country by force of arms. Besides the Dutch Records referred to in the footnotes I have procured copies of many others beating upon this subject, including some consultations and letters of the English President and Council, which will be found in Nos. CIV to CVI in “Dutch Records at the Hague", first series, Vol. III, Translations. On the 17th March, 1632 new Orders were issued on the appointment of Hendrik Brouwer as Governor General. These being for the most part, of a private nature, were not ratified by the States General ; they did not supersede the previous "Instructions”, but on the contrary, contained strict injunctions that they should be followed and obeyed (Art. 96). The first part of these "Instructions" is taken up principally with suggestions with the view of affecting economy in the administration, particularly with regard to the maintenance of fortifications and repair of ships. Wedding gifts to youngwomen, sent out from Holland, on ·[ 26 ] their marriage in India were to be abolished: (Art. 28-30), and economy was enjoined in the payment of premiums. for enemies slain ; in defraying expenses of funerals for high Officials and Officers, and in the giving of presents (Art. 36-38). The following ten Articles refer to trade in Persia and Surat. Care was enjoined that the English should not be permitted to draw away trade from the Dutch in Persia, and every attempt was to be made to secure a monopoly of the spice trade at Surat. The Masulipatam Factory was to be maintained (Art. 49) "and the wrong done to us to be avenged later on in case of a renewal of the same.” The request of the Achinese for assistance in attacking Malacca was not to be entertained (Art. 51, 52). Instructions are given with reference to trade with Siam, China, and Japan (Art. 54-59); and in Article 62 it is remarked that as a considerable fleet of war vessels had to be maintained in the Chinese waters, for the protection of the Dutch trade with China, Tai-wan, and Japan, it would be advisable to employ those ships, from time to time, in attacking the Portuguese vessels between Mecao and Japan, so as to prevent them from continuing to carry on that trade. With regard to Amboyna (Art. 65-68) every effort was to be made to maintain a monopoly of the spice trade, and on the Islands of Rhun and Rosengyn (Art. 73-75) all the clove trees were ordered to be cut down, and fruit trees and other food producing plants to be cultivated in their stead. The next general "Instructions” were issued on the From this it would appear that the practice adopted at an early date by the Portuguese of sending young women to India to be married, was followed by the Dutch.

·[ 27 ] 26th April, 1650, and these also did not receive the ratifica- •tion of the Netherlands Government. They describe in a minute manner the system of trade and commerce to be followed by the Company; and in them Batavia is recognized as the capital of the Dutch Eastern possessions. By this date the Portuguese power had been checked, Spain had by the Treaty of Munster been forced to resign all her claims to an East Indian trade whilst the Dutch had acquired influence and power in the East, and possessed numerous staff of Officials competent to carry out a complete system of trade. That these "Instructions" continued in force for at least a century is proved by the fact that in a letter written on the 16th February, 1747, by the Council of Justice at the castle of Jakatra, they are referred to as being still the basis of the Colonial Government. These "Instructions” commence by a declaration that the existing form of Government is to be continued. It refers almost exclusively to trade, which it is stated may be classed under three heads, viz.:- Ist. The trade with the Company's own possessions, acquired by conquest, namely, the Island of Banda. 2nd. The trade with the King of Ternate's Islands (the Moluccas and Amboyna) with whom exclusive Treaties have been concluded. 3rd. The trade with diverse oriental Kings and Princes in virtue of special contract or as common merchants (like other nations) allowed to trade during pleasure of the authorities. With regard to the Moluccas it is stated that as ·( 28. ] Amboyna could produce sufficient cloves for the use of the whole world cloves should only be cultivated on that Island and, in order to prevent the King of Ternate from planting and dealing in cloves, every endeavour was to be made to involve him in a war with the King of Tidore and the Spanish garrison there. As the Islands of Banda could produce more mace and nutmeg than would suffice for the want of the whole world, nutmeg trees were to be carefully cultivated there, and not to be allowed to grow too near the coast lest strangers should pick and export them. Further, all food producing trees and plants were to be well looked after, and the Islanders were to be encouraged to trade with the newly discovered South Eastern Islands, with the view of securing an abundant supply of food. 'Any nutmeg trees found on these last named Islands were to be gradually destroyed by coercion of the inhabitants ; fortresses were to be erected on the Island of Dame and all foreigners were to be prevented from landing After enjoining the the strictest circumspection with regard to Foreign, European and Indian nations, yet so as to prevent actual war, certain general directions are given with the view of developing trade in the various places as follows: 1. MACASSAR.- This Island was to be watched so that no cloves should be imported there from Banda for the supply of other nations. SOLAR.---This Island had been abandoned but it was to be re-occupied, and the fortress repaired with the view of keeping the Portuguese at bay. 3. ATCHIN.-The trade here was to be fostered, ·[ 29. ] especially that in tin; and presents were to be given annually to the queen. 4. MALACCA.--An able Governor was to be appointed to this place, and great care taken to maintain friendly relations with the natives. 5. WEST COAST OF SUMATRA.-Endeavours were to be made to monopolize the pepper trade here if popssible. 6. JAMBI.—As this country produced pepper, that article was to be purchased regardless of price, so as to secure the monopoly. 7. PALEMBANG.—The trade at this place was not to be abandoned as it was the principal market frequented by the Chinese and other Indian nations for pepper. 8. 9. 10. GANBODJA, MARTAPOERA AND QUINANE. Friendly relations were to be maintained with these countries. 11. ARRACAN.—The factory at Arracan had been abandoned but orders were now given to settle the differences with the King in a friendly manner, and to renew relations with him, because of the rice and slaves to be obtained from that country. 12. MAURITIUS.- This Island having been taken possession of by the Company, and its staple article of produce being ebony of a superior quality the cutting down of trees was to be limited to 400 per annum, so as to maintain the supply and to keep up the price. 13. MADAGASCAR.- This Island was to be visited at ·[ 30 ] regular intervals, so that the trade should not be monopolised by other nations. A trial was to be made to salt Madagascar beef for exportation to India, and enquiries were to be made what other articles could be traded in from thence. 14. MALABAR.-This coast was to be visited annually and regularly on account of its pepper supplies and with the view of keeping a watch over the Portuguese. 15. SURAT.-The trade here was to be maintained and increased if possible, as it was of a highly profitable nature. As the Moors were stated to have become jealous of the Indian trade of the Dutch, care was enjoined that their opposition should be counteracted but so as to avoid, if possible, engaging in actual war with them. 16. Mocha.-The trade with this place was not to be abandoned, although it had not, up to this time, been attended with any great success. 17. PERSIA.-Trade with Persia was considered the most important of all for the Company, and every possible means was to be employed so as to keep up friendly relations with the King at Ispahan. The Governor General and Council had advised that war should be declared against him, but this was not deemed advisable. It was considered preferable by the XVII that 300 bales of Persian silk should be purchased from the King at a reasonable price, with the view of including him to permit the Dutch to trade with his country.

·[ 31° ) A peace 18. BUSSORA.-Trade at this place was ordered to be resumed. 19. WINGORLA AND GOA.-As the ten years truce would expire next year (1651), this garrison at Wingorla was ordered to be maintained in full force, as no confidence was felt in the trustworthiness of the Portuguese. 20. CEYLON.-As the war with the Sultan of Ceylon and with Raja Singa was very injurious to the interest of the Company, endeavours were to be made to bring about peace. If necessary presents were to be sent to the Raja to ensure his friendship and divert him him from the Portuguese, who it was thought not improbable were the real instigators of the war. had been recently concluded with the Portuguese (Dec., 1649) wherein the limits of the Portuguese and Dutch areas of influence in the Island were defined and which it was believed, would prove profitable to the Company. Encouragement was to be given to the intermarriage of Dutch people with native women, so as to secure to them the possession of lands &c., by inheritance or otherwise. The capture and breeding of elephants was to be promoted as well as the trade in areca nuts and coir ropes. 21. SIAM.-Endeavours were to be made to establish trade with Siam, and to get a footing there, and at Berguelang, with the view of facilitating commerce with Japan. 22. TAIWAN.-Taiwan and Formosa being amongst ·[ 32 ] the most important conquests of the Company, care must be taken to treat the Chinese well, as the staple articles of trade are conveyed there by them. The garrisons in these parts were ordered to be strengthened on account of the war between the Chinese and the Tartars. The e inhabitants of Formosa were ordered to be well treated, and to be encouraged in the cultivation of the soil, and the production of food crops. 23. JAPAN.-In 1617 orders were sent out by the XVII to abandon the trade with Japan as it was wholly unremunerative. Subsequently Ja Pieteraz Coen (1619_1623) attempted to renew it. He erected a fort on the Piscadorea, but the Chinese objected to this, and it was consequently abandoned. The latter then gave permission for the construction of a fortress at Taiwan in Formosa, from whence the Dutch were enabled to procure Chinese silks for the Japanese market. After the explusion of the Portuguese from Japan, the trade at Taiwan increased. The Dutch factory in Japan was at first established at Firando, but subsequently orders were given for its demolition and the Dutch headquarters were then removed to Nagasaki. As, on account of their religion, the Dutch were looked suspicion, orders were now given to submit unreservedly to the Japanese Authorities to treat the natives with every respect, and to abstain from endeavouring to convert the natives, and from any references even to religious matters. upon with ·| 33. ] 24. TONQUIN.—The Japanese and Portuguese having acquired a great part of the trade with Tonquin, the authorities in India were directed to keep on as friendly terms as possible with the King and Nobles, and to secure their favour by means of presents and by courtesy. This trade had recently become of greater importance in consequence of the war between the Chinese and thc Tartars. The importation of raw manufactured silks into Taiwan had ceased, so that in order to supply Japan with goods of that character it was necessary to import them from Tonquin. The Tonquinese, like the Chinese, being extremely fond of silver orders were given that an attempt should be made to buy up all the silk at a fixed annual price. 25. MANILLA.--A Treaty of peace having been signed between the King of Spain and the United Netherlands, no hostilities were to be attempted against Manilla. 26. COROMANDEL.—The trade of this country being considered very important, orders were given that every means should be employed to increase it ; the price of the spices imported there were to be kept at a fixed standard and due economy to be pråctised in consequence of the enormous sums laid out by the Company. 27. 28. PEGU AND BENGAL.--The trade with these parts was ordered to be developed. Not more than 50 or 60 per cent of the silk from that country was 3 ·1.34 ] was to be sent home, so as to keep a sufficient quantity for the Japan trade. 29. BATAVIA.—It was here ordered that this place was to remain the chief centre of trade and to be maintained in a proper state of defence. It was to be the seat of Government for the Governor General and Council of India. It is remarked that the Sultan of Mataram and the Raja of Bantam were not to be trusted, but as peace had been concluded with them, they were to be treated with due courtesy and friendliness ; with regard to other European nations, they were to be left to their own devices, but any request from them for assistance were to be refused on the ground of want of power and orders from ( head quarters. Notwithstanding the Treaty of Westminster, which was supposed to have settled all differences between the two Companies in the East, the Dutch East India Company had not the slightest intention of abandoning any advantages of trade their superior forces assured to them over the English, and also over the Portuguese. They continued their attacks upon the Portuguese possessions in Ceylon, and several naval engagements took place between their respective fleets. The Dutch in 1654, blockaded Goa, whereupon the Portuguese sent assistance to the Mataram, to help him in blockading Batavia, and also to the King of Macassar, who was at the same time at enmity with the Dutch, hoping by these means to draw off the enemy's forces from their own territories. The Dutch in the meanwhile, continued their ·| 35..] attacks in Ceylon. They captured Caliture on the 15th October, 1655, Colombo' on the 12th May, 1656, Tuticorin on the 1st February, the Island of Manaar on the 22nd February, and the town of Jafanapatam on the 22nd June, 1658. The Island of Ceylon was now entirely in possession of the Dutch, and in July of the same year they crossed over the Peninsula of India and captured Nagapatam, also from the Portuguese, which they made their chief settlement on the coast of Coromandel. The commercial relations between the English and the Dutch in the East were not improved even after the receipt of intelligence of peace having been concluded in Europe. The English trade between Madras and Bantam wa seriously hindered by the superior naval forces of the Dutch. In a letter from the Governor General to the President at Bantam, of the 12th October, 1654, he complained that the new Treaty of Peace with England would affect Bantams. In July, 1656, the Dutch blockaded Bantam in consequence of a quarrel with the King against whom war was declared, and this entirely put a stop to the English trade there. In 1655 the Dutch had settled a factory at Vingurlas and in a letter of the following year the Governor General complained that the English trade there was extending“. In the last mentioned year (1656) the Dutch effected a settlement at Cannanore, where they erected a fort, and captured · Letter from the Governor-General to the Governor of Ceglon, 7th September 1656. “Dutch Records at the Hague" 2. 8. *0. C. Vol. 24, Nos. 2411 and 2431. 8 "Dutch Records at the Hague." S. 8. 0. C. Vol. 25, Nos. 2551, 2552, "Dutch Records at the Hague." Y. 8. o Malabar Manual, Vol. 1, p. 337. • "Dutch Records at the Hague." A. 9.

·1..36 ) Calicut from the Portuguese'; orders were also given to the Governor of Malacca, to withdraw the Dutch factory from Queda?. The Dutch again declared war against the King of Bantam in 16589 and blockaded his port, declining the proferred assistance of the English President there as a mediator, on the grounds that his interference only tended to complicate matters. St. Helana having been abandoned by the Dutch in 1651 some homeward bound vessels of the English East India Company finding the Island deserted, took possession of it the same year, in consequence of which orders were sent out, in 1660, for the erection of a redoubt for the protection of the Dutch Settlement at Saldanka. Rumour appears to have invented a new Island in the South Atlantic, to which the name of "St. Helena Nora" was given, and several expeditions were sent out for its discovery, but, needless to say, without effect“. In 1665 the Dutch retook St. Helena, but were expelled from it again the same year, In 1673 they again surprised and captured the Island, but on the arrival of a British squadron in May of the same year St. Helena was recaptured by the English, and a return Dutch fleet was also taken. In the year 1661 attempts were made by the Dutch to form Colonies in Ceylon, and orders were given for the expulsion of Portuguese Priests from the Islande Instruc- Madras Manual, p. 2. Note. · Letter froin the G. G., 20th October, 1656, "Dutch Records at the Hague." D. 9. 3 "Dutch Records at the Hague." G. 9, H. 9, I. 9, J. 9. 4 "Dutch Records at the Hague” (160), (190), (197). 8 "Dutch Records at the Hague" (187), (190). • "Dutch Records at the Hague" (153).

·( 37 ) tions were also now issued for further operation to be undertaken against the Portuguese, and for an expedition to be sent against their possessions of the coast of India'. Accordingly in the beginning of December a Dutch fleet appeared before Quilon, which place had been previously captured by the Dutch, but had been subsequently retaken by the Portuguese. Quilon was again captured on the 10th December, whereupon the Dutch troops proceeded to Cranganor, which place surrendered on the 15th January. Cochin was next attacked. The first siege was unsuccessful, but upon being again attacked the Portuguese commander surrendered on the 7th January, 1663. Cannanore was next attacked and capitulated on the 13th February following. A Treaty of Peace concluded between the King of Portugal and the States General, on the 6th August, 1661, the news of which, however, was only received in India after the fall of Cannanore, put a stop for a while to the contentions between the Dutch and Portuguese in the East. In 1661 orders were sent to the Governor of Banda that all the spice trees on the Island of Pulo Rhun were to be cut down, before delivering it over to the English, and shortly afterwards instructions were issued that it was not to be delivered up without express instructions to that effect. The English Agent at Bantam pressed for an early delivery, and in November, 1662, Mr. John Hunter was sent to Banda to demand its immediate surrender. In October, 1663, the English Agent at 'Bantam was informed that the Dutch were perfectly ready to give up Pulo Rhun to anyone who might be properly accredited to receive it by an instru- 1 "Dutch Records at the Hague" (v. 9), (w. 9).

·1.38 ) ment bearing the great seal of England ; and orders were issued by the Governor General to the Dutch authorities accordingly. Questions subsequently arose as to the form in which a receipt should be given for the Island, and as to whether it should be written in English or Dutch. Orders were given that beyond furnishing the English there with water, they were to receive no other assistance, and they were to be kept away from all the other Islands. In October, 1664, the English Agent was informed that Pulo Rhun would now be delivered up in accordance with Article 15 of the Treaty of Westminster. In the following month a further letter was addressed to him containing sealed orders to the Governor of Banda to deliver up the Island ; and in December the Governor General gave further instructions for its delivery accompanied by Orders that the English were not to be allowed to trade with the Dutch in the Banda seas, and no water was to be supplied to them except in cases of great need'. At last, on the 25th March, 1665, the English took possession of Pulo Rhun. War had however, been declared by King Charles II against Holland on the 22nd February preceding, and in October following orders were sent to the Governor of Banda that the English must be made to leave the Island, and, if necessary, force was to be employed for that purpose? The Island was, accordingly, shortly afterwards retaken by the Dutch, whereupon orders were given hat the clove trees that had been planted by the English 1 "Dutch Records at the Hague" T. 9, U.X. 9, Y. 9, Z. 9, C. 10, F. 10, H. 10, J. 10, K. 10, L. 10, P.10, Q. 10, R. 10. "Dutch Records at the Hague", B. II, O.C. Vol. 29, No. 3172.

·[ 39 ] must all be cut down! The Island was subsequently ceded to Holland in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda. In order to strengthen the position of the Dutch at Batavia, instructions were sent out in 1662 that the Dutch language only was to be used, in preaching as also in the ordinary course of business, the object of which order was, no doubt with the view of clearing Portuguese Priests out of the Island”. The surrender of the Island of Bombay to the English attracted the serious attention of the Dutch who feared lest the alliance between Portugal and England should lead to a union of their forces against them in the East. A letter on this subject was addressed to the Governor of Coromandel in May, 1663; and shortly afterwards a suggestion was made to the Director at Surat that, now Bombay belonged to the English, an attempt might possibly be made against it. War having later on broken out between the English and Dutch the latter capured a small British vessel, the “Buonaventure", off the Andamans; they were anxious to do the English as much harm as possible, and openly declared their intentions to take Bombay as soon as they should receive the necessary reinforcements from Holland, but with the forces then at their disposal they were not in a position to make the attempt'. In a letter to the Governor of Ceylon of the 29th August, 1663, the Governor General declared that the Dutch must enforce their claim to a monopoly for the import of opium into Ceylon“. I do not propose to refer 1 "Dutch Records at the Hague", J. 11. 2 "Dutch Records at the Hague". (156), (193). *3 "Dutch Records at the Hague", D. 10, A. 11, H. 11. • "Dutch Records at the Hague", E. 10.

·[ 40. ] further to the subject of opium in this present report, as I have collected materials which I propose to utilise for the preparation of a separate Memorandum on the subject of the Dutch trade in Opium in the East. In 1665 the Great Mogul was about to invade Arakan, and he applied to the Dutch, not only to assist him in this enterprise, but as a preliminary to withdraw their factory from thence threatening that otherwise they would be excluded from Bengal, Surat and Coromandel. In reply the Director at Arakan, after recalling numerous friendly acts the Dutch had done to the Great Mogul, without receiving the expected rewards for their services, promised to withdraw, notwithstanding the great damage they would thereby sustain in the loss of their trade in slaves". The war between England and Holland afforded the Dutch an opportunity of damaging the English trade at Surat, by blockading that port. They gained a victory over an English fleet in the Persian Gulf; and, with the view of hampering their trade on the Malabar coast, instructions were sent out from Holland that they were to be kept out of the land of the Zamerin. As the English were not permitted to trade at Malacca, they went to Queda and Pera for tin. The Dutch were not in a position to prevent them from trading there but the Governor General suggested to the Governor of Malacca that the English trade at those ports might be injured if the Moors were encouraged to go there also for the same purpose. urpose. The Governor of the Malaccas was also informed that the English in Jambi were trying to obtain permission to erect a factory at Indraghiri I "Dutch Records at the Hague", W. 10, X. 10, Y. 10.

·[ 41.1 but that steps must be taken to prevent them from doing so'. The conclusion of the treaty at Breda on the 31st July, 1667, put an end, for a time, to hostilities between the Dutch and English in the East. The question of the position of the Dutch at St. Thome had for some time past occupied the attention of the Governor General. In 1663 he issued instructions to the Governor of Coromandel that he need not insist on permission to erect a stone hoist there, or forcibly protest, even should the King hand the town over to the Portuguese or the English. In 1669, however the Dutch drove the Portuguese out, and took possession of the place themselves. As they heard that the English were going to Calicut, it was decided to give further encouragement to the King of Cochin with a larger allowance, to assist him in his operations against the Zamorin? About this time the Dutch appear to have decided upon withdrawing several of their subordinate factories on the Peninsula of India. Cambay, Sarkhej and Baroda had already been closed". Vengurla was now their chief storehouse on the Western Coast, but Surat was the principal seat of their pepper trade in those parts, and from their position there the Dutch were enabled seriously to hamper the English East India Company's trade, on account of which they were charged with violating the terms of the Treaty of Breda. In 1670 the Dutch subjugated the King of Macassare by which means the English were excluded from trade 1 "Dutch Records at The Hague", J. 11. p. 11 (170). : "Dutch Records at The Hague', 0. 11. 8 Surat Gazetteer, p. 87. * 0. C. Vol. 30, No. 3340.

·[42.] there, and they were negotiating with Mataram for a monopoly of the trade with Java. On hearing that the English at Bantam entertained intentions on some of the South Sea Islands, orders were given to the Governor of Banda to at once take possession of Babber, one of the South-West Islands!. Elsewhere their position was not so strong; war was threatening with the French and an attempt by the latter on Saldanka Bay was expected. Instructions were accordingly sent out by the XVII' relative to measures to be adopted in view of the political troubles in Europe. The apprehensions of the Dutch of coming troubles were not without cause. In consequence of their unwillingness to regulate their trade in the East in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Breda and of their insults and oppressions of British subjects in India, War was declared by King Charles against Holland on the 17th March, 1672; and in accordance with the Treaty of Dover (1670) whereby the King and France had agreed to join in a war against Holland ; a French force was also sent against the Dutch®. In apprehension of an attack from the Dutch, Bombay was put into a proper state of defence. The Dutch succeeded in inflicting considerable injury upon the English at Surat*, and in February, 1673, a Dutch fleet under Rickloff van Goens, the Governor General of Netherlands India, appeared before Bombays, but sailed away again . 1"Datch Records at The Hague", T. 11. • "Dutch Records at The Hague" (128), (181, (182). • "Dutch Records at The Hague" (127). 0. C. Vol. 33, Nos. 3692, 3738, and 3743. O. C. Vol. 33, Nos. 3734, 3741 and 3760; "Dutch Records at The Hague", B. 12. 3 ·[ 43 ] without making any attack on the town. In the meanwhile a French expedition proceeded to India, which first captured Trincomale, and then proceeded to St. Thome, which place they took by storm'. These troubles were, however, put a stop to by the Treaty of Westminster, which was concluded between the English and the States General on the 17th February, 1674*. On the 26th August, 1675, St. Thome was surrendered by the French to the Dutch, on conditions that the garrison should be transported to Europe, and the place ceded by the Dutch to the King of Golconda. Some of the garrison then settled under Francois Martin at Pondichery. In the preceding year the Dutch were anxious to consolidate their territories in Ceylon and in a letter from Holland the Governor General was informed that he was, il possible to obtain possession of the whole Island. After the conclusion of the war with Holland, owing to the increased activity of the English trade, serious apprehensions were entertained by the Dutch as to the probable intentions of the English against the Moluccas, and a letter on the subject was sent by the Governor General to the Governor of Banda". And in the year 1676 orders were sent out from Holland to the effect that the trade of the English, Portuguese, and all other foreign vessels between Batavia and Bantam must be stopped in self defences. In 1674 a body of people who were dissatisfied with the Government of the Dutch in Macassar, left that Island 10. C. Vol. 33, Nos. 3721 and 3729. • "Dutch Records at The Hague", G. 12 and (192). 3 "Dutch Records at The Hague", (191). • "Dutch Records at The Hague", I. 12. o "Dutch Records at The Hague", (195).

·[ 44 ] and settled themselves on the East coast of Java. There they appear to have instigated a rebellion, and shortly afterwards Eastern Java seceded from Mataram. In the following year commenced the first gtreat war in Java ; on the 16th October, Mataram was taken by the Dutch, and the Javanese army was utterly defeated. On the 25th February, 1677; the Dutch restored the Sultan with whom a treaty was concluded by which the land of Jakarta, together with some land near Samarang, was assigned to them. On the 20th October, Togal was conceded, and in the following year Kedirie, a town of Eastern Java, was taken by assault. In 1679 Kakapur, in the Solo District, was captured, and in 1680 Troenodjojo, who had assumed the government over Eastern Java surrendered, and he was subsequently cruelly murdered by the Emperor. In the same year the Panembahan of Grisee was also defeated and the whole of the Island of Java thereupon submitted to the Emperor By a letter of the 11th May, 1677, the Governor General was directed to give the necessary orders for one or two vessels to be sent from Gombroon to Mocha, whence they were to obtain cargoes of "canwa" (coffee) “now already used in England”. This marks the first attempt of the Dutch to embark in that trade; the earliest consignments were not very successful, being purchased too dear. Subsequently attempts were made to grow the plants in Java, being taken there from Cannanoré in 1696 ; these, however, perished in the earthquake of 1699. The plant was reintro- 1 "De Gouverneurs-General van Nederlandsch-Indie". Diary of principal events. "Dutch Records at The Hague", Y. 12. in Dutch Records at The Hague", (116), (118), (196), (215), (219), (221) ·1:45 ] duced shortly after by Hendrick Zwaardekroon, and the first shipment of Javanese coffee to the Netherlands was made in 1711-121. About this time the Dutch had developed a considerable trade in rice with Bengal, but they were considerably hampered by the exactions of the Nabob; but the trade was so profitable that it was considered preferable to yield to his demands rather than to relinquish the business?. In 1677 the Dutch handed over their factory at Vengurla to the Commander of Malabar. In the following year orders were sent out from Holland that the French were not to be permitted to remain in Pondichery and that they must be driven out by a coup de mai. Should this not be practicable at the time, an attempt must be made later on. These instructions were, however, to be kept secret, as there was no desire to have to undertake a regular siege of the place“. Accordingly Pondichery was captured in 1693 but it was restored again to the French, in 1699, under the Treaty of Ryswick (21st September, 1697). In May, 1679, the XVII, in order to assist in maintaining their monopoly of trade, suggested that the Straits of Malacca should be closed to foreign vessels. In the same year a Mr. Vincent obtained freedom of trade and toll from the Sultan of Dacca for the English. From thence he went to Malacca with opium. The Governor General, in writing to the Governor there, said he would be glad if the 1"Voortbrenging ent Verbruik van koffie". van den Berg. : "Dutch Records at The Hague", R. 12. Bijapur Manual, p. 428N. "Dutch Records at The Hague", V. 12. W. 12. 8 "Dutch Records at The Hague',, (199). 3 ·[ 46 ] per cent English could be kept away from the place altogether, as their trade was only injurious to the Dutch Company. Whatever the natives might do, the Dutch should buy nothing from the English. They must not be allowed to import opium again; but until further orders, authority was given for allowing private English vessels from Bengal to trade at Malacca if they bring cloths and pay 20 duty thereon, but not otherwisei. In a memorandum of instructions given to a new Director of the Dutch Company in Bengal, on his appointment, he was informed that the less he had to do with the English the better; and he was, under no circumstances, to enter into any contracts with them. Their trade was, it was stated, increasing, but that could not be helped, and all that could be done was to encourage the Dutch trade with zeal and energy. Complaints were made of the number of desertions that took place from the Dutch, and, it was stated, there was reason to believe that these desertions were encouraged by the English. Similar complaints were also made to the Governor of Coromandel that the English at Madraspatam also encouraged Dutch soldiers to desert to them. Towards the end of the same year (1681) a revolution broke out in Bantam, under the leadership of the Sultan's son, who was evidently encouraged by the Dutch to usurp the throne and depose his father. The cause of the old Sultan was warmly espoused by the English, and thus the English and the Dutch were brought into opposition against one another. The Governor General, in one letter, ex- 1 "Dutch Records at The Hague", B. 13, C. 13. I "Dutch Records at The Hague", N. 13, 0. 13.

·( 47 ) pressed his readiness to send troops for the assistance of the young Sultan; and, in another addressed to the Old Sultan, he offered his services as a mediator between him and his son. In a further letter to the young Sultan the Governor General stated that troops would be sent to protect his person, and that these must be permitted to hold the Castle for him, at the same time assuring him that the work thus undertaken by the Dutch was solely with the view of establishing him on the throne of his Father'. This contest resulted in the success of the young Sultan, who immediately ordered the English to quit Bantam. The Agents and Servants of the English Factory took shelter in Batavia whereupon the Dutch Governor General offered to assist in bringing their property from Bantam. As the English however, accused the Dutch of being the real authors of the calamity, they declined the proposal as calculated to prejudice any claims for redress against the Dutch which the Company might prosecute in Europe. Various efforts were made by the English to regain possession of Bantam, but the Dutch, from this date, remained sole masters of Java. Upon the loss of Bantam the English Presidency for the Government of the Eastern Coast of India, which had hitherto been stationed at that place, was removed to Fort St. George Very little information exists in the Records of the India Office relative to this result, but from a brief Diary contained in Vol. 7 of the “Java Records” it appears that fighting between the Old Sultan and the Dutch was going "Dutch Records at The Hague", Q. 13, Rs. 13, S. 13, T. 13. English Documents found at The Hague. Also Java. Vols. 6, 7 and 8.

·1.48 ] 쿠 on in March, 1682, and by the 28th of that month the Dutch colours were floating over the Castle. At a consultation held subsequently at the Castle, the young Sultan proposed to cut all the English ; to this, however, the Dutch refused to be any part. After this victory, all European powers, other than the Dutch, were excluded from any trade with Bantam?. Subsequently to their expulsion from Bantam the English endeavoured to establish a Factory on an Island (Hippin's Island) in the Straits of Sunda ; accordingly in May, 1684, orders were issued by the Governor General that no Europeans, except the Dutch were to be allowed on any of the Islands in that sea?. At this date the Dutch, besides being masters in Java, were very firmly settled at Surat, and strong in the Persian Gulf. In Persia, however, they met with some difficulties, in consequence of which the Governor General addressed a letter to Suleiman Pasha, stating that unless satisfaction were obtained for the demands of the Dutch, force would be employed In a letter from the XVII to the Governor General dated 6th April, 1685, it was stated that the Company reserved to itself the right to ship tea to Europe, and strict orders were given that none was to be sent to Europe as private trade. In this year Mr. Clement du Jerdin went to Sumatra, and put it at Sillebar and Indrapura, in consequence of which the Governor General wrote to the Governor of Madras requesting that that gentleman might 1 1 "Dutch Records at The Hague", X. 13. * "Dutch Records at The Hague", (204), C. 14. : "Dutch Records at The Hague', Y. 13. * “Dutch Records at The Hague" (205).

·[ 49 ] be called, and threatening that otherwise the English would 'be driven away from wherever the Dutch had obtained jurisdiction by force of arms. They endeavoured to interest the Sultan of Bantam in this affair, but he does not appear to have joined them very heartily in consequence of which the Governor General, in a letter of the 10th November complained of his indifference in the matter, In the following year, however, it is remarked that the English at Sillebar had almost died out, and the Dutch expedition there, conjointly with the King of Bantam, was, in consequence, fruitless. The latter subsequently proposed to send a larger expedition there later on, which the Dutch agreed to join in, but they shortly afterwards desired to withdraw from the arrangement, as new's arrived that negotiations on the subject were going on in London ; they therefore determined to avoid hostilities, and to limit their interference to securing the safe retreat of the Javanese troops in case of necessity'. In 1685 the Governor General addressed a threatening letter to the Queen of Abingen, for not having ordered the English to leave that place”. The following year when the dynasty of Golconda fell before the Emperor of Delhi, the Dutch saw an opportunity to secure for themselves a favourable position, and, raking up some real or imagined affront from the Court of Golconda, took possession of Masulipatam. In announcing this fact to the English Governor at Fort St. George, the Dutch Governor and Council of Palliacąt·for- 1"Dutch Records at The Hague", H. 14, I. 14, J. 14, K. 14, L. 14, M. 14, N. 14, R. 14, S. 14, X. 14. 3 "Dutch Records at The Hague", T. 14. 4 ·1.50 ) bade the English to sell goods outside of that town whereupon the Madras Government replied that they intended to carry on their trade at Masulipatam whether the Dutch permitted or not, and advised the Dutch not to obstruct the trade "because of the ill consequences that may be"? At this time the English demanded from the Sultan of Bantam the restoration to them of the Fort at that place which had been built by means of money belonging to the English Company. Shortly afterwards permission was asked of the Governor General for three French vessels to trade with Bantam, and also that the French might be allowed to establish themselves on one of the adjacent Islands. In reply orders were issued that neither the French, the English, or any other Europeans, either now or hereafter, were to be allowed to do so. Orders were also sent to Bantam that if the English at Indrapura and Bencoolen attempted to trade at Lampong, they must be prevented from doing so. The accession of the Prince of Orange to the throne of England, in February, 1689, had an immediate effect upon the relations of the Dutch and the English in India. Accordingly, on the 13th August, 1690, we witness an engagement between a united English and Dutch fleet and a French fleet off Madras“, which resulted in the defeat of the latter. It also appears, from a letter to the Governor General of the 5th April, 1692, that the English Company 0 P. 148. "Kistna Manual, p. 104, 105. a "Dutch Records at The Hague", W. 14, F. 15. 3 "Dutch Records at The Hague", C. 15. * Chingleput Manual, p. 148.

·[51. ) were desirous of the co-operation of the Dutch for the protection of their mutual interests in trade with Mocha and China'. About this time also the English withdrew from Indrapura?. Notwithstanding these apprpoaches of friendly intercourse however, the Dutch still endeavoured to preserve their exclusive trade wherever that was possible ; for we find instructions sent out about this time that the Dutch factory at Pattana must not be removed, although the retention of it was attended by many vexations, since the opium and salt petre trade were of too great importance to the Company; and, it was remarked that were the Dutch to leave that place the English would at once step in. Again, upon the purchase of the castle of Tegnepatam by the English, orders were sent out from Holland that their occupation of the place must be prevented if possible, since the Dutch had already obtained possession of the town, and it was feared that in consequence of the measures of the Mogul's army difficulties might otherwise ensue?. Not only after this difficulties did arise between the English and Dutch at Tegnepatam, in consequence of which proposals were made for the removal of the Dutch factory to Pondicherry The Dutch had always been very jealous of the presence of the English on the West Coast of Sumatra, and in 1695 the Governor of Padang was informed that they must not be allowed to trade at that port, but only be permitted to procure wood and water there. In the event "utch Records at The Hague", (214). * Report on India Office Records, p. 65. $"Dutch Records at The Hague", A. 15 (215). 4 "Dutch Records at The llague", N. 1, p. 16.

·| 52 ] of any native Rulers acting contrary to these instructions, they were to be reprimanded, and the Dutch were to set the example by refusing social intercourse with the English in the event of their vessels arriving at those parts. Should English vessels arrive at a port where there was no Dutch Resident, the native officers were to be instructed to refuse to allow them to take in cargoes. Three Dutchmen were sent to Priaman to reserve their rights there, in case the English should attempt to make a settlement at that port'. In a letter of 1695 to the Governor of Colombo it was stated that news had been received from Europe that a large French fleet was on its way out for the purpose of attacking the Dutch possessions ; accordingly flcets were sent for the protection of Şurat, Bengal and Ceylon, and another force was collected at Malacca in case a French fleet should attempt to pass the Straits. In the following year, seven Dutch and five French ships had an indecisive fight off Vingurla". Orders were given, in 1697, for the withdrawal of the Dutch factory from Canara, as it was complained, the Queen was too exacting, and rice could be bought to greater advantage at Cochin. Orders were also given for reducing the Forts and Garrisons at Cranganor, and Quilon". The same year the English captured a small vessel supposed to be French, and made it over to the Dutch ; it was, however, subsequently believed to be a Portuguese ship, or, al any rate, hired by a Portuguese, and under Article 24 of the 1 "Dutch Records at The Hague", Q. 16, R. 16, T. 16. : "Dutch Records at The Hague", U. 16, V. 16. Ratnagiri Manual, p. 377. • "Dutch Records at The Hague", B. 17. 3 ·[ 53. ] Treaty of the 6th August, 1661, the Viceroy at Goa was notified that the Portuguese property would be restored'. The Treaty of Ryswick restored Pondicherry to France, but difficulties arose soon after as to the exact meaning of Article 8, so that it was not until the 16th March, 1699 that that place was finally given up by the Dutch. The Dutch had attempted to procure themselves a monopoly of the European trade with Surat, in consideration of which, and of their being freed from the payment of customs, they offered to guarantee the security of the pilgrim traffic between Surat and Mecca. This offer was refused, and in 1699 it was arranged that, with the English and French, the Dutch should be responsible for the suppression of piracics, taking the Red Spa under their special care. But, in the following year, disgusted with the conduct of the Governor of Surat, the Dutch struck the flag on their house and sent their shipping to Batavia. On the appointment of a fresh Governor, in 1702, the Dutch appear to have returned to Surat, but in 1703 their factors were again placed in confinement. In consequence of this insult the Dutch fleet blockaded the mouth of the Tapti, and demanded indemnification for the injuries they had sustained, and at last the Governor agreed to pay the Dutch a sum of Rs. 8,10,000 on giving up the ships they had seized, one per cent. on the Surat customs was to be abated, and trade to Broach was cleclared to be free. At the same time liberty of trade was granted to the English. I have thus given, in the preceding pages, ao brief summary of the leading events during the seventeenth I "Dutch Records at The Hague", B. 17.

·( 54 ) century having special interest to the English and other, European nations, recorded in the Records relating to the Dutch in India and the East preserved in the State Archives at the Hague, through which I searched during my visits there in 1893, 1894 and in the present year. For reasons already stated in the present Report I do not consider that it would be worth while to continue my researches in those Records beyond the end of the seventeenth century. I have, however, given, as Appendix I, a tabular statement of some of the most important events that have occurred since that date-as given in Dutch publications and elsewhere, and also, as Appendix II, a list of the Governors General of Netherlands India, from the earliest date to the present time.

·APPENDIX I List of important events in connection with the Dutch in India, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 1703. Important treaty between Mataran and the East India Company-5th October. The monopoly extended. Cession of West Java to the Company. 1706. The first Java coffee carried to Holland. The Dutch vacate Mauritius. 1708. Battle of Siegeri. Mankce Rat Mas surrenders which ends the war with the Soesoehoenans. 1709. The Dutch obtain certain privileges and a piece of land at Surat. 1710. First coffee plantation in the neighbourhood of Batavia. Commercial relations with Banjarmasin re-established, after the murder of the people of the English factory by the natives. The Banka tin mines discovered. 1712. Imperial Firman granted to the Dutch at Masulipatam. 1713. Treaty with Johor—19th August. 1714. Erection of a Fort on Chetwai Island. 1716. The Dutch retire from Agra. 1718. Rebellion of Mataran Princes in East Java in combination with Balinese and natives of Madura. Pearl fisheries in the Bay of Segara Anakkan (Java South Coast).

·" > ( 56 ) 1721. Conspiracy at Batavia. 1722. An East India Company founded at Ostend, gives at first large returns. Opening of a gold and silver mine on the Goenoeng Parang in the Krawang District. 1723. Ending of the war in Java. The leaders captured and banished. 1731. The Ostend Company after meeting with great opposition (from the Dutch and English Companies) finally dissolved in consequence of the stipulations of the Treaty of Vienna. 1733. Department for mines established. Treaty with the Soesoehoenan. *81h November. Treaty with Bantam. 9th Deceniber.. 1740. Rising of the Chinese.' 10,000 of them are killed at Batavia. 9th and 10th October. 1741. Rebellion of Troena Djaja. Beginning of the Chino-Javanese War. Continued disturbance of the Chinese near Batavia ; they receive support from the Soesoehoenan and the Javanese who take the Dutch fort at Karlasoera and lay siege to Samarang. An army of 12,000 defeats the rebels; the lost posts are retaken and peace reestablished. Mas Said, son of the Pangeran Ario Mankoc Negoro who was in banishment on Ceylon, leaves the Court of Mataran and enters in league with other dissatisfied princes against the Soesoehoenan and the East India Company. 1743. Attempt to quell the disturbances of the Chinese Treaty with Soesoehoenan; the Company obtain ·( 57. ) possession of the entire North East Coast of Java, from Chcribon to Banjoe-Wangi-11th November. 1745. The Prince of Madura, who had assisted the rebellious Chinese defeated. Grisee re-captured. 12th June. The Opium Society organized --30th November. 1747. District Council at Samarang established, 1748. Java--North East Coast, formed into a separate Government-Ist February. Banishment of the Sultan of Bantam to Amboyna- 16th November. 1749. The Soesoehocnan cedes the Empire of the Matarams to the East India Company-11th December. 1751. The war in Bantam continued. Reverses in Bengal and on the Coromandel Coast. War with the Zamorin and loss of possessions in his territory 1753. The Charter of the Opium Society extended 20th August. Pangeran Goesti receives by deed the crown of Bantam from the East India Company and assumes Government as Sri Sultan. Peace in Bantam recstablished-22nd September. Peace with Travancore-15th August. 1751. Enterprise against Bassora. 1755. Ending of the war. on Java. The Empire of the Mataran divided in Soerakarta and Djokdjokarta- 13th February 1755. Increase of English influence in Hindostan. 1756. Treaty with Timor Rotta, Savoe Solor and Soemba -9th June.

·(581 1756. Treaty with Banjarmasin to expel the Boeginese (inhabitants of Celebes) from the East Coast of Borneo. 1757. The English take Bengal. Failure of the expedition to Bengal, the Dutch are defeated. 1758. Peace with the Zamorin. 1760. The French take the English possessions on Sumatra West Coast which are ceded to the East India Company. 1761. War in Ceylon with the King of Kandia, who is supported by the English. 1762-1761. War in Ceylon continued with varied result. 1764. The Dutch take Siak. 1765. Treaty with Bima, Soembawa, Dompo, Tambora, Sangar and Papeket—9th February. The Dutch take Kandia. 1766. Peace with Kandia. 1771. The Nabab of Carnatica takes the Regency Marrua near Tuticorin, where the East India Company loses the advantage of the Pearl fisheries on Aripo. Chetwai taken from the Dutch by Hyder Ali. 1774. The Dutch retire from Ahmedabad. 1778. The Dutch influence on Borneo is extended, the Sultan of Bantam giving Randak and Succadana to the Company 1780. Decline of the commerce with Ceylon, Coromandel, Malabar, Bengal and Japan. Unfavourable position of the Company's War with Fngland-20th December. 1781. Unsuccessful attempt of the English off the Cape of Good Hope where the Dutch are assisted by a French Fleet.

·| 59.) 1781. The English take the Dutch possessions in Coromanrlel and Malabar and in Bengal. November, 1782. The English capture the Dutch possessions on Sumatra W. Coast, and Trinquimale in Ceylon–21st January Trinquimale recaptured by the Dutch with French assistance. 1784. Treaty with England. The English obtain the right of navigation in the Indian Seas--20th May. They return the possessions on Sumatra W. Coast and Coromandel with the exception of Nagapatam in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of 2nd September, 1783. The siege of Malacca is raised, tħe Dutch fleet captures Selangore in August, and Rhino by assault -21th October. Treaty of Peace with Sultan Mahmoed, King of Johor Pahang, Rhio and depending islands whereby his possessions are declared a conquered country and give to him in hereditary fief–10th November. 1787. Deplorable condition of the Company. Rhio taken by Pirates from Solon. The Sultan of Banjarmasin acknowledge to be liege to the Company and cedes the East Coast of Borneo. 1790. Publication of the law ordering the exclusive delivery of coffee to the Company_21st May. 1792. Treaty with Malabar-26th March. 1793. Agriculture in Java is extended. 1795. Revolution in the Netherlands. The hereditary 22 ·1..60] Prince Staadtholder William V sails from Scheveningen for England-18th January. 1795. The English take the Dutch possessions in Ceylon, the Coast of Malabar and Coromandel, in Bengal, Malacca, the Moluccas, and, (16th September) in the Cape of Good Hope. The East India Company's Government closed by publication of the States General Committee for the East India Commerce and possessions. 1798. Charter of the East India Company annulled by Article 227 of the constitution of the Batavian Republic -17th March. 1799. Brave deſence of Ternate against the English and Moors. The Committee of Commissioners General dissolved at Batavia-28th September. 1800. English fleet blockades Batavia and destroys Onrust. 1801. Ternate ceded to the English by capitulation- 21st June. 1802. Peace of Amiens, the Batavian Republic recognise:1 by England. The Republic gets the Colonies back except Ceylon. 1803. Renewed war with England-18th May. French fleet before Batavia-Ilth December. 1806. The Cape of Good Hope ceded to the English by capitulation-23rd January, 8 Dutch men-of-war and a number of merchant vessels destroyed in sight of Batavia by the English fleet under Pellew. 1806. The Batavian Republic remodelled on the Kingdom of Holland5th June. 1 ·( 61. ] 1807. The English fleet appears for the second time on the coast of Java-December. 1808. Important changes in the Government of the different possessions. Java's North-East Coast divided in Residencies. The Commander and other employees at Bantam murdered by order of the native regent (15th November) who is shot. The Sultan banished to Amboyna. Bantam declared to belong to the dominion of the King of Holland and a new Sultan appointed under restrictive stipulations. Batavia, as a residency, left for healthier neighbourhoods. 1809. The factory at Banjarmasin remoyed. The fort razed--19th May. 1810. The Moluccas fall again in the hand of the English; Amboyna, 19th February, Pulo Ay, 23rd March, Banda, 9th August and Ternate, 29th August. Loderryk Napoleon, King of Holland cedes the throne-1st July. Annexation of Holland by the French Empire-9th July. Bantam re-organised-22nd August. 1811. The island of Java passes into the power of the French Empire-20th February. The English fleet under Lord Minto arrived before Batavia--July. The British Expedition lands on Java—4th August. The French camp at Meester Cornelis taken by assault by the English -26th August. The British Government established in Java--llth September.

·1.62] 1811. The Dutch capitulate at Toentang near Samarang to Sir Samuel Auchmuty after a gallant defence- 17th September. 1812. Borneo East Coast ceded to the English. Treaty of the English Government with the Princes of Djokdjokarta and Soerakarta whereby they obtain a cession of territory. The old Sultan of Djokdjokarta, who had again obtained possession of the government banished to Pulo Pinang after the capture of Kraton (fort) by the English under Colonel Gillespie-20th June. He is succeeded by his son. 1813. Introduction of the Land-Lease system in Java. Revolution in the Netherlands---17th November. The Prince of Orange lands at Scheveningen—30th Noveniber. Proclained Sovereign King of The United Netherlands - 1st December. Raffles makes treaties with the Sultans of Bantam and Cheribon. 1814. The Netherlands delivered from the French. The Dutch possessions in India are returned with exception of the Cape of Good Hope. Treaty with England--London, 13th August. 1816. Arrival at Batavia of 3 Dutch Commissioners General-11th May. John Fendall (Lieutenant Governor of Java and Dependencies) retires. The Dutch regain possession 2-19th August. The possessions in Borneo and Celebes are made over to the Dutch. 1817. The Moluccas made over to the Dutch--25th March. 22 ·[ 63. ] 1817. Disturbances in the Moluccas. The Dutch Resident murdered with his wife and children. Expedition against the Moluccas. Victories in Amboyna, Sarapoera and Harvoekoe. The possessions are brought in submission. 1817-18. The Dutch possessions in Bengal and on the Coromandel Coast returned to them. 1818. The Dutch possessions in Malacca and Rhio returned to them—21st September. Disturbances in Cheribon Expedition. Commissionary to Borneo to arrange differences. Commissionary to Palembang. Extortions by the English. Rising under the Ex-Sultan-1819; the Sultan flees to Java, the Dutch Commissionary’and troops are forced to leave Palembang. 1819. Solenın inauguration of the Netherland India Government. The three Cominissionaries retire-16th January, The possessions in Sumatra W. Coast made over to the Dutch—22nd May. Differences with the Portuguese in Timor. Disturbances in Celebes. Victory over the rebels. 1822. Disturbances in and expedition to Padang. Disturbances in Borneo W. Coast principally by the Chinese. Treaty with the Sultan of Matam—November. 1824. Treaty with England—17th March. Exchange of territories captured. Hongie expeditions and the destruction of the spice trees in the Moluccas abolished. 1825. Bencoolen received back from the English-May.

·to | 64 1 1828. Extension of Agriculture in Java: indigo, cotton, tea, tobacco &c. The cochenclle introduced. Voyage to and important discoveries in New Guinea. A portion taken in possession_24th August. 1831. Cotton and cinnamon culture declared be Government culture.' 1832. The Padri Empire of Linton (Sumatra W. Coast) conquered by the Dutch-August. 1833. The Assistant Resident of Bencoolen murdered 28th July. First private printing office in Netherland India started at Batavia by English inhabitants. The "Parapatten Press" in the “Parapatten Asylum". 1835. Treaty with the Sultan of Djambi. 1836. First Government steamship William I casts anchor at Onrust-3rd February: Willem Frederick Hendrik, Prince of the Nether. lands visited Netherland East India-10th February- October. 1840. Dutch dominion in Sumatra West Coast extended to Singkel. 1845. Change in the system of clove culture at Amboyna. Forest gardens introduced—31st March. 1849. William III becomes King—21st March. The Dutch dominion on Borneo divided in West and South and East Divisions--27th August. Treaties with the Princes of Bali. 1854. The harbours of Amboyna, Banda, Ternate and Kajeli open to free commerce_23rd June. 1856. First telegraph on Java, Weltevreden-Buitenrong- 23rd October.

·[ 65 ] 3 1856. Foreign Consuls admitted. 1858. Treaty with Sultan of Siak; the Dutch Government is established there-1st February. Treaty with Sultan of Sumbawa-2nd August. Expedition to Jambi, the capital captured-6th September Sultan dethroned and treaty with new Sultan- 2nd November. 1859. Expedition against Boni. Badoga captured—10th February; and there the Dutch build a fort. The capital taken—28th February. Treaty with Portugal to regulate the frontier of Portuguese and Dutch dominions in Timor-20th April. Boni captured-6th December. Flight of the Queen. 1860. Slavery abolished—Ist January. The Queen of Boni declared to have forfeited her throne. Sultan receives Boni as a fief from the Dutch 30th January. Treaty with new Sultan–13th February. Banjarmasin brought under Dutch dominion. The islands Bonerate and Kalao taken in possession- 1st November. Treaty with Portugal of April 20th, 1859, published - 18th November. 1861. New regulation for sugar culture in Java-January. New Treaty with Tidore. New regulation about the admission of Europeans 5th June. 5 ·[ 66 ) 1861. Measure to gradually diminish the use of opium in Java and Madura—12th October. 1862. Treaty with Siam of December 17th, 1860, ratified February. Expedition against Mandar (Celebes and Dependencies)—November and December. 1863. Expedition against slave trade in the island of Nias-May. Compulsory cultivation and production of cloves abolished in the residency of Amboyna and Dependencies December. Compulsory cultivation and production of spices in Banda abolished. 1865. Government cinnamon and indigo culture abolished. Abolition of cochenelle culture in Banjoerangi. 1866. Annexation of the independent Pasoemah country. Regulation about admitting Eastern Foreigners in Neth. India. 1869. Great festivities to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the foundation of Batavia—29th May to 2nd June. Sir Harry H. George Ord, Governor of Straits Settlements, visits Java--14th to 19th June. 1870. Concession to the British Australian Telegraph Company Limited for a telegraphic communication between Java–Singapore and Java--Australia. Opened in 1871. 1872. Modified regulations about the admission of toreigners. Publication of Treaty with Great Britain regarding Sumatra.

·[67] 1873. Beginning of the difficulties with Achin. First Exprdition repulsed. Achin blockaded. 1874. Success of Dutch arms in Achin. Death of Sultan January. 1875. Outside of Java and Madura all lands not in the hands of private individuals proclaimed state Dominion -4th September. 1976. All slaves in Sumatra W. Coast declared free-May. 1882. New Treaty with Jambi. 1883. Trcaty with Siam relating to the importation and sale of distilled liquors-10th November. 1884. Commercial Treaty with France - 19th April. 1885. Slaves declared free in Bali-1st January.

·APPENDIX II Governors General of Netherlands India. 1. PIETER BOTH, 1609-1614. Appointed by East India Company 27th November, 1609; confirmed by States General, 29th November, 1609; sailed from Texel 30th January, 1610; arrived at Bantam 19th December, 1610. Made over the Government to Reynat on the 6th November, 1614. He perished on the coast of Mauritius, where his vessel was lost and was there buried. The Pieter Both Mountain and the Pieter Both Bay, on that Island are so named in commemoration of that eveht. 2. GERARD REYNAT, 1614-1615. Appointed 11th May. 1613; sailed from Te in the ship "Amsterdam", 2nd June, 1613; arrived at Bantam 4th November, 1614; died in the Fort of Jakatra 7th December, 1615. 3. LAURENS REAL, 1615-1618. After the death of Reynat, Dr. Laurens Reael, Governor of the Moluccas, assumed the office of Governor-General, on the 19th June, 1616, which office he held until he delivered it over, on the 21st March, 1618, to Jan Pietersz Coen. 4. JAN PIETERSZ COEN, 1618—1623. Appointed by the XVII Governor-General on the 25th October, 1617; assumed office 21st March, 1618. He was permitted by the XVII to retire, and handed over the Government to his successor on the 1st February, 1623.

·[.69 ) 5. PIETER DE CARPENTIER, 1623-1627. Appointed Governor-General on the 8th September, 1622, and assumed office on the 1st February, 1623. Retired 30th September, 1627, on which date he handed over the Government to Jan Pietersz Coen. 6. JAN PIETERSZ COEN, 1627–1629. Took over the Government for a second time on the 30th September, 1627, in accordance with instructions from the XVII of the 3rd October, 1624. He died in the Castle of Batavia on the 20th September, 1629. 7. JACQES SPECX, 1629_1632. On the death of Coen, the Council of India nominated Jacqes Specx provisional Governor-General on the 24th September, 1629. 'He assumed office on the 25tda idem, and held the appointment until relieved by his successor on the 7th September, 1632. 8. HENDRIK BROUWER,* 1632–1636. Appointed Governor-General on the 17th March, 1632 ; took over the Government on the 7th September following, and handed it over on the 1st January, 1636, to van Diemen. 9. ANTONIE VAN DIEMEN, 1636–1645. Nominated as successor to Brouwer by Orders of the 12th February, 1633. Assumed office 1st January, 1636. Died at Batavia, 19th April, 1646. 10. CORNELIS VAN DER LAJN, 1645—1650. As President of Council van der Lijn took over the Government on the 19th April, 1645. He assumed the title; provisionally, of Governor-General on the 10th March, * Hendrik Brouwer was one of the XVII and only took the Office of Goverpof General for 3 years.

·[ 70 ] 1646, which was confirmed by the XVII under date the 10th October, 1646. He resigned that Office on the 7th October, 1650. 11 CAREL REYNIERSZ, 1650_1653. Appointed Governor- General 26th April, 1650 and assumed office 7th October following. He died at Batavia on the 18th May, 1653. 12. JOAN MAETSUYCKER, 1653— 1678. As First Member of Council, Joan Maetsuycker took over the Government on the death of Reyniersz, and his appointment as Governor-General was confirmed by the XVII on the 8th October, 1654. He died at Batavia on the 4th January, 1678. 13. RIJCKLOF VAN GOENS, 1678-1681. Nominated by the XVII to succeed Maetsuycker, 21st October, 1676. Appointed Governor-General 4th January, 1678, and assumed office, six days later. He resigned the appointment on the 25th November, 1681. 14. CORNELIS SPEEIMAN, 1681-1684. Nominated for the Governor-Generalship, 29th October, 1680; assumed office, 25th November, 1681, and died in the Castle of Batavia, 11th January, 1684. 15. JOANNES CAMPHUYS, 1684–1691. Appointed by the Council of State provisional Governor-General Ilth January, 1684, which was confirmed by the XVII on the 17th December following. He resigned the appointment on the 24th September, 1691. 16. WILLEM VAN OUTHOORN, 1691-1704. Nominated to succeed as Governor-General 17th December, 1690 ; assumed office, 24th September, 1611; resigned 15th August, 1704.

·| 71. .) 17. JOAN VAN HOORN, 170_1709. Nominated to succeed as Governor-General, 20th September, 1701 ; assumed office, 15th August, 1704 ; resigned 30th October, 1709. 18. ABRAHAM VAN RIEBEECK, 1709_1713. Nominated to succeed as Governor-General, 2nd March, 1708 ; assumed office, 30th October, 1709; died in the Castle of Batavia, 17th November, 1713. 19. CHRISTOFFEL VAN SWOLL, 1713_1718. Assumed Office as Governor General 17th November, 1713 ; appointment confirmed by the XVII–1715; died at Batavia 12th November, 1718. 20. HENRIOUS ZWAARDECROON, 1718-1725. Assumed Office as Governor General, 13th November, 1718; appointment confirmed by the XVII, 10th September, 1720; resigned 8th July, 1725. 21. MATTHEUS DE HAAN, 1725-1729. Nominated to succeed as Governor General, 16th October, 1724; assumed office, 8th Judy, 1625; died at Batavia, 1st June, 1729. 22. DIEDERIK DURVEN, 1729_1732. Nominated by the Council of State provisional Governor General, 1st June, 1729 ; resigned 28th May, 1732. 23. DIRCK VAN CLOON, 1732-1735. Nominated Governor General by the XVII, 9th October, 1731 ; died at his country seat Molonvliet”, near Batavia, 10th March, 1735. 24. ABRAHAM PATRAS, 1735-1737. Selected by lots as provisional Governor General, 11th March, 1735 ; died at Batavia in the night of the 20/30 May, 1737. 25. ADRIAN VALCKERNIER, 1737-1741. Selected as Gov- ·1.72 ] * ernor General by the Council of State, 3rd May, 1737: He was permitted to resign with honour by the XVII on the 2nd December, 1740; and he gave up his appointment on the 6th November following: 26. JOHANNES THEDENS, .1741-1743. Nominated by the XVII, to succeed to the Governor Generalship, 2nd Detember, 1740, assumed Office, 6th November, 1741 ; resigned 28th May, 1743. 27. GUSTAFF WILLEM BARON VAN IMHOFF, 1743–1750. Nominated by the XVII, 2nd December, 1740; assumed office, 28th May, 1743 ; died at Batavia, Ist November, 1750. 28. JACOB MOSSEL, 1750-1761. Appointed Governor Generaloby the Council of State, Ist November, 1750 ; died at Batavia on the night of the 14th-15th May, 1761. 29. PETRUS ALBERTUS VAN DER PARRA, 1761—1775. Appointed Governor General, 15th May, 1761 ; died at "Weltevreden" (Batavia), 28th December, 1775. 30. JEREMIAS VAN RIEMSDIJK, 1775—1777. Appointed Governor General by the Council of State, 28th December, 1775; died at Batavia 3rd October, 1777. 31. BRYNIER DE KLERK, 1777–1780. Appointed Governor General by the Council of State, 4th October, 1777 ; died at his country seat "Molonvliet" near Batavia, 1st September, 1780. 32. WILLEM ARNOLD ALTING, 1780—1796. Appointed · Governor General by the Council of State, 2nd September, 1780; resigned 17th February, 1797. 33. PIETER GERHARDUS VAN OVERSTRATEN, 1797-1801. Nominated as Governor General Governor General by \he Com- ·1.73 ) missaries General of Netherlands India, 16th August, 1796 ; assumed office, 17th February, 1797 ; died at Batavia, 22nd August, 1801. 34. JOANNES SIBERG, 1801-1805. Assumed Office as Governor General, 22nd August, 1801 ; resigned 15th June, 1805. 35. ALBERTUS HENRICUS WIESE, 1805-1808: Assumed office as Governor General, 15th June, 1805 ; resigned 14th January, 1808. 36. CHARLES HENRI VAN GRASVELD, 1805. Appointed Commissary General for introduction of a new mode of Administration in India, and at the same time Governor General of "Batavian India", and Lieutenant General of the Republic, * Ilth November, 1805. He appears, however, never to have taken up the appointment. 37. HERMAN WILLEM DAENDIS, 1808–1811. Appointed Governor General of India by King Lodewijk. 28th January, 1807 ; assumed office, 14th January, 1808 ; surrendered the Government, and handed it over to his successor, 16th May, 1811. 38. JAN WILLEM JANSSENS, 1811. Nominated Governor General by Napoleon I, 16th November, 1810, assumed Office, 16th May, 1811. Surrendered the Colony, after a vigorous defence, by capitulation to the English, 17th September, 1811. * "The Republic of Batavia" was constituted through French influence, in Jan. 1795, after the Revolution in the Netherlands (18th Jan.) when the Prince of Orange fled to England. This Republic lasted till 1806 wliel Loderuijk was placed on the throne of Holland and a new fory of Government was constituted there on the 5th June, 1806.

·[ 74.' ) By a convention of the 13th August, 1814, between the British Government and that of the Netherlands, Java and its dependencies were restored to Holland. On the 11th May, 1816 the three Dutch Commissaries General Elout, van der Capellen and Buyskes arrived at Batavia for the purpose of taking over the Island from the English and on the 19th August following the British Lieutenant Governor, John Fendall left the Island. 89. GODERT ALEXANDER GERARD-PHILIP BARON VAN DER CAPELLEN, 1816-1826. Took over the Government from the British Lieutenant Governor, 19th August, 1816; resigned 1st January, 1826. 40. HENDRIK MERKUS DE Kock, 1826–1830. Assumed office, Ist January, 1826 ; resigned 16th January, 1830. 41. JOHANNES VAN DEN Bosch, 1830-1833. Appointed Governor General, 16th October, 1828 ; assumed office, 16th January, 1830; resigned 2nd July, 1833. 42. JEAN CHRETIEN BAUD, 1833-1836. As Vice-President of the Indian Government, assumed the Office of Governor General, 2nd July, 1833 ; resigned 29th February, 1836. 43. DOMINIQUE JACQUES DE EERENS, 1836_-1840. Nominated Lieutenant Governor General, 5th March, 1835; assumed office as Governor General, 29th February, 1836; died at “Buitenzorg" (Batavia). Soth May, 1840. 44. CAREL SIEARDS WILLEM GRAAF VAN HOGENDORP, 1840 --1841. Acting Governor General, 1st June, 1840 to 6th January, 1841.

·[ 75 ] as 45. PIETER MERKUS, 1841-1844. Assumed office Acting Governor General, 6th January, 1841 ; appointment confirmed 11th October, 1842; died at "Simpang" near Soerabaija, 2nd August, 1844. 46. JONKHEER JOAN CORNELIS REYNST, 1844-1845. Temporary Acting Governor General, 5th August, 1844; resigned 30th September, 1815. 47. JAN JACOB ROCHUSSEN, 1845–1851. Nominated as Governor General, 5th February, 1845; assumed the Government, 30th September, 1845 ; resigned 12th May, 1851. 48. GEORGE Issac BRUCE, 1850. Nominated Governor General, 10th September, 1850 ; died in Holland before his departure for Java, orf board the corvet "Sumatra", 30th December, 1850. 49. ALBERTUS JACOB DUYMAER VAN Twist, 1851-1856. Nominated Governor General, 21st January, 1851 : assumed the Government, 12th May, 1851; resigned 22nd May, 1856. 50. CHARLES FERDINAND PAHUD, 1856-1861. Nominated Governor General, 21st November, 1855; assumed the Government, 22nd May, 1856; resigned 2nd September, 1861. 51. ARY PRINS, 1861. Acting Governor General 2nd September to 19th October, 1861. 52. LUDOLF ANNE JAN WILT BARON SIOLET VAN BERLE, 1861–1866. Nominated Governor General, 23rd June, 1861; assumed office, 19th October, 1861; resigned 25th October, 1866. DE ·1. 76 ] 53. ARY PRINS, 1866. For the second time Acting Governor General, 25th October to 28th December, 1856. 54. PIETER MIJER, 1866-1872. Nominated Governor General, 18th September, 1866 ; assumed office, 28th December, 1866; resigned Ist January, 1872. 55. JAMES LOUDON, 1872-1875. Nominated Governor General, 4th May, 1871; assumed office, Ist January, 1872; resigned 26th March, 1875. 56. JOHAN WILHEIM VAN LANSBERGE, 1875—1881. Nominated Governor General, 17th December, 1874 ; assumed office, 26th March, 1875; resigned 12th April, 1881. 57. FREDERIK LACOB, 1881-1884. Nominated Governor General, 24th November, 1880; assumed office, 12th April, 1881 ; resigned Ilth April, 1884. 58. OTTO VAN REES, 1884–1888. Nominated Governor General 20th January, 1884 ; assumed Office, Ilth April, 1884 ; resigned 29th September, 1888. 59. CORNELIS PIJNACKER-HORDIJK, 1888–1893. Nominated Governor General, 19th June, 1888 ; assumed office, 29th September, 1888; resigned 17th October, 1893. 60. JONKHEER CAREL HERMANAART VAN DER WIJCK. Nominated Governor General, 22nd August, 1893 ; assumed office, 17th October, 1893.

·INDEX Achin (Atchin), 6, 28, 67 Borneo, 6, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64 Agra, 55 Both, Pieter, 6, 8, 9, 11, 68 Almedabad, 58 Broach, 53 Alting, Willem Arnold, 72 Brouwer, Hendrik, 25, 69 Amboyna, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, Bruce, George Issac, 75 24, 26, 27, 28, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66 Buyskes, 74 Ainsterdam, 3, 17, 20 Andamans, 39 Calicut, 36, 41 Arakan (Arracan), 29, 40 Caliture, 35 Anchmuty, Sainuel, 62 Cambay, 41 Australia, 66 Cambodja, 29 Camphuys, Joannes, 70 Babber, 42 Canara, 52 Badoga, 65 Cannanore, 35, 44 Bali, 55, 64, 67 Canton, 10 Ball, George, 16, 17 Cape of Good Hope, 10, 12, 58, 60, Banda, 9, 16, 19, 24, 27, 28, 37, 38, 62 42, 61, 64, 66 Carnatica, 5&c 30 Banjarmasin, 55, 58, 61, 65 Carpentier, Pieter de, 17, 69 Banjoerangi, 57, 66 Cartwright, James, 20 Banka, 55 Celebes, 58, 62, 63, 66 Bantanı, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, Ceylon, 31, 34, 35, 39, 43, 52, 56, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 58, 59, 60 36, 37, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, Cheribon, 57, 62, 63 56, 57, 58, 61, 68 Chetwai Island, 55, 58 .Baroda, 41 China, 6, 10, 12, 14, 26, 51 Bassora (Bussora), 31, 57 Chinese, 14, 29, 32, 33, 56, 63 · Batavia, 9, 14, 15, 27, 34, 39, 43, Cloon, Dirck van, 71 47, 53, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, Cochin, 5, 41 ,52 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 Coen, Jan Pietersz, 14, 15, 16, 17, Batavian Republic, 60 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 32, 68, 69 Baud, Jean Chretien, 74 Colombo, 35, 52 Beele, Ludolf Anne Jan Wilt Baron Cooper, John, 20 Sioet van de, 75 Cornelis, 61 Bencoolen, 50, 63, 64 Coromandel (Coromandal), 6, 22, Bengal, 33, 40, 45, 46, 52, 57, 58, 59, 33, 39, 40, 41, 57, 58, 59 60, 63 "Council of Defence", 24 Berampore, 10 "Council of Justice", 27 Bima, 58 Council of State for India, 7 Boeginese, 58 Cranganor, 37, 52 Bombay, 39, 42 Bonerate, 65 Dacca, 45 Boni, 65 Daendels, Herman Willeni, 73 Bonner, 24 Dale, Thomas, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23 ·( 78 ) van, 11 74 1 Dam, P. Haan, Mattheus de, 71 Decker, Hans de, 17 Harvoekoe, 63 en Bosch, Johannes van, 74 Hendrik, Willem Frederick, 64 den Broecke, Pieter van, 20, 21, 22 Hippin's Island, 48 der Capellen, Godert Alexander Hogendorp, Carel Sirardus Willem Gerard-Philip Baron van, 74 Graaf van, 74 der Lijn, Cornelis van, 69 Holland, og 21, 25, 38, 39, 40, 42, der Para, Petrus Albertus van, 72 43, 45, 51, 55, 60, 61, der Wijck, Jonkheer Carel Herma- Hoorn, Joan van, 70 naart van, 76 Hunter, John, 37 Deynsen, David van, 10, 13 Hyder Ali, 58 Dienien, Arslonia van, 69 Djaja Troena, 56 Djokdjokarta, 57, 62 Imhoff, Gustaff Willem Baron van, Dompo, 58 72 Durven, Diederik, 71 Dutch East India Company, 5, 15; Indrapura, 48, 50 Indraghiri, 40 56, 57, 58, 60, 68 "Instructions", 5, 27 Ispalian, 30 Eerens, Dominique Jacques de, 74 Island of Danie, 28 Elout, 74 Einperor of Delhi, 49 England, 58, 59, 60, 62 English, 4, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 28, Jacob, Frederick, 76 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 36, 38, 39, Jafanapatam, 35 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, Jakatra, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 44 61, 62, 63, 74 Jambi, 19, 29, 65, 67 English East India Company, 18, 41 Janssens, Jan Willem, 73 Europe, 52 Japan, 26, 32, 34, 58 Japanese, 33 Japara, 18 Fendall, John, 62, 74 Java, 4, 44, 48, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62,' Formosa, 32 64, 65, 67, 74 Fort St. George, 47, 49 Javanese, 19, 20, 22, 56 France, 67 Jerdin, Clement du, 48 French, 42, 43, 45, 50, 52, 53 Joardain, Jolin, 23 French East India Company, 17 Johor (Johore), 6, 7, 8, 55, 59 Jonge, de, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24 Gillespie, Colonel, 52 Goa, 31, 34, 52 Goens, Rijcklof van, 42, 70 Kajeli, 64 Goenoeng, 13, 56 Kakapur, 44 Goesti Pangeran, 57 Kandia, 58 Golconda, 43, 49 Kartasoera, 56 Gombrtom, 44 Kedirie, 44 Grasveld, Charles Henri van, 73 Klerk, Reynier de, 72 Great Britain, 15 Kock, Hendrick Merkus de, 74 Grisee, 44, 57 Kraton, 62 Groendijck, Steven Doensz van, 7 Krawang District, 56 ·79] Lampong, 50 Netherlands, 62, 64 Lansberge, Johan Wilheim van, 76 Netherlands Government, 27 Linton, 64 New Guinea, 64 London, 49 Nias, 66 Lontivi, Rosengyn, 13 Loudon, James, 76 Onrust, 60 Opium Society, 57 Ord, Sir Harry H. George, 66 Macao (Mecao), 10, 26 Ostend, 56 Macassar, 6, 34, 41, 43 Ostend Company, 56 Madagascar, 29, 30 Outhoorn, Willem varl, 70 Madras, 35, 48 Overstraten, Pieter Gerhardus van, Madraspatan, 46 72 Dadura, 55, 65, 66, 67 Maetsuyker, Joan, 70 Magassar, 28 Mahonimedans, 22 Padang, 51, 63 Malabar, 6, 30, 40, 45, 58, 59, 60 Pahang, 59 Malacca, 14, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45, 46, Pahud, Charles Ferdinand, 75 52, 59, 60, 63 Paleinbang, 29, 63 Malay Peninsula, 6 Palliacat, 49 Manaar, 35 Pangeran, Ario Vankoe Negoro, 56 Mandar, 66 Papeket, 58 Manila, 33 Parang, 56 Martin, Francois, 43 "Parapatten Asylum", 64 Mas, Mankoe Rat, 55 "Parapatten Press', 64 Masulipatam, 10, 26, 49, 50, 55 Pasoemah, 66 Marta poera, 29 Patras, Abraham, 71 Mataran (Matarani), 34, 42, 44, 55, Pattana, 51 Peace of Amiens, 60 Matelief, Cornelius, 7 Pegu, 33 Mauritius, 29, 55, 68 Pera, 40 Mecca, 53 Persia, 10, 30, 48 Merkus, Pieter, 75, 76 Persian Gulf, 40, 48 Minto, 61 Piscadores, 32 Jocha, 30, 44, 51 Pondicherry (Pondichery), 43, 45, Mogul, 40, 51 Moluccas, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, Pijnacker-Hordijk, Cornelis, 76 24, 27, 43, 60, 61, 62, 63 Portugal, 9, 65 Mossel, Jacob, 72 Portuguese, 4, 9, 11, 12, 26, 27, 30, Voors, 22, 30, 40, 60 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 43, 52, 53, 63, 65 Priaman, 52 Prince of Madura, 57 Napoleon I, 73 Prince of Orange, 50, 62 Napoleon, Loderryk, 61 Prins, Ary, 75, 76 Nagasaki, 32 Pulo Ay, 6, 13, 61 Nanking, 10 Pulo Pinang, 62 Negapatam (Nagapatain), 35, 59 Pulo Rhun, 13, 37, 38 56, 57 51, 53 ·( 80 ) Queda, 36, 40 Soemba (Soembawa!, 57, 58 Queen of Boni, 65 Soerabaija, 75 Queen of Abingen, 49 Soerakarta, 57, 62 Quilon, 37, 52 Soesoehoenans, 55, 57 Quinane, 29 Solan, 28 Solo District, 44 Raffles, 62 Solon, 59 Raja Singa, 31 St. Helena, ld, 36 Randak, 58 St. Thomas, 41, 43 Reael, Laurens, 15, 58 Straits of Sunda, 48 Red Sea, 52 Straits Settlements, 66 Rees, Otto vån, 76 Succadana, 58 Regency Marrua, 58 Suleinian Pasha, 48 Republic of Batavia, 73 Sultan Mahmoed, 59 Sultan of Bantana, 57 Reynst, Gerard, 11, 68 Reyniersz, Carel, 10 Sultan of Djanıbi, 64 Reynst, Jonkheer Joan Cornelis, 75 Sultan of Matam, 63 Rhio, 59,- 63 Sultan of Sumbawa, 65 Rhino, 59 Sultan of Siak, 65 Rhum, 26 Sumatra, 29, 48, 51, 58, 59, 63, 64, Riebeeck, Abraliam van, 71 66, 67 Riemsdijk, Jeremias van, 72 Surat, 10, 12, 26, 30, 39, 40, 42, 52, Rochussen, Jan Jacob, 75 53, 55 Rossengijn, Jan Cortisokaz van, 7,6 Swoll, Chistofel van, 71 26 Tai-wan (Taiwan), 26, 31, 32, 33 Tainbora, 58 Said Mass, 56 Tangerang, 9 Saldanka, 36, 42 Tapti, 53 Samarang, 44, 56, 62 Tartars, 32, 33 Sangar, 58 Te, 68 Sarapoera, 63 Tegnepatam, 51 Sarkhej, 41 Tekoe, 23 Savoe Solor, 57 Ternate, 24, 27, 28, 60, 61, 64 Scheveningen, 60, 62 Texel, 68 Segara Anakhan, 55 Thedens, Johannes, 72 Selangore, 59 Tidore, 24, 28, 65 Siak, 58, 65 Timor, 63 Siam, 26, 31, 66 Timor Rotta, 57 Siberg, Joannes, 73 Tji-li-wang, 19 Siegeri, 55 Togal, 44 Sillebar, 48, 49 Toentang, 62 "Simpang", 75 Tofiquin, 33 Singkel, 64 Travancore, 57 Siipure, 66 Treaties with Banda,, 6 Spain, S, 27, 33 Treaty of Breda, 39, 41, 42 Spanish, 28 Dover, 42 Spaniards, 9, 12, 14, 24 » Munster, 27 Specx, Jacnes, 69 Ryswick, 45, 53 Speelman, Cornelis, 70 „, Vienna, 56

·)
Treaty of Westminster, 5, 34 Valckenier, Adriaan, 71
with Amboyna, 6, 38, 43 • Weltevreden-Buitenrong, 64
England, 63
Vengurla, (Vingorla, Wingorla), 13,
Great Britain, 66
31, 41, 45, 52
Portugal, 65
Vincent, 45
Siam, 66, 67
Trincomale, 43, 59
Troenodjojo, 44
Westby, Richard, 19
Tuticorin, 35, 58
Wiese, Albertus Henricus, 73
Twist, Albertus Jacob Duyniaer van.
William, 60
75
William III, 64
Ufflete, Nicholas, 17
United Netherlands, 33
Zamorin, 57, 58
Zwaar de croon, Ilenricus, 71
Zwaar de kroon, Hendrick, 45
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