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·THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR
Ву
Dr. ASHOK

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·THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR
By
Dr. Ashok Kumar Srivastava, M. A., Ph.D., D. Litt.
Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF GORAKHPUR
Gorakhpur (U.P.), India
Published by :
SAHITYA SANSAR PRAKASHAN
Buxipar, Gorakhpur
U, P. (INDIA)

·Published by
SAHITYA SANSAR PRAKASHAN
Buxipur. Gorakhpur
U P.'(INDIA)
Copyright
ASHOK KUMAR SRIVASTAVA
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First Edition
November 1979
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·1 FOREWORD The History of the Chahamanas of Jalor is a part of the comprehensive work written by the author under the title “Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States (C 1175 to 1320 AD)" for his D Litt. Degree of the Gorakhpur University This has been revised and enlarged and will be soon in the hands of Scholars to assess its merits The Chahamaras of Jalor ruled over a petty desert state in Rajasthan, far away from the din of Political upheavals in the heart of Hirdustan However, when Sultan Alauddin Khalji care to the throne in Delhi he surveyed the entire political stage of ihe country and decided to bring the whole of India under his supreme control Naturally the remaining Hindu States of the country fell victims to his ambi tious design The imperial armies moved from Delhi to distant lands and wherever they went, destruction and demolition followed Gujrat, Chittor, Chanderi and Ranthambhore fell fighting galantly but none came to the rescue of the other Kanbadadeva, the ruler of Jalor, prided himself in his masterly isolation and witnessed the fall of the sister kingdoms with utter indifference However, his own fate was no better When Alauddin asked him for a passage through his kingdom during his march against Gujrat, he refused the request point blank Alauddin pocketted the insult and waited for an opportunity to atenge it with compound interest Thus wbule the Khalji army ·VI It was was on its way back from Gujrat, it decided under the leadership of Ulugh Khan to punish the Chahamanas for their insolant answer and marched through the territory of Jalor atonce a challenge to the honour and prestige of the Chahamanas priace which he accepted in right royal Rajput fashion The war thus started between the two which dragged on for more than a decade The tiny kingdom of Jalor with its meagre resources in men and material was no match to the might of the Sultan. The Chabamana, succeeded in the initial stage of the war, obtained a part of the spoils carried from Gujrat and rescued the idol of Somanatha which was being carried to Delhi Kanhadadeva re established the idol and erected a big ten ple over it In the words of a modern historian. This rescue of Somanatha forms in popular mind Kanhacadeva s best and greatest title to greatness The war continued year after year and Muslim generals suffered defeat one after the other The Rajputs declared a total war and every man and woman, nay, the entire nation, was in arms The Sultan's anger knew no bounds, but he felt helpless before the spirited Chahamanas who refused to bow down or lay down their arms The kingdom suffered considerable dest. ruction and deprivation at the hands of the Muslims but its people's morale was ever so high, for they were delighted to fight for the noble cause of preserving their ancient faith, culture and civilization wbich were in peril However, where the mightiest of the army had failed for years to curb the pride and prestige of the prince of Jalor, treachery succeeded in laying low the fortunes of the family in a few days The Muslims won over to their side ode Bika, a Dahiya Rajput, promising to ·VII make him the ruler of Jalor on the destruction of the fort The traitor led the army in by an unfrequented, though difficult, path which had been left undefended and unmanned When Hiradevi, the traitor's wife, came to know of it, she killed her husband at once and rushed to the court to report the matter to Kanhadadeva The situation was grim and desparate and in a bold and courageous bid to dislodge the enemy several Samantas with thousands of brave Rajput soldiers lost their lives Finding no escape from death Kanhadadeva's queens and others prepared themselves for the rite of Jauhar In the meantime prince Vıramadeva's coronation ceremony was performed and he was blessed by his mother with eternal fame Thereafter all the queens, after paving taken their bath and performed the worship of Gods, ascended the pyre to be consumed by the sacred fire On that very day as many as 1584 fires were lit in which died the women of all castes to preserve their chastity and honour as also to allow their men to die martyer's death in the defence of their sacred soil On the fifth and final day of the assault the Muslims reached the temple of Kanha Swami which they aimed to stroy Now Kanhadadeva himself along with the remnant of his chiefs prepared for the final battle of his life in a typical Rajput manner His Samantas stood by him firmly and loyally while death was staring them in their faces and lost their lives while fighting round their master Last of all fell the mighty Kanhadadeva, the last of the great Chahamanas, in the defence of his country with ·VI was on its way back from Gujrat, it decided under the leadership of Ulugh Khan to punish the Chahamanas for their iasolant answer and marched through the territory of Jalor It was atonce a challenge to the honour and prestige of the Chahamanas prince which he accepted in right royal Rajput fashion The war thus started between the two which dragged on for more than a decade The tiny kingdom of Jalor with its meagre resources in men and material was no match to the might of the Sultan The Chabamanas succeeded in the initial stage of the war, obtained a part of the spoils carried from Gujrat and rescued the idol of Sonianatha which was being carried to Delhi Kanhadadeva re established the idol and erected a big ten ple In the words of a modern historian This rescue of Somanatha forms in popular mind Kanhacadeva s best and greatest title to greatness over it The war continued vear after year and Muslim generals suffered defeat one after the other The Rajputs declared a total war and every man and woman, nay, the entire nation was in arms The Sultan's anger knew no bounds, but he felt helpless before the spirited Chahamanas who refused to bow down or lay down their arms The kingdom suffered considerable destruction and deprivation at the hands of the Muslims but its people's morale was ever so high, for they were delighted to fight for the noble cause of preserving their ancient faith culture and civilization which were in peril However, where the mightiest of the army had failed for years to curb the pride and prestige of the prince of Jalor, treachery succeeded in laying low the fortunes of the family in a few days The Muslims won over to their side one Bika, a Dabiya Rajput, promising to ·VIJ make him the ruler of Jalor on the destruction of the fort The traitor led the army in by an unfrequented, though difficult, path which had been left undefended and unmanned When Hiradevi, the traitor's wife, came to know of it, she killed her husband at once and rushed to the court to report the matter to Kanhadadeva The situation was grim and desparate and in a bold and courageous bid to dislodge the enemy several Samantas with thousands of brave Rajput soldiers lost their lives Finding no escape from death Kanhadadeva's queens and others prepared themselves for the rite of Jauhar In the meantime prince Viramadeva's coronation ceremony was performed and he was blessed by his mother with eternal fame Thereafter all the queens, after having taken their bath and performed the worship of Gods, ascended the pyre to be consumed by the sacred fire On that very day as many as 1584 fires were lit in which died the women of all castes to preserve their chastity and honour as also to allow their men to die martyer s death in the defence of their sacred soil On the fifth and final day of the assault the Muslims reached the temple of Kanha Swami which they aimed to destroy Now Kanhadadeya himself along with the remnant of his chiefs prepared for the final battle of his life in a typical Rajput manner His Samantas stood by bim firmly and loyally while death was staring them in their faces and lost their lives while fighting round their master Last of all fell the mighty Kanbadadeva, the last of the great Chahamanas, in the defence of bis country with ·VIII its ancient religion and culture holding aloſt the highest idcals of his raee Kanhadadeva was indeed a man of character with high ideals and on question of principles he refused to compromise It was this quality as well as his high sense of duty and responsibilities that made hina ruil leader of msi, and his followers inspite of great hardships and privations brought about by a protracted sicge las ing for nearly a decade, served him loyally and faithfully upto the end and quietly and calmly laid down their lives by his side in an unequal contest where nothing but duath was the only certainty As a general he was probably not infcrior to any of his Hindu contemporaries To have kept fighting against the might of Sultan Alauddin almost through out his reign was in itself a feat in which none els: equalled or surpassod him In fact Kannadideva represented the Rajput chivalry at its best However, he had not that rare statesmanship which enables one to rise above the weaknesses and preju dices of one s age and become the founder of a new and better order He was a great man in his own way but he might have been regarded even much greater, had he combined with Rantha mbhore, Chittor, Malwa and Gujrat in their common endeavour to fight Muslim aggression and thereby save his own independance and that of the rest of Hindu India The History of Jalor is illuminating and it represents the other side of the picture conveniently ignored by Muslim historians The author deserves our heartiest congratulations for filling up thrs vacuum The whole description gives not only ·IX a fascinating reading, making one, so to say, spell bound, but also provides a vivid picture of the state of affairs obtaining at the time We talk of total wars today, but it was practised centuries ago in the tiny kingdom of Jalor for over a decade by its hero Kanhadadeva who immortaliscd bimself in the annals of time. Dated 511 79 R.B. Singh ·PREFACE Originally the present work was a part of my thesis entitled "The Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States (C 1175 A D-C1320 AD)" in two volumes submitted in 1970 for the D Litt degree of the Gorakhpur University. An attempt has been made in the present work to construct the political history of the Chahamanas of Jalor from C 1161 A D the year of the foundation of the kingdom to the fall of the dynasty in C 1311 AD The struggle of the Hindu kingdoms during the tuo centuries of Islam's fight for the political domination of North India is one of the least known chapters of India's Medieval History So far all writers have written the history of the Delhi Sultanate based entirely on Muslim accounts, but they have not said a word about the contemporary rulers, their successes and failures, their internecine wars leading to dynastic rivalaries and above all their stuborn resistance to the Turkish aggression The History of the Sultanate is the history of a race of Conquerors preserved entirely in Muslim accounts and in this context only stray references have been made here and there to the Indian Tulers who opposed them This deliberate attempt on the part of Muslim historians to omit altogether the part played by the Indian their people is significant. Besides their superb resistance to the invasion of their country by the Turks, alien in race, religion and language, the Hindu princes had to perform Princes and ·XI their kingly duties in accordance with the laws and customs of the country The epic struggle of the Chahamana prince Kanhadadeva of Jalor, matchless in its sublime aloofness against Alauddin Khalsı, the rightiest of the Delhi Sultaos, lasting for more than fifteen years, leading to enormous loss of life and property and involving a great and unparallelled sacrifice on the part of the prince and his people inhabiting the desert kingdom of Jalor with meagre resources just for the maintenance of their freedom and the preservation of their ancient faith, has been practically passed over with scant attention by these court historians These achievements ans fauures of the Indian rulers contri bute no less to the history of the country than the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate The process has been reversed therefore, and an attempt has been made in the following pages to present the history of the Chahamana princes of Jalor based on Hindu sources-literary and epigraphic-supplemented by Muslim accounts Among the Hindu sources the Hammira-mada-mardana of Jayasımha, the Kurtikaumudi of Somesvara, Vividhaturtha Kalpa of Jinaprabha Sun, the Khartaragachchhapattavals of Jinapala and Muhnot's Nain Siki Khyat are important, but Kanhada-de-Prabandha of Padmanabha is of special sigolficance for us It was composed in the middle of the 15th century A D Based, as it is, on written as well as traditional accounts at the disposal of the author, it is a reliable work on the achievements of Kanhadadeva, the Chahamana prince of Jalor, and some of its portions are corroborated by Muslim accounts as well But for this book the History of the last Chabamapa ruler of Jalor would have remained incomplete.

·XII Next, in order of importance, come several scores of inscriptions which throw a welcome light on the contemporary events These inscriptions, dealing with land grants or donations to Brahmanas, temples or places of learning, some time refer to the wars or other achievements of the princes during whose reigns they were issued The Hindu account of the period is as important as the Muslim sources In fact each supplements the other, and the history of India can be authentic and accurate only when it draws its materials equally from both the sources Though both suffer from the same defect, for while the Hindu books exaggerate the achievements of the Hindu rulers, the Muslim accounts indulge no less in exaggerating the achievements of the Sultans of Delhi in their aggressive wars against the Hindus However by means of compatison and contrast these defects can be casily set right and an approximately correct picture can be drawn Among th> chief Muslum sources mention can be made of the Taj ul-Maasir of Hasan Nizamı, Khazainul Futuh of Amir Khusrau, Tarikh 1-Firoz Shahi of Ziauddın Barnı, Haji-ud Dabir's Zafrul Vali and Tarikh--Fırishta which provide us with considerable useful information on the subject under reference The monograph has been devided into six chapters Chapter I deals with Kirtipala and the foundation of the kingdom of Jalor The achievements of Samarasimba have been discussed in chapter II Chapter III deals with the Chabamana kingdom of Jalor at its zenith under Udayasımha (C 1205-C 1257 A D.) Chapters IV and V deal with the reign of Chachigadeva (C 1257- ADC 1282A D) and Samantasimha (C 1282A D C 1305A D) ·XIII respectively. Chapter VI the last one deals with Kanhadadeva's clash with Alauddin Khalji and the fall of the kingdom. The special feature of the chapter is the glorious and superb resistance of the brave and illustrious Chahamana prince against the might of Alauddin Kharjl easily the most powerful Sultan of Delhi. I consider it my bounden duty to express my profound seoso of cbligation and gratitude to my revered teacher Dr. R. B. Singh for contributing a very, valuable Foreword for this work. I also take this opportunity to thankfully acknowledge the help I have received from Shri Ghulam Saqlain Syed-in, reading the proof and preparing the Index I would be however failing in my duty if I do not express my sincere thanks to all those who have rendered valuable help in various capacities Lastly I am also thankful to the Gorakhpur University for the financial assistatance rendered towards the publication of the work. November 10, 1979 Ashok K. Srivastava 1 ·CORRIGENDUM Page no line Incorrcet Corrcet 4 20 10 3 13 9 19-20 Godaraghatta Kumaarpala hat Vagabhatamera Gajrat 16 Gadaraghatta Kumarapala that Vagabbatameru Gujrat yasovira Prahladavadevi the 21 24 23 10 24 11 yasavira Prahladanadevi thc 27 19 28 7 Dholka Methobs 8 38 39 Dholaka Methods Secret 2 Seeret somanatha 39 16 Somanatha 39 18-19 somanatha Somanatha 43 3 suficr Suffer 46 Left top 64 46 46 5 jalor Jalor 46 9 Siwana Siwana 49 12 Sebhata Subhata 4 52 52 Jalor Jalor Jolor Jolor Kanhadadeve Tarikh-i Firishta 53 3 54 16 Kannadadeva Twarıkh-1 Finishta date 34 16 dat mach 55 23 much ·List of Abbreviations AST WC Archaeological Survey of India Anual Report Western Circle BF BG Tarikh-1- Fyrishta translated into English by John Briggs Bombay Gazetteer Dynastic History of Northern India by HC Ray DHNI E CD Early Chauhan Dynasties by Dr Dasharath Sharma ED & Elliot The History of India As Told by its own Historians. EI Epigraphia Indica GOS Gackwad Oriental Series ΤΑ Indian Autiquary MNK Muhnot Nainsi hi Khyat, translated by Rani Narayan Dugada Banaras R1 Rajputana Ka Itihasa by Dr G H Ojha RPG Rajasthan Puratan Granthamala SI Sirobi Ka Itihasa by Dr GS Ojha Singhi Jaina Granthamala SJGM ·CONTENTS Page VIX X--XIII XIV XV XVI 1-8 4 S 9-13 9 Fore word Preface Corrigendum Abbreviations Contents CHAPTER 1 KIRTIPALA (C 1160-1182 A D) Establishment of the Kingdom of Jalor Victory over the Turks Relations with the neighbouring States CHAPTER II SAMARASIMHA (C 1182 1204 AD) CHAPTER 111 UDAYASIMHA (C 1204 1257 A D) Conflict with the Turks CHAPTER IV CHACHIGADEVA (C 1257-1282 AD) CHAPTER V SAMANTASIMHA (C 1282-1305 AD) Conflict with the Khalji Sultans of Delhi CHAPTER VI KANHADADEVA (1292 1311 AD) Clash with Alauddin Khalji and the fall of Jalor BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 14- 24 14 19 25--31 25 32-40 32 37 41-55 41 41 57-60 61-66

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·CONTENTS Page VIX XXIII XIV XV XVI 1 1-8 1 4 5 9--13 9 Fore word Preface Corrigendum Abbreviations Contents CHAPTER MIRTIPALA (C 1160–1182 A D) Establishment of the Kingdom of Jalor Victory over the Turks Relations with the neighbouring States CHAPTER II SAMARASIMHA (C 1182 1204 AD) CHAPTER III UDAYASIMHA (C 1204-1257 A D) Conflict with the Turks CHAPTER IV CHACHIGADEVA (C 1257-1282 AD) CHAPTER V SAMANTASIMHA (C 1282-1305 AD) Conflict with the Khaljı Sultans of Delhi CHAPTER VI KANHADADEVA (1292-1311 AD) Clash with Alauddin Khalji and the fall of Jalor BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 14- 24 14 19 25.-31 25 32-40 32 37 41-55 41 41 57-60 61-66

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·JALOR AND AND ENVIRONS R89 Waipur Jaisalmer LUNI JMER Wodhpur f h Iolos Barmer SIWANAO 3 ANA JALOR 25° 17'N 72° 35'€ JALOR BHILWARA & SUXR 24 JASWNTPURA Chitongosh Sirohi 1860mADAR GHATTA Buradu Udaipur Muh m P gu) 30 KM - RAAN 22 74 ·CHAPTER 1 KIRTIPALA (C. 1160-1182 A. D.') $ Establishment of the Aingdom of Jalor Thc Sonagaras, one of the twentyfour branches of the Chabamanas, were the rulers of Javalipura which is also known as Suvarnagiri or Sonagiri and it is on account of their association with Suvarnagirl that they are called Sonagras. They had branched off from the line of the Chabamana kings of Naddula and arc thus the descendants of king Lakshmana. It was Kirtiralat the son of Albana, who at first made Suvarnagiri his seat of government. From his copper plate inscription of Nadol, bacued in V. E. 1218 (c.1161 A. D.) during the reign of his father, we learn that the Rajskula Alhasadeva and Kumara Kelhanadeva Ila the later Jain Inscriptions of the descendants of Kirtipala thu Exarxh calle 'she Sonigaras (Mishar. P. C.: Jaia Lekha-Sangraha, 1,895, No. 7703 which euy be vald to have been derived form Streagul, the many of the bill fort of Jatot meniloned in some of the inkriptiori of Sibintumba (118-1332 A. Dy of the branch (tbil, A 213, 88, 903). Ali, nez Dr. G. N. Sharma: Rajuta ka It.bas, Vol.1, Second raitios, 1973, p. 182. ? Wat 'in's towaas Kits.

·2 THE CHAHAVANAS OF JALOR were were pleased to give him tweleve villages appertaining to Naddulai These Naddulagrama Susera Dariji, Kavilada, Sonapama, Morekera, Harvandam, Madada, Kanasuvam, Devasuri, Nadada and Mauvadı, all in the Godwad division of the former Jodhpur State. Perhaps these places belonged to the district of Naddulai Muta Nainsi would have us believe that Jalor, 2 which was in the possession of a Paramara king, was seized by Kitu (Kirtipala) by winding fus Pradhana a Dabıya Rajput, over to his side 3 The possession of Jalor by the Paramaras at least till 1117 A. D is supported by an unpublished inscription in the Topakbana at Jalor This shows that Jalor (Javalıpura) was taken possession of by Kırtıpala during the reign of his father who, with the approval of Kumara Kelhana, confirmed it. In the light of this, the statement in the Sundha hill inscription that 'as a Raj-svara of Naddular' Kartipala took up bis residence at Javalıpura, can only mean that he was made ruler of a portion of the kingdom by his father and he also continued to remain as such even during the reign of his brother Kelhapa. Thus it is quite clear that Kutipala took a keen interest in the administration, and got administrative 1 ET, Vol IX, pp 67-70 2 Jalor was a strong fost busţt on a hill about one thousand feet high It was situated on the borders of Marwar kingdom about 50 miles south-east of Sevana 3 MNK, Vol 1, p. 152. According to Dr G N. Sharma, Jalor was captured by Kittspala in about 1181 A, D Rajas han Ka Itihas, Vol 1, Second Edatsos, 1973 p. 182. 4 EI, Vol X1, P 74, 5 El, Vol. IX. pp. 76-77, V. 36, ·SIRTIPALA $ experienre during the life time of his father as well as under his elder brother As early as in V E 1218 (C 1161 A D) he had obtained 12 villages from his father and brother Kelhana over which he ruled Similarly, a lain grant from Nadol, dated V E 1218 (C 1161 AD) and another Jain inscription from the temple of Sacıya Mata at Osia, dated V. E 1236 (C 1179 A D) informs us that Kirtipala took part in the administration ! This is further borne out by the fact that from this place he approved and countersigned a grant made by Ajayasi, son of Maharaja putra Kumarası, 10 the year V E 1220 The term 'Rajesvara' as mentioned in the Sundha hill inscrr ption,s may also mean the lord of the kingdom of Nadol, but this literal meaning of the term may not be applied here to Kirtioala who could not succeed to the throne of Nadol in the life time of his elder brother who according to a Jain inscription was in occupation of the throne of Nadol up to V E 1249 (1192 A D), which is certainly a later date by more than ten years from the date of shifting the residence to Jalor by Kirtipala Thus, the term as mentioned above may also indicate that Kutipala might have been a claiment to the throne of Nadol, but during the life time of his elder brother Kelhana this was out of question Dr Choudhary thinks that "the appropriate sense of the term may be the bighest honourable title to a man of the royal family who assisted in the administration in various capacities" 1 Jasa Lekha Sangraha 1, p 193 2 EI, Vol XIII p 298 3 ET, VIY, PP 76–77, V 36 4 Choudhary G C Polarıcal Hstory of Northern Indus, p 159. 5 lbid. 160 * ·THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR Vicotory over the Turks The Sundha hill inscription further tells us that he defeated a Kiratakupa chief named Asala, and at Kasabrada routed an army of the Turushkas ? Dr Bhandarkar is inclined to identify the Kiratakupa chief Asala with the successor of Madanabrah madeva, who is referred to in the mutilated inscription of V E 1235 (1178 A D) in the temple of Somesvara at Kıradu as a feudatory chieftain of the Chaulukya king Bhimadeva II ? This however, is a conjecture based on the nearness of the dates of Kırtıpala and Madanabrahmadeva and the identification of Kıratakupa with Kıradu about 16 miles north west of Barmer in the former Jodhpur State We know that Alhanadeva obtained Kiratakupa through the favour of Kumarapala in 1152 AD,' but it appears sometime afterwards it was transferred to Madanabrahmadeva or his predecessor by the Chaulukya king The place Kasahrada where he is credited to have routed an army of the Turushkas is to be identified with modern Kayadran (Sirohi) at the foot of Mount Abu: where Muhammad Ghori was defeated and his army faced a disaster at the hands of the Chaulukyas in 1178 A D The Prabandha Chintamani mentions the place by the name Godararaghatta 5 Kırtıpala, with bis elder brother Kelhana might have joined the Chaulukya forces against the common enemy Thus it seems certain that Kırtıpala by way EI cl IP 2 Ilid , P 2 3 Ibid PP 43-46 4 El lol XI p 72 sce ako vol IX p 73 5 SJGM, Tol Ip 97 ·KIRTIPALA of assisting Mularaja II the Chaulukya ruler of Gujrat (1176 78 AD) must have fought with the Turushkas, 1 in the year 1178 A D Relations with the neighbouring States An unpublished Kumbhalagadh inscription seems to indi. cate that Kitu ousted the Medapata Guhila Samantası mha, but was bimself driven out of the country by Kumarasimha, the younger brother of Samantasimha, who after pleasing the Gurjara king became king at Aghatapura 2 The principality assigned to Kirtipala by his father was not far from the frontiers of Mewar and Dr Ray holds that it is therefore quite likely that on the instructions and with assistance of Ajayapala (the Chaulukya king) Kırtıpala invaded Mewar and occupied it on bebalf of the Caulukya king This possibly happened sometime after C 1171 A D., the date of the Ja at inscription of Samanta- Simha and before C: 1179 A D the date of his Solay Inscription 3 It appears that the country was occupied by Kırtıpala but his brother Kumarasimha seems to have pacified the wrath of the Chaulukya king Ajayapala and through his favour he got himself seated on the throne of Aghatapura When the peace was thus restored between the Guhilats and the Chaulukyas, the Chahamana prince quitted Me var and returned back to his original principality Kirtipala was highly incensed by this ingratitude and partiality for his enemy and seems to have 1 Shastri Di Gujratano Madhyakal na Rajput I shasa p 342 2 Ojha Rajaputana-ka It bas Vol II p 451 foot-note 2 S DH\I, Vol II p 1183 ·a THE CHAHANANAS OF JALOR disowried the allegiance to the Chaulukya throne in the later part of his reign 1 Thus, Kirtipala was the first Jalor ruler to initiate an antı Chaulukya policy and his successors merely followed in his footsteps ? This fact may be corroborated by the Sundha hill inscription, according to which Kirtipala "... pierced with arrows a Kiratakuta prince by name Asala "3 Obviously, the prince in question was a feudatory chief of the Chaulukyas of Gujrat which is borne out by Jain inscriptions that in V E 1209 and V. E 1218, its ruler recognised the suzerainty of Kumarapala* (C 1143-72 A D) and in V E 1235, its ruler Madanabrhmadeva acted as a feudatory chief to the Chaulukya king It has been suggested that Asala was probably Madanabrahma's successor 6 Thus, Kirtipala appears to have played a considerable part 10 the politics of his time His relation with his brother Kelhana continued to be cordial Dr Sharma, however, infers that "the relations between the two brothers do not seem after all to have been very cordial, and it was perhaps this fact which led Kırtıpala, a man of ambitious and adventurous nature, to seek his fortunes elsewhere'? He had at least three sons and a daughter whose name, according to verse 41 of the Sundha hill inscriptions, was 1 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynasties, P 144 2 Ibid 3 EI, Vol IX p 77, \ 36 4 Mahar PC Jain Inscriptions, 1, pp 352 ff 5 Madanabrahma e Inscriptions, as noticed by Dr Dr Bhandarkar > Archaeological Survery of India Reports Western Circle, 1936-7, P 42 and ed ted by Bisheshwarnath Rau IA, 1933 6 Sharma D Early Chauhan Dynasties, p 144 7 Ibid, p 142 ·KIRTIPALA Rudaladevi, who is said to have built two temples of Siya at Javalipura The same inscription tells us of the name of his eldest son Samarasimha, and the names of the other two sons, namely, Lakhanapala and Abhayapala are inscribed in the Lalrai stone Inscript on,. dated V E 1233 (1176 A. D.) as proprieturs (Bhokin) of Sınavana to be identified with modern sonana It was one of the villages, granted by Alhana to Kirtipala who later on seems to bave made it over to his sons Kirtipala reccived the principality of Jalor during his father's reign sometime between 1152 and 1161 AD, the date of his Nadol copper plate inscription and he continued to rule, it perhaps, as for as 1182 A. D the first known date of his successor. He was, however, not an Independent ruler but held his fief at least during the early part of his reign through the favour of his elder brother Kelbana He seems to have been an ambitious as well as an overwhelmingly resourceful person, and in the words of Dr Sharma "It was no mean achievement for a younger brother to have carved out for himself a kingdom in that hilly tract of Mewar which in future resisted for years even the great might of the Mughals of Delhi, and the achievement was still greater when, on being compelled by circumstances to evacuate it, he had resource and courage enough to lay the foundations of another kingdom almost equal in strength to that ruled over by his elder brother Kelbana, and that too most probably by acting against the m ghty Chaulukya power which had shown its strength not merely by evicting Kirtipala from Mewar, but had also measured swords successfully 1 Ei, Vol XI, p. 43 ·8 KIRTIPALA with the redoubtable Muhammad Ghori"i He was an orthodox Hindu tolerant to other sects as well This may be borne out by his Nadol grant dated 1161 A D wherein be has been shown as worshipping Surya and Mahesvara, offering oblations to the sacred fire and then granting a benefaction to the Jaio temple of Mahavira ? According to Nainsi, 'Kitu was a great Rajput' 1 ECD, P 14 2 EI Vol IX, pp 67-70 3 MNK Vol 1, p 15% ·CHAPTER II SAMARASIMHA (C. 1782-1204 A. D.) + Kirtipala was followed on the throne by his son Samarasimha for whose reign we have the following inscriptions: (i) The Jalor stone inscription, dated V. E. 1239 (1782 A D ), was found at Jalor in the former Jodhpur State and is incised on two lintels, ond above the other of the principal cloister of an old mosque, now used as'a Topakhana. The inscription upon the upper lintel contains three lines, while the lower one is composed of four lines. It refers to the reign of Maharaja'Samarasimha, son of Maharaja Kirtipaladeva. It further speaks of the Rajapura (Rajaputra) Jojala as Rajya-Chintaka, i. e, apparently a person looking after the administration of the kingdom, By the way we are told that he held in scorn the multitude of the uosettled tribes of the whole district of Pilvahika." This Jojala is said to be the maternal uncle of Samarasimha," (i) The Jalor stone inscription, dated V. E. 1242 (1185 A. D.) is incised on a lintel in the second storey over the Mihrab of the same mosque referred to above. It contains four different, Pulvahika to be identified with Pilga in the Parbatsat District of the Jodhpur State, on the frontiers of the Kühengarh State and the Taskaras (the unsettled inbes) are perhaps the Bavris who still abound there. 1 E1, Vol. X1, pp. 5237, ·10 THE CHAHAVATAS OF JALOR statements, all pertaining to the same temple The first part speaks of a certain temple, known as Kuvara Vihara built by Kum aarpala, upon the fort of Kanchanagırı belonging to Javalipura in V E 1221 (Javalıpuriva Kanchanagiri gadhasyopari in line one) The second part says that it was rebuilt in V E 1242 by Bhandari Yasovira in accordance with the orders of Maharaja Samarası mhadeva, the ornament of the Chahamana family and the lord of the country, He is also referred to in the Sundha hill inscription w11C1 says that he built extensive ramparts on the Kanakachala and founded the town Samarapura, after having weighed himself against gold The toun of Samarapura remains unidentified and the Kanakachala, according to Dr Ojha, is the name of she fort of Jalor which is locally known as Sonalgadh and in an insori ption, dated V.E 1221, referred to above, it is called Kanchan agadh The fort is about 800 yards in length and 400 yards in width and crowns a rocky bill of an altitude of 1200 feet above the surrounding plain But according to Dr Bhandarkar, however, Kanchadagiri or Kanakachal was the name of the hill on which the fort of Jalor is situated 3 It appears that when Kirtipala carved out 1kıs principality for himself and established But as he capital at Jalor, he commenced the fortification did not live long after, the work was compieted by his son Samaraşımha 3 IEI, Vol II, pp 54-55 Ibid, Vol 11 p 73 3 Ibid, Vol 1, p 74 ·SAMARASIMHA 11 The following inscriptions which supply us with no dynastic ames and which, according to Dr Bhandarkar, belong to the eign of Guhilaputra Samantasimba, deserve a careful examı. iation They are 3 (a) The Uthman inscription, dated V E 1256, referring to the reign of Samantasimha 1 (b) The Bamnera inscription No 1, dated V E 1238, referring to the reign of Maharaja Samantasımha 3 (c) The Bamnera inscription No 2, dated 1258, referring to the reign of the same king 3 (d) The Sanderav påscription, dated V E 1258, 1 T incised on a Jain temple and referring to the reign of the same king 4 7 (e) The Bamnera inscription No 3, dated V E 1258 and referring to the reign of the same kings 3 If these inscriptions belong to the reign of the Gubllot king' Samantasımba, as Dr Bhandarkar thínks, then his reign would cover the period at least up to 1202 A’ D, which does not seem probable, for we have seen above that when he was ousted from Mewar by Kirtipala, his younger brother, after pleasing the Gurjara king, became king at Aghatapura. Secondly, the proy- 1 1 * 1 ASI WC, 1916–17, PP 65-66 2 Ibid, 1903-9 p 52 Also Ef, Vol XX, p 64 3 El Vol. , No 445 4 Ibid, No 446 5 Ibid, No 417 1 ·12 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR enance of the inscriptions is an important factor to be considered The two places, namely, Baminera and Sanderav, were in the possession of the Chahananas as the Bamnera grant and the sanderav stone inscription of the Chabamana king Kelhana clearly reveal, and the Gubilots nowhere claim their possession of the same The dates from 1199 to 1202 A D as supplied by these inscriptions may be the Chahamana Maharaja Samarası mha's dates, for the earliest known date of his successor is 1205 A D Under the circumstances it may be quite reasonable to accept these inscriptions as belonging to the reign of the Chahamana king Samarasimha. The Kadi grant of Bhimadeva II of Gujrat, dated 1206 AD, tells us that he married Liladevi, the daughter of the Chahu (mana) Rana (ka) Samarasimha 4 This Chahu (mana) Rana (ka) 18 none other than the Chahamana king Samarasimha of Jalor We have seen above that Maharaja Samarasimha had two brothers and a sister And besides his daughter Liladev, he had at least two sons namely, Manavasimha the elder, and Udayasimba, the younger son We learn from Dr Ojha that the book of the Badavas of Sirohi records that Manava was the younger son and he is inclined to aceept this on the ground that Udayasimha ascended the throne after Samarasimha Muta 1 Ibid, Vol X111 pp 30 -11 % Ibid, Vol IX pp 46-47 3 BG, Vol I Part 1, PP 474-76 4 IA, Vol VI, p 195 Plate 11 nel 3 El Vol IX, P 80 6 Ojha, SI, P 180 ·13 SAMARASIMHA Nainsi, howere, places one Arisimha between Samarasimha and Udayasimha. It is likely that the name of Arisimha stands for that of Manavasimha who had, by virtue of his birth the real claim 10 the throne, but was ousted by Udayasimta. Dr. Ray also opines that possibly this brother (Manavasimba) preceded Udayasimha as ruler of Jalor. As the earliest known date of his son and successor Udayasimha is 1202 A.D, and the last known date of Samarasimha is 1202 A.D., we may conclude that he died sometime between these two dates. We learn from the Sundha hill inscription that Samarasimha was' fond of buildings, friendly towards the leamed and very charitable. 'He is said to bavt given many tuladanas: built many ramparts on the Kanakachala' or Suvamagiri at Salor, equipped them with machines of many kinds, store houses and battlements of the Vidyapali type. He also built a town named Samarapura and beautified it with gardens. His sister Rudaladevi was equally found of buildings and built two temples dedicated to Siva & Similarly, Bhandari Yasovira, repaired the temple called Kunwaravihara by his orders.? > MNK, VOI I, p. 153 DHNI, Vol. II, p. 1126 3 Verse, 40. 4 Ibid, Verse 38, 5 Ibid, Verse 40, 6 Ibid, Vetse 41. 7 Jafor iascsiprion No. 2 edited by Er. D. R. Ehandarkar, EL, Vol. XI, P. 53, ·1 CHAPTER III UDAYASIMHA (C. 1204-1257 A. D.) Udayasimha, 1 the second son, came to the throne sometime before 1205 A. D We have the following inscriptions for his Teign : (1) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No. 1). It is incised op the upper face of the lower, square sctiop of a pillar of the temple of Jagaswami at Bhinmal and opens with Om Namah, Suryaya' and 19 dated V. E. 1262 (1205 A, D.). It refers itself to the prosperous and victorsous reign of Maharajadhiraja Srı Udayasımhadeva in the term of office of the Paricha, consisting of Asvapsı and others and records the grant of 40 dramma, by Vilhaka at the Yatra, festival, to be deposited in the I Belonging to the reign of Udayasımba we have four Bhinmal inscriptons dated in the Vikrama year 1262, 1274, 1305 and 1306, respectively. Dated in the last of these years is also a manuscript of the Nibbyabh- Imavyayoga of Ramchandra (quoted by Dr D.R. Bhandar car, er, Vol. XI, p. 76). On the basis of these records, the latest date of Udaya:- mha was fixed approximately V. 1306. But recently the discovery of the Kharataragachchhapattavalı begun by Jinapala and contiaaed by his successors enable us to push forward the date by açarly eight years oted by Shazma, D. : Early Chauhan Dyaatties, p 148 Thus Dr. Sharma concludes that Udayasimha might have ruled for near y 52 years (Ibxd).

·UDAYASIVHA treasury of god Jagaswami, and also another grant of 1$ drammas by one Madraka. a : (2) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No, 2), dated V. E. 1274 (1217 A. D.), is incised on a pillar on the west face of the third right hand pillar in Baraji's rest house at Bhinmal. It refers to the reign of the same as in No. 1, during the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Sa. Depala and others. 'It records' a grant for the offiering of Naivedya to the god Jagaswami's 0 (3) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No. 3) dated V, E. 1305 (1248 A. D.) is incised on the south face of the , fifth right pillar on the right hand' of Baraji's rest house at Bhinmal and refers itself to the reign of the same as in No. 1, during the term of office of the Pancha consis- .!! ting of Mabảnt Gajasimha and other.': It records the giánt of 50 drammas deposited in the treasury of the god'Jagaswami at the Asvin festival.$. 1: -- (4) The Bhinmal stone, insçription (No. 4), ,,It is found in the walled enclosure of the temple of Nilakantha Mahadeva, about a mile from Bhiomal in the Jaswantpur District of the former Jodhpur State: it is dated V. E. 1306 (1249 A. D). It refers to Maharajadhiraja Sri Udayasimhadeva and the Pancha, consisting Mabanta Gajasimha and others appointed by him, was * ܕܬ 2 1 BG, Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. 474-7, No, Vil. 2 lbid, pp. 175-76, No. VIII. staid., bp476-77, No. IX.

·16 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR exercising local authonty at Srimala The object of the grant is to record two bencfactions 40 drammas were deposited in the treasury of of the god Jagaswami, the Surya divinity of Srimala by two brothers, Mathura Kayastha by caste and 15 drammas by one Tathaka on the same day for his spiritual merit1 He is also referred to in the Sundha hilt inscription, according to which he ruled the glorious Naddula, the glorious Javalıpura Mandavyapura, Vagbhatameru, Surachanda, Ratahrada, Kheda, Ramasainya, Srimala, Ratnapura, Satyapura and other places His queen was Prahladavadevi who bore him two sops, Chachigadeva and Chamundaraja Regarding his exploits the inscription states that he curbed the pride of the Turuska, was not to be conquered by the Gurjara king and put an end to Sindhuraja He was a scholas conversant with the great works of Bharata? (Bharata's Natyasastra) and others He built two Sıva temples at Javalıpura of these places Naddula, Javalıpura and Mandavyapura are obviously Nadol, Jalor and Mandor nspectively, the last about 6 miles north of Jodhpur Vagbhata. mera is Badmer, pot, however, the place which goes at present by the name, but Juna Badmer or simply Juna, as it is also called, about 12 miles south-west of modern Badmer - Surach- 1 EI, Vol VI, PP 55-57 2 Dr U Sharma bowever, translates the word 'Bharata mukha Mahag Tantba' of the yerse (46) as Alababharata on account of the accompan ying word Malagrantha (Early Chavhan Dycastic, P 155 and also footnote 55) $ EI, Vol IX, P 73 4 Dr Sharma identifies it with Badmiset proper (Early Chauhan Dynas tiet, P 148) ·UDAYASIVHA 17 anda is Surachand in the Sanchor District and Ratahrada has its name still surviving in Riddhada, by which the district round about Nagargudha in Mallani is still popularly known Khedu is Kher in Mallanı, the ancient capital of the province Ramasannya, Srimala, Ratnapura and Satyapura are Ramsen, Bhinmal, Ratanpur and Sanchor, respectively Up to the time of Samarasımha the principality of Jalor had been confined to the Jalor Distnct and the territory intervening between it and Kiradu, but with the coming of Udayasimba on the throne the kingdom seenis to have extended considerably After Kelhana the kingdom of Naddula had broken into pieces and a major portion of it now formed the part of Jalor kingdon Most of the places mentioned above were formerly in the possession of the Nadoliya branch Nadol, the very seat of their government, which was conquered first by the Muslims and then by the Gubilot king Jaitrasimha, was now in his possession Mandryapura was ruled at least up to 1193 A D by one Sodhaladeva, the son of Kelhana, but the mighty arms of Udayasimha apparently conquered it 1 The Sundha hill inscription also sp-aks of Udayasımba as having put and end to Sindburaja and as not having been conqu cred by the Gurjara kung Dr H C Ray points out that "the word Sindhu raja may also mean king of Sindhu which country was not very far from the boundary of Udayasımba's kingdom "I But Dr D R Bhandarkar tries to identify him with the prince of that name, belonging to the branch of the Lata Chahamanas, whose son Sankha2 was defeated near Cambay by Vastupala during 1 DHN, Vol II, P 1123, foot-note 12. 2 Sankha was also knowA u Seagramaialt, ·16 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR exercising local authority at Srimala. The object of the grant is to record two benefactions. 40 drammas were deposited in the treasury of of the god Jagaswami, the Surya divinity of Srimala by two brothers, Mathura Kayastha by caste and 15 drammas by one Tathaka on the same day for his spiritual merit. 1 He is also referred to in the Sundha hill inscription, according to which he ruled the glorious Naddula, the glorious Javalipura Manda vyapura, Vagbbatameru, Surachanda, Ratahrada, Kheda, Ramasainya, Srimala, Ratnapura, Satyapura and other places. His queen was Prahladavadevi who bore him two sons, Chachigadeva and Chamundaraja. Regarding his exploits the inscription states that he curbed the pride of the Turuska, was not to be conquered by the Gurjara king and put an end to Sindhuraja. He was a scholar conversant with the great works of Bharata2 (Bharata's Natyasastra) and others. He built two Siva temples at Javalipura, 3 of these places Naddola, Javalipura and Mandavyapura are obviously Nadol, Jalor and Mandor respectively, the last about 6 miles north of Jodhpur. Vagbhatamera is Badmer, Bot, however, the place which goes at present by the name, but Juna Badmer or simply Juna, as it is also called, about 12 miles south-west of modern Badmer. Surach- 1 EI, Vol. XI, pp. 55-57. 2 Di, u Sharma, kowever, translates the word "Bharatamukha Mehage rantba' of the verse (+6) as Mababharata en account of the accompao. ying word Mabagrantha (Early Chauban Dynastics, p. 155 and also footnote 55). 3 EI, Vol. IX, p. 73. 4 Dr. Sharraa identifies it with Badner proper (Early Chauban Dynay ·UDAYASIVHA 17 nda is Surachand in the Sanchor District and Ratahrada has its ame still surviving in Ruddhada, by which the district round boul Nagargudha in Mallani is still popularly known Khedu $ Kher in Mallant, the ancient capital of the province Ramasainya, Srimala, Ratnapura and Satyapura are Ramsen, Bhinmal, Ratanpur and Sanchor, respectively Up to the time of Samarasimha the principality of Jalor bad been confined to the Jalor District and the territory intervening between it and Kıradu, but with the coming of Udayasimha on the throne the kingdom seenis to have extended considerably After Kelhana the kingdom of Naddula had broken into pieces and a major portion of it now formed the part of Jalor kingdon Most of the places mentioned above were formerly in the possession of the Nadolıya branch Nadol, the very seat of their government, wbich was conquered first by the Muslims and then by the Guhilot king Jaitrasimha, was now in his possession Mandvyapura was ruled at least up to 1193 A D by one Sodhaladeva, the son of Kelhana, but the mighty arms of Udayasimha apparently conquered it The Sundha hull inscnption also sp'aks of Udayasımha as having put and end to Sindhuraja and as not having been conqu ered by the Gurjara king Dr, H C Ray points out that "the word Sindhu raja may also mean king of Sindhu which country was not very far from the boundary of Udayasımha's kingdom "I But Dr D R Bbandarkar tries to identify him with the prince of that name, belonging to the branch of the Lata Chabamanas, whose son Sapkba: was defeated near Cambay by Vastupala during 1 DIINT, Vol 11, P 1123, footsote 12. 2 Sapkba was also Koowo u Sangramadali.

·18 THE CITATIAMAVAS OF JALOR the Vaghela king Lasanaprasada's reign! The struggle against the Gurjara king who could not conquer Udiyasımha doubtless, refers to the fact mentioned in the Kirtikaumudi that four kings from Marwar conspired to march against Lavanaprasada, while on the south the Yadava sovereign Singhana was marching against him in this battle Udayasimha, the chief of the Marwar conſederacy, though wounded on the head by Lavanaprasada, secms to have secured the victory, for even the pro-Chaulukya Kirtikaumudi has to admit that "Lavana prasada, though still sore and hostile at heart, had to return to his capital, concluding a treaty with these heroic rulers on account of the troubles caused to his relatives and the public'? A few yaars later Lavanapra sada's son Viradhavala had also been placed almost in the same predicament, for we learn from the Hammira-Mada-Mardana that Singhana agaio marched against him on one side, the Turushka called Milacchikara on the other, and Devapala, the king of Malwa, on the third The kings of Marudesa were on the point of joining the Turushka army, when Viradhavata at a ce marched and won them over to his side The name of these ints, as mentioned by the Kavya are Somasimlia, Ulayagımha and Dharavarsba or these Udayasimha is ur doubtedly the king of 1 EI, Vol XI, p 15 Thu identif cation, however, does not appear to be cnvircing on the ground that stadhuraja of the Chahamana family of I aja tad teen slain by the Yadaya tuler Simbana of Deogin na battle on the bark of the Narmada (Sharma D Early Chavhan Dynastics p 16 and Also foot-note 13) 2 Kurti kaumudi, IV, 61. of 4 + A ·UDAYASIMHA 19 Jalor 1 The same Kavya further informs us that Virama, the eldest son of Viradhavala, was married with the daughter of Udayasimha and who was ultimately murdered in the Chahamana curt at the instigation of Vastupala the Minister of the Dholaka chief So, this marriage appears to have been arranged to reconcile the Chahamana and the Vaghela kings of their hostilities However, as the Sundha hill inscription rightly puts it, the Chahamana king remained "invincible for the lords of the Gurjara kingdom "? Conflict with the Turks As Udayasımha grew in sitength and his territories extended including even some places which had been occupied by the Turks, a conflict with the Turks became inevitable The Tawarıkh-)-Fırshta refers to one of his early conflicts wnh the Turks in these words "Soon after this event, Oodye-Sa, the tributary raja of Jalwur, kaving refused to make the usual payments, the king was induced to march and reduce him to obedience ". The king referred to is doubtless Shamsu.d dio lltutmish and "Oodye-Sa' is Udayasimha, the king of Jalor Hasan Nizami, the contemporary historian at the Delhi Court, en bis Taju-1 Ma asır, records the capture of Jalor sometime between 1211 and 1216 A D. and says, "After sometime, they represented to his Majesty that the inbabitants of the fort bf Jalewar (Jalor) had determined to revenge the blood which had been shed, and once or twiec mention of the evil deeds and impr. 1 EI, Vol. II, pp 75-76 2 Ibid, Vol 1\, 78, Verse 46 3 BF, Vol 1, p 207 ·20 THE CHAHATI4VAS OF JALOR oprieties of that people was made before the sublime throne Shamsu-d din accordingly assembled a fasge army, and headed by a number of the pillars of the Stale, such as Ruknu-d din Hamzı Izzu-d din Bakhtiar Nasiruddin Mardan Shah, Nasiru-d din Ali and Badru-d din Saul artigin, valiant men and skilful archers who could in a dark night hit with their arrows the mirror on the forehead of an elephant The king took his way towarus Jalewar by the aid of God, and by reason of the scantiness of water and food it was a matter of danger to traverse that desert, where one might have thought that nothing but the fac of demons and sprites could be seen, and the means of escape from it were not even written on the tablet providential design Udi Sah, the accursed, took to the four walls of Jalewar, an exceedingly strong fortress, the gates of which had never been opened by any conqueror, When the place was invested by Shamsu-d d1o, Udt Sah requested some of the chiefs of the royal army to intercede for his forgivents3 While the terms of his surrender were under consideration, two or three of the bastiors of his fort were demolished He came, with his head and feet naked, and placed his forehead on the carth and was received with favour The Sultan granted him his life, and restored his fortress, and in return the Rai presented respectfully an hundred camels and twenty borses, in the name of tribute and after the custope of service, the Sultan Iben returned to Delh: "1 From this account it is apparent that Udayasimha, after his full preparations to defy the mighty Sultan of Delhi was out to I ED, Vol II, pp 235-36.

·21 SAMARASIVHA avetige the tyranny and destruction perpetuated on the Hindus by Shahabuddin Ghori, and when an opportunity was offered after the death of the latter in 1210 A.D., he commenced his attack on the Muslims. This was reported to Iſtutmısh when he took the reign of government at Delhi in 1211 A.D., and he led the expedition against Udayasimha. But he does not appear to have been quite successful in his design, Hasan Nizami himself decribes the difficulties of the invasion and his statement does not credit the Sultan to have destroyed any temple of the Hindus or plundered the fort of Jalor, as was always the case with the Muslim invaders of the day. His sudden return with a hundred camels and twenty horses only as persents in the name of tribute from such a powerful ruler seems to indicate perhaps his honourable retreat, and even though he was successful at all in reducing Jalor, he does not appear to have made Udayasimha weak in any way. But this was perhaps the beginning of the struggle and some time in 1221 A. D. when Iltutmish again assumed the offensive #gainst Rajasthan and Gujrat, Viradhavala Vaghela of Dholaka ind his High Minister Vastupala orgainsed a confederacy of Hindu rulers to oppose the Sultan. Udayasimba was one of the members of the league. This apparently frightened the Delbı Sultan who, after having realised the difficulty of facing this formidable league consisting of Viradhavala of Gajrat and Udayasimba, Somasimba and Dharavansha of Marwar, quietly withdrew without a fight. litutish led yet oac more expedi- 1 Hammira-Madi-Mardana i Gos), pp. 1i acd 11-24. 'Also Scë Shatna, D. : Early Chauhan Cyras-je3, p. 152.

·THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR tion against Udayasimba We learn from Minhaj that in 624 A H (1227 A D.), "hc (Altamash) attacked the fort of Mandur in the Siwalik hills, there also God bestowed victory on him, and much plunder fell into the hands of his followers "g This Mandur is apparently Mandor or Mandavyapura which was theo in the possession of Udayasımba Hindu accounts, however, give a different story The Sundha bill anscription credits Udayasimha to bave curbed the power of the Turushkas ? Muta Nainsi tells us that Sultan Jalaluddin attacked Jalor but was defeated and driven back and to bear witness to his statement he quotes a well prevalent Doba "The water which the Asuras (the Muslims) had drunk from lake Sundara with their mouths was taken by the ruler Udaya out of the eyes of their (grief-stricken) wives " The same stanza has been quoted with slight variation sa the Puratanaprabandha Sungrah We are told that after having conquered Gurjaratra the rurk army quenched its thirst in the Sundara lake and halted at the village of Siraga Then the Rawal Udayasimha defeated them in the field of battle and a chief, Malık Albak by name, 3 i Elf ar, Vor 11, p 325 2 EI, Vol IX, 78 Verse 46 सुदर मुर असुरह दले, जल पीयो ववणेह । द नरपत काढियो नस नारी नयगह ।। MR Varl, 1537 मु दर सरि असुराह दलि, जलु पीघउ वयहिं । उदयनारदिहिं कीड्ढङ, तह नारी नयहि ।। SJGM Vol II, p 50 ·23 UDAYASIMHA was slain.1 Nainsi gives the dais of, this battle in V 1298 (1241 A D) and the name of the invader as Jalaluddin ? According to Puratana Prabandha Sangraha, Sultan Jalaluddin could not stand the stigma of defeat and again in V 1310 (1253 A D) on the 5th day of the month of Masha, himself led the army of invasion, and, after having taken his residence at Suvarnagırı laid mines to blast the fort Fearing that the fort might fall as a result of this mining operation, Vayasimha asked Rajputra Bapada to negotiate with the Sultan who demanded 36 lacs of drammas and the son of his minister Yasavira as hostage The Sultan returned back after compliance of the terms of the treaty and the Rawal rebuilt the undermined walls of the fort 9 L 7 Sultan Jalaluddin of the statement may refer either to Sultan Shamsud din Ilumish himself or to his son Jalaluddin' In The latter case, the army of invasion might have been led by Jalaluddin Then there is the question of dates These dates do not fall in the reign of Iltutmish, although they are parts of the reign of Udayasimha It is quite likely that these dates are not correctly recorded But in case they are correct, they may refer to some subsequent invasion of Jalor which have not been recorded by Muslim bistonans Thus the Min and Muslim accounts differ widely and it is a difficult problem to come to 3 1 SJGM Vol. II, 50 2 MNK, Vol I,p 153 3 SGM, Vol 11, pp 50 51 4 For identification of Jalalud din See author's D Litt Thesis Dis: ntegration of North Indian Hindu States ($175 132) AD) Vol 1, (Gorakbpur Valversity, 1970 udpublished) pp 174 176 * ·THE CHA44 VAVAS OF JALO any definite conclusion 10 face of these conflicting reports. But all the same it may be concluded that in spite of his repeated attempts Shamsu d din Iltutmish could not reduce the kingdom of Jalor and had to content himself, with only a small present and Udayasımha, in the midst of occasional outbursts of hostilities, was as strong as ever Thus Udayasımha not only extended the boundaries of the Jalor kingdom but also raised the prestige, power and political status of the Chahmadas of Jalor "Perhaps' according to Dr Dasharatha Sharma “Northem India had not the i aay ruler mightier than Udayası nha."1 His queen Prabladanadevi bore bim two sons, namely Chachigadeva and Chamundaraja and from the Bhinmal inscription, dated V E 1334, we learn that he had at least one more son Vahadi»imba 3 He had a daughter also who was married with Vıramadeva, the son of the Vaghela krag Vrradha vala The reign of Udayasimha was a long one His earliest known dat is 1205 A D and the latest, according to his Bhinmal Inscription, is 1249 A D The Nibhaya bhimavyayoga is also dated in the V E 1306 (1249 A D) 10 the victorious reign of Udayasimha 9 But as the Kharataragachchbapttavalı contains two notices of his reign in V E 1310 and 1314 (1253 and 1257 AD),4 he might have ruled up to 1257 A D or slightly more, enjoying a long reign of more than 52 years 3 I ECD, P 155 2 SJGV, Vol II, p 50 3 De Peterson's First Report (1882 93}, App.p.81. 4 Sbama, D Early Chaubas Donatie, p 149 ·CHAPTER IV CHACHIGADEVA ( 1257-1282 A. D.) Udayasimha's eldest son Chachigadeva succeeded him on the throne. For the reign of this king we have the following Inscriptions : (1) The Sundba hill stone inscription. This famous inscription, which has been so far a valuable source of information to us, is on two stones which were found on the Sundha hill, about 10 miles north of Jaswantpur in the Jaswantpur District of the former Jodhpur State. The first stone has 26 lines and the second 24 lines of writing and they contain 59 verses in all including the prose passage counted as a verse. The primary object of the inscription is to glorify the Chahamana, chief Chachigadeva during whose reign it was composed and for whom it furnishes a date in the month of Vaisakha of V. year 1319, falling in about 1262 A. D. Fortunately the author has used the occasion to give a account of the Chahamanas of Naddula, which is of considerable importance and interest. * (2) The Kareda inscription. It was found by Dr. D. R. Bhandarkar at Sevadi, but originally it was lying at Kareda in Mewar, doubtless Karabeda mentioned therein. It bears the ·26 THE CHAHANANAS OF JALOR date V E 1326 (1269 A D) and refers itself to the reign of Chachigadeva 1 (3) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No 1) It is incised on the south face of the lower square section of the western side of the north pair of dome pillars of Jagaswamin's temple at Bhinmal It is dated (V) S 1330 (C 1274 A D) It records some donations to the god Jagaswamin by one Subhata for the spiritual benefit of Rajadhiraja Udayasimha and himself ? (4) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No 2) It is incised on a fallen pillar to the west of Ghazni Khan's tomb on the bank of the Jaikop lake at Bhinmal and contains 25 lines of writing It is dated V E 1333 (1277 A D) at the holy Srimala in the prosperous and victorious reign of Maharajakula Sri Chachig adeva, during the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Mahattama Gajasimha and others It registers some grant hy Subhata the leading Kayastha of the Naizama family ard the officer of Sri Satyapur Batnapur Latahrada for worship and service to the Tirthapkara Mahavira 3 (5) The Bhinmal stone inscription (No 3) It is incised oa the north face of the lower square section of the eastern of the north pair of dome pillars of the temple of Jagaswamin at Bhinmal, and contains 13 lines It is dated V E 1334 (C 1278 I EI, Vol XI, pp 76-77 2 BG Vol I, Part I pp. 478-80 As Its date indicates this record belongs obviously to the reign of Chachigadeva though it does not mentron his name ? 3 Ibid pp 480-81 ·CHACHIGADEVA 27 A. D) in the reign of the same as in No. 2 in the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Maba .... (gaja ..Siha and the rest appointed in the treasury of the god Jagaswamja for the god Jagaswamın for the spiritual benefit of Sri Chamundaraja. We have a fourth Bhinmal inscriptions belonging to his reign which is dated V. S. 1328 (1271 A. D.). Besides there are two more inscriptions - Jalor inscriptions dated V.S 1323 (1266 A. D) and Ratnapur inscription* dated V. S. 1333 (1276 A D.). The latter two inscriptions give the name of his prime-minister as Sri Jakahadeva (lakha), These cight inscriptions range between V.E. 1319 (1262 A.D) and 1334 (1278 A.D). However, the record of a 'Partishtha' at Jalor, dated (V) 1316 states that Padru and Muliga put a gold cupola and gold dovaja on the temple of Santinatha at Suvarnagiri in the reign of Chachigadeva. So the esiliest known date of this prince bring V. S. 1316 (1259 A. D.) and the last known date of his father 1314 (1257 A. D.), Chachigadeva must have come to the throne in V. 1315 (1258 A. D) if not earlier. He must have died before V. 1339 (1282 A. D), the earliest known date of his son and successor, ! { 1 Ibid, pp. 481-83. 2 EL, Vol XI, p 37. 3 Ibud, 1 + Jain Lekaa Sanztaba, Vol. 1, p 240, No 902. S Ibad, p, 248, Me. 935. 6 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynastati, p 156 $ ·20 THE CHAHAVAVAS OF JALOR Verses 47-59 of the Sundha hill inscription refer to the achi evements of Chachigadeva In verse 50 he has been described as "destroying the roaring Gurajara Lord Virama, hating the enemy Salya, taking exquisit delight in falling the shaking (or leaping) Pataka, depriving of his colour Sanga and thunder-belt to the mountain - the furious Nahara"} Virama, the Vaghela prince of Dholka, was married with Udayasimha's daughter. On the news of his father's mortal illness he came to Dholaka and tried to assert his right to the throne But Vastupala proved too strong for him He secured Vusaladeva's succession and forced Virama to fly from the city Vorama, thus having been defealed, went to års father-in-law Udayasimha's house and was treacherously murdered 2 This cold blooded murder of Virama in the house of his own father-inlaw at the instigation of the Minister Vastupala and the Dholala chief Vrsaladeva suggests that his death was caused for the sake of drplomacy But this seems to have happened during his father's reign though at the hands of Chachigadera As regards the hated enemy Salya, he may be, as suggested by Dr. Koelhome and accepted by Dr Bhandarkar, the prince of the same name mentioned in verse 19 of the Dabhoi inscripison as an enemy of Lavanaprasada ? But here one difficulty presents itself in identifying Salya with the prince of the name in the Dabhoi inscription This prince was contemporary of Lavaga- 1 EI, Vol IX, pp 11-79 2 ET, Vol XI, p 76 3 Dr, Sharma doubts the correctness of this interpretation (Early Chiu han Dynasties, p 156, foot note 3) ·CHACHIGADEVA 29 prasada, the grandfather of Viramadeva and as Viramadeva himself was a contemporary of Chachigadeva, his grandfather goes two generations ahead of Chachigadeva Consequently, Salya of the above inscription also becomes his senior by two generations It is more likely that the Salya of the Sundha hill loscription is the Salha of the Sanchor stone inscription of Pratapasimha dated V E. 1444 1 According to Muta Nainsi this Salha was in the fourth generation of Vijayasimha, the founder of the Sanchor branch of the Chahamanas? and a brother of Kurtipala Now Chachígadeva was also in the fourth generation of Kırtıpala, so the two cousins Chachigadeva and Salhas can easily be taken to be contemporaries We have further seen above that Sanchor formed a part of the dominion of Udayasımha, thus signifying that the Sanchor Cbahamanas had been reduced to the position of feudal vassals under their cousins at Jalor Thus it is probable that Salha might have shown tendencies towards independence which Chachigadeva would have been called upon to check and thus he might have hated him as a disturber of peace in the kingdom Chachigadeva 18 credited to have taken delight in felling the shaking Patuka This Patuka may be a local form of the name Pratapa According to Dr. Bhandarkar this Patuka (Batapa) 1 EI, Vol XI, pp 67-67. % MNK, Vol 1, p 173 3 According to Nains this Salha fell fighting is the battle against Alauddin during the 10yasion of Jalor in 1311 A, D This means that Salba ruled in the last quarter of the thirteenth century and was not only contemporary but actually a vassal of Chachi adeva MINK, Vol I, 164, I ·30 THE CHAHA VANAS OP JALOR was Chachigadeva's own cousin, the son of Manavasım ha, 1 who was the elder brother of Udayasımba and the rightful heir to the throne of Jalor. Dr. Sharma, however, is not inclined to accept this identification and he proposes to identify him with the Abu ruler Pratapasimha who was an important figure and who ruled at Abu up to V S 1344.2 Dr. Bhandarkar identifies Sanga with Sangana, as a ruler of Vanthalı near Junagadh who was a brotber-in-law of Varadhavala and was slain by him. If this identification be correct, this must have happened during his father's time because Viradhavala predeceased Udayasımha, and in that case Chachigadeva appears to have helped his relation Viradhavala, while a Yuvaraja 4 The 'Furious Nabara' of the inscription also remains anidentified Dr Sharma sugges.s that he might have been some Muslim general defeated either 13 Chachigadeva's own Teign or to that of his father.5 In Jodhpur 10scnption of Rupadevy, originally found at Budhatra and pow deposited at the Ajmer museum, dated V E 1340 (1284 A D) Chacaigadeva s mentioned under the name Chacha ip line 8 This inscription also tells us that Chacha's wife was Lakshmidevi, and that this lady bore him Rupadevi, 1 EI, Vol 11, p 16 2 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynasfts, PP 156-57. 3 El, Yol XI, p. 76. 4 Dr Sharma reject this identification on the ground that wien Sang. ana, the ruler of Vacathalı, fought and lost his life, Chrachtgadeva toust have been than a mere cheid (Varly Chauhan Dynasties, P. 157) $ Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynasties, P 157, ·31 CHACHIGADFVA who became the wife of king Tejasimha (to whom she bore a son named Kshemasimha) and frunded a well or tank in A D/1284 in the reign of the Maharajkula Samvantasimhadeva This Samyantasimhadeva is none but the successor of Chachigadeva and appears to be his son, though, of course, no epigraph helps us to determine the exact relation between them Tejasimha, the son-in-law of Chachigadeva was, according to Dr G H Ojha, a Guhilaputra for whom we have the dates 1260 70 AD" Nainsı tells us that besides Samantasimha he had two more sons, narely, Chahadadeva and Chandra 3 According to the Sundha hill inscription Chachigadeva remitted certain taxes at Srimala and at Ramasainya he granted funds for the god Vigrahaditya and placed a golden cupola (Kumbha) and a flag staff (dhvaja) on the temple of the god Aparajitesa to wbom at the same time he gave a silver girdle (mekhala) For the same temple he provided a ball (sala) with a car (Ratha) richly decked with precious stones He also visited the Sugan. dhadri (tbe Sundha hill) worshipped there the goddess Chamunda, known by the name Aghatesvarı and at her temple established a mandapa 1 Er, Vol IV, pp 312, foot note 2 Ojha, G H RI, P462 3 MNK, Vol 1, PP 153 and 166 4 EI, Vol IX, pp 71-79 ·30 THE CHAHAVANAS OP JALOR was Chachigadeva s own cousin, the son of Manavasımba,' who was the elder brother of Udayasımba and the rigbtful heir to the throne of Jalor. Dr Sharma, however, is not inchined to accept this identification and he proposes to identify him with the Abu ruler Prata pasimha who was an important figure and wbo ruled at Abu up to V S 1344 2 Dr Bhandarkar identifies Sanga witb Sangana, as a rules of Yanthalı near Junagadh who was a brother-in law of Viradbavala and was slain by him s If th13 identification be correct, this must have happened during his father s time because Viradhavala predeceased Udayasımba, and in that case Chachigadeva appears to have helped his relation Viradhavala, while a Yuvaraja 4 The furious Nabara' of the inscription also remains unidentified Dr Sharma suggests that he might have been some Muslims general defeated either ja Chachigadeva s own reign or in that of his father 5 In Jodhpur inscnption of Rupadevi, onginally found at Badhatra and now deposited at the Ajmer museum, dated V E 1340 (1284 A D) Chacaigadeva is mentioned under the name Chacha in line 8 This inscription also tells us that Chacha s wife was Lakshmidevi, and that this lady bore him Rupadevi, 1 EI, Vol ki, p 16 2 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynasties, PP 156-57 3 EI, Jol X1, p 76 4 Dr Sharma reject th: ideau ication on the grs101 that wien Sang ana, the ruler of Varathali, faught and lost his life, Chrachsgadeva must have been that a mere child (harly Chsuhan Dynatr, p 157) $ Sharma D Early Chathan Dynastres, p 157 ·31 CHACHIGADFVA who became the wife of king Tejasimha fto whom she bore a son named K-hemasimha) and frunded a well or tank in A D/1284 This in the reign of the Maharajkula Samvantasimhadeva ? Samyantaşımhadeva is none but the successor of Chachigadeva and appears to be his son, though, of course, no epigraph helps us to determine the exact relation between them Tejasimha, the son-in-law of Chachigadeva was, according to Ds G H Ojha a Guhilaputra for whom we have the dates 1260 70 AD" Nainsi tells us that besides Samantasimha he had two more sons, narrely, Chahadadeva and Chandra 3 According to the Sundha hill inscription Chachigadeva remitted certain taxes at Srimala and at Ramasainya he granted funds for the god Vigrahaditya and placed a golden cupola (Kumbha) and a flag staff (ahvaja) on the temple of the god Aparajitesa to whom at the same time he gave a silver girdle (mekhala) For the same temple he provided a ball (sala) with a car (Ratha) richly decked with precious stones He also visited the Sugandhadri (the Sundha hill) worshipped there the goddess Chamunda, known by the name Aghatesvart and at her temple established a mandapa * + 1 EI, Vol IV. PP 31% foot note 2 Ojba, G H RI, 462 3 N92, Vol I, pp 153 and 166 4 EI, Vol IX nn * ·CHAPTER V SAMANTASIMHA (1282-1305 A D) After Chachigadeva we find a king named Samantasimha (1282-1305 A D) also known as Samvantasimha and Samyant. asimha, on the throne of Jalor. As we have seen above, their exact relation ship has not been decided so far by any epigraph though they appear to be father and son as the reference of his reign in the Rupadevi's Jodhpur inscription indicates that he was her brother We have the following inscriptions for his reign (1) The Bhoomal stone inscription, dated V. E 1339 (1233 A D ), is incis-d on the south face of the first right pullar in the Barajı rest house at Bhinmal and refers itself to the prosperous and victorious reign of His Majesty (Mabarajakula) Sri Samvaatasimba in the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Maha simha and the rest appointed by him It registers two grants one by a certain Gubua Sahajapala and the other by his wife, for the spiritual benefit of their respective parents 1 (2) The Jodhpur inscription of Rupadevi, dated V. E 1340 1 BG, Vof 1, Part 1, PP 483–94.

·SAVIAN TASIVBA (1284 A. D.) refers itself to the reign of Maharajakula Samyan. lasimhadeva. (3) The Bhional stone inscription cagraved on a stone in the ground close to the wall on the right entrance of the enclosure of the old Mahalakshmi's temple at Bhinmal. It is dated v. E. 1342 (1286 A. D.) and refers itself to she scign of as in No. 1 in the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Maha. Pandya and the rest appointed by him. It rezisters a grant by onc Alhanasımha of Rathoda race and enjoins that whosocvet might be the Selaha,ta a revenue officer) he should take care of its continuity annually." (4) The Bklamal sidne inscription, dated V. E. 1345 (1288 A.D.) ru engraved on the south face of the lower squaso section of the north cast corner pillar of th: dome of inc temple of Jagaswarain at Bhinmal. It refers itself to the prosperous and victotious reign of bis Majesty (Maharajakula) Sri Samvia. ntasimha in the term of office of the Pancha consisting of Mahá. Chhamha and the rest appointed by him. Ti informs us of a golden kalasa set-up on the place of the san-god Jagaswamin and registers a grant of 200 Visalapri (ya) drammas in gold depon sited in the treasury of the god Sri Jagáswamın for worship nad etc. (5) The Sapchot stone insctiption. It is found at Sanchor lying loose in the prison room attached to the local karchery and r IEI, Vol. IV, pp, 312 . BC, Vol. I, Part 1, pp. 18696. 3 Ibid, pp. 436-3 ·31 THE CHAHAVANAS OF JALOR 13 dated V E 1345 (1288 A D). It records that Maharajakula Samvantasimhadeva was the king and at the holy place (Mahast hana) of Satyapura (Sanchor), the Pancha, consisting of the Mahanta Hıra and others appointed by him, was exercising the local authority It registers an endowment and the Selahasta (revenue officer) was requested to look after this matter The Selahasta is also described to supervise personally the Yatra festival of the god Vaesvara 3 (6) The Juna stone inscription It is found at Juna or Juna Badmer in the Mallani district, former Jodhpur State, and 15 engraved on a pillar in the porch of a dilapidated Jain temple The record opens with the date V. E 1352 (1295 A D) and during the victorious reign of the Maharajakula Srı Samantastmbadeva, the Mahanta Chirasela, Velaula, the Bhandarı Migala and others appointed by the king to draw up documents, mide a religious grant at Bahadameru to the gods Vighnamardana. Kshetrapala and Chandaraja in the temple of Adinatha The grant consisted of a paila from every incoming or outgoing caravan exceeding ten camels and twenty bullocks In default of this payment in kind, ten Bhimapriya Vimsopakas were to be charged The grant was to be distributed equally between the two gods In line 8 is recorded the approval of this cess (taga) by the Mahajanas or local bankers." (7) The Jalor stone inscription The inscription is engra. ved on a pillar in the Topakhana at Jalor in the north western 1 EI, Vol YT, pp 57-59 2 Ibad, pp 59-60 ·35 SAMANTASIMHA » cloister near the south end It opens with the date V E 1353 (1290 AD) and then speaks of the Maharaja kula Samantasimha as tergoing at Suvarnagır and Kanhadadeva as 'subsisting on his lotus like feet and bearing the burden of administration (Rajya-Dhura) The object of the inscription is to state that a certain Narapati made for the spiritual welfare of his wife Nayakadevi, the grant of a bazar, the rent accruing therefrom was to be offered as the Panchamı balı every year in the temple of the god Parsvanatha by the members of the goshthi Narpati in making this donation had been joined by the members of his family and by a certain Gunadhara who is called a Sangbapatı and was a resident of Suvarnagiri itself? (8) The Chohtan inscription Th s short inscription was found at Chohtan, about 30 miles south west of Badmer opens with the date V. E 1355 (1299 A D) and refers itself the conjoint reiga of the Maharajakula Sri Samvaatasimhadeva and Rajan Kanhadadeva ? (9) Dr G H Ojha refers to one of his inscriptions dated 1302 A D & Besides these nine inscriptions, seven more inscrtprions belonging to the reign of this king have been subsequently discovered from Bhinmal, Sirohi and other places and they carry the date of ibis prince to V S. 1362 (1305 A D)' 1 Ibid, pp 60-62. 2 Ibid., 60, foot-note 10 9 Ojh, GK Sirohi ka Itihas, P 183, fooinore 4 Sharma, D Early Chaahan Dynasties, P 159, foonnott 1 } ·36 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR All these records range between 1283 and 1305 A D and their find spots indicate that he ruled over almost the same territories as under his father Chachigadeva Though 1283 A D is his first known date, he appears to bave come to the throne even earlier but certainly after 1278 A.D, the last known date of his predecessor. We have been above that one Kanhada deva subsisted on his lotus like feet and bore the burden of the adm nistration of the state conjointly with Samantasimha at least from 1296 AD onward He is said to be the son of Samantasimha by Muta Nainsi and it appears he was helping his father in the administration of the kingdom as Yuvaraja or heir aoparent We are further told by Nainst that he had another son named Maladeva, also known as Muchchala Maladeva perhaps on account of his curiously big mustaches 1 Conflict with the Khalya Sultans of Delhi We learn from Jipaprabha Suri that in V S 1348 (1291 92 A D) Fıroz Khalji, the old Sultan of Delbı, attacked Jalor and advanced as far as Sanchor However, Sarangadeva, the Vaghela king of Gujrat, came to the help of the Chabamanas of Jalor and this forced the Sultan to retreat, It appears the Vaghela king must have sensed the danger to Gujrat If Sanchor was taken possession of by the Sultan and this prompted him to rush to the rescue of his neighbour 1 MNK Vol 1, P 153 2 Vividhaturthakalpa (SJCU), P 30

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·38 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR leadership of Ulugh Khan to punish the Chalamana for his insolent answer and it marched through the territory of Jalor 1 It was atoncs a challenge to the honour and Prestige of the Chahamana prince which he accepted in the nght royal Rajput fashion * In the meantime things were not going on well in the imperial army which was seething with discontent on the distribution of the plunder among the soldiers The Khalji commanders used torture and various other methobs to recover the one-ofth state share from the soldiers and made attempts to deprive them of gold, jewels and other valuables This made the soldiers desperate, and one of its section, practically mutinied under the leadership of the neo-Muslims » Nainsi Informs us that when the Kbalji army reached Sakarana, a village nearly eighteen miles from Jalor, the Chahamana prince sent a message through Kandhala Olecha and Sour other Rajputs to the Muslim general that You have not done well by staying at my own village under my own fort after slaying and making prisoners so many hindus and with Mahadeva (Somanatha) as your captive Do you not consider me a The Rajput envoys were duly received in the camp and while moving about in the Muslim camp they came into contact with the disaffected neo-Muslim leader Mammushab Rajput 70% 1 Ibid. p 109. 2 lb d, 90 112-1. 3 Tarikh Firoz Sbahs of Barns Translated zato Englsh by AR Fuller and A. hhallaque, p 21, ED, Vol III, pp 163-64 The nam of the village, according to the Kanhadads Prabandba, was Srana (1, 196) ·30 SAMANTASIMHA (Muhammad Shah) and his brothers with whom they had some seeret talk for a surprise attack on the royal army and came back to Jalor On the third day, there was a concerted attack on the Muslim army by the Hindu host on one side and the neo- Muslim leaders on the other This resulted ia the killing of a large number of Muslim soldiers but somehow the king escaped ? The Tarikh-1-Firoz Shahi of Ziauddin Barni also gives a detailed account of this neo-Muslim mutiny in which Nusrat Khan's brother, Malik Aizuddin and a nephew (Sister's son) of Alauddin were slain Ulugh Khan barely escaped with his life, and the neo Muslims, when they dispersed, took refuge with the Rais and the rebels 2 However, it makes po reference to the Chahamana participation in the fight. The Rajput soldiers obtained a part of the spoils carried from Gujrat, liberated a large number of Hindu prisoners, but, above all they rescued the idol of somanatha which was being carried to Delhi" to be trodden under the feet of the faithful" Namnsı tells us that Kanhadadeva re-established the idol of somanatha at Makana and erected a big temple over it He thus saved the MNK, Vol 1, PP 18-59 2 Tarıkk Firoz Shahı of Barns, Translated into English by A R Fuller and a hallaque, PP 21 25, ED, VOL II P 164 The Kanbadade Prin abandha, on the other hand, speaks of the Rajput raid alone on the imperial army Apparently its author wants to give all credit to the hero of the poem for this Muslim debacle 3 Kanhadade Prabandha (1, 221-22), Ranamalla chhanda and the Khyata speak of the rescue of the idol of Somanatha by Kanhadadeya which the Khazinul Furuh of Amir Khusrau, Tarıkh Firoz Sbahı of Barnt and the Vivedhaticthakalpa of Jinaprabha refe to the idol being despatche I to Delhi ·THE CHAHAVANAS OF JALOR honour of India. According to the prabandha he was hailed as an incamation of Lord Krishna In fact, as observed by Dr Sharma "This rescue of Somanatha forms 10 the popular mind Kanhadadeva's best and greatest title to greatness."9 The neo-Muslim leader Mammushah (Mubam nadshah) and his brother, Mir Gabharu, took shelter with Kanbadadeva. But they were in the habit of killing cows which the Hindus disliked Kanbadadeva wanted to get rid of then on this account and when they came to know of at they took leave of him and went to the court of Ranthambhor to szek shelter with its ruler Hammiradeva, 1 MNK, Vol 1159 Kanhadadey Prabandha (RPG), 1, p 293 * Sharma, D. Ealy Chartian Dynasties p 168 4 MNK/Vo 1, 160

·CHAPTER VI
KANHADADEVA
(1292-1311 A. DI
Chash with Alauddin Khalji and the Fall of Jalor
Kanhadadeva (1292-1311 AD.). Samantasımha's son
Kanhadatdeva who had helped his father in the administration
of the state, succeeded him on the throne
He is also called
the tenth Saligtama (Dasam Saligrama) ard
Gokulanatha
No inscription of Kanhadadeva has so fas come to light to
ascertain the date of his accession, but it seems he ascended the
throne sometime in 1305 A D, the last known date of hy father,
Though he has been referred to as Raja of Jalor by Farishta in
1304 A D The Tawarıkh-r-Farishta, while speaking of the
conquest of Malwa and Gujrat in 1304 A D says "Nehr Dew,
Raja of Jalwar, panic-struck at the Rapid progress of Fin-bot
Moolk, surrendered the place without opposition "2 In identi
fying this Nehr Dew, Munshi Devi prasad says that for “ Nehr
Dew the published persiap text of the Tawankh r-Ficishta
has Gatar Deo which with a slight change of diacritical marks,
can be read Kanir Dev Kanır Dev of Jalwar can be no other
than Kachadadçya, son of Şamantasimha of Jalons
1 MNK, Vol 1, p 155
& BF, Vol 1, P362
3 EL, Vol YI, P 71.

·TIIC CHIAIA SAVAS OF JALOR uchsie seen above that while Yusaraja or hour apparent Kanhadadesa had played a leading rolc in resisting the halje cmperor Alauddin He had refused not only a free passage to his armies to Gujrat but had also fought and defeated them When they had decided to retum via Jalor. llc had thus incurr. ed the wrath of Alauddin Adaiji who seems to have slept oser the matter for nearly five years He had perhaps more urgent and ncighty problems at ard nearer Delhs which demanded his attention first But when he succeeded in reducing or destroying the ſorts of Ranthambhor, Chiltor, Duain, Mandu, Dhana and Chander, which were like so many thoms in the imperial apron he set his mind to the destruction of the kingdom of Jalor which had given him a severe cause of oftener a few years back The Imperial army thus appeared once again in 1305 A. D before the walls of Jalor, and besieged it. Kanhadadeva was faced with a formidable foe, furious to avenge a former insult It appears, however, that the problem was solied for the time being by Ain-ul-Mulk Multanı, the halji Commander, not only a man of sword but also of great learning and tact ste seems to have induced hanhadadeya to visit Delbi and enrot himself Among its allics 1 The imperial city of Delhi, houcrer, failed to offer peace with honour to a proud Rajput, who had learnt to be delighted in the practice of arms Firishta, the prince of Muslim histori. ans, says "It is related that the Raja of Jalwar, Nchr Dew (Kanır Dev), as has been stated above, resided at the court of 1 Journal of Ind History, 1929,8 369, fvot aote 4

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·THE GHARAMANAS OF JALOR forces was certainly an fngovation, perhaps on the part of later historians to find out an excuse for the defeat of the imperial forces by the Chahamàaa ptibce. Muta Nainst, however gives a slightly different version of the resumption of the struggle with the Salian He says that after sometime of the first clash between the imperial army and the Chahamanas Alauddin sent for Viramadeva, the son of Kanhadadeva, at Delhi The Ravala consulted the members of his family on this matter and ultimately sent bis son to Delhi Viramadeva stayed at the court for some time. One day the Sultan offered him the hands of his daughter who had fallen in lose with the Chahamana prince on account of bis brave deeds at the court Viramadeva could not refuse it openly and with the permission of the Sultan he went to Jalor in order to come back again with the marriage party. But this was a mere çxcuse to escape and when he did not retum by the appointed date, the Sultan sent a huge army of five lass under Mudfar Khan (Muzaffar Khan) and Dauda Khan to invade Jalor They besieged the fort of Jalor and the struggle continued unabated for twelve years but in the end due to treachery on the part of a Dahiya Rajput, the Chaha manas were defeated and Safor was captured. Kanhadadeya and his son fought bravely and died * } Į Dr K S Lal does not agree to it and say that "It seems ridiculous that a concubine (hlave gıtl) was put in comroand of an army consti tuted of brave Turki h officess and mea, and they willing y serves under her No contemporary historiah gives the fact, and the story which appears to be nothing more than concoaction of Firullah Imágnation should be sumótarily rejected History of the hosts 1950, p 137, foot note 11. & MNK, Vol. I, pp $61-164,

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·THE CHAHAVANAS OF JALOR more determined to continue the war with still greater vigour aid force The Sultan continued sending contingent after contingent fo jalor from month to month and from year to year for nearly five years without being able to injure half a bridge of the fort" of jalor 2 This practically exhausted the patience of the second Alexander of the age, and at last in June, 1310 AD he himself marched at the head of the biggest army he had mustered so far, came to the fortress of Siwana (Samiyana) and invested it ? Sataladeva, the governor of siwana, was once more called upon to shoulder the heaviest responsibility and he faced it with (he typical vigour and courage of a Rajput He knew if that his forces were no match for the innumerable Kbalji hosts led by the Sultan himself, but he did not loose courage "He sent out frequent sortas, bopbed the Khaljs ar my with stones from the machines in the fort and threw down the ladders wherever the Khalji troopers tried to escalade the fort. This could have made any general to loose courage, but once Alauddin personally began & siege, he rarely rassed it, and in a bid to capture the fort of Siwana by assault, he constructed a pashib feaching upto its highest point, and guided by the traitor Bhayala, he defiled the main tapk of Siwana with cow blood : This stopped the main source of water supply to the inhabitants 1 Jouroal of lad Husforys 1973, P 371. 2 haohadade Prabandha (RPG No 11), II, 80-96; Khazanul Futuh, p 53 (translated by Habib) 3 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynastres p 164. Journal of Ind History, 1979, pp 375-76 5 Kashadade Prabandba, II, 154-158.

·KANHADADEVA of the fort and further resistance betame useless Thus, in order to maintain the Rajput honour even against this heaviest odd, the Rajput women performed with smile on their faces the tirrehonoured practice of Jauhar and the Rajput soldiers, caring little for their lives after having bathed and smeared their fore-heads with sandal paste, put Tulasi rosaries found their necks, worshipped Saligrama, and sallied forth for the last battle, determined only to kill and to be killed in action which they considered the surest pass-port for the heavenly bliss For three quarters of a day the battle was fought in all its fury until the last of the Rajput heroes fell fighting Sataladeva was the foremost among the killed 2 Amir Khusrau also admits that the besicged were brave and haughty, and they did not fly even though their heads were cut into preces On the morning of Tuesday, the 23rd of Rabiul Awwal, the Khalji soldiers took the dead body of Saraladeva to the Sultan and Kamaluddin won the applause of one and all for having slain him. It was perhaps he who led the final assault and after its capture the fort was renamed Khairabad, Thid, 159-67. 2 hhazainul Futuh, English Translation by Muhammad Habib, p 54, and also Khazainul Futuh, Journal of Ind, History, 1929, p. 376. 3 Ibid, pp 3 5 and 377. Also see Khazainul Futuh, English Translation by Muhammad Habib, 4? sent a silver effigy neck and various ot restored to the lordshiy at the tort after the Sultan had divested it of all its riches. The account, au pointed out by Professor Habib ia hu notes to the Khazainul Futuh, is worng Fırishta bas wrongly applied 10 Sajaladeva the verses of the Khazaioul Futuh describing actually the fate of the Hai of Warangal (Sharma, D , Early Chauhan Dyna. 31105, 164, footoote 30. V- ·THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR We learn from Amir Khusrau that after the capture of Siwana, the Sultan returned to Delhs leaving behind instructions to his geňerals to devastate and subjugate the country of Marwar, 1 The instructions were followed hilerally and a part of the army marched towards Bahadmer and captured and sacked it, Another army turned toward; Sanchor and destroyed the great Jain temple of Mahavira there. Bhinmal also faced the iconoelastic fury of the infuriated Muslim host. It was then, as before, a great centre of Brahmagical learning and culture, the Brabma. puri of the Chauhans. It suffered a carnage of the worst type and thousands of Brahmans were carried away as captives. Dr. Sharma has rightly described that "Ą wave of borror and resentment must have passed through eyery Hindu heart, as the fleeing populace carried, far and wide, the tale of these Muslim atrocities. Kanhadadeva's sortow was paturally greater than that of others, but other Rajasthanis also must have felt thaf their hearths and hones, may even their religion, lives and culture were in danger, of the Muslims were permitted to run amock like this and ravage the countryside at their sweet will. Consequently warriors of all clans from Rajasthan, and perhaps even outside it, readıly responded to Kanhadadeva's call to arms, with their horses, equipment and arms they flocked to Jalor, eager to fight agaipșt the enemies of the country and therr 1 khazaoul Futult, foutoaf of Ind Huloty, 1929, p. 377. hanhadade Prabaudhg, JII, 13-21, 3 Vavidbatuthakalpa, p 30 Its author Smaprabina Suri tells us that the temple of Mahavira at Satyapura (Sanchor) was polluted by Alauddin : army and the image carried off in V. E. 1967 (1310 A,DY (EI, Vol X1, p 78), 4 Kanhadade Prabandha, III, 24-29 ·LANHADADEVA 49 culture "1 Kanhadadeva issued orders to destroy the enemy wherever they could be found and the Hindu host, in its enthusiasm to control the fanatical fury of the Muslims, galloped on through Revanti and Dhapasa to Khudals to contact the enemy? The Hindu army swooped down upon the Muslim hosts and They fled for their lives leaving behind their camp equipage, elephhants and men captured at Bhinmal, Sanchor and other places 3 In their jubilation the two Devada chiefs, Jaita and Mahipa, who had been appointed by Kanbadadeva to the chief command,“ raced back with the spoils of war to Jalor to convey the news of this brilliant success, a while Lakhana Sebhata, Salha and Sobhita, the three other gaperals, with their followers stayed behind in the field of battle, and elated by their easy victory and finding that it was Amavasya day, they took off their armour and batbed in a tank pearby 6 In their jubilant mood they sounded a drum captured from the enemy 7 Malık Naib, the Muslim general, who was out for a hunt, beard the sound and hurried back to the camp which had disappea.ed during his absence leaving behind the dead and the wounded, and the victorious Hindu host was enjoying a glorious 1 Sharma, D Early Chauhan Dynasties, p 165. 2 Kanhadade Prabandha, III, 69-71 3 Ibid, III, 73 88 4 Ibid, III, 36. 5 Ibid, III, 88 6 Ibid., III, 89. 7 Ibid , 111,93 ·50 THE CHAHAVANAS OF JALOR bath 1 The furious Muslim general pounced upon the enemy causing a bloody massacre all around. The Rajput fought to the last man and four thousand gallant soldiers with their three leaders lay dead on the field, and not even one was left to carry the tale of this carnage to Jalor Malik Naib after having achieved this success carried this message to the Sultan who was highly pleased with its In the meantime offensive and counter offensives on either side continued unabated and the ever victorious arts of the Sultan were still as far from success in this total war as before 4 Alauddin then entrusted the prosecution of the war to another general named Kamaluddin and this time they made the fort of Jalor itself the target of attack It was besieged and for seven days the Muslims made all-out efforts to take the fort by assault but all their attempts were frustrated by Maladeva and Viramadevas who continued their sorties against the best. egers, filled the ditches and destroyed the stockades surrounding the Muslim camo On the eighth day there was a violent conflagration by thunderstorm which completely disheartened the imperial forces and, finding their position no longer tenable, they raised the siege and retired towards Deli & The Rajput forces then delivered an eight pronged attack by Maladeva, Vıram- 1 lb d III, 91-97 2 Ibid, 111, 98-104 3 Ibid 111, 111 4 Ibid 111, 112-157 5 Younger brother and son respectively of Kanhada deva 6 Lachadade Prabandha, III, 160-170 ·MANHADADEVA 51 adeva, Ananta Sisodta, Jaita Vaghela, Jaita Devada, Lunakarna Malhana, Jayamala and Sahajapala on one of the Muslim detachments and captured its commander Shams Khan along with hrs Harem and the rest fled for their lives ? When this news reached Delhi it roused Alauddin's anger to its highest pitch and he decided to wind up at any cost the disge raceful affair of the invasion of Jalor at the earliest and sent against Jalor an army which was more numerous and better equipped than the previous one, and it was command:d by Malik Kamaluddin, one of the best generals of the time 2 hanhadadeva made prepartions to face this onslaught and in the meantime he sent out two forces to arrest its progress One of the armies commanded by Maladeva, his younger brother, encamped at Vadı and the other under the command of his son Viramadeva, fixed its head-quarters at Bhadragan anb they arranged among themselves to fight the Muslim army on alternate days Thys, no doubt, slowed down the pace of th imperial army, but all the same it moved on under the command of Kamaluddin Gurg red - ucing the territory they passed through and safeguarding the line of communication behind they suffered heavily in the process, but the losses of the Rajputs were also not inconsiderable + Ka- 1 Kanhadade Prabandha Itt, Fitishta Aas perhaps ignored th $ unsucce ssful invasion of Jaler, (BF, Vol 1, p 370), Perhaps, in order to cover up the disgraceful deſcat of the imperial armies the story of Gul Bubishs, the dancing gul, was invented later on It is first found in Tarikh : Alfi written in 1565 A D 2 Kanbadade Prabandba, IV, 60-87. 3 Ibid, 105-107, 4 Ibid, IV, 114-120, 4 ·52 THE CHAHANANAS OF JALOR nhadadeva recalled both the Rajput generals for consultation and while Maladeva was sent again to continue the fight against the Muslim, Viramadeva stayed behind at Jalor to assist his father 1 Kamaluddin gradually moved on to the walls of the fort of Jolor and laid its siege with so much vigour that nothing could be permitted to move in or out of the fort ? The blockade was apparently meant to starve the garrison to surrender, and, in spite of Maladeva's harassing tactics outside, reinforcement cont. inued to pour in from Delhi In the meantime a Rajput forte led by Lunakarana and others made a successful daring attack on a Muslim ovipost at Udalapura a suburb of Jolor and destroyed It including its commander Malik Nizamuddin.3 The condition of the fort inside was, however, far from bright Provisions and water supply were running short But timely rains and the offer of the Mahajanas to replenish the stores averted the danger looming large over the horizon, and the fort of Jalor once more looked as invincible as ever But all of a sudden the situation took an altogether different turn and, where the mightiest of the army had failed to curb the pride and prestige of the prince of Jalor, treachery succeeded in taying low the fortune of the family in a few day. The Muslims won over to their side Bika, a Dahiya Rajput, promising to make him the ruler of Jalor on the reduction of the fort The treitor led the enemy in by an unfrequented though difficult, path which had 1 Ibid, IV, 120 and 142-43 2 Ibid IV, 149-49 3 Ibid, IV, 158-62 4 lbid, IV, 121-40 ·KANHADADEVA 53 been left uaprotected and unmanned. When Hiradevi, the traitor's wife, came to know of it, she killed her pusdand atonce and rushed up to the court to report the matter to Kanhadadeve. 1 The situation became desperate and in a bold and courageous bid to dislodge the enemy, Kanhadedra's Samantas like Kandhala, Kanha Ulicha, Jaita Devada, Lunakerana Malhana, Arjuna, Jaita Vaghela and others with thousands of the Rajput soldiers lost their lives. Kanbadadeva's brave queens Jaitalde, Bhavalde Umade, Kamalade and others prepared for the rite of Jaubar, and prince Viramadeva's coronation ceremony was also performed and he was blessed by his mother with eternal fame, Thereafter all the queens after having taken their bath and performed the worship of gods ascended the pyre to be consumed by the sacred fire. On that very day as many as 1584 Gres were lit in which died women of all castes to preserve their chastity and honour as also to allow their men to dic mertyr's death in defence of their sacred mother land. On the fifth day of the final assault the Muslims reached the temple of Kanhasvami which they wanted to destroy. Now Kanhadadeva himself along with the remenants of his chiefs prepared for the final battle of his life in the typical Rajput 1 Ibid, IV, 181-205, Nainsi also refers to the treachery of Bika Dabiya for the capture of the fort of Jalor. MNK, Vol 1, p. 164. $ Kanhadade Prabandha, IV, 207-221, 3 Ibid., IV, 237-38. 4. Ibid , IV, 239-40. 5 lbid , 1V, 213, 6 lbid , IV, 251.

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·KANHADADEVA 55 quality as well as his high sense of duty and responsibility that made him a real leader of men and his followers, in spite of the hardships and privations brought about by a protracted siege lasting nearly for a decade, served him loyally and faithfully up to the end and quietly and calmly laid down their lives by his side in an unequal contest where nothing but death was the only certainty "As a general Kanhadadeva was not probably inferior to his Hindu contemporaries To have kept fighting against Alauddin almost throghout his reign, in spite of his (Alauddin's) immense resources, was in itself a feat None else equalled or surpassed it Brave, intrepid to a degree, and sincerely religious, Kanhadadeva represented Rajput chivalry at its best, and it is no wonder that not long after his death he was deified and regarded as an avatara of Vishnu, the destroyer of the wicked and preserver of moral order. His failure was more of a society than of an individual, of a society the members of which, with all their personal virtues, had not the political sagacity to combine and defeat the designs of a power which was swallowing up piecemeal the whole of independent India. Kanhadadeva had not that rare Statesmanship which enables one to rise above the weaknesses and prejudices of one's age, and become the founder of a new and better order He was a great man in bis own way, but we should have regarded him as much greater had he combined with Ranthambhor, Malwa or Gujrat and saved thereby his own independence at that of the rest of Hindu India "1 1 Sharina D Early Chauhan Dynasties, pp 169-70

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·BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Original (A) Hindu Works Jayasımha Surs Gaekwad Hammira mada mardana, oriental series, No X 1920 Jipapala Singhi Kharataragachchhapattavalı, Jaina Granthamala, Bombay Jina prabha Suri Vividhatırtda kalpa, Singh Jain Grao. thamala, 1934 Mubnot Nainsi ki khyat, Translated into Hindi by Ram Narayan Dugada, Nagırı Pracharını Sabha, Vol I, Banaras, 1925 Padmanabha by Kanhada de prabandha, edited K B Vyas, Jaipur, 1953. Ram Chandra Nirbhayabbimavyayoga, Manuscript noticed by Dr DR Bhandarkar so Epigrafia Indica, Vol XI Somesvata Kirti Kaumudi, edited by A V Kathavat, Bombay Sanskırt Series, No ·58 THE CHAHAVAVAS OF JALOR (B) Muslim Works Amir Khusrau (1) Khazainu 1 Futuh, English Trans lation hy Muhammad Habib, D B Taraporewala Sons & Co Bambay 1931 (II) Journal of Indian History, 1929 Fırishta Tarikh 1 Fırishta English Translation by Briggs Vol 1, Calcutta 1911 Hajruddabir Zafarul Vali An Arabic History of Gujrat edited by Denison Ross Hasan Nizami 1 Taju! Ma asır Translated into English **Din ED Vol II Aligarh ed Ziauddin Barat my (1) Tarikh-1 - Firozshabı, Translated fu into English in the name of the Reign ppf Alauddin Khilji by A R Fuller and A Khallaque Pilgrim Publishers, Calcutta-9 (II) ED Vol III (C) Inscriptions The Inscriptions relating to the history of the Chahamanas of Jalor have mostly either b en published or noticed in the following works (1) Archaeological Survey of India Reports western circle, 1906-7, 1916 17 (2) Epigraphia Indica Vols IV, IX, XI XIII & XX ·BIBLIOGRAPHIE (1) Indián Antiquary, Vol. VI (4) Jaina Inscriptions by P C Jaina (5) Jalor Inscriptions, edited by Dr DR Bhandarkar Epigraphia Indica, Vol XI } (2) Journals, Gazetteers, Periodicals and Reports. (I) Bombay Gazetteer Vol 1, Part, 1, No VII, & VIII (II) Journal of Indian History, 1929 (III) Petersons (Dr) First Report 1882-83 (3) Modern Works Ojha G H Rajoutana Ka Itihasa, Vol II. Ojha G H Sirohi ha Itihasa (Hindi) Aimer 1911 Sharma, GN Rajasthan ka Itihasa (Hindi) Vol II, Second ed Shiv Lal Agarwal & Co 1973 Sharna Dasharatha Eurly Chauhan Dynasties S Chand & Co , 1959 Shastri D Gujaratano Madhya Kalina Rajput Iti asa, 2 parts, Ahmedabad, 1939 Nahar PC Jaina Lekha Sangraha, Vol 1 Ray, HC The Dynastic History of Northern India, Vol II Calcutta 1936 Lal, KS History of the Khaljis, 1950 ·60 THE CHAHAMANAS OF JALOR Chowdhary, G C Political History of Northern India from Jain Sources, 1963 Srivastava, Dr Ashok Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States (1175-1320 A D ) Vol 1, an unpublished D Litt Thesis of the Gorakhpur Viniversity 1970 ·INDEX" 'A' Abu, 30. Abhyapala, 7. Adioatha, 34 Aghatapura, 5, 11. Aghatesvari, 31 Ain-ul Mulk Multani, 42 Ajmer, 30 Ajyapala, 5 Ajayası, 3, 6. Alauddin (Khalji), 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 54, 55 Alexander, 37, 46 Alhana, 1,7 Albanadeva, 1,4 Alhanasimha, 33. Amir Khusrau, 47, 48, 54 Anonta Sisodia, 51 Aparajite sa, 31 Arisimha, 13 Arjuna, 53 Asala, 4,6 Asvapsı, 14 'B' Bodavas, 12. Badmer, 16, 35. Badruddin Saukartigio, 20. Babadameru, 34 Bamnera, 11, 12 Bapada, 23. Batnapur, 26 Barajı, 15, 32 Barmer, 4 Bhadmer, 48 Bhadrajan, 51. Bhandarkar, Dr , 4, 10, 11, 17, 25, 28, 29, 30. Bhandan Yasqyira, 10, 13 Bhandari Migala, 34 Bharata, 16 Bhavalde, 53 Bhayala, 46 Bhimadeva II, 4, 12 Bhimapriya, 34 Bhinmal, 14, 15, 17, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 48, 49 Tbe list does not ladude the footnotes ·62 THE CHAHA VANAS OF JALOR Bhoktri, 7. Bika, 52. Budhatra, 30. Dhanasa, 49, Dhara 42. Dharavarsha, 18, 21. Dholaka 28. Cambay, 17, Chachigadeva, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35. Chahadadeva, 31. Chamundaraja, 16, 24, 27. Chamunda, 31 Chandaraja 34 Chanderi, 42,455 Chandra, 31 Chaudhary, Dr., 3. Chirasela, 34 Chittor, 42, 45.' Chohtan; 3'5. Cupola, 27, 312 'F' Fin-od-Mulk 41. Fırishta 41, 42, 43, 45. Firoz khalji, 36 14 'G?: Gajasimha 15 22 Gatar Deo, 41 Godararaghatta, 4 Godwad Gokul Natha 41 Goal Behabt, 43. Ghazni Khan, 26, Gujrat 5 6, 12, 21, 36 37 39 41 42 45, 55. re D Gunadhara, 35 "H" Dabhoi, 28. Darijı, 2. Daud Khan 44 Debly. 43. Delhi, 7, 19, 20 21, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52 Devada, 49. Hammira Deva, 40 Hammira-Mada-Mardana, 18. Hasan Nizamı, 19, 21. Hira, 34 Hiradevi, 53. $ Devapala, 18. Devasuri, 2. India, 55. Izzud.d din Bakhtiyar, 20.

·INDEX 63 1 *** 2 A 41 + J-giis Kamaluddin 47, 50 52 Kamaluddin Gurg 51 Jagaswami 14, 15, 16, 26, 27, Kanakachala 10 131 33 Kanasuvam 2 Jarkop Lake 26 Jarta (Devada), 51, 53 Kanchangarh 10 Jaita (Vaghela) 4,9, 51, 53 Kanchanagırı 10 Jaitalle 53, handhala 53 Ja ira imba, 17, Kandhala olecha, 38 Jakahadeva, 27 2 Kanbadadeva 35, 36, 37, 39 Jalaluddin 22, 23 40 41, 42 44, 45 48, 49, Julewar 19, 2018 51 52 53 54 55 Jalur, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 12 13, Kanbadadeprabandha, 45 54. 17,19 21,22,23,24 27, 29, Kanhaswami 53 30 32 34, 36 37 38 39,41 Kanha ulicba 53 42 43 44 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, Kadir Dev 41. 42 at 52 54 Karaheda 25. Jalwur 19, 41, 42 43 Kareda 25 Jaswantpur 15, 25 Kasahrada 4 Javalıpura, 1, 2, 7:40 16 Kavilada 2 J Jayamala 51 Kavya 18 19 Dinaprabandha Sori Kayadran 4 Jodhpur 2 4 9 15 16 25 30 32 34 Kelbanadeva 1,9 Jojala 9 16 heilhorn Dr, 28 Juna 16 34 Kiarratad, 47 Junagadh 30 handadhara Bboja 45 Lbarataragachchpattavali, 24 had: 12 Kelhana 2 3 4 6 7, 12, 17, < ·tt THE CHAILASIASAS OF JALOR Kher, i;. Khudsi! 49. Kirada. 4. 17. Kinta Kura... Kirtapala. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 9. 10. 11. 19, Kirata kuta, 6. Kinilaumudl, 15. Kitu. 2.5.8. Kibomasimha. 31. Kumarasimha S. Kumarapats,4,6,10. Kumbhalgarh, 3. Kurasa Vihara, 10.13. (L' Lalhana, 49, Lakhanapala, 7. Lakshmana, 1. Lakshmidesi, 30. Lalmai, 7. Lata, 17. Latabrada, 26. Lavanaprasada, 18, 28 Liladevi, 12. Lord Krishna, 40 Lunakarna, 51, 52. Luna kama Malhana, 33. 'M' Madada, 2. Madanabrahraden 6. Aladria.is Mahadeva, 13, 38 Mahachchamta, JJ. Maharird, S. . Mahalakıtml.3.. Mahesrana . Mahina. 49. Malans. 39. Maladera. 36, 50, 51.3: Mathana 31. Malla diruddin 39. Malit Kaniataddin St. Mlatik Kanär 45. Malik Naib. 9.50. Mali Niracuddin, 52. Mallani, i7, 34. Malwa, 18, 41, 45, SS. Mammu Shab, 38, 40. Manava, 12. Manavasimha, 12. 13 30 Mandu, 42. andor, 16. 22. Manda vyapura, 16, 17, 22. Mandur, 22. Mathurs, 16. Marudesa, 18. Marwar, 18, 21, 45, 43. Mauvadi, 2.

·INDEX 65 Medapata, 5 Mewar, 5, 17, 11, 25, 37. Millacchikara, 18. Minhaj, 22. Mir Gabharu, 40 Morekera, 2. Mount Abu, 4 Muchchala, 36 Muafar Khan, 44: Mughals, 7. Muhammad Ghori, 4,8. Muhammad Shah, 39, 40: Mularaja, II, 5 Muliga, 27. Munshi Devi Prasad, 41. Muta Nainsi, 2, 12. 22, 23, 29, 36, 44, 54 Narapati, 35. Nasita-d-810 Alı: 20! Nasiru-d.dio Mardan Shah; 20. Nayakadevi, 35 Nehr Dew, 41, 42, 43. Nizam Khat, 54, Nusrat Khan 39. "O' Ojha Dt , 10, 12, 31) 35. Oddye Sa, 19. Osia, 3 'P Padru, 27. Parsvanatha, 35, Pataka, 28. Patuka, 29. Pulvahika, 9. Prabandha Chintamadi, 4. Prahladavadevi, 16, 24. Prātapasiñhá, 29,36. Puratana Prabandba Sãögratia 22, 23. Muzaffar Khan, 44. 'N Nadada, 2. Naddula, 1, 16, 17, 23. Naddula grama, 2. Naddulai, 2 Nadol, 1, 3, 7, 8, 16, 17. Nagargudha, 17. Nahara, 28, 30. Naigama, 26. Nainsi. 8, 38, 45. Naivedya, 15. Raddhada, 17. Rajaputra, 9. Rajapura, 9. Rajesvara, 2, 3. Rajasthan, 48. Rama Sainya, 16, 17, 31.

·66 THE CHAHA VANAS OF JALOR . Rarrsen, 17 Ranthambhor, 40, 42, 45, 55 Ratahrada, 16,'17. Ratnapur, 27, Ratnapura, 16, 17 Ray Dr , 5, 11, 17 Revantı, 49. Rudaladevi, 7, 13. Ruknu-d din Hamza, 20 Rupadevi, 30, 32 'S' Sacıya Mata, 3 Sa Depala 15. Sahajapala, 32, 51. Sakarana, 38 Salha, 29, 49. Saligrama 41,47 Salya, 28, 29. Samarapura, 10, 13 Samarasimha, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 35, 36 Samarasimha deva, 10 Samantasimha, 5, 11, 31, 32, 37, 41. Samanta Simhadeva, 34. Samiyana 45, 46. Samvantasimha, 3, 33. Samvanta Simhadeva, 34, 35. Samyanta Simha deva, 31, 32, 33, Sanchor, 17, 29, 33, 34, 36, 49. Sanderav, 11, 12. Sanghapati, 35. San. ha, 17. Sanga, 30 Sangand, 30 Sanrinatha, 27 Sarangadeva 36. Sataladeva, 45, 46, 47 Satyapura, 16 17, 26, 34 Sevadı, 25, Shahabuddy Gnoni, 21 Shaheen, 43 Shamsuddin litulinish, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24. Sharma, Dr , 6, 7, 34, 30 40, 48 Sınavana, ? Sindhu, 17. Sindhuraja, 16. Singhana, 18 Sırana, 22. Sirohi, 4, 12, 35 Siva, 7, 13, 16 Srwana, 45, 46, 48 Sobhita, 49 Sodbaladeva, 17. Somtsyara, 4. Somasimha, 18, 21, Somdatha, 37, 38, 39, 40, Sonagiri, 1. 1 ·INDEX 67 Ujjain, 42 Sonagras, I. Udayasımhadeva, 14 15 Sopaigarh, 10 Udı Sab, 20 Sorana, 7 Sonanama, 2. Ulugh Khan, 38, 39 Srimala, 16 17, 26, 31 Umade, 53 Subhata, 26, 49. Uthman, Il. Sugandhadri, 31. Sujera, 2 Vaesyara, 34. Sultan, 20 21, 23, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50 Vagbhatameru 16. Sundara 22 Vahada Simha, 24 Sundhabill, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13, 16, Vanthali, 30 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 31. Vastupala, 17, 19, 21, 28. Surachanda, 16, 17 Velavla, 34. Surya, 8 Vighnamardana Kshetrapala, 32 Suvarnagiri, 1, 13, 23, 27, 35. Vigrahaditya, 31. "T Vijaya Simha, 29. Tarikh 1 Firoz Shabı 39 Vilhaka, 14 Tatha ka 16. Vimsopakas, 34 Taj-ul-Maasır, 19 Viradhavla, 18, 19, 21, 24, 30 Tejasimha, 31 Virama, 19, 28 Tirthankara Mahavira 26 Viramadeva, 24, 29, 44, 50, Topakhaaa, 2, 9, 34 51, 33. Turushkas, 4, 5, 16 18 22 Visaladova, 28 Twarikh-:-Fırishta, 19. 41, 54. Vishnu, 55 'U' Udalapura, 52. Yasovira, 23 Udayasimha, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Ziauddia Barani, 35 28, 29, 30.

·66 THE CHAHA VANAS OF JALOR Ramsen 17 Ranthambhor, 40, 47, 45, 55 Ratahrada, 16, 17. Ratnapur, 27 Ratnapura, 16 17 Ray Dr , 5, 11, 17 Revantı, 49 Rudaladevi, 7, 13 Ruknu d din Hamzn 0 Rupadevi, 30, 32 "S' Sacıya Mata, 3 Sa Depala 15 Sahajapala, 32, 51 Sakarana, 38 Salha, 29, 49 Saligrama 4147 Salya, 28, 29. Samarapura, 10 13 Samarasimha, 7,9 10, 12, 13, 17, 35 36 Samarasimha deva, 10 Samantasimha, 5, 11, 31, 32, 37, 41 Samanta Simhadeva, 34 Samiyana 45 46 Samvantasimha, 3 , 33. Samvanta Simhadeva, 34, 35 Samyanta Simha deva, 31, 32, Sanchor 17, 29 33, 34, 16 29 Sanderav, 11, 12 Sanghapati 35 Sankha, 17 Sanga, 30 Sangana 30 Santinatha 17 Sarangadeva 36. Sataladeva 45, 46, 47 Satvapura, 16 17, 26, 34 Sevadi, 25 Shahabuddin Gnor 21 Shaheen, 43 Shamsuddin Iltun ish 19 20 21, 23,-4 Sharma, Dr ,6 7,24 30 40 48 Sınavana, 7 Sindhu, 17 Sindhuraja, 16. Singhana, 18 Sirana, 22 Sirohi, 4, 12,35 Siva, 7, 13, 16 Siwana, 45, 46, 48 Sobhita, 49 Sodhaladeva, 17 Somesvara, 4 Somasimba, 18, 21. Somnatha, 37, 38, 39, 40. Sonagiri, I.

·INDEX 67 Sonagras 1. Udayasımhadeva, 14, 15 Sonaigarh, 10 Udi Sab, 20 Sonana, 7 Ujjain, 42 Sonanama, Ulugh Khan, 38, 39. Srimala, 16 17, 26, 31 Umade, 53 Subhata, 26, 49. Uthman, 11. Sugandbadrı, 31. "V Sujera, 2 Vaesvara, 34. Sultan, 20 21, 23, 44, 45, 46, 48,50 Vagbhatameru 16. Sundara 22 Vahada Simha, 24 Sundhabil1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13, 16, Vanthalı, 30 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 31. Vastupala, 17, 19, 21, 28. Surachanda, 16, 17 Velaula, 34, Surya, 8 Vighaamardana Kshetrapala, 3-4 Sutaraagın, 1, 13, 23, 27, 35. Vigra haditya, 31. "T" Vijaya Simha, 29. Tarikh- Firoz Shah: 39 Vilhaka, 14 Tathaka 26. Vimsopakas, 34 Taj-ul-Maasır, 19 Viradhavla, 18, 19, 21, 24, 30. Tejasımha, 31. Virarna, 19, 28 Tirthankara-Mahayıra, 26 Viramadeva, 24, 29, 44, 50, Topakbana, 2, 9, 34 51, 53, Turushkas, 4, 5, 16 18 22 Visaladeia, 28 Twarıkt -Firishta, 19, 41,54 Vishnu, 55 Yasovira, 23 2 Udalapura, 52. Udayasimda, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, Ziauddin Batan), 39