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·Punjab Road Report, FOR TIE YEAR 1853-54.

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·SELECTIONS
FROM
TI E RECORDS
OF TIL
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
(FOREIGN DEPARTMENT.)
Published by Authority.
N”. VII.
PUNJAB ROAD, REPORT,
FOR THE YEARS 1853-54.
Calcutta:
TOY JONES, (ALCUTTA GAZETTE OFIICE
]] H.

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·TABLE OF CONTENTS. Section I. 0 " - Lahore and Peshawur Road, (Road Section No. I.,). Description and progress of works in First Division, Ditto.. in Second Division, Dit to... in Third Division, Ditto.. in Fourth Division, Ditto. in Fifth Division, Ditto.. in Sixth Division, Ditto. in Seventh Division, Ditto of Auxilliary Works, Ditto of Floating Bridges over great Rivers, . General Remarks on the whole road, work done and remaining to be performed, clief works and greatest obstacles on the line, workpeople, expenditure, services of Officers in charge, &c. &c., ... 1 2 3 7 9 10 13 15 17 18 • • • . 19 Section IT. ... Lahore and Beeas Road, (Road Section No. I.,) Road from the Becas to Phillour, (ditto) Ditto from Lahore to Ferozepoor, (uitto,) Ditto from Lahore to Mooltan (Road Section No. II.,). Six important lines of Road (ditto,) Roads for which special grants have been made (ditto,) Ditto from Rawul Pindee to Murree, Ditto to Dalhousie, Ditto made by District Officers, Ditto in Huzara, Ditto in the Peshawur Valley, 26 29 30 31 31 32 34 33 33 38 39

·(ii)
Roads in the Kohat Listrict,
district,
Frontier Military Roads,.
General "Remarks,
Summary and Conclusion,
11
43
44
<
45
ANNEXURES.
16
Tables Nos. I. to VIII.,
Sketches and Maps,

·Section 1. No. 2765 OF 1854-55. FROM LIEUT.-COLONEL R. NAPIER, Chief Engineer, Punjab, To R. TEMPLE, ESQUIRE, Secy. to the Chief Commissioner for the Punjab, Lahore. Dated Lahore, 9th September 1854. LATTORE AND PESTAWUR Road. SIR, In the month of August 1852 I submitted a Report on the Rcview of previous Lahore and Peshawur Road. The rough estimate proceedings. for the road was Company's Rupees 15,48,841-2-0. The road had then been definitely traced, all preparations had been made for carrying it on with vigor, and the openings of the difficult portions had been commenced, and four lakhs of Rupees had been expended. Hopes were then held out, that the difficult Passes, the “Kharian," the “ Gedur Gully," and the “ Bukrala," would be opened for travellers during the current year 1852, and that the lower parts of the road, in the valleys of the Ravce and the Jhelun, would be opened early in 1853. Operations during I shall proceed to show that, notwithstanding 1853-54. many difficulties, these promises have been in a great measure fulfilled. Regarding the estinate, I must observe, that the original intention was to open, as speedily as possible, a road to Peshawur, to meet the immediate military wants of the country; and that many rough works were contemplated for overcoming difficulties, such as are in use in North America As our knowledge of the country became more extensive and accurate, as the violence of the floods and torrents became familiar, and as the difficulties of the work came under execution, it became apparent that none but the very best style of works would answer to render the B ·( 2 ) whole project an efficient continuation of the Grand Trunk Road and an exmple of the Indian works of the present day, worthy of the reputation ef the Indian Government The Court of Directors* have pronounced that the work is one of absolute necessity, and every means have been used to hasten its completion in the most durable manner that the skill and energy of the Officers, and the resources of the country could provide. The original rough estimate became no longer applicable. The progress made in the construction of the road since 1852 is as follows: FIRST DIVISION. From the right bank of the Ravec at Lahore to FIRST DivisiON. Wuzeerabad. F. C. Marshall, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer, in charge. The length of this Division is fifty-nine miles. The whole of the earth-work has been com- Earth-work. pleted. There are six large bridges; of these there is one of three arches ( The whole of these have Masonry. of thirty feet span, and been completed. one of one arch thirty feet span. A timber bridge ou masonry abutments) This bridge has not been and piers, originally intended to be of three yet commenced, partly openings of sixty-five feet span, but sub from want of an Officer sequently changed to five openings of eighty of rather more experifeet span each, for reasons explained. ence thau Mr. Marshall, and partly because the embankment of part of the bed of the Chenab was likely to cause some change in the water-way. There are thirty-one drains in this Division, all of which have been completed. The metalling of part of this Division is a matter of difficulty. Kunkur for inetalling is found on the left, but not on the Mctalling right bank of the Ravee. Indeed, as a general rule, it may be assumed, that in the valleys of the Punjab Rivers no kunkur is to be found,t in the alluvial parts, which have been (geologi- * Sec their letter sanctiqping the work. | Kunkur has been lattiy reported to havo been found in the low valley of the Sutlej near Gunda-Singh-wala, opposite Ferozepoor, but locality not defined.

·( 3 ) cally speaking) recently subject to the influence of the rivers. This may apply to the part of the First Division between the Ravee and the Bagh Bucha Nullah, and kunkur has therefore to be transportedefor a considerable distance, partly from the left bank of the Ravee. Six station-houses have been built for the road establishment at distances of ten miles, and groves of trees have Station-louses. been planted at intervals of two miles along the Groves. sides of the road. The work of this Division has been on the whole creditable to Mr. Marshall; he has managed to get his work done Mr. Marshall. chiefly by contract, and his accounts are always well brought up and his Office Books in excellent order. SECOND OR GOOJERAT DIVISION. Lieutenant Gardner, Executive Officer, con SECOND DIVISION. leave.) Captain Moffat, Officiating. The length of this Division is forty miles; of this- In Plains, thirty- Earth-work completed. Road or cartlı-work. three and a half miles, In Hills, six and a Earth-work, one-eighth of half miles, ... a mile, incomplete. Twelve bridges from ten | Nine finished. Masonry work. to eighty feet span, -- Three not commenced. Sixty-four drain bridges under ten feet span, forty-one finished. One bridge 300 feet Tinber bridges. Not commenced. span, Masonry piers nearly One bridge 210 feet span,... finished; wood-work in hand. The great cuttings through the Kharian Pass have been completed, and the road-way of this Division is all but finished Road-way, and ready for metalling. There remains some earth-work in finishing the slopes of the Kharian Embankment Pass cuttings, and a drain bridge not originally Valley of the Jheluin. provided for. The earth-work of the embankment across the valleys of the Chenab and Jhelum is nearly finished, a solid t} ... across ·embankment has been carried from “ Nourungabad Serai" to the border of Lne stream of the Jhelum, and its terminus will be protected by a strong line of piling. There is every reason to hope that this work may be considered permanent, as it stood during the last rainy season and is now well consolidated, and the slopes turfed and in course of being further protected by plantations of jhow and willow trees. The same work has been executed on the valley of the Chenab. The embankment has been carried for more than a mile Embankment Valley of the Chenab. and a half across the sandy bed of the valley, and two deep channels, over which it was intended to build bridges, have been to the present time successfully closed. The portion of the Chenab embankment is as follows :- Chenab Embankment. across River T A Chenaub met andere 6 1 Z. Scalliete Nurlah Wurderabad ·( 5 ) The Scalkoto Nullah drains the Rechnab Doab, and in great floods from A to D is inundated. It was intended to place bridges at A, B and C; but there was always the danger of the channels B and C indefinitely Chenab сmbankment. increasing and deepening when confined to fixed water-way; it therefore appeared advisable to close these channels, so that they might silt up, giving some increased water-way to bridge “a" and securing its foundation. The next idea was to run out, to some high ground, a bund, E, F, G, as high as the road, so as to exclude the Chenab water entirely from the Sealkote Nullah. The occurrence of a minor flood during the time that I was encamped with Lieutenant Taylor at Wuzeerabad, gave us an opportunity to study its effects ; there was a strong current along the side excavation of the bund as marked which threatened to cut away its slopes. If the bund, E, F, G, should be carried out, the stream would be driven to the terminus of the bund to the Chenab, where it would not be at all desirable to have any action going on. The idea of the bund, E, F, G, was therefore abandoned, and instead, the spur bunds, h, i, k, 1, are being run out a few hundred feet, to remove the actions of the streams, B, C, in minor floods, from the road embankment, and push it round into the Sealkote Nullah, the banks of which are comparatively old and firm. There is no doubt that the section of the road embankment is sufficient to support any head of water, which does not overfiow it; the only points on which it could be injured are at its extremities, or by being under-mined at the channels of the nullahs B, C. These points will be secured by piling, and as every flood that comes up to the bund deposits nearly an inch of rich alluvium over the land, there is reason to hope that the whole tract for several miles up the river will be completely reclaimed. The well foundations of the Sealkote Nullah Bridge will be sunk as deep as they can be got down, and well sccured by a flooring and by curtain walls, and the terminus T will be protected by dcep piling There being no water in the Kharian Pass, between Kharian and Well in thc Kharian Nourungabad, except a precarious supply from a tank, a well has been sunk to a depth of 160 feet, and a good supply of pure water is anticipated. The work has been Pass.

·C ( 6 ) difficult and hazardous, but it has been successfully accomplished without accident and will prove a great blessing to travellers, as well as a convenience to the road establishment, which could not be dispensed with. The supply of metalling for this Division has been a subject of much consideration ; small quantities of metalling were Motalling found at first, but on working out the deposits, they have proved quite insufficient. No beds of kunkur have been met with, although, in order to ascertain the fact, the ground has been surveyed, and at short intervals lines were drawn perpendicular to the road, on both sides, to a distance of ten miles, and on these, wells or pits were sunk at half mile intervals, without discovering a single quarry. Stone that will answer for metalling is found in limited quantities, at distances of from six to nine miles from the road : Stone for metalling. the whole of this has been collected at centrical spots, but is still far short of the demand: the reinainder will have to be supplied by carrying kunkur across the Chenab from Wuzeerabad for the first march, and large shingles or boulders from the Jhelum and fron Bhimbur for the central and Western marches of the road. The expense of this is not determined. The greatest pains will be taken by Lieutenant Taylor for a systematic reduction of the cost of collection, carriage and breaking of the material to a minimum sum. That it will be a very expensive operation there can be no doubt, but having taken every possible means to procure materials as near as possible, by proclamation of rewards and by close search, and having reduced the cost of its preparation to as low a sum as is practicable, I conclude, it must be admitted, that the expense must be incurred and the road metalled. The masonry in the “ Kharian" Pass is built partly of good sandstone, principally excavated in the cuttings or Materials. quarried near the works. The rates at which it has been executed are Rupees 10, 12 and 13-8 per 100 cubic feet. One station-house for the road establishment Station-houses. has been made ; three more will be constructed. Groves of trees have been planted along the line Grovce of road at distances of every two miles. Cost of quarrying. Cost of quarrying, 14 Rupee per 100 cubic feet. The causes of this high rate have been explained ·(7) Metalling for six and a half miles has been col- Metalling lected The earth-work in this Division was quickly done, and Lieutenant Greenland ner deserves credit for this despatch and for the man- Earth.work. ner in which he managed to retain work-people. The masonry works are generally very good, particularly the stone ma- Masonry sonry. The Office was not in efficient order. Lieu- Office. tenant Cardner had allowed soine arrears to accumulate, which may be attributable partly to ill health and partly to difficulty of getting Office Establishment. THIRD OR JHELUM DIVISION. THIRD DIVISION. Lieutenant Oliphant, Executive Enginecr. Lieutenant Warrand, Assistant Executive Engineer Lieutenant Hallowes, H. M.’s 87th, Actg. A. C. ditto. J. Chalmers, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer. F. Lennox, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer. On Probation. J. Bean, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer. H. Scott, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer. The length of this Division is thirty-six and three-quarter miles. Road or earth-work in Finished eleven miles. Earth-work. plain ground, fourteen In hand three ditto. miles. Finished twelve and a half ditto. In hill ground 231 In hand six and a half miles, ditto. Not commenced 4 ditto. Four large bridges, Finished, 0 from 200 to 400 feet In hand, 1 Masonry. water-way, Not yet commenced, 3 N. B.-Large quantities of materials for the remaining bridges have been collected. Finished, 6 Thirteen bridges, from 12 feet to 100 feet In hand, 1 span,... Not yet commenced, 6 ... .. ... ... ..... ... ... ...

·( 8 ) ...... ... ... ... Stone. Finished, 30 Sixty drains, Remaining to be done, 30 The building stone is an excellent sand-stone, partly quarried out in Materials. excavations and partly drawn from a quarry near Sohawa, where there is a tram-way and trucks at work, by which the carriage is very much economised. Lime of excellent quality, from Rupees 15 to 20 Limc. per 100 maunds. Lime-stone boulders broken, at from Rupees 3 Mctalling. to 2 per 100 cubic feet. Hard mill-stone grit ditto, 1 Rupec 12 annas to 2 Rupees. Carriage per 100 maunds at 12 annas a mile, but neither of the above rates can be considered as definitely settled. Stone metalling for seven and a half miles has Stone metalling been collected and broken. The masonry in this Division is of a superior description, owing to the favorable nature of the stone. The bridges are Masonry. faced with dressed stone. Six groves have been planted, and nurseries have been formed for sup- Groves, plying trees for the other twelve groves required. Four road station-houses will have to be built Road station-houses. in this Division ; none of them have as yet been commenced. This Division has contained the heaviest work of the road. From Jhe- Difficult lum the road runs through flat or undulated ground works, as far as Hutti, with considerable cuttings and embankments. On approaching the Bukrala Nullah, the cuttings and embankments are very formidable. In order to give a descent of 3 feet per 100, a ridge of 1200 feet broad at the road level must be cut or tunnelled. The Bukrala Nullah Bridge will be commenced during the next working season. A heavy embankment for the approach Bukrala Nullah Bridge. to the bridge on the right bank of the nullah is in progress, and the road is thence completed through the Bukrala Hills to the table-land of Potwar, at a gradient not exceeding 3 feet per 100. Where there are interruptions from the unfinished parts of the road, naturo of ·( 9 ) an excellent temporary line has been made, so that Temporary line. the communication is quite open from Jhelum to Sohawa, and thence to the old road at Pudhana. The Bishen dour and Heer Nullahs, two gigantic ravines, are now the Bishendour and Heer obstacles which prevent the connection of Lieute- Nullahs. nant Oliphant's Division with Captain Bowden's; as soon as they are passable, the whole line will be opened for traffic to Rawul Pindee and Hussein Abdal. The works of this Division have been most formidable, and their execution has been excellent and most creditable to Lieutenant Oliphant, the Executive Engineer, and his Assistants. The Office is generally in very good order; so ne arrears had occurred at the time of my last inspection, owing to the sud- Office, den increase of labourers, before establishments for office work and superintendence could be obtained. Lieutenant Oliphant had at one time 13,000 Number of workpeople. men at work. The masonry of the bridges and drains is excellent. The district is Lieutenant Cliphant wild and thinly-peopled, and possesses no town nor city of any consequence, near the works, to aid its resources. The Division, though only a portion of the great work, is in itself a charge of the utmost importance, equal in magnitude to any single executive charge in the country, and requiring engineering talents and energies, which Lieutenant Oliphant possesses in a high degree. He has been ably assisted by Lieutenant Warrand, Engineers, and Mr. J. Chalmers, Assistant Civil Engineer. and Assistants. THE RAWUL PINDEE DIVISION, COMPRISING THE FOURTH AND FIFTH DIVISIONS. The Fourth Division is under the immediate charge of Lieutenant Bowden, 22nd Regiment, assisted by Lieutenant RAWOL PINDEE DIVISION. FOURTH Division, Bray, H. M. 96th Regiment. It extends from Rawul Pindee to Goojer-khan-walla, a distance of thirty-one miles; of these there are In rocky and dif Eleven miles completed or Roach ar earth-work. ficult ground, thirteen nearly so; two and a and a half miles, half miles in progress. с ·( 10 ) ... ... .. ... ... Twelve miles completed In open and undulated ground, seventeen or nearly so, five and a and a half miles, half not commenced. Sohan River Bridge, 1 Excavations for the foun- Masonry water-way 1,100 feet, dations are commenced. Stone is being quarried ; a tramway well advanced to bring the stone from the quarry to the works; nearly all the Stone for bridges. wood for the superstructure of the bridge cut and seasoned. The foundations will be under water, with boulders, and will be the principal difficulty. Excavations for the foun- The Leh Nullah dations commenced ; Leh Nullah Bridge. Bridge, 300 feet watertimber for superstrucway, ture ready. One bridge fifty feet span. In progress--seventy-two bridges, drains and culverts of twenty feet span and under. Of these Bridges and drains. thirty-five are completed, eighteen in progress, and nineteen not commenced. The masonry is principally built of stone, which is found of good quality throughout the line, and costs from Rupees Materials. 2 to 5 per 100 cubic feet. The bricks are burnt by contract, and cost from Bricks. Rupees 8 to 10 per 1,000. Stone lime of good quality, costs from Rupees 15 Lime. to 18 per 100 maunds. No satisfactory rate of preparing metalling, nor Metalling for carriage, but 1 Rupee per 100 maunds per mile may be assumed. Two road station-houses have been builty and Road station-houses. one more has to be constructed. There are to be fifteen groves in this Division. Groves. Nurseries have been formed for supplying trees. FIFTH DIVISION. The Fifth Division is under the immediate charge of Mr. Ninian Steele, Assistant Civil Engineer, under the orders of Cap- FirTDIVISION. tain Robertson, and extends from the whablat ·( 11 ) In progress. River to Rawul Pindee, a distance of twenty-nine and three-quarter miles ; of these there are In very rocky and dif- Road or earth-work. ficult ground, eight and three-quarter miles, ..., Undulated ground, with heavy work, cuttings and embankments, sixteen miles; of Open and all but completed. easy plain ground, five miles, 2nd. Large bridges--the “ Kala Viaduct," 200 feet water-way; the Vah stream, 180 feet. Foundations of both in Masonry work. progress. The Bahoodra Bridge, ninety feet, well advanced. Well advanced, thirty- Seal Bridge, forty feet. Fifty bridges, eight completed, seven drains and culverts of small span, in progress, five not commenced. With regard to materials, the remarks of the Materials. preceding Division apply to this Division also. The three road station-houses in this Division are ready. Nurseries station-houses of young trees have been formed for planting fif- .. Road and groves. teen groves. The two Divisions will be open for traffic by the close of the present year, excepting the large bridges. The principal points to notice in the Division, are the large bridges Bridges over the Sohan over the Sohan and Leh Rivers, and Leh. They will be of timber, supported on masonry piers. The timber will be a modification of the lattice bridge, of which a model, on one-half the scale of the bridge, was proved to bear an actual load of upwards of 800 lbs. on each square foot of road-way without breaking. The bridge over the Seal Nullah will be of similar construction. The site selected for the Sohan Bridge, has been chosen after the most careful consideration, above the junction of Sohan Bridge. the Leh Nullah. This entails a bridge over the latter as well as over the Sohan, which is contrary to the ordinary principles of bridge building, as it would have saved the smaller bridge, could the Sohan Bridge have been placed below the confluence of the

·tehnici
del comicile contenere
NI)..
( 12 )
two streams. But the only available point is one, a short distance below
their junction, and it would have been manifestly objectionable to have
had a second stream flowing directly upon the bridge, particularly as the
Leh may be in flood when the Sohan is not. The bed of the Sohan
shows marks of great disturbance at the confluence of the two streams.
The position of the Sohan Bridge was therefore fixed at a safe distance
above it, incurring the necessity of a second bridge over the minor
stream, to obtain the most secure position for the greater work.
The great descents to the Sohan from Rawul Pindee and Rowat Serai
are well advanced.
The position of the Sohan Bridge is favorable to the city of Rawul
Pindee, the direct road to which runs on the left bank of the Leh.
Crossing of the Sohan River.
yTo Peshawor
Antonmentary
,,Bawul l'unda
MT
10
7. Peshawur
14 Lugh. Nullah
Sotvaru
Old boada
Kuwu Pinder
Hits
70 Jhelun

·( 13 ) The new passage through the Margulla Hill is now being opened; the company of Sappers is encamped on the work ; Margulla Pass. the great ravines on each side of the Pass are embanked and passable. The general supervision of these two Divisions, the Fourth and Fifth. making the Rawul Pindee Division, has been ex- Captain Robertson. ercised by Captain Robertson, of the Madras Native Infantry. During Lieutenant Oliphant's absence on sick leave, in 1852-53, Captain Robertson had charge of the Sohawa works, where he did valuable service, his present Division having nearly been at a stand for want of an experienced Engineer. Under Captain Robertson's management the works were steadily organized and advanced satisfactorily. Lieutenant Bowden, (H. M.'s 22nd,) Executive Officer, Fourth Division, and Mr. Ninian Steele, Assistant Civil Engineer, in charge of Fifth Division, have given very great satisfaction. Lieutenant Bray, Captain Cobbe, and Captain Ring have assisted on the works and have been favorably reported of. Captain Robertson's Division is scarcely, if at all, inferior to the Third, or Lieutenant Oliphant's Division, in the magnitude and importance of its works, to the execution of which Captain Robertson has brought the experience gained during an employment of some years in the Madras Presidency and a large share of professional skill and talent. Assistants. SIXTH DIVISION. SIXTH DIVISION, Lieutenant Henderson, Executive Officer. Lieutenant Anderson, H. M.'s 96th, Assistant Executive Officer. Lieutenant Packe, 4th N. I., Acting. Lieutenant Tovey, H. M.'s 24th Regiment, Acting. The Sixth Division commences at two miles East of Akora and extends to the River Chablat. It has the crossing of the Indus and Hurroo Rivers.

·( 14 ) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The length of the Division is thirty-five miles; of these nine miles are Trans-Indus and twenty-six Cis-Indus. Of rocky ground and Road or earth-work. hills at the crossing of Completed. the Indus, with great cuttings and embankments, four miles, Two and a half completed. Of clay, ravines and deep cuttings at the One and a half not yet crossing of the Hurtoo, four miles.... ... commenced. Of undulating country, alternately mode- Four miles completed. rate embankments and cuttings, twenty-seven Twenty-one and a half miles, miles in progress. Four large bridges Of these the Hurroo of 300 feet, 250 feet, ( Bridge, of 300 feet, is in Masonry works. 200 feet, and 125 feet progress. Materials for water-way, other bridges collected. Seventeen bridges, from twenty to ninety Of these 11 are completfeet span, ed and six are in hand. One hundred and twenty-two bridges, cul- Of these fifty-five are comverts and drains below twenty feet span, pleted, and twelve are in hand. Building stone is of rough shape, but good quality ; the fracture irregular ; its cost ranges from Rupees 2 to 4 per Materials, 100 cubic feet. Lime is burnt near the works from mountain lime-stone and is of excellent quality ; it costs Rupees 12 to 16 per Limc, 1,000 maunds. Bricks are burnt by contract and cost from Bricks. Rupees 8 to 12 per 1,000. The metal will be of broken lime-stone, rate not Metalling yet sufficiently determined. The bridges are constructed of good rubble masonry, the facings rough dressed, the arches of picked stone. The cement Bridges. of lime and soorkee is of good quality. The bridges between Attock and Lieutenant Gully's Division, have their foundations laid in water; the road runs at the foot of the Geedur Gully Hills, the slopes of which stand in the Cabul River. The beds of the ·( 15 ) Groves. of Chuch. water- courses have a great fall and undergo much disturbance in floods, and have required the protection of deep curtain walls. One road station-house is ready, and two more Road station-houses. will have to be made. Seventeen groves will be planted. Nurseries have been formed for supplying the requisite trees. The very difficult portion of the road leading from the open Valley of Peshawur, across the Indus, to the plain of Chuch, Road across the Valley will be completely open for traffic of all kinds in of Peshawur to the plain the current month. It has been delayed by heavy floods, which caused the destruction of two arches by carrying away their centreings. The undulated plain of Chuch, extending to the Hurroo, has many small culverts, cuttings and embankments, but is Plain of Chuch. not a work that will take very long to get through, when labor can be fairly applied to it. Hitherto the labor has been absorbed in the heavy work at the crossings of the Indus and the Hurroo. Lieutenant Henderson's Office was in very good order, and books very well kept up. Some slight arrears existed, owing State of Officc. to the want of Office Establishment. Lieutenant Henderson has gained valuable experience in his present works, which he has superintended since the 10th Licutenant Henderson. April 1851, and which have been of a novel and varied natur. The construction of upwards of seventy boats for the Peshawur District, has been entrusted to him in addition to his proper duties. He has constructed the very efficient boats for the Indus Floating Bridge, and is a talented and most zealous Officer. He has been assisted by Lieutenant Packe, of the 4th Native Infantry, Lieutenant Ander- His Assistants. son, of H. M.'s 96th Foot, (of whom he reports very favorably,) and lately by Lieutenant Tovey, of H. M.'s 24th Foot. SEVENTH DIVISION. SEVENTH DIVISION. Lieutenant Gully, Executive Officer. Lieutenant Colls, H. M.'s 32nd Foot, Assistant. Utta? Initisha blic Library Acca. itu. .627.11........Lute....II.1.7.72 ·( 16 ) The Seventh Division extends from Peshawur to Demgurzaee, two miles East of Akora, a distance of thirty-four miles. Extent of Division. The sections and tracings of this part were done in 1851, but the services of Lieutenant Gully being urgently required on another part of the road, the Seventh Division was not proceeded with until December 1853; and until the present working Scarcity of workmen. season, workmen were very scarce. It was found necessary to resort to considerably increased rates for labor, which after some time have brought a respectable working party. Mr. Brereton's scheme of employing Muzbee Sikhs was tried, and has Employment of Muz- given a body of 1,000 men, who have worked steabee Sikhs. dily for some months. * Of thirty-four miles, there are in level Twenty-two miles comor undulating ground, Road or earth-work. pleted ; twelve miles in twenty-seven in progress. broken ground and ravines, seven miles, The masonry in this Division is extremely heavy. miles; .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• Shand. Four bridges, from 180 to 300 feet water- ( Of these, one of 300 way, ... feet completed. Thirty-three bridges above twenty feet of Six in hand. water-way, Ninety bridges, culverts and drains under ) Twelve completed ; ten in twenty feet span, ... Materials have been collected for all the remaining bridges and for twelve bridges in excess. The line runs between and nearly parallel to the Khuttuck Hills and the Cabul River, and intercepts the whole drainage flowing from the former to the latter. There is no choice of ground, so that the masonry works are necessarily very numerous. The drainage channels are wide and little sunk below the surface, so that bridges require numerous piers and arches of small height. The foundations of the larger bridges are laid below the water level. Thc Muzbees blave since been ordered to be withdrawn from the Peshawur Valley, because part of them joined some outlaws on the frontier They are a serious lors to the works.

·( 17 ) Building stone is quarried on the Noushera Hills and boated across the Cabul River. It is also quarried in the Khut- Materials. tuck Hills and is of good texture, but irregular fracturc; costs on an average Rupees 6 per 100 cubic feet. The bricks are burnt by the Executive Engineer, and cost Rupees 10 per 1,000. The lime is burnt in the Khuttuck Hills, and is of good quality ; it costs Rupces 12 per 100 maunds. Lime. Bricks. The metal will be of broken stone, boulders and shingle; its cost is not yet sufficiently deterniined. Metalling Road station-houses, There will be three road station-houses in this Division; they have not yet been commenced on. Nurseries have been formed for supplying trcos for the groves along the road: there will be sixteen Groves. of these groves. From the cause before noted, namely, the temporary removal of Licute- Canse of delay in pronant Gully, the attention which the more impor gress of the road, tant parts of the road demanded, and the want of soine experienced Officer to superintend the work, this Division has been the latest commenced and will probably be the latest completed. The auxiliary works of the road are, a saw-mill at Mungola turned by water power. It is in excellent working order, Auxiliary works. and turns out ordinarily 2,000 superficial font of timber per diein, though it can, if required, saw more than 3.000 feet. The return from it is reckoned at 30 to 40 per Saw-nudi ut Mungola. cent. on its outlay. The mill stream is taken from the Jhelum and the waste water will be thrown off for irrigation. Attached to the saw-mill are the timber-yard and work-shops for the Timber-yard and work- supply of tools for the road and the coustruction plops. of the bridge of boats for the Jhelumn. Work-shops at Rawul Pindee and apparatus for boiling tiniber, in lieu of seasoning ; sture-room and office for the Super- Work-shops, &c. ut Rawul Pindce. intendent and Executive Officers. At Attock, a saw-mill driven by water-wheel work-shops and building yard for boats for the River Indus, store- Saw-mill, &c, at Attuck. rooms, &c. D ·( 18 ) Tram ways have been laid down for the transport of stones from Trani wava at Sohawa the quarries at Sohawa to the works, also from and Rawul Pendee. the quarries of Rawul Pindee to the Sohan Bridge. Nearly the whole of the transport of earth from excavations, or for ombankments, has been done by means of wheel- Transport of carth. barrows or horse-carts. Excepting in the two lower «livisions, the use of baskets has entirely ceased. the Ravec. The bridge of boats over the Ravee has been completed and in use since October 1853. The estimate provided for at Floating bridges. cold weather bridge of fifty boats and a ferry for Bridge of boats over the season of inundation, the boats being all adapted for ferry boats. During the present year,' (a season of very unusual flools,) the bridge has been maintained the whole time, * but twelve boats, in audition to those estimated, sixtytwo boats in all, have been found necessary. To allow of a few to spare, the complement should be soventy boats for the Ravee, For the Chenab fifty boats are estimated, twenty-five boats have alreauly Chenab bridge of been despatched, and thirty-six more will be really by boats, the 1st of September. When the bridge will be established, probably not less than 100 boats will be required for the Chenal, which should be bridged permanently throughout the year. For the Jhelum, fifty-eight boats estimated for are ready, and fifty more Bridge of boats over should be built, and inay be ready by the Ist of the Jhelum. January next, to bridge the river at all seasons. The cold weather bridge may be put up in October, or as soon its the floods cease of hoats. For the Indus, fifty-five boats were estimated for all seasons ; thirty Indus bridge boats are ready for the cold weather bridge, which will be put up as soon as the floods cease, and twenty-one more are in progress. Thus the four rivers will have the cold weather bridges ready as soon as they subside, in the course of two months, and Summary. if sanctioned by the Government, a sufficient num- * Since writing this, the communication across the bridge has been stopped for a day, ly a high flood turuing the East fank of the bridge, but the moorings remained firm.

·(19) ... ber of boats to inaintain bridges on every river throughout the year, will be prepared during the cold seasou. Each bridge has a road-way tweny-six feet broad, divided into two streets, for the going and coming traffic. The follow- Description of bridges, ing equipment is in course of being supplied for them :- 224 Anchors. 233 Chain Cables. The Indian arsenals and markets could not supply the following, which are coming from Engiand by order of the Equipnient from England, Court of Directors 9 Chain Calles, For the Ravee. 9 Anchors, ... 38 Anchors, For the Jbelum. 35 Chaiu Cables, ... 60 Chain Cables, for the Chenab. 10 Chain Cables, For the Indus. 43 Anchors, There have been received from magazines the following anchors and cables: 41 Anchors, For the Ravee. 31 Anchors, For the Jhelum. 43 Cables, 60 Anchors, ... For the Chenal. 2 Anchors, For the Indus. 35 Cables, ... ... } .::} A.. ... . } • ... ... ... ... 264 Miles. The total length of the road is,... Length of road open, work performed and re Of which there are now passable and maining, &c. 160 And will be open in November next, 60 in use, 220 Remaining, 44 Miles, which are mainly in the Seventh Division, which, from the great number of bridges and culverts required, and from having been, as I have before noted, the latest commenced, will be the last completed, ·( 20 ) Forty miles, First Division open for traffic, 11th February 1853. Twenty miles, ditto ditto, 16th July 1853. From the Chenab to Kharian, open 10th May 1853. Kharian l'ass open for travellers, December 1852. Mail Carts commenced to run from the Ravee Oct. 1853. to Jhelum, Road froin Jhelum to ) Deenah and through >12th Nov. 1853 Bukrala Pass, open..... Bukrala Pass open for Nov. 1852 travellers, Twenty-five miles of July 1854. Fifth Division, open "} .. Abstract of the Work ulready done on the Road and thut remaining to be executed. Work done and remaining, DESCRIPTION OF WORK. REMARKS. Required Completed. In progress. Remaining Masonry & Timber Bridges, 103 33 16 57 Materials collected for almost all the un- Drains and Culverts,... 489 242 47 200 made bridges. Road Station-houses, 26 13 13 ..... ... Groves, 130 55 ... 75 Nurseries formed for the remaining Groves. Tunnel, 624 feet long, 1 Metalling, Materials collecting in First, Second and Third Divisions. Two at work. Saw Mills, Floating Bridges, ... New Floating Bridges will be put up on the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab by November, and one has been maintained all the year on the Ravce.

·( 21 ) ... The following is an abstract of the expenditure Past expenditure. on the whole road up to the 1st February 185+:-- Sanctioned Establishment, ... Rs. 1,45,566 0 0 Temporary Ditto, 1,47,823 (0) Road Work, 9,15,029 00 Tools and Stock, 2,62,000 0 0 Outstanding Balance, 1,62,000 0 0 ... ... ... Espended up to 1st December 1853. ... 16,32,925 00 Expended, and Balance in hand from 1st December 1833 to 1st February 1854, 8,33,075 0 0 Total, Company's Rupees 24,66,000 0 0 ... Annexed to this Report is an estimate* of the probable cost of completing the road, excepting the inetalling in Futuro cxpcnditure. the Sind-Sagor Doahan Peshawar, and not including the cost of superintendence, amounting to Company's Rupees 26,74,661-0-3. The rates of the estimate are fair and as low as is consistent with good work. The greatest pains have been taken to establish systematic rules for the exaction of labor. The task of each man has Labor tasked. been calculated for every kind of soil, the most economical means of transport have been adopted from experiment, and every expeclient that could be devised has been practised to reduce the cost of labor. Borers of large diaineter have been used to pierce the hard «lay for mines, when shafts and galleries were inapplicable. In order to arrive at an approximate estimate of the probable cost of completing the road, a total of the water-way re- Estimate how formed quired for the bridges was made and divided by the number, to give a mean section, for which the several parts were calculated, and the masonry thus obtained was estimated at Rupees 20 per 100 cubic feet, including centreing and plastering. This process was applied to the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh Divisions. The remaining masonry work was deducted from detailed calculations, and from actual cost of similar works, with rates increased to cover the increased rates of labor which it has been found necessary to give. The earth-work * Vide Tablc, No. II.

·( 22 ) Talles I. III. and IV. has been calculated from a complete profile of the line, which acconpanies this Report. The blue line represents the roadl-way, on which the gradients are shown. The datit for metalling in the Sind-Sagor Doab are not yet to be relied on. The rates for laying down metal are Metalling shown in the accompanying Table, * but the cost of collecting, breaking up, and consolidating, are not yet fixed. It has been found necessary to increase the wages considerably beyond the rates current at annexation, particularly in the Wages. Divisions beyond the Jhelum, where they have increased 50, 75 and 100 per cent. The progressive rise of prices may be seen in Table, No. VI., which contains comparative stateinents of rates of labor and works. The other Tables that are forwarded with this Report are :- Table, No. 1, showing the amount cxpended on the roul to 1st May 1853. Tables Nos. III. and IV., showing the quantity of work that is fixed as a task for one man, and the labor of carrying for given distancos. There has, at times, been very great difficulty in procuring labor, which Difficulty of procuring has delayed the works. The country beyond the Jhelum being bounded on two sides by hills, the population of which will not work in the plains, or only do so for a few months, the labor is drawn mainly from the agricultural population of the Sind-Sagor Doah, who return to their homes at the scason of ploughing and harvest ; and during the Ramzan festival, which lasts from a portion of May to a portion of June, scarcely any work is done, so that the strength of the working parties is liable to great fluctuations, whilst the establishment of superintendence must be maintained. In the cold season of 1853-54, during a temporary alarm for the har- Plentiful labor during vest, the population of the Sind-Sagor Doab last cold scason. flocked in great numbers to the works. It was of great consequence to them that they should find employment, and an advantage to the road not to be lost.f Every effort was made to provide tools and superintendence, advertisements were issued for Overseers, and sanction was obtained from Government for the employment of Soldiers labor. ; * See Tablc, No V. † No reduction of rates was practicable at this period, becausc the people came great distances on the report of the labor prices, and a reduction would have given rise to an imputation of bad faith and seriously injured the credit of the works.

·( 23 ) from H. M.'s Regiments. Roacl establishments Additional Assistant and work-people. Executive Officers were also appointed, and uncovenanted Assistants on trial. The following is a statement of the estublishment and work-people employed on the road :- Superintending Establishment. Perion, Supdy. Executive Offi- Officers. Assistants. Assistant Overseers. Oversecrs. REMARKS. cers. Cold Season of 1 80 1853-54, ...... ** 6 Commissi-7 Commissioned oned Officers, Officers, 2 Uncovenant-12 Uncovenanted ed ditto, A. C.E.,. 6 Comunissi-9 Commissioned oned Officers, Officers, 2 Uncovenant- 4 Uncovenanted ed ditto, A. C. E.,....... * Inclusive of Captain Robertson. June and July 1804, 1 80 Working Establishment. Period, Coolies and Mates. M:140ns, Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Bhee-ties, &c. &c. &c. Animals. Attendants. Hackeries. REMARKS. Cold Season of 1873-57, 35,051 39,66 1,655 154 In June aul Juiy 1804, 26,215 1,635 912 89 .. Servants, But on the occurrence of heavy rains the laborers rapidly diminished. Several tlousand workmen lave been sent from Superiority of d ily lired laborers over monthly the Cashmere Hills and from the Cis-Ravee and Sutlej, but it is found better and cheaper to pay very much enhanced rates for daily labor than to bring up froin a distance monthly servants, who generally try and give as little return as possible for their wages; and failing to turn out a fair task of work have their pay cut, and soon desert or withdraw from their engagements. The present rainy season has been unusually severe iu the Punjah, and scrious iujury has occurred in one or two parts of Injury caused by rccent hicavy rai the road. The Bach Bucha Bridge, of three arches Damage to the Bagh of thirty feet span cach, has been washed away, and Bucha Bridge. the road has been breached in several places in the First and Second Divisions, where it was not expected. It is so far fortunate, that this has occurred during the construction of the road and whilst the means of guarding against a re-occurrence of it are at hand.

·( 24 ) The embankments will be raised and additional water-way given. It is almost impossible to learn the extent of some of these floods, ex- Extent of hill floods cept by experience. The alteration or obstruction difficult to know. of a torrent, near the hills, whose streams flow in a shallow channel, may double the flood in an avljacent line of drainage. Instances in the case of I will give an instance in the Bhimbur Nullah, the Bhimbur Nullah. which flows near Goojerat. We found the road crossing it three times, and esteemed ourselves fortunate in getting a direct line, which crossed it only once at a good section. There were traces of an escape from the nullah, from soinc point higher up, which had once crossed the new line, but wils nearly grown over and obliterated, and it was thought well to secure it by embanking the part where it left the main channel. From some change in the nullah a large part of the stream suddenly returned to the old and nearly effaced channel, and it scens difficult to say which of the two the river will eventually a lopt. Both must be bridged with the full water-way. The water has not sufficiently subsided to aulinit of ascertaining the cause of the loss of the Bagh Bucha Bridge, of which a full Report shall be subunitted hereafter. The materials were good and the water-way sufficient. Amidst such difficulties a correctly detailed estimate is almost impossi- Difficulty of fornuing ble, without an additional cstablishment that could corrert estimate. not easily be procureil, and a delay for which the estiinate would afford no compensation. The foregoing Report, though giving the general state of each Division, Chief works and greatdoes not give an adequate idea of the mass of work est (lifliculties on the which has been performed. The heaviest works roads. are the embankments in the valleys of the Ravee, Chenab and Jhelum, the cuttings through the Kharian Hills, the ascent from Deenalı, in the valley of the Jhelum, to Huttee, where there are many low hills to cut through and ravines to enbank. The descent to the Bukrala Nullah and ascent to Sohawa, are works of great magnitude, to explain which, I have annexed a few sectious. The Sohawa cuttings are through very hard rock. At the borders of the Third Division, the Bishcndour and Beer ravines are gigantic, and the crossings of them at easy gradients are great works, and are, at present, obstacles to a complete connection of the new line between Jhelum and Rawul Pin dec. Between these and the Sohan River, the country is comparatively easy, but there are many long cuttings and fillings with culverts. The excava-

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·( 25 ) tion and embankments for crossing the Sohan are second only in magnitude to those of the Bukrala Nullah ; the Margulla Pass, a passage blasted through the hardest lime-stone rock; the crossing of the Hurroo, scarcely inferior in extent through in casier soil than the Sohan. The crossing of the Indus, with the rocks which bind it on either side, has been a formidable work. The annexed sketch shows the Khoond cliff, the face of which was blown away for the road-way ir 1851 (as noted in my last Report) at the expense of 18,000 lbs. of powder. Lieutenant A. Taylor, of the Engineers, the Superintendent of this Licutenant Taylor, road, has maintained the same zeal and energy in Superintendent, its construction that marked his commencement of it. With matured experience and increased resources, he has devoted his talents to the work amidst great difficulties. He has introduced improvements in mining, by the use of very large jumpers, wielded by the help of mechanical agency. The use of gunpowder in the great excavations of clay has been followed with success. He has vastly improved the construction of the boats for the Indus and Jhelum Rivers, both in form and mode of construction. I beg to recommend him to the favorable consideration of the Punjab Government. Mr. J. Anderson, Assistant Civil Engineer, has been attached to Lieute- Mr. J. Anilerson, Asnant Taylor's office, the management of which has sistant Civil Engineer. heen entrusted to him, and for which Licutenant Taylor reports highly in his favor. Lieutenant Oliphant, of the Engineers, (who has been the longest em- Other Officers of the ployed,) Lieutenant Henderson, and Captain Robertson, have all had executive charges of the greatest importance, and deserve to be specially recommended. I also beg to recommend Mr. Ninian Steele, Assistant Civil Engineer, Lieutenant F. J. Gully, and Mr. F. C. Marshall, Assistant Civil Engineer, who deserve great credit. Lieutenant Packe, Lieutenant Colls, Captain Cobbe, Captain Ring, and Lieutenant Hallowes, have been favorably reported to me. Captain Moffat, who has acted for Lieutenant Gardner, has given satisfaction, and Lieutenant Taylor has desired to retain his services. Lieutenant Warrand and Mr. J. Chalmers, Assistant Civil Enginecr, have both given valuable assistance, and deserve to be very favorably recommended. road. E ·Section IX. ROAD FROM LAHORE TO THE BEEAS. In August 1852, the road from Lahore to the Beeas, via Umritsur, had two-thirds of the earth-work thrown up, twenty State of the road in August 1852. bridges and culverts were completed, and a considerable part of the metalling was collected. Nurseries of trees had been planted and shelter provided for the road establishment. Since that date, the whole road has been completed, as far as was provided for in the estimate, with a few trifling ex- Road now completed. ceptions, and has been maintained in constant use from the Beeas to Umritsur since its commencement, and from Umritsur to Lahore since July 1853. I carefully inspected the whole line in April last. From the Beeas to Umritsur the line was in excellent order, excepting Chief Engineer's inspection of the line from in the following instances. The grallients from Umritsur to the Beeas. the high bank to the bed of the Beeas had not been sufficiently provided for in the original estimate, and required a further expenditure of about Rupees 5,000 to cut an easy descent. The mile of metalling next the Beeas had just been laid down, when Metalling of road noxt there was a heavy fall of rain, and at the same tho Beeas. time a sudden influx of heavy-wheeled traffic, which injured the evenness of the surface. A bridge partially constructed had been washed away by a flood coming at an unusual season and carrying away the Bridge washed away. centreings. An examination of the locality showed it to be rather more economical to cut a new channel, for the torrent, to the Becas, so as to prevent it crossing the road at all. In order to exnibit the metalling thoroughly, its thickness and con- Trial of the metalling solidation, the Executive Officer (the late Captain Lamb) caused to be cut out of the road-way, before me, at intervals taken at hazard, solid blocks of the metalling, which, though so recently laid down, came out in compact slabs, which were transported unbroken for fifteen or twenty miles, showing an excellent laid down, ·( 27 ) consolidation. The quantity of metalling estimated for was sufficient for a good substratum, nine inches of metal laid on the road were beaten down to five and five and a half inches. The metalling has an excellent hard surface, which will stand the wear and tear of traffic for another year or two, and give a good foundation, on which a super-layer will be thoroughly consolidated. In examining a part of the metalling, where the surface had been picked up and a two-inch layer laid down, the two layers had become thoroughly incorporated with each other, forming one uniform stratum. It will be necessary to commence immediately the collection of metal Collection of metal for for the super-layer, so that it may all be laid down super-layer. in the course of the next twelve months. From Umritsur to Lahore the road was also in excellent order, with Road from Umritsur these exceptions. The slopes of the embankments to Lahore. wanted a little finishing, and the metalling, for a a few miles between Attaree and Lahore, was inferior to the rest, from the very bad nature of the kunkur procurable within a reasonable distance. I directed the abandonment of the indifferent quarries and the transport of kunkur from a greater distance. In every other respect, the road was in excellent order, every masonry work is in sound condition and of excellent quality, and the water-ways sufficient for their work. The plantations at every half-mile were complete and in good order, The whole line of road is sixty-two miles long. It has thirty-five bridges and drains, 35,145,386 cubic feet of embank- Length, cost, &c. of road. ment, and 5,068,800 superficial feet of metalling. The amount of the original estimate is, Rs. 2,65,342 13 8 The total cost of work executed is, ... 2,67,253 7 7 ... ... >> Expended in excess of Estimate, Rs. 1,910 9 11 ... But of the above sum expended, Rupees 16,266-3-8 were for earth-work, found necossary, and ordered in addi- Estimate,.. 2,65,342 13 8 Expended, 2,67,253 7 7 tion to the estimate, so that Captain • Deduct,.. 16,266 3 8 2,50,986 3 11 Lamb has actually executed his work Actual expenditure under Rupees 5-6-7 per cent. under his esestimate, 14,356 9 timated rates. ......

·( 28 ) ... Expenditure not included in Estimate. .... The following are items of expenditure not included in the estimate:- Executive Officer's salary, 11,700 0 0 Subordinate Superintendence, 21,877 8 8 Guards and Surveying Estabt., 3,365 3 11 Instruments, 1,294 0 5 Tools and Work-shops, 5,241 13 9 Experiments, 60 14 4 Stationery Contingencies, 112 11 5 Repairs to the Road embankment after rains, to preserve it for traffic during three years, i. es from Feb. 1851 to May 1854,... 20,673 10 % 64,325 14 8 Expenditure for work on the road, 2,67,253 7 7 ............ ..... ...... Present total cost of road, ........ Rupees 3,31,579 6 3 necessary 8,000 0 0 The additional works required on the road are Small drain bridge to sundry cross roads and at the Additional works entrances to the road-side, thannas, police chowkies and encamping grounds, to prevent the drainage from being impeded, Expenses of the new channel for the torrent alluded to, to prevent its crossing the road, An additional embankment for ditto, Improving the incline to the bed of the Beeas, Estimated cost of upper coat of metalling, } 13,285 5 8 ..... ...... 2,097 5 4 4,308 8 0 82,255 00 ...... ...... ... 1,09,9-16 3,31,579 3 0 6 3 Cost up to present date, ...... ... ... ... Rupees 4,41,525 9 3 The total cost, therefore, of the road from the Beeas to Lahore, including every contingency, will be about Rupees Total cost of road 4,41,525, or Rupees 7,121 a mile. It is to be noted, that the unusual contingency Guards. of guards is added to the cost of Punjab works.

·( 29 ) Cost of road how to be It gives no idea of the probable cost of a road, to confine the estimate to the mere labor on the works, over and above which the repair of the road, and maintaining it cstimated. for traffic during construction, will cost about 6 per cent. The ordinary contingencies of superintendence, tools and stock umount to about 11 per cent., and the extraordinary contingencies, such as accidents, additional works, &c., amount to about 7 per centu, so that a inere first calculation of expenses of working up the embankment and masonry and metalling should have 25 per cent. added to it, to cover all charges The Officer who superintended the execution of this work, Captain J. C. Lamb, died on the 24th June last. It is duet Captain J, C. Lamb. his memory to record his very meritorious services. His works show every mark of the greatest pains and diligence, and are in every way satisfactory, as having been economically and quickly executed. His accounts were kept with the greatest accuracy and always up to date. In little more than a month he manufactured and put up the posts for the Electric Telegraph, for which his bills are already passed by Government The charge of completing the road has been Complction of road entrusted Captain entrusted to Captain Faddy, the Executive Engi- Faddy. neer of Govindghur. ROAD FROM THE BEEAS TO PHILLOUR to Phillour. From the termination of the road from Lahore to the Beeas, the road viâ Jullundur to Phillour on the Sutlej, has been Roal from the Becas partly made by the District Lucal Committee. The road has been partially metalled, and latterly a grant has been made by Government for continuing it by an embankment across the Eastern side of the valley of the Boeas. This work is in progress. The Local Committee's line was made to deviate from a direct course, in order to touch at Phugwarą and Kurtarpoor; the latter, a small Cavalry station, has since been abandoned, and the Officer (Captain Gordon, H. M.'s 75th Foot,) lately appointed to take charge of the road, reports unfavorably of the circuitous line ·( 30 ) of the Local Committee, which, not being properly raised and bridged, would save little in a continuation of the Grand Trunk Road if carried on the same line. It therefore appears desirable to leave the Local Committee's line for present use, during the construction of the new line, and to carry the continuation of the Grand Trunk Road in a direct line from Phillour, passing close by the South of the city and cantonment of Jullundur, and striking the valley of the Beeas at Dyalpoor, where the new embankment commences. Captain Gordon is engaged in making a full Report on this subject, which he will submit with surveys and profiles of both lines, to be well considered before a final recommendation can be made, but, in either case, the cost of the road will perhaps equal that of the road from the Beeas to Lahore, viz. including every charge connected with it, salaries, surveying, &c. &c. Rupees 7,121 per mile, or Rupees 3,56,050 for the whole road It is highly desirable that sanction should be obtained to take up the ground, throw up the earth-work, and prepare materials on which ever be determined upon, during the ensuing working season, so that a year may not be lost. Captain Gordon has one Assistant Executive Officer, and will require one more, at least, to carry on the work vigorously. line may ROAD FROM LAHORE TO FEROZEPOOR. The road from Lahore to Ferozepoor, though much wanted, has not been commenced, because no competent Officer has been available ; now that the road from Loodianah to Ferozepoor has been nearly completed, the Executive Engineer of that work may turn his attention to the Lahore and Ferozepoor Road. Much of the earth-work might be thrown up during the ensuing cold season, and materials might be commenoed, pending the preparation of an estimate. The road from Lahore to the Beeas will have cost, when quite finished, including every charge for salaries of Superintending Officers, surveying, &c., about Rupees 7,121 a mile, and the road to Ferozepoor will probably cost 20 per cent. more, owing to the increased drainage and the unfavorable nature of the country between Kussoor and the Sutlej for fortyfive miles, or probably Rupees 3,84,534.

·( 31 ) ROAD FROM LAHORE TO MOOLTAN. The road from Lahore to Mooltan had been opened in 1852, and in con- Road from Lahore to stant use for wheeled traffic ; during the rains, the Mooltan. road not having been bridged, the mail-cart ceases to run for the letter-dawk, for a few months, though used by travellers. Ordinary wheeled traffic continues on the road without intermission. There are several parts of the line, which are inundated, as was to be expected, and Government have sanctioned the expendituw of a sum of Rupees 36,522-1-1 for embankments and drain bridges, to remedy the parts which offer positive obstructions. But many miles of the road are through a sandy soil and require metalling. The traffic on the twenty miles out of Lahore is so heavy, that metalling there is absolutely required. Taking into account the importance of the line as a connection between Lahore, the capital, and Mooltan, the "port” for Bombay, the consideratiou of measures for making it a permanent line, cannot much longer be deferred. The want of engineering means prevented its being undertaken on a more extensive scale than that which has been adopted, and which has been of the greatest utility. A belief also), that it would be one of the first lines for a railway, on the navigation from England to Kurrachee and Mooltan being more opened, together with the poverty of the country it traverses, have prevented its being brought forward as a permanent line. The additions and improvements sanctioned, were commenced after careful surveys in April last, and were to have been executed by the District Officers with the assistance of Mr. Assistant Civil Engineer Bond. SIX IMPORTANT LINES OF ROAD. The six important lines mentioned in my last Report, and now noted in the margin, have been traced. 1. Jhelum to Kulabagh, viâ Chukowal. 2. Mooltan to Sculkute, viâ Jhung, Kamnugger and No. 5, from Dehra Ishmael Wuzerrabad, Khan, vid Shahpoor and Pin- 3. Mooltan to Jhelum, viâ Jhung. 4. Dehra Ishmael Khan to Lahore, viû Shahpoor and dee Bhutteean to Lahore, Pindce Bhuttcean. 5. Dehra Ishmucl Khan to Ubohur, viâ Jhung and has been completed, on a Googaira. 6. Attock to Kamokce, on the Grand Trunk Road, grant of Rupees 21,651-4-0 niâ Futtehjung, Chukowal, P, D. Khan, and from the general revenues, Ramuugger. and estimates aggregating ·( 32 ) Rupees 2,03,435-5-8 have been submitted to the Honorable Court of Directors for sanction for the remainder. Pending their reply, the roads have been partly opened by the District Officers, and await the amount of the estimate for completion. Rawul Pindce to Pindec to SPECIAL GRANTS FOR ROADS. For the following roads, special grants have been given by Government: 1. The road from Rawul Pindee to Chukowal has been surveyed and traced by Lieutenant Nightingale and his Assis- Chukowal. tants, and opened by the Deputy Commissioners of Rawul Pindee and Jhelum. The distance is twenty-two and one-third miles, and the sum expended on it Company's Rupees 5,203-8-2. 2. The road from Rawul Pindee to Khooshialgurh has been surveyed Rawul and traced, and is in progress. It is a branch of Khooshialgurh. the Rawul Pindee and Kalabagh road, from which it strikes off at Futtehjung. Its length from Futtehjung to Khoshialgurh will be forty-seven miles, of which ten are made. The amount sanctioned for it is Rupees 15,750. This does not include bridges which are indispensable, and will be estimated for separately. This highly important road completes the communication from Rawul Pindee to Kohat. From the Indus to Kohat the Khooshiulgurh to Kohat. road has been made by Lieutenant Garnett, Executive Engineer of Kohat. A flying bridge should be maintained at Khoonhialgurh. 3. From Googaira to Ferozepoor, a distance of seventy-five miles, the Ferozepoor to Gooroad has been made at a cost, granted from the gaira, general revenues, of Rupees 20,240, and wells have been sunk at every stage. This is a very valuable line and is now much used. It was opened by the Deputy Commissioner of Googaira, Mr. G. Lance, and by the Deputy Commissioner of Lahore, Mr. J. Wedderburn. 4. The road from Kalabagh, along the left bank of the Indus, passing by “Khooshialgurh” and “ Attock” to Torbeila and Trab to Torbcila and Derbund, along the left Derbund, is more properly a frontier line, but as bank of the Indus. the grounds on which its sanction has been obtained, had more immediate reference to the police and fiscal management of the “Sind-Sagur” Divisions, I mention it here as one of the important lines for which grants have been given from the general revenue.

·( 33 ) Small parties of men from the Affreedie and Khuttuck Hills, either natives Road from Trab to or outlaws from our provinces, have occasionally Torbeila. crossed the Indus on inflated hides, and committed daring, though petty marauds in the Sind-Sagur Doab, occasionally carrying off a traveller for ransom, and baffling all pursuit in the impervious country which borders the river. It is to repress this evil that the road is most urgently required, but it will also do much to improve that very wild country, which is now nearly closea to all but robbers and sportsmen and its rude inhabitants. It will also be most valuable as a communication with Kalabagh, so that heavy goods or stores may be transported from Bombay by water to Kalabagh, and if too late, or too early for the water carriage to Attock, will have means of proceeding by land for the rest of the journey. Even were the Indus open for all seasons between Kalabagh and Attock (which I hope may be effected) a parallel road would be indispensable. The line has been surveyed, and a sum of Rupees 46,605 has been granted for its construction, which will be undertaken during the ensuing cold season. 5. A road to the new station of Dalhousie, in the Chumba Hills, will be a continuation of the road from Lahoro to Put- Road to Dalhousie. hankote. It will be about forty miles long and have a gradient of three feet per hundred where practicable, but will, in no case, exceed four feet per hundred. It has been surveyed and partly traced by Lieutenant Dawson and Lieutenant Battersby, of H. M.'s 60th Regiment, and a temporary road is in progress, which it is hoped will give access to the new „tation during the present working season, when the buildings for the Military Depôt may be commenced. ROADS MADE BY DISTRICT OFFICERS. Table, No. VII., which is appended to this Report, shows the roads Roads made by Disexecuted by the District Officers since annexation ; trict Officers. such of the roads as have been traced by the Civil Engineer's Department are noticed. I beg to report that the following District Officers appear to have made the best and greatest number of roads, and by the care they have bestowed to have them made according to the uniform sections furnished from the Civil Engineer's Office, have given the greatest and most valu- 'able assistance :- F ·( 34 ) In the Umritsur District, Mr. C. B. Saunders, Deputy Commissioner, has made 169 miles of very good road. In the Googaira District, Mr. G. Lance, Deputy Commissioner, has made 102 miles of good road, besides sinking masonry wells. In the Sealkote District, Mr. J. Inglis, Deputy Commissioner, has made 244 miles of good road.* In the Goojerat District, Mr. B. Sapte, Deputy Commissioner, has made 73 les of very good road. In the Lahore District, Mr. Wedderburn, Deputy Commissioner, has made 120 miles of good road on the prescribed section. In the Jhelum District, Captain C. Browne, Deputy Commissioner, has made 184 miles of very good road. I am glad to have an opportunity of mentioning the exertions of these Officers, for the durability of the roads, as well as Lithographed standard plans for drain bridges their appearance, depend greatly on the pains and culverts. bestowed to adhere to the proper sections laid down for them. A set of standard plans of drain bridges and culverts has been prepared in this office and lithographed for distribution amongst the Civil Officers to aid them in bridging their district roads : a complete set of copies accompanies this Report. ROAD FROM RAWUL PINDEE TO MURREE. From Rawul Pindee to Murree, the sanatory Road from Rawul Pindee to Murrec. station for the Sind-Sagur Doab and Peshawur, a road has been opened, partly by the District Officers and partly by the Length, &c. of road. Civil Engineer's Department, as follows:- Miles. 1. From Rawul Pindee city to Mullpoor, ... 103 2. Mullpoor to Salgiroun,... 13 3. Salgiroun to Murree, 168 ... ... >> ... ... ... ... . ... ... ... Total distance from Rawul Pindee to Murree, 40 Miles. ... ... ... ... ... .. The width of the road in the plains and undulating Width. ground is, In the low hills, And in the mountains, And 8 and 6 feet at precipices. 40 feet. 20 feet. 12 feet. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... # All these roads are made on Section No. 2.

·( 35 ) The road is at an easy gradient, never exceeding four feet per hundred, and has cost Rupees 41,944-6-11 ; but there are Description. a great many bridges and drains to be completed. The road is one of great value as a military road to the Murree Depôt and to the hilly part of Maharajah Goolab Singh's Use and advantages. Territory, to the Eastward at Kotelee, and gives a good road for a great part of one of the direct outlets from Cashmere. When connected with Abbottabad, in Huzara, by a proposed road, it will give a great command over that wild country. The progress of the road has been slow, owing to a scarcity of Progress. laborers, but it will be substantially completed. Much of the road has been superintended by Lieutenant C. Dowson, H. M.'s 8th Foot, who has executed it satisfac- Licutcnant C. Dowson. torily. MILITARY ROADS. Under this head I shall class all the frontier roads beyond the Indus and the roads in Huzara, though there is hardly Military roads. one of them that will not act as beneficially in facilitating commerce and civilizing the country, as in enabling our troops to coerce it if necessary. The accompanying sketch of Huzara shows the general distribution of the roads proposed and commenced, the red lines Huzara roads. being those proposed and the yellow those in progress. They are so arranged as to give one main line, leading from tho Lahore and Peshawur road, where it first enters the plain of Huzara, and running through the principal central valley of Huzara, which is in fact the great lighway to Cashmere, it throws off a branch to Mozufferabad, in the direction of that country. The nain line preserves its course up the valley, leading to Khagan, as far as Balakote, the remotest assemblage of houses that can be called a town, and the scene of the fatal defeat and death of the fanatic, Syud Ahmud, who was slain, with nearly all his followers, in that secluded valley, by Maharajah Shere Singh. From Balakote to Khagan, the road has been surveyed, but the result was so unfavorable from the difficult nature of the country, that the ·( 36 ) improvement of the old existing track, and not the construction of a regular road, has been recommended. This main Huzara road splits the country into two pretty equal parts, leaving between it and the Jhelum, on the South and East, the Mouchpooree and Murree chains of mountains, forming the “ Dhoond” country, which will be thoroughly penetrated by the road from Rawul Pindee to Murree, its continuation to Kotelee and Dewal, and a branch road over Mouchpooree to join the main Huzara line at the station of Abbottabad. On the North and West the tributary valleys of Boghurmung, Agrose, Shinkiaree and Puklee, will be penetrated by branch roads from the main Huzara line, striking off at Mansera. These lines, together with others, from the main line at Manghul and Abbottabad, respectively, to Torbeila and Umb on the Indus, will penetrate the mountains of Sherwan and Turnoul. A great branch, leaving the Lahore and Peshawur road at the Western lip of the Huzara Valley, at Hussein Abdal, will give the most immediate entrance to the heart of Huzara from the Westward, by the route of Hurreepoor and Shunguree. A road from Hurreepoor to Torbeila will enable the Huzara force to concentrate on Eusufzaee. It has been happily said, that roads will be more efficacious than bayonets in preserving the tranquillity of Huzara. Government have most liberally sanctioned these roads, amounting to 603 miles, as per annexed list, and they are being carried out as fast as the scarcity of engineering means at my disposal will permit. Lieutenant Morrison, a zealous and promising Officer, of H. M.'s 22nd Regiment, has made the road from Kala Surai to Abbottabad, passing near the new cantonment of Scind, Hurreepoor (the fort and capital,) and the “ Dohur” Valley, and ascending in the “ Sulhud” Pass, about 800 feet to Abbottabad, the head civil and military station. This part is fifty-four miles long, has nearly all the small water-courses bridged, and the larger ones sloped down. A cárt can travel to the foot of the Sulhud Pass, the opening of which is delayed by some difficult rocks. From Abbottabad the line has been traced to within a short distance of Mozufferabad, and opened out to a width of six and eight feet, and an Officer has been appointed for its construction under Lieutenant Nightingale's direction. The total length traced from Abbottabad to Hubbeeboolla is twenty-nine miles, at a gradient of four feet in the hundred. The distance completed is twenty-two miles.

·( 37 ) Lieutenant Nightingale has carefully surveyed the line from Murree to Abbottabad, but owing to the difficult nature of the country a satisfactory line has not yet been determined on. Of Lieutenant Nightingale's Assistants, Mr. Wilson only has been at his disposal, Messrs. McRae and Bond having been detached to the Sind-Sagur Doab and Mooltan roads. More assistance must be given him during the ensuing cold season. His labors have been arduous, as well as those of his Assistants, Messrs. Wilson, McRae and Bond, and I beg to recommend them to the favorable notice of the Punjab Government. Lieutenant Morrison has also given great satisfaction.

·( 38 ) List of Roads in Huzara, the construction of which have been sunctioned by Government. Description of Road. Route. TOTAL Cost. Number. Cost per Mile. Length. 1421000112000 0 0 22 13640 00 . 35 500 17500 0 0 1 Main Line, 40 feet Kala Surai (or Grand Trunk wide in plains, Road, Oosman Khatir, Siand 20 feet in ria, Hurreepoor, Abbottahills. bad, Manscura, Budrasee, Gully, Gurbee, Hubeeboolla, and Balakote. 1. Branch from Manscera, to Shunkiaree. 2. Branch from Hubeebool. la to Mozufferabad. 3. Branch from Hurreepoor to Ilussein Abdal, 2) Ditto, Torbeila to Umb, 3) Gun Road for Horse Artillery, 12 feet wide, Torbeila to Manscera by Barookote and Powar, 4 Ditto, Hurrecpoor to Hoond by Kote, Shein Gully, and Pehor Ferry, 5 Gun Road for Horse Artillery, 12 feet wide, Sheregurh to Manseera by Gully and Jungee, 6 Ditto, Agrore to Manseera by Soorsul Gully, 7 Ditto, Abbottabad to Murree and Dhunuah, 8 Bridle Road, 8 feet wide, Hurreepoor to Khanpoor and Rawul Pindce, 9 Ditto, Shunkiaree to Agrore, by Jehree Ahl in Koush and Khuthail, 10 Ditto, Shunkiarce to Balakote viâ Koonhar direct, 11 Ditto, Balakote to Khagan Proper, 35 300 10500 0 0 25 500 12500 0 0 ... 24 300 7200 0 0 . 401000 40000 0 0 301 300 9000 0 0 . 30 200 6000 0 0 15 300 4500 0 0 58) 2001 11600 0 0 Carried oyer, 456 4600274440 00 ...

·( 39 ) List of Roads in Huzara, the construction of which have been sano tioned by Government.—(Continued.) Description of Road. Route. TOTAL Cost. Number. Cost per Mile. Length. 45646002: Brought forward, 600 274440 00 ........ wide, ... 30 2001 30 2001 6000 0 0 6000 0 0 12 Bridle Road, 8 feet IIurreepoor to Manghul by Shunguree and Poweo, 13 Ditto, Hurrcepoor to Dhunnah, 14 Ditto, Abbottabad to Umb by Sherwan, 15 Ditto, Shunkiareo to head of the Boghur Mung Valley, Ahl to head of Konch, Agheo to head of Agroro, 40 300 12000 0 0 25 12 .. 101 200 9400 0 0 Total,... 603 5500/307840 0 0 ABSTRACT ... ... ... Main Roads, Gun Roads, .. Bridle Roads, ... Miles. 164 159 280 Cash. 1,55,640 0 0 877000 0 64,500 0 0 ...... ... ... ... ... Total,...... 603 ... 3,07,840 0 0 ROADS IN THE PESHAWUR VALLEY. Roads in the Peshawur The Government has sanctioned the execution Valley. of a complete scheme of roads for opening out the Peshawur Valley, as enumerated in the following list :

·( 40 ) Name of Road. Number. Distances. Kind of Road. From то 1 Principal Military Road Peshawur, Michnee, Milcs. 14 ... 2 Ditto, ditto, Shubkudur, 15 ... ... ... 3) Ditto, Shubkudur, ... Abazaee, 8 ... ... 4 Ditto, ditto, Michnee, ... 8 ... 5 Ditto, Peshawur, ... ... Murdan and Central Eu sufzaee, 33 6 Patrolling Road, Murdan, Naoshera, 14 . 7 Ditto, ditto, vid Khair Turungzace Khumaee, 18 8 Ditto, ... Khair Khumaee Tungee, 14 9 Ditto, Murdan, Sheregurh, the entrance of Ramzaec, 15 10 Ditto, ditto, Loondkhwar, 13 ... ... ll Ditto, ditto, ... 19 Via Kullung to Kahow, at the head of the Looudkhwar Valley,... Head of the Loodhum Valley, Pehoor Ferry, 12 1 Ditto, ditto, .. ... 18 13 Ditto, ditto, 36 ... ... ... 14 13 Ditto, Ditto, 15 ... Goombutt, Jehangeera and Attock, .. ... Abuzaee, Via Pulli, Loondkhwar, Katling, Chargolie, Shewa and Swahee, ditto, Sheregurh và Tungee, Branch lines,.. In the Loondkhwar Valley, 78 ... 16 20 ... vitto, Ditto, 17 16 ... Total Miles,... 322 ·( 41 ) on 0n 99 97 For this purpose the following establishment has been appointed :- 1 Assistant Executive Officer. 2 Overseers. 4 Native Surveyors. The Assistant Executive Officer has also charge of the ferries on the lines of military road, as detailed in 1 Over Cahul River, on Road No. 1. 2, Over Abazaco ditto. the margin. 3. Over Cabul on Road No. 2. 4. (ver Abazaco ditto, The aid of the Officers of the 5, Over Swat on Road No. 3. Guide Corps will be given in the 6. Over Cabul near Tulwundee. 7. Over at Naoshera. ensuing cold season for tracing the 7. Ferries. patrolling roads in Eusufzace, and to aid in this purpose four sowars of the corps have been under instruction at Lahore for the last eight months, and promise to become useful The scarcity of labor, the hot weather, and the occurrence of the Ramzan festival, during which little work is done, have prevented much progress in these roads, but materials have been collected and operations will be pushed on more rapidly in October. The amount expended on these roads, from 1st March 1854, the date on which Lieutenant Hamilton commenced operations, to the end of April, has been as follows: MONTHS. Salary. Contingencies. TOTAL 210 5 3 241 9 March, 1854, April, 1854, 4 451 14 7 ... ... 416 0 0 869 5 4(1,282 5 4 Total, 626 5 3/1,110 14 8 1,737 311 Kohat and Bunnoo road. ROADS IN THE KOHAT DISTRICT. The Kohat and Bunnoo road passes by the fort and salt mines of Bahadoor Kheyl, a distance of fifty miles, and thence by the Soorduck Pass descends to the valley of Bunnoo. The total length of the road will be about seyenty-eight miles, of which thirty-eight and a half miles are completed in the most difficult parts, and six miles are in progress. Eleven masonry bridges have been built on the line at an expense of Rupees 11,358-8-5. The road was commenced by order of the Governor-General in the working season G ·( 42 ) 1851-62, and has cost Rupees 41,967 or about 1,090 Rupees a mile, Road from Kohat to a very moderate rate. The Kohat and Khooshialgurh road has already been alluded to in connection with its continuation from the Rawul Kohat and Khooshial. gurh road. Pindee and Khooshialgurh line. Its total length will be thirty-two miles, of which twenty-nine are completed in a very creditable manner, and have cost Rupees 18,977-13-10. Throc masonry bridges have been constructed on the line, at an expense of Rupees 1,780-4-8. From Kohat to the Kothul, overlooking the Kohat Pass, a distance of five miles, the road was originally commenced in the foot of the Kothul. 1819, and suspended in consequence of the treacherous attack by the Affreedees on the Sapper working party. It is now completed, and has cost Rupecs 6,275-9-3. It is the most difficult portion of the road froin Kohat to Peshawur, and is a work of necessity. The road from Kohat to Hungoo opens the cominunication through Road from Kohat to the Shookheyl, Machina, Shamulzace and Hungoo Hungoo. Valleys and the Khooaja Kheddur Pass, and passing near the Shah salt mines, leads to Meerauzace, a tract of country containing many large villages, inhabited by a fierce race, who are tribu- Roals in the Kohat tary to Kohat. Being pressed by still more warlike District, tribes froin without, they have sought Britis), protection, and a road is equally necessary to give access to their country, in order to protect them and prevent their being driven in upon our frontier by their more powerful neighbours, or to coerce them in case of they themselves committing aggressions. The road will also be very useful for kafilas from Afghanistan and will tend to pacify and civilize the people. The line is twenty-eight miles long, it has been surveyed and traced, and four miles of the most difficult parts are in hand. It will cost Rupees 64,240 ; about 12,000 have now been expended. All these Kohat roads have been traced and executed by Lieutenant Garnett. It is not easy to give a just idea of the Lieutenant Garnett, obstacles in carrying out works in the country surrounding Kohat; labourers are very scarce, the country difficult, and though it has much improved, work has to be carried on under the protection of armed escorts. Under these difficulties Lieutenant Garnett has made very good roads, which he could not possibly have done without the possession of hardihood, temper and good judgment.

·( 43 ) FRONTIER ROADS. Frontier roads, A notice of the frontier roads from Bunnoo and Dehra Ishmael Khan, to the frontier of Scinde completes the roads of the Punjab. The annexed Table, No. VIII. shows the several roads and their total length. Most of the Bunnoo roads were made at an early period of our rule, by the Political Officers, and are generally very good, though narrow. They are not shown in this return, there being no report of them. One complete frontier line extends from Kusmore, the borders of Scinde, to Bunnoo, and joins the Kohat road. It connects all the frontier military posts, and each of the Trans-Indus cantonments. Asnee, Dehra Ghazee Khan, Dehra Ishmael Khan and Bunnoo are connected by lines of road with their respective out posts. A central road, running between the Indus and the frontier line, directly connects the towns of Dehra Ishmael Khan, Dehra Futteh Khan and Dehra Ghazee Khan with Asnec, and the Scinde frontier is in progress. It is intended to connect with the central line, and with the principal military posts and towns, the several ferries on the Indus. In pursuance of this, roads are in progress, from Asnee to Mithankote. Dehra Ghazee Khan to the Indus. These frontier roads are roughly made. The soil is light in dry, and very spongy in wet weather. The country has a considerable slope at the foot of the hills. Every channel is dammed across that the people can manage, and the water turned off by a curious succession of embankments, so as to spread it over as great an extent of country as possible. Whilst the dams hold, the surplus water is thrown down every low linc in the ground, and must cross the roads, which, if not bridged, would be breached somewhere, or if impervious, would deprive cultivators of their only chance of a crop. When the bunds break, the whole torrent returns to its natural channel. The result of this system is, that the country is full of water lines, which must be bridged, and of undecided river channels, often nearly empty, and at times flooded, but not giving a fair indication of their discharge. Thus the construction of permanent roads in the Derajat is liable to great uncertainty, and requires the attention of a good Engineer. Unless embanked and bridged, they will require extensive repairs, and in many cases renewal annually ; but as the resources of the country are scanty, the completion of the roads must be a work of time. ;

·( 44 ) In the Upper Derajat, the roads were made by the late Captain Fitzgerald, of the 12th Bombay Native Infantry, and Commanding 5th Punjab Cavalry, who acted also as Executive Engineer. Those in the Lower Derajat were surveyed and traced by Lieutenant Hutchinson, Engineers, and executed by the Commandants of the Irregular Force, Major Prendergast and Captain Jacob. To all of these Officers I feel greatly, indebted for their very valuable aid. Lieutenant Hutchinson has been obliged to proceed to Europe on Medical Certificate, but I hope will again return to the Punjab with restored energies. Captain Fitzgerald died from the effects of fever contracted in the Derajat; he was an Officer of rare accomplishments and energy. Major Prendergast and Captain Jacob gave their zealous assistance to the works, without any hope of the remuneration which the Governor General has since been pleased to grant them. which GENERAL REMARKS. In the lines which traverse the whole country, combining the proper- Principles on ties of a district line with those of a line for exterlines were laid down. nal commerce, differences of opinion bave occasionally arisen with the District Officers, who, viewing the roads merely as they affect their districts, desire that they shall deviate from the district lines to touch at large villages, whilst the Engineer, looking to the whole work, wishes his road to touch merely at towns of iinportance, having a direct course between them. This will be regarded with some temporary disfavor, as the people like to retain their old accustomed halting-places; but it should be remembered, that the line must be made with reference to its general utility ; that as means permit, embankment and bridging will be given, which should not be wasted on circuitous routes, which may hereafter be condemned ; and that though the people of the immediate neighbourhood may, for a time, prefer their old routes, if the new ones are made equally convenient, by the sinking of wells at halting-places, and receive the fostering care of the District Officers, they will very soon obtain their due value, and supersede the old tracks to the saving of distance to the traveller and the ultimate benefit of the district. It would be needless in the present day to enumerate the advantages Advantages, resulting which are conferred on a half-civilized country by from the roads made. opening good roads. But it may not be uninteresting to note a few of the practical results which may already be seen in the Punjab. The production and use of wheeled carriage has rapidly followed the roads. Numbers of carts may now be seen penetrating the ·( 45 ) “ Barr" of the Googаira district, where they had fallen into disuse for many years, and the produce of those lately profitless wastes now finds its way to the markets of Lahore and Umritsur. To travel from Lahore to Mooltan before annexation, was a matter of serious consideration and a furtnight's march; it is now an easy trip of thirty hours in the express carts, and a familiar journey to natives in the “ekkas," of which some hundreds now ply for hire at Lahore and Umritsur. Nearer the frontier a carriage can now drive into the heart of Huzara, where, not long ago, the natives of the country alone could find their way by a difficult bridle-path. Beyond the Indus, our border enemies adopt our roads for their kafilas, and it may be truly said, that every step they take over a good road, and in a well-ordered country, is a slow but sure one towards making them more civilized and better neighbours. In conclusion, I beg to give a summary of the progress made in the Punjab roads :- Summary of Punjab Roads. DESCRIPTION OF ROADS. Open for traffic. In progress. Surveyed. Traced. AMOUNT EX- PENDED. ... ... ... ... Trunk roads, open, or to be open- 282 2797579 61 3 ed by 1st November next, Important main lines for Milita- 1123 482 175394 13 8 ry and Commercial purposes, Military road, 705 95 215391 13 7 Roads for internal communication, 1490 213 212381 6 3 Roads surveyed and traced by Lieutenant Nightingale and 2736 827 his Assistants, of which part is 20608 15 5 since Report of 1852, ... 3600 834 2736 827 3.421356 71 2 Amount of Advances and Balances in Treasuries, and expended between 1st February and 30th April 1854, 1278370 14 3 ... ... Total, Company's Rupees,... 4699727 5 5 I have the honor to be, &c., (Signed) R. NAPIER, Licut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, Chief Engineer, Punjab. The 9th Septeniber 1854.

·TABLE, No. I. LAHORE AND PESHAWUR ROAD. Detailed Statement showing the Expenditure incurred on Works up to 1st May 1853, with quantity of work executed and average rates. NATTBE OF WORK. Quantity of Work executed. Average Rate. Expenditure incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. 48018 7 11 17150 91 116 15 3 1010 3 7 ( 46 ) Earth-work, Masonry, Escavation for Foundations, Temporary Shelter, Godowns, Work-shops, ..... Groves, Marking out Encamping Grounds, Clearing Berm of Road, Repairs, First Division. 2,32,35,291.00 cubic feet, 2:066 per 1000 1,47,128:50 ditto, 11:65 per 100 48,983.87 ditto, 3-0-0 per 1000 3 Cliowkies, complete with Out- 336.74 each offices, 4 Godowns for Materials, 51.23 each 3 Work-shops of small sizes, 129.67 each 20 Groves laid out and prepared, 56.5 each Now transferred to the Civil Au-/ thorities, To render passable for Mail Carts, To Earth-work & tempora Shelter. 204 15 4 389 0 23 1136 13 31 ... 19 15 31 512 6 03 9 6 68642 15 11 Earth-work, Excavation for Foundations,... Masonry, Second Division. 2,46,78,377.50 cubic feet, . 2,14.705.00 ditto, 99,501.00 ditto, 2.414 per 1000 3:25 per 1000 13:216 per 100 59576 10 7 697 12 8 151.11 3 3 Carried over, 75415 10 .. 68642 15 11 ·LAHORE AND PESHAWUR ROAD.-(Continued.) . NATURE OF WORK. Quantity of Work executed. Average Rate. Expenditure incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. 75415 10 6 68642 15 11 3322 11 7 661 13 9 8:11 per 100 1.20 per 100 540.48 each 106.88 each 1621 7 2 213 12 4 882 5 2 3 12 0 • • • • Brought forward, Second Division.-(Continued.) Metal stacked on Road, ... 40,976.01 cubic feet, Ditto ditto at Quarries, 55,155.00 ditto, Temporary Shelter, S 3 Chowkies, with Out-offices, complete, Godowns and Work-shops, Two sets of buildings, Clearing Berm of Road, To render passable for Nail Carts, Catch-water Drains, On the upper sides of Cuttings, Regulating courses of Nullals, Miscellaneous Earth-work, ... and making earthen Bunds, to form Tanks, Repairs, To Earth-work and temporary Shelter, Turfing Embankments, Trial Pits for Foundations, Expenditure during the months of February, March and April 1853, for which detailed accounts not yet received, ( 47 ) 6731 49 72 13 1 217 15 0 78 8 8 .... .. 36133 12 31 .. 125355 14 3 Third Division. Earth-work, including blast-? 1,51,42,669.75 cubic feet, ing in rock, Masonry, 1,40,386.09 ditto, Carried over, 4:63 per 1000 12:13 per 100 70126 9 0 17026 12 2 87153 5 2! 193998 14 21 ·LAHORE AND PESHAWUR ROAD.—(Continued.) NATURE OF WORK. Quantity of Work executed. Average Rate. Expenditure incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. Brought forward, ... 87153 5 2; 193998 14 21 .. 10-0-0 per 1000 31:39 per mile 789.89 each 594.81 each . 9,103-54 each 3175 12 4 627 14 5 1579 12 8 594 13 0 Third Division.- (Continued.) Excavation for Foundations,.. 3,07,577.00 cubic feet, Temporary Roads,.... 20 miles opened, Temporary Shelter, S 12 Chowkies, with Out-offices, complete, Godowns and Work-shops, One large range at Sohawa, A large enclosure, with Overseer's Mungola Work-shop, Quarters, and Saw-mill, Catch-water Drains, Above Cuttings, Metal preparing, 10,000 cubic feet, Mills, ditto, Groves, Formation of Plantations, Miscellaneous Works, Experiments, Jhelum Bridge Boats Godown, Built near site of Bridge, Repairs, Centres of Drains, ... ( 48 ) 92 74 each, 9103 8 8 539 2 6 181 4 9 684 2 2 22 1 0 148 9 3 34 12 8 953 7 6 28 9 3 1118 8 9 . . . . ... .. ... .... . 105975 12 1 Fourth Division. 22,16,901-50 cubic feet, 160.00 ditto, 4,881.00 ditto, Earth-work, Masonry Excaration for Foundations, per 1000 3:34 12.00 per 100 4:97 per 1000 74087 8 19 32 24 4 5 Carried over, 7451 15 3 299974 10 3 ·LAHORE AND PESHAWTR ROAD.-(Continued.) NATURE OF TORK. Quantity of Work executed. Espenditure Average Rate. incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. Brought forward, 7451 15 3 299974 10 3 583-2-8 each 1166 5 1 Fourth Division.-(Continuell.) Temporary Shelter, 2 Chowkies, with Out-offices, complete, Permanent 2nd Class Chowkies, il Chowkie commenced, Miscellaneous Works, Repairs, To Earth-work & temporary Shelter, Temporary Road, .... 127 12 1 2 10 0 218 0 1 1+ 4 5 9010 14 11 ( 67 ) Fifth Division. 3:21 per 1000 11:82 per 100 ditto, 41017 97 250 2 2 10 0 0 per 1000 22.57 ted up, Earth-work, 1,26,75,458.00 cubic feet, Masonry, 2,115.00 Excavation for Foundations, 4,000.00 ditto, 3 Chowkics, with Out-offices, com- Temporary Shelter, plete ; one old Gun Shed fit. Permanent 1st Class Chowkies, 1 Chowkie in hand, Ditto 2nd Class ditto, 2 under construction, Experimental Metalling, To ascertain cost, Repairs, To Earth-Work & temporary Shelter, An extensive range at "Rawul Godowns and Work-shops, Pindee, including Orerseer's Quarters, 318 3 01 722 1.5 203 3 9 230 5 0 .. 2315 10 2 47355 2 41 Carried over, 376310 11 6!

·LAHORE AND PESHAWUR ROAD.—(Continued.) NATTRĘ OF WORK. Quantity of Work executed. Average Rate. Espenditure incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. Brought forward,.. 356340 11 6 per 1000 Masonry 5.21 13:25 per 100 5:00 per 1000 69700 13 8 23172 10 32:26 13 5 ... 1108 1 8 Catch-wa Drains, ( 50 ) • • • • • . 41 6 0i 793 12 7 6 8 0 241 8 11 17 7 1 13199 10 2 . . . Sixth Dirision. Earth-work, 1,33,79,193.00 cubic feet, 1,74,834:00 ditto, Excavation for Foundations, 6,15,368.00 ditto, 1 Chowkie complete, one in hand, Temporary Shelter, and two large Sheds for workpeople, ..... On upper side of Cuttings, Centreings for Drains, Groves, One Nursery commenced, Experiments, Permanent 1st Class Chowkies, Attock Bridge Boats, Six launched, nine in hand, Work-shops and Godowns at Extensive range of Shops and Godowns, with Saw Mill and Khyrabad, Overseer's Quarters,. Miscellaneous, To temporary Shelter and to Earth- Repairs, work, Expenditure incurred in April 1853, for which detailed accounts hare not as yet been received, ... 10838 8 0 .. 497 15 % 206 15 81 15554 8 2 • . 139214 1 81 Carried over, 495554 13 2 ·LAHORE AND PESHAWUR ROAD.-(Concluded.) NATTRE OF WORK. Quantity of Work executed. Average Rate. Expenditure incurred. Grand Total. REMARKS. 495554 13 2 Brought forward, Seventh Division. 21,83.993.00 cubic feet, 2 Chowkies, completed with Offices, Altering course of Nullahs, Earth-work, Temporary Shelter, Miscellaneous Earth-work, Repairs, Experiments, 2.166 per 1000 520:265 cach 5379 14 4 1040 4 3 1518 0 5 39 13 5 10 12 0 7988 12 5 503543 97 ( 51' ) 109772 9 0 Salary and Establishment for Superintendence, Contingent Establishment and Ordinary Charges, Advanced on account of Works in progress and Materials in store, .... 162781 15 10 .... 546901 13 7 819456 6 5 GRAND TOTAL, advanced up to 30th April 1853, 1323000 0 0 (Signed) Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, The 9th September 1854. R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab.

·( 52 ) TABLE, No. II. Statement showing approximately the probable cost that will be incurred subsequent to 1st February 1854, in completing the Lahore and Peshuwur Road, not including the cost of Floating Bridges, or, of Metalling, to the Northward of Jhelum. FIRST DIVISION. Quantity Detail. Amount. TOTAL. .. ... ... ... Eartlı-work, 22865 5 II 1 Bridge over tho Bagh Bucha, 20000 0 0 1 Ditto, Kamo Nullah, 2500 0 0 1 Ditto, Sealkoto Nullah, 64500 0 0 4 Drains, at Rs. 1081 carli, 4324 () 0 20 Trrigation Drains, at Rs. 770 each, 15400 0 0 20 Groves, 13031 10 9 1 2nd Class Chowkie, 3629 15 2 1 Turting Slopes, 7458 7 4 1 Repairs to Earth-work before Metalling is laid down, ... 8788 00 1 Olice Chowkie, at Goojeranwala, 6729 15 2 69·146 Miles of Metalling, at Rs.3829-71 per mile, 226510 8 10 59 Mile Stones, at Rs. 60 euch,... 3540 0 0 - 399877 15 2 Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1854.... 89409 0 0 I. ... Probable Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs., 310468 15 2 SECOND DIVISION. ... ... 3085.168Cubic foot of Eartlı-work in Embankments on the Clienab, at Rs. 5-8,... 16908 0 0 1969-296 Ditto ditto, Jhelum, at Rs. 3-8, 6893 0 0 Ditty Klaijan Pass, 8000 0 0 200.000 Cubic feet widening cut at Jhundawala, at Rs. 3-8, 700 0 0 4400 Running feet of Parapet Walls on Embankments in Kharian Pass, at 8.5 cubic feet of Masonry per fjot run:=37.400 cubic feet, at Rs. 6 cach, ... 2244 0 0 1 Drain in Pass, at Rs. 500, 500 0 0 Balance required to complete Well, 500 0 0 Lengthening Break-water at Bridge No. 2, 270 0 0 Balance required to complete Bridge No. 6,1 1800 ...

·( 53 ) SECOND DIVISION.- (Continued.) Quantity. Detail. Amount. TOTAL. •C ... Bridge at Jhundawala, 2500 0 0 Ditto at Punjun, 1400 0 0 4 Irrigation Drains, at Rs. 770 each,... 3080 0 0 60 Drains at Corners of Embankments and Cuttings, at Rs. 70 each, .. 4200 0 0 30 Small Drains on Imbankments, with Parapet Walls, at Rs. 25 cach,... 750 (0) 2 2nd Clans Chowkies, at Rs. 4,000 each, 8000 0 0 5 Groves, at Rs. 100 cach, without Maintenance, 500 0 0 18 Maintenance of all Groves for 5 years, at Rs. 360 caclı. 6480 0 0 10 Miles of Metalling, at Rs. 5,703 per mile.... 5703000 16 Ditto (litto, at Rs. 10,895 per niile, 174320 () () 40 Mile Stones, at Rs. 50 cach, 2000 0 0 12, Miles of Metalling, at Rs. (5,126 per milc,... 76575 00 4 Ends to Spurs of Chenab and Jhelum Embankments, at lis. 350 cach, 1400 0 0 2 Ends to embauked Road, at Rs. 1,000 cach, 2000 0 0 378110 00 Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st Feb. 1854, 69695 0 0 Probable Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs., 308115 0 () TUIRD DIVISION. ... 7074:636 Cubic feet Earth-work in Section No. 6, at Rs. per 1,000 cubic feet, 460.18 0 0 11096.225 Ditto, not including Tunnel in Section 5, at Rs. 6 per 1,000, 06577 0 0 2376.000 Cubic feet Earth-work in Section No. 3, at 5 per 1,000,... 11880 0 () 626000 Cubic feet Excavation for Tunnel, at Rs. 20. 1233 1 0 0 4821.000 Cubic feet ditto in Trencles above Cutting, at Rs. 5, 24108 0 0 Catch-water Drains, ditto, 10000 0 0 Miscellaneous Special Cuttings, 5000 0 0 Turfing Slopes, 7000 0 0 36 Mile Stones, at Rs. 40 each.... 1440 0 0 30 Drains, common, at Rs. 1,200 each, 36000 0 0 Docnah Nullah Timber Bridge, 200 feet span, at Rs. 213 per foot,... 42600) 0 0 Bukrala ditto ditto, 400 feet, at Rs. 250 100000 0 0 Boora Jungle Bridge, of 20, 2000 0 0 Deep Culvert near Bukrala, 8000 0 0 10000 0 0 ... ..4 per foot, ·( 54 ) THIRD DIVISION.- (Continued.) Quantity. Detail. Amount. TOTAL. ... ... 148000 0 0 3905 0 0 12000 0 0 19350 00 7000 0 0 4650 0 0 ... 400 Running feet of Bridge between Pind and Goojer Khan, at Rs. 370 per foot, 5 Irrigation Drains, at Rs. 781 cach,... 3 2ud Class Chowkics, at Rs. 4,000 each, 18 Grover, at Rs. 1,075 cach, 100 Drains at Corners, between Cuttings and Ernbankments, at Rs. 70 each, 186 Drains on Embankments, with Parapet Walls, at Rs. 25 cach, 5 Ditto Cross, in deep Cuttings and long, at Rs. 500 each, 373.00 Running feet Parapot Walls on Embank. ments, containing cubic fect 3171.50, at Rs. 6 per 1,000 dry stono, 1706:00 Cubic feet Masonry in Tunnel, at Rs. 25 per 100, Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1854,... Probable Cost in completing, Co.'s Rs., 2500 0 0 ... 19020 0 0 ... 42265 0 0 . .. 631882 0 0 93.552 0 0 ... ... • • • • • • 536330 0 0 FOURTII DIVISION. 263780 0 0 ... 45000 0 0 ... ..c 1953.934 Cubic yards in the Fourth Division, not including descent to Sohan, equalling 5:2756218 (ubic feet of Excavation and Embankments, at Rs. 5, Descent to the Sohan, 4500000 cubic feet, about. 4261-200 Cubic feet Excavation in Trenchies over Cuttings, at Rs. 5... 2131.600 Cubic feet Catch-water Drains, at Rs. 5, Miscellancous Special Cuttings, Turfing Slopes, 32 Mile Stones, at Rs. 50 cach, 43 Drains, common, at Rs. 1,400 each, 1 Double 9. feet Culvert, at Burra Cheeance, 1 Bridge over Chota Cheeanee Nullah, 2 2nd Class Chowkies, at Rs. 4,000 cach, 15 Ciroves, at Rs. 1,270 each, 100 Drains at Corners of Embankments and Cuttings, at Rs. 70 each,... 41 Small Drains on Embankments, with Parapet Walls, at Rs. 20 each, .. 21306 0 0 10058 0 0 5000 0 0 8000 0 0 1600 0 0 60200 0 0 8000 0 0 24000 0 0 8000 0 0 19050 0 0 ... 7000 0 0 820 001 ·( 55 ) FOURTI DIVISION.--(Continued.) Quantity. Detail. Amount. TOTAL. 8080 Running feet Parapet Walls on Embankments, at 8.5 cubic feet per running foot, 68680 cubic feet, at Rs. 16 per 100 cubic foet, 109S9 0 0 10 Cross Drains, in deep cuttings, at Rs. 500 each, 5000 0 0 Lcia and Sohan Timber Bridges, 300000 0 0 ... ... ... ... 798 103 00 Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1854, 41500 0 0 Probablc Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs., 756903 0 0 FIFTH DIVISION. ... ... ... ... Earth-work in Section No. 1, Margilla Cutting, Section No. 3, Section No. 5, Catch-water Drains, Side Trenches over Cuttings, Turfing Slopes, 8 Bridges. 29 Drains and Culverts, 20 Irrigation Drains, at Rs. 780 cach, Embankment Drainage, Parapı: Walls on Embankments, end Class Chowkie, 2 Nurseries for young Trees for Groves, 15 Groves, 29 Mile Stones, 5000 0 0 11225 0 0 7000) () 0 4000 0 0620 0 0 7000 (0) 7000 000 90000 (0) 29000 0 0 13600) 0 5000 0 0 12000 0 0 4300 0 0 600 0 0 10000 0 0 1430 (0 221995 0 ... . ... ... ... Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1851, 41500 0 0 Probable Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs., 180.195 0 0 Sixti DIVISION. ... ... 13677.036 Cubic fect Earth-work, at Rs. 4-8 por 1,000 cubic feet, 2600.000) Cubic feot Catch-water Drains, Miscellaneous Drainage Cuts, Turling Slopos, ... 1965 17 0 0 11700 0 0 5000 0 0 8000 0 0 ...

·( 56 ) SIXTH DIVISION.-(Continued.) Quantity Detail. Amount. TOTAL. ... ... ... ... ... 34 Mile Stoncs, at Rs. 60 each, 2040 00) 29 Bridges, at Rs. 7,600 each, 220100 0 () 61 Drains, common, at Rs. 1,000 each, 51000 0 0 22nd Class Chowkies, at Rs.4,000 each, 8000 0 0 17 Groves, at Rs. 1,200 cach, 20400 0 0 50 Drains, ut corners of Cuttings and Embankments, at Rs. 70 enchi, 3500 0 0 75 Small Drains on Enbankments, with Parapet Walls, at Rs. 25 each, 1875 0 0 7478 Running feet of Embankment, requiring Parapet Walls, dry stone, 17 Cubic feet per running foot 7628 0 0 1,27,126, at Rs. 6 per 1,000, 330001 Cubic feet Masonry, in Side Drain, in Herrot Cutting. at Rs. 16 per 100, 5280 0 0 Timber Bridge on Shumshabad Nullah, 200 fcet span, 40000 0 0 581370 00 Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1854,... 208883 0 0 Probable Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs. 372487 0 0 ... ... ... ........ SEVENTII Division. 48126 2 5 40951 9 3 7616322 38091 5 6 ... 7223 124 8021025 Cubic feet Earth-work in Section No. 1, mostly Shingle, at Rs. 6 per 1,000, 10428129 Ditto in Section No. 2, at Rs. 5-8,... 12402909 in Section No. 3. ditto No. 4. 20019231 Total. 12000000 dcduct already executed. 8019231 Cubic feet Larth-work, at No. 4-12, 1:203960 Cubic feet Earth-work in Trenchies above Cuttings, at Rs. 6, Special Cutting No. 1, 2000 3000000 Cubi fcet. Cuttings near Tarn, at Rs. 4, 12000 5000000 Cubic feet Cuttings, near Khudergail, at Rs. 5, 25000 1500000 Cubic feet Cuttings, at Bridges Nos. 25 and 26, at Rs. 4, 6000 750000 Cubic feet Cuttings, at Bridge No. 11, at Rs. 4, 3000 1500000 Cubic feet Cuttings, at Bridges Nos. 7 and 8, at Rs. 4 0000 Cubic feet Cuttings, atBridge No.1, 2000 ... 56000 0 0 ·( 57 ) SEVENTH DIyIsION.- (Continued.) Quantity. Detail. Amount. TOTAL. ... ... ... ... ... Catch-water Drains over Cuttings, 3000 0 0 Turfing Slopes, 6000 0 0 33 Mile Stones, at Rs. 60 each, 1980 0 0 78 Drains, common, at Rs. 1,260 each, 97500 0 0 40 Bridges, at Rs. 8,400 each,... 336000 0 0 .120 Noemchucks, at Rs. 80 each, 9600 0 0 1200 Running feet of Block Sinking, at Rs. 12 per running foot, 14400 0 0 1 Bridge over the Bara River, 40000 0 0 12 Irrigation Drains, at Rs. 781 each, 9372 0 0 3 2nd Class Chowkies, at Rs. 4,000 each, 12000 0 0 17 Groves, at Rs. 1,057 each, 17969 0 0 88 Drains at Corners between Cuttings and Embankments, at Rs. 50 each, 4400 0 0 10 Drains to Drain Cuttings, at Rs. 550 each, 5500 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 754116 13 6 Deduct outstanding Balance on 1st February 1854, 63212 0 0 ... ... Probable Cost of completing, Co.'s Rs. 690904 13 6 ABSTRACT. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..) First Division, Second ditto, Third ditto, Fourth ditto, Fifth ditto, Sixth ditto, Seventh ditto, 310468 15 2 308415 0 0 536330 0 0 756903 0 0 180495 0 0 372487 0 0 690904 13 6 ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3156003 1:28 Deduct Amount of Assignments in deposit in the Jhelum and Rawul Pindee Treasuries, on the 1st February 1854, 481342 12 5 Balance required, 2674661 03 ... ... 4 (Signed) A. TAYLOR, Lieutenant, Superintendent, Lahore and Peshawur Roads. (Signed) R. NAPIER, Licut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab. Chicf Engineer's Office, Lahore, Thc 3th September 1854. I ·TABLE, No. III. Table showing the task expected from each laborer in the Fourth and Fifth Divisions, Lahore and Peshawur Road, to be excavated and wheeled. At 30 Yards. | At 100 Yards. At 150 Yards. At 200 Yards. At 250 Yards. At 300 Yards. ( 58 ) 100 90 80 70 30 25 1666 10 6.6 16.6 10 13:3'23:3 10 | 20.0 30.0 ! 10 26.6 36.6 10 33:3 13:3 : 10 400 500 1363 10 5+15' 10 10.9 20.9 10 163 26:3 10 21.8 31.8 10 273 373 10 32:7 +27 1176 10 10 47 147 10 9'4,19+ 10 1+1 2+1 10 18:8 288 10 23.5 33.5 10 28.2 38.2 972 | 10 3.7 137' 10 7.8178 10 111.6 21.6 10 156 25-6 10 19.5 29.5 10 23.4 33.+ 3+1 10 1:36 11:36 10 272 12:72 10 +08 14:08 10 5++15++ 10 6.8 16:8 10 8:16 18:16 277 10 11.1 '11'1 10 2.2122 10 3:313:3 10 +:+ 1+1 10 5.5 15.5 10 6.6 166 Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, The 9th September 185+. } (Signed) R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab.

·TABLE, No. IV. Table showing the task expected from each man on the Lahore and Peshawur Road, to be excavated and carried for distances from 75 Yards to 30 Yards. 75 Yards. 100 12.) Yards. ! Yards. 150 Yards. 175 Yards. 200 Yards. 225 Yards. 250 Yards. 275 Yards. 300 Yards. Task according to soil under 50 yards lead, commencing at ordinary soil and ending at rocky soil. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. Lead. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. C. Ft. ( 59 ) 100 90 80 70 30 25 86 77 71 62 72 65 61 55 26 22 6+ 58 55 50 56 52 19 45 2+ 21 51 +7 15 +1 23 20 46 43 41 38 22 19 42 39 38 35 21 151 38 36 35 33 203 18 35 31 33 31 191 173 33 32 31 29 28 23 181 2+ 21 مامه 17 (Signed) R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab. Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, The 9th September 1854.

·TABLE, No. V. Table showing the comparative cost of laying down 160 superficial feet of one layer of Metal (Kunkur,) 4} inches thick, loost, in the Fifth Division G. T. Road, and in different Divisions of the Lahore and Peshawur Road. Fifth Division, G. First and Second Di- Third Division, T. Road. vision, L. P. Road. L. P. Road. Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Divisions, L. P. Road. Seventh Division, L. P. Road. Amount. Rate. Amount. No. Amount. Rate. No. No. Mate Coolies, Gang Leader, Coolies, Ditto, Boys,... 0:32 0-2-0 10 64 0:32 0-3-0 0-96 0.32 0-1-9 0:56 0:32 0-2-3 0.72 2.133 0-1-6 3.20 3.177 0-2-0 6-35 1.044 0-1-3 1:39 2.4 0-1-0 2-4024 0-1-0 2.40 819 10:43 As before, 0-3-00-96 0-2-9 0·881 0-2-6 7-94 As before, 0-4-0 1.28 0-3-0 0.96 0-3-0 9.53 As beforo. 5.12 1.64 The total column shows the cost 4.00 1.28 with our rates of labor applied to the G. T. Road quantities. The 3.52 11.18 second total is a slight increase on the first, because boys are not pro- 00 4.80 curable in numbers, and boys, are no doubt a cheap kind of labor, 18.90 ( 60 ) 0-1-6 | 360 0-1-6 360 – 2.00 13:38 15.37 Total Annas, 8:19 11.00 14:13 16.12 20.00 Corrected, 270-27 363.00 466.29 531.96 Rate per Mile, 660.00 Single layer. 1063.92 1320.00 1 to 1.497 1 to 1.857 Rate per Mile, two 540-54 726.00 932:58 layers, Proportionate costs of labor in different Divisions, Labor, First }/ 1 to 1-312 Division being 1, 1 to 1.34 1 to 1.73 being 1, Proteine innate rates Grand Trunk Road}| | 1 to 1.97 I to 2:44 (Signed) Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, The 9th September 1854. R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab.

·TABLE, NO. VI. No. 1.-Statement of Rates on Expenditure to 1st May 1853. WORK AND MATERIALS. WORK. First Division. Second Division. Third Division. Fourth Division. REMARKS. Fifth Division. Seventh Division. Sixth Division. Average of all the Divisions. ( 61 ) Earth-work, per 1,000 cubic feet, 2.066 2 414 *+630 3310 3:2+01 5.210 2.160 3.294 * Including blast- Excavation, ditto, 3.000 3.250 *10.000 4970 2.500 5.000 4-787 ing in rock. Masonry, per 100 cubic feet, ...... 11:650 15.216 12:130 12:000 11.820 13.250 12-677 Stocking Metal near the road, 8.110 ..... ...... ...... ..... ...... per 100 cubic feet, ...... Ditto Quarry ditto,... 1.200 ... ..... ...... TO Preparing Metal ditto, 1.813 .....

·( 62 ) No. 2.-Rates of Labor on the Lahore and Peshawur Roadt, as compured with that of a portion of the Grand Trunk Roud. LABORERS. sion. Mate Coolics, per diem, Gang Coolies, Coolies, Ditto,... Boys, A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. A. P. 4. P. 2-0 3-0 3-0 3-0 4-0 4-0 | 4-0 5-1 1-9 2-3 2-3 2-9 3-0 3-0 3-0 4-0) 1-6 2-0 2-0 2-6 3-0 3-0 3-0 3-6 1-35 1-0 1-0 1-0 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 2-0 ..... } No. 3.---Rates of probable additional Expenditure that will be necessary to complete the work. WORK. First Division. Second Division. Third Division. ; Fourth Division. Fifth Division. : Sixth Division. Seventh Division. Rs. +-12,5-8 & 6 ... ...... ... ... ... Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Metalling, per mile.... 3,830 7,998 Earth-work, p. 1,000 13-8 to 5-8 5 & 6 5 4-8 Excavation, cubic ft. Tunrel Excavation, 20 per. 1,000 cub. ft.,... Tunnel Masonry, per 25 16 16 100 cubic feet,...... Dry Masonry, per 100 6-0 to 8-8 6 6 cubic feet, Block Sinking, per running foot, Mile Stones, each, 60 50 40 50 50 60 ......... ... 12 ...... 60 (Signed) Chief Engineer's Office, Lahore, The 9th Septeniber 1854. R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Colonel, Chief Engineer, Punjab.

·APPENDIX.

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·MEMORANDUM BY LIEUT. COL. R. NAPIER
It was not my intention to include the several totals into one sum. I
meant the roads in progress to be those on which digging was commenced.
The several totals, do not make a true aggregate as they stand, and yet
they do make a true one of the
83,4 in progress,
2,736 surveyed,
827 traced.
Some of the traced are included in the surveyed, for they were surveyed all
before being traced--they were traced before being put in progress--but again,
many now put as in progress, were traced and surveyeu before last Report,
and though the number of miles opened is given as the present states, the
number traced and surveyed are only since last Report. I perceive that the
heading does not sufficiently specify this.
But from the accompanying Statement, you will see that including roads
surveyed, that is, including, not all the miles of survey, but the miles of road
determined by surveys, there have been 4,416 miles of road commenced,
which is an honest fraction above “4,400 nearly."
Total commenced in miles,
7,796
Add Canal roads not included in above,
220
Total miles commenced,..
Since annexation opened up to date,.
8,016
3,600
Balanco commenced,
4,416
(Signed)
R. NAPIER.

·Appendix A. Surveyed or traced. M. F. Y. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 14 0 0 56 0 0 18 2 0 100 0 0 14 0 0 14 4 0 63 0 0 48 3 0 51 2 0 20 0 0 4 0 0 10 0 0 40 4 0 60 3 0 112 0 0 3 4 0 .. .. . . .. .. Murree to Bunneegully, Mandra to Chukowal, Thutta to Tubbur,.. Salt line-Attock to Pind Dadun Khan, Surae Sidhoo to Kumeerla, Fazilshah to Tubba, . Ohukowal to Jhelum, Ditto to Neelah,.. Abottabad to Mozufurabad, Ditto to Murree, Shinkeeаree to Balakote, Meerpoor to Munseerah, Kugoor to Chuniote, Ditto to Mamookee, Attock to Neclah, .. Turrun Tarun to Hurreekee, Futtebjung to Khooshialgurh, Umritsur to Hurreekee Ghât, Tullahgung to Chukowal, Googairah to Syudwallah,.. Fazilshah to Jhung, Pind Dadun Khan to Ramnuggur, Sheikhoopoora to Ramnuggur, Tullahgung to Kallabagh,.. Kamokce to Sheikhoopoora, .. Surveys in Baree Doab, Lahore to Hurreckee Ghật,.. Surveys in Jhelum, . .. .. . . 48 0 0 .. .. 51 0 0 . . .. .. .. .. . 46 4 0 46 3 0 36 4 0 42 4 0 45 4 0 31,00 22 0 0 21 3 0 58 5 0 75 00 . . 1,156 10 ·Appendix B. District Roads. DISTRICTS. Done by C. E. D. but not included with Lieut. Done by District Officers. Nightingale's returns. Lahore, 0 0 0 4 0 0 Sealkote, .. 116 0 0 29 4 0 Goojeranwallah, 40 7 0 0 0 0 Goordaspoor, 18 0 0 103 0 0 Derah Ghazee Khan, 42 0 0 0 0 Khangurh, 15 0 0 0 0 0 Lciah, 0 0 0 225 0 0 Huzara, 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Peshawur, 0 0 0 0 0 0 Appearing in Lieutenant Nightingale's Returns, 999. Mooltan, 0 0 0 336 7 0 .. Googaira, 200 0 0 0 0 0 Jhung, 39 6 0 0 0 0 197 2 0 0 0 0 Jhelum, Goojerat, .. 74 0 0 0 0 0 Rawul Pindee, .. 0 0 0 8 0 0 Shahpoor,.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 748 70 706" 3 0 ·Appendix c. Derajat Roads. Commenced on Miles. 605 00 .. . Entered in Statement VIII. of last Road Report, .... Deduct the following entered in Report of 1852:- Lukkee te Peyzoo, Peyzoo to Dubrah, Tank to Roree, .. Koolachi to Roree, Ditto to Ruttee, . Saggoo to Chondwan, .. Viddore to Hurrund, Dubrah to Tehoa,.... Derah Ishmael Khan to Drabund, Peyzoo to Derah Ishmael Khan,.. Hurrund to Shahwullee, .. . . • • 18 0 0 20 0 0 Il 0 0 10 40 17 0.0 21 0 37 6 0 76 0 0 33 40 34 6 0 84 0 0 364 0 0 .. . Remaining, .. 241 0 0 Appendix D. Peshawur and Iluzara Roads. DISTRICTS. By survey of this Department. Without survey of this Department. Peshawur, Huzaran 33 0 55 14 33 69 83 Total, ... 102 Miles. 6 Rards in Kobat, as detailed next page, . 143 Miles.

·APPENDIX D. -r Continued.) Commenced on Miles. ..... 78 32 Kohat and Bunnoo Road,..... Kohat and Khooshalgarh,.. Kohat Kothul Road, Kohat to Hungoo, 5 28 .............. ......................... Total, Miles, ...... 143 Appendir E. Detached Surveys and Work by Lieutenants Morrison, Packe, &c. Milc8. 146 ........... ...... Road from Torbeila to Rah, Kallakeh Surace to IIurreepoor, Hurrecpoor to Nowsherah, ....... 20 720 21 ...... Miles,............ 187 Appendix F. Canal Roads. 7,90,862 feet in length and 3,73,737 or 220 Miles.

·abstract. .. .. . Road Statement. Commenced on Miles. By the Report of 1852, there were 4,512 0 0 Add- Actual lengths of road, for which Lieutenant Nightingale has since made surveys, as por List A., . 1,156 0 0 District roads not included in above, surveyed by this Department and made by District Officers, as per Statement B.,.. 748 70 District roads, made by District Officers without survey by this Department, as per Statement B., 706 3 0 Additional Derajat Roads made, not included in Lieutenant Nightingale's return, as per State- 241 0 0 Additional roads made in Peshawur and Huzara, not included in Lieutenant Nightingale's returns, vide Statement D.,.. 102 00 Roads in Kohat, as per Statement D., 143 00 Detached Surveys and Work, by Lieutenants Morrison, Packe, &c., as per Statement E., 187 0 0 3,284 0 0 ment C., .. . .. .. Miles 7,796 00 Total commenced on Deduct Roads open for traffic, according to last Report, 3,600 0 0 Remaining in progress,.. Add Barec Doab Canal roads, as per Statement F., Miles 4,196 0 0 220 0 0 22 Total, Miles. 4,416 0 0 (Signed) R. NAPIER, Lieut.-Col., Chief Engineer. Thos. JONES, “CALCUTTA GAZETTE" OPTICE, ·(Copy) No. 4924 OF 1851-55. FROM LIEUT.-COLONEL R. NAPIER, Ohief Engineer, Punjab. To R. TEMPLE, ESQUIRE, I Secy. to the Chief Commissioner, Punjab, Dated Lahore, the 8th January 1855. CIVIL GENERAL. Sir, In my report on the Lahore and Peshawur Road, dated 9th Septcmber 1854, I omitted the name of Captain Bowden Licutenant Taylor'sletfrom amongst the names of other Officers particuter No. 1840 of the 4th January 1855. larly noticed. This omission was unintentional injustice to Captain Bowden. It has been brought to my notice by Lieutenant Taylor, Superintendent of the Lahore and Peshawur Road, who informs me he has looked upon the Sub-division of the Peshawur Road under Captain Bowden, as the model Sub-division of the road, I therefore beg that the Chief Commissioner will permit me now to do justice to Captain Bowden, who highly deserves commendation for zeal and activity, by forwarding this letter to the Supreme Government. I have, &c., (Signed) R. NAPIER, LIEUT.-COLONEL, Chief Engineer, Punjab. CHIEF ENGINEER'S OFFICE; LAHORE, The 8th January 1855. (True Copy) (Signed) R. TEMPLE, Sccretary.

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