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·SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIRST VOLUME
OF GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI
AND
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF
THE REIGN OF AKBAR

·ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS.
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·Pabllcations of the Dopictment of Modern Indian History, Allahabad University No. 2. SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI PREPARED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS BY L. F. RUSHBROOK WILLIAMS B.A., B.LITT., F.R.HIST.S., M.R.A.S., ETC. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, PROFESSOR OF MODERN INDIAN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD TOGETHER WITH A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE REIGN OF AKBAR COMPILED BY RAM PRASAD TRIPATHI, MA. ABANER IN MODERN INDIAN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ALLAKAD ein ASSISTED BY HARISH CHANDRA MISRA, M:A. RESEARCH.SCHOLAX IN THE DEPARTMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE UNIVERSITY BY LONGMANS, GREEN.AND CO 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON TOURTH AVENUE & SOTH STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND MADKAS 1918 fau rights reser)

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·FOREWORD Tax object of these few pages is to correct the more serious errors and to supply the more important omissions in that fragment of Gladwin's work which is of sufficient obvious historical interest to be prescribed for the use of students by the University of Allahabad. The references are arranged for use with the Popular Edition, edited by Jagadis Mukhopadhyaya, and published by the Indian Publication Society, Calcutta. Blochmann's Pursian text has been the basis of work; and my obligations to Blochmann's translation are sufficiently obvious throughout. Those corrections were undertaken at the suggestion of Mr. G. Gardner Brown, who first directed my attention to the imperfections of Francis Gladwin's version. I have to thank the Reader in Modern Indian History, Mr. Ram Prasad Tripathi, M.A., and a Research Scholar in the Department, Mr. Harish Chandra Misra, M.A., for their work in compiling the Chronological Table, which I trust will be found of assistance to students. The chronology of Akbar's reign is, as is well known, extremely confused, and I am not without hope that this Table may prepare the way for writers whose aims are of a more ambitious character. ALL SOOLS COLLEGE, OXYORD, June 1917

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·NOTES FOR 'A' LIFE OF THE AUTHOR. SHAIKH ABU'L Fazl was born on 6th Muharram, 958, at Agra. He was the son of the well-known mystic of Mahdawi leanings, Shaikh Mubarak, and the persecution to which his father was subjected by the Ulamas contributed in no small degree towards the hatred of religious intolerance which, characterized the young man. Abu'l Fazl was introduced to Court in 981 by his brother Faizi, whose poems had attracted the notice of Akbar. The reception he received was so farourable that he soon gave up all thoughts of leading the life of a recluse, to which he had long been attracted. He soon became the leader of a Court party which regarded with disfavour the spiteful wranglings of orthodox divines; and, at length promulgated the view that the Emperor ought to be the supreme guide through the disputes of the Church as well as of the State. In Rajab 987 was issued the remarkable document by which the whole body of learned men and ecclesiastical lawyers bound themselves to submit to the Emperor's will in matters of religion. This marked the triumph of the brothers Abu'l Fazl and Faizi, who from henceforth enjoyed the unstinted confidence of Akbar. In 1000, Abu'í Fazl was made a commander of two thousand horse, thus becoming one of the great Amirs of the Court, Four years later, Faizi died, to the abiding grief of his brother and of the Emperor. In the following year, 1006-6, Abu'l Faulbad his first experience of active service. He was despatched to the Decona, where his honesty and loyalty" ·NOTES FOR, A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR contrasted strongly with the general spirit of military administration in that quarter. From 1006 to 1011 he conducted operations with vigour and success from his headquarters on the Godavari. Unfortunately, he excited the jealousy of Prince Salim, who suspected him, quite groundlessly, of prejudicing the mind of the Emperor against the heir-apparent. On 4th Rabi I, 1011, 1 Abu'l Fazl was' asgassinated by Rajah Bir Singh, a Bundela chief, with the connivance of Salim. When the news of the murder came to court, no one had the courage to break it to the Emperor; but when at length he: discovered it, he would see no one for several days. When he knew all the circumstances he gave way to bitter grief, and recited the verse “My Shaikh in bis zeal hastened to meet me, He wished to kiss my feet, and gave up his life.” 1 So the Ma'asir-ul Umara, cf. Elliot and Dowson, vi. 3. But Akbar Nama, ii, 810 (written by Inayat Ullah), gives l Rabii. The date in the text is usually accepted.

·AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Page viii.-(After line 24 the original text runs) “It would be irrational for me to speak about what is known: I should become the laughing-stock of the wise. It is only of my knowledge of him, a precious jewel, that I send to the world's market-place, and I am proud of my engagement in such an undertaking. But it could not be from selfpraise that I have proposed to carry out so great an enterprise a work which would be difficult even for angels; for such & motive would reveal my inability and shortsightedness. My one aim in writing this work was first, to give those who are interested in this happy age an idea of the wisdom, greatness and activity of him who understands the smallest details of things human and divine, striding as he does over the field of knowledge, and secondly, to leave future generations & goodly heritage. To discharge an obligation is an adornment of life and a provision for death. Some there may be in this world of self-seeking (where dispositions are so varied, wishes 86 numerous, justice and guidance 'so infrequent) who will escape from the confused perplexities of Knowing and Doing by employing this source of wisdom. With this aim I recount some of the regulations of the great king, leaving for fax and near a code of rules. It is therefore necessary for me to deal with the lofty position of royalty, and to describe the condition of those who are assistants in that high office. Before tko judgment of the Almighty, there is no dignity higher than royalty, and frona ito fortunate spring the wine drink. Those ·AUTHOR'S PRETAOE who need proof of this assertion may find it in the fact that royalty is a remedy for rebellion and a cause of obedienoe. This is shown by the very moaning of the word Padishah, for pad moans firmness of position and ownership, while shak means origin and lord; so that he (the monarch), is the origin and lord of stability and possession. If royalty did not exist there would be no'end to the force of strife and self-seeking. Man would be bowed down into the pit of destruction under the burden of sin and lust; the great market-place of the world would lose its prosperity, and the entire earth would be ruined. Some with cheerfulness, etc." Page ix.--[After line 1, the original runs) Foolish and shortsighted persons cannot distinguish a true monarch from a tyrant. Nor is this strange, for indeed each has a rich treasury, a numerous army, skilful servants, obedient subjects, many wise men, and an abundance of means of enjoyment. But those who can see more accurately discern & difference. In the former case, these things are lasting, in the latter case they are but transitory. The first does not set his heart upon them, for his aim is to remove the means of oppression and to provide for everything that is good. Security, health, continence, equity, courtesy, faithfulness, truth, an increase of sincerity, and so forth, are the consequence. The second is a slave to the externals of royalty, to vanity, to the servility of men, to the desire of indulgence; wherefore there is always insecurity, instability, strife, tyranny, treacherý and robbery. Royalty is a light emanating from God," a beam from the sun which lights the universe, a chapter from the registers of perfection, the receptacle of virtues. In the mouth of moderns this light in termed the diving radiance, white of old it was called the sublimo halo: Without intermediary it comes from the hand of God and at the sight of it men bow the forehead ·AUTHOR'S PREFACE power of of praise toward the ground of slayishnois... From possession of it many good qualities flow - Paternal love towards men. Various people find test in the love of the king, and from their variety no dust of strife arises. In his foresight, the king will understand the spirit of the age, and shape his plans accordingly. A large heart. He is not moved by the sight of anything disagreeable, nor is bad judgment in him a source of disappointment. Courage appears upon the scene. His masterful firmness secures him the punishment, nor does the greatness of the guilty avert it. At his hands the desires of great and small find satisfaction, nor do their claims meet with delay. A daily increasing praise of God. When he performs any action, he knows that God is the real doer of it, so that a confusion of causes can produce no disturbance. Divine Service. Success in his plans will not cause him to neglect God, nor will adversity make him forget Him and trust blindly in man. He putteth the reins of desire. Page xi., line 11- Mir mal-perhaps an officer in charge of the Privy Purse. Mir bakhshi-Paymaster of the Court. Barbegi--An officer whose duty it is to present persons at Court. Qurbegi-An officer who bears the emblems of royalty. Mir tozak-Master of Ceremonies. Mir bahri Harbour-Master-general. Mir barr. Superintendent of the Fortresses. Mir manzil-Quartermaster-general of the Court. Khwansalar- Superintendent of the Kitchen. Munshi - Private Secretary. Quish begi Superintendent of the Falcons and Pigoöns. Alatek begi- Superintendent of the Studi . --- ·AUTHOR'S PREFACE Line 30 The list of officers, in the original is as follows, MustaufiDeputy Diwan. Sahib-i-Taujih_Accountant of the Army., Awarjah Nawis—Accountant of the Court,expenditure. Mir saman-Officer in charge of Court furniture, stores, etc. Nazir-i-Bufutat.Superintendent of the Workshops. Diwan-i-Buyutat-Accountant of the Workshops. Mushrif-Clerk. Waqi'ah Nawis Recorder. AmilCollector. Page xii., line 16.--Sadr--the Chief Justice and Administrator-general. Lines 23–25.--"The table servants, the armour-bearer, the servants in charge of sherbet and water, the servant in charge of the mattresses and wardrobe."

·Daridbaran hutan Mage howe abatta TEXT PART I. Page 2, line 19.-I'timad Khan--" lord of trustworthiness." His real name was Phul Mulk. He was first a servant of Salim Shah (1545-1563), but subsequently entered the service of Akbar. That emperor appointed him a Commander of One Thousand, and set him to remodel the Imperial finances. In 1578 he was made Governor of Bhakkar; but two years later, having been guilty of much harshness in the collection of his outstanding debts, he was murdered by a certain Maqsud 'Ali. (See Macaşir ul amara). Line 17.-[After "enjoys prosperity " the original runs). "It is only when looked after, that the dwellers in towns and rural districts are able to satisfy their needs and to enjoy prosperity. It is, therefore, the duty of just kings to care for the former, and to cherish the latter class of men. If it should be said that collecting wealth, and asking for more than one requires, is regarded as contemptible by retiring and secluded persons, while dwellers in towns do the very opposite, living in a dependent position; none the less this assertion is one that proceeds merely from persons of limited view, for really both classes of men are driven to seek what they consider necessary. Poor, abstemious people take enough food and clothing to maintain the strength necessary for the acquisition of learning, and to protect them against heat and cold; while other classes think they have sufficient when they fill their treasuries, collect armies, and otherwise increase their power." Page 5.- [The first paragraph of the article on The Mint is ·SUPPLEMENT TO & mere fragment of what constituted a complete Ain in the original text. This runs as follows] "As the successful working of the mint increases the treasure, * and is the source of despatch in every department, a few details shall be mentioned. Dwellers in town and country perform their business a&cording to their desire by means of money, and every one uses it to the measure of his necessities. He who is free from worldly desires uses it to sustain his life ; the man whose heart is bound considers it the goal of his. ambitions. The wants of all are satisfied by it. The wise man considers it the fountain of the fulfilment of worldly and religious desires. It is necessary for the preservation of the human race, since through money men obtain food and clothing. You may indeed gain these two by undergoing some pain, as sowing, pasturing," reaping, cleaning, kneading, cooking, twisting, spinning, weaving, etc. But these cannot well be performed without assistance, for the strength of a single man: is not sufficient, and to perform them continuously would be difficult, if not impossible. Further, man requires a dwelling, for keeping his provisions, which he calls his abode, whether it be tent or cave. The continuity of man's existence depends upon five things: father, mother, children, servants, food, All require the last. Moreover, since furniture and utensils are destroyed, and in no case lust very long, money becomes necessary. Money indeed does last long, on account of the strength and compactress of itali material; and a little of it. may produce much. Moreover, without it travelling would be impossible. For how difficult would it be to carry food for several days, to say nothing of years months ! By the goodness of God his goodly metal has come, and has arrived on the shore of esistance, and without the pain of man has filled the store of life. By means of gold, man carries out noble plans, and even performs divine worship in a fitting manner. Gold has valuable qualities, such as softnebe;

·GLADWIN'S AYEENAKBERI pleasant taste and agreeable 'smell. Its component parte 1 are nearly equal in wright, and signs of each one of the four elements may be detected in its four properties. Its colour is reminiscent of fire, its purity of air, its softness of water; its heaviness of earth. Hence gold possesses, many life-giving emanations. Nor can any of the four elements suffice to injure it : in fire it does not burn; in air it does not deteriorate; in water it does not alter, though kept for ages; and in earth remains unaffected, whereby it differs from other metals. Hence in the old books on philosophy, which term man's intellect the greater principle, gold, upon which depends the nécessities of human life, is called the lesser principle. Among the epithets applied to it I may mention 'the guardian of justice;' the universal adjuster,' for truly upon it rests the adjustment of things, as well as the basis of justice. To render it serviceable, God has allowed the existence of silver and brass, which are additional means for the service of men. Hence just kings and energetic rulers have paid much attention to these metals, and have set up mints, where their properties may be studied. The success of this department lies in the appointment of intelligent, zealous, and upright craftsmen, whose wisdom and perspicacity are the foundation of the world's structure. Page 10, line 19: -Yuzbashi-a Turkish word signifying the commander of one hundred men. Ahadis of distinction were frequently promoted to this rank. Page 13, line 5.Rasi--aqua fortis. Page 20, line 1.--The translation is "Sun, foster it, since for eternity Page 25, bine 18. (After the first paragraph the original goes on "Mercantile affairs are mostly transacted in this country ir round moburs, rupees, and dams. Unprincipled men cause : sold is biete conuidered a compound of sulphur and mercury:

·10 SUPPLEMENT TO a good deal of mischief by rubbing the coins, and similar practices. In consequence of the damage done to the nation at large, His Majesty fréquently consults experienced men, and from his knowledge of the time, issues new regulations in order to prevent such detrimental practices." • Page 25, line 19.-Rajah Todarmal entered the service of Akbar in the eighteenth year of the zeign, being employed to settle the affairs of Gujerat. Nine years later he was appointed Diwan of the Empire, in which office he remodelled the entire revenue system. After seven years, ill-health compelled him to resign his position. He died on November 10, 1689 A.D. Todarmal, despite his intimacy with Akbar, never became a convert to the "Divine Faith," but preserved his adherence to Hinduism. Abu'l Fazl, although admitting his diligence and ability, disliked him for his independence and staunch adherence to his national religion. See p. 32. Page 26, line 4.-'Azaduddaulah Amir Fathullah of Shiraz was a distinguished scholar, who enjoyed a great reputation in all branches of natural philosophy. Leaving his native town, he lived for some time at the court of 'Adil Shah at Bijapur. In 991 A.D. he entered the service of Akbar, and assisted Todarmal in the work of reorganizing the revenue department. He died of fever in 997. One of Akbar's most intimate associates, he placed his mechanical skill at the service of the emperor, to whose credit have been placed several inventions which were actually due to the ingenuity of the Amir. Page 33, bine 10.-{In Ain 19 of the original text, there is a long preface dealing with the origin of metals, of which the following paragraph is a sample " The creator, by calling into being the four elementa, bas raised up wonderful formas. Fire is entirely warm, dry and light; air is moderately warn, damp and light; water ia 'moderately cold, moist and heavy earth is entirely cold, dry ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 11 and heavy, The cause of lightness is heat, and of heaviness cold. Moistness keeps the atoms far apart, while dryness prevents their separation. By this curious arrangement four compounds come into existence; emanations from the sky, stones, plants, animals." Page 37.-[After line 22—" forms powerful alliances abroad," the original continues)- "As the Sovereign, by the light of wisdom, has elevated suitable persons from the obscurity of the dust, and appointed them to various offices : so also does he elevate proper persons to the degrees in the service of the harem. Men of limited vision think of impure gold, which may turn by degrees into pure gold ; but the perspicuous know that his Majesty can use elixirs and the art of chemistry. Any kind of growth alters the construction of a body: copper and iron will turn to gold, tin and lead to silver; hence it is not astonishing that an excellent being changes worthless creatures into men. 'How well has been said that maxim of the wise, that the eye of the great is the elixir for producing goodness. Such are the consequences of his Majesty's love of order, of his wisdom, insight, regard to rank, respect for others, activity, patience. Even when he is angry he does not deviate from the right path; he looks at everything with kindly feeling; weighs rumour well, and is free from all prejudice; he considers it a great blessing to have the good wishes of the people, and does not allow the intoxicating pleasures of this world to overpower his calm judgment." Page 40, line 33.--Naqqarah Khanah_a turret on which the band played. Line 34.-Akasdiah-a lofty mast with a large lamp attached. See p. 43, paragraph 2. Page 41, line 15.-" , and it would be impossible to find quarters even for the soldiers . . . camp” is a mis-translation. It should read-on account of the press of camp followers, ·12 i *** SUPPLEMENT TO and the multitude of the troops, it would take a soldier many days to find the Emperor's tent: how much worse then would it be for a stranger ?" Line 26–30.--Maryam Makini was the title of Akbar's mother. Her name was Hamida Banu Begama. Gulbadan Begam was a sister of Humayun, and Akbar's aunt. Her "Humayun Nama" is a work of great historical interest, and has been translated from the unique MS. in the British Museum by Mrs. Beveridge (Oriental Translation Fund, New Series). - Danyal-Akbar's third son. Salim-Akbar's eldest son, afterwards the Emperor Jahangir. Murad-Akbar's second son. Line 35. For "rear" read " centre." Page 42; line 1.- [After "Regulations for the Illuminations," the original proceeds)- "His Majesty holds that it is a duty of religion and praise to worship fire and light; although ignorant and ill-conditioned people count it dispraise of the Almighty, and mere fire-worship. The far-sighted, however, know better. As the external form of the worship of the members of the “Divine Faith" is founded upon propriety, and be people think the neglect of every sort of worship abominable, there is nothing improper. in the veneration of that exalted element which is the source of man's existence, and of the duration of his life : nor should base thoughts enter such matter. How excellently has Shaikh Sharufuddin Mungar (a famous'saint who died at the beginning of the fifteenth century A.D.) said- What can be done with a man who, when the sun has *got, is not satisfied with a lamp ? Now every flame is derived from that fountain of divine light (the sun) and bears the impression of its holy essence. And if it were not for light and fire, we should be destitute of food and medicine, and the power ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 13 of sight would be of no avail to the eyes. The fire of the sun is the torch' of God's sovereignty." Line 3.--For-" 14th "read "19th." Page 46, line 7.-(After conclusions of firmans” the original goes on)- " of seal engravers I shall mention Maulana Maqsud of Herat, one of the servants of Humayun, who writes well the riqa' and nasta'liq character. The astrolabe, globes, and various writing boards which he made were greatly admired by people of experience. The patronage of his Majesty perfected his art. Tamkin of Kabul was educated in his native place, bringing his skill to such perfection as to excite the jealousy of the preceding engraver, whose nasta'liq he surpassed. Mir Dost of Kabul cuts both the riqa' and nasta'liq characters in cornelian, but does not come to the level of the preceding artists. His riqa' is better than his nasta'liq. He understands assaying. Maulana Ibrahim is the pupil of his brother Sharaf of Yazd in the art of outting cornelians, surpassing the ancient engravers. It is impossible to distinguish his riqa' and his nasta'liq from the masterpieces of the best penmen. He it was who engraved the words la'l jalali upon all imperial rubies of value. Maulana Ali Ahmad of Delhi, according to all penmen, stands unequalled as a steel-engraver, so that his engravings are taken as models. His nasta'liq is charming, and he writes other characters well. He learned the trade from his father, Shaikh Husain, he studied the manner of Maulana Maqsud, and at last surpassed all." : - Page 49.--[After line 15, the original continues) –» “The greatest profit is derived when the ice is brought by water;"next when by carriages, and least when by bearers. The inhabitants of the mountain bring it in loads, and sell it in piles containing about 25 to 30 seers, at the price of 5 dams. If they have to bring it far, it costs 24d. 17j.; if the distance be the usual one, 15d.

·14 SUPPLEMENT TO *Out of the ten boats employed for the transport of icë, each manned by four boatmen, one arrives daily at the capital. The bundles of ice contain from 6 to 12 seers, according to the temperature, and a carriage brings two loads. There are 14 stages, where the horses are changed, and, in addition, one : elephant is employed. Twelve pieces, of 10 to 4 seers arrive daily. By this kind of transport a 'seer of ice costs in winter 3d. 21;. ; during the rains, 14d. 20j.; in the intermediate time, 9d. 213j.; and in the average for the whole, 5d. 153If it is brought by bearers, 28 men are required for the 14 stages. They bring every day one load containing four parcels. In the beginning of the year, the ice costs 5d. 1943. ; in the middle, 16d. 23.; and in the end, 19d. 15j. per seer; in the average, 83d. All ranks of society use ice in summer; the nobles use it throughout the whole year." Page 49, line 18.-[The original proceeds) “Nor can a reason be given why he should not do so, for the equilibrium of man's nature, the strength of the body, the capability of receiving external and internal blessings, and the acquisition of worldly and religious advantages, depend ultimately on proper care being shown for appropriate food. This knowledge distinguishes män from the animals, with whom, so' far as mere eating is concerned, he stands upon the same level. If the Emperor did not possess so lofty a mind, so comprehensive an understanding, so universal a kindness, he would have chosen the path of solitude, and renounced sleep and food altogether. Even now, when he has taken on himself the temporal and spiritual leadership of the people, the question • What dinner has been prepared to-day ? ' never passes over his tongue." Page 65. After the list of various fruits, the original good on to give a long description of their appearances and characteristics, which occupies six pages of the Persian text in Blochmann's edition. There then follows a short account of -- ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI . - 10 flavours, which is quoted as being typical of Abu-l Fazi's methods.] *." As I have mentioned various kinds of food, I shall also say something on flavours. Heat renders pungent that which is agreeable; bitter, that which is greasy; brackish, that which has the proper flavour. Cold makes the first ačid, the second astringent, the third tart. Astringency, when it merely affects the tongue, is called in Arabic qabz; and when it affects the whole frame, ufasat. A moderate temperature renders the first quality greasy, the second sweet, and the last tasteless. These are the fundamental flavours. Others count four of them, the sweet, the bitter, the acid, the brackish. The flavours produced by combinations are endless in number. Some of them have names, basha'at is a bitter and tart flavour ; and zu’uqah a combination of the brackish and of the bitter.' Page 76. After line 7 the original inserts)- "And most other articles have got cheaper at the rate of thirty to ten, or even forty to ten. The Emperor also ordered that people of certain ranks should wear certain articles, and this was done in order to regulate the demand.” Page 78, line 34, to page 79, line 3.- [Translation of these colours is as follows from Persian text- “Tus, safidalchab (explained in the text), ruby coloured, golden, orange, brass coloured, crimson, grass green, cotton flower, coloured, sandalwood coloured, almond coloured, purple, grape coloured, parrot-mauve, honey coloured, brownish lilac, Ratanmanjini coloured, Kasni-flower coloured, apple green, hay-coloured, pistachio, ? ?, bark coloured, pink, light blue, qalgah-flower coloured, water-coloured, oil-coloured, reddish brown, emerald, China-blue, violet, bright pink, pangoe coloured, musk coloured, Fakhtah-pigeon coloured.” Page 83. After the list of cloths, the original inserts an Ain." On the Nature of Colours"-as follows] :- White and black are thought to be the origin of all ·7 the Hadiqah' of Halim Sanai, the Masnawi of Ma'nawi, the 16 SUPPLEMENT TO colours, being at onos extremies and the component parts of other colours. Thus white mixed in large proportions with impure black, will yield yellow; white and black in- equal proportions, red. White mixed with a large quantity of black, gives bluish green. Other colours may be formed by compounding thes. And in addition it is to be remembered that cold makes a juioy body white, and a dry body black. Heat makes that which is fresh black, and that which is dry white. These two forces produce a change in the colour of a body, because bodies are both sensitive and subject to astral influence.” Pages 83-84.--[In the original, the account of the different styles of handwriting is much more detailed, but is too long for insertion in view of its slight importance.] Page 85, line 3.-[The original runs somewhat as follows) :- "Prose books, poetical books, Hindi, Persian, Greek, Kashmiri, Arabic, are all separately placed, and are inspected in this order. Experienced people bring them daily and read them before the Emperor, who hears every book right through. At whatever page the readers stop each day, the Emperor makes a sign with his own pán, according to the number of the pages read, and rewards the readers with presents of cash, either in gold or silver, aooording to the number of leaves they have read. Among books of renown there are few that are not read in the Emperor's assembly-hall; there are no historical facts of past time, or curioſities of science, or interesting points of philosophy, with which the Emperor, a leader of impartial sages, is unacquainted. He does not become weary of hearing a book over again, but listens to the reading of it-:with more interest. The Akhlaq-i-Magèri,- the Kimiya-i-Sa'adat, the Qabusnamah, the works of Sharaf of Munair, the Golistán, Jam i Jam, the Bostan, the Shahnamah, the collected Mangawis of Shaikh Nizami, the works of Khusfáu and Maulana ·to the Emperor. Philo- GLADWIN'S AVEEN. AKBERI 17 Jami, the Diwane of Khaqani, Anwari, "and several works logists are constantly engaged in translating Hindi, Greek, Arabio and Persian books into other languages. Thus, & part of the Zaich i Jadid i Mirzai was translated under the superintendence of Amir Fathullah of Shiraz; and also the Kishnjoshi, the Gangadhar, the Mahesh Mahanand, from Hindi into Persian, according to the interpretation of the Author of this book. The Mahabharat, which belongs to the ancient books of Hindustan has also been translated from Hindi into Persian under the directions of Naqib Khan, Maulana ’Abdul Qadir of Badaon, and Shaikh Sultan of Thanesar. The book contains nearly 100,000 verses. The Emperor calls this ancient history the Book of the Wars. Similarly the learned men translated into Persian the Ramayana, likewise a book of ancient Hindustan, which contains the life of Ram Chandra, but is full of interesting points of philosophy. Haji Ibrahim of Sirhind translated into Persian the Atharban, which, according to the Hindus, is one of the four Divine books. The Lilawati, which is one of the most excellent works written by Indian mathematicians on Arithmetic, lost its Hindu veil, and received a Persian dress from the hands of my elder brother, Shaikh 'Abdul Faiz-i-Faizi. At the Emperor's command, Mukammal Khan of Gujrat translated into Persian the Tajak, a famous work on Astronomy. The Memoirs of Babur, the Conqueror of the world, which may be called a code of practical wisdom, have been translated from Turkish into Persian by Mirza Abdurrahim Khan, the present Commander-in-Chief. The history of Kashmir, which extends over the last 4000 years, has been translated from Kashmiri into Persian by Maulana Shah Muhammed of Shahabad. The Mu'jam ul Buldan, an excellent geographical work, has been translated from Arabic into Persian by several Arabic scholars, as Mulla Ahmad of or Mohenb and Mohanand. 1 ..

·18" SUPPLEMENT TO : That'hah, Qasim Beg, Shaikh Munawwar and others. The Haribans, a book containing the life of Krishna, was translated into Persian by Maulana Sheri. By order of the Emperor, the Author of this present work composed a new version of the Kalilah Damngh, and published it under the title of 'Ayar Danish. The original is a masterpiece of practical wisdom, but is full of rhetorical difficulties'; and though Nasrullah i Mustaufi and Maulana Husain i Waiz had translated it into Persian, their style is full of unusual metaphors and difficult words. The Hindi story of the Love of Nal and Daman, which melts the heart of feeling readers, has been translated by my brother Shaikh Faizi-i-Faizi, into the masnawi metre of the Laili Majnun, and is now known everywhere under the title of Nal Daman. As the Emperor has become acquainted with the treasure of history, he ordered several learned men to compose a book containing the events which have taken place in The Seven Climes for the last thousand years. Naqib Khan, and several others, commenced this history. A large portion was subsequently added by Mulla Ahmad of T'hat'hah, and the whole was concluded by Jafar Beg, and Açaf Khan. The introduction is composed by myself. The work is called Tarikh-i-Alfi.” Page 87, line 22.-[After the list of painters, the original proceeds “It would take me too long to describe the excellencies of each. I can only pluck one ear from every sheaf. I have to notice that the observing of the figures of objects and the making of likenesses of them, which are often looked upon as an idle occupation, are, fok a well-regulated mind, a source of wisdom, and an antidote against the poison of ignorance. Bigoted followers of the letter of the Law are hostile to the art of painting, but their eyes now see the truth. One day at a private gathering of friends, the Emperor, who had conferred on several the honour of approaching him, remarked"There ·GLADWIN8 AYEEN AKBERI 19 are many that dislike painting ; but auch men I condemn. It appears to me that the painter has quite exceptional means of recognizing God : for a painter in sketching anything that has life, and in designing its limbs, one after the other, must come to feel that he cannot bestow individuality upon his work, and is thus forced to think of God, the Giver of Life. Thus he will increase knowledge. "The great encouragement, etc. ..." Page 88.-{After line 8, "The Arsenal”: the original text continues “The order of the Household, the efficiency of the Army, the welfare of the country, are intimately connected with the state of this department, hence the Emperor gives it every attention, and looks minutely into its working order. He introduces all sorts of new methods, and studies their applicability to practical purposes. Thus a plated armour was brought before him, and set up as a target; but no bullet was so powerful as to make an impression on it. A sufficient number of such armours has been made so as to supply whole armies. The Emperor looks into the price of such as are sold in the bazaars. Page 89, lines 5 and 6.-[Blochmann translates as follows] "" besides, they take up lances, spears, axes, pointed axes, piyazi war-clubs, sticks, bullet bowe, pestles, and a footstool, all properly arranged.". Pages 95–100.--This account of the Elephant stables is much compressed. The original text occupies 5} closely printed pages in Blochmann's edition. Many curious details are inserted, for example)- I have heard the following story from the Emperor ; Opoè a wild young one had fallen into a pit. As night approached, we did not care to pull it out immediately, and left it but when we came next morning near the place, we saw that some wild elephants had filled the pit with broken timber ·20 SUPPLEMENT TO and grass, and so had pulled out the younger one. Again; once a female elephant played us a trick. She feigned to be dead. We passed her and went on; but when we returned at night, we saw no trace left of her. [The original is, however, too lengthy to be inserted.] Page 117.-"Regulations for th Dagh."-The original is slightly different. ::." In order to prevent fraudulent exchanges, and to remove the stamp of doubtful ownership, horses were for some time marked with the word sight,' or sometimes with the word mark,' and sometimes with the numeral (2). Every horse received by government had the mark burnt upon the right cheek, and those that were returned, on the left side. Sometimes, in the case of Iraqi and Mujanna horses, they branded the price in numerals on the right cheek, and in the case of Turki and Arab horses, on the left. Nowadays the horses of every stable are distinguished by their price in numerals. Thus, a horse of ten moburs is marked with the numeral (I.), those of twenty mohurs have a (t), and so forth. When horses, at the time of the mysters, are put into a higher or lower grade, the old brand is removed.” [The branding of horses, says Blochmann, was revived in A.8. 981 (A.D. 1573), when Shahbaz had been appointed Mir Bakshi. He followed the regulations of Alauddin Khilji and Sher Shah.] Page 132, line 4. After the paragraph-heading, the original continues.. The success of the three branches of Government, and the fulfilment of the wishes of the subjects, whether great or small, depend upon the pantter in which a king spends his time. The care with which the Emperor guards over his motives, and watches over his emotions, bears on its face the Big of the infinite and the samp of immortality. Though thousands of important matters occupy, at one and the same ·. GLADWINS AYBEN AKBERI 21 time, his attention, they do not stit up the dust of confusion in the temple of his mind, nor do they allow the cloud of dismay to settle on the vigour of bis wental powers, or the habitual earnestness with which he contemplates the charms of God's world." Line 36,- (After " reproach"}- “But the great object of his life is the acquisition of that sound morality, the sublime loftiness of which captivates the heart of thinking sages, and silences the taunts of zealots and sectarians. Knowing the value of a lifetime, he never wastes a moment, nor does he omit any necessary duty, so that in view of his upright intentions, every action of his life may be considered an adoration of God. It is beyond mý power to describe in adequate terms the Emperor's devotions." Page 133, line 22.--[After "greater light" the original inserts) "But why should I speak of the mysterious blessings of the sun, or of the transfer of his greater light to lamps ? Should I not rather dwell on the perverseness of those weak-minded zealots, who, with much concern, talk of His Majesty's religion as of a deification of the Sun, and the introduction of fire worship? But I shall dismiss them with a smile." - Page 134, line 5. (After “diminution " The Emperor often makes extremely shrewd remarks, or starts a fitting subject for conversation.' Lines 17-18.--[After “compliments ")- “During this time řarious matters of worldly and religious import are brought to the notice of the Emperor." "As soon as those are sottled, he returns to his private apartments, and reposés a little. The good habits of the Emperor are so numerous that I cannot adequately describe them If I were to compito diotionaries on this subject, they would not be exhaustive, ·22 SUPPLEMENT TO " Page 136. Before the article entitled "of Spiritual Guidance," the original inserts two short articles: the second of which seems misplaced) (I.) ".Just as spiritual leadership requires a regulated mind, capable of controlling covetousness and wrath, so does political leaderſhip depend upon an external order of things, on the regulation of the difference among men in rank, and the power of liberálity. If the king possesses a cultivated mind, his position as the spiritual leader of the nation will be in harmony with his temporal office; and the performance of each of his political dụties will be equivalent to an adoration of God. Should any one search for an example, I would point to the practice of the Emperor, which will be found to exhibit that fortunate harmony of motives, in the contemplation of which the searcher increases his personal knowledge and is led to worship this my ideal of kingship. " When the Emperor seats himself upon the throne, all that are present perform the Kornish, and then remain standing in their places, according to their rank, with their arms folded, partaking of the elixir of life in the light of the imperial countenance, and enjoying everlasting happiness in standing ready for any service. The eldest prince places himself, when standing, at a distance of one to four yards from the throne, or, when sitting, at a distance of from two to eight. The secoïd prince stands from one and a half to six yards from the throne, and sits from three to twelve. So also the third ; but sometimes he is admitted to a neater position than the second prince, and at other times both stand together at the same distance. But the Emperor generally places the younger princes'affectionately nearer. Then come the Elect of the highest rank, who are worthy of the spiritual guidance of the Emperor; *at a distance of three to fifteen yards, and in sitting, from five to twenty. After this follow the senior grandees from three and a half yards, and then the other grandees, from ten or welve ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 23 and a half yards from the throne. All others stand to one side. One or two attendants stand nearer than all.” (II.) The Muster of Men. “The business which the Emperor gets through every day is most multifarious, and I shall only describe such affairs as continually recur. A large number of men ane introduced on these days for which an Assembly of Expenditure has been announced. Their merits are examined, and the coin of wisdom passes from hand to hand. Some take a burden from their hearts by expressing & wish to be enrolled among the members of the Divine Faith; others want medicines for their diseases. Some pray the Emperor to remove a religious doubt ; others again seek his advice for settling a worldly matter. Such requests are innumerable, and I shall confine myself to the most urgent cases. The salaries of a large number of men, from Turan and Iran, Turkey and Europe, Hindustan and Kashmir, are fixed by proper officers in the manner described below, and the men are taken by the paymasters before the Emperor. Formerly it was the custom to come with a horse and accoutrements, but now only men appointed to the post of Ahadi bring a horse. The salary as proposed by the officers who bring them is then increased or decreased. Generally it is increased, for the market of the Emperor's liberality is never dull. The number of men brought before him depends on the number of men available. On Monday are mustered all such horsemen as were left from the previous week. In order to increase the army and the zeal of the officers, the Emperor gives two dams for every horseman to the man who brings him." In the same manner, several writers introduce such as are fit to be ahadis. The Emperor in this case always increases the stipulated salary. As it is not customary for every ahadi to buy his own horse, the Emperor has ordered that when an ahadi has recently died, his horses are to be brought to the ·24: SUPPLEMENT TO muster, and handed over to the newly-appointed shadis. These horses are either given as presents, or the price is changed against monthly salaries, On such occasions also Senior Grandees, and other Amirs, introduce any of their friends, for whom they may solicit appointments. The Emperor then fixes the salary of the candidates according to circumstaticésite but appointments under Rs. 50 per mensem are rarely asked for in this manner, In these assemblies are made appointments to the Imperial workshops, and the salaries are fixed. Page 143. Blochmann's note is of some assistance in elucidating the curious institution of the Pagosht- "The object was to determine the amount of the fines which Akbar could justly inflict on the officers in charge of the animals belonging to the Court, if the condition of the animals did not correspond to his expectations. The daily quanta of food supplied to the animals had been fixed by minute rules, and the several store-keepers entered into their day-books the quantum daily given to each animal. These day-books were produced at the musters, and special officers Theagured the fatness of each animals, and compared it with the food it had been receiving since the last muster, as shown in the day-book. Akbar determined a maximum fatness' (A), which corresponded to a maximum quantity of daily food (a). Similarly, he determined a fatgess (B) resulting from a daily quantity of food (b), though Abu'l Fazl does not specify how. this was done. The quantities A, B and C were then divided 8A 7A 6A into several fractions or degrees, as Thus in the 8.8.8 case of elephants, the maximum fatness (A) was divided into 13 degrees.") Regulations for Buildings." This is much fuller in the original, which rung, as follows] : 2. "Regulations for housebuilding in general are necessary ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 25 . they are required for tho comfort of the army, and are a source of splendour for the government. People who are worldlyminded will collect in towns, without which there would be no progress. Hence the Exiaperor plans splendid edifices, and dresses the work of his mind and heart in the garment of stone and clay. Thus mighty fortresses have beer raised, which protect the timid, frighten the rebellious, and please the obedient. Pleasant villas and imposing towers have also been constructed. They afford excellent protection against cold and rain, provide for the comforts of the princesses of the harem, and conduce to the dignity necessitated by worldly dominion. Everywhere also Sarais have been built, which are the comfort of travellers and the refuge of poor strangers. Many tanks and wells are dug for the benefit of men and the improvement of the soil. Schools and churches are being founded, and the triumphal arch of knowledge is newly adorned. The Emperor has inquired into every detail of this department, which is so difficult to manage, and is so expensive. He has passed new regulations, kindled the lamp of honesty, and put á stock of practical knowledge into the hands of simple and inexperienced men.” Page 186.-{After line 7 (auxiliaries) read as follows] :-- "At present, those troopers are preferred whose horses are marked with the Imperial brand. This class of soldiers is superior to others. His Majesty's chief object is to prevent the soldiers from borrowing horses, or exchanging them for worse ones, and to make them take care of the Imperial horses, He kņows that avarice makes men so short-sighted, that they look upon loss-as gain. In the beginning of the present reign, when the Emperor was still under tutelage, many of his seryants were given to dishonest practices, lived without check, and indulged dishonourably in the comforts of married life. Base, * greedy mon sold their horses, and were content to serve as or rinstead of a superior horse, bought a jade that infantry ·26 SUPPLEMENT TO looked like an ass. They were boastful in their dishonesty and greediness of pay; sometimes even they grumbled and rebelled. Hence the Emperor had to introduce the Descriptive Roll system, and to make the issue of pay dependent upon the inspection of these Rolls. In a short time much lawlessness was stopped, "and the whole military system regenerated. But at that time the regulations regarding the Imperial brand were not issued; for the Emperor had adopted the advice of some inexperienced men, who regarded the branding of an animal as cruelty. Hence other vicious practices were adopted by greedy men, who cannot distinguish good from bad, who respect neither themselves nor their master, who think to promote a cause by ruining it, thus acting against their own interests. This led to much inefficienoy in the army. Horse borrowing was universal. The Emperor, therefore, made the branding of horses compulsory, like the Descriptive Roll system. Easy-going idlers thus passed through a school of discipline, and became worthy men; while self-seeking, báse fellows were taught honout and manliness. The unfeeling and avaricious learned the luxury of magnanimity, so that the army became a freshly-watered garden. Even for the treasury the new regulations were beneficial. Such are the results attained by knowledge and wisdom. Although branding a horse may inflict pain, when viewed from a higher point, it is the cause of much satisfaction to the wise." Pages 160–163. [This table, though it may represent Akbar's scheme, appears to be a complete theoretical classification, rather than a list of existing Mangabs. The best MSS. give altogether 33 classes of Mançabs : namely, the three commands of the three pritices (10,000 to 7000), and the thirty commands from 5000 to 10. The MSS. from which Gladwin worked seem to have omitted the last ten classes (160 to 10), of which the better texts give only the numbers, and the list on pages 164-189 is accordingly inoomplete. In the original, >> ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN ARBERI 27 this list appears immediately after the chapter on card games ; that is to say, it would come after page 217 in the present volume. Abu'l Fazl tells us that the names of Mançabdars above the rank of 500 includes those who were dead, as well as living, in the 40th year of Akbar's reign; but the list of commanders from 500 to 200 only contains such as were alive in that year. For a fuller account of these grandees, see pages 308-327 of Blochmann's translation, Volume I. and the Ma'asir ul Amara (Bibliotheca Indica). A translation of the latter is now being issued in the same series. In the list which follows, a number of minor personages have been passed over as being too insignificant to demand the attention of the ordinary student. Page 164. 1. Sultan Selim, eldest surviving son of the Emperor, born at Fathpur Sikri, 17th Rabi I, 977. He was called Selim after Shaikh Selim Chishti, in whose house he was born. He succeeded to the throne as the Emperor Jabangir. (See Blochmann's article in Calcutta Review, October, 1869.) 2. Sultan Murad, second surviving son of the Emperor, was born 3rd Muharram, 978, and died of delirium tremens in 1006. We are told he was of a livid complexion, thin and tall. 3. Sultan Danyal was born 10th Jumada 1, 970, and, like Murad, died of delirium tremens in 1013. He married the daughter of Qulij Khan, and later, a daughter of Mirza Abdurrahim Khan Khanan. He left three sons and four daughters. He was good-looking and cultured. 4. Sultan Khusru, eldest son of Selim, born 24th Amurdad, 995, died 18th Isfandiyarmuz, 1031, under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in the Khusrubaghi at Allahabad. 5. Mirza Suleiman was son of Khan Mirza, son of Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Said. He was born in 920 and died in 997. He was ruler of Badakhshan under Humayun and Akbar. 8. Mirza Ibrahim, his son, was killed in battle, and appears ·28 SUPPLEMENT TO among the grandees of Akbar's Court only by the rules of etiquette. 7. Mirza Shahrukh, son of Mirza Ibrahim. He was governor of Malwa under Akbar (whose daughter he married) and distinguished himself in the Deccan wars. He died in 1016. It is related of him that when he had been 20 years in India, he could not speak, a word of Hindi. 8. Mirza Muzaffar. Husain was son of Bahram Mirza, son of Shah Ismail i Çafawi. He had received Kandabar from Shah Khuda bandab of Persia ; but in 1003 was induced to gurrender it to Akbar, receiving in exchange Sambhal as a jagir. He disliked India, however, and died of vexation in 1008. 10. Bairam Khan had fought at Qanauj (10th Muharram, 947) when 16 years old, and afterwards went into exile, refusing the overtures of Sher Shah. He accompanied Humayun to Persia, assisted in the reconquest of India, and in 963 was appointed guardian to Akbar. He fell from power owing to the intrigues of his protégé Pir Muhammed, and was murdered on his way to Mooca, 14th Jumada 968 11. Mu’nim Khan, son of Bairam Beg, was one of the grandees of Humayun's court. He was left as Governor of Kabul when that emperor invaded India. He incited Adhana Khan to murder Atgah Khan in the seventh year of Akbar's reign. In 982 he was appointed Governor of Behar, dying in 983. 12. Tardi Beg Khan accompanied Humayun into exile, but was a selfish and faithless companion. He distinguished himself, however, in the conquest of India, and received Mewat as jagir. He wam appointed Governor of Delhi in 983, but rashly evacuated the town on the approach of Hemu. Bairam, who did not like him, had him murdered on suspicion of treachery-n act which made hiña distrusted by the other gobles, 13. Khan Zaman i Shalbåni. His own name was Ali Quli Khan, Together with his father, Haidar Sultan, and his brother, ·GLAD WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 29 -- Bahadur Khan, he joined Humayun on his return to Persian Ho defeated Homu at Panipat, and received the title Khan Zaman. He held first Sambhal and then Jaunpur. Being dissatisfied he rebelled frequently against Akbar, and after being pardoned several times, was at length attacked, defeated, and Milled on the 1st Zi Hajjah, 974. 14. Abdallah Khan Uzbak. After the death of Pir Muhammad, ho was sent to reconquer Malwah from Baz Bahadur. He "reigned in Mandu like a king," and Akbar found it necessary to expel him. He died at Jaunpur. 15. Shamsuddin Muhammad Atgah Khan was a common soldier in the service of Humayun, whose life he saved after the battle of Qanauj. His wife became wet-nurse to Prince Akbar, and he afterwards received the title of Atgah (fosterfather). He was appointed Governor of the Panjab, but excited the jealousy of Mun'im Khan,' who instigated Adham (see No. 19) to kill him 12th Ramazan, 969. 16. Khan | Kalan, Mir Muhammad, was the elder brother of Atgah Khan, and rose to eminence under Akbar. He was governor of the Panjab, and afterwards held Sambhal in jagir. He assisted Akbar in the conquest of Gujarat and died in 983. 17. Mirza Sharuffuddin Husain was son of Khwaja Mu'in, a rich but avaricious man. Quarrelling with his father, he entered Akbar's service, marrying the Emperor's sister Bakshi Banu Begam. He joined the rebellion of the Mirzas, was captured, and put in charge of the Governor of Bengal, Muzaffar Khan. He escaped, but was subsequently poisoned in 988. 18. Yusut Muhammad Khan, foster brother of Akbar and eldest son of Atgah Khan. He distinguished himself in the segeral rebellions of Khan Zaman, and died in 973. 19. Adham Khan was the son of Maham, one of Akbar's nurses (Anagah). After Bairam's fall he was sent to Malwab. His sudden fortune turned his head, and being jealous" of Atgah Khan, he murdered him in ·30 , SUPPLEMENT TO 969, being himself killed by Akbar's orders immediately afterwards. 20. Pir Muhammad Khap attached himself to Bairam,' but. offended his patron by his arrogance. He was forced to go on a pilgrimage, but returned on Bairam's fall, and was appointed with Adham Khan to Malwah. He defeated Baz Bahadur in 969, but was defeated and killed when returning from a successful raid in Burhanpur: 21. Khan 1 Azam Mirza Aziz Kokah, son of Atgah Khan. He held a series of high positions under Akbar, and was a party to the rebellion of Khusru in the reign of Jahangir, but was pardoned, and subsequently sent as Governor to the Decoan. He died in 1033. 18025 22. Bahadur Khan i Shaibani was younger brother of Khan Zaman. He took an active part in the various rebellions . of his brother, and was killed by Akbar's orders. 23. Rajah Bihari Mall was the son of Prithiraj Kachhwaha, and the first Rajput to join Akbar's court. His family soat was Amber. Akbar married his daughter, and took three of his sons into service. 24. Khan Jahan Hasain Quli Khan was the son of Bairam Khan's sister. After the fall of the Khan Zaman be attached himself to Akbar. He was given the title of Khan Jahan for his services in suppressing the rebellion of the Mirzas in 980. He was appointed to command in Bengal, and in 984 he defeated and killed the king, Daud Khan. He died in 986. 25. Said Khan was a member of a family that had long been in the service of the house of Timur. He rose to the highest honours under Akbar, being successively Governor of Multan, Subahdar of the Atinjab, and Governor of Bengal. He died at the beginning of Jahangir's reign. 26. Shihab Khan was a relation of Maham Anagah, and instrumental in Bairam's tall. He was Governor of Malwal, of Gujrat, and again of Malwah, dying in 999. 27. Rajah Bhagwan Das was, son of Rajah Bihari Mall He saved Akbar's life in the 980 fight with Ibrahim Hasain ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN ARBERI 31 Mirza. He was afterwards Governor of the Panjab, and his daughter married Prince Selim. He died in 998. 28. Qutbuddin Khan, youngest brother of Atgah Khan. He exercised authority first in the Panjab and afterwards at Malwah. In 991, when Muzaffar of Gujrat tried to make himself independent, he behaved with great timidity, was captured by the rebels, and executed. 29. Khan Khanan Mirza Abdurrahim, son of Bairam Khan, distinguished himself in the wars with Gujrat, defeating Sultan Muzaffar in the battles of Sarkij and Nadot. For these viotories he was given the title Khan Khanan, and to avoid confusion, the historians generally call him Mirza Khan Khanan. He took an important part in the conquest of Sindh and of the eocan in Akbar's reign ; but in the latter quarter was not so successful in the reign of Jahangir. In 1031 he fell into disfavour through court intrigues, but was restored subsequently to all his honours. He died in 1036. He translated Babur's Memoirs from Turki into Persian. 30. Rajah Man Singh, son of Bhagwan Das, had joined Akbar along with Bihari Mall. In 984 he won the battle of Gogandah against Rana Kika. He was appointed to govern Kabul, and afterwards took a leading share in the conquest of Bengal. On Akbar's death, he played some part in the conspiracy to set aside Jahangir, but was pru. dently pardoned by that Emperor. He died in the ninth year of the reign. 34. Zain Khan commanded for Akbar against the Yusufzais, and led the rearguard on the disastrous day when Rajah Bir Bar and 500 officers were slain. He subsequently became . Governor of Kabul and Prinop Selim married his daughter. In 1010 he died from excessive drinking. 35. Mirza Yusuf Khan was a Sayyid of Mashhad, and a favourite of Akbar. In 996 he was sent as ruler to Kashmir, where he was extremely popular and successful. An attempt to Increase the revenue charge led to a revolt, at the head of which Mirza Yusuf Khan declined to place himself. He ·32 . .. SUPPLEMENT TO walis afterwards placed at the head of the artillery bureau, and saw much-service in the Deccan. He died in 1010. 36. Mahdi Qasim Khan served first under Mirza Askari, but joined Humayun after the return from Porsia. He was, sent to suppress the rebellion of Khan Zaman (18), but instead, went to Mecca. He was afterwards restored to favour by Akbar, and given Lakhnau. 37. Muzaffar Khan i Turbati was Bairam's diwan, and afterwards diwan of the empire, with Rajah Todar Mall as his sub. ordinate. The two quarrelled perpetually, ás Badaoni tells us. Muzaffar Khan was subsequently made Governor of Bengal, where his strictness drove some of the jagirdars to revolt and murder him (988). 39. Rajah Todar Mall (see page 10) entered Akbar's service at a very early period. His first important post was in 981 when he was left to assess Gujrat. He behaved with great bravery in the vistory of Daud Khan, and after settling financial matters in Bengal and Orissa, went to court. He remained faithful through the Bengal rebellion, and in 990 was made diwan or vakil. During this year he introduced his famous revenue reforms, and ordered the Government accounts to be written in Persian, thereby making the study of this language necessary for its pecuniary advantages. He died in 998. 40. Muhammed Qasim Khan was a rich landowner of Nishapur, and served under Batram Khan in India. He distinguished himself in the battle of Panipat. On the fall of Bairam, he joined Akbar and received Multan as jagir. 41. Vazir Khan, brother of Abdul Majid i Açaf Khan. He was sent to Gujrat to govern in the name of Aziz Kokah, but was not successful. He was deposed and recalled to court In 994 he was appointed Subahdar of Bengal, and in the next year he died. 42 "Qulij Khan is first mentioned in the 17th year of Akbar's reign, when he was made Governor of Surat. Six years later he was sent to Gujrat. He was twice appainted ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 33 diwan, and afterwards became Governor of Kabul and of the Panjab. He died in 1038. 43. Cadiq Khan was the son of Muhammed Baqir, vazir to the ruler of Khurasan. He entered Bairam's service, and after his death was made an amir. He became Governor of Garha, and subsequently assisted in repressing the revolt of Bengal. He died in 1005, being known as one of the best officers Akbar had. 44. Rai Rai Singh was son of Rai Kalyan Mall (93), one of the Rathors of Bikanir. Rai Singh distinguished himself in action against the Mirzas. He also served in the Panjab and in Bengal. After Akbar's death, Rai Singh was put in charge of Jahangir's harom during the pursuit of Khosru, but retired without orders to Bikanir. He died in 1021. 46. Ismail Quli Khan was brother of Khan Jahan (24). He served against the Baluchis and the Yusufzais, being subsequontly made Governor of Gujrat. He was poisoned by his women, who resented his petty tyranny. 47. Mirza Jani Beg was a doscendant of Chingiz Khan, and ruler of Sindh. After defending the country bravely, he had to yield to the Khan Khanan, and in 1001 he paid his respects to Akbar at Lahor. He was much liked for his pleasing manners and common sense. He died in 1008. 48. Iskandar Khan became Governor of Agra after the restoration, and after joining Tardi Beg at Delhi was defeated by Hemu. For his bravery in the battle of Panipat be was entitled Khan Alam. He robelled with Khan Zaman and Bahadur, but was pardoned, dying at his tuyal of Lakhnau in 980. 49. Açaf Khan Abdul Majid, brother of Vazir Khan (41). At the time of Bairam's rebellion Agaf, who had been in Humayun's service, was appointed Governor of Delhi. He planned the famous expedition to Gondwanah, in which the heroio Durgawati met her death. The inomenso spoils he gained led him to rebel, but subsequently he returned D ·34 SUPPLEMENT TO to his loyalty, and his bravery in the last struggle with Khan Zaman (13) secured his pardon. He was subse. quently made Governor of Chittor. 50. Majnun Khan 1 Qaqshul. Had been a grandee of Humayun ; and on Akbar's succession was made Jagirdar of Manikpur. He accompanied Mun'im Khan on his expeditions to Gorakhpur and Bengal, conquering by himself the northern part of the latter country and gaining thereby immense wealth. 61. Shuja'at Khan, Muqim i Arab, was son of Tardi Beg's sister (12). When Humayun fled to Persia, he joined Mirza Askari, but subsequently repented. He acoompanied Akbar on the forced march to Ahmadabad, and met his death in the 988 troubles in Bengal. 53. Hasain Khan, nephew of Mahdi Qasim Khan, and "the Bayard and Don Quixote of Akbar's reign." He was in Bairam's service, remaining faithful to the last. He entered Akbar's service, and was also faithful to him in the rebellion of the Mirzas. He was not a favourite of the Emperor, owing to his intolerance to Hindus. He died in 983 from a wound received in an expedition against Basantpur. He was always poor, though his servants lived in affluence, and he was a patron of literary mon, especially Badaoni. , 54. Murad Khan served in Malwa against the Mirzas, and in Bengal under Mun'im Khan. He was made Governor of Jellasoro, and afterwards appointed to Fatehabad. He remained loyal during the great military revolt of 988, but died immediately after its outbreak. 58. Haji Muhammad Khan was in the service of Bairam, much trusted. He was made a Khun after Bairam's tall, and was rapidly promoted. He served in almost every campaign, and received the Sirkar of Mandü. He died in 983, 800n after the death of his leader Mun'im Khan. 68. Alzal Khan was an accountant of Humayun's treasury, and after his return to India was made Mir Bakhshi. His detachment gave way before Hemu's obarge, and helped ·GLAD WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 36 to ensure the defeat of Tardi Bog. He was imprisoned, and did not find favour until after Bairam's fall. 57. Shahbog Khan Woo Governor of Peshawar in the service of Akbar's brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Ho dis. tinguished himself in the wars against the Yusufzais, and was made Governor of Qandahar. On the death of Akbar he bravely held the town against Husain Khan Shamlu, the Persian Governor of Herat. For this Johangir gave him the title of Khan Dauran. Page 165. 59. Qasim Khan came over to Humayun when Mirza Kamran was besieged in Kabul. He afterwards superintended the building of the fort at Agra. He was for some time Governor of Kashmir, and then Kabul. He was murdered in 1002. 60. Baqi Khan, elder brother of Adham Khan (19). He took part in the war against Iskandar Khan and Bahadur-Khan (972-3), and was partly responsible for the defeat of Khairabad, owing to his hatred of Mu'izzul Mulk and Rajah Todar Mall. 61. Mir Mu'izzul Mulk was a Musawi Sayyid. He commanded a detachment sent by Akbar against Bahadur and Iskandar Khan Uzbak in 973, and was defeated as related above through the treachery of Baqi Khan. He was drowned in 987, as he was being sent to the Emperor under suspicion of revolt. 63. Sharif Khan, brother of Atgah Khan, first held a tuyal in the Panjab, and then was appointed to the Sirkar of Qanauj. He governed Malwa, served against Muzaffar, and was finally made Governor of Ghaznin. 65. Khwajah Jalaluddin Mahmud Bujuq had been in the service of Mirza Askari, and had subsequently joined Humayun. Akbar appointed him to Ghaznin, but Mun'im Khan, who hated him, stirred up trouble and murdered him. 67. Itimad Khan, of Gujrat, was a Hindu servant of Sultan Mahmud, and after having avenged his master's murder in 961, administered the state and continued at the head ·36 SUPPLEMENT TO of the Government. He raised two puppet princes to the throne, but great confusion having broken out through the jealousy of the nobles, he fled to Akbar. After the conquest of Gujrat he was put in possession of Baroda and Champanir, but incurred the charge of treason and was imprisoned. He was released, and sent to govern Gujrat itself. He died in 995. 89. Jagannath, son of Rajah Bihari Mall, generally served with Man Singh. He distinguished himself in the wars with Rana Pratap of Malwar, and in the Deccan. He served with Prince Parwiz in Jehangir's first year. 70. Makhsus Khan, younger brother of Said Khan (25), served under Shahbaz Khan (80), against Gajpati, and subse quently went with Murad to Kabul. He was alive in the beginning of Jehangir's reign. 71. Abu'l Fazl, the author of the book. See Introduction. 72. Ismail Khan Duldai was a grandee of Babur and Humayun, who had won renown both as a warrior and a counsellor. He accompanied Humayun on the march to India, and was afterwards sent to Labore. 74. Ashral Khan Mir Munshi was a renowned caligrapher, and had received from Humayun the title of Mir Munshi. He was imprisoned. by Bairam, but escaped to Meoca. He was well received on his return by Akbar, and died in 983. 75. Sayyid Mahmud of Barha left the Afghans and came over to Akbar. He served Bairam, and after his fall got a jagir near Delhi. He served in Gujerat with much bravery and died in 981. The court admired his bravery, and laughed at his rustio manners. 76. Abdullah Khan Mughal (to be clistinguished from No. 14). Akbar married his daughter, and, because Abdullah'a sister had married Kamran, Bairam was displeased at the alliance. Abdullah helped to defeat Bairam's friends when the rebellion took place. 71. Shaikh Muhammad i Bukhart was given charge of Mu'in i Chishti's tomb by Akbar, who liked him for his windom ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 37 and faithfulness. He felt fighting against the Mirzas near Patan (Ramazan 980). 78. Sayyid Hamid i Bukhari was a Gujerati, who went over to Akbar in 980. He : erved against the Baluchis and in Kabul. He held Pesu. wur as a jagir, but his agent opprossed the inhabitanis, and Hamid was murdered in their uprising in 993. 79. Dastam Khan was a playfellow of Akbar. He served in the battle of Patan, and in 984-5 was appointed to the Subah of Ajmir, where his administration was excellent. Ho died from wounds received in maintaining order against some rebellious Kachhwahahs in 988. 80. Shahbaz Khan i Kambu was proverbial for his rigid piety and enormous wealth. In 979 he became Mir Bakhshi; in 984 was sent on suocessful expeditions against Jodhpur and Gajpati. He took a distinguished part in the campaigns against Rana Partab and against the Bengal rebels. He held a variety of high commands and died in 1008. 83. Abdul Matlab Khan, son of Shah Budagh Khan (52), served with his father against Iskandar and Babadur. He was present at the battles of Khairabad and Patan. He was sont against the Afghan rebel Jalalab Tariki, but had no share in the victory. 85. Rajah Bir Bar was Akbar's favourite minstrel, the hero of many famous stories. He was often sent on expeditions, but spent most of his time at court, where he was a very prominent figure. He was killed in the disastrous expedition against the Yusufzais; and Akbar felt his loss cruelly. There are many references to him in the histories of the time. 89. Rajah Ram Chand Baghelah was Rajah of Bhat'h, and patron of the famous minstrel Tansin. He submitted to Akbar, and after some delay came to court in 991. 90. Lashkar Khan, Muhammad Husain of Khurasan, was Mir Bakhshi and Mir Arz. He was severely wounded at the battle of Takaroi, and died soon after. 91. Sayyld Ahmad of Barha served in Gujerat, and was ·38 SUPPLEMENT TO afterwards appointed governor of Patan. He served under Shahbaz Kahn in the expedition to Siwanah. He died in 985. 02. Kakar Ali Khan i Chishti came with Humayun to Hindustan. He was present at the battles of Khairabad and Samal (Sha'ban 980). He was killed in the siege of Patna. 93. Rai Kalyan Mall was Zemindar of Bikanir, and father of Rai Singh (44). 95. Shah Muhammad Khan of Qalat was a friend of Bairam, who left Qandhar in his hands. He was obliged to call in Shah Tahmasp to defeat Bahadur Khan of Dawar, but when free from danger declined to cede the town to the Persians. But Akbar ordered him to give it up, as had been Humayun's intention. This he did, and oame to India in 966, when he rose rapidly. He was made Governor of Kotha, and was wounded in the battle of Patan. 96. Rai Surjan Hada was at first in the service of the Rana, and believing himself safe behind the walls of Rantanbhur, defied the Mughals, but after the fall of Chitor was obliged to sue for peace. He was made Governor of Gadha- Katangab after the annexation of Rantanbhur in 976. He had been dead for some time in 1001. 97. Shaham Khan Jalair was made an Amir by Akbar. He served against Khan Zaman and in the Bengal wars. In 995 he was made Governor of Gadha, and subsequently of Delhi. He died in 1009. 98. Asaf Khan Jafar Beg, came to India in 986, and was presented to Akbar. He was captured by the Bengal rebels, but escaped, and was made dir Bakhshi and subsequently Governor of Lahore. After the rebellion of Selim, Asaf was given Bihar. In 1015, after the accession of Jehangir, he was made Vakil. Ho died in 1021. He was one of the best poets of Akbar's age. 99. Shaikh Farid i Bukhari entered Akbar's service at an early age, and rose to be Mir Bakhshi. He took a decided part in supporting Jehangir, and defeated Khosru ·GLAD WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 99 i pomalo - at Bhaironwal (1014). He afterwards became Governor of the Panjab, dying in 1025. 102. Mihtar Khan, Anisuddin, was Humayun's treasurer on the flight to Persia, and afterwards returned with him. He was put in charge of Rantanbhur after its conquest. He died in 1017. 103. Ral Durga Sisodiah belonged to a Rampur family. He distinguished himself in the wars of Gujerat and the Deccan, serving for upwards of 40 years. He died in 1015. 104. Madhu Singh was son of Rajah Bhagwan Das; he distinguished himself at the battle of Gogandah (984) and served under Mirza Shahrukh in Kashmir. 105 Sayyid Qasim, son of Sayyid Mahmud Khan (75) served under Khan Alam against the Mirzas He distinguished himself in the Gujerat wars, and died in 1007. 107. Muhibb Ali Khan distinguished himself as a loyal servant of Babur and Humayun. In 978 he made war upon Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar, as a result of which that fort came into Akbar's bands. Muhibb was made Governor of Delhi, and died in possession of the office in 989. 108. Sultan Khwajah, Abdul Azim, was a saintly philosopher, who had much of the Emperor's confidence. In 984 he went to Mecca, and on his return in 986 was made Çadr of the realm. Ho died in 992. 110. Khwaja Jahan, Amina of Harat, a distinguished calligrapher, accompanied Humayun to Persia, and became Bakhshi to Akbar. On Akbar's accession he was given charge of the great seal, but fell under suspicion in the rebellion of Khan Zaman. He died in 982. 112. Hakim Abulfath was made Qadr and Amir of Bengal, rising higher and higher in royal favour. He took part in the disastrous expedition against the Yusufzais, and by his insubordinate conduot to Zain Kokah helped to produce the catastrophe. He was a man of vast literary attainmente. 113. Shaikh Jamal, son of Muhammad Bakhtyar, was the brother ·40 SUPPLEMENT TO of Akbar's Superintendent of the Harem. He marohod with Prince Murad against Mirza Muhammad Hakim of Kabul. 114. Jafar Khan, son of Qazaq Khan, was governor of Herat, but falling into disfavour migrated to India. He distinguished himself in the war with Khan ZP man. 115. Shah Fanal, son of Mir Najafi, serted in the conquest of Malwah. He was famous for his skill in poetry and his courage in war. 118. Rupsi Bairagi, brother of Rajah Bihari Mall (23), was father of the more famous Jaimall, whose exploits are well known. 119 Itimad Khan, Khwajahsarah. See note to page 2, line 19. 120. Baz Bahadur was son of Shajawul Khan, who was made Governor of Malwah by Sher Shah. On his death in 962 Baz Bahadur succeeded him. Against Baz Bahadur came the great expedition headed by Adham Khan and others, and he was defeated near Sarangpur. He returned, defeated Pir Muhammad, who had superseded Adham Khan, and reoccupied Malwah. In 978, however, he realized the futility of resistance, and threw himself upon Akbar's generosity, entering his service. He is buried in Ujjain with his Rupmati. Page 166. 121. Udai Singh Moth Raja, father-in-law of Jahangir, and grandfather of Shah Jaban. He served in the Gujrat wars. 122. Khwajah Shah Mangur served as Diwan to Khan Zaman and afterwards to Mun'im Khan Khanan. He worked for some time under Tödar Mall, and in 983 was appointed Vazir. He was vigorous in his collection of arrears, and in his reform of the administration ; indeed, his ro. duction of the Bengal and Bihar jagirs was among the causes of the military revolt in Bengal. A charge of conspiracy was trumped up against him, and he was foully murdered (it was whispered, at Todar Mall's instigation) in 989. Akbar was bitterly grievede ·GLAD WIN'S AYEEN ARBERI 41 123. Qutlugh Qadam Khan served in Malwah, held a command in the van at the battle of Khairabad, and was present in the battle of Takaroi. He died before 1001. 124. AU Qubi Khan Indarabi rose under Humayan, served in the war against Himu, and in the unsuccessful expedition against Sikandar Sur. He was dead in 2001. 125. Adil Khan, son of Shah Muhammad i Qalati (95) served under Adham Khan in Malwa, and was afterwards present at the siege of Chitor. He died as a result of wounds received in saving Akbar from a tiger. 128. Muinuddin Ahmad Khan joined Humayun's army on the march to Hindustan. He was made Governor of Agrah, afterwards accompanied the Khan Khanan to Bengal, and died fever after the battle of Takaroi. 129. Muhammad Quli Toqbal served under Adham Khan in Malwah, and was afterwards attached to Mun'im. He was present at Takaroi. 133. Habib Ali Khan (distinguished from the son of Muhibb Ali Khan, of the same name) was a servant of Bairam. He besieged Rantanbhur unsuccessfully, and afterwards served with Adham Khan in Malwa. 134. Jagmall, younger brother of Rajah Behari Mall (distin. guish from 218) was governor of Mirtha, and commanded the great camp when Akbar marched to Patan and Ahmadabad 981. 137. Qabul Khan conquered the district of Bhambar on the Kashmir frontior, which he ruled with his son Yadgar Husain (338). He was killed in a revolt of the local zemindars in 978 A.H. Page 166. Insert here " Commanders of Nine Hundred." 138. Kuchak Ali Khan Kolabii served under Mun'im Khan against Khan Zaman, and held a command in the battle of Takaroi. 139. Sabdal Khan Sumbul was a slave of Humayun. 140. Sayyid Muhammad, Mir Adl, was a friend of Badaoni's father. He served in the expedition against Rajah or Kolati. 3 ·42 SUPPLEMENT TO Madhukar. When the learned were banished from court, he was made Governor of Bhakkar. He died in 985 or 986. 141. Razawi Khan, Mirza Mirak was a companion of Khan Zaman, and was captured after his death. He was made Bakhshi of Bengal, and his Larsh behaviour was among the causes of the military revolt. He was captured by the rebels after attempting to conciliate them. He was dead in 1001. 142. Mirza Najat Khan served against Khan Zaman, and later in Bengal. He was one of the few men in Bengal who favoured the extension of Imperial authority, but was powerless to withstand the current of general opinion. 143. Sayyid Hashim brother of (105), served with Rai Rai Singh (44) against Sarobi. He was killed in the battle of Sarkich near Ahmadabad. 144. Ghazi Khan i Badakhshi .was first in the service of Sulaiman, King of Badakshan, to whom he received access from his learning. He subsequently came to India, and distinguished himself in several expeditions. He opposed the rebellious grandees in Bihar, and died in 992. He was the author of several works. 146. Farhat Khan Mihtar Sakai was a slave of Humayun, who distinguished himself in the war against Muhammad Husain Mirza. He met his death in 984, fighting against Gajpati. 149. Mirza Husain Khan, brother of Mirza Najat Khan (142). Little is known of him beyond the fact that be accompanied Humayun on his march to India. 150. Hakim Zanbil, brother of Mirza Muhammad Tabib of Sabzevar. He was a personal attendant of the Emperor. 164. Shimal Khan Chelah was armour-bearer of the Emperor, and assisted in the capture of Kwaja Mu'azzam. He had died before 1001. 187. Magum Khan joined Todar Mall in Bihar, but later joined the ranks of the rebels. He was defeated by Shahbaz ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 43 Khan, and, though pardoned, repeated the offence. He was murdered, perhaps with Akbar's connivance, as he was returning from the Darbar. 188. Tolak Khan Cuchin served first with Babur, and joined Humayun on his return from Persia, remaining faithful to him throughout. Akbar gave him a jagir in Malwa. He served under the Khan Khanan in Malwa and Gujrat ; and under Man Singh in Bengal. He died in 1004. 159. Khwaja Shamsuddin Khawafi accompanied his countryman Muzaffar Khan (37) to Bengal, and was received by Akbar. He beoame Subahdar of Kabul, and afterwards Diwan of the Empire. He died in 1008. 160. Jagat Singh was eldest son of Rajah Man Singh (30). He served under Mirza Jaffar (No. 98) against Rajah Basu of Mau. 161. Naqib Khan, Mir Ghiasaddin Ali, was the son of the distinguished scholar Mir Abdullatif, who had fled from the court of Shah Tahmasp. He was Akbar's reader, and possessed great influence at court. He wrote certain portions of the Tarikh-i-Alfi. He died in 1023. 162. Mir Murtaza Khan was at first in the service of Adil Shah of Bijapur. Nizam Shah called him to Ahmadnagar, and made him Amir'ul Umara. He lost all his property in a revolution, and came with Khudawand Khan (151) to Akbar. He distinguished himself under Murad in the Decoan wars, and in the conquest of Ahmadnagar under Danyal. 166. Mir Sharit i Amull was appointed Amin and Cadr of the new province of Kabul after the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim. He served under Man Singh, and took part in the siege of Asir. He was one of the heretics of the age, 167. Hasan Beg, Khan i Badakhshi, Shaikh Umari, was employed by Akbar against Sultan Husain Khan of Pak'hali. Towards the end of the reign he was put in charge of Kabul, roceiving Fort Rohtas as jagir. In 1014 he joined Khusru, but was captured and sewed in a cowhide by Jahangir.

·SUPPLEMENT TO 172. Tash Bog Khan Mughal served under Mirza Muhammad Hakim of Kabul, and after the death of his master, entered the service of Akbar. He helped in the conquest of Mau, and in the suppression of Raja Basu's revolt. He died in 1023 as Governor of That'hah. 174. Rajah Raj Sing, a brother of Raja Bihari Mall (23) and a son of Rajah Askaran, who served against Madhukar, and under Todax Mall in Bihar. Raj Singh served for some time in the Deocan, and was appointed Commandant of Gwaliar. For his services against the Bandelab clan he was promoted commander of 4000, with 3000 horse, He died in 1024. 175. Rai Bhoj, son of Rai Surjan Hada (96), served under Man Singh against the Afghans of Orisa, and under Abu'l Fazi in the Deocan. He died 1016. 176. Sher Khwaja was a Sayyid of Itawah, his real name being Padishah Khwaja.' He served under Sa'id Khan Chaghtai (25) against the Yusufzais, and under Sultan Murad in the Decoan. He remained in favour with Jahangir, and was faithful to him when he was detained by Mahabat Khan. 179. Qara Bahadur, son of Mirza Mahmud, and a member of the royal family of Kashgar, attempted to reconquer Kashmir after the murder of Mirza Haidar, but was defeated. Akbar made him Governor of Mandu. 180. Muzaffar Husain Mirza, grandson of Muhammad Sultan Mirza, invaded Gujerat in 985, but was defeated by Todar Mall. Soon afterwards he was taken prisoner ; but was released and married to Akbar's daughter, Sultan Khanum. In 1008 he became faqir, but was captured and imprisoned. He died soon after. 189) Sayyid Abdullah Khan, son of Mir Khwananda, seryed in the Gujerat war with the Khan i Kalan (16), and was in the battle of Tåkarpi. During the Bengal military revolt he served under Mirza Aziz and Shahbaz Khan. In 997 he was surprised and killed by some Kashmiris in a night attack ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 46 190. Dharu was son of Rajah Todar Mall (39). 191. Ahmad Bog i Kabuli entered Akbar's service on the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, and received a jagir in Kashmir, of which country he became Governor in Jahangir's reign. 192. Hakim Al of Gilan became personal attendant and friend to Akbar, He built the wonderful reservoir which con. tained a small room. He was called the “Galenus of the Age," and his drugs had a great reputation. He died in 1018. Page 167. 194. Cadr Jahan Mufti was made Çadr in Akbar's 34th year, and scandalized opinion in 998 by taking part in a drinking. féast. He temporized with the Divine Faith and skilfully maintained his position. He died in 1020. 195. Takhtah Beg i Kabuli, Sardar Khan, joined the service of Akbar after the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim. He served with Man Singh against the Yusufrais, and in Jahangir's reign was made Governor of Qandahar. He died in 1016. 196. Raf Patr Das, Rajah Bikramajit, was at first Mushrif of the elephant stables ; but distinguished himself in the siege of Chittor. He was made joint diwan of Bengal with Mir Adham, and after the revolt, was made diwan of Bibar, and later of Kabul. Jahangir afterwards made him Mir Atash 199. Mir Abul Qasim Namakin was a Sayyid of Herat, and first in the service of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, afterwards joining that of Akbar. He served against Daud of Bengal. He was appointed to Bhakkar. In Jahangir's reign he helped to capture Khusru, and received fresh promotion. 200. Wazir Bog Jamil served in the war with Khan Zaman (13), and later took part in Bengal expeditions under Mun'im Khan. He served under Jagannath against the Rana. 202 Babu Mankli was first in Daud's service, but weg afterwards employed in Bengal by Akbar. He took part in the ·46 SUPPLEMENT TO operations against Qutlu Khan, and accompanied Man Singh to Orisa. 203. Muhammad Quli Khan Turkman took the side of the Bengal rebels, but was pardoned. He marched with Man Singh to Kabul in 993, and served with distinotion in Kashmir. 205. Hakim Humam was a personal friend of Akbar's, and a power at court. He died in 1004. 207. Baltu Khan of Turkistan, was a grandee of Humayun, serving in the Kabul wars, and the battles that led to the restoration. 210. Shaikh Ahmad was the second son of Shaikh Selim of Fathpur Sikri. He died in 985. 213. Jalal Khan Qurchi was a friend of Akbar. He introduced Badaoni to court. He distinguished himself in the Marwar war, and was murdered in mistake for another in 983. 217, Sayyid Jamaladdin, son of Sayyid Ahmad Barha, served in the final war with Khan Zaman. He was killed by the untimely explosion of a mine during the siege of Chittor, 226. Hasim Beg, son of Qasim Khan (59), served under Mirza Rustam (9) in the Panjab. In 1019 he was transferred after having been Governor of Orisa. His son was the famous Muhammad Qasim Khan, Mir Atash. 227. Mirza Faridun, son of Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas, served under Mirza Abdurrahim (29) in Sind. In Jahangir's reign he served with Prince Khurram against Rana Amar Singh. He died in 1023. 228. Yusuf Khan, King of Kashmir, came as an exile to Akbar's court in 987, and was reinstated with his help. As he was unwilling to recognize his obligations to the Emperor, Yusuf's territory was, invaded by Mirza Shahrukh (7), and he was obliged to submit, although his son Yaqub carried on the struggler Yusuf was given a jagir iš Bihar, and served in Bengal. ; Yaqub soon after submitted. 235. Janish Bahadur was first in the service of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, and after his master's death came to India. He served under Zain Kokah (34) against the Yusufzais, and ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 47 saved his life in the Khaibar. Later he served in the Deccan. He was the father of Shuja'at Khan Shadi Beg: 238. Ram Das, the Kachhwaha, was the first in the service of Rai Sal Darbári (106), and his faithfulness was almost proverbial. With his band of 200 Rajputs, he kept watch over the palace gates. He shared the defeat of the royalists in 1022, and died in the same year. 239. Muhammad Khan Niyazi served under Shahbaz Khan in Bengal and under Khankhanan at T'hat'hab. He inflicted the final blow on Mirza Jani Beg (47) near Lakhi. He died in 1037. 248. Ram Chand, son of Madhukar Bandelah, was driven into rebellion by Jahangir's preference for his younger brother, Bir Singh Doo. He was captured, but well treated, and in 1018 Jahangir married his daughter. 249. Rajah Mukatman, chief of Bhadawar, entered the Imperial service. He was in Gujrat in 992. 262. Dalpat, son of Rai Rai Singh, served in the Sind war with discredit, and afterwards made disturbances in Bikanir. He was on bad terms with his brother Sur Singh, whose intrigues led to Dalpat's execution. 253. Shaikh Faizi, the famous poet and friend of Akbar, was born in 954 at Agra. In 975 he was called to court, and was instrumental in bringing about the fall of Shaikh Abdunnabi. He was made poet laureate, and died in 1004. 255. Irij, son of Mirza Khankhanan was wounded in 1011 in the fight with Malik Ambar at K'harki. He served under Prince Shahjahan in the Deooan. He died in 1028 from excessive drinking. Page 168. 206. Khwaja Abdussamad, surnamed Shirin Qalam, followed Humayun to Kabul in 956. He had great influence at Akbar's court; and his skill in writing was such that he is said to have written Qoran Sur. CXII, on a poppy seed. 273. Al Mardan Bahadur was at court in 984. He served in Sind and in the Decoan. Under Mirza Irij (266) he ·48 SUPPLEMENT TO served with distinction against Malik Ambar. He died of wounds in 1021. 275. Shaikh Khubu, Qutbuddin Khan i Chishti of Fatehpur Sikri, was fosterbrother of Jahangir. He became Subahdar of Bihar, and afterwards of Bengal. He was killed by Sher Afgan Ali Quli Istujlu (394), first husband of Nur Jahan. 276. Lia-ul-Mulk of Kashan-nothing is known of him. 277. Hamzah Beg Itrat-l-All, perhaps a brother of (203). 280. Peshrau Khan Mihtar Sa'adat, was presented by Shab Tahmasp to Humayun. Akbar sent him to Bihar in 982, where he narrowly escaped death at the hands of Gajpati. He died in 1017. Jahangir said of him that he was an excellent servant, and, when 90 years old, smarter than many a younger man. 281, Qazi Hasan Qazwini served in Gujrat in 995, and later, in the siege of Asir. 282. Mir Murad i Juwaini belonged to the Sayyids of Juwain. He was an excellent shot, and rifle instructor to Prince Khurram. He died as Bakhshi of Lahore. 301. Husain, the Pak’hliwal, called himself Sultan Husain, and refused to submit to Akbar. He was conquered by Hasan Beg (187) about 1000. He was still alive in 1029, when Jahangir visited him. 309. Daulat Khan Lodi was at first in the service of Aziz Kokab (21), then was transferred to Abdurrahim (29). He distinguished himself in the wars of Gujerat ; and his courage was proverbial. He died in 1009. His second son was the famous Pir Khan, Khan Jahan Lodi. 318. Nil Kanth was Zamindar od Orisa. 319. Ghlas Beg, I'timad-oddaulah, of Tahran. After the death of his father, Khwaja Muhammad Sharif, Ghias fled from Persia, and at Qandahar the future Nur Jahan was born to him. He was introduced to Akbar, and in 1003 made Diwan of Kabul. In 1020, when Nur Jahat married Jahangir, Ghias was made Väkili Kul. He died in 1031. 327. Khwaja Sulaiman of Shiraz was sent to Bengal to adjust ·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 49 the differences between Çadiq Khan and Shahbaz in 992. He was Bakhshi of the Panjab in 1010. 328. Barkhurdar, Mirza Khan Alam, son of Abdurrahim Duldai (186), was made Qushbegi by Jahangir, and in 1020 was sent as return ambassador to Persia. At the beginning of Shah Jahan's reign, he was made Governor of Bihar, but was deposed for incompetence. 329. Mir Ma'cum of Bhakkar sought his fortune in Gujerat. He was introduced to Shihab Khan (26), the Governor, and by him recommanded to Akbar. He served in Gujrat in 992, and against Muzaffar in Kachh. He is well known as a poet and historian, and is the author of the Tarikh-i. Sind. Page 169. 336. Pratap Singh, son of Rajah Bhagwan Das (27), was defeated along with Maha Singh, Jagat's son (160) near Bhadrak in 1008, by the Afghans. 337. Husain Khan Qazwini, perhaps the same as (281). 338. Yadgar Husain, son of Qabul Khan (137), was wounded in the rebellion of the Zamindars of Bhambar, when his father was killed (978). In 1024 he was promoted for his services in the Deccan. 339. Kamran Bog of Gilan served in 196 against Fateh Khan in Gujerat ; and in 999 against Muzaffar. 348. Hakim (Jalaluddin) Muzaffar of Ardistan, was a doctor at the court of Shah Tahmasp, and emigrated when young to India. He served in Bengal in 988, and died in 1016, being accidentally poisoned. 349. Abdussubhan, son of Abdurrahim Duldai (186), was Faujdar of Allahabad. He was sent to Kabul, where he perished in a fight with the Afridis in 1025. 350. Qasim Bog of Tabriz served under Sultan Murad in Malwah in 999, and died 1007. He was a famous man of learning. 351. Sharif, Amir ul Umara, son of Khwajah Abduççamad (266), was the sohool companion of Prince Selim, who was much attached to him. He widened the breach between Selim and Akbar, and when Selim came to the throno, was 3 ·50 SUPPLEMENT TO entrusted with the Great Seal. He was a good painter and poet. 352. Taqiya of Shustar was a follower of the “ Divine Faith," a poet, and a man of learning. He was alive in 1017. 366. Sakra was brother of Rana Pri.tap, and son of Udai Singh. He joined Parwiz's expedition against Rana Amar in 1014; and at the end of the same year served against Dalpat. 370. Shaikh Kabir i Chishti, Shuja'at Khan, Rustam i Zaman, served under Khan Jahan (v. No. 309) in the Deccan. He afterwards went to Bengal, and commanded the Im. perialists in the last war with Usman. 373. Shakhrullah Zafar Khan, son of Zain Khan Kokah (34), was the brother of Jahangir's wife. He was appointed to Atak, and was ordered to keep the K'hatar and Dilah. zak tribes in order. In 1021 he was Governor of Bihar. He died in 1031. 374. Mir Abdul Mumin was son of Mir Samarqandi, a learned man who came to Agra during Bairam's regency. 375. Lashkari, son of Mirza Yusuf Khan (35), was Thanahdar of Bir under Akbar. In 1019 he was promoted to 1500 troops, with 700 horse, and next year was made Subahdar of Kashmir. He died in 1055. 394. Au Quli Beg, Istajlu, Sher Afgan Khan, was table-attendant to Ismail II. of Persia, and on his death went over to Khan Khanan (29). He rendered distinguished services in the That'hah war, and Akbar married him to Mibrunnisa, afterwards Nur Jahan. He was killed in the encounter with Shaikh Khubu (276), much to Jahan. gir's joy. 401. Khwaja Muqim, son of Khwaja Miraki, served under Aziz Kokah in Bengal, and in the same place in 993. In 999 he was made Bakhshi. 402. Qadir Khan was fosterbrother of Mirza Shahrukh (7), and served in Gujrat in 999. 403. Firuzah was a slave of Humayun, who brought him up with Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother.

·GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 51 407. Pahar Khan, the Baluch, served against Daud in 984, and afterwards in Bengal. In 989 he was tuyuldar of Ghazipur. In 991 he served in Gujrat, and commanded the centre at the fight near Patan, when Sher Khan Fuladi was defeated. Page 173 (line 4 from bottom] ; a better translation is as follow "Various meanings attach to the term "slave.' First, that which people in general mean by a slave. Some men obtain power over such as do not belong to their sect, and sell and buy them. The wise regard this as abominable. Secondly, he is called a slave who leaves the path of selfishness, and chooses the road of spiritual obedience. Thirdly, one's child. Fourthly, one who kills a man in order to inherit his property. Fifthly, a robber who repents and attaches himself to the man whom he had robbed. Sixthly, a murderer whose guilt has been atoned by payment of money, in which case the murderer becomes the slave of the man who releases him. Seventhly, he who cheerfully and freely prefers to live as a slave." Page 176, after line 8 [insert]— “The carefulness with which the system of marking horses was attended to, resulted at once in truthful reports regarding dead horses; for when a soldier, after the introduction of the system of repeated marks, brought a horse which had been exchanged, he would demand his pay from the time when he had last received it, while the Bakhshi commenced to count from the day he brought his horse. But since the present mark was introduced, the rule was made that each horse with which, instead of with his old one, a trooper'came to the master, should be described, and should receive the same mark as the dead one. The Bakhshis, at the musters subsequently held for repeating the marks, were to inspect it, and be guided by the brand. Horses answering the description in the rolls were even hired, and substituted for the old ones; but since the mark ·52 SUPPLEMENT TO was not forthcoming, the deception was detected, and the soldiers thus learnt to be honest. "The Mancabdars of the Emperor have their horses freshly marked every year, and thus maintain the efficiency of the army. By their example, unprincipled persons learn to choose the path of rectitude. If a mancabdar delays bringing his men to the muster, one-tenth of his jagir is withheld. Formerly, when the mark was repeated, they put a number on the muster of the horse, marking a horse with 2 when it was mustered the second time, and so on. But now, as each class of soldiers has a particular mark, the mark is merely repeated at subsequent musters.' Page 179 [after line 6, the original continues)-- The Emperor's object is, that every duty be duly performed ; that there be no improper increase or decrease in any department; that dishonest people be removed and honest people held in esteem ; that active servants may work without fear, and negligent, forgetful men be held in check.” [Instead of the first paragraph "Of Sanads” read as follows)-- "Every matter of money will be satisfactorily settled when the parties express their minds clearly, then take a pen, and write down the statement in legible handwriting. Every written statement of accounts is called a Sanad. All classes of men adopt the practice. The sanad is the voucher which relieves the treasurer of all responsibility, and on which people receive payment of their claims. Honest, experienced officials, on whose forehead shines the mark of rectitude, write the agreement upon loose pages and leaves, so that the transaction cannot be forgotten. These loose sheets are called the Daftar, and with them all sanads are entered. Page 182, line 5 from the bottom. For “Oungeh” read Atkah.' Pages 186-8. [The sayurghal lands were hereditary, ·GLAD WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI 53 differing thereby from the jagir and tuyal lands, which were conferred in lieu of salary. The whole of this passage proves that Akbar interfered somewhat arbitrarily with sayurghal lands, resuming them when he liked, to the ruin of many Afghan families. He was especially severe on the grant holders of Sher Shah's time. He also broke the power of the Çadr, whose control over the grants had been supreme.] Page 196. [In the paragraph “Of Hunting" after "this sport" in line 4, insert). “He always makes hunting a means of increasing his knowledge; and, besides, makes hunting parties an occasion to inquire into the condition of the people and the army, without giving notice of his coming. He travels incognito, and examines into matters of taxation, sayurghal lands, or of the household. He lifts up such as are oppressed, and punishes the oppressors. On account of these higher reasons, the Emperor indulges in the chase."

·No text on this page.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
OF THE REIGN
OF
AKBAR
N.B.-(i.) In the Table which follows, the blank column on the
right-hand page is intended to be used by the student
as a space for writing his own notes.
(ii.) In this Table the following abbreviations have been
used:
A.N. for Akbar Nama.
T.A. for Tabagat Akbari.
(ii.) The bracketed words in the third column of the
left page are the names of Ilahi years.

·56 GLAD.WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year, Ilahi Year. Events. 1642 October 18 949 Rajab 8 AKBAR BORN. 2 Ramzan 18 Left behind by Humayın in his flight, Akbar is taken to Qandahar. 1545 Winter Akbar carried to Kabul by the servants of Kamran. 1546 November 4 953 Ramzan 10 Akbar recovered from his uncle Kamran. Faizi born. 1547 1551 January 14 1564 November 954 958 Muharram 6 981 Zilhijjah Abu'l Fazl born. HUMAYUN STARTS FROM KABUL TO CONQUER INDIA. 982 Safar 6 Encamps at the Indus. December 31 1555 February 24 June 22 Rabi II. 2 Shaban 2 Enters Lahore. Akbar takes part in the battle of Sirhind. 1556 January 24 963 Rabi I. DEATH OF HUMAYUN.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
Remarks.
Students' Notes.
66
r. V. Smith undertaken to
prove that Akbar's birth took
place on Thursday, November
3rd, which corresponds with
Tauhar's full-moon" day,
14th Sha'ban. But at all events
intil the appearance of his
vidence, the traditional date,
vouched for by authority 80
good as Gulbadan Begam, must
be accepted.
the fact that Humayun's
death was concealed for be.
tween two or three weeks,
makes the determination of
the exact dato very difficult.
The dates assigned vary from
7 Rabi I. (Blochmann, p. 319)
to 15th Rabi I. (Nizamu.d.
Din). In between we have
Il Rabi I.(Jauhar and Firishta),
13 Rabi I. (Padshah Nama),
and 14 Rabi I. (Katib-i-Rumi,
Vambéry's translation, p. 58).

·58 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hljri Year. Ilahi Year. Events. January 24 Rabi I. DEATH. OP HUMAYUN-con February 14 Rabi II. 2 ACCESSION OP AKBAR. March 11 Rabi II 28 1 (Farwardin) Far. 1. ILAHI LRA BECKONI FROM THIS DATE. November 964 Muharram 2 Aban 23 BATTLE OF PANIPAT. 1557 March 11 Jamad I. 9 2 (Ardilihisht) Farwardin 1 Second Ilahi year com. menced. July 24 Ramzan 27 Mardad 11 & Sikandar surronders Mankot. 1558 March 10 COD 985 3 Jamad I. 20 (Khurdad) Farwardin 1 966 Rabi II, Bahman Third Ilahi year menced. 1559 January- February Capture of Gwalior. March 12 Jamad Il. 2 (Tir) Far. 1 Fourth Ilahi year CON menopd.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 59 Remarks. Students' Noten. 'bus all authorities are agreed hat the Emperor's uncon. oiousness passed into death ome time during the week -18 Rabi I. 983, or 21st-29th Canuary, 1086. Authorities ro agreed that the accident ook place on the evening of Friday, 20th January, 1806. he Ilahi era did not commence rom the date of accession but rom the first day of Nauroz lext following 25 days after N. II. 18. See also Appendix ) of Wright's Catalogue of Yoghul Coins). A. mentions Friday in Mu. larram, which can fall only in the 3rd or 10th; and since Badaoni gives the date as the Oth, these two authorities oem to agree on the latter late. A. N. gives 2nd Mu. larram, . N. gives Rabi II. 27. Beve. idge rightly remarks that he Ilahi year being solar, the irst and second Ilahi years oannot have begun on the same late of the Muhammadan year. T. A. gives 9th Jamad I. for ihe beginning of the second Tear. Akbar name is manifestly prong.

·60 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year. Events. 1560 March 12 988 5 Jamad II. 13 (Amardad) Far. 2 Jamad II. 28 Farwardin 16 March 27 Fifth Ilahi year com menced. AKBAR ASSUMES GOVERN. MENT; FALL OP BAIRAM KHAN. Rebellion of Bairam Khan. April 9 Rajab 12 Farwardin 30 968 Muharram Aban of Bairam Submission Khan, September October 1561 January 31 Jamad I. 14 Bahman 22 Murder of Bairam Khan, March 10 com. 6 Jamad II. 24 (Shahriyur) Far. 1 Rajab 12 Far, 18 March 28 May 18 Sixth Ilahi year menced. Baz Bahadur of Malwa defeated by Adham Khan. Akbar surprises Adham Khan at Sarangpur. Akbar's visit to his eastern provinces. Shaban 27 Khurdad 2 July 19 Zilqada 4 Amardad 4 1562 January 969 Jamad I Bahman BIHARI MAL OF AMBER JOINS AKBAR. March 11 Rajab 8 7 (Mihr) Far. I Seventh Ilahi year com. menced. Abolition of the practice of enslaving wer-prisoners. Rash expedition of Akbar's lieutenant Pir Muhammad to the South; and re occupation of Malwa by Baz Bahadur, who is sub -sequently expelled by Abdulla Uzbeg. Arrival of Saiyid Beg Ma sum, the ambassador o. Shah Tahmasp of Persia.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 61 Remarks. Students' Notes. 7. A. gives 7th Rajab, Tuesday; but this dato falls on Friday, the 13th March, and not on the 10th as Elliot says. Rajab 8 does fall on Tuosday, vide Vergleichungs-Tabellen (Wüstenfeld). We do not know on what au. thority Von Noer puts this ovent in 1673 (Vol. I. 294).

·62 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year, Evonto. May 16 Ramzan 12 Khurdad 8 Adham Khan thrown down the battlements of Agra fort. 1563 Maroh 10 970 Rajab 18 8 (Abar) Far. Eighth Ilahi year com. menced. Defeat of Raja Ram Chand and conquest of Panna ; Disturbances at Kabul and appointment of Muna'im Khan as governor ; Gakkars subdued ; FORT OF JODHPUR TAKEN. 1564 January 11 Jamad I. 27 Bahman 2 Attempt on Akbar's life by Qatlaq Faulad. March 11 971 Rajab 27 9 (Azar) Far, 1 com. Ninth Ilahi year menced. JADZIA ABOLISHED.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 63 Bemarks. Students' Notes. ". A. gives Monday 12th Ram. zan 970 H., but this date does not fall on Monday but on Wed. nesday. Badaoni mentions 12th Ramzan 969. Abu'l Fazl's date, 12 Ramzan, corresponds to the day mentioned by him (Maasir-ul-Umara, p. 147). A.N. gives ninth year (see Vol. II. 204, Orig. Bib. Ind.; Beveridge, Vol. II. 316, and note to Vol. III. 438), while Badaoni gives 25th, which according to his calculation corresponds with 987 H. (Lowe, Vol. II. 284). J. N. Sarkargives 1879 (Aurang. zeb, Vol. III. 308). Burgess in his Chronology of Modern India (p. 41), gives the year 1060, which is irreconcilable with original authorities. The game may be said of Von Noer's date 973 H. corresponding with 1668 A.D. Dr. Vin. cent Smith (Ox. Hist. Ind., p. 132), usually accurate in chro. nology, seems to have followed in this matter Von Noer, though he places the event in the ninth year.

·64 GLADWIN'S AYBEN AKBERI Christian Year Hijri Yoar. Ilahi Year. Events Maroh 11 Rajab 27 Far. Jun. 22 Zilqada 12 Tir 10 July 11 Zilhijja 1 Tir 29 Defeat of Adli noblem b: Asaf Khan. Conquest of Gadhkantak. Akbar goes to Narwar fo hunting ; Akbar goes to Malwa. Flight of Abdulla Khaz Uzbeg.governor of Malwa Akbar takes in marriage ? daughter of Miran. Mu barak Shah, the ruler o Khandesh. Birth of twins, Hasan and Husain to Akbar; Mirza Hakim comes to the Indu after being driven ou from Kabul by Sulaimai and seeks help fron Akbar. 1585 January 23 Jamad II. 20 Bahman 14 BATTLE OF TALIKOTA. - . March 11 972 Shaban 10 (Dai) Far: 1 Tenth Ilahi yoor com menoed. Building of Agra fort com menced ; rebellion Khan-i-Zaman, etc. 0 July 18 Zilhijja 14 nr 31 Akbar reaches Jaunpur sonde Hasan Khan to the ruler of Orissa, who pro mises to serve the emperor

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
65
Bemarks.
Students' Notos.
per (Vol. II. p. 293) wrongly
uts tho battle on 20th Jamad
. or 26th Dec. 1864, the date
n which the allies marched
gainst Vijayanagar (see
ewell's Forgotten Empire, p.
99).
Firishta gives 20th
amad II. (Briggs, III. 414);
nd Sowell also mentions the
vent on the same date (see
202); but Burgess in his
hronology montions 25th
anuary, 1565 (p. 41).

·66 GLADWIN'S AYEEN "AKBERI Christian Yoar. ifri Year. Ilahi Your Events. 1666 March 10 978 Shaban 18 11 (Bahman): Far. 1 Eleventh Ilahi year com menced 974 November 15 Jamad I. 3 Azar 4 1 Akbar starts to oppos Mirza Muhammad Hakin who had attacked Lahore Rebellion - of Mirzas i Sambhal. 1567 Maroh 11 Shaban 20 12 (Isfandaşmaz) Far. 1 - Twelfth Ilahi year com menced. Rebellion of Khan-i-Zama. Ali Kuli Khan. Akbar starts from Agr against him. May 7 Shawwal 26 Ardibihisht 26 Juno 0 Zilhijja 1 Khurdad 29 Battle of Sakrawal (Fath pur); defeat and death c Khan-i-Zaman. 975 FAIZI PRESENTED BUYOR AKBAR. Disturbances i Malwa raised by th Mirzas suppressed ; car paign against Chitc begun. 1568 Fobruary 28 Shaban 28 Maroh 10 Ramzan 11 Isfandarmaz 18 JAL MAL SHOT; FALL O CHITOR. 18 (Farwardin) Thirteenth Ilahi year com Far. 1 mended. 14 (Ardibihisht) Fourteenth Ilahi year con Fax. 1 menoed. Farwardin 12 FALL OF RANTHAMBOR. 1569 Maroh 11 976 Ramzan 22 March 22 Shawwal 3 917 Safar 29 August.13 Amardad 31 News of fall of Kalinje brought. Arrival of an embase ** from the Raja of Kaj (Malabar); GWALIO ANNBXED; PALACES A FATAPUR BUILT, Birth of Salim. August 30 Rabi L 17 Shahriyur 18

·CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
67
Romarks.
Students' Notes.
'he exaot date of the fall of
the fort is not known.

·88 GLADWIN'S AYEEN ARBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year. Events. 1570 March 11 Shawwal 3 15, (Khurdad) Far. 1 Fifteenth Ilahi year commenced. 978 Muharrum 3 June 8 Khurdad 27 Birth of Murad. PRINCES OF JODHPUB, BI. KANER, AND JAISALMIR OFFER SUBMISSION, the latter two giving prin. cesses in marriage ; Baz Bahadur at last comes to the court of Akbar and is graciously received. 1571 March 11 Shawwal 14 16 (Tir) Far. 1 Sixteenth Ilahi year coinmonoed. BUILDINGS AT FATHPUR SIKRI COMPLETED. 1572 March 11 979 Shawwal 26 17 (Amardad) Far. Seventeenth Ilahi year commenced. 980 Safar 20 July 2 Tir 20 Akbar starts on an expedia tion against Gujerat. Birth of Daniyal. September 9 Jamad I 2 Shahriyur 27 November 20 Rajab 14 Azar 10 Arrives at Ahmadabad and receives homage. Ali Shah Chak of Kashmir sends his niece, who is married to Salim; Sulai-, man, Kirmani, ruler of Bengal, dies. BATTLE OF SARNAL; vic.. tory over Mirza Ibrahim Husain. December Shaban Dai 1573 February 24 Shawwal 20 Surrender of Surat. Isfandarmaz 18 18 (Shahriyar) Far. 1 March 10 Zilqada 6 Eighteenth Ilahi year con. menced. 981 Safar 2 June 3 Khurdad 23 Akbur returns to the capitals ·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 69 Remarks. Studenta' Notes. 1'. A. gives Sunday the 25th Shawwal 979. Badaoni, T. A. and A. N. give the samo dato, but Von Noor curiously enough montions 10th Jamad I. 979 H. (Vol. II. p. 247). Badaoni, T. A. and A. N. give Rajab 14, but this date does not correspond to Azar 10 of A. N. It ought to be 8 Azar according to calculation.

·70 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Yoar. Ilahi Year. Events. August 23 Rabi II. 24. Shahriyur 10 THE September 1 Jamad I. 8 Shahriyur 20 Ootober 4 Jamad II. 8 Mihr 22 THE SECOND EXPEDITION TO GOJKBAT AND FAMOUS RIDE TO AHMADA. BAD Akbar gains a decisive viotory over overwhelming numbers of rebels. Akbar returns to Sikri after an absence of 42 daye. Translation of Sanskrit Books begun;' FIRMAN TO ANNEX BENGAL ISSUED; Firman to compensate "the damage caused by the march of royal troops. Nineteenth Ilahi year com. menced. Rebellion of Chandra Sen of Jodhpur. ARRIŬAL OF ABU'L FAZL AND BADAONI AT AKBAR'S COURT. 1674 March 11 Zilqada 17 19 (Mihr) Far. 1 April Zilhijja Ardi June 20 August 8 982 Safar 29 Rabi II. 19 Tir 8 Amardad 26 AKBAR STARTS FOR BBNGAL. Fall of Patna. 1575 February- March Zilqada Ibadat Khana ordered to be builty Re-introduotion of Dagh (branding of borbos). March 4 Zilqada 20 Isfandarmaz 24 BATTLE OF TUKROI and defeat of Daud. March 11 Zilqada 24 20 (Aban) Far. Twentieth Ilahi year commencod. April 12 988 Muharran 1 Ardibihisht 3 Treaty of Cuttook.

·A: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 71 Romarks. Stụdents' Notos. c Dagh, according to Bloohmann (p. 326), was introduced in the 20th Ilahi year, but Delhi edition of Sir Syed Ahmad places it in the 18th year. Badaoni, however, mentions it in the year 981 H. corresponding to 19th Ilahi (see Orig. Bib. Ind. 103; Lowe, Vol. II. 176).

·72 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year Hijri Year, Ilahi Year Events. October 20 Rajab 18 Aban 7 Reception of Mirza Sulai. man. 1576 March 11 Zilhijja 9 21 (Azar) Far. 1 Twenty-first Ilahi year commenced. Fall of Siwana and rebellion of Jodhpur crushed 984 Muharram 2 April 1 Farwardin 23 June 18 Rabi I. 21 Tir 7 July 13 Rabi II. 16 Mardad 1 Man Singh marches from Ajmer against the Rana of Udaipur. BATTLE OF GOGANDAH (Haldi Ghati). ENGAGEMENT WITH DAUD AND HIS DEATH ; capture of Rohtas, Shorgarh, and Sirohi forts; Death of Miran Muhammad Faruqi, King of Khandesh, and interference of Akbar in succession; Conquest of Idar. 1577 March 10 Zilhijja 20 22 (Dai) Far. 1 Twenty-second Ilahi year commenced. 985 Bundi reduced ; defeat of Muzaffar Husain Mirza ; arrival of ambassadors from M. Shahrukh of Badakshan and Abdullah Khan of Turan. ARRIVAL OF AMBASSADORS FROM IBRAHIM QUTB SHAH OF GOLCONDA. Anarmy sent to Baluchistan January 10 Shaban 27 Aban 27 . 1578 March 11 April 986 28 Muharram 2 (Bahman) Far. 1 | Twenty-third Ilahi year com menced. Farwardin Capture or KOMBULMIR, GOGANDAH, AND UDAIPUR. Settlement of the troubles connected with Sayur ghals (rent-free lands.) Shaban 1 Mihr 20 Regular peekly religious discussion begins. October 3 ·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 73 Remarks. Students' Notes. Tod gives July, Sawan 7 $. 1632 (Annals, Vol. I. p. 271, Routledge).

·: 74 GLADWIN'S AVBEN AKBERI Christian Yoar. HUN Yöar. Ilahi Year. Events. 1579 Maroh 11 987 94 Muharram 12 (Isfandarmaz) Far. 1 Twenty-fourth Nahi yea: commenced: Fatwa AGAINST AKBÅR B MULLA MAHAMMAD YAZD AKBAR RBADS Khutba In THD Jami Musjid. June 26 Jamad I. 1 Tir 14 12 September 2 Rajab 10 Shahriyur 20 AKBAR DECLARHD MUITA HID, Akbar visits Ajmer, September 8 Rajab 16 Shahriyur 26 1580 January 1 Zi Qa'da 12 Dai 21 Yusuf, son of Ali Shah o Kashmir, asks help from Akbar. An army appointed to capture European ports ; Akbar walks for 4 ko: to receive a stone with the impression of the Prophet's foot, brought by Abu Turab from Mecca and carries it on his shoul ders for some distance. AKBAR DIVIDES HIS KING DOM INTO 12 SUBAH AND SYSTEMATISES THEIT GOVERNMENT BY THE AP POINTMENT OF - VARIOUS DEPARTMENTAL HEADS INTRODUOTION OP TH) DECENNIAL SETTLEMENT ebellion Bihar and Bengal Officers. 26 March 12 988 Muharrand 24 (Farwardin) Far, 1 Twenty-fifth Ilahi year com menood. Remissiod of baj and tam gha.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 78 Remarks. Students Notes. Abu'l Fazł places the event after Akbar's being declared Mujtahid, but he gives no date. This date has been taken from Blochmann and T. A. But Badaoni gives this event after Akbar's being declared Mujtahid. Probably this was his last visit to the shrine at Ajmer (Badaoni, Bib. Ind. Orig. II, 272).

·76 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year. Dahi Year. Events. April 19 Rabi I. 3 Ardibihisht 8 Bengal rebels road Khutba in the name of M. Hakim. December 24 Zilqada 16 Dai 12 Shadman, the great general of M. Hakim who was sent to conquer Hindustan, is defeated by Man Singh and killed by Surjan Singh in a personal combat. 1681 January 24 February 6 February 27 Zilhijja 17 Bahman 14 The news of M. Hakim's • coming to the Panjab is brought to Akbar. 989 Muharram 2 Bahman 28 Akbar starts to fight Mirza Hakim. Muharram 23 Isfandarmaz 19 Shah Mansur hangod on suspicion of intriguing with the enemy; Hakim begins his flight to Kabul. AKBAR ORDERS PREPARA- TION OF VILLAGE STATIS- TICS REGARDING OOOUPA. TION, INCOME, ETC., OF THE INHABITANTS, - March 11 26 Safar 6 (Ardibihisht) Far. 1 Jamad II. 10 Tir 31 July 13 Twenty-sixth Ilahi year commenced. Akbar crosses the Indus, and lays the foundation of a fort at Attock. M. Hakim defeated by the imperial army. Akbar reaches Kabul. Akbar returns to Fathpur. August 1 Rajab 1 Amardad 20 August 10 December 1 Rajab 10 Zilqada 5 Amardad 29 Azar 19 1582 March 11 990 Safar 18 27 (Khurdad) Far.1 Twenty-seventh Ilahi year commenced. THE BRA OP HIJRA BROUGHT OLOSE;. TODAR MAL APPOINTED ARBAR'S Vakil. (Prime Minister); TO

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
77
Remarks.
Students' Notes.
Von Noer mentions this event
in Khurdad (May, 1679, Vol.
II. 29), which is hardly possible.
Von Noer gives wrong dates for
both these events (Vol. II. 61).
Brigg's Ferishta II. 263 gives
Satar 7, which is inacceptable in
face of A. N Badaoni and T. A.

·178 GLADWIN'S AYBEN AKBERI Chrtatlan Yoar. Bir Yoar. Dahi Year. Hvanta. ORDERS GIVEN TO WRITE TARIKE-I-ALET; Bihar ro. bellion suppressed; Translation of the Mahabharat began. 1588 March 11 991 Safar 26 28 (Tir) Far. 1 Twenty-eighth Ilahi year commenced. Ardibihisht Rebellion of Bengal suppressed; SUN WOR- SHIP INTRODUORD; Bu. rhan-ul-Mulk of Ahmad. nagar seeks refuge with Akbar ; rebellion in Gu. jerat; Dharmpura and Khairpura built ; praotice OF WIDOW BURNING RE- STRIOTED; SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS PROHIBITED ON SUNDAYS AND OTHER SPECIFIED DAYS; Baroda falls into the hands of Muzaffar of Gujerat ; translation of the Ramayan begun. 1684 Maroh 11 992 Rabi I. 8 29 (Amardad) Far.1 Twenty-ninth Ilahi year commenced. Conquest of Baroach fort; ILAHI ERA INTRODUCED. 1585 January 3 993 Muharram 11 Dai 23 Feb. 13 Safar 22 Mirza Shah Rukh arrives at Sikri. Salim married to the daughter of Rajah Bha- Asfandar 8 gwan Das. March 11 Rabi I. 19 80 (Shahriyur) Bar. I Thirtieth Ilahi year com menced. Murtaza of Birar, after being defeated by Ahmad. nagar foroos, oomos to soek

·Å CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
79
Remarks.
Studonts. Notas.
Von Noor puts introduotion of
Sun worship in 988 H. (1880)
(sve Vol. I. 340).

·· 80 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Year. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year. Events. July 31 Sha'ban 12 Amardad 18 help from the Emperor Amir Fath-ullah mad Amin-ul-Mulk ; Ma'sun Khan Kabuli defeated minor rebellions in Bengal Bihar, and Orissa sup pressed. Mirza Hakim died; dis turbances in Zabulistan. Akbar starts for the west. Man Singh crosses Indu and reaches Peshawar. Sons of Mirza Hakim com to the Emperor. Akbar reaches Rawalpindi Aug. 24 Ramzan 8 Shahriyut 11 Nov. 11 Zi Qa'da 28 Aban 29 Dec. 7 Zil Hijja 24 Azar 28 994 Muharram 8 Dec, 20 Dai 9 An army sent to conque Kashmir, Bijor and Ba luchistan; Man Sing! sent to Kabul. Farid Khan sent to Hijaz Mohar 14 Dai 16 Deo. 26 1586 Jan. 8 Mohar 24 Dai 20 Jan. 13 Safar 2 Bahman 4 Feb. 14 Feb. 15 Heb. 17 Rabi I. 5 Rabi I. 6 Rabi I. 8 Isfandar 6 Isfandar 7 Isfandar 9 Expedition against Yusuf zais. Birbar and Abu'l Fath sen against Sawad. Death of Birbar. Nazr Bey received. Murad sent in advance to wards Afghanistan. Embassy of Turan ceived. Recall of Murad. Feb. 29 Rabi I. 20 Isfandar 21 re . March 11 Rabi I. 29 31 (Mihr) Far. 1 Maroh 29 Rabi II. 17 Farwardin 19 March 30 Oot. 7 Rabi 11. 18 Zi Qa'da 3 Farwardin 20 Mihr 24 Thirty-first Ilahi year com menced. Usuf Shah of Kashmir brought before Akbar. Akbar returns to Lahoro. Qasim enters the capital o Kashmir. Akbar sends an embassy to Abdulla Khan Uzbek. 995 Mohar 13 Dec. 15 Dai 4 Man Sittgh's conquest o Terah.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
81
Remarks.
Studenta. Notou.
;
Badaoni gives Ramzan 10.

·82 GLADWINS AYEBN AKBERI Chtistian Year. ÁUM Fear Ilahi Yegr. Svents, . Feb. 22 Rabi I. 23 Isfandar 14 M. Sulaiman again comes të Akbar. Muhammad Zaman Mirza son of Shah Rukh, comer to the court. 1587 March 11 Rabi II. 11 82 (Aban) Far. 1 10 Aug. 6 Ramzan 12 Amardad 24 Sept. 10 Shawwal 17 Shahriyur 28 Thirty-second Ilahi yeai commenced. Pacifioation of Zabulistar and defeat of Jallalan Birth of Khusru, the son of Salim. Man Singh returns after punishing the Yusufzais. Raja Ali Khan of Burhan. pur drives away the forces of Khan-i-Azam AKBAR ENCOURAGES WIDON REMARRIAGE AND MONO GAMY; CASES OF HINDUS TO BE DHOIDED BY BRAH MANS; TRIAL BY ORDEA) COUNTENANCED. 1588 March 10 996 Rabi II. 22 88 (Azar) Far. 1 Aug. 16 Shawwal 4 Shahriyur 4 997 Muharram 12 Azar 9 Thirty-third Ilahi year com menced. Birth of Rustam, sono Murad ; Nov. 20 Raja Rudra of Kumaon pays homage to Akbar. Expedition sent to punish Afghan tribes. 1 1589 Feb 8 Rabi II, 3 Isfandar 1 ABU'L FAIZ (FAIZI) MADI MALIK-U-SHAU'RA (pool laureate). March 10 Jamad 144 34 (Dai) Fer. I April 28 Jamad I. 19 Ardibihisht 18 Thirty-fourth Ilahi year commenced. Death of Tan Sen, the famous musician Akbar starts for Kashmir. An embassy sent to Tibet. Death of M. Sulaiman al Lahore April 28 Jamad Il. 22 Ardibihisht 18 Tir Shaban Tir 13 : June 20

·i de controsobariai. Patie
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
89
Ramarks.
Students' Notak.
These events are mentioned by
Badaoni under this year.

·84 GLADWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Yoar. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year, Evente. Aug. 6 Sept. 23 Oct. 2 Oct. 11 Nov. 16 Nov. 25 Shawwal 4 Amardad 24 Amir Fath-Ullah died. Zi Qa'da 23 Mihr 10 Akbar reaches Kabul. Zil Hijja 2 Mihr 19 Birth of Parvez, son Prinoe Salim. Zil Hijja 11 Mihr 28 DEATH OF TODAR MAL LAHORE. 998 Muharram 17 AZAT: 3 Death of Bhagwan Das. Muharram 27 Azar 13. Persian translation of W qiat-:-Firdaus Maka (Babur) by Khan Khang Abdu-r-Rahim presenti to Akbar. 35 Jamad I. 14 (Bahman) Far. 1 Thirty-fifth Ilahi year cor menced. Jamad I. 15 Farwardin 2 Akbar comes back to Laho Jamad II. 9 Farwardin 26 Second mission from Goa 1590 March 11 March 12 April 6 999 Mohar 5 Oot. 24 Aban 11 Birth of Alam Sultan, se of Prince Murad. Embassy from Turan. Deo. 26 Rabi I. 9 Dai 16 1591 Jan. 4 Rabi I. 18 Dai 24 Khan Khanan sont subdue Baluchistan. Sin and Qandahar. March 11 36 Jamad I, 24 (Iskandarinaz) Far. 1 July 17 Shawwal 4 Amardad 4 Amardad Aug. 16 Zi Qa'da 6 Shahriyur 3 Thirty-sixth Ilahi year oommenced, Embassy from Iran. Muzaffar Gujerati defeate by Khan-i-Azam. Mirza Koka defeats the Jai and Daulat Khan Gho is killed. Abdu-r-Rahman, son Abu'l Fazl, born. Faizi sent to warn Raja A Khan against his relatia with Burhan-ul-Mulk. Murad sent to gover Malwa. End of the Millennium. Conquest of Sehwan an defeat of Argbung. Aug. 27 Zi Qa'da 16 Shahriyur 14 Sept. 17 Zil Hijja 7 Mihr 4 Oot. 9 1000 Mihr 26 End of Aban

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
85
Romarks.
Students' Notes.
Badaoni gives this event in the
)
year 35.
.

·86 GLADWANS-AYBEN AKBERI Christian Yoar. Shri Year Ilahi Year. Events. 1592 January 2 Rabi I. 26 Dai 22 Ali Rai, ruler of Tibet (?) sends his daughter to th Emperor. Prince Khurram, sono Salim born. January 6 Rabi J. 30 Dai 26 January 9 Rabi II. 3 Dai 29 Danyal venttowards Qandı har. READJUSTMENT OF KHA LISA LANDS. Feb. 10 Jamad I. 6 Asfandarmaz 2 Maroh 11 37 Jamad II. 6 (Farwardin) Far. 1 Rajab 6 Farwardin 31 April 10 Aug. 18 Zi Qa'da 18 Shahriyur 2 Thirty-seventh Ilahi yek commenced. Capture of Sultan Sur an annexation of Oriss Defeat of Jani Beg Mirzi Akbar crosses Chenab meet Kashmir insurgent Conquest of Junagarh an Somnath. Defeat and death of Yus Khan of Kashmir. Aug. 30 Zi Qa'da 30 Shahriyur 17 Sept. 13 Zil Hijja 14 Shahriyur 31 Oct. 6 Nov. 2 Deo. 20 1001 Mohar 8 Safar 8 Rabi I. 29 Mihr 23 Aban 20 Dai 14 Akbar at Srinagar. Return of Akbar. Muzaffar Gujerati con mits suioide after beir taken prisoner. Akbar reaches Lahore. Dec. 30 Rabi II. 4: Dai 19 1593 March 11 88 Jamad II. 17 (Ardibihisht) Far. 1 Rajab 28 Ardibihisht 10 April 20 Aug. 6 Zilqada 17 Amardad 24 Aug. 24 Zil Hijja 8 Shahriyur 11 Thirty-eighth Ilahi ye commenced. Murad appointed govern of Gujerat. Death of Mubarak, father Abu'l Fazl. Marriage of Shah Rul with Shukrunnisa F gam, daughter of Akbar Mirza Rustam, grandson of Shah Ism of Persia, being displeas with his brother, comes the court of Akbar. Sept. 28 1002 Muharram 8 Mihr 12 grot

·CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
87
Bemarks.
Students' Noter.

·88 GLADWIN'S AYEEN ARBERI Chrhatian Yoar. Hijri Yoar. Ilahi Year. Events. Oct. 8 1594 March 11 Ilahi year Oot. 27 Nov. 18 Doc. 8 Deo. 12 1595 Maroh 11 April 4 April 7 Muharram 21 Mihr 20 Prince Danyal sent against Burhan-ul-Mulk, but re. called from Sirhind. 89 Jamad II. 28 (Khurdad) Far. 1 Thirty-ninth commenced. 1008 Safar 23 Aban 14 Death of Nizamu-d-Din Ahmad, author of Tabaqat 2-Akbari. Rabi I. 16 Azar 6 Expedition sont against the Rajahs of Shumali Kot (Siwalik hills). Rabi II. 3 Azar 23 Ambassadors sent to Shah of Persia. Rabi II. 10 Dai 1 Abu'l Faiz presents his Persian poem Nal-u-Dama. 40 Rajab 9 (Tir) Far. 1 Fortieth Ilahi year commenced. Shaban 3 Farwardin 25 Death of Burhan-ul-Mulk. Shaban 6 Farwardin 28 OCCUPATION OF QANDAHAR AND ITS TERRITORY. Shawwal 3 Khurdad 22 Prince Murad starts from Baroach for the conquest of Ahmadnagar. Zil Hijja 16 Amardad 31 APPOINTMENT OF 12 VAZIRS, ONE FOR EACH PROVINCE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO THE PRIME MINISTER. Zil Hijja 21 Shahriyur 8 Muzaffar Husain Mirza, commandant of Qandahar, comes to Akbar's court and pays homage. 1004 Safar 10 Mihr 21 Death of Abu'l Faiz. Rabi II. 9 Azar 19 Khan Khanan joins Murad at a place 30 miles from Ahmadnagar. 41 Rajab 20 (Amardad) Far. 1 Forty-first Ilahi year com. menced. Shawwal 18 Khurdad 20 Ambassadors sent to Turan. Juno 2 Aug. 13 Aug. 18 Oot. 4 Doc. 1 1596 March 10 Juno 3 4 Deo. 23 1005 Jamad I. 13 Dai 13 Submission of the Rajab of Kuch.

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
89
Romarks.
Students' Notes.

·GLÁDWIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Ohrlatlan Year. Ilahi Year. Events 1597 Jan. 8 Jamad I, 29 Dai 29 Mirza Shab Rukh appointed governor of Malwe Battle of Ashti fought. Fob. 8 Jamad II. 27 Bahman 28 Maroh 10 Shaban 2 42 (Shahriyur) Far. 1 Forty-second Ilahi year commenced. 1598 Jan. 22 1006 Rajab 6 Bahman 14 Abdulla Khan of Turan died. AIN-AKBARI PINISHED. W March 10 Shaban 13 43 (Mihr) Far. I Forty-third Ilahi year com. menced. Oot 21 Nov. 4 Nov. 7 1007 Rabi II. 2 Rabi II. 16 Rabi II. 19 Aban 9 Aban 23 Aban 26 Conquest of Gawil Garh. Embassy from Persia. AKBAR STARTS FROM THE PANJAB FOR THE CON- QUEST OP THE DECOAN. 1599 Jan. 8 Jamad II. 19 Dai 26 Jan. 7 Heb. 8 Jamad II. 21 ) Dai 28 Rajab 24 Iskandarmaz 1 Recall of Murad from Deccan. Embassy from Kashgar. Conquest of Daulatabad and Lohgarh. March 10 Shaban 24 (Aban) Far. 1 April 19 May 1 June 13 Shawwal 6 Shawwal 17 Zil Hijja 1 Ardi 10 Ardi 22 Tir 2 Forty-fourth Ilahi year commenced, Conquest of Nasik. Murad died. Danyal sent to the Doocan. 1008 Muharram 27 | Amardad 28 Aug. 7 Shah Rukh joins the Dec. can army. Akbar leaves Agra for the Deoban. Sept. 18 Rabi I, 10 Mihr 6 1600 March 10 Ramzan 45 (Azer) Far. 1 Mar. 30 Ramzan 24 Harwardin 21 Forty-fifth Ilahi year com. menoed. Akbar reaches Burhanpur. Afghan nobles oreato dis. turbanoes in Bengal, but those trodbles" en sup. pressed.

·OHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
91
Ramarks
Studente. Note
This date is much disputed.
Other suggested dates are 6th
Hab. 1697, 2nd Feb. 1898, and
11th March, 1898.
Ramzan 4 of 4. N. falls short by
two days of the corresponding
Ilahi date.

·92 GLAD WIN'S AYEEN AKBERI Christian Yoar. Hijri Year. Ilahi Year. Eventa. July 13 1009 Mohar 11 Amardad 1 SALIM ARRIVES NDAR AORA WITHOUT AKBAR'S PER MISSION ANTER AN UN SATISFACTORY CAMPAIGN AGAINST UDAIPUR. Fall of Ahmadnagar. Fall of Malaygarh. Aug. 18 Nov. 29 Safar 17 Jamad II. 2 Shahriyur 6 Azar 18 1601 Jan. 16 Rajab 20 Fall of Asirgarh. Bahman 7 46 (Dai) Far. 1 Maroh 10 Ramzan 16 Forty-sixth Ilahi year com menoed. RETURN MARCH OF AKBAI TO THE CAPITAL. April 20 Shawwal 26 Ardibihisht 11 Aug. 12 1010 Safar 22 Amardad 31 Reaches Agra. 1602 March 10 Ramzan 20 (Bahman) Far. 1 Forty-seventh Ilahi yeai commenced. Salim goes to Allahabac from Etawah. 1011 Rabi I. 1 Aug. 9 Amardad 28 MURDER OF A BO'L FAZL. 1603 March 10 Shawwal 8 48 (Isfandarmaz) Far. 1 Forty-eighth Ilahi commenced. yeal 1012 Reconciliation of Akbai and Salim; Salim sent against Rana of Chittor. Embassy dispatched tc Persia. Deo. 8 Rajab 16 Azar 27 1604 Maroh 10 Shawwal 18 49 (Harwardin) Far. 1 Forty-ninth Ilahi year com menced, 1013 Safar 2 June 20 Tir 9 Rabi II. 7 Rabi II. 159 Aug. 23 Aug. 31 Nov. 18 Shahriyur 11 Shahriyur 19 Danyal betrothed to the daughter of Adil Khar of Bijapur. Akbar starts for Allahabad Death of Mariam Makani the mother of Akbar, Salim oomes to Akbar. . Rajab 3 Azar 4

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
93
Remarks.
Students' Notes.
Voer says that Salim's intention
was to surprise and capture
Agra.
Halahi. Asad Beg mentiong Rabi
I. 7.

·99 GLADWIN'S AYSEN AK BERI Christian Year. Hifat Yaar. Ilahi Yent. Events, 1605 Maroh 10 Shawwal 28 50 (Ardibihisht) Far, 1 Fiftieth Ilahi year com menoed. Death of Sultan Danyal: Shawwal 28 1014 Rabi II. 22 Aug. 28 16 Shahriyur Mirza Koks made Jagista of Bahar ; Man Sing! made guardian of Prino Khusru and a Mansabda: of 7000; AKBAR COM MANDS HIS OFFICIALS T TAKR ORDERS FROM SALID AND OBTAIN HIS SRAL ALSO ON FIRMANS. Akbar falls seriously ill, DEATH OF AKBAR. Akbar buried in Bihishta bad at Sikandarabad. Sept. 24 Oot. 16 Oot, 17 Jamad I. 20 Mihr 12 Jamad II. 12 Aban 4 Jamad II. 13 Aban 8

·A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
95
Remarks
Studonts' Notos.
rigg'a Ferishta gives Zehuj 1
VOL. II. p. 280)
lliot gives 9 Azar, 12 Jamad
L, 13th Oct. But 9th Azar
does not correspond to Jamad
II. 12 (Vol. VI. p. 110).

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