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·LLAR OLSIDENOY, UD1919,
PRLIACE
The folloring information was collected by Captain ? SH
Baldrey in 1903 but for some reison not apparent was not
published
While not claiming to be an exhaustise report on the subject,
the information which it contains is valuable and so far as it goes,
accurate
The photographs gnc a very good idea of the different breeds
noticed and were taken by Captain Balliey it places where the
Lreeds are indigenous
SIJILA
fuqust 19)
HT PEASF, COLONEL
Inspecto Ge cral
Cav! ) eteni ar, Department

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·INTRODUCTION. The order Rumınantia, genus Boridæ, is represented in Rajputana, amongst domesticated cattle by two of the groups, Order it Spocles (1) The Taurine or ox by the Zebu Measurements (2) Bubalıne by the Buffalo Cattle are to be found all over the province, buffaloes are mostly found in the eastern part A short account of the species and their characters will be found in the book on Punjab Cattle, published in this series The remarks made tlcre concerning crossing, ageing, breeding, etc, are generally applı cable, so that repetition is unuecessary With regard to measurements, the total height is talen immediately Explanation or behind the hump. The length is taken from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttoch, without curving the tape The length of the face is taken from the poll to the commencement of the muſilo The breadth of the forejead 18 its greatest width, immediately above the orbital processes of the frontal bone The girth is the circumference of the chest immediately behind the liump In order to obtain the weight of an animal one arrises at a furly accurate estimate, by multiplying the length by the Welgbt, girth equired in inchies, and dividing by 300 This gues the weight in rounds avoirdupois To arrive at a conclusion as to whether an animal 18 fairly well proportioned as to body measurements, the girth of Proposition the shanh in inchies, if multiplied by 9, gires whit the girtin of the chest in inches ought to be

·ii
Det us Inic been 110ueil'in thc lescription of soil, folder, wler
-111pls, and innute geographical chamcteristics as
Soll and fodder
these matters are fully given in the Gazetteers
Vr Duthie fonung der nl col the grasses and folder plants of this
ionntry, it 18 not thought noces irr to more than cursorily mention
thern
Thee notes nere made in the Autuinn and Winter of 1901 and
1902, but the conditions then are not cre different from what thoi arc
More attention to breeding 15 very necessary
00

·AR RESIDEHOY, UDAIPUR. BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE The Indigenous Breeds of Cattle in Rajputana. CHIAPIER I CATTLE OF RAJPUTANA T'Il cattle of Rajputana, are on the whole of no cucellent type and may be divided into five classes as follows Clayges (1) Nagor lo ether with the Merwar (2) The Rath (3) Mewati (4) Begul (5) The Rinda The Nagori breed of bullocks is one of the best to be found in Nagori multa, tue 'ouluths are viry, puteniul wil zative, capable of heavy draught in the deep sand of their Dative country The Rath and the Mewati are allied to the Nigori but are distinct types found in the Eastern parts of the State They resemble, though they are inferior to the Ilariana The Begui bulloc is a small animal, existing (comparatively few numbers in the Eastern and Southern parts of ile Begri States It is very distinctive, and extremely suitable for the country in which it is bred Rath and Mewati 10 ·DIEFDS OF IYDIAY CITTLE, RAJOLTIVI. lada. Character of co10- try and at Abi. uty for trecd. 10g. The Rinda, or Ajmeem, is a small and inferior animal, reared chiefly in the vicinity of Ajmer, and exported to and commonly found in the majority of the States where it is cscd for all ordinary purposes. There is no doubt that Rajputana is an excellent cattle-breeding country. It is sandy and water is scarce, which necessitates cultivation being at a minimom, this lcarcs luge tracts of country on which, although the licrbago is sparse and the feed come bat scints, the grazing quality is Cicellent. To the ordinary observer passing throngis the country, it would appear from its kicsert-lihe aspect that the rearing of cattlo would be an impossibility, but if enquiry bo mado and the cattle in and around the villages bo cramined, it will be noticed that they are in good condi. tron although their food consists of nothing but what they pick up on the apparentls dna ur grazing ground. The population of the country in Jolhpur and the Southern part of Bilaner 19 essentially a cattle breeding onc Tho and majority of the cultivators heep and breed or buy and rear cattle and this is absolately necessary for them in order to get a living in thcsc parte so many years of scarcity oscur in which the crop partially or entirely fail that cattle brecling and rering become an important means of lasclihood The rooplo who enake in this pursuit are of accesats more or le-4 liird of 3139439€. Dunng a good tras031 tbey remain in their own village, but wlicnerer there is megreits, they trasel slowls to other listricle where grazing is more inntiful, pazing their horis ly tho say. The people of the Vagaur district as a rule, tmiel south and sest into Jalua and so far **14, district roun: Mot or into Worth Liuzcrat and Sindh 'The are commonls knon n as Danjaras, and it occasionals lapp nu that there is sim fri tion licen them and the local inhabitants orer tho frarins, thog arc, lioneres, genrralls taxed for their grazing rights Cml ring blir alranta, nous conditiona orhich exist in this country for cattle breeding, it is regrettable to notice that the Ireds of ontlle are nothic: ) ponel OT 10 pure as throuls I rmerlr te I drugce this from oborrition and man " milli thoro auunts that malincs themselves rise. There is !!!!: lcd. andhinc recruing this prints, but it slucato certain Customs of popa lation Uroeders dis.dranatno Aint of beet.

·DIEFDS OF IDIAN CITTLE, PUPlTA\1 3 Cause that all the breals above mentioned hare deteriorated greatly owing to intermixture with the enrrounding brecus It is a pity that this production of cross breeds is on the increasa Colonel Lrins has struck a true note when enting of the conservatism of the Burman in tlus respect and his dislike to the introduction of foreign cattle (trde Cattle and Buffaloes in Burmah Introduction and pige 30) and Colonel leise also in Luis remarks on the cattle of Rohtak (P 39 cl seq Punjab Breeds of Cattle). One cannot fail to be struck when inspectig herds of cattle in these districts with the smallness of cots It would al- Small Cows. most seen from the greatly disproportionate size of the balls and bullocks to the costs that they are of different breeds This is particularly noticeable in Rajputana where the grazing on which the cows almost entirely subsist for some pait of the year is scanty It appears that the cause of the smallness of the cows is the treatment they receive A herfer from the time she 16 born is never donc so well as a steer The zeminder wants Lis bullock to be a fairly big and sufficiently powerful animal to do the work that will be required of him but the heifer is either for sale or for breeding purposes and for the production of a certain quantity of mill The zemındar bas found from experience that the cow, although small, will produco a steer which, if fairly well fed, becomes a useful animal, not apparently suffering from the bad treatment to wbich hus mother has been subjected There is no doubt that the long continuance of this system accounts for the deterioration wluch 19 manifest in those parts where breeding is not a specialty, and it is on this account also that the zemindar has so often to replace his stoch by buying at fairs instead of rearing his own cattle But as owners say, they find it dificult to live themselves and the females hare to suffer in order that, the males muy be sufficiently well fed A female calf is not allowed so much mill as a male calf For instance, if a zemindar allows lus male calres to have three teats of the cow for the first month of its existence he allows the female only two teats Tle-usual custom of the ordinars farmer is to give the mnales all the milk for a month mill next month, the third month and then gradually wean them altogether The females get less than that Regular cattle breeders such as exist in Dein Glazı klan, Sıbı, Guzerat, Nigore, cte, breed for sale and they feed the calles very well I be spall zeminder does not vien the que in the same war, his idea Milk and Its Intl едсе ·BREETS OF INDIAN CITILF, ROLTIVA. to mnrri show. bring to 511c money today, no matter what the consequence may bo A great deal of good might result amongst tho better clos formert of prizes were given at certain cattle shows Thicso p717e to lie gren to liefer cl19-es and the classes to be composed of Jiree ls of a certain fixed type l'or example, nt Blua ini l'ar, sepirito Pritcs At Cartio Clases for the 'Intrirna, Rath and Mewatı breeds of hafer, and so ou the prizes at different fairn laing given to the breed peculiar to the country which the fair I'nze only to be gisen to 3 clases of heifers of any one brocd, that 15, G months to I rear old, 1 to 2 years old am 2 to 3 years old The should stimulate the letter fueding and care of licilers Prize for sullochs in unnecessary as these animals are an abuluto neccgaty to tlıcır owners and must le long well I linse suggested the gang of 1 717my to young bulla It is the almost general custon nerer to castrate Lef rc rera, icrs often not until 3 year I therefore ndio inte a class (confinal to distinct brecds) for 2-} rcur old bulla Tus whoslil tumulate the production of good clacs immale and from them District Boarels and others could be up young bulls for distribution amongt ullage or for stud forms It would possibly not only stimulatı the proletion of the finest bulls in the district and go them all a Ilince before custation, but it would also simplift their acquisition There is no doubt tint unler the prc cnt system of dc. Dodicatink Cartio durting (attle wlicnicr young, humbur of brille aro one that ull be letter til up or stritel, and on the other londd 212485 god anmule ar ristoted Rumpis bc 1116r they en ser become Anornan their owners citrt them in the ordinary cour-o sithout na11nthe bom they are doing. In the Vagore and I litri districts where crstration in perforical at fi months, a aquell chry small holecars for C 1975 with a cull at font, the calf to be under 19 months of n Irun thuy (135) animale miglt be a local in the same way fra similar parp**** In the lasing it soung l ulls for future stu! work it + deverilib. that nincnt ate men should I do not from the place ali = the bull i mojur 1, trojrore the al tin and me that only animals of the lire ! on life non t that datnet Thirimptalinn frein nnt ihn slioul! 1 distinctly mortis 1411 lirall, inoint of burmisi leci dimely the importalin of Inc il freign to iamma. In princ.fr ! thirr man t tall, im aute Tlio (al #art 15 ft14 ins dututet iryti ben Castration Dails Toretta Drnda troLINE ·DALLDS OF INDIIV CATTIE, PAPLTAVA 5 remaills Feeding of Bulls Exercise up to a particular trpe and thus cannot be acluced by tho introduc tion of a bull of another brced from some distant district, it can only be lone br u ing selected bulls of the same breed, (usde rcm?rls on IIissir 2011 Bungal in Punjab Cattlo Notcs, Colonel Cuins in Cattle and Buffalocs of Burma Colonel Pense on the cattle of Rohtak and the 911 thor, on the Potohnını Cattle in the Jbelum district) Conntag Bulls It has been suggested that balls should be hept fred up as in England but with th - I do not agree T40 native system by which bulls run luosc amongst the lord and are fed at the expensc of thic communits is quite satisfactors and cases the Covering I recler The bull in better health and docs not bull moro cols than he should hc wall attend to 70 to 90 cow, and no more, even if there are more thin reach Moreover, if there are sullicient bulls, wbich the zemındar generally takes care to hare, there will be no trouble under this head It is not lal els that tbc bull will get too much to eat amongst crops, etc, the owners of the crops sco to tbat The cxercise the bull gets in walling from place to place to obtain a sufficiency of food is the best possible thing for his health To visiting Rajputana in a bad s'ason, it is lamentable to see the evil effect of a few successive years of famine in the berds In the Balotra and Barmer districts which are the headquarters of the breeding of Nagore cattle, only 5 to 10 per cent of the cattle remain and tlio owners of these even arc travelling in Sindhi and other places seeking fodder In a good year when there is plenty of graziog the grass which is not used is allowed to go to waste, no arrangements being made for the saving of surplus fodderstorage of hay as a reserve in the event of failure of the crops in the succeeding year Another matter which does not seem to have receis ed any attention is the formation of breeding farms for the production of high class bulls It is well known fact that “Cattle in India are the backbone of agriculture " in fact they are the only stoel , as a rule, which has any interest for the furmer India being essentially an agricultural country and cattle bong so important to that industry it is not a little extraordinary to find that horfes which really do not forin a part of the agricultural stock of the country and are therefore only of secondary importance to the farmer, base als as received far inore attention than bas Famines Studs ·6 BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RAJPUTANA cattle breeding Many Jakhs of rupees have been spent on the encourgement of the breeding of horses and but little on cattle Tho formation of cattle breeding studs in all centres where good indigenous breeds are present would be a sery beneficial measure It would allow of good typical bulls being bred and available to the people in the cient of famine or other causes killing off the village stock The surplus stock could easily be sold off at a good price An instance of the serious nature of the losses of breeding stock was very apparent in 1901 in Balotra and Barmer where all the bulls died, and cross bred animals from Sindh had to be importel These will infect the herds of Nagore, and the cro33 will take years to eradıcate Fortunately some thoroughbred Nagori calves remained and theso were branded and turned out and the situation to some extent was saved NAGORE DISTRICT NAGORI BREED The tract of country called Nagore lies to the north and west of Peonllarities Jodhpur in Rajputana and Bikaneer The district of Nagore is in reality only a small tract and it is n curious fact that it is only within a radrug of 15 or 20 miles of Nagore and in another small district of Jodhpur around and between Harmer and Balotra that pure bred Nagore catlle are bred and reared It is ralls in the latter district that the cattle are generally actually breil They are bought as clues by the inhabitants of Nagore at the Balotra and Barmer fairs and are taken thence to Nagore, where they aro reared The soil of the Nagore country appears to be particularly suited for cattle rearing It has already licen noted that the people Lelonging this district lead a nomadic life grazıng their lerds from place to lace when neceucary The counter 19 more sandy than Ilnar There is a tract in tho Character of 2012. Nagoro couptrs called Sohalık (the black country) which commences about ten miles south and cast of Magic and where the soil 19 of 2 darker color than that in the actual It has a lilcral ndmixture of clay which makes it I cavier and seler than the dcep Kind found in the immediate venty of Nagore There the crops are better and there is much more grallos, Navore distrut

·کی۔
.)
NAGORE BULL
Taken at Nagore
Note the comparat vely short horns as compared wth the Wadya!

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·NAGORE COW Property of Jodhpur State Taken at Jodhpu

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·bdi
NAGORE COW
Taken at Jodhpur

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·NAGORE COW-Bred in Barmer Taktn at Jodhpur ·BREFDS OF INDIAV CITTLF, RAJPLTAVA Water Fodder the land in uncultisated places growing 2 plentiful supply of a short but fine and nutritious grass which is especially retained for cattle The water supply is obtaincil froin pools which are always depen. dent on the run supply and it is only in time of scarcity that wells are resorted to, as they are generally brachish and very cleep Cows and bulls get little besond grazing but work bullocks and cws also in tune of scarcity are stall fel Cows are grazed throughout the rainy season Grass, Bajri, etc, 18 starkel and used during the winter and summer for cattle The feed of a Nagore ballook when hept for tonga purposes or in the transport of a Nature State is Gram 2 seers, Gurf a seer Barley flour a seer, Churreo or grass 10 seers Bannabs usually give a certain amount of ghee The Zemındar gives his bullocks when they are ploughing, doing cart word, etc, Juar and Bajra, of each about 2 seers a day and Karbi or grass ad lib, which amounts to about 20 seers a day They are also given about seer of sesamum oil as a drench by means of a bollow barnboo There are no cattle markets in Nagore itself but one is held at Balotra, 60 miles from Nagore, annually Cattle Cattle markest are also taken to Pushbar, Hissar and Hansı The face is straight with somewhat pointed nasal bone, with a fine Description of a muzzle and a widely open eye good Nagore cow slight protuberance of the orbital process, the horns are situated far back, with the same curve as in Nagore bullocks The ears are large and pendulous, the nech appearing long principally on account of the absence of the detylap The ribs are rounded, the quarters broud, straight and well developed and the tail long and whippy terminating in a tuft of black hair The arms and thighs are well developed, the feet small and compact, the legs straight and the looks broad and powerful The sheath 19 rudimentary, the mill vein is well developed and the udder extends well up between the thiglis The bump is only slightly developed Measurements were not taken There is a very (Barmer District) ·8 BREEDS OP INDIAN CITTLE, RUPUTAYA As 7 rule they uro fin?, big, up standing cattl, actuo and docilo, generalls white or groc in color, and satable for Description of Nogoro Bullocks trasport or ordnance They are fist, trot voll, and are much yilued for their quality in this respect, being sought after m all parts of Rajputana. The fice is long and narrow, differing from that of the [fariana breed in leaving no marhed prominence of for head The eyelids are rather heary and overhanging, the eyes small, cloir and bright, and the mulle clear cut and square The horns are gencrally large and well devcloped, curving outwards, up wards, inwards and generalls backwards The nesh is short and fine, the deslap small and the bump, rell des elopa I, in manr cases hanging over 1nce A peculiarity of the breed is that the lump in addition to being well developed, 18 placed in so forward a position on the withers that the superior border of the neck appears to be very short, apprently Talling the poll unch i ards and so guing the face a pohed out appear- The shoulders are deep, witli a good slope, the forearms powerful, the cinnon short and the feet compartirely small and clowo Thiere 19 occasionally a marhed tendency to call knee and turncil out tocs but in the better specimens the legs are perfectly stright The Birth is decr, the riba arc tell roundleil, the bornfairly long, quarters long and stright with the tail well set on The gashus are very powerful and the hoc s straight and well des cloped The shoith a emall, tbr tal long, thin and suppy, rnching to just brlow the lochs and invarbis having a fine black tuft of 112r at the end The cars are long and pendulous with obtuse points There is throughout tbc Yagore brand a tendency to leggines and lightness of lone, which apprrentis incre«es their activity in the dicais kind as it a 31d to do in Itody al cattle It holcicr dctricis Fomerat from tlıcır value 34 transport and ordnan e cittle, for wlu la the hearice and more phlegmatic Trends of Neunk and Nimar are letter lihal br Imasport officers A mir of bullocks are reputed to la copalk of (nuls deing 80 miles in 13 hours, pullin u cart loaded i', aliout 6 to 9 in qunds The sety forward position of the hum is probably the namn try there cattle liave such power in dmoglit It allows of the yoke pri sing well in front of the centre of gmsits an] culle the animal to use tlie whole of it treight in nuditson to tbt pusle giren by the pancrſul prup iliug muscles of the loin

·I
IL
NAGORE BULLOCK PURE BRED
Taken at A wa
Alwar State

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·BREFNY OF INDIAY CATTLE, RAJPUTAY! 9 Muk. Colour Bulls quarters anıl thighe Thc cot3 10 all respects cry much resemblo the bullochs but the 100 qmaller inl invariably have shorter horns The des lap is small and the rulimentars sheath is als nys marked. Tho uller is well ilms clope with large pronounce l teuts Thes are as a rule moderate millers but when Lopt entirely for duire purpo-es and liberally fel, the field may amount to 10 sccra a day Ther an invarmbly wlute or grey Tlie ball should has a fairls long neck and a large well-developed hump The horns to be thick and well curved but not very long and shaped as described in bullocks The sheath small and pointed at the cutremity, the dewlap comparatively small, the tail thun and fine renchung to just below the hocls and terminating is in the bulloch Bone need not necessarily be bazin circumference but should be liard and tough looking The hind quarters should Isc straight The natives think a grent deal of an animal with a long face, as thiny express it,' he should live a loug narrow face similar to 2 horse" Breeders are not so particula" about the cows which do not get nearly enough attention, but a broader will always prefer a big well brod cow to a sinall well bied one The breeders $2y that they do not liho either a bull 01 a cow with Points in Brecd big boned legs but prefer small bone and marked activats, although in a bulloch big bone is esteemed It 19 not easy to understand this, but possibly the education and upbringing of a bulloch app-ars to develop tho points required for work to a considerable extent Although neither bull CO may have exceptional bone, it 19 considered a sine qua non that both parents should do nov vred A better class of hu]] 200 low is shtamable in this districts round Barmer and Balotra As has already been said it 19 in these two breeding districts that the cattle are bred and the breeders take then young calves thence to Balotra Tair where they are purchased by the roung cattle rcarers from the Nagore district who rear them in Nagore, or in other districts, as tue exigencies of scarcity or famtne may dictate considerable amount of breeding is done in Nagore as well and the people we careful to hecp their own breed Colonel Ponlet 10 bis Note on Nagore endeavour 1pg nor Parchase of young Btock. Colonel Powlet to ·10 BT LEDS OF INDIA CATTLE, RAJPLTANA Work dific rentiate the two breeds but I am convinced that they are one and the smo I lase pot eien noticed that the cattle from these districts lave a better formation of quarter than those in the Nagore district, the peculiarly sloping conditions of the bach, loins and quarters in downward direction is equally noticeable in the cattle of both districts and is a feature of the Nagore breed I think tliat the appearance 23 in reality more due to the large bump and its forirard position The rearers in the Nagore district buy their stock at 2 or 3 years old using them at once in light work and getting them really for sale 10 the markets aboro mentioned They also buy younger stock which they turn out to graze with the older animals The breeder uses his bullochs for plou cart and well work and they commence heasy labour usually at 4 years of age It has been mentioned that these cattlo aro greatly prized for their porrers of endurnco and the pace at which they can trasol Rich merchants in the Natie States of Rajputana heep good speuimens of these magnificent trotting bullochs to pall their light two hecled majkolies They can trot along at A very fast pace and leer going for many hours I myself hare done 40 miles on 1 sandy road in 8 hours, actual traselling, that 18 20 miles out and 20 back with a Lalt of 3 hours 40 miles cren in 11 hours is very gooil going with one pair of bulloche on a fairly lients, hatcha, sandy road The Bunniah class -in Jodlipur and Bikaner hare races with these bullocks and great interest 19 centered Some of them are sold for as much as 600 to 800 rupees a pair In Nagoro ilself dairying is not an especial feature and the nutsso las not in any may brod cattlo simply for milk Iroducing purposes The Nagorocowa are, therefore, not good milkers, the ordinart yield is about a secrs, but in cots Lert for dairy purposes, as I Fitrat Altrar, the rield mas reach 10 reers a di The period during such milk is given 14 the same as in the Rath cors in them MOK to Dall.. Bulla ar felrcled by the rıllagers themselres in the proportion of 1 to 100 con, but the borders or that s0corts Hethod of Breed to one I ull is letter In Nagore the bulls are nouallo procureil from the Bartner and Balotra diatricts and are cither firca lor a rich Isadowner who allons a comtaities of villagers to ·DREFDS OF I\DILY CATTLE, RAJPLTAVA 11 Cradag. made the salection an 1 himself mys the price, or the bull is selected and paid for br general subacription from the villagers The bull grazes and lives entirely with the colpa, inil is hept at the public expense so that no hardship fully on one individual The zemindui depende entirely on the prepotent influenco escr'ed by the ball in producing gool stoch and is therefore somewhat careless as to the qualitr of the cow, although in the chief districts of Nagore and Barmer no Dogli (half bred) is admitted to the village hend The herds go out from the village crery morning at about 8 o'cloch, remain on the grazing grounds all dar, under the charge of boys, an iro corralled in the village aoin at sunset in the evening In seasons of Stall Peeding. scarcity they are to come extent stall fed Cors, when about to cike, are in somn cases given extra fead or scuamum oil (til) and oil cale and if not strong Young Stock remain in when the other animals are grazing It is however very seldom that complications arise in the birth of the calf an 1 more often than not they are born without any particular Treatment of notice being talen of them A calf at bith is allowed all the milk of the cow, but if it be 1 heifer calf, this allowance 13 soon reduced to half and as quickly as possible that is at about 4 months, the young heifer is weaned The remainder of the mill is used up for ghee making and drinking pur- Poses In or ler to prosent the calves from sucking the cows they are either hept corralled in the sillage during the night and part of the day, and so hept apart from the cows, or they are muzzled to provent them from getting at the teat Ileifers are not as a rule, bred from until they are 4 yeurs old The operation of castration is here performed m a different manner to that practised in most other places in India The operation is lig section and it is performed at the age of 6 to 8 months usually in the months of April and May when wounds are said to heal more rapidly than at other times No after treatment is adoj ted and it is seldom that any complications arise. Thus is no doult due to the excessive dryness of the climate, fhieh is particularly favourable to the healing of younds The breeders them. selves do not perform the operation as it is against caste prejudice Calves Castration

·12
DREENS OF INDIAV CATTLE, KAJPUTAVA
to 000,
but the chamart of the village do it and a calf may be sent to some
distance to hare the operation performed
A pair of fast trotting bullochs cost from Rs 300
an ordinary plough pair Rs 200 to 300 A good
Frices
COF 18 usually about Rs 30 to 80 Exccptional
dows realise R: 100 Bulls are not generally sold but those that
are selected for breeding purposes are considered fit for stud work at 4
Years and the price would then be Rs 80 to 100
Disease is not common occasionalls Rinderpest,
Provailok
Foot and moath disease and Malignant Sore Throat
occur
Proranas Color Grey or white, the latter for choice
DiscuSOS

·BREEDS OF INDIA Y CATILF, RAJPUTANI. 13 DEASUREMENTS Or NAGORE CATTLE. Ser Color Bollock o 17 . 67 CG 81 9! 3 24 7 9 hite 18 55 61 78 8 61 23 23 841 9 > 19 65 63 82 81 71 11 24 8 42 10 group 57 62 721 8 16] 21 61 6 31 of 3 591 54 72 7 191 201 70 5 Slate 571 52 73 71 4 20 75 White 1 Tagore cou No 20 5+1 63 72 74 7 131 78 21 53 66 70 7 7 11 21 7 6 heifer 23 584 62 75 79 54 201 743 Red COW 43 514 55 631 7 11 19 7 6 White 44 52 65 66 7 18+ 7 5 46 487 51 G7 67 67 19 6 C ·14 BLEEDS OF I\DIAV CATTLE, RAJPLTAYA BALOTRA AND BARJER DISTRICT THE MARTAR BREED Tho lak 13 divided into four parts, 112, Mſalanı, Sınchore, Characteristics Sipina and Dliat, all about fire or six miles around Balotra Balotra is in the alaka of Pachbhadra The soil is sinds, the water 19 generally scarce and brichish The wells, sank at moderato depth along the course of the riser Luni, produce sweet water and are easily workable Places ten miles from the river bed hare only bad wells and are dopendent on the rain supply which is stored in tanks There is a salt lahe at Pachbhadra about six miles from Balotra which indicates the character of the country There are low stony sandy bulls in the district around Barmer For the seven years preceding 1902 there were successic famines which destroyed many cattle, uot niore than 5% of them remaining alive In cursequence of this, cattlo for working purposes and also cors lad been imported from outs do districts These are antarally cross brees and have had anything but a galutrry effect on the breed A few balls still remain and the breeders said that of they could get some good bulls the breel would soon be reanimated Tho cattle lnse by grazios when thero nro mins and graeg 13 plentiful in the day timo the cattlo are let loose to graze and in the esening the milch cows and work bullocks aro gnen " Bantı " that is a mixture of whicit or barlog hark, Guar, cotton sced and oil cake Cotton Rand increa«et the siall of gheo and guar increases the quantity of milk The bullo hs in work are given less cotton sced and more oil cale In the seasons of drought the cattle aro taken to Sudh and Gajrat, thus did not arail them in 1001, as the famino tau general and about 03% of cattio die I of stariation in the districts A big tur i bell at Balotn, also known as Talmam or Chatni, cantia Xartate. annually in the month of April or N21 , thor populantr of the fair :4 midespread, irople coming from all the surrounding farts, , Sind, Gujrat Ajmer, and laguro to both lasand mile Toddor

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·14 BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RAJPUTANA BALOTRA AND BARMER DISTRICT THE MARWAR BREED The laka is divided into four parts, via, Malanı, Sanchore, Characteristics Sıvana and Dhat, all about five or six miles around Balotra Balotra is in the ilaka of Pachbhadra The soil is sandy, the water is generally scarce and brackish The wells, sunk at moderate denth along the course of the river Luni, produce sweet sater and we easily workable Places ten miles from the river bed have only bad wells and are dependent on the rain supply which is stored in tanks There is a salt lahe at Pachbhadra about six miles from Balotia which indicates the character of the country There are low stony sandy kills in the district around Barmer For the seven years preceding 1902 there were successive famines which destroyed many cattle, not more than 5% of them remaining alive Ia consequence of this, cattle for working purposes and also cows had been imported from outs de districts These are naturally cross breds and have had anything but a salutary effect on the breed A few bulls still remain and the breeders said that if they could get some good bulls the breed would soon be reanima ted The cattle live by grazing when there are rains and grass is plentiful In the day time the cattle are let loose Fodder to graze and in the evening the milch cows and work bullocks are given “Banta" that is a mixture of wheat or barley husk, guar, cotton seed and oil cake Cotton seed increases the yield of ghee and guar increases the quantity of mill. The bullocks is work are given less cotton feed and more oil cake In the seasons of drought the cattle ure taken to Suudh and Gajrat, this did not avail them in 1901, as the famine was general and about 95% of cattle died of starvation in these districts A big fair is beld at Balotra, also known as Talmara or Chaitri, Cattio Marteta annually in the month of April or Nay, the popul. anty of the fair is widespread, people coming from all the surrounding parts, mi: , Sind, Gujrat Ajmer, and Nagore to both buy and sell.

·BREEDS or IYDILA CATTLE, RIJPLTAVA. 15 The people of Nagore being excellent judges of the Nagore breed select good or promising calves, take thein back to Nagore, rear them, and sell the bullocks so reared Bullocks reared by them certainly attain greater size and activity than when reared in the more southern districts of Jodhpur A reason for this is that the poople in the southern districts do not feed their young male oalres so well as do the people in Nagore and therefore the bullo Is are inferior It is also said th it soil of Nagore 13 better suited for the production of good fodder, and this is another reason why the young calves of Barmer and Balotra grow into good bullocks and acquire the name Nagore, but the reason given above concerning better feeding is I think accountable for the fact The Barmer breeders make the production of milk for ghee more of a speciality than do the breeders of Nagore, then cows therefore are as a rule better and more esteemed for their milking properties They are ligger thau is usually seen at Nagore, which is no doubt due to the fact that more attention is devoted to the female calves which is probably the reason why the people of Nagore are always ready to buy a Balotra cow Gujrat traders and people from the Punjab frequent the Balotra fair and buy bullochs of inferior quality at a low price Colour The prevailing colour is white Description The general description is the same as that of Nagore Bullocks are used in well work, in the plough and in carts In sandy parts of the country, camels are also used in Work, ploughing the fields Bullocks w warts, the road's being heavy sand, can travel about 20 miles a day The yield of milk from the cows is from 4 to 8 Milk Beers 10 More attention is here paid to the female calves than to the males, they are given milk for a longer period and 10 Breeding greater quantity, which is contrary to ?" the majority of breeding districts Hindus are in the habit of hberatiug bulls to na! of deaths and other sites, such being 1

·1
NAGORE BULLOCKS
Taken near Nagore
Rght and centre-type The one held by the man not so good

·BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RIJPLTASA 15 The people of Nagore being escellent judges of the Nagore breed select good or promising calies, take thein back to Nagore, rear them, and sell the bullochs so reared Bullocks reared by them certainly attain greater size and activity than when reared in the more southern districts of Jodhpur A reason for this is that the people in the southern districts do not feed their young male oalres so well as do the people in Nagore and therefore the bullo hs are inferior It is also said that soil of Nagore ss better suited for the production of good fodder,'and this is another reason why the young cales of Barmer and Balotra grow into good bullochs and acquire the name Nagore but the reason given above concerning better feeding is I think accountable for the fact The Barmer breeders make the production of mill for ghee more of a specialty than do the breeders of Nagore their cows therefore are as a rule better and more esteemed for their milking properties They are bigger thau 29 usually s cu at Nagore which 18 no doubt due to the fact that more attention is devoted to the female calves which is probably the reason why the people of Nagore are always ready to buy a Balotra cow Gujrat triders and people from the Punjals frequent the Balotra fair and buy bullocks of inferior quality at a low price The prevailing colour is white Description The general description is the same as that of Nagore Bullocks are used in well work, in the plough and in carts In Fandy parts of the country, camels are also used in I loughing the fields Bullocks in carts, the roads being heavy saod, can travel about 20 miles a day The yield of milk from the cots is from 1 to 8 Colour Wori, Mik Beers Breeding More attention 15 here pard to the female calves than to the males, they are given milk for a longer period and in greater quantity, which is contrary to the custom in the majority of breeding districts Hindus are in the habit of liberating bulls to celebrate the occasion of deaths and other sites, such bulls being branded with a round mark ·16 BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RAJPUTAYA and the animal designated a Suraj Ka Sand, te, « The Ball of the Sun» Th: people are particular in selecting good calves for this purpose Occasionally Mabommadan bieeders join together, buy a good bull and muntain it between them Doing injury to bulls of this class 19 considered a crime and talen cognisance of by the police There is no fixed standard as to the parentage of bulls to cows but it appears that the breeders consider 1 to 60 n good average, although if bulls are scarce, they have no objection to allowing one bull amongst 100 cows Cowa are 15 to 30 rupoes exceptionally the price may go to 60 Prices rupees Ordinary bullocks are 15 to 20 rupees a head, for exceptionally good fast animals the price may be 50 to 100 rupees In bad years when cattle are scarce and a zemındar may have to buy at some distance from his district, he may have to pay as much as 200 rupees for a pair, which he considers an exorbitant price The people are averse to castration they use their own bred entire animals in work, although they buy castrated ones Castration There is a class of people called Santhras who are always present at the fairs and act in the capacity of castrator The operation is performed with a knife, as is described in connection with Nagore cattle The grasses called Bhurat and Sırau grow plentifully during Fodder the rains but in times of scarcity, Lucerne and Guar are given to cattle The Lucerne is grown entirely by well irrigation The cars of Bajree are boiled and mixed with Guar and cotton seed and guen to milch cows and word bullocks "Banta" is also given It would seem that the preservation of pure bred cattle iu th9 part of Marwar is more difficult than in Nagore, as the boundaries of the breeding districts are near to Sind and Gujrat, in which places cattle breeding is very extensive and there is a tendency to a mixing of the breeds, which is not apparent in Nagore A distinction has been made between Nagore cattle and those of the so called Marwar breed I thoh, however, that this Dlatlaotion NAGOT and Mar 18 a distinction without a difference I have shown how an interchange goes on between the Marsar wor Cattle

·I LATE NI
NAGORE BULLOCKS PURE BRED (Rac ng Bullocks)
Taken at B kantty

·16 BREEDS OF INDIAY CATTLE, RAJPUTAYA and the animal designated a Suraj Ka Sand, te, < 'The Bull of the Sun" Th: people are particular in selecting good calves for this purpose Occasionally Mahommadan breeders join together, buy a good bull an) muntaru it between them Doing injury to bulls of this class is considered a crime and talen cognisance of by the police There is no fixed standard as to the parcentage of bulls to cows but it appears that the breeders consider 1 to 60 n good average although if bulls are scarce, they have no objection to allowing one bull amongst 100 COWS Prices Cows are 15 to 30 rupos, exceptionally the prico may go to 60 rupees Ordinary bullocks are 15 to 20 rupees a head, for exceptionally good fast animals the price may be 50 to 100 rupees In bad years when cattle are scarco and a zemındar may have to buy at some distance from his district he may have to pay as much as 200 rupees for a pair, which be considers an exorbitant price Castration. The people are averse to castration they use their own bred entire animals in work, although they buy castrated ones There is a class of people called Santhias who are always present at the fairs and act in the capacity of castrator The operation is performed with a knife, as is described in connection with Nagore cattle The grasses called Bhurat and Sivan grow plentifully during the rains but in times of scarcity, Lucerne and Guar aro given to cattle The Lucerne is grown entirely by well irrigation The ears of Bajree are boiled and mixed with Guar and cotton seed and guien to milch cows and work bullochs "Banta" Foddor is also given It would seem that the preservation of pure bred cattle in this part of Warwar is more dificult than in Nagore, as the boundaries of the breeding districts are near to Sind and Gujrat, in which places cattle breeding 19 very extensive and there is a tendency toa miting of the breeds, which is not apparent in Nagore A distinction lins been inade between Nagore cattle and those of the so called Irsar breed I think, hoiserer, that this Dlatlaotion 11 distinction without a difference I have shown 1101 an interchange goes ou between the Vorrar ta Nagor 4d Mar YAT Cattle

·1 LATE VII
}
NAGORE BULLOCKS PURE BRED (Rac ng Bullocks)
Taken at B kaneer

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·BEELDS OF J\DIAN CATTLE, RIJPUTATA 17 and Nagoie districts and if any difference exists in the districts south of Nagore it is due to the case with which animals of the Vadyal type are imported from Gujrat (for 1 description of these cattle vide Mr Mollison's book on the breeds of cattle in Bombay). The so called Sanchor breed, descnbed by Colonel Powlett, is I thiol also the Wadyal type which is largely bred around Palanpur (Mollison, Volame 2) The description of Nagore applies equally to Onurgcter of the Manyar, except that the latter has a tract of sough billy barren country west of Barmer ·18 BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, LAJPUTANA. MEASUREMENTS OF BARMER CATTLE. Sex Length of body Girth at chest. Girth of shank Length of shank Length of korn Length of face Breadth of forehead Height Age Color Marwar Cow No 40 50 Measurements could not be taken White > 41 13 50 50368 6) 67 13 18 6:10 group of 2 49* 58 64 7 73 20 7 6 Cow No 57 Meagurements could not be taken Bull > 58 . Ditto ditto Red Calf 59 > Ditto ditto White JI Bullock No. 55. 57 58 73 87 18) 22 8 7 group of 3 56 5875 8 7 16 22 8 7 23 563 56 70 8 7 22 20 Coy No 56 Measurements could not be taken.

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·I LATI VIII
RATH BULL
Taken at Bañoor about 60 m les from Alwar

·BREEDS OF INDIA CATTLE, RAJPUTAVA 19 Distri bution Nature of Soil THE RATH. Th. Rath is ruognised by natus es as a distinct type and has Elstory, and Geo always been confined to one particular tract of graphical country Bansur to Narnol, being the eastern and western limits, and from Vunda war to Narool the northern and southern limits This embraces 1 good deal of Alwar in Rajputana and parts of the states bordering to the north and west of it Any. where outside these limits the breed becomes mixed with Nagore, Harrtana and Mewat The soil is a deap sands loum, lo ally known as "Bloor" It requires very little moisture The general surface of the country is flat but there are irregular chains and groups of low lills which are as a rule entirely barren and covered with rocks and stones The water supply is mostly from tanks and 18 entirely dependent on the rainfall Water Supply There are few wells, sweet watur being only found at a great depth and the shallow water being brackish The fodder supply depends upon the season of the year, from September to February it is cluefly for bullocks ing generally “Kuttı” (chaff) of Juar or Bajr, Juar being considered the letter of the two This is mixed with the leaves of Surubs called Jhar Bher and with Juar or Bajrı in the proportion of of Juar kutti and Pala (leaves of Jhar bher) the total quantity being from 15 to 20 seers daily for a bulloch I'rom March to August, Tooree Khal, Pala Bhoosa of Urood, Moth and Mung mixod together the quintity being about 15 in toboram November the green stalks of " harbi” (Juar) and groou Guar, quantity as above In January and February, turnips and other roots are given in licu of grain if the autumn rains have been good This is only given by the wealthier class of peoplo and only by them in small quantities of about a seer a day and when the unimals are doing hard work The Pala is preserved in houses, " Bhoosa" and "Charri "Boongas' (dome shaped thatched nchs) Fodder And Feed seers 10 ·20 DREEDS or i\DAV CITTLE, RAJPUTAYA There are three cattle fairs, viz, Behror, Dehmi and Altar. The first held in Vay, the Dehmı For held in April and Cattle Markets in September Dealers come from the Punjab, North Western Provinces and Oudl A great many Rath cattle are sold at Retrari and Pushhar Prizes to the amount of Rs 150 are given at each of the above fairs and this might with great advantage be Prizes increased The prizes are given only to bullochs, they might will be given to cons and balls, especially the latter, at 3 to 3 years old It would be easy to select from this class suitable aumals for future sures (ride Note on Nagore) Young calves selected for sires cost about Rs 25 Vyben full grown bulls they are not sold. Price Gonora Descrfp. tlon. The upper DESCRIPTION OF RATH CATTLE The Rath bullock is a furly big, strong, active animal, suitable for transport work and in many cases for siege train work lead - The fue is perfectly straight and flat from poll to muzzle The forehead has no tendency to protuberavce in full grown animals Young ones of three years and younger have a slightly protruding foreherd wbieb straightens up as they reach maturity The nasal bones are somewhat wule and coarse, the muflle has 7 peculiar upward tendency giving it a pugnosed appetrauce and in many cases the under lip clearly shours when the animal is rieved from in front lip is fine and mobile, the eyes wide open and clearly defined by the dark esclada, as seen iu the lagore breed The ears are sliort and pendulous, the inner surfice facing forwards The horas are upright and curred inwards, very similar to tbo e of English shorthorns Photo shows a pair of ordinary Rath bullochs The nech is fairly long, tlic deu lar small, the hump fairly well developed and situated far uach as compared with that of the Nagort Ibc shoulders are very deep, the legs strught, but there is oucasionally a tendency to turned out tocs. The feet are knall and compact differing from the wide spreading feet of Vemat cattle The girth 18 deep and the rils are sell rounded The ba l short with powerful loins, running wuto wellobamad quarters, but the tail 18 bailly set on which gives the quarters

·l'ESTI IX
RATH COW
At Behoor

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·1 LATI
RATH BULLOCKS
Near Behoor

·Birds or IVDI !! CITTIF, KUI TAVA 21 of علEnl somewhat drooping cilet The tail 18 short and fine taiminating in 2 tuft of blach hair just below the locks The one on the night is very good Tuc turne l up 10e is apprrent in both The Lins 19 hs an] luuling, art will shop d and the sheath is verr small The pius ulm; color is site or grer They are cons dered <sponor to Venat bull\i tlo natı1t3 say that th• Rath works for twentr rear; and thn Vewntı for fifteen' They are not con sidere i sy good as the Vagore but are like 1 by the Zemındars as they are smaller est l33 an l arc mu ! hardter They are tha poor man's bulloch while the Vagore is the rich man's the latter being very highly valued ls prope of the Bunand class for their trotting Vajhol eg The balls are madrum sized thich set and strong The prevailing characteristics are the same as those described in the Description bullochs but they have thicker and comparatively shorter horos, a much larger lump and better quirters, the tail being more symmetrically placed No measurements could be taken as no bull seen had ever been tied up or kaadlel In the bull the color of the neck and shoulders is generally darker than that of the rest of the body, this is sellom seen 111 bullochs The cows are small compared with the bulls and bullocks Then horps are small and fine and the ears in all cases comparatnely larger than the bullocks They are iery actre und Lands little aaimals They are only poor milhers even when kept for dury purpo es the maximum y eld is 5 seers sailing color is grey or slate The bullocks are very good workers in the plough, well and cart The soil in this part of the country being beavy sand powerful active bullocks are essential and the Rath 18 well suited for work in this kind of country I hey are neither so fast nor as powerful as Nagore and therefore cannot corer the marvellous distances the latter we credited with but they work steadily for ten hours a day ani can travel about 'O miles a day ja heavy sand The zemidais say they can pull a load of l' maunds at this pa e whereas the Nagore could travel 10 miles in the sime time but could only pull about six maunds The working hours are from O AU to 12 noon and again from 2 PV to 6 P 21 Cows The pre- Working capablutios ·22 BREEDS OF INDIAY CATTLE, BAJPUTANA lities of cows or An ordinary cow that gets a living grazing and has very little Mukio capab! subsidiary diet gives about 5 seers of milk but if she be well fed on a diet, similar to that given to a bulloch, in addition to the grazing the yield may reach & beers, The cow generally remains in full milk for 4 months after calving, after which the yield becomes gradually less Eaclı village is supplied with one or more bulls in the proportion of Methods 1-100 cows and this is arranged for by the villagers breeding Bulls themselves As a rule, a bull 18 let loose on some religious festival by a philanthropic Bunnah, or on the occasion of some rich man's demise by a relative The calf is selected by the unanimous approval of the villagers and by this means a good one is generally selected The selection takes place when the animal is two years old Henceforth be is hept by the general public, baving the free right of grazing, etc Cows are not mated with any particular bull, the one bull only exists and is common property with his own herd A zemındar does not attach much value to the quality of the cow, he is quite satisfied if the ball is good Bulls are emasculated by mulling at the age of 21 to Castration. 3 years Price The cows are valued at 10 to 50 rupees Bullocks at 200 to 300 rupees per pair Bulls are not sold except for purposes of herd Lulls when the owners from whom the calf is taken may be given 30 to 80 rupees by the donor of the bull Rioderpest (Bara Rog) loot and moutlı discase (Jala ki bakar). Des ·BRFFDS OF INDIAN CITTI E, RAJPUTA. 23 MEASUREMENTS or RATA CATTLE. Ser lleiglt. Length of body Girth of chest. Girth of shaol Length of obank Length of born Breadth of forebead Length of face Age Colour, Rath Butloct Yo 20 61 63 80 9 121 21 7 5 Str 27 . 6063 61 9 731 13 22 , , 28 16 GC73 & 11 67 6 193) 733), 23 507 50 12 7 7 131 217 Conv 30 485557 01 6 4 18 6 5 » 31 486969 8 6! 5 17 518 Bull 32 Measurements could not be taken 3 Siste 34 Ditto ditto 7 Cow 33 61 1 4861 6 63 7 17 6 5 Slate ·24 DS LEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RAJPUTAVA one NENATI BREED This breed is valued in the district called Metat, the centre of wluch may be said to be Alwar The general principles of breeding, rering, etc, are 11actically the same as are in vogue with the Rath breed which is found in the next district and wbich is rery similar to thia The Mewati is undoubtedly a very useful animal and is sold largely at the Rewari and Pushkar Tairs always realising good prices In temperament the bullock is a slower and much more lymphatic animal than the Rath or Nagore and for that reason is more appreciated by some cultırators, as he can be hept on les, food and will not lose condition as much as either of the above breeds under adverse conditions Не is smaller and not so pomerful and consequently unable to do is much work in the deep sandy country in which he 19 bred Although the photograph is not an artistic success at shows the points of the animal sery well This bull was very difficult to get near and at was impossible to handle hım DESCRIPTION OF MEWATI BULLOOKS They are small, sturdy, slow moring ly mplantic animals, much apprecinted by the zemindars 18 they are good workers and do not require 60 much food as larger animals do Ilie better class ones male good transport bullocks and come might be suitable for ordnance purposes The Vematu as found in the districts to the east and north of Alin (one of the states of Rajputana), and to the west of Dlatribution, Bharatpur The country 19 rochy, sandy and intersected by thic lorer lulls of the Arvali range Character cotiatry Head -The face 19 short, the forehead fide and tho cges are prominent and surrounded bis a blach rim wuchs moru prominent than in lbo Nagore The muffle 13 side and squire and the upper lip thick and overhanging, gung tho upper part of the nose a contractal appearance The horns are thick at the lasa, cursiog uptırds, outwards and infards and terminating in an abrupt point There should be no tendencr to a backard CUTTO as in the Magore The pins are pendolors and somewnt sliort The pech u fairly lovg, the bump imall sud the shoulders short, gising of Description.

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·I'L 4TE XI
MEWATI COW
From Village four miles from Alwar

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·ILI
VI
MEWATI BULL
V lage neer Alwar

·MPTED, OF I\DIA CATTIE, RIGITAL 25 the forehand a somewhat jumped up appearance The dewlap is small, the legs are short, and the girth is shallos compared to that of the Nagore bulloch Tho bich is long and the quarters are fairly strught, the tail as fairls well set on, long and coarse, reaching to the lieels and terminating in a thick tuft of black hair The gaslıos are strong and wide, the hocks somewhat bent anii the feet large and spreading DESCRITTION OF A BULL In the bull turli-21 13 short, the foreha? I flat and slightly concite, tho nostril small, and the uppar lip ride but mobile as in the bulloch The borns nie short and tinch at the base curring upwards and outwards The ears are long and pondulous, the neck as long, the dewlap and hump are well deseloped, the bach is long, the croup rerr short, the tail long and terminating in a tuft of course black hair at the fetlock The slioulders are short the chest is deep, the ribs som what put the lag, shout anl powerful the feet wide and spread out and the sbeath small Cow Prloo DESCRIPTIOV or A MTWATI COW The cons are very small as compare l with the bullocks Their legs are fine and rounded almost deer-like and they are very active and wild The price var ez from 2, to 40 rup , per com A young bull calt for breeding purposes, one veal old, costs Rs 30 to 40 The bullocks are used for cart, plough and well work They work ten lours a day A pair of good bullochs can pull 15 maunds for 12 miles and a light cart for about 20 miles in a day. They can mar h on an average 3 miles an hour Fecding is the same as that of the Rath breed A bull 13 Lept in erery village and the zemundars are very particular in selecting a good one The proportion of bulls to cow is the same as in Rath and Nagore The whole quantity of milk is nerer giren eren to a rery young calf Work Yodder Breeding

·26
BREEDS OF INDIAN CATTLE, RAJPUTAVA
and a herfer is always given less food than : bull call
This system
Prears to be generl throughout this district
Emasculation is performed by mulling at
Castration
tn 3 years of
age
The most common are Duhh or Rınderpest, Bang
Diseases
or Foot and mouth, Kutlee or Anthrax
The prevailing colour is winte
Cows are not 1 ept especially for milling purposes
and the ordinary yield is about 5 seers a day
Colour
Milk

·11ATH VIE
17
int
Duroop en
MEWATI BULLOCK
Near Alwar

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·DFEEDS OF I\DIA CITTLE, RAJPLTIVA 27 JEASUREJESTS OF METAT CATILE Sex I ength of boly Girth of shaol Gurth at cles I ength of slank Length of lorn Length of face lic RIE Breadth of forei ead Age Color Menst Ballock 3 61 21 1 7 6 IT lite 24 6457 6r 61 7 10 21 88 4 Calt 5C 56 59 25 ts 6 7 17 7 co Cor 3 1949 CO 51 61 6 18 cc 61 49 46 69 9 37 6) 7 61 Loll 36 C94 83 7 22 67 Slate 101 8 1- 49 51 77 51 17 Brewat Burrelo 8} 38 8 88 1871 50 60 7131 18 39 9 ·28 DREEDS OF INDIAN CÁTTLE, RAJPUTAN 4 District and Pacallarities BEGRI BREED. The Begii is a small distinct breed of sturly cattle, small both numerically and in size It is confined to a parti cular tract of country in Rajputana in which it is much prized. Unfortunately the late famine and scaruity have thinned the herds very consulerably, in the Toda Rar Singh district no cons have been left and it was with great difficulty that owners managed to save their vorhing bullocks The neturl breeding centre is around Dholpur in a somewhat confined niea extending from Tonk in the Jaipur direction to some 120 miles to the west and south of the latter place but the centre of the district containing these cattle may be sun to be that jart of Rajputana which extends in 2 radius of 40 miles from Toda Rai Singh, 24 miles from Tonl aud 74 from Jaipur Throughout this district, with Karowlee and port of Dcoli, Begri cattle ar, extensisely u-ed and nlo bred and reared In generi appearance they are handsome and docile wimals reminding one very much of Scotch Highland cattle and quite clistinct from any brecol in Indır As has been said, they are bred in Dhinipur, Kurowiec and Uniara, and sold from there at the hehreo und Pushhar fairs The soil 14 blach (hain Val) and a gooil fodder producing on", the loner strtim of the carth is rocky but the rochs are generally louden The crops depend ontırıls on the rainfall, there being practically no irrigation This tract was in the time of former Rajas wholly employed for the production of fodder for cattle but now cultuation is becoming extensile (nome butclia and one or tro pucer pouds laic been constructed for the collection of mulle water, and drinking water is obtained from Baolies (pucca ponds) Fairs Soul Water Tratory and clls ) CORI DESCRIPTION OF BEGRI CATTLF. The cows are small, brown, Llich, wlute or red in color, the latter usually being preferre l br the people Heal.- The face 1 ide and flat the forehend very wulo and The non 24 wide and the lions cuno boldly upsard roncalc

·1 15 VIV
ma?
1
-
BEGRI COW A good one
Taken at Toda Ra Sngh 24 mes from Tonk
Colour wh te speckled red

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·BEGRI BULL. Toda Ral sngh 70mlet from Jalpur The horns do not show the sp ral twist, but otherwise a very good specimen. Red, with white face

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·I LAT 11
BEGRI BULL
Toda Rab S ngh 70 mies from Jaipur
The horns do not show the sp ral tw st but otherw se a very good specimen
Red wth wh te face

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·I LITHI
1
BEGRI BULLS
Used for draught showing spiral horns
Taken at Toda Ral Bingh.

·Trips or IVDIA CITTLF, PAJTI TAVA 29 The croup *9 and outwards, laring sumltwat The nech 15 short, the bump woll developed, the back short and the ribs well rounded Tery long and the thil ir il set on sliort and slipps und terminating in a Lashr tuft of blick liair which reaches well below the hochs The legs are short and the fet fine, small and compact as in the cow, BLGRI BULIOCK Thrs are mints, red me blik in color or a mixture of all three A mixed color, j articularis sed and slute, is preferred by the people The lirad is compimtisels small, the fue short with a wide forehead, the ere ect well bach, with heavier erelds thin scen in the cow, the 11 og Nile ml the cars short and pendulous 'The nech is blurt, the sleulap well developed, the lump only moderately large Tlc sloulders are de p, with good slope, and the forelegs sliort and powerful The Ench is nomen hat long compared with that The sleuth 14 well des eloped, the quarters short but fairly straight, the tul well set oa The gaskins and howls are well developed, the ftct small baril and compact The tail has very bushy of the con hair at the extremity Work. BULL. The description of the bull is the same as that of a bulloch except that the bump is more descloped Most of the working animals are entire and are said to give no trouble The zeminlars have a prejudice against castration Bullocks and I ulls are used indiscriminately for york as castration is not a recognised custom Bulls, however which are used in work are never used for breeding pur. pobes, as patires say that if they lave once cos ered they become unmanageable in draught The work performed is the same as in other ] laces They are small sturdy animals but slow and lymphatic in their movements and are said not to do nell crcent a sandy country They are hence unsuit able for nilitary transport or ordnance Cons are not gencrally Lept for milling purposes and eren if stallfed and the usual mcans for increasing the mill supply art adopted they are but poor millers, the crilinary field being only 2 to 1 seers a day, ·30 BREEDS OP IDI IN CATTLE, HAJPUTAVA rooding The following common grass s of the district aro" Niloteo!, "Jingla" Poddor And and "Soulee such gros extensirely on uncultivata ed art is, in which places the cows are turned looso during the dny for the greater part of the year Working animals only are stall fel, except when being rested, at which time they are turned out to graze near the villages Cows when with calf and in milk are gren ertra fool consisting of cotton sced and 'Abal" about one seer, "Guar" and "Churree," about ten s'era This diet is also ghen to working animals Attention is given to the selection of bulls The usual Hindu custom of rich Bunniahs turning loose the bull calves on the Breeding Balls occasion of certain religious rites 19 practised Bulls are not as a rule allowed to coser until they attain the nge of 4 years although they are allowed to wander about in the vicimty of rillages anil get very good feeding from the crops The percentage of bulla amongst herds 19 sınall for wluch rcason they are unable to cfficiently cover the cone it therefore often happens that immature bulle which arc not yet oll enough to work, corer a certain number of the cours and for this reason there is a tendency to deteroration amongst the cattle Breedere in the district do not jay very much attention to the quality of the All cows are turned loose in the common herd and aro covered indiscnmintelr by the bulls, although coderrours are made not to allow a cow to Ireed until she is three years old Young stoch are treated in the same war as in Young Stock Merit The preju licu agunt castation 18 moro apparent in this dretnct tlının in any other part of Rajputına, pract- Milli nonc being performed in tho To la Rai Sing telxil It is very common to rco cntire animale at work in the fielda an loirts lhes are generalls doile, cicept when they bure been allowed to do any costring A certain amount of cnasculation is, hor over, performed br tie axual mulling process Cattle are sent for tho parma to roine di trace there the operation is parformed am from thromnon' ricints and to does not ottend his prejudicer Trenutak prles. Corts fetch from 10 to 25 llurs and Bulloch. 50 to 100 per pair The common dresses are Foot and Youth and anak dlu. Ninderpost. COWS Caustration.

·DREDS OF I\DI CITTLE, RIJPTIS 31 Gara R.D. IYithin lata jears a great deal of groun 1 lips bøen tih 11 up for vultiration Formerly the ullo 110 Is wuis divide ! into three parts, tie, one for pusturu, ono for cultiration and one ne spred for the growth of gr133 13l for stacking purposing Esery three serrs then tricts of lands were interchanged Culturation laring greatly extenlol, the area devotel to grazing for Cattle has become very limited and this was tes erely folt during the recent famine It seems atsisable to giảe more attention to the subject and to reutia Rahls for fodder The Lars at which the cattle are found are those held in the districts of Alwar It would be advis bilo to form one or tiro clases for thus breed and to give prizes at the l'aclıl or fair Tar ·32 BRIEDS OF IDIAN CITTI F, RUPLTAN 1 MEASUREMENTS OF THE BEGRI BREED CATTLE. Sex Length of body. Girth at chest. Girth of abanh. Length of sbanh. Freight Length of face Length of horn Breath of forehend. Color. v Begri Cow No 49 45 45/66 53 Head could not le Inenard, 63 36 73 8} Pollock No to (in inir) } 28 2017 PO 8 White bi 54 71 26 21 8 Reu -- Bull ... 1 165 CC 73 ! 7 7 INark and white

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·32 BRIFDS OF INDIAN CATTI E, RAJPUTANA. MEASUREMENTS OT 11E BEGRI BREED CATTLE. Sex Length of hody, Gurth st clest. Girth of Blank Length of shaph. Length of horn Length of free Breadth of fore bead Age Jeight Color. Begrı Cow No 49 45 45 56 6 51 Head could not be Ideasured. 63 56 73 8} 6} 26 Ballock No 50 (in Mir) 2017 8 White 64 56 71 71 6$ 26 21 71 8 Roi. 11 Bull No 81 13 611 55 CO 22 20 7 7 Black and wlito.

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·I'LATF 11111
RENDA COW
Near Tonk

·1) LDO IVI CITTIT, PUJILTA 33 66 mca 119 RENDI, All particulare segarding this brord practically comcide wath those relating to the Begree but the cattle are much smaller apd less useful Cattle of the Renda breed are found at Dholpur, Gurlior, and a few at Toda Rai Singh where they are not bred bat imported. Renda cattl. are bred in the tract of land called Ajmera, &c., in the country adjoiding Uderpur DESCRIPTION OP REYD BREED. "Renda" of mein appearin The cattle are rather small, standing about 50 inclus bchind the hump They are usually riebald or scabrld in color Tlc lead is typical, short, thuch, brou, and massive herd, with coarse Description. prominent forehead and orbital arches. The face Lapory to a clerrly defined muzzle, the upper lip is fine, the ears long auel pendulou, muth upper euge near the root curling over into tle car and leasing the loner edge prominent. This is one of the distinguishang murhs of the breel Thc horns are short anul thich, curving upwards The nech is short, the dewlap small and the bump small and situated far bach The shoulders aro short and the chest measurement small, comparatirely The back is short, the loins slach, the forelegs straight, the cannon bone small and the feet are small and compact The quarters are shapely, the tuil is well set on, terminating in a fine tuft of hair just below the hochs The luind legs are well shaped and the sheath is small This description applies to the cows but them the neck is usually longer and the legs finer They are poor milkers.. Cows Nomenclature The Renila is the common breed of cattle in Rajputana It is found throughout the States of Alwar, Jaipur and as far east ag Rewarı The cattle are small and unimportant and used laigely by travelling traders and the smaller zemındars They correspond to what would be called in the United Provinces or the Punjab the " Desi" breed The breed exists in its best forma in Tonk, Dholpur and towards Gwalior They are generally useful and are liked by the people because they are cheap, easily fed and useful for all kinds of work ·3+ BRIEDS OP I\DIAS CATTLE, RIJPLTAVA. The cattle are said to be indifferent, lazy and troublesome at work, bad tempered even to showing fight , instances have been known of two or three of them resisting the attack of a leopard They do well on short rations. They are used for all kinds of show work, plough, cart, well and baggage and are especially adapted for bill work, being so short on the leg and baring strong feet, their pace is slow, seldom over a mile and a half an hour ·35 PLIIDS OF INDIAY CATTLE, TAJRIT:X4. JIESSTREMENTS OF CATTLE Or RENDA BREED. Eer Length of bly. Girth at chest. Oirth of slank. Length of slank. Length of born, Length of face. Breadth of forebend. Iright. Age. Color. Benda Ball Xo 62 4 87 7 White. 20 43 7 19 61 CO 7 7 2017 6 19 Cow No. 63 47 52 60 ·36 BT'EEDS OF I\DIAV CATTLE, RUPUTAT! BIARATPUB VILD CATTLE (30 CALLED) The herd of cattle at Bharatpar is composed of cattle that used to ran wild throughout the Bharatpur State They Description erentually became such a nusance to agriculturists that it was decided to feace them in A ring fence of wire having a circumference of 17 miles was constructed and into this enclosure all the anclaimed wandering cattle of the district were drsen The espenso was borne by th» Bharatpur State and was carried out by the orders of the Rajah under the direction of Thakar hriyan Singh IIC has done his work ciceedingly vll and agriculturists are no longer troubled by wild cattle trampling upon and entios their crops This was only a complished within the last few years and since the cattlo have been hopt in the enclosure they have become tame and the bullocks are now sold for draught purposes, the cots being kept for milk Thakur Kalyan Siogh has in this way inaagurated a scheme for what should in course of time become a very valuable stud for the roduction of tratsport cattle The breed from which these so called mld cattle have emanated 19 Origin. probably the Begri brecd found in haron lee and Jaipur (code Begrt breed) but they have becomo crossed to a certa n extent with the Motratı (visle Mesatı) Ачо res ilt of their haung been in a sild state they laro become verr small, though extremelr bardy and graceful The crose with the Venntı lize eliminated the long spiral horns of tho Begri and has also gircu the cattle themselves a tendency to greater size In order to improre the breel now that they a e in a state of domestication and more or lesz tractable, it woull bo Improved trell to coumrour to breed up to a Jematı tore The foundation is alreals there and by the careful Lisc of pure bral bulls from Vetan 1 tlıcır distribution among t selected cons of tho herd there is no 767301 mhs in thu curs of a serr for y cars a profet stal of transport pro lucing animals both for Vilstart ani z miodarı purpong should not be formel Tlm Vewati 14 fuggested as a tipe to bror up to becogse the cattle Inaendation of this breed are big and strong animalı su table for for Druding ans transport pik ani the C3 ate rert . Broedias

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·MEWATI BUFFALO BULL ALSO USED FOR WORK
Taken at Alwar
Owner of cows pay 8 as for the covering of a cow

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·I'LATY !
MEWATI BUFFALO COW
Taken at Alwar

·BILLDS OP I\DIA CATTLE, RIPUTATS 37 Work And ME. milhers The cattle of the Begri breed are small animals and the coms are very poor milkers There has latels been a emull importation of cross bred bulls from Hissar Cross Breeding but it would appear to be more advantageous to breed to ono type it would also be a mistake to endeatour to maintain two or three distinct breeds The one breed already mentioned is useful and hhels to be profitable Voreover, in so large a collection ther would necessarily be split up into a number of smaller herds so that there would Gruzios le no fuar of cicessuie in and in breeding The grazing grounds are very cxtcosive and well shaded with a good water supply and eren in such a rear as that of 1901, there was a fair amount of grazing and 10 a good year there is abundance The total number of cattle 13 5,273 This I consider too many, it would be much better to thin the herd to of the present number. Redcclag Narbor THE MICWATI BUFFALO There is a small and unimportant breed of buffaloes in the district of Mewat The Mewati Buffalo is a small compact animal The head show 2 convex frontal surface. The horns are wide at Description. the base, tapering backwards, and then upwards making a sharply defined curve posteriorly, terminating ia a short sharp point Tbe ears are short and pointed backwards The eyes small and close under the horns, the muzzle small and flat, the nasal bone straight, the neck long, the shoulder short, the withers low, the back short and wide, and the chest deep with well rounded ribs The quarters are short, the tail small and fine ending in a tuft of white hair just below the hock The legs are short and powerful, the feet wide and spreading and the sheath small The cov 18 very similar to the bull The cows are used only for milk and they are very poor milkers. They begin to give milk when four years old, the Field ranging from 5 to 10 seers Some cots remain in milk the whole time they are in calf, se, they continue giving milk till the next calf is born Muk.

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