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·JOHNSON'S LIFE OF MILTON.

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·Johnson's Lives of the Poets
Milton
WITH AS 1.VTRODUCTION AXD YOTES BY
K. Deighton
London
Macmillan and Co., Limited
Yo Yuk The Macan compra
1905

·..
First Edition, 18!
Neprinted 1893, 1899 (trvicc), 1800, 1900.
GLASGOW! PRINTED AT TIE UITVERSITY PRESS
DY KOLEKT MACLEHOSE AHD CO, LTD.

·CONTENTS.
PAGE
ITPopccτιος,
1
LTE O MILTOY,
15
Xores,
116
Ισυει το Νοτιs,

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·INTRODUCTION. Joissoy's Lives of the Poets were jasued between 1779 and 1781. His original undertaking as merely to furnisht short liographical prefaces to an edition of the jocks from Cowley downwards, which in 1777 certain looksellers contemplate publieliing. The task was onc, Fays Macaulay (Pwgraphy of Julien), "for which he was fire cininently qualified. His knowledge of the literary history of Englanil since the Restoration was unrivallei. That knowledge he la derived partly from looks, anel partly from sources which had long been closed; froin old Gmb Surret travlitions; from the talk of forgotten lasters and pamphleteers who hail long been lying in parish vaults; from the recollections of such mien as Cilliert Walmesley, who hail conversed with the wits of Button; Cibler, who had mutilated the plays of two penerations of dramatists; Ortery, who had been admittel.to the society of Swift ; anil Sunge, wine bad rendemd services of no very lionourable hin: 1. Prije Thic lintapher therefore sat down to lus lank with a inind full of matter. He hail at first intended to give onis a paragraph to ciery mmor ļwn't, and l fuar or five pages to the greatest name But the town of anealoe and criticism overflowed the narron cinnel. 715 ·LIFE OF VIILTOX. $ The work, which was originally meant to consist only of a few sheets, swelled into ten volumes, small volumes, it is true, and not closely printed. The Lives of the Poets are, on the whole, the best of Johnson's works. The narratives are as entertaining as any novel. The remarks on life and on human nature are eminently shrewd and profound. The criticisms are often excellent, and even when grossly and provokingly unjust, well: deserve to be studied. For, however erroneous they may be, they are never silly. They are the judgments of a mind trammelled by prejudice and deficient in sensibility, but rigorous and acute. They, therefore, generally contain a portion of valuable truth which descrves to be separated from the alloy; and, at the very. worst, they mean something, à praise to which much of what is called criticism in our time has no pretensions.' As to the style of the work, Macaulay continues, "Since Johnson had been at casc in his circumstances he had written little and talked much. When, therefore, he, after a lapse of years, resumed his pen, the mannerism which he had contracted while he was in the constant habit of elaborate composition was less perceptible than formerly; and his diction frequently had a colloquial. case which it had formerly wanted. The improvement may be discerned by a skilful critic in the Journey to the Hebrides, and if the Lives of the Poets is so obvions that it cannot escape the most careless reader." Foremost in the rank of English pocts of course stool Milton ; and if his life is written by Johnson is not among the best of the series, its inferiority lics not in want of completeness or thoroughness of research. To its author the task was no doubt less congenial than in ·INTRODUCTIOX. . the case of any of the other great poets with whom he had to deal. A bigated and extreme Tory, Johnson had to criticize the principles and political actions of one rbo held doctrines as extreme, if not as bigoted, in the opposite direction. A High Churchman of the most unbending type, he was called upon to pass in review writings violently latitudinarias, schistaatic, and, as the Treatise of Christian Doelrine shots, scarcely to be reconciled with any form of received religion. Think of the horror and loathing with which Johnson must base regarded The Tenure of Kings and Mugistrules, Eilma llasles, Defence of the People of England, tractates in which kiagis power is banned with curses of malignant fierceness, in which Charles, the beloved idol of Johnson's Teneration, is insulted, harried, scourged, his divinity ridiculed, his execution sanctified, his downfall made the subject of a song of triumph! How should Johnson not shudder at the History of Reformation, the least of Church Gorernment urged against Prelaty, denonciations of ererything sacerdotal that from bis early boyhood had been cherished as reverend, holy, sealed with the seal of God's institotion and upholding! To him the Dratione and Disciplme of Drrorce, thich eren to many of Milton's fellow-thinkers was a stumbling-block, nuost bare read as blasphemous arrogance; the Arapaglıca, in whose trumpet tones liberty of thought and speech is pro claimed as an indefeasible nght, probably sounded as a blast of revolutionary special-pleading and unbridleul license of argument; while could he have read the long lost Treatise of Christian Ducima, with its Pantheistu Materialisın, its heresy as to the Decalogue, its jusufica tion of Polygamy, it would no doubt hare been brander ·LIFE OF MILTON, . poem as an utterance of passion, or intense personal grief. The intimacy and affection between Milton and King] were considerable, but less perhaps than what hound Milton to other friends of his youth, of whom he has left no similar commemoration. They were certainly less than the intimacy and affection that bound him to one other friend of his youth, of whom he has left. various commemorations. The bosom-friend of Milton's youth, his very friend of friends from his boyhood to the time of his Italian journey, was that Charles Diodati to whom are addressed two of his Latin Familiar Epistles, the First and Sixth of his Latin Elegies, and one Italian Sonnet, and whose death, as premature as King's, and but one year later, gave occasion to perhaps the most remarkable of all Milton's Latin poems, Epitaphium Danonis. Only the accident that these pieces to and about Diodati are in Latin and Italian has prevented the fact of Milton's paramount affection for that young half- Italian from heing generally known, and has led to the idea that the unique friend of Milton's youth was Elward King of Christ's. The death of that young scholar, so melancholy in its mode, did indeed more. Milton, as it must have moved many. Here was onc fine young life cut short, recklessly cut short, when thousands of coarser lives were spared, and when Tingland and the Church of England had need that the best only should be prolonged. The recollection of the face and voice of Edward King, and of hours spent in his society, would return at the news, and would ming with the keen imagination of the last scene, when or meek praying figure sas marked on the deck of t sinking ship, resigned amid the shricks, the mad huru ·INTRODUCTION, and the gurgling waters. That more natural than that Milton should throw his feelings on the event, and the whole train of thought which it suggested, into artistic form in a memorial form? This is precisely what Lycilas is It is the same kind of tribute from a poet to the memory of a friend as a bust, with pedestal and basreliefs, would have been from a sculptor, or some thoughtful picture, of a fet figures placed in a fit landscape or sea-vier, would have been from & painter. Personal feeling is present, but it blends with, and pasecz into, the feeling of the artist thinking of his subject (2) Johnson's criticism would aboliski, by implication, all poetry whatsoever. In that crude sense of what is natural' which his criticism begs, all poetry is unnatural. No poem, even of passion, can possibly be "natural' in the sense of being a record of the exact mental procedure consentanenus with, or appropriate to, the immediate moment of the passion If passion 'runs not after remote allusions and obscure opinions,' if passion plucks no berries from the myrtle and ivy, nor calls upon Arethuse and Mincius,' neither does passion perforin such simple acts of literary art as the construction of clear sentences, the formation of lines of metre; or the invention of rhymes Grief, in its first act, in poets as in other people, consiimes itself in Obs' and Ahs,' in sobs and agitated gestures, in dull numbed musings, incolerent verbal bursts, pacings of the chamber through the weary night To poets, however, as soon as there is a lull of comparative tranquillity, and aiding perhaps to bring on that lull, there comes the use of those artifices of expression which are with them barilly artifices any longer, but the very habits of their minds ·LIFE OF VIILTON. Then is proluces the lay of the occasion, the song or longer poem, recorling the urich incloed, and creu ro- Dessing and droprening it, but weaving into the grief all the lyonnty of cognate story anıl incilitation that it will Iscar. True, there will still he gradati0116- of apparent closeness to the primary soinent or remoteness from it, according either to the intensity of the original grief or. to the poet's acquired liabits of artistic working. Simpleel of all, least removal of all from the original mnonint of feeling, and therefore most likely in some poets, and most utiral in recining to most readers, will be the direct lyric of sorrow in a few passionate strimas. Burr-'Jighland Jary, and other songs of his, kro exainpiles. But there may be meinorint pocns, trilules 10) it reeent or punet personal grief, which shall be as tme and natural, and yet le of more extensive design and inore complex feature, These may contain trains of varied thought and phantasy which the original feeling lony originated, and therefore may claim as its own; they my lic xpeculative ail occult, or figurative and mython Ivical, 118 the labits of the poet's thinking maz". delsrning; :Vin Vincins am Arethuse necil not be bent, for rough fatyrs and fans with cloven beel. ll'itness Strley's Journis to the memory of Koats. Or witness Tennysoul's In Jarmorium. What is that chief of marial poems in the English tongue but an aggrega tion of lyrics in which, though one (leep and cucuring personal farling moved to them all a purvailes then all, seminte allusions and olscure opinions,' beyond the frarning of Johnson's time, are plentifully interwove), Fnatiling of story occur and recur, and all the science sunet. mactaplıysics of the time become relevant to one death?

·INTRODUCTION, 1 Now Blilton's Lycida: is not, and does not profess to be, a poem of such personal sorrow, lig many degrces, as In Jemoriam. Nay, as Edward King w25 not a Keats, it is presumably less a poem of personal sorrow than Iilmais All the more are the traces of deliberate and conscious art which are visible in it to be regarded as consistent with the poet's actual kinel anıl amount of feeling when he wrote it, and his the intention. There are such traces. Twice in the body of the poem, as we have scen, Milton restrains or checks himself, as hai ing passcil somewhat the strict bounds of the strain in which he had begun; and at the close there is an epilogue, in l.is own name, characterising the poem 23 a Doric lay,' in which the tender stops of various quills' liad been touched, and also Innting that the artist is moving on to "" other themes, which will require a different treatment. (3) One established, and indeci prevalent, artifice in the poetry of Milton's day was the artifice of the pastoral form, and Johnson's criticism exliil»ts an utter obtuseness to the real nature, meaning, and power of this artifice. "They never drove a-field and they had no focks to batten! No, nor did Theocritus or Virgil cyer keep sheer, or pipe on oaten flutes beneath the becch-trees. Nor did the Portuguese pastoral poets do tlic like, nor Sannazaro and the Italians. Nor was Spepser a real Colin Clout, with Sidncy, and Raleigh, and Shakespeare, and all the other poets, or other cminent Englishmen of the day, surrounding him 18 actual shepherds, called Astrophel, and Cuddlie, and 1Willic, and Thomalın! What then We know what they meant. It is one thing to hold that the pastoral form might still suit our modern times, and to wish that b ·LIFE OF MILTON, it bere preserved; it is another to understand what the form was in the hands of those wlio dil practise it, an to see its importance in the past. liistory of our literature. Sponsor and the other pastoralists woull have smile in So'n al the molim Hiat the pastorał should be an exhibition of real shepherd-life, of the thoughts and manners of real slicphicrds. With them the pastoral form was a lovico, just as mctrc and rhymo vero devices, but in some respects of larger consequence-for vistancing themsclres from the ordlinary and prosaic, anel cnnbling thom to live and move mentally in a moro portic air. It was themsclres, with all their cxpcriences amel acquired ideas and feelings, Uint they ſung into an imaginary Ircadian world to be shepherds there, and, under the guise of that imaginary life, express their own real feelings, their most intimate cxperiences, and their thoughts about affairs, in monologno or linlognc. Icfensible or not originally, desirablo or not among ourselves, as we may think this artifice of pastoralism, this (lovice for pocts of an imaginary removal of them. selves into an Arcadian land in order to think under Arcarlian conditions, it is gross ignorance not to know how largely it once prevailed, and what a wenlth of old poctry we owe to it. Froin the youth of Spenser, himself the pastoralist-in-chief, on through the lives of the next generation, or from 1580 to 16:10, much of the finest English poetry is in the pastoral form.' During that period the word 'shcpherd' was an accepted synonym in England for the word 'poct.' They all, the finest-of. them all, "lrove a-ſiell' together, and "battened their flocks' in verse, tlough they had no flocks to batten. Milton, an almiror of Spenser, and describable as the ·INTRODUCTION. xvii truest of the Spenserians till he taught the world a higher than the Spenserian in the Miltonic, employect the pastoral form in his Lyculas, as he had employed it already, thougl less decidedly, in others of liis poems, He threw the story of liis acquaintance with Edward King and of the sail death of that youth ly drowning, and all the train of thought about the state of England which that death suggested, into the form of a pastoral lament for that shopherd, conceived as spoken by himself as a surviving shepherd. And who would wish now that he had done otherwise? What would a simple narrative of the shipwreck, or a few stanzas of direct regret, have been in comparison with the poem we now read? It is better than any memorial bust with basreliefs, better than any memorial picture It tells the facts with the minutest fidelity, but it gives them in the setting of one long mood of Milton's mind as he mused over them. And it is this setting that has made the facts immortal. If we now remember Edward King of Christ's College at all, or know that there was ever such a youth in the world, is it not owing to Milton's monody?" Of Johnson's criticism of the diction, the rhymes, and the numbers, Masson observes, "The ear of the eighteenth century, one can see, if this is to be taken as the opinion of Johnson's contemporaries, must have been vitiated in proportion to the degradation of its notion of poesy. For fastidious beauty of diction, and musical finish of versification, Lyculas is hardly rivalled. The art of the verse is a study in itself. The lines are mostly the common lambícs of five feet, but every now and then there is an exquisitely managed variation of a short line of three lambi, Then the interlinking 21 1 ·LITE OF BIILTON. and at another immaterial, Hallam thus replies * : "Johnson thinks that Milton should have secured the consistency of this poem by keeping immateriality out of sight, and enticing his reader to drop it from lis. thonghts. But here the subject forbad him to preserve consistency, if indeed there be inconsistency in supposing a rapid assumption of form by spiritual beings. For though the instance that Johnson - alleges of in: consistency in Satan's animating a toad was not necessary, yet his animation of the serpent was absolutely indispensable. And the same has been done by other poets, who do not scruple to suppose their gods, their fairies or devils, or their allegorical personages, inspiring thoughts, and even tiniting themselves with the sonl, as well as assuming all kinds of form, though their natural appearance is not always anthropomorphic. And, after all, Satan does not animate a real-toad, but takes the shape of one Squat like a toad close by the car of Eve.' But he does enter a real sorrent, so that the instance of Jolinson is ill chosen. If he had mentioned tho serpent, every one would have seen that the identity of the animal serpent with Satan is part of the original account." One question, incidentally noticed by Johnson, the question whether Milton, in his Parullise Lost, owed much to ancient or contemporary writings, las of late years been brought prominently into discussion by the claim especially inade in behalf of the Dutch Vondel Earlier criticism lind discovered, as it thought, plagiarisn various in kind from various sources. Voltaire, in 1727 suggested that the scheme of the poem might have bee • Litcrary History, iv, 239, 10, 8.11.

·ISTI:ODUCTION. more ilerired from a Scriptural drama, entitlul Idamn, hy ad Italian, Giovanni Battista Andrrini; and in 1730 a Scotchman, William Laudler, poblished a poludie to prove that Blilton hari ransacked modern and medieral literature for ideas al language. Laodes's charges were quickly exposerl, and afterwards confessed to be for the most part forgeries. But the indehtedness of Milton continuerl to be a subject of di-cusz10n; the Paraphrat of Genesis by the Anglo-Saxon port Cadmon being aluong the sources from which he was supposed to hare lrarn, while Todd, in his edition of the Poctical Works, gare 3 long list of Italian writers to whom by one person or anotier it was supposed that the port had gone for his inspiration. Of late all these uniranings, the proofs of which are no proofs, have given julace to the definite and circumstantial charges of plagiarism from Vondel's Lunfo, wleich, first broached in England in Gosse's Stwhes in the Lurrature of Virthern Europe, 1875, store in 1885 elaborated in a volume, ontstleil Jiltottam l'oriel, by a clergyman of the name of Filmundeon According to the working the design, language, ideas, imagery, and character of Parodos Lost owe large «lebts not only to Vondel's Lumfor, bot to an epic, sritten in 1662, to a long dulactic poer, published in 1661, and to a tragedy in 1661, ull by the same author A patient and searchuxexaruinatuun of the charges us thus artused will be found in acon's Introiluction to Purulur Land ii. p»p» 145 6! This exammation is of course toxlovy to le followed throughout But the gist of the conclu. sions, which seem to me unanswerable, may be given in tiro short extracts "Most of the parallelismis," lic 893, p. 151, "torchon ninotranet wentiethe of them I ·xxii LIFE OR STILTON masa say it once, are disposal of at first sight simple consideration, alreally insisted on, of the 1:ary character of the themes of the two poets, established tradition in the mind of Christocertain personages, incidents, and situations, as 1: In these themes fiy Biblical ind prescriptiv Lucifer, Berlzebub, Belial, (abriel, Michael, and were common property; and if a poct introduced or Beulzebul), Gabriel or Michael, into a poc coulil ho do but make them look and speak, to of his ability, in conformity with general exp® The Angelic Wars in Heaven, the rout of t Angels, their expulsion into Hell, their winging upwards again through the spaces of the ne Cosmos, the P'lolemaic constitution of this Cois infanc tank in the iniclut of it, and Adam an this carth in their l'arullise of foliage and beant, mlo were common properly; and, if any poci, on these subjects, he has similarly to con tradition and expectation in essentials, whnter tion of picturing or of woriling his genius mig! lim to effect in particulara." "Having given," 11. 163, 1, "romo specimens of Mr. Wilm collection of parallelis, I may add that I love in all the rest of this collection : single parallel toulil vino ino of a direct 11590 by Millo Pirulist boril of ny passage in lonel. My indevil, afing considering all the parallelismis pro Mfr. Edmundson, is that it will be quite pe inaintain the extremno prisition that Prelix la have been exactly the 370 29 it is if Vonilol ·INTRODUCTIOX. eristed. Tluat position, however, might be too extreme, Mr. Gosze thinks that Vondel's Lucifer Tas known to Milton; and Jir. Gosse's opinion on sucht a sulject, taken along with the already explainel historical prubabilities of the case, ought to count for sometliing Let the rote, then, be that Milton did somchow contrive, amid the difficulties of bis blindness, to superimpose upon all the mass of his previous readings from his youth onwards some new readings in the Lucifer, and in other poems, of his celebrated Dutch contemporary. That is all that is needed ; and it is a very different speculation from Mr. Edmundson's The matter of a man's reading, in any day or week of his life, does not remain distinct from his mind as already constituted, or only as edructhing additional that his mind can thenceforth work upon, it is necessarily, like all his other new : experiences, transanuted, there and then, into the very sulistance of his mind, modifying the very structure of his thinking faculty for all its future operations of reasoning, imagining, or whatever else. In this sense only,--that, when any mind is stirred, all its contents arc stirred, -is there any worth whatever, I believe, in 'any theory of Milton's indebtedness to any particular author; and all speculations as to Milton's indebteinres to particular authors in any other and less 10110101 while sense have in them, I believe, whether they 1019 tis not, the transmitted taint of the wretched lauder - and are doomed inevitably to the fate that attend. Eer prototype" In the Notes, as well as in this Introluction. found abundant evidence of iny obligations to Perfu. Alasson's edition of Milton's Poems and to lurlar!

·xxiv LIFE OF WILTON. To the latter work especially I owe a great c.... than can be shown by quotations; and I feel it to bo something like an impertinence to express iny admiration for the learning, research, accuracy, and coinpletofcss which inark its every pago. To my friend Mr. Maurice Macmillan I also owe my best thanks for the care with whiclı, as in the case of my school cditions of plays of Shakespcare, he lias road tic proof slicets, and for the inany valuable suggestions le las been kind enough to mako.

·SUMMARY OF JOHNSON'S MILTON. 1. LIFE OF MILTON (pp. 1-50). Müton's Family (rp 1, 2), landed proprictors in Oxford- Bhire His grandfather, a forest-beeper, a zealous Papist, his father, disinherited for changing his religion, a scrivener, skilful in music; his brother, Christopher, suffered as a Royalist, and knighted lsy James II , his sister Anne, married Eduard Philips ; the poet, born in Bread Street, 1608. Education (pp 3-4).—Privately instructed by Thomas Young; at St. Paul's School by Mr. Gill, at Christ's College, Cambridge (1624-1632), taking B A in 1628 and M.A. in 1632. “Eminently skilled " in Latin at 16, but compositions inferior to those of Cowley. Johnson - His early works raise no great expectations Elegies (1625-6) show classic elegance Left Cambridge with no kindly feelings, said to have suffered corporal punishment, and to have been expelled. Hostility to Cambridge shown in Truclate and Jury to remore Irelungs Went to Cambridge with intention to enter Church, but refused to do so because of the oath of servitude. Johnson — Thoughts of olclience to rules raised his indigaa tion, XXV ·LIFE OF MILTON. xxiv To the latter work especially I owe a great deal tuva than can be shown by quotations; and I feel it to be something like an impertinence to express my admiration for the learning, research, accuracy, and completeness shich mark its every page. To my friend Mr. Maurice Macmillan I also owe my best thanks for the care with which, as in the case of my school cditions of plays of Shakespeare, he has road the proof sheets, and for the many valuable suggestions he has been kind enough to make.

·SUMMARY OF JOHNSON'S MILTOX. I LIFE OF HILTOX (pp. 1-50). Milton's Family (pp. 1,2), Landed proprietors in Oxford- Sire. His grandisther, a forest-keeper, 3 zealous Popis:; father, disinterited for charging his religion, a scrirener, skilful in music; his brother, Christopher, sufiered 23 a Pogaliz, and knighted by James II. ; his sister Ånde, married Edward Philips ; the post, born in Bread Street, 160S. Ersation (pp. 2-4).—Privatels instructed by Thomas Young; at St. Paul's School by 3r. Gill; at Christ's College, Cambridge (1621-1632), taking B... in 1628 and Ma. in 1632. “Eminently skilled " in Latin at 16, bat compositions inferior to those of Cowley. Jan-H-s early works rise Do great expectations. Elçics (1625-6) shof classic elegance. Left Cam- Eridge with no kindly feelings, said to have suffered corporal punishment, and to have been expelled. Ho-tility to Cambridge shown in Tructute and Tay for tenyt Iliretrije tent to Cambridge with intention to enter Charch, but refused to do so because of the 03:h of servitude. JOAILLON.-Thonbus of obelience to rules raised his indiguaton ·Xxvi LIFE OR MILTON. Residence at Horton (1p. 1-6), 1632.8, extensive reading of Latin aml Grock. Comus (1631) acted by Earl of Bridgewater's family at Ludlow, Lycidas (1637), clegy on donth of Mr. King, display's acquaintance with Italian writors and malignity to the Church. srcaules, used as part of a dramatic entertainment: Travels (). 6-8), undor Sir H. Wotton's directions ; visited Paris (met Grotius), Florence for two months (his coinpositions applauded), Sienna, Rome (kindly received and praised by learned and great), Naples (mct Manso, patron of Tasso). Johnson. --All his writings slow a lofty anii steadly confidence in himself, and perhaps sono contempt of others. He rarely bestows praise. Political affairs provented lim froin going on to Sicily and (irecco. Returning ho visited Rome, Morence, Licen, Venice, and (icnera. Biluphim Dimonis in honour of his friend Diodati. Milton as a Schoolmaster (191. 8-11, 16). («) In St. Bride's Churchyard, torching his sister's sons (1638). (0) In Allorsgato Street, taking more boys (1039). Jolmson criticises the suggested canse of Milton's return to Englan, clefines him as a schoolmaster, coults the story of wonders performed at liis school, compares his plan to Cowley's, advocates the study of history, truth, and reason in preference to external mattire, cleclares Socrates opposed to Milton as a teacher, approves of the teaching of religion, and of Milton's example to lis pupils. (c) In the Barbican (1615-7).

·SLUVAFY, For a time he shelterei bis rifas relia Filips tries to prove that Uilton tras 22: a sebessier by profession, and that he led interval zo hem come a soldier. Johnson Rplies with sings Controversial Vntings (pr. 11-15, 11-23) (a) Neligiva Truth or let."*"1116111 intesiai to help the PuritanBishop Hall publishel Berry Picmonstrance in defence of Episcopacr. Six ministers (Smectymnuus) answered llall (1611). Bishop lsber attempted a Confutition of Smeetymnouz Of Priz? Episcopacy (1611) was Milton's reply to tsber. The lengthy title displays "puritarical suruyeress of manners" 1612 The Person of Curci G+971.41 ard to more pamphlets Johnson.-Ile confident's las consectisingly shows cis high opinion o! his own pace! In one pamphlet Jlilton defend timelf from the charge of being “romited from the literzity" His language is offensive ad malina (6) Alarruage and (i$49) Mary Powel, who left bin Iv and Discipline of Dooms, Tim JPEG (1644); Telrachordm (1645) Prosecution by the venue! contempt shown to his doctricas the Presbyterians. Pezzios vis u riferire by her friends. (c) Liberly of Pranam. Amma onun liberty of printing Jokes Ara 124.95 zis: ita Allegro and l'entre, Wite ir Viera? in 1815 ·xxviii LIFE OF MILTON, (11) The King's Death. A l'realise justifying the king's death; Remarks on Ormond's Articles of Peace; Iconoclastrs, an attack on Icon Basilike. Salmasius published Defensio Repis (169) by order of Charles II. Milton's Defensin Pouli (1651) replici, ridienling the Latin of Salmasins. Milton's pamphlet was the more popular. Salmasius died before his reply was completed. Milton received £1000, and though his sight. was failing, he continued to be Cromwell's Latin secretary, and to engage in controversy His first wife died (1653). Second marriage (1656). Second wife died "within a year," Schemes (pp. 23-27). (C) A Latin Dictionary, left unfinished. (6) A History of England, stopped at the Conquest. (c) An Epic Poem, resulted in Paradise Lost. Johnson gives copics of two plans left in namnscript. Blindness could not obstruct his power of invention. The indulgence of his fancy was a solace to lis solitude in blindness. Two pamphlets against the Clergy (1058). Restoration (pp. 27-31). Rely and easy way to establish a Free Commonucalth. Notrs on a Scrmon, answered by No Blind Guides. The Restoration drove him into Hiding. His Defence burnt by the hangman. Not mentioned in the exceptions to the act of oblivion. Burnet thinks he was forgotten. Prosecuted, tradition says he was saved by Davenant. In custody till November Removed to Jerin Street, Narricd il third time. Being cither prudent or grateful, he offered no opposition to the new settlement. dccidence ·SUMMARY. xxix commencril Grammar (1GG1). Elwood the Quaker engigel by Milton to read Latın. Johnson discusses the Italian pronunciation. The last residence of Milton, in Artillery Walk. Paradise Lost (pr 32-40) Original design unknown, first conception was 3 dramatic work, Progress, interrupted by private studies and state affairs Philips says he composed most freely in winter. Milton's Elegies suggest the spring. Johnson describes and discusses the belief in the dependence of the soul upon seasons, the degeneracy of nature, and climate. He thinks Milton's belief not entirely upreasonable. Richarison suggests that Milton's poetical faculty acted spasmodically. Johnson disbelieves his account of Milton's methods. Internal evidence gives few indications of the times when the parts of P.L were written. The third book refers to his blindness, the ecventh to the Restoration. A reference to his treatment after the Restoration is quoted and criticised In the Plague year Milton retired to Chalfont. Ilere Elwood suggested Paradise Regained. Next Fear Paradise Lost was licensed for publication. Account of the editions and sales down to 1690 Obstacles :- The Stuart Court, the paucity of readers, the ignorance of traders, gentlemen and Fomen, recent enmity to the author, newness of the versification, timidity of its admirers, fer opportunities of advertisement The Revolution brought popularits to Paradise Lost. Milton's expedient to supply his lack of sight inflicted misery on his daughters, who were compe12 to read books in many languages.

·LIFE OF MILTON. osing Years (pp. 41-44). History of England; 1669-70, mutilated by the licenser. Style harsh and unpleasing. Paradise Regnince and Sumson Agonistes followed. l'urailis Regained was his "last poctical offspring" and his favourito. His high opinion of it is not shared by Johnson. The poct is entitled to admiration for conlescending to write a manun! of Logic (1672). Trentiss of Truc Rcligion, a moilcstly written tract, advocating toleration to all excopt Papists, and recommending diligent pernsal of the Scriptures. Reprint of juvenilc poenis. Familiar Epistles in Latin. A quict death in 1674. Burial in St. Giles at Cripplegato; a monument in the Abbey crected, after opposition, in Johnson's time. Milton as a Man (pp. 44-48). Handsoinc in face, light hair, mediun height, active in frame, eyes quick but not bright. A severe student, moderate in appetitc, passing his days of blindness with great regularity. Devoted his cstate to the service of Parliament, for & timc neglected, then Latin Secretary at a salary, was paid for political writings. A rendor of all learned and polite languages, highly skilled in Latin and Italian, fond of Spenser, Shake- Spicare, and Cowloy. A Calvinist in carly liſc, then changcable, thinking rather to contemn than to approve. With profound helief in Providence he displayed no visible worship, public or private. Johnson condemns his neglect of family prayer. "An acrimonious anil-surly republican," opposel monarchy is not being frugal. Johnson attributes t ·SUMMARY, this to envy, petulance, and pride. His arbitrary rale at home du pot correspond with his professed lore of liberts. He seemed to look on woman with contempt Fimly II.«tory down to 1690 (pp. 48-50), II. POETICAL WORKS (pp. 50-74). Javenile Poems (pp 50-56). (a) Malian, have been commended. (6) Latin, " lasciously elegant," delightful rather for beauty of verse than for originality or rigour, (©) English, shor evidence of genius by being original, but this is their only excellence. Milton could not do little things with grace. Lycidas, harsh diction, uncertain rlıymes, anpleasing parbers, unnatural sentiments, destitute of natare and truth, of art and novelty The meaning of the allegory is too uncertain and too remote. The pastoral is too commonplace to arouse sympathy. Sacred truths are mingled with trifling fiction and irreverently liandled, though perhaps not consciously. No man who did not know Miltou could read Lyculas with pleasure L'Allegro and n Penscroso, “two noble efforts of imagination," always gire pleasure to the realer, They are designed to show how every disposition of mind is attracted to that which will give it pleasure. The pleasure of the chearful man and of the pensirr man are delightfully contrasted, but perhaps melancholy can be distinguished in Milton's o 3 C ·LITE OF MILTON: Closing Years (pp. 41-44). History of Englan:],"1669-70, mutilated by the licenser. Style harsis and unpleasing. Paradise Regained and Samson Amist's followcıl. Paradise liegained was his “last poetic:ui off-poring and his favourite. His high opinion of. 11. in 210! shared by Johnson. The poet is entitled .in admiration for condescending to write a manual of logic. (1672). Trentise of True Religion, a modestly wrijgen tract advocating toloration to all except l'apists in recommending diligent perusal of the Scriptures. Ri print of juvenile poems. Familiar Epistles in Latin. quiet death in 1674. Burial in St. Giles alt"Cripp! gate; a monument in the Abbey erected, aft opposition, in Johnson's time. Milton as a Man (pp. 44-48). Handsome in face, lij hair, medium height, active in frame, cyes quick not bright. A severe student, moderate in appetite, passing days of blindness with great regularity. Devoted his estate to the service of Parliament a time neglected, then Latin Secretary at a salary paid for political writings. A reader of all learned and polite languagés,'} skilled in Latin and Italian, fond of Spenser, speare, and Cowley. A Calvinist in early life, then changeable, tł rather to condemn than to approve. With pi belief in Providence he displayed no visibles public or private. Johnson condemns his ne family prayer. "An acrimonious and-surly republican, :-- fmmal. Johnson), ·TU 123 som set. 151. in 25 tez 15. 1.-TE CULP-Inimni 21 inscent si Thir mais als pocsi raz firme ISO Efesches , in sicut am sine.. tteo to crIT. Lucrécis SL BACZone el de mult Vlam zod Eve 22 czerwoner om The superioris Lizet L. Del 2 both states. 2. Parts of 22 - PE 1.2.1 procent marvellous. The pain 2030.. all nes at all times (SEC. 2. is marvellous and the cartell 3. The machinery, i... the icire per batural power. The visible outrc Heaves a part iu esery action 4 Episodes,—two only, introlucail bis Lapkulad Michael. One is a necessary #arnit to Idst, the other a necessary consolation. 5 A complete desim, at required by Anstotle's rules. The few digressions in Paradw. LA are two beautiful to be omitted. 6 I: this an heroic poemt lilton thus described it; Dryden denies the heroism of Adamn because he fell; Jobnson refutes Dryden because Adam 2$ restored. (ii.) The Enliments. In moet cases perfeetly appropriate Instructive [-1413zes are rare The aim is not to assist human . 1 ·LIFE OF MILTON. XXXIV 66 conduct, but to raise tho thoughts above earth. Occasional thoughts indicate Milton's forvid and active: imagination, continual study, and inquiring mind. The characteristick quality of this poem is sublimity." Cireatness and loftiness lift Milton nbove clegance and graco. Tho subject suited his powers. Nature ani human life wore too limited for him. He preferred possibility to reality; his imagination visited higher worlds. llence descriptions of scenes of nature are not real nor original. "Ilc saw nature through the spectacles of books" (Dryclen). Similes fow but varied, not confined to mero comparison.. Milton's moral sentimonts cxcel those of ancient Joots, who lacked the light of Revelation. "Ilis characters are greator, because they display Christian virtues. Sanctity of thought is overywhere displayed. - “Sublimity is the general and prevailing quality in this poem." The two human beings aro tenderly affectionato and sublimely pious before their fall, venerablo for dignity and innocence. After their fall they are humblo without meannoss, and again become worth of reverence. The anguish after their fall is just described. (iv.) Defects and Foults. Johnson's plan ignorcs verbal inaccuracies. 1. Inconvenience of plan, cxcluding human a and manners. llence the reader has little curi or sympathy. 2. The truths taught lack novelty, are neithe nor unexpected.

·SUMMARY, XXY 3 The solemnity of the subject obstructs rather than arouses imagination. The good and evil of cternity are too great for poetical treatment. 1. Milton has displayed the power of study and genius in accumulating and selecting materials to adorn his poem, and to present the subject in a new form with fresh adornments, but las not succeeded in supplywg the want of human interest. 5. The agency of spirits is not consistent throughout. Philosophy has confused poetry by partially, but not wholly, investing the spirits with form and matter, 6. Allegorical persons having no real existence are introduced The personification of Sin and Death is faulty. This "unskilful allegory” is one of the greatest faults. 7. A few errors in the narrative, and in the descriptions of man and animals before the fall, 8. Dryden remarks that the high level of excellence is not always maintained. Johnson considers that this is natural. 9. The "Paradise of Fools" is too ludicrous for this great work 10. Too frequent play upon words ; equivocations; improper nse of terms of art; these are unimportant faults. Paradise Regained (p 71), elegant, instructive. The duiogue requires the aid of action It suffers in the general opinion by comparison with Pundise Lost. Samson Agonistes (pp. 71, 72) has been too much admired.

·Xxxvi LIFE OF MILTON. Prejudice and bigotry made Milton prefer ancient: tragedies to those of the French and English stage. Blind admiration of Milton led to praise of unnecessary and useless intermediate parts of this drama. Many beautiful passages but no connected plan, Milton not a dramatist, had not studied character by.. observation but from books. He had little experience of human nature. General Remarks (pp. 72-74). Diction, uniform tlıroughout greater works, and peculiarly his own. His chief admirers attribute this to grandeur of ideas; Johnson to his love of foreign idiom. In his prose this is condemned, in his poetry. it is admired. Style is not modified by the subject: Milton wrote no langunge, but formed a Babylonish dialect, harsh and barharous in itself, but appearing graceful by the pleasuro it conveys. Copiousness, variety, diligent selection of melodious words, are to be praised - Versification. "English heroic verse without rhyme," probably in. imitation of Italian verse. 'He thought. -Thyme not' nocessary to true poetry. Johnson considera the English language, being unmusical, requires the "music of metre.", "The artifice of rhyme ". makes each line a distinct system of sounds and preserves. the music of the English heroic line. - Blank verse "seems to be verse only to the eye," has not the ease of prose, nor the melody of numbers, and soon tires. the reader. Milton is to be admired rather than' imitated.

·SUATLARY.
xxxті
Original Intention. 'Milton copied Homer, who
contrived the first epic poem, but "of all borrowers ho
is perhans the least indebted." A confident thinker,
diselainful of help or hindrance. His writings aru
entirely his own work, performed in spite of great
difficulties Homer's epic excels that of Molton only
by having fireceiled it

·No text on this page.

·DULTON,
: Life of Walton baj lnen ainus viitted in an arany
19 and with excl mitute inqurs, that I might questagung
properly have contente sus elf with the adition of
Wet to Ur Fentan's elegant flrulgentieut, laut tlut
*** Burrative 43 thonglit rien pou try to the unfurmity of
ition
ohn Milton was hy bith a gentleman, descended them
progireetnes vf Mutou near Thule Di (a fazelshuize, nye of
All Curfu teil lua estate in the trues of Yuthau Lancaster
icli sile he tuck I kuow uot ,
his ceye eiulant inheritel no IC
eration for the fute Rose
(19 anlather Jolin was heegel of the festest of Nut.ver,
alune popust, sho chupheriteri brg N 0023 he had
zhen the religion of 1124 anerstoi.
is father, Jolin, w w wax the con deinheritel, Suas recorre
114 support to the profesini af axrirener
Helis 11.11
sent for his skıl} mi mush, muy of his cumpki
to be formd, and inny reputatın alies profeul *12*
tzte He liv
wh address
Intrue
atlewoman of the same of astou, a Welsh frusts.
mlie bal two sons Juhu the juret, and Chn-toper bu
in the law, and whered as the law tught him. ty thie
spurts, for hul be was a while precotel, but lurios
is brother's interest, obtauerl permission to live a quirl,
1

·ted himself so honourably hy. er the accession of King James, he was e a Julge; but, lis constitution being too weak for s, he retired before any disreputable compliances bet'cessitry. and lihtwise a daughter Anne, whoun lle married with xiderable furtune tu Edward Philips, who came from wsbury, and rose in the Crown-Oflice to be secondary; by. she hail two sons, Jolin and Edward, who were cilicated the poet, and from whom is derived the only authenti out of his domestic manners, Juhn, the preret, was born in his father's house, at the Spre: ugle in Bread Street, Dec. I, 1600, between sis and seven The name His father appears to have been very solicitu. sulmut his education; for he was instructed at first by privato tuition under the care of Thomas Young, who was afterwards chaplain to the English merchants at Hamburglı; and o when we have l'eason to think well, since his scholar.cor sidered liim as worthy of an epistolary Elegy. 20 He was then sent to St. Paul's School, nnder the care of Mr. Güll: ani rem ved, in the beginning of his sixteenth year, to Christ's College in ('ambridge, where he entered a sizar, Feb. 12, 1624. He was at this time eminently skilled in the Latin tongue; and he himself, by annexing the dates to his first composi lions, a beast of which the learned Politian had given hir an example, seres to commenil the earliness of his own proficiency to the notice of posterity. But the products of his Vernal fertility have been surpassed by many, and particu- 30 larly by his contemporary Cowley. Of the powers of the : inind it is difficult to form an estimate: many have excelled Milton in their first essays, who nerer rose to works like. Paradise Lost. At fifteen, a date which he uses till lic is sixteen, lie trans-, lated or versified two Psalms, 114 and 136, which lie thought worthy of the public eye; but they raise no great expecta: 2.

·LIFE OF MILTOX, tion they wouldl in aar zimmervl4 schont lave oltajnal pris, brit riot eritel out,' Jany of liis clerie appaj to late lern unten in bly Fighteenth serr, Iss which it appears that he hail then mail the Roosan authore tlı very nice discerument J orice lisad Jír IIampton, the translator of Poly Lin, reinark what I think is true, that Milton was tlie firet Englsliman lik, after the primal of letters, wrote Latin Serses with classic elerince Jl any exceptione can be made, they are very few : TI vidon and Aschan, the pride of Elzalth's reign, in kweter they may bare succeedlec uri proge, sooner attempt renses than they provoke derision If we proluced 30 thing worthy of notice Lefore the elegrey of Miltons, it Wix garluasa Urheter's Roxana of the exerci-ce, which tlic rules of the University re. quiral, one were publisheil hy hom in luy maturer Jerry Ty had been uaduubtells appelauded, for they were such as Expr. fofoms; at there je reason to 8pert !lut le me romanlal in his college with no great fondseca That lie Clcaiuer! 110 fellyja ship is certain ; int the mukindnews with 20 Lin.he was treated was not merely legatise I am lemad to relate what I fear 13 true, that Milton was ope" of the last students in either university that suffered the prilie inlignity of corporal correction. It way, in the violence of controversial lan-tility, objected! to him, that he was expellcs} This lie stcalıly denez, and it #bapparentis nut true; but it seems plans, from his un to Juwati, tlut he had incurred "Rustication;" temprary demising us the country, with perhaps the Iron of a torn 30 This which mentions his esile, proves likewise that it www ust perjutaal; for it concludes with a resolution of ntomuzeome tina to Cambridge And it tunel from the input with which Die fan may le cunjecthe tremors of his ezile. that ita mula sa vuka.....) perfettater, ·success. 24 l.ill: ON!!ITOX. . a period at which affairs were not yet very intricalyg. authors very numerous. For the subject of his epick poeni, after much deliberation, long chusing, and beginning latc, he fixed upon Paradise Lost; a design so coinprehensive, that it could be justified only by He had once designed to celebrate King Arthur, as lie hints in his verses to Mansus :: but srthur rras reserved, says Fenton, to another destiny. It appears, by some sketches of poctical projects left in 10 manuscript, and to be seen in a library at Cambridge, that he had ligested his thoughts on this subject: into one of those wild dramas which were anciently called Blysteries ; and Philips had seen what he terms part of a tragedy, beginning with the first ten lines of Satan's address to the Sun. These Mysteries consist of allegorical persons ; such as Justice, Vercy, Faith. Of the tragedy or mystery of Para: dise Lost there are two plans : THE PERSONS. THE PERSONS. Michacl. Moses. 20 Chorus of Angels. Divine Justicc, Wisdom, Heavenly Love. Heavenly Love. Lucifer. The Evening Star, Hesperns. Chorus of Angels. Adam, with the Serpent. Eve, Lucifer. Conscience. Adam. Death. Eve. Labour, Conscience. Sickness, Labour, Discontent, Mutes. Sickness, Ignorance. Discontent, Mutos. with others; Ignorance, Faith. Tear, Hope. Charity. Taith. Hope. Charity. 30 Death;

·LIFE OF WILTOX. . PARADISE LOST. IZ PEYN cm, 775mLxL+4:31 Lie trolls: siis noras /,zzi i rith God is the Brit; 4.775 tard! Ed Ej;- 34 ile sritrof -Fn .، ومن له ؟ :r يمr منهم : لات ماء WITH 1: for ITTYA: ul., eilris to the tibia! nd;LT CLIO. * Ads in the rain ! indien ir 20th-irri 10 & -zus oli Ludus, if Ł: 11.2 Czeciezaletite Cressica Here! Erre. ACT IL Eremia 8:17. Chatte 3052, 21 describes Pr.. ACT MI. Luciler, cirritz adau's rais Clearl 4m, ad relais Ler's relacilat 90 ACT M. Alam tales ? Cookiete ate them to God's ezusicaia C. Louis, and tested Ads tas ir ACT I Adana Eremot of Pack peate y angel with Lalome, Grit. Hatrol, E., War, Fasin, T'esiiectus, Daivatust, latozsor, Yeter 20 Tear, Dil To Eco Le gives the Ligter, le, Teaspat, &c. Fath, Time, comfor ki, sad ir Lite Craciis, (29-3 liecocsis ·32 LIFE OF MILTON.- Latin, may so soon learn the sounds wliich every native gives: it, that he need make no provision. before his journey ; and if strangers visit us, it is their business to practise such conformity to our modes as they expect from us in their own countries. Elwood complied with the directions, and improved himself by his attendance ; for he relates, that Milton, having a curious ear, knew by his voice wheri lie read what he did not understand, and would stop him, and open the most difficult passages. 10 In a short time he took a house in the Artillery Walk, leading to Bunhill Fields; the mention of which concludes the register of Milton's remorals and liabitations. He lived longer in this place than in any other. He was now busied by Paradise Lost. Vhence he drew the original design has been variously conjectured, by men who cannot bear to think themselves ignorant of that which, at last, neither diligence nor sagacity can discorer. Some find the hint in an Italian tragedy. Voltaire tells it. wild and unauthorised story of a farce seen by Milton in Italy, 20 which opened thus ; Let the Rainbow be the Fiddlestick of the Fiddle of Heaven. It has been already shewn, that the first conception was a tragedy or mystery, not of a narrative, but a dramatick work, which he is supposed to have begun to" reduce to its present form about the time (1655) when lie. finished his dispute with the defenders of the King. He long before had promised to adorn his native country by some great performance, while he had yet perhaps to settled design, and was stimulated only by such expectations as naturally arose from the survey of his attainments, and 30 the consciousness of his powers. What he should undertake, it was difficult to determine. He was long chusing, and, began late. While he was obliged to divide his time between the private studies and affairs of state, his poetical labour must. have been often interrupted; and perhaps he did little more in that busy; time than construct the narrative, adjust: the ·LIFE OF JILTON, 33 cpiende proportion tlle parte, accumulate images and sents ments, and treasure in his mennry, or prperve in writings such hints as books or ineditation would supply Nothing particular is known of luis intellectual spenstiony while lie was a statesman; for, hzring every help and accomodation at land, he had no need.of uncommon expedicuts. Bring drnen from all public stations, le is yet to grat Tint to lie traced loy curiosity to his retirement; where lie 1114 been found lwy Jír Richards011, tlie fondeat of his admrers, sitting before his door in a grey cout of coarse cloth, 10 in turn sultry scrather, 10 enjoy the frike air; unul x0, 68 scell as in kunun rooni, recei ing the risiti of people of listinguishel parts as tcell as quality 1118 visitors of lugli quality must yow be imagined to be few; but men of parts miglit reanniality court the conversation of a man so generally illat10114, that foreigners are reportedl, by Wond, to have visited the house in Brend Street where he was born According to another acount, lie was seen in a small hulle, neatly enough drrueil in black rlotshx, sitting in a room iung soith rusty green; pale but nol cadaverous, inth chalk 20 miones in his hands lle end, thut of it ITU not for the gout, hiebliminese rould be tolerable. In the intervals of lus jam, being made unable to 119e the kommon exereixes, lse usail to swing in a car, and sometimes dased upon an organ IIe was now confrseeilly and wibly employed upon 1114 poem, of which the progresy might lie wted by those with whon he was familiar, for be is wiligel, when he 1.41 compound as many fuies as lus memory would com ellently retain, to enploy some frent in writing thein, luang, at 30 least for part of the time, na regulir attendant. Thus fare opportunity to observations and reports Mr Philip olmerves, that there was a trry temirhalle circunstance in the cutif sure of Paraclise Lant, "wich I luca particular reason, " kiys lie, "to remember, for whereas I und the prerusal of it from the very beginning, he c ·LIFE OF JILTON years, as 1 went from time to time to visit him, in parcels of: ten, twenty, or thirty verses at a time (which, being written by whatever hand caine pext, might possibly want correctioni as to the orthography and pointing), having, as the summer. came on, not been shewed any for a considerable while, and desiring the reason thereof, was answered that his vein never: happily flowed but from the Autunnal Equinox to the Vernal; and that whatever he attempted at other times was never to his satisfaction, though he courted his fancy never - O so much ; so that, in all the years he was about this poem, le may be said to have spent half his time therein.): Upon this relation Toland remarks, that in luis opinion , Philips las mistaken the time of the year; for Dlilton, in his Elegies, cleclares that with the advance of the Spring lic feels the increase of liis poetical force, redeunt in carmia: circs. To this it is answered, that Philips 'could - hardly mistake time so well marked ; and it may be added, that Milton miglit find different times of the year favourable to. different parts of life. Mr. Richardson conceives it impossible. 20 that such a work should be suspended for six months, or for It may go on faster or slower, but it must go on., By what necessity it must continually go on, or wliy it might not he laid aside and resunied, it is not easy to discover. This dependence of the soul upon the seasons, those tempomry and periodical ebles and flows of intellect, may, I suppose, justly be derided as the fumes of -vain iniagination. : Supiens dominabitur ustris. The author that thinks himself weather-bound will find, with a little help from hellibore; that he is only idle or exhausted. But while this notion lias. 30 possession of the head, it produces the inability which it supposes. Onr powers owe much of their energy to our liopes; possunt quia posse videntur. When success seems attainable, diligence is enforced; but when it is admitted: that thic faculties are suppressed by a cross wind, or a clondy: sky, the day is given up without resistance ; for who can: contend with the course of Nature ? Onc.

·35 LIFE OF MILTON. From such prepunasessions Milton seems not to have lren free. There prevailed in his time an opiniou that the worki wus in its decay, and that we have liad the mainrtntic to live poroduced in the decrepitude of Nature. It 123 suspected that the whole creation languisheel, that neither tres nor animaly had the light or bwk of their predecesors, and that everytlung was daily sinking liy gradual diminution. Milton appears to suspect that souls puitake of the general degeneracy, and 14 not without some fear that his look is to lup written in an age too late for heroick press, 10 Another opinion waders about the world, and sometimes fine reception among rise men; an opinion that restrain the operation of the mind to particular regious, and supping that a luckles mortal may be torn m a degree of latitude too high or too low for wisdon or for wat Fmm tlue fancy, will as it 19. lie liad not wholly cleared his heall, when he feared lest the dinite of his country miglit be too coll for Nights of imagination Into a nund alieady occupied by such fancies, another not more reasonable might easily find its way le that condal 20 fear lest his genius ad fallen upon ton old a world, or too chill a climate, might consistently magnify to humeclf the influence of the seasons, and believe has faculties to be vigorous ouly half the year Ilis suhmuseron to the seasons wig at least more reasonable than liie dread of decaying Nature, or a fngid zone, fur geperal muses inust operate umfornly in a general alatement of inental poker, of lees muld be performed ly the suter, less likewise would content the judges of hre work Among this lagging race of frosty gravellers he might still have rise 18 30 into eminence by producing sometlung #lik h they xlorated not reitlingly let die Iowerer inferior to the hervey wly want burn in letter ages, he rught still be great amony his witemporaries with the hope of growing every day greater in the dwindle of pusterity Ile miglit still be the grant of the ps since the oneeyed monarch of the blind ·36 LIFE OF MILTON Of his artifices of study, or particular hours of composition, ire lave little account, and there was perhaps little to be told. Richardson, who seems to have been very diligent in his enquiries, but discovers always a wish to find Milton discriminated from other men, relates; that "he would sometimes lie awake vrlole nights, but not a rerse could he make;. and on a sudden his poetical faculty would rush upon him, with an impetus or costrum, sind his daughter was immediately called to secure what carne. At other times le vould dictate 10 perhaps forty lines in a breath, and then reduce them to half the number." These bursts of lights, and involutions of darkness; these transient and involuntary excursions and retrocessions of invention, having some appearance of deviation from the common train of Nature, are eagerly caught by the lovers of a wonder. Yet something of this inequality happens to erery man in every mode of exertion, manual or mental. The mechanick cannot liandle his hammer and his file at all times with equal dexterity; there are hours, he know's not. ; 20 trhy, when kis kand is out. By Alfr. Richardson's relation, casually conveyed, much regard camot be claimed. That, in his intellectual hour, Milton called for his daughter to socure achat came, may be questioned ; for unluckily, it happens to be known that his daughters were never taught, to writo : ncr rould he have been obliged, as is universally confessed, to hare employed any casual visitor in disburthening his memory, if his daughter could have performed the office. The story of reducing his exuberance has been told of 30 other authors, and, though doubtless true of every fertile and copious inind, seems to have been gratuitously transferred to Milton, What he has told us, and we cannot now know more, is,. that he composed much of his poem in the night and morning, I suppose before his mind was disturbed with comnion business; and that he poured out with fuercy his unpre- ·37 LITL OF NILTOX. neditate rerie Versification, free, like his, from the disreede of rlıyme, mast, by a work xo long, le pada prompt and liabitual; and, when luís thoughts werk once adjusted, the words would come at his command. At what particular times of his life the parts of his work were written, annot often he known. The beginning of the third book shewe that lie had lent his right; and the Introduction to tlse Reventii, that the return of the King lad clouded lam with discounterance; and that lie was offended Voy the licentioufeaturity of the Restoration. There are n. 10 other mternal note of time. Milton, txing not clearel from all effects of his clisloyalty, had nothing required from hun but the common duty of living in quiet, to be rewardel with the common right of protection : but this, which, hrn Be sculked from the approach of her King, was perhape more than he hoped, seems not to have strefied him, for no sootler 14 hekle, than he finds lanself in danger, fallen on eril days and coil tonguca, and onth darkness and inih danger cornpures'il round The darkne<a, had his eyes buen letter enployed, Hrad undonlitedly deserved cos4253101 · Imt to add the mention of langer was ungrateful and unjust Ile was falleu Amulerat 131 pul laye; the time was crue in which reguculey would no longer lyst their wickedness. Put of eril tongpics for Miltou to complays required impudence at levt equal to 114 other ſwers, Jilton, whom warmest advocates must allow, that he neser spared any asperity of reproach or lirutality of wentence Dut tlse claudit-elf seems to be falec, for it wolle linra to recollect any reproach tast upon him, ritlitr serious air Quierous, tlırongh the whole terjaining part of hue lıfe 30 lle pursucil his studies, or us annusements, without pre recutron, lunlestation, or ineuitSuch 19 the reverence paid to great abilities, however missed, ther who contemplate 111 Milton the seholar and the mit, were contented to forget the - reszler of lu4 King When the plage (1661) maged in London, Milton ·48 LIFE OF MILTON. His political notions were those of an acrimonious and surly. republican, for which it is not known that he gave any better reason than that a popular gorernment was the most frugal; for the trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary Commonwealth. It is surely very shallow.policy, that supa poses money to be the chief good; and even this, without considering that the support and expence of a Court is, for the inost part, only a particular kind of traffick, by which money is circulated, without any national im- 10 porerishment. Milton's republicanism was, I am afraid, founded in an. envious liatred of greatness, and a sullen desire of indepen-. dence; in petulance impatient of controul, and pride disdainful of superiority. He lated neonarchs in tlic state, and prelates in the church; for he hated all whoin he was required to obey. It is to be suspected, that his predominant desire tras to destroy rather than establish, and that lie felt not so much the love of liberty as repugnance to authority. 20 It has been observed, that they who most loudly clamour for liberty do not most liberally grant it. That we know of Milton's character, in domestick relations, is, that lie was serere and arbitrary. His family consisted of women ; and there appears in his books something like a Turkish contempt of females, as subordinate and inferior beings. That his own daughters might not break the ranks, he suffered them to he. depressed by a mean and penurious education. He thought woman made only for obedience, and man only for rebellion.. Of his family some account may be expected. His sister, 30 first married to Mr. Philips, afterwards niarried Nir. Agar, a friend of her first husband, wo succeeded him in the Crownoffice. She had by her first husband Edward and Jolin, the two nephews whom Milton educated; and by her second, two daughters. His brother, Sir Christopher, had two daughters, Mary and Catherine, and a son Thomas who succeeded Agar in ·WIFI: UF MILIOX, the Crown-ofice, and left a slaughter living in 1743 in Grotetor-street Hilton had children only by his first wife; Aale, Jars, and Deborah Anne, though deforand, mami a master. huilder, and died of lier firt cluíld. Mary diert fugle The imali turniiralan Clark, a torer in Spitalfield, and lived seventy-le jen, to August 1727. Tis is the slaughter of whom publick mention bas Iets mide. She emid repent the first lines of Homer, the Jetamorplio anul wime of Eunpide, lig sing often read them. Yet 10 Here incredulits i4 trady to make 3 klani. Many rrjetitimus are neary to fit in the memnry finn not understoo, an? Wły aliould Islton w21 or wint in mar them to often / T\\ lines were at the beguiming of the gwwm. Of a bruk written in a language not understand the largonin, tais my rore attention than the eac: and as those that under. **tand it know inmmonly the beginning to its rebrarsat • wilt welclem tn necessary It is not likely that Milton required aux passion to be so dish repeated as that h* dangtrs could lean it, nor likely that bedmirel the initial 20 linn to I read at all, But that the daughter, wiary of the dnigery of prntiounmug un ideal sustes, soul oluntarile Crimmit them to memory. Tri this gentlen vann Addino mule a furpant, and grow ir gry! me ostalihlent. It dies song after Queen Carlme sent luer fifty guneak Shr tad nesen any and tlısec daughtert, but twie of thronut any children, errept her kon ('ateh and her daughters Elizabeth Calph vent to Fort St George in the East Indies, and liad (vo Mula, of a hann notun is hins host. Elizabeth married Thomas » Frater, 2 *saver 2. Yutalii, ld, and bad sen shuldren, aslo all du She hipstruit rer* vr rumuliere bip, tient At llofiowi, and afterwards in 'ik-line ntar Shoreditels Church She knew little flip's diaris. T. and tint little Wis not goal. She told of his little to is dangliters, and his refusal to late the ru taunt tu kritu; and, in 'TURE ·LIFE OF MILTON: -0 cion to other accounts, represented him as delicate, though temperate, in his diet. In 1750, April 5, Comus vas played for her benefit. Slie had so little acquaintance with diversion or giety, that she did not know what was intended when a benefit was offered her. The profits of the night were only one hundred and thirty pounds, though Dr. Newton brought a large contribution; and twenty pounds were given by Tonson, a man who is to be praised as often as he is named. Of this sum one 10 hundred pounds was placed in the stocks, after some debate between her and her husband in whose name it should be". entered ; and the rest augmented their little stock, with which they removed to Islington. This was the greatest benefaction that Paradise Lost ever procurer the author's descendents ; and to this he wlio has now attempted to relate liis Life, bad the honour of contributing a Prologue. In the examination of llilton's poetical works I shall pri so much regard to time as to begin with his juvenile pri ductions. For his early pieces he seems to have had a degri : 20 of fondness not very laudable: what he lias once written resolves to preserve, and gives to the publick an unfinished .. poem, which lie broke off because lie was nothing satisfied arith achat he had done, supposing his readers less nice than himself. These preludes to his future labours are in Italian, Latin, and English. Of the Italian I cannot .pretend to speak as a critick; but I have heard them commended by a man well qualified to decide their merit. The Latin pieces are lusciously elegant; hut the delight which they afiord is rather by the exquisite imitation of the ancient writers, by 30 the purity of the diction, and the harmony of the numbers, than by any power of invention, or vigour of sentimcut They are not all of equal value ; the elegies excell the odes; and some of the exercises on Gunpowder Treason might have: been spared. The English poems, though they make no promises of ·LIFE OF BIILTOX 01 Tradiso last, have this esidence of genius, tlut they are i ost original anul malmrowel But their familiarity in not morellenec; if they dotes from vrsts of others, these elutter for the wore; for thes are ton ofteu dixtinguished by Tepulauve barshness; the combinations of worly ary #w, Jot they are not pleasing; the rhymes and epitheto seein to ho Laloriously sought, and vintentis applied That in the early jurts of his life he simte with mulaire appeary front lare inamiqripts, Jappily preserveul at Can Lralge, in which many of his smaller works are found as they 10 were first written, with the subsequent corrertior. Such reliques thew how excellence is required; what we, lepe over to do with case, we may learn first to do with diligerke, T1:04 who nemure the cauties of this great gwrt, sorietime force their own judgement into falze approlation of bort little pitenes, and prevel on themselves to think that almırabile which 1 only singular. All that short composio tions en commonly att.in is neatness and elegance. Milton never learned the art of doing little things with grace, lic overlocked the milder ercellence of suvity and softues, le 20 was a Lion that lind no xkill in dinilling the kill One of the prems on such much praree hins leen bestowel ju lacidu; of whicla tl diction 19 liarxh, the rlıyına ulcer. tun, and the numbers unpleasing Wat leauty there , we must therefore beeh 11 the sentiments and migry IC not to be conarlerud .. the fusion of real passos, for 117 «lon runs not after remote alluns and lacure OpzODU. Pileton plseks no lxrries from the myrtle and ivy, nor calle upan Irithuae and Mininas, nor tells of mighs artyrs and filluns weith cloten hel Where there ly lewure for fiction 30 there 14 little grief In the poem there 14 no nature, for there 14 W traith; there 19 no art, for the re 18 bathing new Ita for that of autoral, cas), sular, and therefore deguating whatever my it mn ruptly, are Inng ago <xbrutal, and its inherent injirolubility alsays forere destruction on the - ·LITE OF MILTON. 52 mind. When Cowley tells of IIcrvey that they studied together, it is easy to suppose low mich he must niiss the companion of his labours, and the partner of his discoveries but what image of tenderness can be excited by these lines 7 We drove a field, and both together heard “hat time the grey fly winds her sultry horn, Battening our flocks with the fresh dews of night. We know that they never drove i. field, and that they had no flocks to batten ; and though it be allowed that the 10 representation may be allegorical, the true ineaning is so uncertain and remote, that it is never sought because it cannot be known when it is found. Among the flocks, and copses, and flowers, appear the heathen deities; Jove and Phoebus, Neptune and folus, with a long train of mythological imagery, such as a College easily supplies. Nothing can less display knowledge, or less exercise invention, than to tell how a shepherd has lost his companion, and must now feed his flocks alone, without any judge of his skill in piping; and how one god asks another 20 god what is become of Lycidas, and how neither god can tell. He who thus grieves will excite no sympathy; he who thus raises will confer no honour. This poem has yet a grosser fault. With these trifline fictions are mingled the most awful and sacred truths, su ils ought never to be polluted with such irrererend combis tions. The shepherd likewise is now a fceder of sheep, ¿ afterwards an ecclesiastical pastor, a superintendente Christian flock. Such equivocations are always unskil but here they are indecent, and at least approach to imp 30 of which, however, I believe the writer not to have conscious. Such is the power of reputation justly acquired, th blaze drives away the eye from nice examination. Sus man could have fancied that he read Lycidas with ph had he not known its author.

·LIFE OF NILTOS Of the two pieces, L'Alland Il Pensety. I beliere opioun is uniforma ; ften us that ful them, rada them with piosure Tie author's dein is swot, what Terlall ha remarkal, merely to alwn. Im lejerit dimne thrir cluurs from the tunel, los representing the operation of the fine thing ng is thu 675 anl the tuelancholy teniper, or ujin the same toan au lie is diferently demand; bit ratlit hos, among the studertelte variety of nj'Ikaralien, Every die maition of mind takes hold on thiome by wluch it may be fratifieri 10 The cheerful man liers the lark in the morning: the pensire alan hear the nightingale in the trening. Tl: cheerful man ** the crack trut, and bears the limiti atal Joundt echo in tlie word, the walls hot vnum to otronic the glory of the range, or listen to the ringing mulk-mant, and vjew thin Latwurs of the plusamat and the former; then chata 119 estas almout him over ret home of muling plenty, anel Inoke up to the distant tuwer, the roldence of conc fair inhabitant, thus lie punxeg rum571-17 through a di «f lalour or of play, and delighet huimau If at night with the 21 fanciful narratives of kuperstitionis nominee The pense TILT, at one tisap, walks un to tune at midnight, and at another hear the gullen curfew weather drie him lenme, le sits in a roon ughted only by gloeing embere; or try a Innely lamp outwatches the North Star, to dever the dubitation of eparate svula, and varios the shades of tumlitation, by ontemplating the man ficut nr pathetuk sors of tra h and epic wtry 15hen the fiorning umur, a turun, plomy with min and sind, le walka into the dath trackless woode, fails as mep by stue 30 murmuning water, and with melanchuls enthusvnu erpreta om drcara of prognostication, or mine musik plased liv aerul turformers Poth Mirth and Melanchols are solitars, rulent in alitants of the react that nuitler receive nor transmit cununiatin; 110 menticily therefore made of a plulusphical fnınd, or a ·LIFE OF MILTOX . pleasant companion. The seriousness does not arise froni any participation of calamiti; nor the gaiety from the pleasures of the bottle. The inan of chearfulness, having exhausted the cnuntry, tries what torcered cities will afford, and niingles with scenes. sf splendor, gay assemblies, and muptial festivities; but he mingles a were spectator, as, when the learned coinedics of Jonson, or the wild drainas of Sbakspeare, are exhibited, le attends the theatre. 10 The persive man never loses liimself ini crowds, but walks the cloister, or frequents the cathedral. Milton probably had not yet forsaken the Church. Buscit his characters delight in musick ; but lic seems. to. think that chcarful notes would have obtained from Pluto a: cumpleat dismission of Eurydice, of whom solemn sounds only procured a conditional release.. For the old age of Chcarfulness lie mikes no provisiou ; bit Melancholy he conducts with great dignity to the close of life. His Chearfulness is without levity, and his Pensive. 20 ness without asperity. Thrugh these two poems the images are properly selected; ind nicely distinguished; umut the colour's of the diction secin not sufficiently discriminated. I know not whether the characters are kept suficiently part. No nirt) can, indeed, I)e found in his melancholy; but I atn afraid that I always meet some melancholy in his mirth. They are two noble efforts of imagination. The greatest of his juvenile performances is the Masque of Comus ; in which may very plainly be discovered the dawn 30 or twilight of Paradise Lost. Wilton appears to have former very carly that system of diction, and mode of verse, which his rhiaturer judgement approvec, and from which he never endeavoured nor desired to deviate. Nor does Commus afford only a specimen of his language ; it exlibits likewise his power of description and his vigour of sentiment, employed in the praise and defence of virtue. A ·LIFE OF MILTOX. 65 tark more truly iwwtical i mreli fuuni ; alleziony images, and cle cripturejatlets, embellialı almat every impo] #ith fariah dreorition. As a frisma of linry, tlu refore, it may we congueres! 14 Forthy of all the adinimti sith which the Yolaries intre receivelit Aan drama it is cleficient. The netion is not prolalle, A Masque, in the parts were supernatural intertento ja admitted, munat inderd be given up to all the front of imagination : but, so far as the action is inerily Imman. at ought to be resonable, liicht can hardly be mich of the 10 cotiduet of the two Irothers; who, when their sister Miniks with fatigue in n xthlety wilderness, warrier Totle nun) together in search of little too far to find their way werk, and leave a liciplexx lady to all the sadince and danger of Anlitude. This linweier is n defect over balanced by its " convenience. What deserves more reprehension is, thin the prologue froken in the wild wood by the attendant Spurit 14 addressed to the nudience; r mode of communication au contrary to the nature of dramatick representation, tlint in precedents 90 an fupport it. The discourse of the Spirit 18 ton long, an objection that may be made to almoat all the following *}***her they linse not the fjiritelines of a dialoguin mited by rex prnal. contention, but xeeni ratlar declimutan ellemtely on. joch, no fornially tepunted, on 1 mami question. The auditor therefoto listen as to a kike, without presion, without nntirt). This song of Come Ins arripes 2011 joihts; but, ha! may recommend Milton's morala is well zu les portry, the 31 invitation to pleacuje are so you run that ther esciie in distinct images of corrupt nixri 11 w take no dar Hold on the fancy The following solidues it the larr clegunt, but tedions Thu-T; De meel, to - if it ever can delight. It is In: 1,-- 1 WA ·LIFE OF MILTON. much tranquillity; and when they: Have fenred lest tlicir sister slould be in danger, and hoped that she is not in slanger, the Elder makes a speech in praise of chastity, ind the Younger finds low fine it is to be a philosopher. Then descends the Spirit in form of n slepliéral ; and the Brother, instead of being in laste to ask his help, praises his singing, and enquires his business in that place. It is remarkable, that at this interview the Brother is taken with il short fit of rhyming. The Spirit relates that the Lady is in 10 the power of Comus ; the Brother moralises again ; and the Spirit makes a long warration, of no use liccause it is false, and therefore unsuitable to a good Being. In all these parts the Inngunge is poetical, and the senti. ments are generous; but there is something wanting to allure attention. The dispute between the Lady and Comus is the most nuimnted and affecting scene of the dramin, and wants nothing but a brisker reciprocation of objections and replies, to invite attention, and detain it. 'The songs are vigorous, and full of imagery; but they are harsh in their cliction, and not very musical in their numbers Throughout the whole, the figures are too bold, and the language too luxuriant for dialogne. It is a dramın in the epic style, inelegantly splendid, and telliously instructive.". The Sonnets were written in dillerent parts of Milton's life upon «lifferent occasions. They deserve not any particular criticism; for of the best it can only be said, that they are not bad ; and perhaps only the cighth and the twenty: first are truly entitled to this slender commendation. The 30 fabrick of a sormet, however adapted to the Italinn language has never succeedel in onrs, which, laving greater variety of termination, requires the rhymes to be often changed. Those little pieces may be lispatched without much anxiety; a greater work calls for greater care. I am now to examine Prralise Lest; a poem, which, considered wit} respect to design, nay claim the first place, and with respect ·LIFE OF WILTOS. to jurformuatice the second, an tig tur productions of the human mind Dy the general conucnt of critichs, the first grajen ol genis is due to the rriter of as (puk pwwtn, at it requires an fa temblage of all the provins which in eingly waflicimit for uther composition. Purtrs is the art of uniting are with truth, by calling imamnation to the help of rezon Educk Jatry utwlertakes to teach the most important trutlı, by the inest plenuing pirerepte, and therefore relates me grent event in the film afine ting roamner. lli-tory nunst 10 supply the writer with the sunduesita ofilerntiuti, which be mi-e ime and exalt lis a vobler art, mu-t animate ti dmniatiek enerxy, and diversify lo ritration and antiri. ration; morality must teari lotin the exact launds, and different live of vise and virtue; frum inlies, and the practtle of life, he 1129 learn the discriminations of character, and the tendency of the pre-tione, either single or arabinel; and physiology mu-t mupply lini with illustrations and images To put these material to wwfiral tas, L4 required an inriginaalile of jaming nature, and 90 realizing fiction Sor in heyrt a wet till de las attained the whole cate 1940)11 of fits langues distingue all the delicacies of plities, and all tour of nurds, and leame! to suljust their ditli rent wmd + tu all the varieties of metrical tuleration Poul 13 of opinon tint the wts for work je to find perill, barlı has falle Hafterwanie tu 11114018te and eatable! Tlus memy to have been the programs only of Milton; the moral of other poepla 14 tridental and copneuent, in Jilton's roly 1t 13 ( ntral and antrack II.4 purpose was 30 the met v-eful and tlia mint Ariluong, to indicate the toys of Owl in min; to plier the reconnableness of religion, and the neceauty of oldelice to the lansinelar To comes to moral, there tout le a fullr, n bratr artfully constructtil, s 14 to ateite euirtinit, urginia l'xpectatioli. In the last of lux Work, Milton nunt Ln con ·02 Lil' UN AillilUIY, After the scheme and fabrick of the poem, must be con sidered its coniponent parts, the sentiments and the dictions, The sentiments, as expressivè of manners, or appropriate to characters, are, for the greater part, exceptionably just Splendid passages, containing lessons of morality, or' pre cepts of prudence, occur seldom. Such is the original forma tion of this poem, that as it adnits no human nanners til the Fall, it can give little assistance to human conduct. It end is to raise the thoughts above sublimary cares o 10 pleasures. Yet the praise of that fortitude, with thic Abdiel maintained his singularity of virtue against th scorn of multitudes, may be accommodated to all times; and Raphnel's reproof of Adam's curiosity after the planetar motions, with the answer returned by Arlam, may be con fidently opposed to any rule of - life which any poct-lin delivereri. The thoughts which are occasioually called forth in th progress, are such as could only be produced by an imagina tion in the highest degree fervid and active, to which 20 materials were supplied by incessant study and unlimite curiosity. The heat of Milton's mind might be said t sublimate his learning, to tlırow off into his work, the spiri of science, unmingled with its grosser parts... He had considered creation in its whole extent, and hi descriptions are therefore leamed. He had accustomed Ini imagination to unrestrained indulgence, and his conception therefore were extensive. The characteristick quality of hi poein is sublimity. He sometimes descends to the elegant but his element is the great. He can occasionally inves 30 himself with grace ; but his natural port is gigantick lofti ness.' He can please then pleasure is required; but it is his peculiar power to astonish. He seems to have been well acquainted with his own genius, and to know what it was that Nature had bestower upon him more bountifully than upon the power 1 Algarotti terms it gigantesca sublimità Nfiltoniana. others;

·- Liru OF MILTON . C3 slowplaying the vast illumitrating the spletu, enſuring the anul, darkening the gloomy, and a matating the draful : fic then inre chose a subject on willeh, tou nucli could not Le said, on shich lie rught tite lis fancy without the crostire of cxtmagunce, The arı arauces of Nature, and the occurrence of life, die unt mtinte his appetite vi greatness To paint thing an they are requires a minute atteution, and employs the aneunory rather than the fines Milton's delight was to sport in the wij regions of possibility, reality was a biche tow 10. mirrow for his mind. Ile sent hi faculties out non dis. covery, into worlils where only imaguation an travel, and Ielighter to forin nest purules of existence, and furusha bentimount and action to sufrerior beings, to trace the counsely of hell, sit accompany the chain of heaven But he could not be always in other worl.is . he must sometiincy res1410 earth, anı) tell of things lile and known When he cannot fire wonder ly the sublimity of his mind, he girc delight lig its fertility Whatever lw 114 subject, lve never fails to fill the imagwa- 20 tioni But lit images and description of the scenes or orations of Nature do not seem to be always copied from original form, nor to last the fre-bike rack44, Lud energy of imprunte obsertation Ile - Nature, ac Vryden espre way it, through the sportoshy of buuks, and ou must *** miony calls learning to hry assistance The girilen of Eden bring to buy mul the role of Ennn, wliere Proser une 4 gathering flower Satan moes bre way througl, fighting clericut, like Argo luptween the ('yanean ruche, -or Ulyuaeg bntueen the tBo Sulian briols, which he 30 shunnel Charslis on the lar kuru The mythological alluajons livelmen justis ceriserend, as not being always user? with notice of their vanity, feat they contribute variety ! the irration, and produce terjate exercise of the memory and the fine It is similes art less numerous, and more various, ·Bilo lie toes NOU UUSUL se of his predecessors. thin the limits of rigorous comparison: his great excellence implitude, and he expands the adventitious image beyond dimensions which the occasion required. Thus, compar- ; the shield of Satau to the orh of the Moon, he crowds : ? imagination with the discovery of the telescope, and all - wonders which the telescope discorers. Of his moral sentiments it is hardly praise to affirm that y excel those of all other poets; for this superiority he: s indebted to his acquaintance with the sacred writings. e ancient epick poets, wanting the light of Revelation, re very uskilful teachers of virtue : their principal, tracters may be great, but they are not amiable. The der may rise from their works with a greater degree of rive or passive fortitude, and sometimes of prudeiice; but will be able to carry away ferr precepts of justice, aud ne of mercy. From tlie Italian writers it appears, that the advantages even Christian knowledge may be supposed in vain. iosto's pravity is generally known; and though the liverance of Jerusalem may be considered as a sacred bject, the poet has been very sparing of inoral instruction. In Milton every line breathes sauctity of thought, and rity of manners, except when the train of the variation quires the introduction of the rebellious Spirits ; and even ey are compelled to acknowledge their subjection to God, in ch a manner as excites reverence, and confirms piety. Of human beings there are but two; but those two are the rents of mankind, venerable before their fall for dignity innocence, and amiable after it for repentance and subssion. In their first state their affection is tender without -akness, and their piety sublime without presuinption.' Fren they have sinned, they shew how discord begins in, atual frailty, and how it ought to cease in inutual forbearce; how confidence of the divine favour is forfeited by sin, how hope of pardon may be obtained by penitence and ·172 0.33LTIX. frajez. Asta:26 B73927243 cole cire, i ide! in qar ft cis, i ben ricrire it ; L2: the sentiment: 27:1 prirrt a fez azd nulla Irink we Lise all to learn, az te lare all to posti The wt, whatere: be done is always great. Our prrgrnitor, in their first rate, conrerd with argels; Tel when folly and sin had decradd them, they lad not in their humiliation tl part of man mitors; and they riz agzin to reverentul renard, when we find that their prayers were ነerረ 10 As luuman pagions did not enter the world before the Fall, there is in the Paradıc Lost little portunity for the rathetick; but what little there 15 has not been lost Tat nusion which is peculiar to rational nature, the anguish arising from the consciousness of trane te vjon, and the horror attending the sense of the Divine dizpleasure, arr very justly described and forcilly impreso Eat the rasainns are moved only on one occasion , sublimity in the Beneral and prevailing quality in this preta; eblimar variongly modified, sometimes descriptive, wincetimes are your mentative. • The defects and faults of Paradis Lurt, fcr fuo ad defects every work of man must have, it is the brain, impartial criticism to discover. As, 121 d., 21" * *Z'-. lence of Milton, I have not made 102 quatis.dim.mx relecting brautir, there had twrn 19 FLL I 12. 250,--- general manner mention tlat u met for wlat Englishman ran take d-lir. *76: age, which, if they lesers tl. supist: 9. in some detain the honor of +,,1.979 The generality of my bodies Weds. jintire of verlal natura7 shilloul in grammar ekan infraroorge, siem! he Bumetima mnade .1... oltrusions of a resist hini to Enplot. Errr.. . 21 3 A- 1 ·ght it true; and vile and pernicious, if, as is said, he in zate allowed it to be false. ce plan of Paradise Lost has this inconvenience, that it prises neither human actions nor liuman manners. The and woman who act and suffer, are in a state which ther man or woman can ever know. The reader finds transaction in which he can be engaged; behol is no lition in which he can by any effort of imagination. e himself; he has, therefore, little natural curiosity, or patlıy. le all, indeed, feel the effects of Adam's disobedience; all-siu like Adam, and like him must all bewail our xces; we have restless and insidious enemies in the fallen els, and in the blessed spirits we have guardians and ads ;, in the Redemption of mankind we hope to be ided : in the description of heaven and hell we are surely rested, as we are all to reside hereafter either in the ons of horror or bliss. ut these truths are too important to be new; they have 1 taught to our infancy; they have mingled with our ary thoughts and familiar conversation, and are habitually rwoven with the whole texture of life. Being therefore new, they raise no unaccustomed emotion in the mind; t we knew before, we cannot learn ; what is not unexed, cannot surprise. f the ideas suggested by these awful scenes, from some recede with reverence, except when stated hours require r association; and from others we slırink with hor dmit them only as salutary inflictions, as countery ur interests and passions. Such images rather obs career of fancy than incite it. leasure and terrour are indeed the genuine souri: ry; but poetical pleasure must be such as human ion can at least conceive, and poetical terrours lan strength and fortitude may combat. The g; of Eternity are too ponderous for the wings of .

·LIFE OF WILTOY. 67 mind sinks unsler them in passive helplesunne, content with olm Lelief and humble adoration Kniowy truth, howers, may take a different appurance, and le conveyed to the mind by a new train of intenuetliate nager This Hilton lutx undertakes, and performed with pregnancy and vigour of minil paruliar to liimall. Florrer consulert the few radimi pozitions which the Scripturen affordled him, will wonder lov sluit energetick operation be expanded them to such extent, and ramified them to smul variety, restrained as he was by religous reverence from 10 licentioueness of fiction Ilere is a full display of the united force of study aniel genius; of a great accumulation of materials, with julge pent to digest, and finey to combine them. Miltou we alile to select from nature, or from story, from ancient fable, or from modern science, whatever could Ulustrate or adorn bis thoughts. An accumulation of knowledge impregnated his hund, fermented by study, and exalted by imagination. It has been therefore all, without an indecent hyperlmir, ly one of hiru encomat, that in rearling Paradıe 10t we 20 read a lonk of aniversal knowlerige. But original deficience cannot lop supplied The want of Buman interest 19 always felt. Paradise Love 19 one of the Lole which the reader adimires and lays down, and forgets to take up agail None erer wished it longer than it 19, Its prudal is a duty mther than a pleasure Wered Milton for instruction, retire luarassed and overburdened, and look cluewhere for recreation, we desert our master, and seek for coinpanions Another inconvenience of Milton's design that it requires 30 the description of what cannot be describral, the agency of spirits, IIc kiw that monterualıts supplied no images, and that he could not show angele acting Intly instruments of action he therefore investert then with form and matter Thus, lving necrestry, was therefore erfenible, and he shnuld lare secure the carstency of his sistem by kerjung .

·materianty out of sight, and enticing lus reader to drop it m his thonghts. But, he las unhappily perplexed his stry with his philosopliy. His infernal and celestial powers : sometimes pure spirit, and sometimes animated body. hen Satan walks with his lance upon the burning marle, has a body; when, in his passage between hell and the it world, he is in danger of sinking in the vacuity, and is pported by a gust of rising vapours, he has a body; when animates the toad, he seems to be mere spirit, that an aetrate patter at pleasure; when lie starts up in his oin ipe, he has at least a determined form; and when he is pught before Gabriel, he has a spear and a shield, which he i the power of hiding in the toad, though the arms of the tending angels are evidently material. The vulgar inhabitantš of Pandemonium, being incorporeal rits, are at large, though without number, in a limited space; t in the battle, when they were overwhelmed by mountains, eir arruour hurt then, crushed in upon their substance, noid non gross by sinning. This likewise Trappened to the corrupted angels, klo were overthrowu the sooner for their ns, for unarmed they might casily as spirits hare craded by traction or remote. Even as spirits they are bardly ritual ; for contraction and remove are images of matter; t if they could have escaped without their arniour, they ght have escaped from it, and left only the empty cover to battered. Uriel, when he rides on a sun-beam, is material; - an is material when he is afraid of the propress of Adam. Che confusion of spirit and matter which perrades the ole narration of the war of heaveu fills it with inconity: and the book, in which it is related, is, I believe, the ourite of children, and gradually neglected as knowledge ncreased, after the operation of immaterial agents, which cannot be. lained, may be considered that of allegorical persons, ich have no real existence. To exalt causes into agents, nvest abstract ideas with form, and animate them with ·LIFE OF MILTOX. activity, luas always been the light of riwtry, Tint auch airg Lein are, for the most part, enffered only to do thuir natural office, and retire. Thus Fama telle a tale, and Victory lovers over a general, no perches a ftandınl; but Fame and Victory can do no mort. To give thern any real employment, or accribe to them any material agency, is to make them allegorical no longer, lut in slıcxk the mine loy cribing effects to annentits, In the Promethene of Eschylu, we per l'iolmes and Strength, and in the Alcestis of Euripides, we fee Death, brought upon the stage, all as 10 actise persone of the drama; hut no precedents can justify alwurlty, Milton's allegory of Sin anıl Death is undoubteelly faulty, Sin is indeed the mother of Death, and may be allowel to be the portress of hell, but when they stop the journey of Fiatan, a journey described as real, and when Death oflur him Inttle, the allegory 19 broken. Tlat Sın and Death shoull lure ahewn the way to hell, miglit luve ben allowed; but they cannot facilitate the package by luilding & luge, In cause the difficulty of Satan's pizssage is described as real 20 And ernsible, and the bridge onglit to be only figurative. The Tell assigned to the schellinus spirits i deurbeel as not less local than the residence of man. It is placed in rome distant part of trace, separated from the regions of harmony ani! orier by a clantich 4e and an uneerupei varmt, laut Sin anel Dereth trophml up a mole of airaratai sul cetuenteil with pholt, Awork to bulk from wral architecte Thts utskilful allegory appears ta me age of the Teatest fault of the poem, and to the there was no te'mpilation, lout 30 the author'a munion of its beants To tle conduct of the narrative contie objectiona nuas le mad. Satan 13 with great ctition lirettight lefore Galuriel i Paradise, and 14 suffered to go awas unmoleel. The creation of fiian is repirrzentradd as the sequenre of the Tacuit; left in heaven be the expulsion of the relals, yet ·70 Satan mentions it as a report riſe in licaven before his de parture. To find sentiments for the state of innocence, was very difficult; and something of anticipation perhaps is now and then discovered Adam's discourse of dreams scems not to be the speculation of a new-created being. I know not whether his answer to the angel's reproof for curiosity docs not want something of propriety: it is the speech of a man ncquainted with many other men. Some philosophical notions, especially when the philosophy is falsc, might have been better omitted. The angel, in a comparison, speaks of timorous door, before meer wero yet timorous, and beforo.. Adnm could understand the comparison, Dryden remarks, that Milton has some flats anong kis. clovations. This is only to say, that all the parts are not cqual. In cvory work, one part must be for the sake of others; a palace inust liave passages; a poem must have . transitions. It is no more to be requires that wit should always be blazing, than that the sun should always stand at 0 110on. In a great work there is a vicissitude of luminous and opaque parts, as there is in the world a succession of day and night. Milton), when he has expatiated in the sky, may be allowed sometimes to revisit carth; for what other author over scarcel so high, or sustained his flight so. Jong? Milton, being well versed in the Italian poets, appears in lare lorrower often from them; and, as every man watches something from his companions, his desire of imitating Ariostu's levity las disgraced his work with the Paradise of Fools; a fiction not in itself ill-imagined, but too ludicrous for its place. His play on words, in which he delights too often ; His equivocations, which Bentley endeavours to defend by thic example of the ancients; his unnecessary and graceful risc of terms of art; it is not necessary to mention, liccause they are casily remarked, and generally censured, and at last bcar ·LIFE OF MILTOX. en little proportion to the schole, tluat they sercely decrro the attention nf a critick, Such are the faults of that wonderful performance Pamiliars Loxt, which lie who can put in lalance with ita nautte muat tue considered not ay nice but as Jull, as lux to lm censuired for want of candour, thian pitied for want of sensibility. of Paradise Regained, the general judgement reeme now to le right, that it is in many parts elegant, and everywhere instructure. It was not in be supprimed that the writer of 10 Paradise Lost 'conld ever write without great tffusints of fancy, and exalted precepts of wisdom. The lasis of Pam- <lıso Regained in narrow; a dialogue without action cau nerer please like an union of the narrative and dramatick powers. Had this awm ben written not by Milton, lut luy some imitator, it would have claimed and received universal prace. If Paradise Megained bas lxen to much drpreciated, Sampon Agontstes bus in requital been too much adniel It coull only bu by tong prejudice, and the bigotry of learning, that Milton chuld prefer the ancient tragedies, with 20 their encumbrance of a chorus, to the exlulutong of the French and English stages; and it 1e only by a blind confelenice u the reputation of Milton, that a drama can bo praised in which the interinedite parts have neither muso nor consequence, neither listen nor retard the catastropile. In this tragerly are lowever many particular Beauties many just sentiments and striking lunes, but it wants that power of attracting the attention which tell.connected plan proluces Bilton would not have excelled in dramatick writing; he 30 knew human nature only in the game, and had never studied tho slades of character, nor the cum lunation of incurring, or the perplexity of contending 17981ona He had read touch, and kner what beoke could teach, but hnul mingled little in the world, and was deficient in the knos led wluch experience unst confer ·72 LIFE OF MILTON. and verse, Through all his greater works there prevails an uniform peculiarity of Diction, a mode and cast of expression which bears little resemblance to that of any former writer, and which is so far removed from common use, that an unlearned reader, wlien he first opens his book, finds himself surprised by a new language. This novelty has been, by those who can find nothing wrong in Milton, imputed to his laborious endeavours after words suitable to the grandeur of his ideas. Our language, 10 says Addison, sunk under him. But tlic truth is, that, both in prose he had formed his style by a perverse and pedantick principle. He was desirous to use English words with a foreigu idiom. This in all his prose is discovered and condemned; for there judgement operates freely, neither softened by the beauty, nor awed by the dignity of his thoughts ; but such is the power of his poetry, that his call is obeyed without resistance, the reader feels himself in captivity to a higher and a nobler inind, and criticisin sinks in admiration. 20 DIilton's style was not modified by his subject : what is shewn with greater extent in Paradise Lost, may be found in Comus. One source of his peculiarity was liis fanıiliarity. with the Tuscan poets : the disposition of his words is, I think, frequently Italian ; perhaps sometimes combined with other tongues. Of him, at last, may be said what Jonson says of Spenser, that he wrote no language, but las formed what Butler calls a Babylonish Dialect, in itself harsh and barbarous, but made by exalted genius, and extensive learning, the vehicle of so much instruction and so much pleasure, 30 that, like other lovers, we find grace in its deformity. Whatever be the faults of his diction, he cannot want the praise of copiousness and variety: lie was master of his language in its full extent; and has selected the melodious words with such diligence, that from his book alone the Art of English Poetry might be learned. After his diction, sonething must be said of his rersificu.... .

·LIFE OF BIILTOX. 13 tion The meanire, he , is the English heroic roue without rhyme. Of this mode le liad many examples among the Italian, and come in his own country. The Furl of Surrey ir xid to have translated one of Virgil's Imke without rliyme; and, 1xsides our tragedies, a len short meme liad pered in Lluk verso; jarticularly one teveling to retur. Like the nation to Raleigh's wild attempt upon Guiana, and probably written by Raleigh limself. Thieme pretty perfurni. ances munnot be supposed to have much influencel Hilton, wlio more probably took his lint froin Trisino's Italia 10 Laulurata ; and, finding blank verde enier than thyme, wag desirous of pursuading himself that it is better. Rhym", le pays, anul Bays truly, is no necessary adjunct of true poetry But perhaps, of poetry as a mental operation, nietre or musick is no necessary adjunct . it is howerir by thio musick of metre that poetry has been discrimated in all languages; nnd in languigee melodiously constructed with a clue proportion of long and short syllables, metre ne sufficient But one language cannot communicate its rules to another: where metre 18 saauty and imperfect, some help is necessary. 20 The musich of the English beruick lme strikes the car wo funtly that it u casily lost, unlese all the syllables of every lino co-operate together, the co-operation can be only olitanca ly the preservatron of every veree unmingled with Another, 14 a distinct system of enunds: and this distinctnes is obtained and presented by the artifice of rhyme Tie Variety of 12045, RO much lasted loy the losest of black verse, changes the measures of an English pt to the parole of a delumer, and there are only a few skilful and lap readers of Milton, who enable their audience to krene 30 where the liney end or bugi Plani icrse, id an uugenious critick, seems to be rerer only to the eye I'vetry may sulent without rhyme, but English metry will not often please, for en rlyne ever lmmfely Nurul Int where the suliject Nalle to support itself Blank Terme makea mjar apprrach to that which rullu the lapidury ·6 LIFE OF MILTON 35 orards the end of Elizabeth's reign (1601) for obstinate non. Lttendance at their parish-churches. He was the poet's grand. ather, one of his sons, John Miltou, being the poet's father" Wilton's Poetical Works, i. p. 296). I, 13. disinherited, on account, it is said, of his turning Protestant. 1. 16. scrivener, literally a copyist, notary; from O. F. escri: : ain, Lat. scriba, a scribe. "The business of a scrirener in Old London was an important, and sometimes a lucrative, one. It consisted in the drawing of wills, marriage settlements, and other deeds, the lending out of money for clients, and much olse now done partly by attorneys and partly by law-stationers (Masson, P. F. i. 297). 1. 18. profession, sc, of scrivener, 11. 19, 20. bad ... more ... literature, yras a man of more than ordinary acquaintance with literature. To have' in this sense was a common idiom in former days with such words as learn. ing,' 'literature,' 'scholarship,' etc. 1. 21. one of ... poems, that entitled “Ad Patrem," an hexameter poem of a huudred and twenty lines written wlien Milton was staying with his father at Horton in Buckinghamshire.in 1632 or 1633. 1. 22. of the name family, according to one tradition her: maiden name was Sarah Bradshaw ; according to another, Sarah Caston ; but recent researches have proved that her mother was wife of a Paul Jeffrey or Jeffreys, of an Essex family, and unless this lady was married more than once the maiden name of Milton's mother must have been Jeffrey or Jeffreys; "and it was probably," says Bradshaw, Milton's Poetical Forks, Aldine ed., p. xviii., "her mother whom Aubrey discovered to he a Bradshair. 1. 24. as the law taught him, here, as frequently in the Life, Johnson's Tory principles show themselves. 1. 25. the King's party, the royalist cause. For this adherence, and for having served as one of the King's Cominissioners for sequestrating the estates of the Parlinmentarians, he had, in 1616, to make submission to Parliament by taking the Covenant, and to sue ont pardon by paying a fine on his property. After the Restoration he continued to practice as a barrister, and became a Bencher of the Inner Temple and Deputy Recorder of Ipswich. In 1686 he was sworn one of the Barons of the Eschequer, his character and the fact of his having become a Catholic recommending him to James. At the Revolution he retired into private life, and died at Ipswich in 1692, in his seventy-seventh year, ·NOTES 1. 26. ln qofet, free from persecution P. 2, 1. 1 chamber practice, such as conuryancing, giving a legal opinion upon matters in divpute, without the necesity of appearing as counsel in Court 1 dlareputable compliances, any act of surrendering hus principles in counpliance with the religious views of Jatnes the Secondl. 11. C, 7. whom he married Philips, this was in 1024; Llunnl l'hilips, or l'hallure, was recond clerk in the lioseminent office callel the Crown Office in Chancery. 11. 10, 11 at the spread Eagle, "In thiore days, donne in cities were not runt.creil as non, and persons in Dumness, to 1. 13. Bread Street, running fouth from Cheapside, then as now one of the main thoroughfarea of the City Leineen Ludgnto Till and Cornhill The strict of Milton's day was destroyal in the Circat Fire, ICCG. 1. 10. Thomas Young, "afterwards a Puritan minister and well known in lsis later life as a prominent diuine of the l'uritan party" (Muson, Life, i 41) 1. 20 Bt Paul's School, founded by Dean Colct, the friend of Erasmus, in 1512. 1 2! Gull. Alexander, JA, of Corpus Christi College, Oxforel appointeil in 1C09 1. 22. entered a star, this is not correct Molion entered as a "lper pensioner" ("pensionarius minor," in the lint of entric given hy Vasson, Life, I 73, 6), the three classes of studenta fcing then, as he points ont, greater pansioner.' currenpooling with the fellow comnioncr' of modern timu, 'leader inwoner, and ar Asinar at Camlısulge, COTTOrponding with wrritor at Oxford, a student wlio my lower feta than r.1 huis antul prition was much lower than that of a j*?. KORET To "cntor" & Nizar, pensioner, fellou commoner (not enter an mirar, etc), was and still in the technical pirakenlogy at the Universities 1, 21 the learned Politlan, an Italun pet and dramatist (1436 1191) famous for fule Latin As well av his Itabin ems. The ·78 LIFE OF MILTON. former, for which he appears to have had an exaggerated armir, ntion, Johnson in his carlier dnys proposed' to edit with notes containing a history of modern látin versc. 11. 27, 8. seems to commend ... posterity, seems to sliow tlint hc wishes to draw the favourable notice of posterity to the carly, nge at which he became highly skilled in Latin composition. 11. 29, 30. his vernal fertility, his youthful proficiency and readiness in versifying. 1, 30. Cowley, 1808-1667, ono of the so-called "metaphysical poets," for wliom Jolinson, like Dryclen in his carlier clays, hac an admiration which later times have not endorscil. 1. 34. a date... sixtcen, ic. till lic had completed sixteen years. So, as Masson points out, when he says anno dalis 17," which should mean in his seventeenth year,' i.c. 16 years old, Milton means thint he was 17 years old, or, as we should say, 'in his cighteenth year.' P, 3, 1. 5. nico discernment, accurate discriminntion as to their mcrits. 1. 6. Polybius, the celebrated Greek historian, born about B.C. 204. 1. 8. the revival of letters, a phraso in common use for the revival of learned studies, about A.D. 1450, after their cclipsc. during the “Dark Ages"; also sometimes called the “Renais- Sauce, 1. 10. Haddon, Walter (1516-1572), whose Latinity has been extolled by inany critics, though Lallom, a trustworthy judge, las not much to sny in his favour. Mis Orations tere published in 1567: Ascham (1515.1569), author of the Schoolmaster and 7'oxophilus, “whose knowledge of ancient languages was not sliown in profuse quotation, or enveloped in Latin phrase, but served to curich leis mind with valuablo sense, and taught him to transfer the firmness and precision of ancient writers to our own English ..." (Hallam, Literary History, i. 348). 1. 12 wo, i.c. Englishmen, 1. 14. Alahastor's Roxana, a tragedy largely imitated from the Dalida of Groto, an Italian dramatist of the sixteenth century; published in 1632, though written some forty years earlier. 1. 16. exercisos. "the periodical Latin debates and declamı- · tions, in College or in the Public Schools of the University, which forined so conspicuous a part of the old systein of Cambridge training" (Massou, P. 1. i. p. 5). The exercises here referred to vero seven in number, "filling in all about sixty dense octavo. pages," and published in a volume entitled Auloris jam olim in Collegio adolescentis Prolusiones quædam Oratorice. Translations of them are given in Nasson's Life, i 206-31.

·XOTES.
1. 19 - Fo great fordners, Hilton's animpelrits, such as it
WAX, frems to barcleen aring the mugher thich of his colles,l,y
wliom, 27. Jayon," he was pickname.ThLaly'coprot
-
II
(Slagwn, P. I. 23).
1. 20 fellowup, "ch" of a college is nine boas a reward
for the high degree be has taken recesses an annual income from
-.-..-.--1
while the Crowd winetimes interfereel na It did in the are of
Milton's friend, Folward Kips, unlehalf of thore kommendel to
it ly considentints of Luth or political connection.
3 la elther university, Oxford or Cambridge. In
1.1..1.-1.18,
the
.
.
1. 2. to the violence Lostility, u ben, in Later scara, he was
engsel in bitter piemical controversia
Il 23,6 objected to him, cast in late treth
1. Dlodatl, Charles Ihnlatı, of Julian extraction, where
family had settlevi in Englal. 2 Khooliellow o! Vilton's at
l'aul's and the dearrt friend through his youtb and early man.
Arthnx ment wis nude which prmittel him to return in time in
me that term, and to erdi ange the intesahip ol (Harpyll for
that of Tosry" (M, Luft, 121)
I'. 4 11 2. 2 with co Xadress institution with min feelid,
of affection towards it a Varersity

·LIFE OT MILTOX, 5.80 . 11. 4, 5. captious perverseness, wron!:-1,1.(lecinq..., which inatin him erer ready to take objection in the clino prescribei. 1. 6. inscribed, dedicated. 1. 7. Hartiib, this was Samue! 1Trilil), i sol.liposur! '1.non merchant, half-Polish, half-En:::'), will win iltou jinsi formed a friendship, and to sil.1 in. 1611 !!c allire, hii: : Tract on Education. superseder, soulil 110 way wiili. 1. 9. their entrance upon Tamil, the fri bezinning of instruction in languages. 1. 10. proceed, a technical to:!ri ili vir l'hivrili for taking the degree of Master of Arts ::: 11:: mi i S8! Wars fro!lihic date of matriculation. 1. 11. On the Likellest... Churc!i,:!17: Trac! (? 11:!imest and Disendowment was in 1639 ayları...] loy Milton'in il:( Restored Rump Parliament, which li': 109 11y will other matters, even if willitsin ! :p ihe : linjal. "TH: Hirelings are those who had carol!!: Cin: 1.reip for th sake of a livelihood, those who "for their bellies' säke Creer, and intrude, and climb into the fold'! Of other care they little reckoning make, Than how to scramble at the shearers' feast, And shove away the worthy bidden guest". -Lycidas, 114:8). 11. 12, 3. lands forfeited ... uses, i.e. by the statates of Dort: unin, by which open conveyances of lands to religious houses; ad been prohibited. 11. 15, 6. a competency of learning, the acquisition of learning sufficient for their station in life. 1. 18. tithes, the tenth of the produce as offered to the clergy. Il. 20, 1. entering ... Church, a common, though inaccurate, term for being ordained a minister. 1. 22. subscribe slave, vrite himself down a slave to the ordinances and doctrines of the Church. The quotations here are from The Reason of Church Gorernment, published in 1641. 1. 24. retch, bring up again, vomit up; A.S. hrdcan, to try to vomit, from A.S. hrrec, a cough, or spittle. 11. 25, 6. the office of speaking, i.e. as mouthpiccc of the Church. 1. 27. forswearing, perjury; for- in composition repre." .: ili Latin per = through, throughly, and adds an intensive prin as in the Latin perjurare, to swear out and out, and hence swear falsely.

·XOTES. 11. 24, cubscription of the Articles, the formality of in 1. uri A-161. kl .-.- - 1. 50. canonicat obedience, obedience to tfic canonis or tale the Church as trourds liguline, etc. 1. 31. to thwart wit opiniona, tn Cre, run counter in unions hell ly hum. IL 31. Dat the thoughta indonation, the act of nutric Whether ly canonical or Cul ordinance was utterly repugnan Il 31, Rot set resolation, which gethan hul not yet Ho far as to determine him to derline, etc. Thi* letter, ofw there are two sults in the Labrary of Trious Colleges 11.35, 6. bix suspended life, bus nuo nuon ani goutting some future time of the ser1949 euly wlucli shouk Ct hun Orisation P.Sil. curiosity, ciger prying into all kinds o! hunu le 11, fantastick knowledge, fancifal indulge af thirst for knowlege in a vanety of submis, nesugeri concentration of each know lesige 49 pertal in hun nume furpose of entering the lor, part which has freni stipjutel furn to hate is vins 1. cool, calm, not ang 116, 7. Bot taking At, ewnejlrning the question of the the Charcli carlicr of later static of lı 94 inquirtieth 1.. nuking hunsell really fit of the profesion 1.9 frorton, uru Cointrorih, sn Burkin hamsure IL 11,? With what us Viru Vilton ju the 1111*, ??? ha!! lol الله { ۹۱ و در رار ا دل ! ۲۲۴ و چay what http بوو +) Il. 14, 3. the masqae of Conius pranon the sta't, at Luilly (axtli (Anit Ily Foot Brut ·82 LIFE OF MILTON: water, John Egerton, born about 1579, son of the famous Inuit 'Chancellor Ellesinere: masque, "it is usual to write mask in the sense of visor, and masquc in the senec of inasquerade; thero is no reason for this distinction ... No doubt it is, and long lus becn, generally snpposed that the entertainment takes its name from the visor, according to the French usage; but it is ronarkable that the sense of entertainment is the true one, the use of the visor at such entertainments' being (from an etymological -point of view) an accident. The scuse of entertainñent is tho usual one in old authors ..." (Skeat, Ety. Dici.); wlio goes on to show that the origin is the I..masque, a visor, masquerade, ? mask or mummery, a forin borrowed from Span. mascararla, a masquerade, from mascaru, R masker, masquerader, which again is from Arab. maskkurat, a buffoon, a fool; jester, etc. 1. 18. Homer's Circe, a mythical sorceress, daughter of Helios (the Sun), who lived in the island of Acaca, and with whou Odysseus is represented in Homer's Odyssey as having stayerlin year, after she had changed several of his companions into swine. . 11. 21, 2. a quo aquis, from whoin, as from an ever-flowing source, the lips of bards are moistened, with the waters of lbi Muses' stream ; from Ovidl, Amor: iii. 9. 25: 1. 26. much a favonrite, we should now say 'much of a fnvour ito' or a great favourite.' 1. 27. the wits, men of intellect and learning. 11. 29, 30. according ... poetry, which allowed of a variety o length such as is found in Ijcidas ; see Introduction. 1. 31. some Unes, the famous vision of St. Peter, 'Il. 113-13). in which Milton foretold the downfall of the corrupted English clergy 1. 33. his Arcades, probably written in 1631. To explain the nature of the poem, Milton added to its title the words Parto! an Entertainment [i.c. Masque) presented to the Countess Dowager of Derby at Harcfield by some noble persons of lico Family." P. 6, 1. 4. the Inks of Court, of those the chief were the 'Inner and Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn, Dear which Milton resided. 1. 5. the death of his mother, at Horton, April 3, 1637. Sc long as she was alive Milton's love for her made him reluctant to Icare England. 1. 7. precept of prudence. wise maxim. "Wotton (1568-1639), a scholar, sliplomatist, and poet, die Provost of Eton. His life was written by Izaak Walton" (latthew Arnold)... Votton's letter will be found at length prefixed to Comus. The words ·SOTES, $3 qemerl try him, which is of as having frusa 'Ishlar oral,' were part of 11. sister alen lijm i mirno tri (im, an old losnart cartir' with hun lielowigul at man L 10 Paris, where him fremun to have arrived bir in April of irly in May, 1635. LII. Lord Beudamore, Jolin, Steriat Suo, tro anilawler of kin: nl. 1 12. Grotius, "Iran (iroties (1271617), nurt.de A, neliputat: 618 ! 1he most triplurauta) morn a bra Fallsnil lira fitiurnal (Matthew Imol!) (irrit, **at this time sash export with a n hanne for the unire all the I'r ystant Charchers, and through an folumote in minni catum with log on the ruleret For this and; Olet ranns Le voulille lilly in Kelennra sisit fron Multi 10 I . Iralis in the chef Aculemue or Isterary Ciales ! Florence, arr furti ularly melis, um sa fnunda Whana fyrrits, anii «vurl!to litrs. If, lic could mer foruth The merr Jacja) rivill, Carl1. Petro Irminli, Agrine l'iltrlhina. Inteliin lionnmatt: 1, Vairro (Instelli, anl Intanto tra kini (120n, mir ir to, 11) I professity of nataze, natoni inclination, trnrnry 1.23 an tSeyir. ti.it this abienie wst let it die Iruna Tlu Borse or Church (i orrnyet11.ca L ... set its valu lat, a laroi that sirain from hum 24 romething of great sulge 1.1 tte warte or tlmo, tlu rang nf time certain, anfarling Ll. wasted, fucco, faltsplain 1.31 lascriptton, delication AS "invited style, By Ligkelary style Job is, as the style 1:lly loptril in mononienisl' InkTif &#13 Enhetelor .), 'the writes of Anaputagih murale considered an mwyn: olan lut wint is truir Wir fraut Irma frf deren of er rate posts In lapalary instapua man 15 lint Mitrat), (Firil) 1',lar ton toples trat nominalizata in ton Lainate and long 10:11 Briyle 13 Slezna leturen thirts an.I forty ndie math of Turner, in the url at first fournir to Iloir. 1.- Tolstenjas, ot Lact Iluliit na kamatierman ortimin liny *** ·-84 LIFE OF MILTON, Rome as secretary to Cardinal Barberini, and one of the librarians, of the Vatican. 1. 7. Cardinal Barberini, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, prime : minister of Rome, ind chief councillor of his uncle Pope Orban, a great patron of literary mcı ; at his palace Milton first heard. the famous singer Leonora Baroni, by some supposed to be trio subject of liis Italian Sonnets. 1. 9. Salsiui, Giovunni Salsilli, a "Roman Poet," as Milton calls him, to whom is addressed one of the poems among the Sylue. Of Selvaggi, nothing has been discovered : distich, couplet: tetrastick, quatrain, or stanza of four "verses. . This: distich of Selvaggi, Salsilli's tetristick, and Manso's lines mcll. tioned below, are prcfixed to Wilton's Latin poems. 1. ll. commerce, intercourse. 11. 12, 3. though not ... grammarian, though not without faults of idiom that a severe critic might point out. 1. 18. non tam do se, quam supra se, not so inuch aliout liimself as above himself, i.e. exaggerated encomiums. 11. 21, 2. count pictures, glance at as many as he could in a hurried walk round the galleries. 1. 22. contemplation, careful observation and study: 11. 24, 5. Naples, probably in November, 1638 : a hérnit, "& certain Eremite Friar," as Milton calls liim, whose name has not been discovered. 1. 26. Manso, Giovanni Battista Manso, then nearly cighty years of age, to wliom Milton addresses another of his Intin hexameter poems.. Manso was liiinself an author of pocins and of philosophical dialogues ; fut is better known as a liberal patron of Art and Literature, and as the bosom friend of Tasso and Marini. 1. 29. sorry, poor, indifferent. This distich as translated by Masson runs as follows: " Mind, forin, grace, and morals are perfect; if but tlıy creed were, Then not Anglic alone, truly Angelic thou’dst be." 1. 33. differences, points in dispute. P. S, 11. 2, 3. plots ... Jesuits, there were English Jesuits, resident at Rome, of whom Milton says he was warned that they" : were on the watch to entrap him into some danger froin the Papai police. 1. 5. kept on his way, pursued his usual conrse of life, i.e., ag Johnson goes on to say, "neither obtruding nor shunning controversy 1. 7. Galleo, born at Pisa in 1563, a poet, a scholar, and a inusician, as well as a mathematician of the highest fame; Gret. su ·XOTES con lemnel for heresy, Ly the Inqninitinn in IG16 ani! A real time in 1932: "n prisoner to the Inquisition for tlurking in Astronomy, otherwis thin the l'ranicisan u linican Het thought." Irratia, po, Arter's Herinta: st tlar time of Miltons visit to torekce he was living at 11e Villa d'Amrutri, little way out of that city, anul !:11, much furnally burutul, and seertain restrictingia imprimid li tlic Inyulita 15 Lucca, in Turcany, about forty mildur sint of Florence. Ja-win surmas Milton to limit yleired this place in order that he "rught so the town whichica Phalata derised his Image" (Lifr, Gil) 1. 1f sent away, i to England. Many of them lambe Acenniling to f'huillips, werp " munic ws of the larut masters flourishing bout that time in Italy." 11 17, 8 which ho probably orthodoxy, tiene a link the Tendquarter of the Calvinistic acion of th.colnay: mid with something of a buicer 12. Epitaphium Damon's, ree Doter 3. 1. It is not certain that ledul not hmr of lus fnend's death when stagiog at Cenera with Julin Diolate, the uncle 1 32 the world, «col fashion, the more of whirl in London har for generations Incen from the cast to the wel, m that *trects fashionable eron in Johnron's time are now up to mercantile porpo. 1.2 1.4. ra pours away hla patriotism, alina listriotain to crapornte in nothing more adventurous than keepinn a mlin. This 18 an unworthy moreum Milton wheti aliran livlinen mie leil on to the actual state of affairs in Englanl, and on his retom foamino acope for an nathe interference in fliteul matters Lto a schoolmaster, to the position of a newmaster It liout.lt rememind that Johnin lunsrif sanat e tua schoolmaster and fount it asury try DS (KCU42 ton 11. 12, ... His father was alive, he bul not yet come into any property from his father 11 , p. the Georgick, Vergel's pwm of the foot (murgice, in which Agriculture in Ita var for treated of 131 projectors proklıts liere used on the eleprostory one which attacheal to the wonlinejut nice of the wild and din honest projects put forwarılliy mun beyin this title Il 32, 3 what was wantice 11e, what was try to renler Dife more laterestinul triore useful fonly the suppose of log Johnwn to lose lailletter firman of w210 Frauer be iniz! mote 11 Encicly than di Milton 1. 31 Als imaginary college, his moble #hich, like 11a1 ·86 LIFE OF MILTON. seldom coulos Republic, Bacon's Now Allantis, or. Vore's Ulopia, tas nothing niore than an ideal scheme. This "refers to Cowley's schieno for the establishinent of what he terins, 'i philosophical college, entitled 'A proposition, for the advancement of experimental philosophy?"... (Firth). : P. 10. 1. 7. prove ... opinions, sliosf by the results that the opinions were founded on reason. 1. 12, at leisure, sirch as iré pursue at leistire tines. ll. 12, 3. miam " in this passage ineans knowledge of it ; such rare emergence, so finding opportunity for display, use. 1. 15. prudential character, character as 'n man of sobriety and foresight. Masson, Life, iii. 252, criticizing Jolinson's criticism, remarks, that in reality “Milton included all that Johnson wanted to have included, and more largely and systematically than Jolinson rould have dared to dream of, and for the same rensons. The introduction of Natural and Physical Science into schools was but a portion, tlough an emphatic portion, of Milton's project. And, with respect to this portion of his pro ject... subscquent opinion lins inore and more pronounced, ang is more an inore pronouncing, for Milton and against Jolinson The fairer criticism now would be as to the modc in which Miltoi 'proposed to teach Natural and Physical Science, and knowledge generally fi.c. through the median of the Greek anı Latin languages) This taken out of the Scheine, all the rest lasts and is as good now, and perlaps as needful, as it was in Milton': time".... l. 21. pedantick, a 'perant' is properly nothing more than : schoolmaster, from It. pedante, but the word early came to bi rised for one who makes an ostontatious display of learning. 1:22: paradoxical, given to the utterance of paradox, tha which is contrary to received opinion; from Gk. napá, beside and obča, notion, opinion 11. 23, 4. to turn .. Ufe, to direct philosophy towards an inquiry into tlic affairs of life around us instead of the stuity of things in the natural world that are beyond our ken; or, is Socrates pui it, to bring down philosophy from the clouds to the carth. 1. 30. "OTTI.. TÉTukTat, what mischance and what good fortun have happened in your house, Homer, Odyssey, is, 392; so far a: Jolinson's application goes, TéTUKTCL is presentam" whatoye: luppens." ll. 31, 2. this wonder-working academy, this school from which such mreat thinres were to lie nynonton ·NOTES PT. II. 6,7 1024, a divine of 1576-1633, who, cotno time at the Hague, al terigrus, su profesor 14 Lt University of Franeker, in Friesland. 1.11. Gray's Inn, "(nly this alrantane lie had," says Phillips " that once in three weeks or a inonth he would drop into the society of some young sparks of bis acquaintance, wlirreof were Mr Alphry aut Mr. Willer, two gentlemen of Gray's Inu, the Baur of those times, but notliing near go bol as those not itays. With these gentlemen he wonld so far anko bold with his horly 2x now and then to keep a gaudy-day," i e. a feast das, a holmay 13 lent his breath .contention, helped hy his writing to emlitter the religious and political controversies of the day. ! 16, 7 inferior. learning, Firth points out that it was inferiority not in lerrning hut in eloquence that Multen referred to, anil tlnt by 'cloquence' lie meint the 'sharp taunts,' the "quips anil snapping aclages' and the coy flirting style in which Fall indulger 2. I8 H11 (1574 1656), bishop of Exeter and afterwards of Norwich. His ramphlet, published in January 1640, with no mane to it, was entitled Ilimble Remonstranre to the high Cotat or Parliament. By a Dulit-17-Sonne of the Church ? 21. Smectymnuus, the five ministers were Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Sporstow, the first letters of whose Christian names and surnames make up the word 4 PT 11 1..-.TT- € 1. 24. Of Prelatical Episcopacy, a pamphlet consisting of tirenty. four emall qauto piges, publisheil anonymously 11 21,5 may be deduced can be declncell, may originally meant to be able,' AS magan, and thus rense 19 frequent sa Elizabethan English 125 Apostolical Times, age of the Apostles who propagatel the Christian religion. 11 20.20 contemptuous mention, as shown by the word "goes nagh," w luzch in Johnson's opinion evidently infer that ·88 LIFE OF MILTON. Milton could hardly believe the treatise to be written by one in such a position. 11. 30, 1. the puritanical... manners, the rough manners affected: by the Puritans. 1. 32. Prelacy, a "Prelate' is literally nothing more than one set above others,' from Lat. prælatus, set above, but the term was restricted to mean a church ilignitary,'' bishop,' and Prelacy.is this system of church government by bishops. 1. 33. discorers, exhibits, allows to be seen. P. 12, 11.2, 3, that can enrich .., knowledge, Thich is able to bestow all knowledge and the powers of declaring that know, ledge. II. 3-5. sends out ... pleases, by means of his angels purifies the ininds of those whom lic chooses as his agents and interpreters, aud inspires then with his will. Seraphim, a Hebrew plural, from which we get the English word seraph; said to mean "ligh'. or "exalted,' the seraphim being angels of the highest rank in the - angelic order. 1.7, all seemiy... affairs, all studies and matters of a becoming and noble character. IL. 7-9. till which ... expectation, until he shall have completel the course of reading which he has laid down for himself, and shall have found himself incapable of the great end he proposes to himself, dlilton will continue to cherish the hope of producing something that may be of use and honour to his country. 'l. 13. vomited... university, expelled from the University as something injurious to its well-being, like food fron) which the stomach revolts as being injurious to bodily liealth. This charge Milton, apology against a Pamphlet called Modest Conſulation, etc., describes as a "commodious lie,” commodious as giving him an opportunity of acknowledging publicly the extraordinary "favour and respect " which he last experienced from the. authorities of his College and others during his student-life cat Cambridge. 11. 17-20. As for the common ... with me, if my critic supposes me likely to acknowledge that I in the least value myself upon the approbation, or think less of myself for the disapprobation, oi the ordinary residents (as opposed to the Fellows of his College):- of the University in its present condition, he only slow's his cxtreme foly; if be think to obtain with me, if he fancies that he can get the better of ine by bringing me to admit that such consiilerations weigh with me. 11. 20-6 of small practice physick, he would show himself to be-thc merest enipiric. the merest tiro iu knowledge, who could-. not sce, by the experience of what persons she and ber sister ·NOTES 8! (Oxford) have driven ont of their fold, that she ever persistently Cherishes those who are a disgrace to her, while she ns jersistently rejects those who would be an honour to her those she nowy thrusts forth from her, she thrasts forth not becatige they are t. T. 1. 27. in my younger judgement, even when I was less capable of forming a found opinion What Shakespeare, A. C. $ 73, cxlis “My salad olay, When I was green in zadycmen." 1. 32. Incontinence, unclastity. Milton specifically defends hanself from such a charge in his Apology aramat a Pamphlet rulled A Jodlest Confutation, etc, pablished in 1642 (See Masson, Life, i1. pp. 399 et seqq), and again in his Defensio Srcunda, published in 1634 (see Slasson, Life, 1 658) of the Church IL 3, 4 one who serves court-cuphoard one who not only helps in the scrvice of the Church, but takes part in serving ropasts, etc. A court-cupboard was a sort of morable gweloari, without doors or drawers, on which ras displayed the plate of the houschold, Bagong, cups, etc CTR 5 8, "Away with the joint stools, remore tlie conrl-cuptoard" A 11 ·LIFE OF MALTON. ilton. could liardly believe tho trentise to be written by one. such a position. 11. 30, 1. the puritanical... manners, thic rough manners affected. y the Buritans. 1. 32. Prelacy, 'Prelate' is literally nothing more than one et above others,' from Lat. praelatus, set above, but the torin was estricted to mean' a church diguitary,' bishop,' and Prelacy is his system of church governinent by bishops. 1. 33. discovors, exhibits, allows to be seen. * P. 12, 11. 2, 3. that can cnricit ... knowledge, which is able to bestow all knowledge and the powers of dccloring that know ledge. 11. 3-5. aends out ... pleases, by incans of his angels purifies the minds of those whom lie chooses as his agents and interpreters, and inspires them with his will. Seraphim,'? Hebrew plural, from which we get the English word scraph; sail to mean high or 'exalted,' the seraphim being angels of the highest rank in clic angelic oriler. 1.7. all scomiy... affairs, all studics and matters of a becoming and noblo character. 11. 7-9. tu which ... expectation, until he shall have coniploteil the course of reading which lie hins laid down for himself, and shall hare found himself incapable of the great coil he proposes to himself, Milton will continue to cherisli tlic liope of producing. something that may be of usc and honour to liis country. "1. 13. vomited ... university, expelled from the University as something injurious to its well-being, like food from which the stomach revolts as being injurious to bodily health. This charge Milton, sipology against a Pamphlet called Modest Confutation, etc., describes ns n commodions lic,"commodious ns giving him an opportunity of acknowledging publicly the extraordinary "favour and respect" which he hail experienced froin the. authorities of his College and others during his studdeutlife at Cambridge. Il 17-20. As for the common ... with me, if my critic supposesme likely to acknowledge that I in the least value myself upon the appronation, or think less of myself for the disapprobation, of the ordinary residents (is opposed to the Fellows of his College) of the University in its present condition, lie only shows luis extreme folly ; if he think to obtain with mo, if he fancies that le can get the better of me by loringing me to admit that such considerations weigh with me. 1l. 20.6 of small practico ... physick, he would sliow himself to het merest cmpiric, the merest tiro in knowlerige, who could not sce, by tho experience of what persons she and her sister ·SOTES 62 (Oxford, bare driven out of thicir fold, that ebe ever ponistently Llichsley those who are a degrace to her, while she as ju ndistently Frjents those who would be an honour to ler: those she now thrasts forth from her, she thrusts forth not cause they are 1.-P., tro1-1 ARA. 1. t. t. .L. 1.7. in my younger fudgement, even then I was less capable of forming a found opinion. 11 hat Shakespeare, . (.i. 5. 73. calls "Jy salaul las, Then I was green in jedgement" 1. 32. Incontinence, unchastity Moton specifically defend, mphet . 15On. truda, . T. 13, L. 2, 3 some chaplain in hand. syme petty subordinate who is Ling trained up for the priesthond.. some equire prelate, some mere personal attendant upon his bhrp. aloge laties are rather those of a lackey than of an urdained minister of the Church 11. 3. 4. One who serves court cupboard. one who not only fcipu in the service of the Church, but takes part in serving reprats, etc. A court-cupboard was a sort of movable endelward. without doors or drawers, on which was desplayel the plate of the bou chold, Hagons, cups, etc Cpviss, Jway with the joint stools, remove the court-cup card' 11, 4, 6. be will bestow himsell, he is determined to give us an outline of his acquirements anil espacities, model, used Loth of the pattern of something to le made, and ulo of the repie. sentation in Little of something greater already in existence.

·: 11. 6, 7. hopping short ... fits, which fail to reach the point 5 LIFE OF VIITUN. ound sound, a solution also seen in thc Ita] sica, tisis. 1. 6. Wherever he had them, pickerl up learen only kuos There; again emphasizing Milton's scorn. which they nim, just as some poor wreich, rackerl with con; yulsive fits, fails to make his way to the point to which he would guide his steps; in the measure is probably: uscil in a twofold sense, (1) according to the manner and inethod, (2) with a sarcastic reference to the word in tlie sense of a stately dance. 11. 7-10. in which ... posies, and in the 'throes of giving birth to his 'ideas, his wit, nearly perishing, produces, instead "of shapely and well-balanced periods, a incre farrago of such empty adages as are to be seen engraved upon rings; the figure is, that of a woman in childbirth, the throes of which nearly kill hicro-, and whose infant owing to the extremity of her agony comes forth not well-formed and healthy but distorteil and incomplete. The thumbring of former däys vas a plain hroad gold ring which - grave persons used to wear on the thumb; Narès quotes i. 11.11', ii. 4. 365, “I could have crept into any alderinan's thumhring," and Glapthorne's l\'it in a Constable, "An alderman- I may say. to you, he has no inore wit than the rest of the bench, and that lies in his thumbring.” The posies, i.e. poetical mottoes, were coinmon not only upon rings bnt upon swords, knives, chimneys, etc. : Cp. J. 1. v. 1. 148, 151, "a paltry'ring That she did give to me, whose posy was For all the world like cutler's poetry Upon a knife, Love ine and leave me not.'" 11. 9, 10. this section .. himself, this section of his work in which he only anatoniizes himself for our behalf and annuso-, incnt. 1. 13. that hell. frown, from Paradise Lost, ii. 718, 9, frown'd the mighty combatants, that Hell Grew darker at their frown." 1. 14. Reading, in Berkshire, captured by Essex, the Parliamentary general, in 1613. 1. 15. Whitsuntide, the time of Whitsunday, or White Sunday, as it was originally written (another name for Pentecost), a word. supposed to have been derived from the white garments used in baptisms and ordinations frequent at that season. For a fuller account, see Skeat, Ety. Dict. s r. Whitsunday. 1. 17. a justice of the peace, the title given to persons of posi. tion and credit appointed to maintain the peace in the counties.. in which they reside. The Powells lived at Forest Hill, not far from the old Forest of Shotover, about four milcs from Oxford, viso ·SOTES. 1. %. 1. epire. adj. 12: 15 odscha!!! "plata living as I Lil thic lila L 1 10 bare ter cof297. to ku alusel 10 Lare Ler tay L%. Mestse24, de fact 6. Vrat Keperler!.. IL 23,9 Lady Margare: Lelga, L'y, uc! le lac :ers ol Jatzes Les, tort farlo Marilascul., 31. nferred j** bir log Cars in 10%-1. lady Jiarust: tied a Captain Binti, ard Lasth ał.. a / Ler bola xtum tolle talrirl -Parlamentaria side. J adorego his tent! Sencet to 13 Lis. • Lh3.4 23 259TEI, K-cite to answer. 11. 31, 3. I: conta trany, i.e. ta oplat that the crew t + potle uue tha: Lis lettere luid cerer reacte ter. P.14,1... Caraters, acd test or Lestic to a musa of Virco's prin plat 25. repudiate, pat away 2* '. 11. 9. The Doctte. Diver, the fr: edition the former the two tracts a patlisko 20. Ir, 1643. 6. 2* JcLnon wy, in 1644, test edition - Febr. 1613-4; add the possil trut in Jals 1611. Pegarding tte font tran, Mara La 1 1 Tetractcrdu, Ortant of use for Enzo's title com to liiton for the lid of Lis inuar tres a Durice. It-Pirrel in March 164-17, ni 1 550 tle was a Exprensis Ljem tle for che pbian Scrutare which ira: of Marritur vt nulluin is wat '! Intered to 15 X* IL ALL JIL 1 12 JTZ w. o patting away a wie sitzsct the .

·LIFE OF MILTON 1 1.-19. Icon Basilike, i.c. Royal Image, or." Portraituro of liis Sacred Dſajesty in his Solitudes and Sufferings," a work written. .by Dr. Gauden, afterwards Bishop of Exeter, but universally. attributed to Charles himself. 1. 20. Latin Secretary, in March, 1949, immediately after the constitution of thic'first Council of State, with Bradshats for its President, the Secretaryship for Foreign Tongries, or Latin Secretaryship, a special and independent office, instituted by the Council itself, chietly in view of expected correspondence between the Commonwealth and Foreign Powers, was offered to and accepted by Milton. 1. 21. to censure, to critize and expose. 1. 22. Sidney's Arcadia, il famons romance published by Sidney. in 1990. The prayer is that made by the afilictcd Panela in thic third book, near the beginning. "In explanation, however, say's Masson (Life, ir. 138, 9), it ought to be added that the. Prayer in question is not one of those that occur in the Eikon Basilike proper, ... but is one of a few that were appended to some .*of the earlier and more expensive.editions of the book" 1. 23. Iconoclastes, i.e. Innage Breaker, an answer to the Eikon i Basilike, pablished in October 1649. “In one thing," sily's Milton in his Preface, "I much commend his openness who gave. the title to his book, Eikon Basilike, that is to say The King's Image, and by the shrine le dresses out for him certainly vrouli have the people.come and worship him. For which reason this answer also is entitled Eilonoklastes, the famous surname of many Greek emperors irho, in their zeal to the command of God, after long tradition of idolatry in the Church, took courāge and broke all superstitions Images to piéces. 1. 24. indecent, sc. in its violence and harshness. 1. 28. pop, indicating laste and perhaps secrecy. 1. 29. relique, or "relic,' a memorial, especially the memorial of a saint. 1. 30. exercises, prayers and meditations; the word in this : sense of devotional occupation, performance of religious duties, was very cominon in Elizabethan English. 1. 32. Dr. Juxon, ex-bishop of London, who attended the King. in his last days and at his execution. 11. 33, 4. were at least ... prayer, if they really found this -prayer among the king's papers, they at least are answerable for haring made it known to the world. 1. 36. The use ... innocent, if the king was guilty of adapting. this prayer from Sidney's Arcadia, there was nothing heinois in 13 ... doing so.

·NOTES 97 T11 12 1. 4. being gow sheltered, hasing found shelter and protection from his enemies. 1. 5. Salmasius, Claule ile Saumaisc, a Froschman, lomi in 12 at this time regilan at Toron in 11.11.1 1 7 1. 8. Jacobuses, a gold coin worth 233 sterling coined in the reign of James the First, Jaculus being Latin for James; Milton in his Lpigram In Salman. Ilundredam mahes merry over this onbe. IL 9, 10 Bagacity criticam, shill and clear-eightelness in cmending loy conjecture passages in the classical writers which Jiad been carelesly copied from the original 189 1. 15. expedition, celerity 1. 16. Defensio Regis, the ctact title of this book was Diferxto liten gro Carolo 1. It arreareil in Ilolland in 1619, and contained a better attack on the English Conumonwealth. 1. 17 a sufficient answer, Milton's answer, entitled Dorentin piro Poprulo Inglucano contra Claus Salman Defensionem Tugiam, was published in the end of 1650, or the beginning of 44 -.- .11 .. 1.**.1. .1 . A- A II. 19 30 that Bobbes worst, Johnson, to whom of course Milton's reasoning was unpalatable, 19 glad to be able to cite the ...Innhorne Trotte T1 unrile am Intelzing has roines hat of a stronger sense than the modern word now spelt'teazing 1.23. Salmacis, a very clear fountain in Caria, fable to repiter soft and effeipinate all who drank of it, se Ovid, Jet. 11. 256.

·rement. top of Derry and afterwards Arc let was, however, by one Row : living at Rotterdam. spected, i.e. the real authorship this pamphlet, of which the full t arl Cælum adrersus Parricidas Ang Blood to Heaven against the Englis Anonymously at the Hague in 10 10 pungent, and contained suchi ial character, that he could not let eferred" (P. IT'. i. 39). a prebend,' from Lat. prrebenda, erson from a public source, is a ance by a member of a cathedral one wlio holds office among tliec are of its publication, being entrus ing it out. unda, published in 1654. 5. Vhile ter in this Reply, Milton made i English Nation; and hence it is ngli pro populo Anglicano Defensio : f John Nilion, Englishman, for the torically and autobiographically, it i ag of Milton's pamphlets. It cont 3 memorable panegyric on Cromwe Bradshaw, Fleetwood, Lambert, T Milton assumes throughout t k to which he was replying was a or Morus, a Frenchman of Scottish olland; and the license he gires himse this Morus is something frightful” | ers. shrink ... tempest, could no longer enı ve poured upon him. pride, which made him ashamed too gas to the authorship of the painphle itement made in his Tlápepya, Poematiti n 1670; but Morus, though drcadfully ·YOTES. 101 on hearing of Viln't Istimin p. further • Clamat; $.Defesa to the II anut was bail not v.) L 31. deserimur..talitaris, Ece Johnson's translating on the next page. roof not. It may be doubted .. gloriosus, the worl, though usul in a gwxl sense of things, actions, etc., is not at all events in Latin of the Augustan age, applied in such a sense to men. P. 22, L 17. the perpetual dictatorship, alter haviny been Aprwintel dictator at various times and for various periols from me to ten years, he 423, E.C. 43, invested with the title of imparator for life. II. 17, S. the coallon society, that combination which stuser of the h an implied n the passage •xietas is the wwwnton - IL IS, 9. agreeable to, in harmony, accordance with 12 atchsered, an older speaking of achiervil, the l having no proper place in the word, wbích is from the O Fachary, achirrer, to accomplish, forted from the phrase tenir a chef, to come to the end, to attain ope's object, Lat ad caput renine. . 1-1 L 96. wanted defence, Deeded defending 1. 27. found leisure himsel, in a pamphlet entitled JOANNIS Viltoni inglı pro re Defratto contro Alexandrum lorum, in Defence or John Wilton, Englishman, for himall, a101nst llerandler Jore, being an answer to liore Tract called Fides Pullic, followed by a Suplementum, to which latter Miltou repliesl in lns Anthonsoll man Jon Supplementum, the Anthor's reply to Alexander Sore's Supplement, acnered to the Defensio. L 29 jastly Clamoz, in having had the care of its publica. tion. II. 3), % Morus est: are jou nightly called Morns or Momez, ·are the two identical? Morus means not only a mulberry tree, ta fool, and Nlomus is the god of mockery. P. 23, 11. 1, 2. the known transformation, referred to by Pliny.., 11. 3, 4. Poma ... Morus, the mulberry tree which once bore iite fruit, afterwards produced black fruit, i.e. with the. ggestion that Morus though he might once have been a reputle person hul now ceased to be somin allusion to a low intriguo which he had been accused. 1. S. As secretary, in-bis capacity as secretary. 1. 11. artiully, with the object of obtaining further advantages. 1. 12. Indisposition, ill health. 11. 12, 3. the Swedish agent, the plenipotentiary entrusted by c Swedish Court with the arrangement of the treaty. proked, i.e. by the delay, I. 17. external interruptions,.sc. of controversial writing. 1. 20. an epick poem, the actual composition of Paradise Lost believed to have been begun during the last year of Cromwell's cotectorate: the history of his country, this was a compilation oin Czesar, Tacitus, Beda, the Saxon Annals, Geoffrey of Nonouth, Holinshed, Camden, etc., etc. 1. 21. a dictionary, lie was getting together material, for a hesaurus Linguæ Latinæ, collecting idioms, references, eter, and ohnson, himself a Dictionary maker, was well-capable of estiating the minute and wearisome work such a project entailerl." 1. 26. always before him, sc. as a clesign he was anxious to irry out 11. 27, 8. discomposed, wanting in all arrangement. 11. 33, 4. but with more skilful, except with, etc. P. 24, 11, 6, 7. as he hints ... Mansas, 11. 80-4. "If I should per recall into song the kings of my country, Artlur still from is under-ground stirriug the warlike cominotion, Or should tell I those leagued as Knights of his Tahle, Grent-sonled heroes nmatched, and (0 might the spirit but aid me!) Shiver the ixon plıqlanxes under the shock of the Britons!" (Masson's ranslation). For Mansus (Latin of Manso), see note, p. 7, 1. 26. 1. 7, 8. Artbur was reserved ... destiny, "Fenton here refers to lackmore's heroic poem of Prince Arthur, publislied in 1695; a' pem once famous, but not forgottan" (N. A.). 1. 10. iu a library at Cambridge, that of Trinity College. 11. II, 2. had digested .. Mysteries, had so far arranged his sign as to have sketched out a plny after the pattern of the old ysteries. These Mysteries,' or as they were oftener called in ngland, Miracles' or 'Miracle Plays' were representations on, c stage of religious events; though properly speaking the ·NOTEX 103 Alysteries dealt with Ginspel esents only, the Mimple T11% with incidents derived from the legends of the Saints of the Church. 11. 14, 5 beginning ... Sun, 11, 32 11 of P. I.., lk. iv. P 25,1 3. upoło yatar, sperks a prologue or introductinn; tho Ferb prologize 18 teed by Ben Jonson, ani 'pilogize' by Milton. 1.4 corrupts not, is not liable to corruption, leons. 1,5 Enoch and Elijah, who were carrieıl up to hesion without cxperiencing leath 17,8 ezkorts God, uyes mankind to raise their cjen, lry purifying their lienrts, to the contemplation of Gal. 19. Luclfer, literally the light-hringer,' the title Imme loy Satan before his fall; in classical writings, tho morning star, Venus. 1. 30. Mutes, clumb personages on the stage. P. 26, 1. 4, unparadised, drirer out of Parallise, the Carien of Elen; literally a park, pleasure ground 1.5 Gabriel, one of the three Archangels, called in P L. iv. 550, "Chief of the angelic guards" frequency, constant visits. 11 12,3 tracing ofice, roaming more at large in his capacity as one of the angelic guards. 17. 14. 5. &s the creation, as for instance the, etc 1 18. discourse side, angry contention in words, 1. " relating what, boastfully relating what 123, to the destruction, tovarils bringing almut the destruction, rr. by having sucorsfully tempted Exe. 1. 21. confusediy, with shamc: ece Grenasle, 211, 7" And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked : nnd they seved fig leaves together, and maile themselves Aprons." 1 25. In a shape, presentsil 15 visille forte 1. 7. entertains the stage, occupies tlic stage and finis choral oiles 1 31 is stubborn cence, justifies his action in puting of the forbilden fruit. 1. 36. & mask, Ece note p 6, 1 11 P. 27, 1. the Messia), literally 'the pointel One'. Hebrew. 1.4 the glory, Ac #hich 2x due to lim 1.6 draught, we now write the word in this €1138 inft 1. 8. in their seminal state, in their first secds or legiomag pregnant, carrying on the metaphor in semin&l.

·LIFE OF MİLTON. 14, 5. Invention obstruct, in his Essay on Dryden, Ed. Jan. 1828, Macaulay speaks of Milton's blindness as prob. having stimulated and heightened his imaginative powers. 16, 7. his numbers, his poetry. 19. seemly arts and affairs, see note on p. 4, 1. 11.. - 23. wanted, needed. al. 28, 9. a manuscript... Council, a manuscript given to Milton for a true copy by a learned man at his death” and which he thought it a kind of injury to withhold longer from the public." 1. 30. a Treatise ... Cases, this treatise, of which the full title is 4 Treatise of Ciril Poicero in Ecclesiastical Causes, showing that t is not larful for any poier on carth to compel in matlers of Religion, was addressed to Richard Cromwell's Parliament "in the hope that the adoption of its ideas, and consequently of a policy less favourable to Church-establishments than that of Oliver, might tend to the popularity of the New Protectorate and to the preservation of the Cromtrell Dynasty.” (Masson, P.1: i. "This was follower in Angust 1659 by Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove Hirelings out of the Church, etc. Johnson seems to confuse these two pamphlct and make them into one. Probably, however, he originall wrote gratified his malerolence to the clergy by a treatise Ci:il Power in Ecclesiastial Causes' and 'The means of remo ing Hirelings out of the Church (Firth). 11. 3), 1. the üleans ... Church, see note, p. 4, l. 11. 1. 33. eztemporary government, system of government vissa) in meet the exigencies of the time. P. 28, 1. 2. Toland, John (1670-1722), a chief leader of the English Dcists, who published a life of Wilton in 169S. hope, lost nothing of courage or hope; from I argue not Against Heaven's hand or 1.est still bear up and steer 44). 37 hated ·IVJ Tilmaf101. ARN $ 1, 14 by rotation, each of the members Leing given supreme power in his turn The Rota k&s the name of Harrington's political club here referred to 1114, 5. Idcking Etrike, i.e. using such means of atinoyance ag #till remained in his power. 1. 17. Grimths, or Guffith, as his name really way, 109 clergyman who had taken refuge with the King through the Civil Wars. On Sunday, the 25th of March 1600, he recacheln strong Royalıyt sermon in the Mercers' Chapel, and afterwards publisheel it. 1 1 21 by bis office, in virtue of his being Secretary. 11 24-6 proportioning writing, attaching to huy writings an importance in the eyes of the world which they no longer pinggessed, anıl 80 exaggerating the danger to which they exposed 1. 27. West Smithfield, formerly the great cattle marhet of London, which in 1852 was transferred to Copenhagen Fields, 1.36 Act of Oblivion, the Bill of General Indemnity and Ohlivion was brought into the Commons on the 9th of Jay TEGO, and fragged on the 29th of August shopid except, shoutil mention loy name ay excepted from the pardon conferred by the Bill Johngon in this phrase except except seems to be translating the legal term eacepusercipiendus P. 29. 1 4 he had only done, Johnson apparently means this A9 Afneer ·LIFE OF MILTON. 108 1. 30. married, February 24, 1662-3; his bride was a relation of Dr. Paget's, and only twenty-four years of age. . She made Milton an excellent wife, and survived him many years. . 1. 32. of his happiness, of such happiness as fell to his lot. * 11. 35, 6. oppressed ... death, Phillips's statement does not amount to this, though no doubt Mrs. Milton exercised orer them a control of which they were much in need; the second assertion is entirely false. Though it was clearly Milton's intention that his widow should have all the personal property left by him, thic danghters inheriting only the portion due to Milton from the estate of Mr. Powell, his first wife's father, yet, they having disputed their father's intentions, it was decided, on technical grounds, that the widoir should have two-thirds of the property, loft by Klilton and the daughters one-third among them. This amonnt was accordingly paid to them. P. 31, 1. 2. his employment, sc. as Latin Secretary. The story comes to us through Richardson, who had heard it on what lie thought to be good authority, but it is incredible that Charles could lave made the offer of such a post to the author of The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and of Eikonoklastes. 1. 9. purely ministerial, the service of a mere subordinato clerk. 11. 11, 2. are among...falsehood, are tales such as are commonly circulated without their having any forindation in fact. 1. 15. the new settlement, government as established ly the restoration of the king. 1. 19. Accidence ... Grammar, Accidence dereloped into Grammar; accidenre properly deals only with the accidents or inflcc tions of words, and is therefore nothing more than the rudiments of grammar; for commenced, see note, p. 20, 1. 14. Milton's titl "Acccdence Commenc't Granımar," and the volume, tl substance of which, as Masson thinks, had probably " been lyin among Milton's manuscripts since the days of his pedagogy Aldersgate Street and Barbican," was published in 1669. II. 26, 7. for the advantage of his conversation, in order thhe (Elwood) might profit from intercourse with him (Alilton Elwood, the son of a small squire at Crowell in Oxfordshi Juch to his father's disgust through acquaintance with Pennington, a neighbour, he had turned Quaker, and coming to London was by Dr. Paget, a friend of Pennington's, int duced to Milton. 1 28. Hartlib, see note, p. 4, 1. 7. 1. 29. with an English mouth, as pronounced by English is as ill ahearing, is as unpleasant to listen to. Was ·NOTES 109 . 1. 30. Law French, the jugon of Norman-I'rench terms still to He found in law books. 1. 33. use, advantage. P. 32, 1 5. There is uttle countries, a piece of Johnson's conservatism against which arguments of a weightier character have at length to some extent at all events prevailed. 1.6 by his attendance, liy attending to Milton's directions as to pronunciation 17. curious, nice, accurate 1 9 open, explain; a translation of the Latin aperire. 1. 11. Banhill Fields, in Artillery Walk, leading to Bunhill Fxcldla, opposite to the wall of the Artillery ground, or exercisingplace of the okl London Trained Bands, and near to the present Bunhill Row 1 14. He was now Lost, Milton had resumed the idea of Paradise Lout before the close of the Second Protectorate не Logan the poem serionsly in 1653, probably concluded the two first looks l.cfore the Restoration, went on with it in Jewin Street and Dunhill, and had finished it by the middle of 1665. 118. a farce, the reference is to a Scriptural drama entitled Adamo ly a certain Giovanni Battista Andreini On this sub. ject generally, see Introduction 1 29 survey of his attainments, mental reckoniog up of the stores of learning and olservation which he had accumulated. II. 31, 2. long chusing, late, “Since first this subject for heroic rong Pleased me, long choosing and heginning late," P. L ir 25, 6 In The Dreason of Church Gorenment, Book II Triton 1 MYR -- Tann RAA suitable for dramatic treatment, such tieatment Leing that which had suggested itself to him when first meditating å work which le trusted his country would not willingly let die P 33, 1 1. eplsodes, stories introduced into the main story: Gk erelooos, & coming in besles, something inserted into the main action of a drama accumulate, store up in his mini, 1. 7. stations, offices 11 7,8 he is yet retirement, he is still a man ocenpying so large & epace in the public eye that records of bis private life at trio time have been discovered by the minute search of his admirers. 1 13 parts, mental endomments quality, rank ·110 LIFE OF MILTON. ... '1. 16. Wood, author of Athence Oxonienses, 1. 19. cloaths, cloth, as we should now say. ll. 20, 1. chalkstones, "a concretion chiefly of sodium urat resembling chalk, occurring in the tissues and joints, esp. of ti feet and hands, in severe gont" (Murray,.Eng. Dici.). 11. 23, 4. the common exercises, sc. of walking and riding. Il. 31, 2. This gave reports, as to his being engaged on t) poem. 1. 34. composure, composition; the word in this senso, never yo common, has not been in use for the last laundred years. Jonist Cynthie's Rexelx, ii 1, writes, " It is the same that Demosther usually drunk in the composure of all liis exquisite and me Suons orations," though in the next specch lic uses "compo tions" in the same sense. P. 34, 1. 1. parcels, small portions ; Lat. parlicna, diminut of pars, a part. 11. 3, 4. by whatever ... next, by any one trho chanced to at hand. 1. 6. his vein, liis poetical fancy; a. figure taken fri 'mines. 11. 9, 10. though he courted ... much, however much he mig *woo the Muse, try to stimulate his poetic powers ; never much, this use of never there we should now use erer y common in Elizabethan English, and was often due to a con sion of constructions. 1. 14. his Elegies, the term is used by Milton for all his La poems written in elegiac metre, i.e. alternate hexameters a pentameters, whether the subjects were properly elegiac, pensive, mournfnl, or not. 11. 15, 6. redeunt ... vires, Elegia Quinta, 1, 5, rallor? an nobis redeunt in carmina vires? Am I mistakén, or do my pów of composing return to me also ? i.c. in the sanie way as he h just spoken of the powers of the earth being repaired by advent of spring. II. 16, 7. To this ... marked, to this may be added that "1 same fact is stated by Aubrey; to whom Phillips had mention it verbally (1680) many years before printing it himself" (M. 301, P. I. i. 73). 1. 26. the fumes of vain imagination, vapours born of inori fancy. 1. 27. Sapiens astris, the wise man will be master of t constellations; it saying ascribed to one of the Ptolemies; allusion to the astrological belief in the influence of the plane upon a man's life and actions, .

·111 . 1 99 weather bonnd, literally, prerental by arirerse wind, from putting to sca; figuratively restraicoul froni unfing freely: het bore, which by the ancients & FTIPKxed to cure menta! delusion. p Bacon, Exay of Frienluhij "principall Fruit of Frienilship.. Confession." 1. 32 posennt.. videntor, things are possible to be because they scem possible, Virgul, Acnrid, v. 231. I. 33. enforced, stimulatel, arged forward. 1. 34. Cross, adverse, thwarting. 1. 33. given up, abandoned to idleness 7. 35, 1. 4. decrepitade, derrepil is from the Lat dierenarte, - Pp. 3 5. 1 11. winders world, is current among manhind in a vague Dhape. 11 12, 3 restrains regions, declares that such and such exertions of the intellect are possible in ruch ani soch regions nnly. IL 16 8. when be feared Imagtaation The allagion is to P.L., Ir. 41-6, "unless an age too late or cold Climate, or years, Lamp my intended ning Depressed See alsu Tk Season of Church Gorernment, "I to the instinct of nature agu tbe emboldening of art aucht may be trusteit, and that there ·LIFE OF MILTON.- be nothing adverse in our climate, or the fate of this age, etc. (Book ii. Introduction.).. 11. 26-8. for general causes ... power, the general causes whicli should affect him so powerfully as to render him incapable of producing anything great, would affect also the powers of those who had to estimate his productions, 1. 30. frosty grovellers, degenerate race whose minds, chilled into numbness, would grovel in obscurity. 11. 31, 2. which they ... die, which they would so clicrislı as to preserve it froin oblivion; again from the Introduction to Book li. of The Reason, etc. Wilton's words are, I might perhnps leave something so written to aftertimes as they shonld not willingly let it die.". 11. 34, 5. in the dwindle of posterity, as future ages became more and more mentally dwarfed in comparison with his own. The substantive dwindle is alınost obsolete now. 1. 36. pygmies, fabulous dwarfs on the upper Nile of the height of a my, i.e. the distance from the elbows to the knuckles, about 13 inches. Cp. Homer, Iliad, iii. 2-7, "like unto birds, cren as then there goeth up before heaven a clamour of cranes which fee from the coming of winter and sudden rain, and fly with clamour towards the streams.of Ocean, bearing slaughter and fate to the Pigmy men, and in the carly mort offer crnel battle" (translation by Lang, Leaf and Myers); api Milton, P. L. i. 575, 6, “that small infantry Warred on hy The word is now more commonly but less accurately spelt 'pigmy.': the one-eyed ... blind, an allusinu to the proveri Ainong the blind, the one-eyed man is King. P. 36, 1. l. artifices of study, here artifices is little more thar methods,' and has nothing of the commoner modern sense o stratagem,''cunning device.' 1. 4. discovers, shows, manifests. 1. 8. cestrum, tlie Lat. astrus, Gk, diotpos, was literally the gad fly, horse-fly, and figuratively wild desire, especially the frenz of a propliet or poet. 1. 9. to secure what came, to preserve, by writing thein down the thoughts which thus impetuously inspired him. The questio how far his daughters acted as his amanuenses is one which ha: not been fully cleared up, but that tlicy were not his only or ever his chief helps in this matter is certain, 1. 12. involutions of darkness, periods when liis inventive faculty shrunk back into itself, collapsed. 1. 15. train, usual order. 1. 20. his hand is out, his hand forgets its cuinning, is not in unison with his brain and eye. cranes.

·XOTES 113 1. 21. relation, Darrative, casually conveyed, given in an att Linni, ensual, manner, pot statei sith emphatic purp, regard, attcution, tech 11. 24. 5. were never . . write, this 19 Tot accurate; thic chilust coukl not write, the seconul could write tolerally well, muud 1fic youngest still letter, 1. reducing his exuberance, pruning and cutting drwn his serey so as to strengthen there. Similar stories are of Virgil, among other poets 1.31. gratuitously, without autinrity for the statement 1,35 disturbed, ie in the luier hours of the daytime L 36. his unpremeditated verse, P. L X. 31. I'. 37,11 1, the distresses of thyme, the inconsciences and limitation which rhyme insoles 1 3. adjusted, attnijel to the ruliject. -1.6, cannot. lmown, carrot le known errept in certain mar ticular cacy; such as Jolinson gres nn to state 1 Minunel a Ir. L YIL 238), ofended, gresell and should port Duch sct An cuample of shameleoncs, London and the general Baglish while wore wherle, by a retonnd from the extreme l'uritan stretne49 that hul hxen in fashion, into an $W* eriny. of a program pt. proper 1 U. 1. 11. notes or time, marhs lay which can Astertain at dat particular tumex particular parts of the wat were Last 12 effects, reults, consequences 1 15 Beulked, wil hunzelf away, no more usually spelt rhindert. The won 19 liere used 35 an unnecessarily contemptu. Quy manaPr; Viton bail only too enhetent touin tn rund the king's Teturs, only too little reason to hol for this it the 11us of party so motally offersdech stran th?r*270x Inr Vengeance IL. 16, 7. for Do sooner danger. Jolin lere apparently - the line mot. 133 ll s., Il written ruung to bekisoin.

·LIFE OF WILTOX. though lié hac escapeil the talons of the law," and cren if er were past it was not likely that caluinny woulil cease. 19, 20. had his eyes ... employed, if he had not, while her ined liis sight, been employed in defending the commonwealth attacking the monarchy. 1. 22. regicides, murderers of the king: the word, like Irririle, etc., is used both of the concrete actor and the bstract art. 1. 24. impudence, effrontery, shameless disregard of truth. 1: 26. spared, failed to employ. 1. 29. ludicrous, involving rillicule. 1. 34. the wit, the man of intellect. P. 38, 1. 1. Chalfont in Bucks, a village in Buckinghamshire, about three anıl twenty miles from London. 1. 3. Thou, the phraseology of the Quakers. 1.7. design, made arrangements for. 1. 9. a chaplain .. Canterbury, who was the official licenser, and was not likely to be well disposed towards one who had written with such bitterness against prelawy. By the Press Act of May 1662 the duty of licensing books of general literature harl been assigned to the Secretaries of State, the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Bishop of London, but it was ehiefly pera' former for them lay a staff of under licensers, paid by'fccs. In :: the present case the licenser was the Rer. Thomas Tomkyns, then comestic chaplain to the Archbishop of (anterhuuy. u. 1:2, 3 the simile book, P. L. i. 394-9. These lines scem very little open to the charge of "treason" objected against thein, will, it's Jeeson says, One would think that Toinkyus might have found petssages more lungerous to Church and State. 1. 13. copy, copyright. 1. 14. Samuel Simmons, a small bookseller mn Aldersgat Street. 1. 15. to receive. we should now say. that he should receiv 1, 21. was ten books, consisteil of ren bonks. 1. 23. arguments, synopses of the contents. 1. 20. by a division twelfth, what Johnson really inca that bks. vii. and r. were divuiled so that the second half former formed with three avliltional prefatory lines) the hook, and the spicond half of the latter (with five additior fatory lines) formed the twelfth look. 1. 32. to devolve, i.e. to revert to her, as her husban ·NOTES fr Freem, I en un 51.-£r*:..wen. 1 3. Et ass ss. a Iris (ishr!" 12-132.etari. L- 1. La sexta-r! romper rating 1. 12 del 3: t,ma! l! ii tu su pretre? 1 2 29 % 1313. On bagi melo: ra! L275: .. Cour all the torá tie ties were Ullartagste tirgt gers. L'14. 1924ed... Laskra. Harits siste litt freiser La recaxa ch neactLcs.. L 16. reference, sheengira i Crns nisi which wade to the referet fcii framan o sccherica, L 2011 Jar: will worth the pallio Te materiily incensils to the great treriis cite pe L. 21. an, dimul . L. cites, in tanyes IL 23, f. The roman, womankind L. 2. a clocet or bowledge A lilitary 1.3. professelamlag, followed learnings are: IL 31, 3. two edidos Shakespeare the first indio wa ub libclln 103, the geocod La IX2, and ite tard in 1861 P. 40, La etyle of Terrication, lazik Ft. Em Ibryden taught tist Paradi, Lo I would baie lemn runch inre if -:- 1 1 nu the nin suo 1 1011 to Ay, 300 1 3. disgusting distastefal ; A negatre rather than a positire Beta, mach as the word now lears. L + the prevalence of genies, the powerful efect prmiorel oton people lig Jilton a pluiu* JL. 8. 9 Its admirers opinion. and therefore the work call not male tut which it rrull have inade u they Inich oot This, lowerer is not the fact The fullest wirniration as arennel to the facin fru nuzilmuy gerurtera : And, among others, Dry den derer lost an opportunity of pnblicly extolling its incrits.

·e. : the means ranks, ic books novadays help to other books. But the reputation ... advanced, in 1650 or 1681' the aninons, who had then acquired the entire copyright of Lost, sold the future copyright:to Brabazon Aylmer for in 1683 Aylmer in his turn sold half the copyright to uson at a higher rate than he had given to Simmons for In 1690 or 1691 Tonson acquired from Aylmer the alf of the copyright, again " at an advanced price," and. his nephew having later on ohtairied possession-by, purthe cojiyright of Wilton's èutire works, had a inonopoly: sale till 1731.. Copyright at the tiine of tliese purchases sidcreil perpctual, but in 1709 the first general Copyright nulled this perpetuity, and holders of existing copyrights glani and Scotland were secured indisturhed possession of only for twenty one years after the 10th of April, 1710. 5. put an end..... love, inade it. unnecessary for readers to al the admiration they felt. This secrecy, as has been ed out, was a piece of Johnson's imagination. 19-21. marked silence, sav his fame stealthily making way in spite of the fear which kept men from openly avowing I admiration. 31. catched, we now use the 'strong 'preterite. 1. 32, 3. as well ... as, not only ... but, both ... and. .. 33. oblige him, do him a kindness. 1. 36. her bodily infirmity, she was both lame and deformed. P. 41, 11. 5, 6. the Hebrew the Syriac, etc., i.e. in t] cbrew, Syriac, etc., languages. 1. 7. confined, obliged, tied down. 1. 14. proper, suitable. This seems to have been the judicia rrangement of their stepinother whereby they should learn Occupation likely to be of use to them in earning a livelihood. 1. 22. wanted, lacked, been without. 1. 26. the whole fable, i.e. fabulous account. Geoffrey.of.I mouth (1110-1154), Bishop of St. Asaph's, author of the Chron: sire Historia Britonum. See note on p. 23, 1. 20. 1. 30. strike, be impressive. : 1. 32. fixed his claws, Johnson's comparison of the licens a ravenous bird of prey indicates his sympathy in this matter with one most of whose opinions he so cordially detester. · 1. 36. Long Parliament, which sat from 1610 to 1653. Ass of Divines, see rote on p. 14, 1. 13. P. 42, 11. 1. 2. the earl of Anglesea," the same who, un former name of Mr. Arthur Annesley, lacl been the chief-m

·YOTES.
ila
...!
PL lton --!
miny others, were among the raitors to its of this time
---,-...iren irten
ancicuts Saman .Igourtra, thereforr," says Vascon, was
lectuel to the worll as a tragedy arouelly of a different oriler
from that which had Iren establis! cd in England. It was
1 (mgais of the serere classic rulet, ACCONID to the nnlle
(rock moll wluch had leen kept up by none of the malem
Duzione, anlean it might be the Italiana. In reading it, fint
bakepare, nor Len Tonson, Dor Varsinor, most ke thosht
of, but Failylus, Soplocics, and Euripides
PIL 544).
1 20. Elwood, not Elwool but Pbular IIs titement, lo*
eyer, lov tiot go thin length of Volcans, for I b tellitus *
that though fandil, for 3 parls serreal to
myil inferior to the other, Milton him if sul lat with
Alice any noch thing wlan related to fun
Mas-o, Lu,
vi 035).
L 2. bad it to aimself, was alone in ferry it
1. 3. 1 kad dignity, and of city wlach showed itself
in bie cindeurending to undertake work of no baumbile a satare
1 33 controvertist. now more astually inftrucrtalu
1. 31. to accommodate, to nicet the wants of
Pantat hicle, lievl rumpiled the afterwards " Uld up
into the Latin digeat of the Pamut Lac
1 6 oppogners, adscritics, aflachers,

·LIF} do 6 .. B. the means ranks, ir: looks nowadays holy-tó otlier books, ". But the reputation... advanced,. in 1650 or 1681 tho Siminon, who liac then acquired the cntire copyright of: e lovl, solil the future copyright to Brabazon Aylmer for zil in 1693 Aylmer in his turn sold half. the copyrighi to: l'ouson at a higher rate than he had given to Sinmous for": olc. Ju 1690 or 1691 Tonson acquired from Aylmer thie: half of the copyright, agnin at an avanced price;" und d his nephew having later on obtained possession by purof the copyright of Milton's entire works, hac a monopoly 3 sale till.1731. Copyright at the time of tliese purchases considererl perpetual, but in 1709) the first general Copyright nnnulled this perpetuity, an liolders of existing copyrights ugland and Scotland were secured undisturbed possession o i only for twenty-one years after the 10th of April, 1710. 15. put an end ... love, made it unnecessary for readers ť ccal the admiration they felt. This secrecy, as lins, Lee nted ont, was a piece of Johnsori's inagination. 1. 19.21. marked silence, saw his fame stealthily mikil way in spite of the fcar which kept inen from openly avovi eir admiration. 1. 31. catched, we now use the strong' preterite. 11. 32, 3. as woll... as, not only ... but, both and. 1. 33. oblige him, do him a kindness, 1. 36. her bodily infirmity, slic was both lame and cléforme P. 41, ll. 5, 6. the Hebrew the Syriac, etc., i.co.iii TIebrew, Syriac, etc., Innguages. 1. 7. confined, obligai, tied down. 1. 14. propor, suitable. This seems to have been the jud: Arrangement of their stepmother whereby they sliould lca occupation likely to be of use to them in earning a livelilo 1. 22. wanted, lacked, been without. . 1. 26. the whole fable, i.e. fabulous account. Geoffrey.o mouth (1110-1151), Bishop of St. Asaphi's, author of the Chr sire Tistorici Britonum. "Sce note on p. 23, 1. 20. 1. 30. striko, be impressive. 1. 32. fixed his claws, Johnson's comparison of the lice a ravenous bird of prey indicates his sympathy in this mat with one most of whose opinions he so cordially letested : 1. 36. Long Parliament, which sat from 1610 to 1653.) of Divines, scc 1:ote on p. 14, 1. 13. P. 42, 11. 1. 2. the carl of Anglesca, "the same wlio, former nlmc of Mr. Artlur Amcslcy, lind been the chiet ·XOTES 117 of tl Tiestoration ainu. th Jion, and in har titre le memlag of Charles's Irits focucıl arii ne of the rsrt cire militany thrugb Clarendon's Administrating and thi! 1 slul" (leve Lif, si 371. He, Dssenti, antres, un Innoy cihert, were among the visitors to len attbis time 11 wenn innletoe innlenseslenirinn 19... worls hart rontcmplate two drama, one can fint bur rizr with a Pilutian woman, Atil his leurls with the l'hilixues Erwing ort nt that incident; the other on the Li-Lene of Mannin life, wen te took in Enal senance on the l'ulting nt their feast to hann. These rulecia he .24 combina in kus Som agmidle In his preface in that drama ko sila, atrs Trans from the mill esteem" which in the account of many it pubers at this lay mints out the principle of contraction a trawny of the Kvere classic arilor, arconi.oz to the Enlle Ciretk lel which Laillaen Lapt up by core of the Inter pation, unless it might in the Italiat. In railing it, and Shakespeare, noe Pan Jonunt, Bor Vlamin et, most le LOL I, bat.Exulisia, Sophorles, and Earpsie il II iL21). 1 20. Enood, not Ell but Peillor His L31ners, low. rrer, or sot go thr len.th JoJirkrin, fup all le te!ls us in that. Annals Permend wapateralls (*1*Od to much inlenint to the other,' Wilton miel' stoot Imar with fatience any ruch thing when related to him Maon, L1, L . Lad it to himself, *** alone in felut L2. a kind digtity, a kind of 1,71ty which abnwed itur in his cradesconoling to cndertake not of rot umile 2 satare 1... controvertist, not more as ally mitrosegal? 21. to accorcodate, ti, moet tiu Wapin 1.43. 1. 4. Pamus, l'eter P.10, a distacco Intly an of t. University of Paris, who 1713 palleteri lits Semirtetime Duken in oppitun Anne's Inzic. Jason Furtween I fin oppogner, alters