·(ORANDUM
SILK IN
INDIA
BY
L. LIOTARD,
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND AGRICULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
PART I.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1883.

·MEMORANDI
SILK IN INDIA.
BY
L. LIOTARD,
DE** *TMENT OF REVENUE AND AGRICULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART
OALCUTTA:
RINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1883.

·CONTENTS OF PART I. INTRODUCTION. PAGR. BEIEF NOTICE OF THE EARLY DISTORY OF THE SICK INDUSTRY 1 CHAPTER I. DIFFERENT KINDS OY SILKWOR31; PHYSIOLOGY OF THE WOEA, AND NATURAL CONDITIONS SUITABLE TO IT 3 CHAPTER II. Foop OF TIIE DOMESTICATED SILKWORDS. THE MULBEKRY 7 CHAPTER III. REARING OF THE DOMESTICATED SILKWORM 18 78 CHAPTER IV. TUE SERICOLTURAL INDUSTRY IN INDIA. ACCOUNTS OF THE RIBASURES TAKEN BY Gov. LENMENT UP TO THE END OF 1882 TO EXTEND AND DEVELOPE THE INDUSTRY :- General notice Bengal North-Western Provinces and Oadlı Punjab Kasbmir Bombay Presidency Berar Madras Presidency British Buima. Central Provilices and Assang 34 46 56 58 59 59 60 CHAPTER V. REVIEW OF TRADE AND PRICES 61 CIIAPTER VI. 77 LATER MEASURES FOR PROMOTING THE SILK INDUSTRY (18$2 AND 1883) : General potice Bengal Saharunpore Botanical Garden Central Provinces Madras Presidency 79 79 80 83 ·PREFACE TE sericultural industry in India-once an important one, in Bengal at "Icast-has been declining for many years. The figures of the export trade in Indian silks exhibit a condition of things, says Mr. J. E. O'Conor,' " which cannot .but bo regretted by those who remember or have read of the period when tho silk-growing and reeling industry in Bengal was flourishing and the cxport trade was ono of the first importance, and who now sce Bengal not only unablo to compete in tho European markets with China, or France, or Italy, or tho Lcrant, but actually unable to compete with China in the supply of rat material to tlo silk scaving industry of Bombay" Under thicso circumstances, and in execution of a project which had already been conceived, the following memorandum has been drawn up. Its object is of a two-fold nature, tic. :- (1) it aims at giving an account of thic sericultural industry in India, and of the attempts made to develop it since the date of Jr. J. Geoglogan's account in 1872-72; (2) it cadeavours to form a ground-work for the consideration of any further measures that may be necessary for giving a renewed impulso to the industry. With reference to the second object, occasion has been taken to interpolate particulars relating to tho worm and the method of rearing it, and to the supply of food for it, in tho hope that such particulars may be of some use in pointing out defects and prompting remedies to those (especially natives) already engaged in the business, and in suggesting the proper mode of operation to those wishing to try the business. Of course authorities on such matters have been consulted, and, where divergence of opinion cxists, the opinions have been quoted It is intended to complete the demorandum in three parts: the first part, which is on the domesticated Bombyx mori, or (as commonly known) the mulberry silkworm, is now offcred; the sccond part, on the undomesticated worms, commonly callod wild silkworms, will follow shortly; the third part, which will contain the measures necessary to revive or extend the industry, will be submitted after enquiries wluich are to be made during the International Exhibition at Calcutta. The following books and reports have been consulted.- L'art d'élever les vers à soie, by Count Dandolo, 1881. Traité de l'Education des pers à soie au Japon, by Sıra-Kawa de Seudai (Osyou), translated and prefaced by Léon de Rosny, 1868. Mangel Pratique de l'Educateur de vers à soie, by Alphonse Taurigua, 1860 Histoire de la soie, by Ernest Pariset, 1862. Le Cocon de soie, by Daseigaeur-Kléber, 1875. Maladies des vers à soie, by Louis Pasteur, 2 vols., 1870. Sericulture simplifiée, by 'B. J. Dufour, 1868. Review of the accounts of the Sea-borne Trade of British India for the year 188.3 83.

·-- JIEMORANDUN - MEMORANDUM ON SILK IN INDIA. INTRODUCTION, BRIEF NOTICE OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE SILK INDUSTRY. The early history of silk culture has been sketched by several writers; among others, by Ernest Pariset, in his “Histoire de la soie," 1862; by Léon de Rosny, in liis introduction to the “ Traité de l'Education des vers à soie au Japon," 1868; by J. Geoghegan, in his " Account of Silk in India," 1873?; and by Duseigneur-Kleber, in his "Cocon de soie," 1875. So far as evidence goes, there scems to be no doubt that China is the country where the industry originated. The Chinese historians carry back the use of the product of the silkworm to the period of the myths; and, among annals which relate to the time of Foûk-hi (a century before the date usually assigned to the biblical deluge), silk is mentioned as being in use in the making of sounding cords for the musical instrument called kin, which was a sort of lyre with 27 cords. Later on (2,693 years before the Christian era) the Empress Siling-chi, wife of the celebrated Hoangti, is shown not to have disdained to share in the labours attending the care of the insect, as well as in those of the loom, the invention of which seems to be attributed to her, and to have raised her to the position of a tutelary genius with altars of her own. From this time silk is frequently mentioned in the sacred books in which Confucius embodied the annals of China; and it is abundantly shown that sericulture was continued without any break. The original cradle of the industry appears to have been the north. eastern parts of China, and to have comprised the tracts which now form the provinces of Shantoung and Honkouang and northern part of Kiang-su. It now extends to the whole of China, excepting perhaps the extreme northern limits. From China as a centre, the industry gradually radiated, till it covers, at the present day, 1 number of very widely-distributed areas of very diverse climatic conditions. Duseigneur-Kleber gives a brief statistical review of the development and general course of the industry in every country of the world, especially during the present century. Our object is confined to India. The date of the introduction of the silk. worm into India has been the subject of some research and discussion by Pariset de Rosny and other writers; but the question still seems an open one. A Sanskrit word karsheya or koushika, meaning silk, occurs in the Rámáyana, the Mahábharata, and the Laws of Janu. In the Rámáyana, the first "edition" of which was penned about 1,400 years before the Christian era, Sita, the betrothed of Rama, is dressed in a yellow cloth of silk; the daughter of the king of the Videhous receives among other gifts soft silk cloths; the women of the Reprinted in 1880. And derived from the Sanskut kota or dvsk, which means a cocoon or eg: -L.L.

·CHAPTER I. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILKWORM; PHYSIOLOGY OF TEE VORM, AND NA- TURAL CONDITIONS SUITABLE TO IT. SILK-PRODUCING insects' belong to the natural order Lepidoptera in the classification of the animal kingdom, and are divided into two families called Bombycide and Saturnide, both of which comprise several species. The latter (Saturniidse) comprise eleven genera under which are reckoned nearly four hundred species, including such worms as the tusser, moonga, eria, and others, and will be dealt with in the second part of this Meinorandum. The former (Bombycidae) comprise four genera, viz., Bombyx, Theophila, Ocinara, and Trilocha. The first of these four genera consists of six species found in India and known as "domesticated," and the other three consist of nine species found in India and known as "wild." The nine known as wild are in India: Huttopi Shertvilli Bengalensis of the Theophila genus religiosa mandarina lactea *Moorei of the Ocinara diapbana of the Talocha varians » and will be further noticed in the second part. The six known as domestiated are in India':- Bombyx mori (Linnæus). The common silkworm, domesticated in China, Bokhara, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Persia, S. Russia, Turkey, Egypt and Algeria, Italy, France, and Spain, in all which countries it produces but one crop annually, spinning the largest cocoon and the best silk, of a golden yellow or white. Bombyx lextor (Hutton).—The Boro pulu of Bengal, domesticated in S. China and Bengal, an annual only, producing a white (some. times yellow) cocoon of a different texture and more flossy than. B. mori, Bombyx sinensis (Hutton).—The Sina, Cheena, or Small Chinese monthly worm of Bengal, partially domesticated in Bengal, where it was introduced from China; produces several broods in the year, cocoon white and yellow. Bombyx cræsi (Hutton).-The Nistri or Madrasi of Bengal, introduced from China; domesticated in Bengal; yielding seven or eight broods of golden yellow cocoons in the year; of larger size than B. sinensis, Bombyx fortunatus (Hutton). -The Desi of Bengal, yields sereral broods annually, spinning the smallest cocoon of a golden yellow colour. Bombyx arracanensis (Hutton).-The Burmese silkworm, domésticated in Arracan, said to have been introduced from China through Burma; yields several broods annually: cocoons larger than the Bengal monthly species. It will be observed from the above notice that some of these species spin their silk once in the year, while others spin more than once. The former are known as univoltine, and the latter as polyvoltine or multiroltinc. Some · See The Wild Silks of India," by Thomas Tardie, 1851.

·SILK IN INDIA. 5 of eggs the openings become nearly blocked, and this renders respiration difficult; hence one of the chief reasons for providing sufficient space in rearing establishments. The ages of the worm are marked by a state of somnabulance called ·moulting, into which it falls. On Faking the worm changes its skin. This is indispensable to its groth, for, while the worm grotis rapidly, not so the skin; therefore when the skin begins to tighten the worm, it leaves off cating, exudes from different parts, of its body a fluid which, immediately becoming a silky fibre, it attaches to the surrounding objects for the double purpose of avoiding any roll or fall during its somnabulance, and of'attaching the skin so that when it crawls out of its old covering the latter might remain fixed to the spot. The attaching done, the vorm remains in its somnabulant state for two or three days; it then begins to more its head; it makes contortions, the skin over the head bursts; it pushes forward, and finally crawls out of its old skin. The worm is then of a pale colour, and very delicate. If food be properly provided, it begins to feed immediately, and soon gains in strength and size. Four such moultings take place before the worm comes to its full maturity. After the fourth, i.e., in the fifth age, the worm devours four times as much food as during all the four preceding ages put together. It then ceases feeding, becomes agitated, seeks a place to rest where it contracts its skin, and aided by this motion it pours out through two apertures near the mouth a fluid which in contact with the air immediately becomes a thin fibre. This double fibre is covered with a glutinous matter something like yolk that causes the two to unite and form one. The result is what is known as silk. With this silk the worm forms around itself (technically spins ") a covering and protection of a somewhat oblong shape known as the cocoon, and then changes itself into a pupa or chrysalis, and remains inside its silken cell. When its hybernation is ended, it becomes an imago or perfect moth; it. then emits & fluid which softens the end of its cocoon cell, and, by means of its wing spines and legs, parts the fibres aside until the opening is large enough for it to crcep out. After a short time its wings expand and dry, and it enters its perfect state. It lives only a few days in this. phase of its existence, during which it couples and the female lays her eggs. It will be seen from the above that the silk-producing insect is subject to three transformations. In the first, it passes from an egg to a worm; the worm has no progenitive organs; its sole business is to feed and make its cocoon. In the second, it transforms itself from a worm to a chrysalis, and lies shrouded in its silken cover or cocoon, The chrysalis is killed by heat or steam and dessicated; and the silk is reeled off. If allowed to gain its third plase, the chrysalis becomes a butterfly or moth, and issues out of the cocoon as just explained : during this phase it does not feed and has no digestive organs; its sole purpose is propagation. The eggs remain during different lengths of time (according as they are the product of univoltines or multivoltines), and then burst, giving birth to a fresh generation of worms; and so on. Sound eggs may be generally known by their dark-grey colour, a slight depression in their centre, and their firm adhesion to the card on which they bare been laid. (Dickins). One moth lays from 400 to 500 eggs. Thirty thousand eggs weigh one ounce, says dir. Coote, while Dandolo says 40,000. One hundred to 120 female moths would therefore produce an ounce of eggs. One ounce of good eggs should, says Dandolo, produce from 100 to 120 lbs. of fresh cocoons; and Br. Dickins mentions 120 lbs. as the produce of loz. This is probably too much for India, where, owing to the smallness of the cocoons, the quantity is given generally at 82 lbs. (or onc maund) of fresh cocoons to each B ·CHAPTER II. FOOD OF THE DOMESTICATED SILKWORM: THE MULBERRY. The supply of leaves for food plays an important part in the rearing of. silkworms, and on it depends to a great extent the quadtity and quality of silk that may be obtained. It is therefore of the first importance to take the necessary steps to provide a suitable supply of leaves. Different species of the silkworm require different kinds of leaves. The species (mulberry worm) which is that under notice feeds only on the leaf of the mulberry tree. This tree, which in botany belongs to the natural order Urticacea and is classed in the genus Aorus, has, by its many species and varieties and their queer peculiarities, exercised the botanical knowledge of experts; and there is even yet a divergence of opinion and discordance in classification--some botanists considering as a distinctive species what others look upon as a mere variety, and vice versá, and others giving different names for the same kind, M. Bureau, in Vol. XVII of De Candolle's Prodomus, recoguises five species only, of which one, called 11. alba, is made to include a very large number of varieties, several of which have been described by other authore as so inany species. Dir. J. F. Duthie, Superintendent of.the Saharunpore Botanical Gardens, considers that the specific name " alba" becomes incorrect when used to in." clude all the varieties described in the above work, as the fruit of many are as often dark-coloured as they are white. Dr. Brandis, * probably recognising the impossibility of distinguishing what may now simply be the effects of cultivation, leaves unclassed most of the varieties he mentions (dark as well as white), and leans to the opinion of one species, when he says: “It remains for further inquiry on the spot which of these varieties should be classed under M. alba and nigra, and it is not impossible that it may, in the Punjab and Afghanistan at least, be found itapracticable to maintain the distinction between the two species." Dr. Stewart considered M. indica as merely a variety of 11. alba. Captain Lutton found that seeds, although gathered from the same tree, would often produce several varieties, and said, " I have not only obtained a 11. alba from the seeds of the black or deep purple 11. nigra and Al. chinensis, but three trees of reputed 11. alba from Kashmir yielded white fruit for four years, and then became purple-fruited." Instances may be multiplied, but the above are suficient to indicate the difficulties of classification, and consequently those of tracing the origin of any particular tree or trees found in particular localities in India, whero no trustworthy record exists of previous arboricultural efforts. Neither is it necessary for our present purpose to enter into any lengthy scientific disquisitions. In Europe (particularly in France and Italy) the " black mulberry" was much used in sericulture in former times, and Duseigneur-Kleber brings evidence from several authors of different periods establishing this fact, and showings that the worms fed with the leaf of that kind of mulberry were more vigorous than those fed with the white tree; that the leaf of the black mul. berry was dearer ; that it was preferred; that subsequently preference was given to the white because it leaved earlier, and its leaf was more tender; that later on (about 1750) the system of budding, manuring, and short bushes camo into 1 Proceedings, Government of Indis, March 1880 (Agriculture). *Forest Flors of Nortb-Yest and Central India."

·SILK IN INDIA, 9 * M. serrala ſ Rosl.) (Jl. pabulara) [Decaisne).-Vern.: Komu in North-Western Pro. vinces, Arun in the Punjab. A Himalayan tree, common at from 2,500 to 9,000 feet. It flowers from April to May; the leaves break in May. It has a long purplish frut, which ripens from Jude to August. The leaves are coarse. Its cultivation at a lower level might develop good qualities. " M. lavigata (Wall.) (11. glabrata) [Wall.]-Vern.: Tíl. Moderate.sized tree ; leaves large, smooth, cordate, acuminate, sometimes lobed; fruit long, cylindrical, whitish or pale purple, sweet but insipid. Vild and cultivated on the Himalayas from the Indus to Assam, also in Burma. It flowers from November to March, and the fruit ripens from March to May.' In considering the usefulness of either these or any other varieties of mul. berry in the rearing of silkworms, the following points need attention :- (a) their suitability for any locality; (6) the time when their new leaves unfold; (c) the effects of soil and climate on the quality of the leaves as food. The first point is obvious : different varieties of mulberry do not thrire equally well in all localities; the results therefore which obtain at Saharunpore must not be considered necessarily as applying to a country like Burma, for instance, where the climate is so different. The second point is of importance, especially in a tropical climate, for, a kind of mulberry which unfolds its Icaf comparatively late in spring, subjects the worms fed on it to the great heat of the early summer months, and to its cyil consequences on the bealth and vigour of the worm ; while one that flushes earlier allows the rearing of the worms to be completed before the great heat' declares itself, and thus to avoid the deleterious effects of the hot weather. The effects of the soil and climate on the quality of the leaves is another important consideration, and in these appearance sometimes proves deceptive. A tree may grow up luxuriantly, but it does not follow that it is really in such a condition of natural health and suitability for silkworm as characterised it in its native land. It may grow up to be a fine bralthy-looking plant externally, and yet analysis of its leaves may prove it to be deficient in those very properties which contribute to the secretion of good silk gum. The worm may find ample nourishment in the fibre of the leaf to enable it to prescrvo existence and 'arrive at maturity; but when the season arrives for the formation of the cocoon, it will produce a thin and papery shell, in consequence of a deficiency in the leaf of silk-yielding ingredients. Count Dandolo specifies the five substances cxisting in the mulberry leaf, viz., " (1) the solid parenchyme or abrous substance; (2) the colouring matter; (3) water; (4) the sacchande matter; (5) the resinong matter," and proceeds thus:- “The fibrous substance, the colouring matter, and the water, save as much of the latter as , serves the wants of the animal, are not, properly speaking, nutritive to the silkworm. " The saccharine matter is that which nourishes the insect, which helps its growth, and which forms its animal substance. " The resinous matter is that which separates itself gradually from the leaf, and which attracted by the organism of the animal accumulates in it, purifies itself, and fills insensibly the two reservoirs or silk sacks which form an integral part of the silkworm. " According to the divers proportions of the elements which constitute the leaf, cases may occur in which a greater weight of leaf may prove less profitable to the silkworm, as regards both nourishment and the quantity of silk produced by the animal. " For instance, the leaf of the black mulberry, which is bard, coarse, tenacious, and is still given to silkworms in some of the warm countries of Europe, such as in divers places in Greece, Spain, Sicily, &c., produces an abundance of silk of which the thread is very strong but coarse. * The leaf of the white mulberry, tyhich is planted in highlands exposed to cold dry winds, in light soil, gives generally an abundance of silk wbich 18 strong, very pare, and of a o ·1 SILK IN INDIA. 11 dfulberry trees grown in temperate or comparatively cold climates, says Dr. Thos. Dickins, produce morc substantial leaves than such as grow in tropical countries. The tree is propagated in divers pays-by seed, by budding, by cuttings, by grafting, and by layers. Plants from seed take longest to grow to the size when leaf may be plucked for the silkworm; but according to a French author, quoted by IIr. Lepper, the plants are the most vigorous and resist drought the best. Loudon says that most writers on the silkworm appear to prefer seedling plants, or plants raised from layers or cuttings, to.grafted ones. Grafting and budding give trees more productive in leaf and of a more rapid growth, but they have come into disfavour in France and Italy, and even in Japan they do not seem to be practised now. Layers produce a more certain success than budding, but a sufficiently large quantity cannot of course be obtained from the same arca. Cuttings are sometimes less prompt and less sure than seed-sowing or budding, except with the multicaulis variety; they are chiefly used to obtain dwarf or middle-sized trees or hedges, and are largely practised with the variety just named. Mr. Duthie reports his experience, and the time of the year when cuttings should be made “ Propagation by cuttings has been found to be by far the best and most convenient method for the cultivation of the mulberry; seedlings also produce good plants, but they take longer to develope. Seed, however, is useful for despatch to a distance by diminishing the cost of carriage, and the liability to injury, such as cuttings might be exposed to en roula through a trying climate. The mulberry is a deciduous-leaved tree, losing its leaves for a few weeks during the depth of winter. At this time the cuttings should be made." The nature of soil in which mulberry plantations should be made is described by Dufour as "une terre légère et arrosable." The French author, quoted by Mr. Lepper, says :- "The mulberry grows in all soils, bat its vegetation is more or less vigorous, and its leaf is more or less od in each. It only refuses to grow in marshy lands, too calcareous, too superficial, and consequently too dry lands. It allows the use of and pebbly slopes (not, of course, situated on continuous rock). Its produce there is not abundant, but of excellent quality. In rich, fresh, deep soils its leaf is too watery." Mr. Dickins says: "Cuttings should be planted in any good soil, having no excess of clay or chalk; a mixture of humid gravel and sand is desirable." Sira-kawa, in a Treatise on the culture of the Mulberry in Japan (translated from the Japanese into French hy Léon de Rosny), says :- “When a large mulberry plantation is to be made, land must be selected around the babitations of peasants, on the elevated borders of ravines, or generally in fields where the soil is pot stiff. The plants' will without fail grow up perfectly if on snil mixed with sand. The mulberries will come up in abundance on the borders of streams, if they are planted in places where the water does not stagnate. If they are planted on sandy soil mixed with fertile soil a little damp, they will soon reach their full growth. "On the other hand, it must be known that failure will be the resalt if a soil is chosen wbich is not damp, a place where the soil is dry, or where the soil of reddish colour, would suit the culture of sweet potatoes or tobacco. In such kinds of soil, it is not possible even in fire years to obtain mulberry trees comparable to those of two years' growth in soils such as we suitable; and even if continual maparing be given in unsuitable soils, one will dever be able to rear any large quantity of worms." In Loudon's " Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum" (Vol. III), quoted by Mr. Duthie, the following remarks appear:- "The white mulberry is more tender than 11. nigra, and requires more care in choosing a situation. Calcareous soil is said to produce the best silk; and humid situations, or whure - 4 • '1 "Gaide to Sericullure." * The wbila malberries delight on sloping well-sheltered soit, such as hull sides, or alcog the fact of walls cpond to the east, &c. The black mulberries succeed in pozla bich are rather rich und damp-I de Rony.

·care is necessary in these orcis, *-Shotos minder that would needlessly blocate In pruning, cutting, orghiz Sesio TESUITE the equilibrium of the lens Vi som om deur distributed through the branches on erat sit se production of a crop of leaves of equal quali sono dir. Dickins, writing oa bernizzined, says:- "A very young tree will gidicilis ; iis tuss oldor the crop will increase to 100 lbs, or more." • Mr. Lepper says that 63 seems to be bid from each froe per annum; from this he deducts 15 seers icrisistage, and calculates that 50 seers is the net supply of leaf per tree, sobai one acre will produco 1025 maunds of leaf annually. Two chittaes3 (=4-02) of companies would, he aids, require an acre of such trees planted 23 fe: apart, or, in other words, the worms from $ 02. of eggs would eat 1024 maands of leaf; therefore 1 oz. of eggs would require nearly 26 maunds of leaf. He then proceeds Two chittacks of ezzs secchi pecicce 3} maunds of green cocoons, worth Rs. 80 per maund, if gool, or value of one acre's produce planted as above, la, 03-1. Bardi planting at such a wide distance is to allow of cultivatica of other cropa belween the trora. ... "If, then, the acre be planted aboat 12 feet by 12 fett, one acre slaould. pruduoc amutid maunds of green cocoons, value Rs. 30 per maand, il good, or say total valao of one things produce would be Rs. 360 per acrel What other coltivation cau oder such a rinn for two months' work in the whole year--ff land aofit for almost any other crop? Of ma, there are risks in this as in every other porrait depending upon circumstances are ada tena has no control. In this climate, howerer, and with such suitallo conditions at there to hand, the very home of the mulberry (unlike Pralice, to which it was caotic), and with imported healthy eggs, the ruks of sericulture, apart from the faults of careless attention, should be reduced to the minimum." Plantations should be near the rearing-shods, to ensure economici and fresiness in the leaf supplied to tho worms. To thoso, thanat be desirous of taking up scriculture, tho advico is offered the device for their rearing-sfieds on the mulberry plantations. The best place for storing tho leaves which pluckelis ki in the ground floor or under the rcaring-sheds :- “A cool and even damp place should be chosen, which somit au receive scarcely any light and little air. These conditiw your spoiling. But the leaf should be placed on planking of Sacit but y list with contact with the ground. The reason for this is that the last way *** from the sun, and sometimes a slight fermentation must be tillas para sited in these conditions on the ground of a damp cat - Love in heart títy of humidity, perhaps of more or less deleterioasa tbe health of the worm, which delights abore la vita ditions of salubrity und aeration. Do ottic centimetres at most, and shake it to prereat Mr. Lepper writes much in the same si le preserved two or three days in colis godowns, ground floors of bungabe not too stacked, and are turned me Lcaf corered with rust contact obtain better leaf; but if no: PETER mai muist, arus a 2. if it is possibile Wis e fall hashed and drinks ·in four days. The warm then shuffles off its caterpillar skiu, and becomes a chrysalis within for further treatment. Obe bundred and twenty pounds of cucoons should be produced froin 10 SILK IN INDIA, age, during which period they will have consumed from 10 to 15 pounds of leaves. Tha leares hast bave no superficial moisture; af gathered wet, they must be outwardly drici.' second age. About the sixth day the forms will cease eating for trrenty-four hours, and cast their first shin. They must then bave a meal of chopped leaves, and be carefully remosed to clean trays providing about 16 feet as the allowance of space. The usual plan for feeding and maintaining cleanliness ja to transfer the worms from tray to tray by means of fine and light nets, having mesles of such spaccs as will allow the worms to pass through. At feeding tiine place over the worms a suitable net of fine cotton, woollen or şılk, upon which ale spread very evenly the finely cut leaves; the forms will quickly pass through to their fuod. When the next feeding time arrives (of it be then desirable to remore there for the purpose of clearing away, their refuse and excreta), remove the net and the worms upon it, by the aid of two light 1ods used as etretchers,- very few worms will then be foand to have been left behind. In this manner a large room full of worins may be properly attended to by one person. During this age the worms must be fed as regularly as in the first. The quaptity of leaves consumed will be from 20 to 30 pounds. The space allotted to the worms must in this and the following ages be increased in proportion to their size, always taking care that there is no overcrowding. Ventilation must now and benceforth be most carefully waintained, and likewise an equal temperatuje in all parts of eaclı room, as vear as may be to 70 to 75 degrees ; the hygrometer should show that there is no excess of humidity. Third age. About the eleventh day the worms will again cease eating, and change their skia. Treat them as before. Increase the space for feeding to about 36 feet, and transfer them more frequently to fresh and clean trays. Continue the same regular meals. During this age ihey will consume from 60 to 80 pounds of leaves, wbich need not be cut so small us at an earlier period. Fourth age. About the seventeenth day another moulting commerces, and now the words grow rapidly and eat voraciously; their excreta becomes considerable and their exhalatione very copious. Constant cleanliness, gentle currents of air, and perfect ventilation, to carry of all noxious vapours are nos absolutely necessary. The worms become singularly sensitive to itopurity of any' kind. Their appetite 19 in proportion to their health. It should be remembered that the quantity of silk they will produce depends entirely apon their condition, and the quantity and quality of their food; they should bave no other leaf than that of the Alorue aiba. During this age they consume from 120 to 160 pounds, and will require 80 to 30 feet of space. Fifth age. Abuat the twenty-second day the worms complete their fourth age. Unremitting care and attention must still be bestowed. The leaves need not be chopped, but extra precaution myst be taken to preserve cleanliness and proper hygienic conditions. The worms now cat Foraciously, and will require at least five or six meals daily. Daring this period the consumption will rench 1,100 to 1,200 pounds. The allotted space should be 200 feet. About the tenth day of this age the worms will bave reached their perfection; will cease eating, become restless, and commence seeking a convenient place for the construetion of their cocoone, fur which most important operation preparations must be made beforeband. Prepare common broom or brushstood in small bundles, fasten these round the trays, and inside in rowe, in suck manner as to form bedges fifteen to eighteen inches high, then place tho matured svorms in the intervening spaces, and they will mount the twigs and select their own berths. Du Det handle the worms at any time. Should any appear disposed again to feed they should be sapulicu. The teraperature may be reduced to 70 degrees. If the worms have been properly educated, they will have consumed about 1,500 lbs. of leaves. The size or chrysalis age. One oance of good suel.

·SILK IX IXULI. Araiita This operation, although simple, not owls, unà cviarekatly performed by the auti children, requires careful special training anzuwicker Teace, so that the current that the become accustomed to the touch sud manier de fins filaments. It is alle strongly urged that silk-gromen do not attemit to fextus uatil they shall bare finally carried out the plan recommeuded for lang espeting cocoons. Gaida v.id: realise far more than silk defectively reeled for the ·SILK IN INDIA, 19 . importance. Indeed, in Nuddea and Jessore there seems to be bat one filatore in each district; in both cases towards the northern boundary. The area ofer shich the ivdustry noty extenda is probably less than it was fifty years ago, when it seems to bave spread further to the east and north into Dibagepore, Rubgpore, Bograh, and Pubba. "Mr. Skrine, Assistant Magistrate, bas supplied an interesting account of the įpdustry in the district of Rajshahye. There are 34 filatares owned by Earopeans and 63 owned by natives, or 97 in all, containing 6,760 basins and employing between 11,000 and 12,000 Hands. Mr. Skrine estimates the yielding of raw silk at 5,000 waunds, corrumbus annis, 1od believes that no less an area than 150 square miles is under mulberry, while a quarter of a million of people derive their sapport from the trade in one or other of its branches in this one district alone. In Maldal, the Collector estimates the value of the trade in ray silk and cocoons carried on at the weekly market held at Amaneegunj at two lakhs of rupees a week. I think this estimate (from which, be it remembered, is excluded the value of the cocoons supplied to the European filaturcs, which are obtained by private contract and not in the open market) must be very greatly exaggerated. BIr. Hunter (Annals of Rural Bengal) estimates that the silk industry in Beerbboom supports 15,000 persons, and puts the yearly value of the silk manufactures of the district at 16 lakhs of rupees. For other districts even conjectural "estimates are not forthcoming. " The assertion of the degeneracy of the worm dates, as we bave seen, from many years back, Nr. Atkinson's natives declared that in 1796) the yield of the bara palu bad diminished 50 per cent. The preponderance of authority is certainly in favour of the view that the Bengal species bave degenerated; but the subject does not seem to have been very carefully anyestigated, and Mr. Turnbull of Ghattal maintains that the fact of degeneracy las yet to be proved. Most of those engaged in silk manufacture assume this point and cooline themselves to discussing the remedies. These are various. It seems generally admitted that the attempts to introduce exotic breede have not of late gears succeeded. It would also appear that, though there seems to have been a large mortality among sikworms, no epizoic such as the muscardine' and the prebine," which have devasted France and Italy, has as yet appeared in India. M.'Gallois of Midnapore appears to thiok the cause of degeneracy may be in the mulberry being too long cultivated in one spot. M, Perrin of Berhampore, on the other hand, extola the native mulberry cultivation as careful and judicious. Mr. Marshall urges an attempt to improve the stock by offering prizes for the best-bred cocoons, and the distribution of tracts in the vernacular on the best method of selection. Most authorities agree that the natives stint in the worms, and Mr. Atkinson long ago saw the dificulty of dealing with this tendency va their part. Mr. Malcolm of Ramnagar, in the Kandbi sub-division of Murshedabad, main. tains that the worm bas been injured by being forced into uoduly rapid reproduction of itself; that whereas 20 or 25 years, ago, there were but four breeds orbunds' in the year, there are now from six to eight. It may be that the worm has been forced in this direction, but I do not find that the “bands' are anywbere giren es less than five, eren so long as 60 years ago. “I have not been able to obtain much information on the present state of silk manufacture in Bengal. The exports show that the industry still survives, but in a languishrog condition. The Maldıki cloths, described by Bucbanan, are still woven in the decayed old town, and the corabs' of Balucbar and Mursbedabad are still well known. In Bancurah, Bishenpore, sundry towns in the Burdwan and Hoogbly districts, and Bhaagulpore, weaters are still to be found, and some of the patterns in bright and boldly contrasted colours are striking enough. Dr. Forbes Watson's illustrative list contains but four samples from Bengal of fabrics employ. ing silk in their construction, viz., two of all piece-goods from Blaugulpore and Berhampore, a specimen of gold embroidery op silk from Jurshedabad, and one of the tasteful silk embroi. dery on muslin from Dacca." Twelve years have elapsed since the above account was written, and for tho silk industry of Bengal the period has been one of a continual struggle to preserve its life principle. It is a matter of some difficulty to obtain a complete and trustworthy picture of the present state of the industry, and the following paragraphs are all that can at present be learnt. The cultivation of the mulberry and the rearing of the forms aro conducted by the peasantry themselrcs by ttro different classes of people who are under no obligation, but their oirn intercsts. The destination of the cocoons is two-fold: they are as a rule either sent to small natire filatures whero the silk is roughly round and usually consumed in the land-looms of the country or ·SILK IN INDIA, 19 importance Indeed, in Naddea and Jessore there seems to be bat one flature in each district; in both cases towards the nortbern boundary. The area over which the industry now extenda is probably less than it was fifty years ago, when seems to have spread further to the east and north into Dinagepore, Rudgpore, Bograh, and Pubna. “Mr. Skripe, Assistant Magistrate, has supplied an iņteresting account of the industry in the district of Rajshahye. There are 34 filatares owned by Europeans and 63 owned by natives, or 97 in all, containing 5,760 basing and employing between 11,000 and 12,000 lande. Mr. Skrina estimates the yielding of raw silk at 5,000 maunds, communibus axuit, and believes that no less ap area than 150 square miles is under mulberry, while a quarter of a million of people derive their support from the trade in one or other of its branches in this one district alone. In Maldah, the Collector estimates the value of the trade in raw silk add Cocoons carried on at the weekly market beld at Amaneeguoj at two lakhs of rupees a week. I think this estimate (from which, be it remembered, is ercladed the value of the cocoons sup. plied to the European filatures, which are obtained by private contract and not in the open market) must be very greatly exaggerated. BIr. Hunter (Annals of Rural Bengal) estimates that the silk indastry in Beerbhoom supports 15,000 persons, and puts the yearly value of the silk manufactures of the district at 16 lakhs of rupees. For other districts even conjectural estimates are not forthcoming. * The assertion of the degeneracy of the worm dates, as we have seen, from many years back, Mr. Atkinson's natives declared that (in 1796) the yield of the bara palu had diminished 50 per cento, The preponderance of authonty is certainly in favour of the view that the Bengal species bare degenerated; but the subject does not seem to have been rery carefully inyestigated, and Mr. Turnbull of Ghattal maintains that the fact of degeneracy bas yet to be proved. Most of those engaged in silk manufacture assume this point and confine themselves to discussing the remedies. These are various. It seems generally admitted that the attempts to introduce exotic breeds have not of late years succeeded. It would also appear that, though there seems to have been a large mortality among silkworms, no epizoic such as the muscardine and the 'prebine," which have devasted France and Italy, bas as yet appeared in India. M. Gallois of Midnapore appears to think the cause of degeneracy may be in the mulberry being too long cultivated in one spot. II. Perrin of Berhampore, on the other band, extols the native mulberry cultivation as careful and judicious. Mr. Marshall urges an attempt to improve the stock by offering prizes for the best-bred cocoons, and the distribution of tracta in the vernacular on the best method of selection. Most authorities agree that the natives stint in the worms, and Mr. Atkinson long ago saw the difficulty of dealing with this tendency on their part. Mr. Malcolm of Ramnagar, in the Kandhi sub-division of Murshedabad, maintains that the worm has been injured by being forced into unduly rapid reproduction of itself; that whereas "20 or 25 years, ago,' there were but four breeds or 'bunds' in the year, there 10 Bengal. The esports show that the industry still survives, bụt in a languisbing condition. The Maldıki cloths, described by Buchanan, are still woven in the decayed old town, and the corabs' of Baluchar and Dſursledabad are still well known. Ia Bancurab, Bishenpore, sundry towns ia the Burdwan and Hoogbly districts, and Bhangulpore, weavers are still to be found, and some of the patterns in bright and boldly contrasted colours are striking enough. Dr. Forbes Watson's illustrative list contains but four samples from Beogal of fabrics employ. 10g silk in their construction, viz., two of silk piece-goods from Blaugulpore and Berbampore, a specimen of gold embroidery on silk from Murshedabad, and one of the tasteful silk embroi. dery on muslia from Dacca, Twelve years have elapsed since the above account was written, and for tho silk industry of Bengal the period has been one of a continual struggle to preserve its life principle. It is a matter of some difficulty to obtain a complete and trustworthy picture of the present state of the industry, and the following paragraplis aro all that can at present bc Icarnt. The cultivation of the mulberry and the scaring of the worms are con. ducted by the peasantry themselves by two different classes of people who are under no obligation, but their own interests. The destination of the cocoons is two-fold: they are as a rule either sent to small natire filatures where the silk is mughaly round and usually consumed in the band-loous of the country or ·BILK IX INDIA. 21 → or arc rceled by the rearers themselses, who most of them laro one or two rcels: the silk reeled by the natives and called khangru is partly Louglit ly silk-piece manufacturers of Bombay, Benares, Delhi, Mirzapur, &c., and partly is used in lomo manufacture for corahs, masru, and other kinds of cloth. Tliesc, cloths are mostly esported to Calcutta, Bombay, Jadras, Nagporc, Allahabad, Benates, and Delhi (the largest esports being to Calcutta and Bonbay), and partly worn in the district. A Fery large proportion of the cocoons reared in the district are reeled into this silk (khangru) in the small natire filaturcs; it conimands a uniform rate of betwecn Rs. 11 and 13 per scer of 80 sicca weight, and tlie price of cocoons is regulated by the market rate for the native silk. In Birbhum, silk is now produced in the castern part of the district only. Ono European factory owned by, Lyall & Co., says Dr. Lunter, gives cmployment to about 15,000 people, and turns out silk to the value of £160,000 annually, which is usually sold in the raw state, and finds its way to the Calcutta and Europcau markets. The number of peoplo employed and the value of tho outturn are probably both exaggerated; at any rate the figures do not represent the present condition, for the industry has declined considerably. There are also numbers of small native filatures whose recled silk is either consumed in the local manufacture of picce-goods, or sent to Durshedabad and the silk-consuming towns of the North-TVestern Provinces and the Punjal, and to Bombay. But the natito reclers and wearers (says the Commissioner in a recent letter) aroʻlabouring under the disadrantages arising from want of capital and the competition of foreign goods. In lidnapur Messrs Watson & Co. havo four factorics, and patives have thred; but the business does not apparently pay as well as it did before, and the industry has in this district declined more than elsewhero ; tho cocoons, too, aro moro inferior than those of the other districts, although somo say that they are supcrior. In Nuddca the industry is reported by the Commissioner to liave become almost extinct; there are one European and several small native filatures, but the business is not a very flourishing one. In Bankura, cocoons arc rearcd on a very small scale by petty capitalists, but the quantity of silk produced is not suficient for local demand, which is mostly mct from imports from Singbhum. A stuff called hutra (a texturo of cotton and silk) is made to some extcat. Bogra, onco famous for its silk, now possesses a lingering industry; the fow cocoons now reared are mostly exported to Rajshaliyeto bo worked up there; tho worm-rcarers and mulberry-growers are distressed. The Rangporc silk industry is confined to tho south of this district, whence about 300 cuts. of cocoons and 50 cvts. of raw silk are annually exported. In Cuttack, sericulture has been carried out as an experiment since 1877 at Governpicnt expense under thc superfision of tho Esecutiro Engineer of the Mahanudi division, and thic result after four years' trial is shorn in the following table : . & mount espeodel Quality of outtars. Velae of oattarn Na of malberry tree plantal R. 818 11 0 Sr. Ch. Government outlay, inclading So- Silk. 8 15 perintendent's charge for two Coussum 20 14 years, Rs. 3,005). Cocoons, 1 0 2,570 in 1877.78 2,667 1878-79. 10,973 1870-80. )) TOTAL 10,016 -- ·SILK'IN INDIA. 23 The position which Bengal silks hold in the London market will be seen from the following statement of the average prices of silk thero during the last threo years > Astries tox 1681 ATERAGY TO: 1999 ATTRAG& TOA TEX Ior 6 mOXTEJ OT **63 SILI Price per ID Price per il Price per lb d. 23 0 275 260 25 0 19 6 19 4 22 23 23 7 24 21 0 13 6! 26 7 25 9 24 8 25 0 18 0 22 3 24 3 219 21 is 15 9 17 0 16 33 14 10 11 2 13 31 14 0 16 0 Milan (Italian) Piedmont (Do ) Trade (Do) Patent Bratis Japan Low to fine China Tastle No 3 Sardal (Bengal) Chias re-reeled Taybann (China) Gontea (Bengal) Corsza bazar (DO) Radnagoro (Do) Ching Tastle, Nog 4, 5, &c. Jungeypore and Coomercolly (Bengal) Cantou (China) Longreeled (DO) Persian 16 11 37 3 26 6 24 8 24 6 190 17 64 17 83 17 0 16 63 16 83 16 8 16 73 16 14 15 85 15 1 12 33 230 25 0 22 0 21 0 14 7 18 4 16 4 0 0 12 5 15 C 15 1 16 3 14 5 13 3 11 8 11 5 17 10 81 14 11} 14 34 16 11 13 10 15 7 . 13 23 13 3 11 113 100 16 0 15 • 16 14 8 15 7 13 8 10 5 GIOVA 13 0 12 113 9 101 10 101 7 11 14 71 12 8 10 4 I . It has been said that there is now no hope of amelioration in the Indian silk trade except in the failure of the seasons in countries competing with Bengal. This is probably an unfair view of the Indiau silk industry. But the question appertains to Part III, and will be dealt with there as sketched in the Preface to this Memorandum. For the present, somo remarks made by Mr. J. E. O'Conor in his Review of the Maritime Trade of British India for 1880-81 may propriately be quoted here : " It is curious," he says, " that in Bombay, which has to depend upon imported raw Daterial, the silk-manufacturing industry has taken comparatively large and active proportions; while to Bengal, the very rentie of Indian silk production, there is not a mill to be found. The Bombay mills manufacture in considerable quantity for the Burmese market, which is much closer to Bengal, and there is also a large market in the Urper Provtaces to the outtuin of silk looms. Yet Bengal is contented to produce raw silk in annually dimiaisking quantities for an unprofitable export market, and confines its manufactures to a few corahs and other similar goods made by band. There is uaquestionably in Bengal, as compared with Bombay, a want of enterprise which is very noticeable." In this connection it may be noted that two or three years ago a nakoda (native Arab merchant) started a weaving will at Sealdah, near, Calcutta, where he now makes silk cloths specially for the Burma markets. His business is, I am told, in a prosperous condition. The Government of Bengal recently turned its attention to the silk in. dustry; and, in view to raise a spirit of emulation among the native rearers, reelers, and spinners, proposed to the district oflicers to have an exhibition of silks in the province. Some of the officers consulted doubted in the efficacy of the proposal, and others believed in it; the preponderance rested in favour of such shours: the grounds were that ryots and spinners would benefit by the improvement which the spirit of emulation would induce; that better silk would be produced and a better market obtained; and that zemindars Tould benefit largely from the improved position of their tenants. Some of the local officers went further and said that the exhibition should be ? Probably because when the silk ciop 10 France and Italy or in China are bad, ao improvement imme. diately takes place in the Indian silk market for export Tbas two or three years ago there was an actual improterant sa Bengal silk trade, owing to bad crops in France and Italy, and silk made an important rise, the advance at the height of the morement being quoted ja trade circulars from England at 70 10 80 per cent. in Chua silk, 200 per cent. in Japan silk, and 90 per cont. 10 Bengal silk ·SILK IN INDIA. 23 the rest would be reeled off and sold by Government in the best market. For the reeling operations competent reelers would be procured from Bengal. These proposals were submitted by the Government of the North-Western Provinces to the Government of India in March 1872, with an enquiry whether the Governor General in Council was disposed to sanction experimentally tho establishment of a farm under Mr. Ross's management for sericultural operations. After some hesitation and further correspondence; in which among other points J[r. Ross explained that he proposed to go on with the yearly worm only,--that the Goorkha Regiment and its pensioners with their families were all anxious to take up the experiment,—tliat rather than lose Captain Jurray's stock he had, at bis own personal expense, bought up that officer's outturd, from which he obtained 12 lbs. of eggs besides 100 lbs. of cocoons for recling.--tlie Government of India, in August 1872, sanctioned the outlay of Rs. 300 “ to defray the cost of an experiment in sericulture in Dehra Dún." It now cren trent further by promising such additional moderate allotment as the Lieutenant-Governor might consider desirable and necessary to give the experiment a fair trial. It has just been mentioned that B[r. Ross explained that he purchased Captain Murray's outturn, which gave 12 lbs. of eggs and 100 lbs. of cocoons. Towards the end of December 1872, Lowever, when reporting further proceedings, Mr. Ross stated having purchased 2 maunds of cocoons (=168 lbs.) and 10 lbs. of eggs. Owing to press of other work, Ar, Ross allowed the cocoons to lie" chiefly out in the sun" for upwards of five months. One maund of them was then sent to Calcutta to be sold in open market, and the other maund was divided into lots and sent to different places to be reeled. The account connected with the open market sale was as follows:- R 4. P. Price in Calcutta of the maand of Cost of rearing the maund, including (dry) cocoons 120 00 interest of money sunk in build- Packing cloth sold 100 ing and plautation 40 0 0 Packing 4 0 Carriage 18 0 0 Commission and incidental charges 1+ 0 0 Loss on exchange 2 8 0 # Q.P. 0 TOTAL NET PROFIT 78 8 0 42 8 0 TOTAL 121 00 121 00 . The net profit yas handsome. The broker reported that if the cocoons had only arrived in a fresher state, they would certainly have realised Rs. 140. Mr. Ross concluded from this account that it would pay any one to undertako scriculture in the Dún; and, haring purchased the cocoons at his personales pense, he apparently kept the proceeds for himself. The other maund of cocoons which was distributed for reeling was also reported on favourably. Among others a gentleman at Rajshahye, who recled the silk, reported that its quality“ pas pronounced by a French gentleman, who is manager of a large silk concern, and by natire dealers, to be good and aborc average, but rather barsh and bigli coloured. These faults were due to the con. siderable amount of boiling the cocoons required before they would recl off." The silk was taludd at Rs: 18 per seer, Tien Bengal-reeled silk 'was fetching Rs. 16. Jr. Ross did not mention the cost of recling, nor the amount of silk reeled ; and, as with the procecds from the cocoons, lo apparently kept also those from the reeled silk.

·SILK IN INDIA, 27 good grounds for believing in the practicability of producivg good silk in the Dún. Following up the first successes, 31r. Ross about this time (July 1876) subunitted certain proposals in view to dereloping the experiment. The principal proposals tcro:- (1) to lease for five years a certain plot of land measuring 80 to 90 acres on wluich a suflicient supply of thrce or four varieties (undefined) of mulberry trees, besides somo suitable buildings, cxisted; (3) to procure 5 oz. of silkworm cass from Japan; (3) to procuro 30 oz. of silk moru eggs from Kashmir; (4) to import three Jamnese silk-reclers on an engagement of four years and a salary of Rs. 30 per mensem, the men being provided before they left Japan with recls and any other implc. ments; (5) to employ Licutenant-Colonel Ouscloy, of the Oudh Commission, then at Mussoorio on two years' furlougli, as overseer of trio plantation on a salary of Rs. 200 a month, in addition to lis furlouglı nay, during the continuance of his leare; (6) to employ a clerk to keep the accounts on a pay of Rs. 20 2 month; (7) to crcct a factory and sheds, as also bouse and out-ofices for ovcrsccr, at a total cost of Rs. 6, 100. These proposals and other contingences vero estimated to cost in all Rs. 25,876 during four years; and the Local Goreriment, in recommending them to tlo farourable consideration of the Gorernment of India, cxpressal readincss to meet the ospenditure from Provincial Rerenucs. Tho Government of India in September 1873 approred the proposals at a cost not exceeding Ry, 30,000; it also sanctioned the appointment of Colonel Ouseley, and addressed the Rcsidcot in Kashmir for 10 oz. of eggs (instead of 30 oz. as proposed) to reach the Dún not later than the first week in December, and Ier Britannic Majesty's Minister in Japan for 5 oz. of eggs and for the thirco reclers with implements, the conditions of the employment of these mien bcing altered to three ycars' service, continuable to five years at tlıc plcasuro of Gorcramcnt, Tho.cggs from Kashmir were despatched to the Dún in October 1875, without apparantly any mention of the variety. Thoso from Japan roro received towards the end of December, and consisted of Cont in $ 2 cards from Jasko in Shimamura 2.30 1 card Shinshin jo Suzaka •70 » Takaigoi in Fukiyama » Yonegara 70 Oelijn in Hobura 1:50 Oshin in Tanagawa s 1 10 ) 2 31 10 1.60 0 60 .22 Cost of box TOTAL 8.72 The last mentioned was of the kind which produces wlito cocoons, and the others wero of the green kind. The following directions accompanied the consigamont: “On the scoa arriving in India, it should be at once sent up into tlo mountains where tho thermometer touches freczing point, and then, as hatching time approaches, it sliould be gradually brought down tlirougli successive grades of temperature towards the mulberry plains," ·} . تلفنا Perhaps an old 1 commence with a total supply of 1014. The examination tho supply is said to havo been found to consist of W SILK IX IXDI... person has time enougl, to atlach the threuls. . All other apparatus for recling is the same is by stean), very simple and of little costo " Some Freachmea erected in Japao very large and espeusito stcam filatures, ouo of what cost nearly Jes. $500,000; they liad, horeser, only two or thrce smaller imitations, whiki my kysttoa big fire is covering, in a few years, the whole country, and still the Japanese styl a very poor people. By the same result the construction is casy, cconomical, and can be adopted even by the single peasant, who with the respectivo utensils ia obliged to reel ki** than before. “Should tha Iodian Gorernment be willing to giro an implasa to tho silk industry ia la aborementioned sense, ini my opinioa the only salatary tray l propose : "1. To bring from Italy tiro or three samples of malera filatures, the water lcatel by for thich will cost no more than 500 fcs, each, including reel and the necessary utensils, in cala that the furnaces tracol Tith troou caa bo filled up with bricks, construct • A small flature in Dehra Dún, sertiug as model for the establislıments of this lind. Wood, copper, brass, and iron-nork abould La mado on the sun or hereby copying the samples I bring with. In this way every basia or recl mould a between :50 and 300 fcs., cxcluding this building could be used "3. I would teach tho recling persons how to use the machines and assist those patire is trould build other establishments, travelling in the scrrice of the Goveratacat where'soerar es help should be required." The Government of India, howerer, after consulting the Governmeain the North-1'cstera Prorinces, decided upon not availing itself of Xr. 3lülez's services or of importing experienced forcigu reelers. Ur. Müller and British. Jinister in Japan were informed accordingly in ctober 1870, and in former rcccircd an honorarium of Rs. 500 as a compensation for larios con to Calcutta and licen detained tlcro for 33 days. The operations iu Dehra Dún were continued as preriously undertalerne and at tho end of the official year 1876-77 thic position was as follows:- 18 acres of young mulberry trees alive. 10,000 mulberry cuttings alire. 100 old' mulberry trucs properly pruncd and in full bearing. 9 bullocks worth about Rs. 130. 5 carts worth about Rs. 173. Onc rcaring-slicd 70°x 25', thatcli, and all in good order. Ono bungalow. 2 pucka houscs suitable as " latching" houses. 1 largo bullock-shıcd. Some out-oflices. 3 tanks in good order. Tlio total amount of moncy spent was Rs. 8.001. Tho silk production, however, prored a completo failure. IIr. Rays sono on Icaro; tho meu placed in charge of tho operations know very best the business; the silkworin cggs did not hatch in large proportion; the With of those that listclied dicd in large numbers, and what cocoons wcie prsi.. proved to be small and thin. The outturn was about to maunds of dry up which wcro apparently sold for Rs. 70, and about 30 oz. of eggs wieder sared for tho following year's operations by the timely return of IIr. Less total receipt, including that from garden produce, was Rs. 100. To the supply of 30 oz. of eggs, Mr. Ross added 24 oz. procura i Kaslımir in October 1877, and 50 oz.* o • There were obtained tLrough the Goverensent of India at the Unitest varietics from Japan obtained in Decals cost of $6 25, including freight, wluch! The operations of this year (1877-78) Imre which was all kept at Mussouric until actually required for lave linge We $1. varictics of silkworm, which, lowerer, ucre not specified.

·3) » - - SILK I INDIA, 31 A hundred of the best cocoons of the year's outturn sere sent to Blessrs. Thomas & Co., brokers of Calcutta, and were recled by the manager of a filaturc, and yielded silk at the following ratcs :- hito cocoons 10 scers silk per maund of cocoons. Yellow 91 Grcen 83 The manager, in communicating the above result, reported that the cocoons spun very well, and that the yellow and wbito ones gave nice silk, and the green not so good. A dealer in silk offered Messrs. Thomas & Co. Rs. 90 per faetory maund for 25 or 30 maunds of cocoons equal to the sample; but as the year's operations had failed, this comparatirely large supply of choiced cocoons was not available. Nino maunds of unselected cocoons were, howerer, scnt to Blessrs. Thomas & Co. for disposal. These were also tried by the manager and were reported upon by him as not nearly so largo or of such good quality as the selected ones; tho chrysalides had either becn allowed out of the cocoons or had not been properly kilicd and desiccated: consequently a large proportion of the cocoons was pierced by tho moths or stained, and the silk was not nearly of such a good colour as it rould otherrisa laro been. The manager, howercr, .gare tho cocoons orcry justice by working them off at thrco diffcrent filatures, so as to get the best results possiblc, and he wroto:- "If we could get these Dehra cocoons of the same quality as the first musters sent, and properly cured,--that is, chrysalides killed by sun-drying before it cuts out;- re should be able to turo out lovely silk, far superior to Bengal szik." Tho silk was sold through Jessrs. Thomas & Co., •and, after deducting all expenses on account of freight to Calcutta of thic 9 maunds cocoons from which it was obtained, as well as recling and miscellancous charges, gare a clear profit of about Rs. 77 per maund. The financial side of the operations of tho year was, however, as unfavourablo as the rearing had been: the expendituro mas Rs. 3,650.6-9 against a total income of Rs. 021-5-0, including garden produce. This was in the year cnding the 1st May 1870. In the middle of 1879-80, Mr. Lepper, representative of the firm' of Blessrs. Lister & Co. of Bradford (Evgland), arrired, and, after looking over the operations and the results, expressed himself willing to obtain the right of establishing a filature in the Dún And taking over all the Gorcrnment slieds, apparatus, and mulberry plantations. Gorernment agreed to the transfer; and, whilo. tho necessary terms were dis. cusscd and the deed drawn up, temporary arrangements were come to by which Arr. Lepper undertook to guide in person the practical arrangements in the sericultural operations, and to tako orer at a fair price all the cocoons produced ; yliilo Ifr. Ross on behalf of Gorernment retained the general supervision and the financial responsibility, and allowed BIr. Lepper the use of all the mulberry trees on roads and capal banks, and of all the Government sheds, &c. Government also mado advances to Fillagers willing to take up the industry, the amount of the advances being repaid out of the valuo of cocoons. Tlc opcrations of the year 1879-80 fere carried out on this understanding. A large number of men (villagers) camo for pard, and out of the lot six were chosen as being good trustworthy pien: advances to the amount of Rs. 112-11 were made; "they turned out 14 maunds 2 seers of cocoons, and were paid Rs. 562-6 by Mr. Lepper for their producc. Mr. Lepper, at the time of paying the men who had reared the cocoons, distributed prizes to those who bad scared the best, and medals to all who had dono anything at all. He also read an address offering further prizes in the ensuing ycar. Tho people were much pleased with the prizes and the price they rc. ceived, and were all anxious to take the matter up the cosuing year.

·SILK IN INDIA. 31 33 33 99 23 » A hundred of the best cocoons of the year's outturn were sent to Dessrs. Thomas & Co., brokers of Calcutta, and were reeled by the manager of a filature, and yielded silk at the following rates : White cocoons 10 seers silk per mound of cocoons. Yellow 9, Green The manager, in communicating the above result, reported that the cocoons spun very well, and that the yellow and white ones gave nice silk, and the green not so good. A dealer in silk offered Messrs. Thomas & Co. Rs. 90 per factory maund for 25 or 30 maunds of cocoons equal to the sample; but as the year's operations had failed, this comparatively large supply of choiced cocoons was not available, Nine maunds of upselected cocoons were, howerer, sent to liessrg. Thomas & Co, for disposal. These were also tried by the manager and were reported upon by him as not nearly so large or of such good quality as the selected ones; the chrysalides bad either been allowed out of the cocoons or had not been properly killed and desiccated: consequently a large proportion of the cocoons was pierced by the moths or stained, and the silk was not nearly of such a' good colour as it would otherwise have been. The manager, however,,gave · the 'cocoons every justice by working them off at three different filatures, so as to get the best results possible, and he wrote: "If we could get these Dehra cocoons of the same quality as the first musters sent, and Propeily cured--that is, chrysalides killed by sun-drying before it cuts out,-sve should be able to turn out lovely sulk, far superior to Bengal silk." Tho silk was sold through Blessrs. Thomas & Co., and, after deducting all expenses on account of freight to Calcutta of the 9 maunds cocoons from which it was obtained, as well as reeling and miscellaneous charges, gave a clear profit of about Rs. 77 per maund. The financial side of the operations of the year was, however, as unfavourable as the rearing had been : the expenditure was Rs. 3,550-6-9 against a total income of Rs. 524-5-6, including garden produce. This was in the year ending the 1st May 1879. In the middle of 1879-80, Mr. Lepper, representative of the firmof Messrs. Lister & Co. of Bradford (England), arrived, and, after looking over the operations and the results, expressed himself willing to obtain the right of establishing a filature in the Dún and taking over all the Government sheds, apparatus, and mulberry plantations. Government agreed to the transfer; and, while the necessary terms were dis. cussed and the deed drawn up, temporary arrangements were come to by which Mr. Lepper undertook to guide in person the practical arrangements in the sericultural operations, and to take over at a fair price all the cocoons produced ; while Mr. Ross on behalf of Gorernment retained the general supervision and the financial responsibility, and allowed Dir. Lepper the use of all the mulberry trees on roads and canal banks, and of all the Government sheds, &c. Government also made advances to villagers willing to take up the industry, the amount of the advances being repaid out of the value of cocoons. The operations of the year 1879-80 were carried out on this understanding, A large number of men (villagers) came forward, and out of the lot six were chosen as being good trustworthy men: advances to the amount of Rs. 112-11 were made; they turned out 14 maunds 23 seers of cocoons, and were paid Rs. 562.6 by Mr, Lepper for their produce. alr. Lepper, at the time of paying the men who had reared the cocoons, distributed prizes to those who had rcared the best, and medals to all who had done anything at all. He also read an address offering further prizes in the ensuing year. The people were much pleased with the prizes and the price they re. deired, and were all anxious to take the matter up the ensuing year. 1 ·SILK IN INDIA. 33 had been gathered Village rearers, owing to a disagreement in the terms offered, did not come forward when seed was distributed ; only, tiro cultivators acceded to the terms, and they took 4 oz. of eggs; the produce obtained by them is not stated. No recling was done at Dehra; the best cocoons were reserved for seed, and the rest were dessicated and, together with the pierced cocoons left by the moths, were sent to the branch concern the firm had established in the Punjab. The formal deed of assignment in favour of Lister & Co. was submitted to the Government of India on the 10th August 1882, and received its approval on the 4th September. The assignment consisted of an area of 3,068 acres of land for the express purpose of sericultural operations, and was made under specified terms, the chief of which were as follows:- That the assignment would be free of rent for the first ten years; that 8 annas per acre rould be paid after that on half the assessable area; and that after the 20th year the whole assesșable area would be assessed at the ordinary settlement rates of the district, not exceeding theat rates. All wood standing on the land up to a value of Rs. 2,500 would be marked off for the use of the grantees; and all wood over and above that might be purchased by them at its market value, to be fixed by the Forest Department. All the products (excepting any minerals beneath the surfdce) would be the right of the grantees. Bona fide silk operations would be commenced within five years from the date of signing the deed of agreement. The grantee would not assign the land before the expiry of the first ten years without the written sanction of the District Collector, save to cultirators or tenants under his immediate control. With this assignment the immediate concern of Government in the enterprise ceased; but it was evident that certain measures could still be taken to encourage villagers in Dehra Dúp to engage in the rearing of silkworms and the production of cocoons. The Government of the North-Western Provinces, therefore, at the recommendation of the Director of the Agricultural Department, sanctioned the following programme in November 1882 :- (1) Two acres of land adjoining the mulberry plantation at Ramgharwala to be taken on lease for five years at a rent of Rs. 40 рег annum or less. This to be planted with mulberry trees for distribution to villagers. (2) Five malis to be entertained at a pay of Rs. 5 per mensem cach to be lent to private persons, tea-planters, or others who, the Commissioner of Deerut hoped, might be induced to co-operato by permitting mulberry trees to be grown on their land. (3) One of the principal obstacles to the development of cottage industry being the want of proper rearing accommodation and the expense of erecting it, Rs. 1,500 to be given to the Superin. tendent of the Dún to be spent at his discretion either in building new rearing-slieds or repairing or improving those at present in use. (4) A fair to be held at Dehra the ensuing spring (1883), at which the following Government prizes would be offered :- Rs. 28, Girst prize } for one ounce of eggs, the produce of which will be not lese thao Rs. 30, first prize for two ounces of eggs, the produce of which will not be less » 20, second , than 24 seers per oupce. Rs. 40. Besona puiza } for three mees per estern, the produce of which will not be less 25 seers, 2) than 23 seers per ouice. "The beers here mentioned are probably the weight of cocoons espected to be produced. 1 ·SILK IN INDIS, 35 1 - ! honorer, wero scarce, and as grcat inconvenicnce had been felt in conscqucncc, thirco plantations "cre made with cuttings from Ainritsar and Kaslimir, ono around the sessions louse, one at Lohcouvala, and tho third at Theri. In 1805 a fresh trial in rearing wornis was mado: 10 tolas of eggs wcro obtained from Peshawar for Rs. 3-4; these produccd cocoons in June, and 2 secrs of silk obtained therefrom were sold at Amritsar for Rs. 25. Licutenant Powlet, how- CECT, left the district, and tho trials were apparently abandoned. On cnquiry it was reported in 1873 that the sccond of tlio tlırco plantations of mulberry was still in existence, but that the otlicr tiro liad cither been destroyed or jiloughed up. In thio Kangra district a trial was begun in 1803 by Dir. J. Jontgomery with a few eggs. Tho result pointed to the fact that the worm would not thrivo on lurcs of the indigenous mulberry. A few plants of the Chincso and Philip. pino varictics of the trco were then procured from Laliorc, and as soon as the first plants could yield a placking of leaves, Jr. Jſontgomery tried a small quantity of Italian eggs. Cocoons vcro produced, of which a portion was valued by tho Silk Supply Associatiou in London in Norcmber 1870, and was reported on very farourabls: indca thu cocoons were considered far superior to what the Association had cxpected to rccciro from India. This encouraging result induced Jr. Jlontgomery to carry on his trial further, and for this purposo lo scenis to laro obtained a small supply of the best gross procurali in England. J'mm ibis sumwy 120,000 warins Latched Letween 1st Jarch and 30th April 1872, and apparently not a singlo ono dicd. Somo averago specimca cocoons of the sur's produco wero forwarded to the Government of India, the choicest oncs being rescrrel for propagation. Mr. Jontgomery claimed to laro proved that silk could, with duo caro, bo successfully reared in Kavgra ; and in Jay 1872 ho had upwaris of 700 trees of tho Chinese and Philippino pulberries. The Punjab Government sanctioncd an expenso of Rs. 200 to provido him with an experienced rceler, and requested to bo kept informed of the operations. Tho samplo cocoons received by the Gorernicnt of India vero transmitted to tho Secretary of State for saluatiou, and the following opinions were pronounce tbcrcon by Jessrs. Durant & Co. and by Jir. F. Cobb :- Opinion of Veoars. Durant 4 Co. Opinion of Mr Coll. 1. Dried cocoons from old Not Tery apiforma in quality | Fair cocoons, appareptly Japane, crosued with some Italian stock. sotra very good ad otlets other breed, the former precious Dating, the latter poor and inferior rage at changing the colour, which is not pore. Shows 4. G. lo be. per Ib. Bigus of an apparent want of first-class food, or insolicient attention ia rearing Value about Anarth TA . . 1 I Deugal, but that letter races can be reared. 1 ·SILK IN INDIA. 37 ; before the first competitive show was held; and it was not before the 22nd April 1876 that it took place. Mr. Halsey took an active part in it and drev up the report, from which the following facts are taken. There were 98'exhibitors, some of whom came from Nurpur in Kangra, from Hajitha in Amritsar, and from Narot. The cocoons exhibited were generally good, showing an improvement over what could be procured in former seasons; but the exhibitors showed want of knowledge of their subject in bringing samples in an unmarketable form; for instance, many samples contained white, deep yellow, light yellow, green and double cocoons. The exhibitors were of all classes, and fifteen of them received Rs. 1,000 in prizes rang. . ing from Rs. 200 to Rs. 50. The quantity of cocoons exhibited was not stated. For the following year Mr. Halsey suggested that the amount awarded be increased to Rs. 2,000, because after several years of experience he was convinced that the country was eininently suited to the rearing of silkworins, and that the population and Government would derive very great profit from its establishment. He also suggested that a remission of rerenue might be granted in the land planted with Chinese mulberry. The Provincial Governinent, in acknowledging this report, considered the experiment an interesting • one, and the result of the exhibition as on the whole promising, and agreed that the conditions under whiclı land planted with timber trees was granted free of assessment should apply to plantations of the Chinese mulberry. The con. ditions will be found in the Financial Commissioner's book, Circular No. X of 1875. On the 21st April 1877 a second exhibition was held. There were 164 exhibitors, of which 56 were zemindars and the rest of mixed professions. Of the zemindars 10 carried off prizes aggregating Rs. 600, and of the others 12 carried off an aggregate of Rs. 400. The cocoons shown this year siderable improvement over those exhibited in 1876; they had been more carefully selected, and were in a more marketable form; but there was still much room for improvement.in this respect. Very few of the exhibitors seemed to know a good from a bad cocoon: even among professional rearers a large loosely formed cocoon was looked upon as superior to a small well-formed and finegrained cocoon. It apparently never occurred to them to weigh the ontturn of silk yielded by these different cocoons; had they done so, they would have found that the latter kind yielded nearly double the quantity of good silk to the former. Dr. Halsey pointed to the causes which prevented the people from raising cocoons to perfection. These were trant of well-aired dry sheds and larger quantities of eggs than the rearer could properly attend to. « Three hundred superficial feet of room and the care of to individuals are, he wrote, necessary for worms hatched from 1 oz. of eggs, and this would give 40 to 50 seers of cocoons worth from Rs. 30 to 40, whereas the rearers very commonly hatch out from one to five seers (32 to 160 oz) of eggs without perhaps 300 superficial feet of room, and 7th 6 men so all to look after tbe vorms. The proper thing for one I seer of eggs would be 9,600 feet of room and 61 men to attend, and the produce would amount to 32 maunda of cocoons worth Rs. 960. A man bere commonly undertakes this who has not Rs. 5 in the world. Whereas, if I man and his son would undertake to raise the worms from 1 oz. of eggs, he might without any cash outlay at all make Rs. 40 to Rs. 50 in 40 days, sufficient to keep him in tolerable plenty for the rest of the year. But, like everything else in this country, the native looks to quantity, not to quaere a con- Gurdaspore was considered by Mr. Halsey to be situated at quite the most southern limit of the Bombyx mori, and in order to escape the great beats which are apt to come on just at the time the silkworm is forming its. cocoon, which is the most critical moment of his life, it was ncccssary that art should be brought to its aid. There was no difficulty in hatching the cogs ·SILK IX ISDI.A. 9 vould possibly induce people to plant crotic mullxntics, and thus improrc tlo quality of tho cocoons by having an early supply of lases. The Gorcrnment of the Punjab conreyed acknowledgments to Ur. Ifalsey for the assistance he rendered in the derelopment of the industry and for his liberality in the bestoval of prizes. It also concurred in the sugestion that the show should be held in future in the first week in pril; it lid stress on tho uccessity of larins plantations of the Chinese mullerry; ortered that Jr. TIalsey's offer of cuttings bo made widely known in the tabsils of Kangrai, Nurpur, and tlic districts of Gurilaspur; accepted with thanks his oller of Rs. 1,000 to be giren in prizes for the best plantations of the Chineso inulberry; and obscrvod that this nccd not interfere in any way with the distributiou of prizes for cocoons as lithcrto. The example given in Gurdaspur was soon followed in the Kangra district, and a first cstibition held in Vay 1877 at Nurpur of this district brought 13 competitors from Kangra and 22 from other districts; the former arrici off prizes amounting to Rs. 123 and the latter to Rs. 80; tlıc quantity of cocoons produced was not reported. A second slior was lield at the same place on the 1.1th May 1578, anl was attended by 70 competitors from tho kangra and 63 from otlier districts. In this year the quality of the cocoons was fue superior to those of the previous year, but wero inferior to those raised in Gurlaspur, oivs probably to the fact that tho rearers lind licen louger at work in the latter district, and consequently understood their business better. The cocoons cxhibited amountal to 31. Srs. Ch 31 29 * from the Kangra district. atler districte. 0 31: from the Kara district. 0 other drstnicu. The bill brought was. sin 3 Tor tlio cocoons, prizes in cash amounting to Rs. 317 vera awaricd to 39 of the competitors of Kangra, and Rs. C0 to 11 of those from other districts. The silk produced was so coarc and inferior that it was not considered wortly of citller a prizo or lionourable mention. Tho slow appears to laro cxcited considerablo interest, and the local oficers attributed this to the fact that in this new industry tho inliabitants of Nurpur, who had recently been reduced to straightened circumstances owing to a decline of their slavl trauc, found a means of relief from their sad position. Tho talisillars, zaildars, and hotwals did uruch in the first instance to bring tho people to realise the advantages of the industry, and for this purpose bhiilluts prero airanled to them. The Deputy Commissioner was rcry sanguino as to success in tho fuluny, and hid crery hope that the industry would, in the end, alunl an cang menus of provision as well as an occupation for the children and women arixrtainius to tlo poorer classes in the district. Through the malium and at tho instance of Mr. IIalsey, 10,000 ruulberry cuttings of the China variety lad Leca plantal out in tlc Xurpur and Kangra tahsils. Somo observations made by Jr. IIalsy in a noto which accompanicul tho report on tho slour of 1878 seem worthy of rconi. Ile said:- "The parada of Surpur is for Letter adapted Dature for the purposes of wriculture than the greater part of the Gunlaspur Jistrict. There are many tracu ollaod talt for al uration from irrefülarity of lesiure solotlar axa ia which, boxster, ibe wakeny Wall grow, and there is no doubt thaicrer is say wiad that the wbule el the latest putrans could be ruil fru proscale of the exwa eng if eat ito: taislas, JL. to see the alrantaua watet. Txakxitba there is a cartofi vero ·SILK IN INDIA. left off, and on a very much larger scale. I may bear by the next mail for certainty, and the amount they are iuclined to give. Should I not, I will write recommending ikem strongly to do so." Of the mulberry trees, 6,395 cuttings, apparently of the China and Philip. pine varieties, were planted out in 1879. Of these, 2,000 died from uncsplained causes, and the rest rere reported to be flourishing. This extension of mulberry plantation was probably the result of Mr. Halsey's efforts. In the Gurdaspur district no exlubition was held in 1870, oring to a misconception. But the Deputy Commissioner reported in July of that year that purchasers were in the field, and that about Rs. 80 per maund were being paid for unpierced cocoons. A pleader of Amritsar was alone said to have purchased about Rs. 10,000 worth of cacoons in 1878, and to have sent mon again in 1879 for the same purpose. One of Jessrs Lister & Co.'s agents (IIr. Lepper) was also endeavouring to gain a footing in the district, and offered £600 for the late Mr. Halsey's silk filature at Sujanpur and the lease of the Galpur raklı. As to mulberry trees in this (Gurdaspur) district, the practice had been to divide the lines of road and canals where there were trees of the kind, to apportion them out to silkworm-rearers, and to let each man bare that part of the road (or canal) which tras nearest to his house or Forkshop, the length of the road (or canal) line granted being in proportion to his requirements. One Sheikh Jafir of Nainakot, the first silk-groter in the district, had the lease of the encamping ground at that place, and received at a fixed rate annually the lease of the Public Works Department road which runs through the Shakargarh tahsil. On the district roads and the canal the lessecs were in some places allowed to break off small twigs bearing leaves, and in others, from roadsitle trees, merely the leaves. On the Bari Doab canal the length of line on which mulberry trees were grown was 51 miles, and a portion of it from Dadhopur to Sarna bridge, a distance of 7 miles, was sold to the manager of the Punjab Sugar Works Company, it is not said for what purpose. A proposal was under consideration (1879) for giving ifr. Lepper (of Messrs. Lister & Co.) the lease of wulberry trees in the district. Some of the local officers, including the Financial Comuissioner, tereof opinioa that the finu should be allowed to bave a reasonable quantity of Government mulberry trecs for its requirements, but that it should not be allowed a complete monopoly to the injury of native rearers of silkworms. And ultimately an application from Dir. Lepper for the lease of leaves on the Gurdaspur and Amritsar road was sanctioned by the Punjab Government (Public Works Department). The Local Government quite sát that " the formation and maintenance of China mulberry plantations are of importance in connection with the development of the silk industry; " and it caused the district officers to ho instructed to encourage the formation of these plantations, and assist the industry as much as possible without direct interference. It also iuvited the atten. tion of the Conservator of Forests to the matter, and expressed the opinion that ** large plantations of the China mulberry might be formed by the officers of the Forest Department, which would be of great assistance to this industry and Tay Fell." The Government of India, in February 1880, approved the proceedings of the Punjab Government, and expressed a liope that " another year may show that the agents of the house of Lister & Co. have settled in the silk-producing districts of the Punjab, to the great adrantage of tlu silk-growers there." The year 1880 saw a fresh erliibition at Gurdaspur held on the 16th April. The proceedings were cbaracterised by a deep interest taken tlcreia by an increasing punber of people, not the least among whom were the agents of BLcssrs. Lister & Co. 4 ·SILK IN INDIA, The number of competitors and the quantity of the produco exhibited were much less than in 1879. Tho Deputy Commissioner attributed this to the fact that both the country eggs collected by the people and tho homo cgs supplied to them were destroyed by change of climato or through some other accident. Of the Rs. 1,230 expended, the District Committee contributed Rs. 930, and dir. Keighley on behalf of his firm garo the rest. Immediately after this exhibition, the advisability was considered of haring onc joint show at Madliopur in Gurdaspur, instead of two separate ones (ono in Gurdaspur and the other in Kangra) as in previous years; the Local Gorernment having consented to the change, the exhibition of 1891 was held at Jadhopur on the 2nd May. Due notice had been given throughout the tracts concerned, and lists of bond fide rearers were obtained from talisildars and communicated to Messrs. Lister & Co.'s agent. The Gurdaspur District Fund contributed Rs. 1,000, the Kangra District Rs. 300, and Messrs. Lister & Co. Rs. 300, for prizes. Blessrs. Lister & Co. also awarded four landsome silver medals, two for Kangra and two for Gurdaspur, to the exhibitors of the best cocoons by agriculturists and professionals, and these medals were higlıly appreciated by the recipients. A large number of persons from all parts of the districts assem. bled to witness the exhibition. The following committee awarded prizes : Mr. Mooro, of the firm of Dessrs. Lister & Co.; Mr. Clapman, Janager, Punjab Sugar Works; Lala Sanjhi Dul, Extra Assistant Commissioner; and tho Deputy Commissioner as President. There were in all 447 exhibitors, of whom 124 were zemindars and 323 of mixed professions. Thero were few exhibits of country cgs cocoons, the majority being from eggs imported from Japan, France, and Italy. The details of the show are condensed in the following table: No or PBIERT. AYOUWT OT PAIR, WEIQIT O1 821WIOTT 0 Cocoon SLK PRODEORD саар PRODECAD. DIYAN то TAHUIC RIYALAR Senter of Borera meet rees Celtiratori Mixed professions Mde 8. MUMS 15 03 43 344 Baltala. Shukukat Patbasket Gurdaspur Re. RA 8062 7 13 75 325 27 118 10 31 185 455 18383140 145 Rs. Nd. 9 Ch Yds Cade. B. 23 012 OO a O] 200 0 13 2 0 0 0 840 0 39 0434 295 038 3040 199 14 Produod at Laitala. 48 Produced at several TONECA 69 Produced at je pur 34 Prodored stern Tillaga. 170 23 101 O 8 217 2* 91 301 37 1 $9 o O to O 0313 34 15) 314) 06 Total 20% 2821 400 780 1.160 (Gurdaspor), Narpar (KAA) 23 105 133 109 300 10 a). Gud TOTAL 124 223 38 500 2.00061,660 106 1 1 12 0 24 21 251 37 935 The Deputy Commissioner of Gurdaspur, from whoso report the aboro igures have been taken, wroto as follows: • A number of persons brought ju cocoons, those names had not been entered as bond fide rearers; those to plom the tahsildars, who were present, could certify, rere admitted to the competition, and the others excluded; the reason besog that is former cars a bond fide rearer made over a number of cocoons to other parties who had not rearow them, on the understanding that the prizes, if obtained, should be divided, and it was to prercot this that lists were prepared. “The cocoons raised from the climatised Japan and foreiga eggs trere very good, and declared by Jr, Moore, the only expert present, to be equal to any bo bad crer seen. Tho country cocoons exhibited were, Lowerer, not of a very superior description; they were of the same kind us shorro last year. The quantity was certainly much smaller; this is oring to a discane haring infected the country worms for the last three or four years, and consequently very little seed was left in the district. This fear also in a few places the soros hare died. From enquincs made by the ageat of Jſessrs. Lister & Co., it appears tbat the discute wa brought into the district by eggs imported by the late Mr. Halscy: these were bybridised ·SILK IN INDIA, 45 1 the country seed without any effort being made in this behalf. It is not likely that the motha anů svorms of the two classes are allowed to mıx; but unless this is the case, the infection cannot spread." The development of mulberry plantations was also considered satisfactory by the Lieutenant-Governor; and the Irrigation Department was requested to plant mulberry trees, as far as possible, on the banks of the Bari Doab Canal and its main distributaries is the Gurdaspur district. Another exhibition as held in the Gurdaspur district on the 2nd May 1882 ; it was largely attended. Details regarding it are condensed in the following statement:- No os EXIBITORS. WEIGHT OP FBX8H COCOONS PRODUCED. AMOUNT OF PRIZE TAKEN DISTRICTS WOENCE EXKIBITORS CANE Mixed pro- Cultivatora Cultivators Mixed professione. Cultavators Mixed pro $8%B3DDS Seasjons. R$ 170 30 1 368 143 21ds, Sri 229 35 39 23 0 25 0 34 5 30 Ra, 210 25 Gurdaspur Kangra Stalkot Hoshiarpur Amritsar 8744 550 1 1 4 2 906 514 85-28 210-394 235 1,484 TOTAL 720 276-27 1,659 The prizes amounted to Rs. 1,700, of which the Gurdaspur district contributed Rs. 1,000, Kangra Rs. 400, and Messrs. Lister & Co. Rs. 300. Messrs. Lister & Co. also presented three handsome silver medals. The samples of cocoons were, on the whole, inferior, because of the disease among the silkworms originating with the indigenous country eggs and spreading to the foreign, owing to the natives not having been careful enough to prevent the two kinds of seeds from getting mixed. The proportion of foreign to that of country cocoons produced was 1 maund of the former to 1 maund 8) seers of the latter. The quality of the country cocoons was not nearly so good as the product from foreign eggs. The sickness was among the indigenous worms much greater than among those from foreign eggs. The disease affected both the quantity and quality of the outturn of cocoons, and Messrs. Lister & Co.'apparently were unable to obtain enough silk to keep their filature in constant work, and they had to seek supplies in Bengal, The Commissioner of the Division feared that, unless some attempt were made to 'stamp out the disease, there would be danger of this new Punjab industry suffering irreparable injury, and he suggested the plan of destroying all the eggs belonging to any rearer whose worms might appear to be diseased, and substituting good eggs in exchange for doubtful ones. The Financial Commissioner agreed that there was serious risk of the extinction of a very promising industry, and thought that the Divisional Commissioner should submit, after consultation with the agents of Messrs. Lister & Co., a special report as to the measures he deemed necessary, and as to the cost which the destruction of the diseased and the supply of healthy seed would involve. The Provincial Government, in acknoivledging the papers, said it would await the receipt of the special report which the Financial Commissioner proposed to call for. This was in August 1882, and up to now no report has reached the Government of India. In other parts of the Punjab, little or no silk is produced; the raw material continues to be obtained from Central Asia, Kashmir, Bengal, and China, and 1f ·SILK IN DIA. 47 storey of the house, occupied by the lower orders in the valley, was generally the principal breeding-room. Afillions of mulberry trees of the indigenous varieties afforded ample food; but the ownership of the trees rested with the Maharaja, and the rearers of worms had to pay for the leaves. The industry was thus carried on from year to year without any systematic attempt at development, and with no attempt at all at improvement until 1869, when the superintendence of the operations in Kaslımir proper (as distinguished from the Jummu Division, of which more further on) vas entrusted to the Chief Justice of Kasbmir, a Bengali gentleman, by nama Babu Nilambor Mukerji: This functionary encountered many difficulties at first, and all he was able to effect from 1869 to 1871 was some improvement in the quality of reeled silk, which he did by organising a body of reelers and teaching them a better process of reeling than that which had been in practice. The improvement was apparent in some samples which were forwarded in 1872 through the Government of India to Her Majesty's Secretary of State. The samples consisted of (1) silk rcèled from white cocoons by water power; (2) silk reeled from yellow cocoons by water poter; (3) silk reeled after the old fashion. Messrs. Durant & Co., silk-brokers in England, reported on the samples thus:- “There is much in samples (1) and (2) very encouraging; the nature of the silk is good, showing that the cocoons have a thread which has strength and perve, and capable of being made into excellent silk. We find the quality of the thread, as also the thread itself, superior to much of the native-reeled silk of Bengal. We would put the value of such silk as that shown by samples (1) and (2) at 23s. and 24s, per ib; as for (3) it can scarcely be classed as rav. sulk," but as waste silk it might fetch about 38. per Ib." Even, however, as regards samples (1) and (2), much was apparently required to make them take the place that they might hold in the silk market ; and Messrs. Durant & Co, suggested that, rather than go on experimenting, models of the best French or Italian reels should be procured, together with two or three intelligent Europeans, who would be able to teach the natives of Kashmir how to use tlie advantages which they evidently possessed in their raw material, The report was communicated through the Punjab Government to the Maharaja of Kashmir in December 1872; but it does not appear that advantage was taken of the suggestion to procure European reclers or reels. The plan was continued of training Kashmiris' under the superintendence of experienced reelers from Bengal, furnished with improved apparatus. The rearing of silkworms also soon engaged the attention of the Babu; and in 1872 he undertook to work improvement in the system in practice among the natives. He recounted his efforts thus, in a noto dated the 19th August 1870:- « From that time (i.e., 1972) to this day I bave been trying to teach the people an id. proved system of rearing the silkworms; and the unwearied exertions of Detran Kirpa Ram, the Prune Minister, and Wazir Punnoo, the Governor of Kashmir, under the watchful eyes of His Highřess the Maharaja, have enabled me to increase the quantity and improve the quality of the annual outturn of cocoons and suk. lighness's il), and I “The post important peculiarities of the system of rearing now followed in Kashmir are the following: - (1) One hundred and twenty-seren Gorernment magnaderies have been built on an improved plan for the use of the rearers, who pay rent for the same, and a number of skilled rearers teach the people gratis the importance of space, temperature, light, ventilation, and cleanliness. (2) Eggs in small quantities are being distributed to the zamindars, who rear tha worms in their own houses and engage their children and women iú tending ·*. SILK CY LYDIA. 19 Supply Association; and to Jr. E. Jlilson, a practical recice of silk at Lyons. Tucso thrco gentlemen reported as follows. As regards the cocoons, Jr. Hilson said: "They are very dry and are band under the brusb, requiriog long boiling. They are rather poor in silk and rich in natural gum; bat as the chrysalis is very dry, the yield is comparatively spod, and can be estimated at about 4 kilos, of cocoone for 1 kilo. of silk. These cocoons would, therefore, find a ready sale in France, aod for shipment to this country tboy can be press-packed without fear of iojary if they are a dry as the sample sol." Ir. Cobb said :- "The cocoons are of the Italias races, and, if acclimatised in India, would rerolutionis tba silk production of that country. Either the beat, or as improper topply of food, or issul. ciept food, has prevented these cocoops being a beary as they promised to be, and, if tho worth bad beca stronger, they would have produced bearier COCODE" Regarding tho raluo of the cocoons, Vr. Wilson wroto: "Tho value of these cocoons, if perfected, can be estimated at abnut 15 to 10 francs per kilo. at the usual Blarscillcs terms-otis., taling the yield at the normal figure of 5 Lilou, of corrons to 1 of silk. Tucse cocoons yielding *} kilos would be worth about 18 to 14 france per kilo. as they are." Regarding the silk, Jr. Leckie said:- "The silk is a most creditable production, superior in quality to the silk of Bengal, abd it ought, if reelal with more skill, to take raak with the better description of Italian wilk. As compared with Ilalian, it is worth about 21s. per Ib. Io point of cleangen of bread, it is quits up to the standard of good Italian, but the thread itself is too flat. “This could, howercr, easily be remedial by more turos or twista being put on the ttro threads as they go from the basia to the reel, and tho angle at which they are separatal Lcias moro obtuse. The simples shout another fault, but one which fortunately can be cauly remo diod; it is the doula ia which the thread is laid upon tha recl." Dr. 3lilson said: "The silk produced by these coooops is good and strong, but it is slightly "Loobby;" and as the cocoons contain a large quantity of natural gum, it may locspected that the milk will lose moro tban European silk at the boiling of. A friend is the Cereaues estimate the proballa Joss at from 22 to 25 per cento agaiost a loss of 20 to 22 per ceat. on Europcaa silk. . The price of the silk, according to samples, would lo from 70 to 17 franca per kilo."** Mr. Cobb said :- "The silk raole alore the best sanlabs, and, in fact, talc place among Koond Italiana" 3Ir. Jfilson had somo of the cocoons reclal in tho Corcaacs, and somo reeld in the Vanduse, and estimated tho cost of rcling at 12 to 13 francs per kilo. Theso reports Tcro communicated by the Government of India in August 1878, through tho lupjab Gorernment, to the authoritics in Kashmir; and the faroumblo results no doubt prompted congratulations at the Durbar scat. But Wluat might otherwiso laro prorod an unmixed satisfaction seems to laro been marred by the rarages which somc disease had already begun to compit among tho Maharaja's silk rorms; and the Kashmir Durlar, in acknov. ledging tho reports, informal the Goremmcnt of India in Xorcmber 1575 that "a bad cpidemio" lad rcry ncarly destroyed the worms within thc ralley, ani! that runored exertions would laro to bo nulo to giro a fresh start to to in. dustry. A supply of esse tras still in stock amounting to about a couple of maunds; but the supply nquind rras apparently 10 bisunds), and request we there foro modo to the Gorcrament of India for a large quantity of 5 Japare The Gorempicat in repis espnxnd willingness to * fra stocure the y la OtakLL 3 ·SILK IN INDIA. 51 of districts in which the operations were carried out, the quantity of eg: supplied, and the quantity of cocoons produced :-. QUANTITY OF Namber of districts. Years REYARSE, Eggs supplied. Cocoons produced Seers Aje.. 7 The eggs were the produce of Kashmir and Nida- 1873 1874 617 78 421 2327 10 10 10 1875 1876 128 135 958 3083 In the first of these three years, the produce of cocoons, which, according to the European standard,' should have been about 200 maunds in weight, was only 42) maunds. The cause of the failure was attributed by the Babu to the hatching of the eggs having commenced too late in some places, and in others to the ignorance of the rearers. In the next year (1874) the large supply of eggs rendered insufficient the rearing-places and the appliances available; somo timely arrangements were made for constructing houses and supplying the neces. sary appliances; but when the hatching time came, it was found that only balf the quantity of eggs could be accommodated, and some additional teniporary accommodation was obtained from cultivators. In several places the eggs began to watch too late, the worms became subject to the excessive heat of April, and from these causes and the insufficiency of accommoựation, the cocoons produced was only 2321 maunds, whereas it should have been over 2,000 maunds according to the European standard. Some change in the establishment took place this year: at the beginning of the season 10 additional Kashmici rearers were procured, 20 reeling instruments of the Bengal pattern were introduced, two good reelers were engaged, under whom were placed 40 out of the 90 lads above referred to, and of the remainder 30 lads were discharged. . In 1875 the increase of rearing-places was not proportionate with the increase in the supply of eggs, the heat became excessive, and nine-tenths of the worms died : the remainder gave the outturn of 259 maunds of cocoons. In 1876 the number of rearing-houses was increased in a few of the ten districts ; but still the produce of cocoons was not satisfactory; and the want of success was attributed to.continual rain for two days with high wind, to ignorance of a boy'in charge, to excessive heat, lateness of the hatching, &c. It seems at last to have struck the Babu that early hatching (so as to avoid the heat) and suitable airy rearing.houses were essentially necessary. The latter requisite was met in 1876 by an order of the Maharaja to build "comfortable houses for rearing," and for the former, measures were taken to increase the plant. ation of the Chinese mulberry, which "generally opens its leares 15 days carlier than the country ones.' A few skeins of silk were sent to Calcutta by the Babu in 1876, and were valued at Rs. 18 and Rs. 15 per seer for the first and second qualities, respectively. The following explanation of the system of rearing was giren by the Babu in a note dated April 1876:- introduced here are of Kashmir stock (Bombys moni), and are of loose condition, not like those of Bara polos of Bengal, or annual eggs of China or Japan, as attached to some cloths or cards. The eggs are kept bere in new eartbea yessels, so that or of the 10. ward space of the vessel may be occupied, and care is taken to keep the vessels free from damp or leat. "* When the season approaches and tender leaves of mulberry come to sight, the eggs are cleansed and again kept in the ressels as stated above. To appig heat to the eggs, the ressed or «The eggs * 01 of eggs to 1 md. of fresh cucoon.

·SILK IN INDIA. 53 in the art. Besides these boys in permanent employ, there were also daily labourers, of whom 13 proved able to reel fine good silk. This establishment was paid at 2 or l annas a day. The reelers were paid at different rates according to fitness ; some received Rs. 6-4 and some Rs. 4-6 per mensem. There were besidcs 3 Kashmiri reelers, who supervised the work and were paid Rs. 10 a month. A good reeler reeled about 3 chittacks of fine good siſk a day. There were three kinds of cocoons in operation; the best yielded at the rate of 1 seer of silk to 5 seers of cocoons, or ; the second garos, and the third, the silk being coarse besides. Heat used to be applied by fuel, not by steam, for boiling the cocoons. But more recently steam boilers igere introduced, and a good filature established. Haring summarised the proceedings of the Kashmir and Jummu authorities in the matter of sericulture so far as known to us, we might close this section by presenting two statements showing the total quantities and values of cocoons, raw and floss silk, and chassum produced and sold. The figures have been compiled from returns kindly furnished by the local authorities, and give a fair indication of the state of the industry up to the end of 1881.

·STATEMENT II. Showing the Quantity and Value of Raw Silk, Floss Silk, ax4 Ckussam (the produce of Kashmir and Junamaut) sold in the Harlels of Caleulla, TOTAL CALCUTTA LONY BILI AJD LUNAY Raw BILI, LOES 811E SYD CRU14 Vale. AMRITSAR Raw Bilt, Yalac. Value Frous &LLY SYD CAP361X weight KASDIT AND JUMU Valat a . RAR BIL Wought R a . Flow SILE ASD Cartax. Value Weight. d. a. Mds. Bro Value .. R SILK RAW BILE. Mds. Gre Valge 1,795 16. Ra Weight Y UL. Mda. Srs Value Valve R a: Mds Srs. Weigst . R 3112 IN INDIA. Mds Srs a. 391 11 10,763 153 18,795 43 51,439 67 43,239 81 1,38,080 41 1,01,987 117 87,577 121 56 * Mds. Sra 919 1} 00 391 11 1,793 18 0 231 8 381 16,275 8 1,133 43 10,755 16 21 215 92,352 23 75 19 1869 1870 23 38) 18,698 0 16 74810,18G 13 3923 21,771 6 60 GI 33,570 6 19,287 6 127 0 138 il 2 311 29 1 111 699 13 25,929 16 8 315 33 32 1871 804 12: 1,03,772 14 113 31189,556 121 8 173 1872 230 13,231 01 250 10 1,51,079 51 10,618 0 3,091 13 12,991 45 1 0 18 24 37,162 121 7,116 73 3 131 203 8 1873 O 0 37 19.036 117 400 0,03C 21 1874 312 29 ... 4,073 0 0 2818 GO6 115 61 151 41,232 8 13 os 7,172 113 18 317 12,767 127 91 67 62,606 12 35 384 8,320 151 111 30 1,03,772 14 13 375 37,102 121 29% 2,568 & 6,067 11 11 8,186 0 10,933 103 11 311 1876 6950 3,978 118 8,186 0 13 337 362 6 13 2678 176 0 1876 24 67 0 33 1,006 233 1,51,070 6 249 73 10,618 0 264 3,396 13 201 33 12,991 10,577 1877 1878 Ths halua lelves in Cbliki rupees, ose et skich he equivaleat to 10 Bellah senas. 1879 1880 1881 ·SILK IN INDIA. 57 Previous experiments have been conducted at Dhulia. Mulberries were planted on the model farm at Bhadgam, and were successfully grown, but worms were never reared there, the intention to do so having failed to be carried out owing to a disease breaking out amongst them in Mysore, whence eggs were to be procured. But His Excellency in Council bas ascertained that the place best suited for experiments un sericulture is the neighbourhood of Kunhar above the ghâts, where mulberries bave been successfully grown by the late Major Atkins. At Dhulia, it would be easier to ensure proper superintendence, but the chmate of Kunbar is more favourable for the rearing of silkworms than any in Khandesh below the Satmalla mountains, and this outweighs every advantage which Dhulia possesses. « The village of Kunhar itself is in the Nizam's territory, but at Makranpur, which is in British terutory, there is land equally well adapted for the growth of mulberries, and the climate is the same. A field of about 9 acres with a good water-supply, and in other respects well suited for the purpose, is now available, and can be purchased for Rs. 250. His Excellency the Governor in Council, being of opícion that it is pot advisable to lose the present season, has authorised the Collector to secure possession of this land at his discretion, and to commence planting it with mulberry trees. "As the experiment can only be carried on with any hope of success by persons who have been trained to this industry, the Chief Commissioner, Mysore, was requested to ascertain whether there was any probability of families skilled in such work being induced to migrate to Khandesha on the terms proposed by the Collector, viz., that they should get Rs. 12 per mensem. In reply a letter from the Deputy Commissioner, Bangalore district, has been forwarded, from which it appears that there will be no difficulty in procuring men competent for carrying on the experiments." Under these circumstances the Bombay Government asked, and the Government of India sanctioned in September 1874, a money assignment at tlie rate of Rs. 1,000 per annum for five years, and the experiment was started at once. In June 1876 a report came to the effect that, owing to there being no skilled superintendence for the proper rearing of the worms, no satisfactory results had, till then, been obtained in the Khandesh model farm. It would appear from this that the trial was not mado at Kunhar as at first designed, and that skilled labour was not available from Mysore as had been hoped for. • To obviate the disadvantage arising from the absence of such labour, the Bengal Government was asked to procure", a man who understands both the care of the worms and the process of winding off the silk, or, if this is impossible, two men, one for each operation. Some months. elapsed before this request was complied with, and it was only, in April 1877, that two natives with the required experience were sent from Bengal to the Khandesh farm; the pay allowed was Rs. 30 per mensem each, and the engagement was for one year. Nothing further appears in regard to this experiment either. The dyeing industry is foreign to this Memorandum, but the following 'facts relating to silk-dyeing in Shikarpur,(Sindh) is worthy of note. The industry, which had once been an important one, fell off from various causes till it became altogether insignificant. In 1882 the local dealers and dyers, wishing to revive the trado, unitedly signed a covenant to use only fast dyes, and asked the Collector of the district to witness it, and to let the matter be known. The Collector complied with their request and sent sets of samples (each set consisting of 16 colours) for deposit and general inspection to the Karachi Dfuscum, to the Government of Bombay, to the Government of India, and to the Secretary of State.' The Government of India published the above facts in the diffierent provinces. The Secretary of State transmitted the samples to the Science and Art Department "for exhibition in such place and manner as may be considered most likely to attract the attention of practical men." From further information, it seems that the silk in question is not the produce of Shikarpur itself, but that it comes thither from Herat and the countries beyond. It is apparently the produce of the same worm as that of Europe. The Herat merchants are not ready to impart any information regarding their ·SILK IN INDIA. 2) JADRAS PRESIDENCY. Regarding the Jadras Presidency, the account given by Jír. Geoghega has exhausted the subject, and on a reference the Government of that Pres dency reported in 1873 that no further information was available. The Collector of Coimbatore alone made further remarks. He stated tha: an experiment of entrusting silk culture to tiro Inspectors of Police was a failuro; that an offer of wasto land, rent free, to grow the mulberry met with no response; that tho recling stage is that at which the failure occus; that silk-makers will not pay a large price for a proper rceling machine when their own simple wheel does all they want; and that they have no difficulty in selling in local markets all the silk they produce, there being no external demands. BRITISH BURJA. We learn from Jr. Geoghegan's account that sericulture was, at the time he wrote (1871-72), carried on in the districts of Prome, Tbayetmyo, Henzada, Toungoo, and the northern portion of Rangoon, by a class of peoplo who lived in villages by themselves and held but little social intercourse with their neighbours, and that the occupation was a lucrative ono. The silk produced was, howerer, of an inferior description, arising from the "Filo" methods in practice in the rearing of the worms and the reeling of the silk. It is very probable that there has been no change in the above condition, for we learn that silk still forms one of the most important industries of the Prome district, and that it is also made and woren in the Rangoon and Shwcsyen districts, in Thayetmyo, IIenzada, and Toungoo. The system, too, has not altered apparently, judging from the following account given in the " Imperial Gazetteer of India" (1881): “The method pursued in this industry is rude and careless in the extreme, all the processes being carned on in the ordinary bamboo dwelling-houses of the country, which are smokebegrimed and dirty. The plant of a Burmese silk filature is inexpensive, consisting simply of (1) a set of fat trays with slightly raised edges, made of bamboo strips from 2 to 4 feet 10 diameter, (2) a few neatly made circles of palm-leaves, 3 or inches in diameter, (3) some strips of coarse cotton cloth, () a common-looking pot, (5) a bamboo reel, and (6) a two-pronged fork. Silk-seaving is carried on principally in the towns of Prome and Shwedoung; the best cloths are made from imported Chinese sılk, which costs £3-12 per viss, or 3.65 lbs., whilst the same quantity of the home-grown article costs only £2.4." From samples of raw silk of the Prome district received by the Govern. ment of India in tho carly part of 1882, there was certainly no improvement apparent. The samples were transmitted to the Secretary of State, and were reported upon by Messrs. Durant & Co., silk brokers of London, thus: "TVe are not able to give you a very encouraging report on the samples. (1) the thread is very imperfect, being unevea, gouty, and knobby, (2) the length of reel (1.c., the circumference of the skein) is too large for any machinery now in use in this country, and if such did exist, it is doubtful if any employment could be found for silk so defective in all respects. There being no market here for such silk, it is difficult to give anything he an accurate quotation of the value; but if a market could be found in Marseilles, where there 19 an outlet for dappioni' of Italy aud France, with which it might compete (at a distance), the value would be about seven shillings per lb. "So far as the can judge, we are inclined to thuk favourably of the nature and quality of the cocoon; and if technical skill was brought to bear so that the temperature of the water, the laywg of the thread on the reel, and some minor points in the manipulation of the cocoops could be accurately determined, the silk produced from such cocoons as the samples indicate would, we think, compete successfully with that of Bengal, as also with that produced in some of the north-nest provinces of China." The accuracy or otherwise of this opinion could, howerer, be determined only by testing the cocoons; and Aſessrs. Durant & Co. accordingly asked for ·CHAPTER V., REVIEW OF THE TRADE STATISTICS AND PRICES TIF following statement shows the exports by sea of Indian silk and silk manufactures during the last thirteen years. The Returns of the Trade of British India do not make any distinction between silk produced by the mulberty-fed worm and that of other worms, such as the tasar. The figures thereforo include both kinds of silk : Meaning of the Raw Silk Charsam or Cocoons Thread for Warto Sulk. Plece. goods Gonds of S.IL Tuled with other materiale Other Borto Total Valope in Rupees sewing Bay Oficial death. figures 2 3 Quantity 2,131,103 1870 71 Value R$ 1,25,25,275 Quantity 1893 822 1871-73 Value R$ 1,08 10071 Quantity 2 931,579 1872-73 Value By 1,25,63,681 Qusatity 2,193,017 1973-74 Palue R2, 37,412 Quantity 1,458,016 Nuo RA 78.64.818 3,810,86-9 16,5-76 R 11,59,636 Quantity 1.417.803 1876-72 Value R. 77,60,046 Quantity 1,512810 1627.79 Valge RA 10,35,493 Suantity 2,323 599 1978-TV Value RA 87./3,391 Quantity 6R3,210 S79 80 Value Re, 15,95 655 Quantity $50,065 180.92 Value RA 19,40,319 Qanotity saab0 1881-83 Walue RA 30,17,275 Quantity 601,670 11882.83 Yalue RA 41,10,415 4 8 7 S 10 P 187-13 05 63 11 105 3,8 15,03,178 88,930 15 26,821 1,053 519 18,60,219 1,815,022 22,27,541 1.679,203 23,10,RSS 2,469,002 23,87,394 2,376,128 22 28,536 1,4-1,258 14,71,607 1,747, 003 16,90,08 2,203,971 21,70,937 2,127,576 20,04,116) 2 196,895 20 67,722 2.072,217 25,19,897 11,46,29,650 1,03,37,692 1,44,23,809 1,38,64,988 99,84,603 65,87,278 34 207 1,00,03,69 404 2,831 85,46,432 3,592 74,50,873 19 30 74,48,594 114 912 77,10,165 440 60,38,907 58 1,200 82,07,186 784, 461 5,30,576 583,468 6,28,792 747,00) 8,31,219 $14,415 10,0-4,361 2,500 3R,152 18,997 15,120 0,38 $4,602 38,271 17,192 71,003 130,133 1,04,738 216,392 2,15,020 124,630 1,45,202 203, R17 2,43,600 49,816 46.139 18,47 14,913 28, SN3 31,113 23,153 28,656 230 923 163 1,319 1,690 8,145 971 1,307 107 667 1,768 Kort -The quantities in columna 3, 64, 6, ed are be, those in colamna 7 and 8 are yards, the values are everywhere rupees • Chusam and coure were not separately dytinguished before 1979-80, but were included nader the term "Raw Silk The total values show the extent of the decline which is known to have occurred in the exports of Indian silk. Omitting the variations which indicate partial increases in exceptional years, a downward course is very apparent; and the exports, which in 1870-71 amounted in value to Rs. 1,40,88,450, fell through rapid sụccessions until they stood at Rs. 60,98,797 in 1881-82. Since then a · small increase has taken place, the exports having amounted to Rs. 82,07,286 in 1882-83. The question is whether the probability for the future lies in the direction of a continuation of the rise or of fresh falls as in previous years. An endeavour ivıll be made to ansver this question in Part III of this Memorandum.' For the present, if we look into the details of the figures given in the above statement, we find that it is the cxport trade in raw silk which has been falling so considerably, viz., from Rs. 1,25,85,274 in 1870-71 to Rs. 77,69,036 in 1876-77, and to Rs. 44,10,415 in 1882-83; but the fact must not be orerlooked that the figures of 1870-71 and 1876-77 include chussan and cocoons, while those of 1882-83 are exclusive of them; the fallıug therefore, though an ascertained fact, is in the last mentioned year really somewhat less than a comparison of the figures indicates. Concurrently with the decline in the raw 'silk trade, a considerable increase is apparent in the exports of waste silk and piece goods, thus:- 1 Opiesl fears Waste Buk. Piece goods Goods of Rilk mixed with other materials. Totul Valge 1870-71 1672 73 1876 77 1879 80 1881-62 1682 83 Figares not available 5,30,476 8,34,213 10,04,361 15,03,176 18.60,248 22,26,985 21,78,937 20,57,722 25,10,997 Figures not arailable. 9,326 1,01,738 1,55,282 2,43,590 15,03,178 18.60,248 29,36,311 29,14,161 30,47,917 37,69,048 Q ·SILK IN-INDIA, 63 and Bombay, and therefore include the silks which enter the coasting trade which will be reviewed further on. IMPORTS INTO CALCUTTA, Front BOYRAZ. Raw Nanofsetare Manufactured lbs. R is. R lbs. lbs. 3,690 499 246 12,218 4 264 65,026 2,61,010 Punjab. Bombay (Presidenes N.W.P. and Oudh Central Provinces Rajputada Berigal Behar 3,230 198,604 574 17,938 33,10,000 37,29,000 9,68,800 2,800 87,600 574 2,305 620,412 387,942 83 329 624,810 38,10,000 407,704 37,29,000 65,692 2,63,613 217,136 10,59,200 The countries to which the exports by sea proceed are, in their order of 'importance of the trade, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Arabia, the Straits Settlements, Aden, Mauritius, Turkey in Asia, Persia, Zanzibar and Bozam. bique, the United States, Ceylon, and Egypt; and of less importance are Réunion, Malta, Natal, Mekran and Sonmiani, Hong-Kong, and other coun. trics. The exports to Franco exceed those to any other country; and Italy is not far behind as a recipient of Indian silks :- . Francu. ITALT. Yean. Waste but Bar bilt. Total, Waste Cocoons. Plece-poode. Kaw Silk Piecegouds. Bilk. Total, E 12 2 R R R ... ve 1870-71 1875 76 1860 61 1881 82 1882 83 R 19,87,570 19,04,377 22,71,556 7,99,970 14,51,268 R 33,500 20.21,070 3,75,214 22,79,591 10,67,894 8,10,476 33,87,032 20,83,407 9,32,295 24,49,110 | 18,95,642 6,38,111 | 29,62,774 26,00,251 2,98,801 7,07,636 8,73,395 6,219 9,309 350 4,242 6,900 *** 17,381 10,85,275 1,708 20,85,465 24,483 18,64,367 6,000 26,12,451 Next in importance come the exports to the United Kingdom: Yeart. Raw Silk, Cheam or waste Suk, Cocoon Goode of eilx Thread for Piece-kooda imedemith other sorta. BETID matersala Total. R E E 2 B R 4• 7,390 1870-71 1875-76 1880 81 1881-83 1882 83 99,50,056 11,01,582 4,43,800 3,19,457 3,03,204 3,25,601 1,22,435 1,24,766 3,555 8,33,624 12,49,226 7,96,767 6,90 987 15,11,311 8,472 21,834 26,656 900 1,720 1,07,83,680 23,58,199 15 78,794 11,56,433 19,67,147 . 10 7,200 Arabia and the Straits Settlements stand fourth and fifth as recipients of Iudian silks :- ARABIA ETBAITS SETTLIXENTS, Teat, Rax Bulk Piece gooda Gnods of Sul mixed with other bateriala Tote. Goods af Silk Piece-goodi, mixed with other materials Ocber sorts Total . # B E E + 88,384 4 1 481 1870 71 1875-76 1890-81 1881 82 1682-83 6,974 15,236 10,348 3,282 1,29,219 1,15,274 1,29,084 87,964 9,219 77,531 50,564 73,712 1,44,413 1,60,103 1,98,042 1,89,906 1,64,489 62,689 46,600 51,746 Ł 89,384 1,60,584 92,010 69,972 81,293 29,331 22,372 29,547 ·SILK IN INDIA. 65 In piece-goods the trade has on the syhole increased as already noted, and the increase has taken place in the exports to the following countries; the other countries show a decrease, which, however, does not in any way equal this increase:- 1870-71 1875-76. 1882-83. A United Kingdom France Mauritius 8,33,624 33,500 16,666 12,49,226 3,75,214 52,162 15,11,311 6,38,111 73,851 8,83,790 16,76,602 22,23,273 It must, however, be noted that a large proportion of this increase consists of corahs simply sent to England to be printed and brought back for use in this country. The increase in the trade in goods of silk mixed with other materials has taken place chiefly to the following countries :- 1875 76. 1881-82 1882-83. R R R 9,219 Arabia Straits Settlements Aden. 50,564 22,372 15,020 13,447 73 742 29,547 40,352 16,512 Pers13 1,858 11,077 2,01,403 1,60,183 Besides the export trade with other countries by sea just noticed, a trade also proceeds coastwise from the ports of ope Maritime Province to those of another. The two following statements give figures of this coasting trade :- Erports of Indian Silks coastwise. NATURA GZ SILE. Goods of Silk om cal gear Exported from Raw Suk. TOTAL Prece good, mured with other sorts other naterials R & R 1870-71. Bengal Badras Bombay Sindb British Burna (No datinction mada the returns). (16,96,994 8,259 51,182 2,87,520 7,072 TOTAL O. 20,51,027 be . 328 Bengal Madras Bombay Sodb British Burrda 1876.76 13,97,841 61 1,700 1,900 585 2,48,068 19,345 17,606 2,516 3,839 16,46,237 19,406 23.449 4746 4,143 330 TOTAL 14,02,287 2,91,37% 4,501 16,38,262 1 ·SILK IN INDIA. 67 It will be seen that of the five maritime provinces, Bengal carries on the most extensive coasting trade in Indian silks (Rs. 17,61,136), and that Bombay comes next (Rs. 4,16,655). The exports from Bengal coastwise, which consist chiefly of raw silk (Rs. 12,82,612) and piece-goods (Rs. 3,80,380), proceed in the case of raw silk almost entirely to Madras (Rs. 19,63,550), with a small quantity to Bombay (Rs. 15,811) and British Burma (Rs. 3,248), and in the case of piece-goods almost entirely to British Burma (Rs. 2,70,410) and Madras (Rs. 103,84).. The exports from Bombay, which consist chiefly of piece-goods (Rs. 3,83,106), proceed chiefly to British Burma (Rs. 2,71,819) and Sindh (Rs. 99,210), with a small quantity to Bengal (Rs. 10,000) and Madras (Rs. 2,017). The exports from Madras, which consist chiefly of piece-goods and mixed goods (Rs. 47,419 and Rs. 20,466), proceed chiefly to British Burma, with a small quantity to Bombay (Rs. 3,816). The exports from Burma, consisting at the present date chiefly of raw silk (Rs. 9,376), proceed to Bengal. Those from Sindh, consisting of raw silks (Rs. 75) and piece goods (Rs. 980), proceed to Bombay. The exports thus distributed are received in the respective provinces as shown in the second of the two last statements. Madras is the largest recipient (Rs. 14,12,217), chiefly of raw silk (Rs. 12,03,550) and piece-goods (Rs. 1,06,051); British Burma the second largest (Rs. 6,31,959), chicfly of piecegoods (Rs. 5,85,862); Sindh the third (Rs. 1,26,318), chiefly of piece goods; and Bombay and Bengal coming the fourth and the last, with totals of Rs. 30,044 and Rs. 25,83% In regard to Bombay, it is a noticeable fact that thirteen years ago the total imports coastwise amounted in value to Rs. 10,85,711, supplied chiefly by Bengal. Bengal is still the chief supplier of Bombay, but the total supplies have fallen down to Rs. 30,044, owing to the inability of Bengal to compete with China in the Bombay market, as will be seen presently from the largely increasing quantities of China silks which are imported into Bombay. Before proceeding to the import trade in foreign silks, we may note here the coasting trade between the different ports soithin each province. The following figures, which are those of 1881-82, show the extent of this interportal trade :- Bengal Bombay Binda Madras British Bortos Total P R R 17,152 502 R 6,880 R 10,086 41,488 268 1,086 8,396 84,986 69,463 16,931 Raw Silk Prece-goode Goode of Silke mixed with other inaterials Otber sorts 498 3,144 445 3,642 622 177 SD TOTAL 17,714 15,774 1,354 . 17,105 55,163 107,113 * Besides this there 18 a small trade between KattyFar and Bombay, and between Catch and Sindh, valued in the former cabe at Rs. 660, and in the latter at Rs 468. Imports of Foreign Silks into India. Foreign silk, whether raw or manufactured, was, on the import, subject to • a duty of 73 per cent. up to the 5th August 1875; thereafter the duty was reduced to 5 per cent.; and it was abolished from the 10th March 1882. These measures, which might prima facie have been expected to lower the value of the imports and to raise the quantity, bare not apparently had such ·SILK IN INDLA. 69 1 + mised with other materials has increased from nearly 200,000 yards in 1870-71 : to over one million in 1882-83, valued at 8} laklis of rupecs. (This is significant in showing that as in Europo*so in India demands for cheap or mixed silk goods aro increasing, because classes of people wear silk now who never wore silk in former days, and cheap stuffs are made for their particular use, and also because of the greater cost of good silk.) Thread for sewing is not an important item, although the import of that too has risen from nothing in 1870-71 to a value of Rs. 29,000. The import trado as a whole rose from a value of Rs. 1,32,10,901 in 1870-71 to Rs. 2,41,74,021 in 1880-81, tlcn fell to Rs. 1,96,09,163 in 1881-82, and rose again in 1882-83 to Rs. 2,07,18,379. Tho countrics whence tliese imports come are China, the United Kingdom, tho Straits Settlements, France, Persia, Italy, Egypt, Ceylon, Arabia, Japan Austria, and Turkcy in Asia. Russia used also to be a supplier to the extent. of Rs. 2,87,050 in 1880-81, and Rs. 1,40,020 in 1881-82, chiefly raw silk; but the silk which was really the produce of Persia began in 1881-82 to be sent to Amritsar rid Kabul instead of vid Odessa and Bombay; and tho Kabul route evidently monopolised the whole trade in the following year (1882-83), for we find no import at all from Russia. Tlıc imports from China cxceed thoso from any other country. The fol. lowing table shows the imports of the last three ycars, as compared with those of 1875-76 and 1870-71:- Yeart Raw Silk. Thread for Sew106. l'ece-goods. Goods'or Silk red with lolher borte other materiais Total, * R R 78,89,611 55,34,821 9,380 79,49,585 1,923 51,56,679 7,952 81,57,301 12,618 1870-71 1875-76 1880-81 1881-82 1882-83 R 66 1,393 R 31,060 2,753 7,817 4,533 5,068 16,89,588 25,51,970 32,80,216 22,38,439 34,12,992 R 96,09,325 81,02,591 1,12,39,595 74,05,653 1,18,87,972 'The imports from the United Kingdom are next in importance :- Years. Raw Silk. Thread for BewID Piece goods Goods of Silk mixed with other matersla Other sorts Total. R R 1870-71 1875-76 1880-81 1881.82 1882-83 69,322 9,790 30,153 32,098 1,667 4,018 5,728 8,100 R R 14,33,834 25,204 15,317 26,59,578 2,29,909 1,620 41,92,478 12,64,848 6,022 45,65,557 8,27,129 6,456 39,04,553 5,57,711 5,723 R 14,74,385 29,62,096 54,78,048 54,35,023 45,08,185 Then come those from the Straits Settlements : Yurt. Raw Silk. Tbread for gewing Piece-goods. Goods of Silk yed with other materials. Other sorts. Total R R 1,613 A 7,98,308 10,33,192 19,86,846 18,21,392 16,59,192 1870-71 1875-76 1880-81 1881.82 1882-83 ... R 24,082 4,19,829 10,75,653 9,67,994 8,42,450 2,544 4,191 2,685 7,674 . 1,111 5,861 6,836 8,399 3,833 8,25,144 14,61,426 30,73,526 28,00,490 25,12,949 20 Owing, Mr. O'Conor says, to a rise in the pricca in the Chine markets - Review of the Mantus Trade of Britisha Ladis for 1881-82. ន ·BIK IY IXDIA. 71 IKPOSTE) TO Oficial jeu. Titans SE Beoget Eonlay dh. Vadna Battle Horta Raw Silk Thread for sewing Piece-goods Gooli of silk mixed with other materials. Other sorts 1,86,631 1,447 12,53,512 11,317 R 53,74,069 9.722 30,32,122 35,352 R 3,239 GO 3,319 27 R R 7303 7,77,4CC 671 2390 $2,172 9108.01S 1,191 1,14.133 1875-76 3,013 9 . TOTAL 14,85,953 91,51,265 6,693 91,111 33,02,161 4,750 Raw Silk 1,12,220 Tbreal for sewing 3,61% Piece-goulo 17,03,197 Goods of Suk mured with other 1,91,968 materials, Other sorts. 176 57,80,503 10,030 46,99,747 3,12,435 1831-S2 151 15,91,171 231 2,04 34,901 45.77,121 1,196 5,23,636 10,514 2,50 7,231 200 12 129 TOTAL 20,17,181 1,03,10,002 27,00 56,79160,99,185 12,305 Raw Silk Thread for bewing Fieco-good! Goods of Suk mind with other materials. Others sorta 1,14.737 3,521 7.29,035 2,37,893 91,81,406 17,918 39,30,319 3,97,113 1882-83 309 14,01,949 7.710 58,499 9.13,933 338 1,78,076 41,404 25,035 378 5,513 G38 4 1,175 • TOTAL 11,15,529 1,31,22,322 82,412 69,234 69,38,817 Bombay receives the largest share of the import trade (131 lakhs of rupees), British Burma comes next (58} lakhs), and Bengal after (11} lakhs nearly). Among all the provinces, Bombay receives most raw silk, and Britisla Burma most picce-goods. Bengal secms to call for. special remarks. Sho receives morc piccc-goods than raw silk: the imports of raw silk which amounted to a value of Rs. 6,358 in 1870-71 rose to Rs. 1,86,691 in 1875-70 and lare maintained that level, the exact figure of 1882-83 being Rs. 1,14,737; those of picco-goods which amounted to a value of 9) lakhs of kupees in 1870. 71 roso to 12 lakhs in 1875-76, wero 17 lakhs in 1881-82, and fell to 73 laklıs in 1882-83; thoso of goods of silk mixed with other materials rose from Rs. 10,506 in 1870-71 to nearly 2 lakhs in 1881-82, and 2 laklis in 1882-$3. It is clear from this that so far as raw silk and picce-goods arc concerned there has been scarcely any, increase in the imports. The case of the cheaper mixed goods is dilferent; but although it shows an increase of almost firc-fold, the value is only 2} laklıs, as just stated. The total imports into Bengal rose from 10 lakhs of rupees in 1870-71 to ncarly 26 labhs in 1850-61; tlien fell to 20 and 11} lakhs in tho two following years, 1831-82 and 1682-83. The forcign silks imported are not all retained in the country : a small portion is re-exported as shown in the following tabic, which gives tho ligures of the last two years. It will be noticed that Bombay takes the lead in the re-exports. ionica E18) 33 POSTI) Onlal gear. aten of buik. Letifel. Burtas. الهاد Wadne rtian Bar TELL 1,017 5,6,793 167 9,13,707 3,51.6.0 167 6,133 615 216 2,6,807 1981-82 Raw Silk Torest for keting Ihrco-quals Gout of sul mini with cther materials Other wite 35.003 BUS 353 . TOTAL 7,133 83937 ... DOS ·SILE IX IXDL 78 From Bengal most of the silks go to British Burma, and a small quantity to Jadras. From Bombay they go round to British Burna and Sindh, and in smaller quantities to Jadras and Bengal. Sind sends to Bombay. British Burma sends to Bengal and Madms. Ind Ladras sends to Bengal and Burina. The following table exhibits the imports thus rcccired:- Teari, Imported loto Few SUL Piece-goala Si't mixed with other ateriat Other sort, Total R R R 1890 81 Bengal Balras Bombay Sindh British Burma 13,391 11,333 3,23,197 399 25196 33,113 363 C2.143 6,99,7-16 11 16,567 1,92.232 10,572 1.232 10,723 24198 $7,991 11,731 405,159 9,03,105 TOTAL 3,50,921 8,19,565 2,09,110 2.852 14,03,451 *12.091 4,557 500 1,008 1,191 1881-82 Bengal Madras Bombay Sindh British Burma 15,500 2,31,CC3 200 38,775 24,017 358 1,03,757 3,83,562 48,310 37.099 15.SSS 3.50,011 4,01,099 16,953 17,186 638 750 Total 2,62,45€ 6,40,433 39,106 3,487 8,55.626 • Figures of 1862-83 not yet arallalla. The net balance of the foreign silks left in each maritime provinco after tho re-exports to forcign countries and to Indian ports coastviso is is follows: Tears Dengal. Bon. biadh. Madru. Dotto Bart Tolar R R R R R 1680 81 1881.82 20,11,541 18,16,295 1,26,31,164 93,77,837 4,27,098 3,67,217 1,00,669 91,383 80,28,393 70,55,603 2,31,98,757 1,87,69,30 showing a decrease in the total value of foreign silks (raw and inanufacturcal) left in the country, It would be of interest to follow up the distribution of tlicsc supplics into the various parts of the country; but accurate statistics are wanting. The following figures, taken from inland trade reports, giro an idea of the distribution in the year 1891-82, but include some Indian silks also :- Fox CALCETTA, From DX1.1 Trox BusDz. Tom WAPIAL TIL Dietnbuted into Eas. Manfrd. Masind. Law Mantra. Raw., Vol. Westre. 18. Ib. 1b. Ik IL Ib. D RO 0,734 45,103 61,016 21,320 34,321 31,374 *** 190 11 b. 11,563 31 13,265 267,446 2:30 XMA 19.92 F. 13,36 KO 1,410 26 Tengal Dorth-Werkemo Trnacea Hd Onda FORJAD Kbairpar Domobay Presklebey Wedne froideact Central Iturinted At Loulalog lent pus 4 1,104 1,318 76,207 404 1,361 INTO 12,93 1194 4,504 4,100 40 I. 1979 IL 3.14 (Quality to 139,156 0,11 Total (Tals B 10,8,50 12,72. W +0.5.0 34..0,00 1.49 11, 31,4 SAS Atrado is also arried on froni onc inland part of the country to another iuland part; but the statistics cannot bc satisfactorily ascertained from the T ·SILK IN INDIA. • 75 Inland Trade of the Punjal in Silk and Silk Janufactures. Raw Silk Manufactured. Total Valge, Mds. IMPORTED FROM Rajputana Mds 6,022* 76 taw 1 Bengal (excluding Howrah and Calcutta) Bombay and Madras Presidencies 861 55 250 523 4,24,800 North Western Provinces and Oudh. 107 manufactured 69,06,000* 16 54 Sindh . TOTAJ . 73,30,800* EXPORTED TO Sindh. 100 132 Tato North-Western Provinces and Oudh Rajputana 69 120 19 10 1,15,600 Bengal 5 2 manufactured 1,66,000 TOTAL ... 2,81,600 Possibly some mistake in the returns of the trade. Lastly, a trade passes across the 'inland frontier of India to the following extent (the figures being those of 1881-82) : From Sindh to Kotra, Khelat and other outlying parts, raw silk Rs. 500, manufactured Rs. 9,377. Over the Punjab Frontier. Raw Silk, alanufactured. Total Value. Mds. IMPORTED FROM Kashmir Mds. 303 Tavo Ladak 111 . 11,42,394 manufuctured 15,800 Kabul 2,615 17 TOTAL 3,209 17 11,58,194 EXPORTED TO Kashmir 12 81 ras 12,908 manufactured 56,727 6 Ladak Kabul Sewasten 28 TOTAL 40 90 69,635 Orer the Bengal Frontier, Paw Sul}, value. Manufactured value. Total Value. K R R 1,906 1,906 . IBIPORTED FROM- Nepal EXPORTED T Nepal Bhutan 350 52,955 1,318 53,305 1,318 TOTAL 350 54,273 51,623 ·CHAPTER VI LATER MEASURES FOR PROMOTING THE SILK INDUSTRY (1893 AXD 1663). Tuc Government of India at the carly part of 1882 took fresh nicasures in view to promoting the silk industry in the country. The proceedings from this period may be divided under tiro hcads, viz., (1) the extension of mulberry plantation, and (2) the distribution of silkiorm eggs. As regards the first had, the advisability of establishing plantations in somo suitable locality was commended to the notice of the Government of tho North-Western Provinces in April 1892. That Government in the folldring month sanctioned, at the recommendation of the Director of the Agricultural Department, the establishment of a nursery' in the vicinity of the Forest School at Dehra, and allowed a sum of Rs. 1,000 from surplus moncy in the arboricultural budget to meet expenses connected with the nursery. In June of the same year the Government of India offered Local Gorernments a supply of cuttings of the multicaulis variety of thc mulberry arailablo at the Botanical Gardens at Saharunpore in tlio ensuing cold season. And in July it again addressed the Government of the North-Western Provinces desiring that no effort slould be sparcd to extend the cultivation of that varicty, and that cuttings be prepared for distribution in the cold weather. Some of tho Local Governments availed themselves of the offer made by the Government of India, and their requests were transmitted to the Superintendent of tho Saharunpore gardens and were complied by hin to the extent shown below:- Variety of Mulberry. No of curtir Suppliet, Yo of plants suppucd. To whom topplied Data when to puede Boru Sp from Kashmir 1,076 . Deputy Director, Forest School, Detura Lan. 10. Morus chinensis Diticaulu 100 € 200 Between fotb July Add 4th August 1882. (2140 Dempler 185 2990 February 1883. (24th Superintendent, Central Jail, Itampore Banleab ) 200 250 230 . Saretintendent, Central Jail, - Berbewpore 1,000 204 January 15$3. 10th . ! P Sp from Kashmir wwticaulis 18.000 2,000 400 Director, Department of Agriculture, Madras Director, Department of Agricoltur, British Burios Pand, Ájudba f'rab, Jau olſore, sbajebapporo Pandit IIct Raw DeWAD, N PP *** 200 21.t Varca 1862 leweb TOTAL. 22,460 1,273 The Government of Bombay, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, and the Resi. dent at IIyderabad for Berar did not requiro any cuttings. As regards the second hcad, tho Gorernment of India mado arrangements with DIessrs. Lister & Co. of Dehra Dún, tlırougla tho Dircctor, Department of Agriculturc, by which a supply of one pound of silkworni eggs of the univol. tino kind was placed at its disposal for distribution in other provinces in the cold weather of 1882-83, and a regular supply tras to be maintaincd in futuro years. This donc, a circular dated Juno 1882 was addressed to Loul Gorernments, stating that two ounces of the eggs would be placed at the disposal of each for trial during the ensuing cold weather, and enquiring whicther they would purchase ono pound of cggs in April 1883 for trial in the following year (i.c., January 1881), and, if so, whicther tho uuivoltinc or multiroltine rariety would lo or the tawlticarlus rarety spreads, The price asked by Vesses Lakers Co. is ISS) u 5 pr 1000 ·SILK I NDL 79 BENGAL. The trials in Bengal were at first intended to be made at the Berhamporc and Ramporc Beauleal Jails; but subscquently they were confined to the latter jail only, and the eggs were therefore sent direct to it, an experienced native rearer procured from the Dún haring preceded them. The eggs from Lister & Co. reached on the 20th January (1583), and a proportion was found to hate hatched on the ray; the remainder hatched most irregularly, so much so that while the most advanced worms had gone through the third moulting, a considerable portion ras only emerging from the eggs. The quantity or quality of cocoons obtained las not been stated; in fact no information at all has been given either of the modo of rearing or of the produce. Some of the cocoons obtained there apparently sold at a prico which has not been mentioned, the rest were kept for sced, and the eggs obtained vero sent to the Darjeeling Jail, to be kept there during the liot weather. The quantity of eggs so sent has not been stated. The China and Kashmir eggs reached Rampore Bcaulcalı on the 23rd February, the latter (of the univoltine kind) were found in splendid condition, the former (multivoltine) had hatched in the proportion of 10 to 45 per cent. on the way, but the rest were good. The hatching of both the China and Kashmir eggs was done successfully cnough at the jail, and thic worms passed through the third moulting in very healthy condition; but in the fourth moult. ing they sickened, shrivelled up and died. The rcarer was apparently unablo to account for this "extraordinary and sudden change." About 300 or 400 worms pussed through the fourth moulting and spun small imperfect cocoons. They have been kept for further trial. Turning to the food supply during the above trials, it seems that the mul. berry cultivation was not in a sufficiently advanced stage in the jail for feeding the worms, and that leaves had to be purchased locally. The Superintendent of tue Jail in reporting the trials said that tho uni. voltine Form was not in favour in the Rajskalıye district (wherein stands the Ramporc Beauleah Jail), and pointed out that the multivoltine was preferred because of the frequency of the returns. He therefore cmphasised his opinion that the operations to be of any lasting value should be in the direction of what is most appreciated by the ryots. The Bengal Government, in forwarding thicsa reports in June 1883, enquired whether a further supply of eggs from China or Kashmir could bo mnade available to continue the trials. The Government of India repliad that a supply of Kashmir eggs could probably be obtained from the Superintendent of tho Dún. SAHARANPORE BOTANICAL GARDEX, Two ounces of eggs frere received about the middle of last February from Captain Murray, Dhera Dún. The first worms appeared on the 25th of that month, and the last were batched on the 20th of March. As they were all kept in the same temperature, such irregularity in latching seems Temartabic. The worms were at first fed solely on Jorus multicuulıs, but as the leares of that varicty of mulberry run short, those of the common kind (31. indica) sere given, and scro as cagerly dcroured as the former. Lcarcs of J. alva and of another variety with broad thin lcarcs, said to laro been introduced from Kashmir, were also given, but the forms did not cat any of them so grcedily as the two first named. The total weight of leares usal amounted to 12 lbs. A less quantity would laro sullied if hot dry winds hul not prevailed during the greater part of the period they were being fed. The leaves were often too hard and dry for the worms within lilí an hour after icing supplied.

·SILK N INDLA. $1 fogod posible to otilise un old trick caith-bed, which cuital the para mell. The trol ment of the worms is described as follows in the district report:- As the worms ott belshal each day the set pal isto lamboo trust with the delen ahol kader learn, cat TET all "After a { sdagi the atrooper vorm roull count to the lop, sal ons met een trored to make a Lariog the watedate; and as oo, Will the calenta o esch ins vin dusunbatal do em uma looja to prerent orercrowding. The woras ver Dot handle, but remove from tray to iny lg el fet the leares being used with the worlds on theth For ebrat 20 days teks were kept in last sad the remord og to the whis, wdra Gury or ca whole learch The tables were cleanel erery second day. For the first 20 daya the words were fal oa delacbol leares cut into small pitcre. After tbin Icares were given them in branches, tuigs and all. The leal girea to the trortas each day was carefully weigbed, and the total weight of foliase usal in the experimeat was found his 60 waunds. The superficial arca of the trays in which the worms were reand was 130 mquare fect. This is ond-thinl moro space than that allowed in Italy, but ono Efth less than the space which was found accessary in the Dehra experiments. "0. The mallerry trees in Chhindwara trere of tro varieties, one harins much thicker leaves than the other. Jr. Duthie, Superiotendcot of the Saharsapur Botanical Gardena, to 'ulom specimens of both varieties were submitted, pronounced the thicker-liare one of the tro to Kue Yorus atropurpures, and the other to Lo Jorst inties, tha mullers onlinarily anal for silk-growing in Bengal. The Debra silk rearer from the fint prefer the lbicker-leared variety, and the results have shown bis preference to bare lcea justified. The 'worms fol ca cach variety were kept carefully separate, and the thick-leaved mulberry has beea proral to yield much the best walk (sce paragrapb 12). "7. The fint corvon tras spun oa Jarch 22nd, thirty-two days after hatcbia. The fol. "lowing arrangemente sere made :- "To enable the worns to make their cocoon, bole branches with lestes were spread orrt then the learne werving a fool for those that buid not commended ne Jet; other coatnsauce were alla mala by trung careerwacher of press together and spreading theu like tregla orct the worus ; to them they took really, and the Covni mma on lowa were cleaner and better than thou made under the lana and branches of the bar table "8. It is interesting to pole hero the temperature which the storms haul Locolare. It *** mcorded threo times daily, nt 7 ..., 3 P.W., and 10 F.. The highest temperature registeret up to Varela Olh was oue, which occurred on fire dage before that Jato. The lowout lemperature registered. Sº, Ou Jarch 20th and 21st the thermometer marked 02*, and a March 2nd roxo to 01,9 which was the maximum resterol og cach subsequat dus of the esperiment. After farca 200 the minimum so nover beloir 72", and on Kreral daya Who thermometer bever felt Lelou ? Water wat spriollal on the door of the bod to keep ibo temperature dowo, but it is probable that it was considerably hulter than.. grau slied would hasa beeg. "9. The cocoons were weighed as they were cleared each day from the Lables, asl tbeir total" green” Freight was sl llis. 121 oze. a portion of them were suonat,' the chrs. salides being Lilled by exposure to the sun. Another portion were steamal' at my cartoon tion in the simple waour wed by scarers of tasour silk in Chhattisgarh ditacia The girocome is described in the report as follows: ** The learning w elected by means of two pols; the lower luis filed usih walati sel win. siere was put on ita moath, lalo whicla de fotonas pool at i tito at the other gat, ita K*? berus bera krokem ust. ww laterte over the lower w to paitat the respectacle 15 wiaules ul fack slowing the cruiter were kille sbardoxkels, stond by its related DAOUR were the nel la tbehale, weich und pal away.' • "10. Wben thoroughly dry the comoda were re-wrigla isd smantello 14th x. They had therefore lont les tline of their weight, there which were missed na Lumia rather fra weight (62 per meal) than thow * 145-rial (46 per cent.). They were the dem. patcbat to lears. Thomas & Co.; lroken of Calcutta, buhal kially romanet. wilk spun atid ralued. The spinding was elected in the Berlumjure is turite of the Deal * Silk Compasy. The cowbs riellett Ilma 3 rit ca prib, tand the l...ojawit putkwiz mercantile raluge Tals JO t 1 Inila? Gabi ·SILK IN INDIA. 83 Khuto Bengal Chasek14, because at the dy pot the white of Dengal silk and Chassun can't be relied on as a trao white, and not being a yellow, it becomes a bastard coloar. But in the winter's op.sion this white Chassum will prove perfectly reliable 83 & wlito silk, and with consumers' miads ret at rest on this point the valuation of Rs. 170 ought to day to be obtainable. Rs 170 is ta estrenely high value. This class of Cbasum has neper sold so bigl 29 former years Last year Rs. 100 was the rate, the previous year Rs. 140 Before these years the price ranged between Rs. 125 and Rs. 140 per factory taund. ** Feriwa No 1 is worth nearly as much as the Tape Cbassum, selling along with it in the contracta se pass. "Tehva, No: 2, worth about Rs. 80 per factory maund. Gollur or Low basin waste sad husks, worth about Rs. 20. "14. The experiment may therefore be pronounced to have been a completo success. It was, it is true, on a very small scale, but the results are sufficient, I think, to establish beyond doubt that excellent silk can be grown in the Satpura tract, if eggs were imported from Mus sourie, and only a single crop taken in the year. And in addition to this, the experiment was conducted with so much care as to furnish a number of reliable data which will be extremely ussful in the event of sericulture being taken up on a large scale. On this subject, which is directly connected with the extension of mulberry plantations, I will do myself the honour of addressing you in a separate communication, “15. The total cost of the experiment was only Rs. 292-14-6, considerably more than half of which (Rs. 158-14-2) was incurred on the salary and espeases of the silk-rearer iinported from Debra Economy is therefore another point for which Mr. Tawney is to be congratulated on his management." MADRAS PRESIDENCY. The oggs procured from Messrs. Lister & Co. and those from Kashmir and Cluida were distributed by the Dladras Government for experiment to the Superintendent of the Government Farm at Sydapet, to the Superintendent of tha Jails at. Coimbatore and Rajamundry, and to Dr. Shortt? at Yarkand in Salem. The report of the trial at Sydapet does not make any mention of the quantity of eggs tried, or of the date of batching, mode of rearing, or quantity and quality of cocoons produced. The trial was made some time in the month of February 1883. The only information given is the following :- In connection with Lister & Co.'s eggs, it is said that "the results scem to show that it is possible hicro in the colder months to rear silkworms;" but that very. grave doubts exist " whether any satisfactory commercial results can bo obtained in conducting sericultural operations under such adverse circumstances as must be encountered in this vicinity." The average maximum temperaturo during the trial ras 88:39. The cocoons obtained arcraged 1,800 to a lb., and } oz. eggs were produced which have been kept for further trials. In connection with the Kashmir and China eggs, it is stated that tho whole of the worms died from the effects of the high temperature, which ranged during the trials between 03:29 and 918°; and that possibly the condition in which the eggs arrived, combined with the fact that the eggs were from climates differing widely from flat of Madras, taay also have contributed to the unfavourable result. it is said that there was I an abundance of mul. berry jhe whole experiment. The Superintendent of the Coimbatore Jail reports more details, and the following is a summary thercof:-- Lister & Co.'s eggs: 2 oz. received on 23rd January. Many of the eggs had liatched. Five thousand two hundred and thirty worms obtained in all, none died; cocoons finished by the 27th February; the food was of course mulberry Jeares, but the variety used is not mentioned. Temperaturo of the room during the rearing ranged from 76° in the morning to 850 in the afternoon. Five thousand one hundred and thirty of the cocoons were reeled off, giving 10 oz. of silk; the remaining 100 cocoons Tere set aside for breeding. The "D --- * Retred Deputy Surgeon General

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·baring: 1.11'1 1111. 11 turbopoly me pul...its Say Stufru 11 8.112, 11314.3: Il cinget!!! ??!! -> Allmits !!!... 11.4'. ;rlarla bir turistopililge inspirasri Wills site }'2:11.431! "fessipun Burl B. Br 11:11, tfn Druk Saps visit biriy, 1234 Idrettsballiton! .38:1}! Wants to for '12 113 11111!... in Ilse;.', 3. fort is titris in P2.16.r.! !. lll. If the lives i 15:0}:)! hii 1.1177!! 1 fyrir*15-73 liraiso ti lirika, ? 2 111*091...isilsin!! : estil:xs{ ::12:113:!"$$$ .!!.1393 lli:::.. 1L ::: Art: !1, 6*. lit..!:* :: ::16;!;!;. ;!; 5 :786* *121 1:!! 1..1..!!! 7:4. Parte 1: 1: 1111!!!!!. .." :: 2.70.13!! 1.:,: ** 19:17:!: mi: ... : ::1.1", ****al: 7.5", 1" with li "38158-312. SET 3,5 61 34,5,!:.::::* Bolir bra. wyn vytvarne ** ver Arvy 11:0. Denmatt: . Meipoliitika in Finland, . Murphine Tirane -- Tuinte 25 Germany 7 1 bain Birgunine methy? ster Morphine Cocaine 343 Greece 15 ·- 8 the Board until supplementary estimates have been submitted. Here again the situation is not unfavourable; for such cases have declined. There were seven in 1936, six in 1937 and only four in 1938. Moreover, excesses at the end of 1938 over estimates and supplementary estimates only amounted to 50 kg. This figure is insignificant when compared with the total export trade in the drugs under consideration, which amounted to about 37 tons. It must be remembered, however, that some cases only cmerge from returns received in the following year; so that no embargo action can be taken. Ninc such cases occurred in 1938 as compared with eleven in 1937. The number of small excesses which did not justiſy embargo action has also declined. There were forty-one cases in 1938 as compared with sixty-seven in 1937.1 MACAO It was stated in the last report that, at the request of the Board, Dr. Salazar, the Prime Minister of Portugal, had ordered an enquiry to be made into the opium situation in this territory. This enquiry is on the point of conclusion and the Board has received interim reports from Professor Caeiro da Matta, who attended two of its meetings as the representative of the Portuguese Government. The Board desires to express its appreciation of the action taken by the Prime Minister, and proposes to examine the final report of the Portuguese Government at the first opportunity. PRODUCTION AND STOCKS OF RAW MATERIALS (RAW OPIUM AND COCA LEAVES) It has never been possible for the Board, owing to the lack of complete statistics, to determine world production. The Board does not receive production statistics from Afghanistan, China and Iran, all producers of raw opium, and from Bolivia and Peru, producers of coca leaves. This deficiency has not been made good in 1938. Returns on stocks are also incomplete. In 1938, it is again impossible to ascertain the real extent of world stocks and their fluctuations. The following analysis therefore relates only to stocks reported to the Board: Raw Opium. There have always been differences between the Turkish stocks as reported (134 tons in 1937, 213 tons in 1938), and stocks, which, according to the Board's calculations, ought to exist in this country (545 tons in 1937 and 269 tons in 1938). This is due to the existing legislation in Turkey regulating the control of domestic trade, which, as the Government has assured the Board, it is doing its best to amend. The reported stocks of Yugoslavia and Indo-China are less by 50 and 111 tons respectively than the stocks calculated by the Board from the statistics supplied to it. In both cases, the competent authorities have been asked for explanations. The progressive decline in the last few years of declared stocks continued in 1938 as shown by the following figures: Stocks at the end of Tons 1935 1936 1937 1938 2,712 2,480 1,802 1,433 The total stocks of countries which manufacture morphine (including Yugoslavia and Japan, which also produce opium) have fallen by 134 tons, and amounted to 303 tons at the end of 1938, although the stock of three of these countries--Belgium, France and Switzerland-had increased by 25 tons. In countries where prepared opium is manufactured, the stock of raw opium has fallen by 324 tons, and stood at 869 tons at the end of 1938. All these countries and territories share in the decline, except Thailand (Siam), where the stock has risen by 8 tons. The considerable decline explains the recrudescence of imports into these countries (see World Trade, page 11). Coca Leaves. - Declared stocks show a tendency to fall. Stocks at the end of Tons 1935 1936 1937 1938 644 555 504 402 1 Codeine and ethylmorphine excluded; import and export statistics are annual for both, and so Article 14 does not apply.

·CODEINE AND ETHYLMORPHINE The returns only begin in 1934 and do not include declared consumption, Codeine. - About two-thirds of manufactured morphine is converted into codeine, and the same movement occurs in the manufacture of codeine between 1937 and 1938 as has been noted in the manufacture of morphine (28.3 tons in 1937 and 25.5 tons in 1938). Filling up the gaps by taking the last recorded manufacture of missing countries, the figure for manufacture would only be about 5% less than in 1937, the peak year. Stocks at the end of 1938 (10.6 tons) and imports (4.4 tons) are the highest of the past five years. Ethylmorphine. - It is in 1937 that the highest manufacture (2,704 kg.) was noted. This figure would probably not be exceeded in 1938 (2,216 kg.) even if all the manufacturing countries had sent in their returns. The sanie remark applies to stocks. On the other hand, the imports and exports of 1938 are the highest recorded. WORLD TRADE The following table shows broadly the trade in 1938 compared with trade in 1937. The totals, particularly for exports, have a very small margin of error. Theoretically, under the Conventions, as all the exports reported by exporting countries should be reported by importing countries as imports, the totals of imports and exports in the following table should balance. Most of them do not. This is mainly due to overlapping of shipments from one year to the next and the lack of returns from certain big importers (e.g., Manchukuo for opium). World Trade in Narcotics 1937 and 1938 (In kilogrammes.) 1937 1938 Substances Imports Exports Imports Exports 555,830 860,770 Raw opium Coca leaves Morphine Diacetylmorphine Cocaine. Codeine Ethylmorphine 580,748 495,624 1,164 181 843 4,109 676,274 793,990 1,175 199 914 5,199 741 1,617 151 676 4,466 563 694,890 777.727 I,III 163 843 5,180 528 839 Imports and exports of cocaine and diacetylmorphine have fallen, imports of codeine and both exports and imports of ethylmorphine have slightly risen; but neither group shows any other specially interesting development. The figures for raw opium, coca leaves and morphine on the other hand show important changes, of which tentative explanations may be given. Raw OPIUN The reported exports for 1938 are 139 tons more than the reported imports. The main reason is as follows: Exports reported by Iran (348 tons), exceed imports acknowledged as coming from Iran (262 tons), by 86 tons. As will be seen from the table on page 110, I0 tons, which the Iranian authorities report as having been exported to Japan, are reported as imports by Kwantung; on the other hand, the receipt of 81 tons said to have been sent to places apparently in Kwantung, is not reported. The Board has informed the Government of Iran that Japan and Kwantung deny the receipt of these shipments. The question of the exact destination has riever been cleared up.

·. 10) CODEISE 191) KTHYLJONUS) Tx returns only legin in 1934 and les not include declared consumption. Carcine. About two-thirds of manufactured morphine is consta into coccine, and the same movement Ocrurs in the manufacture of colleine betwe!! 1937 i 1935 os los der noted in the manufacture of morphine (28.3 10ns in 1937 in 15.5 100335 in 1438). Billing up the gaps by taking the last recorded manufacture of missing countries, there lige for mn:1121lacure would only lic about 5" less than in 1937, the peak year. Stocks it the end of 1939 (10.6 tons) and imports (of tons) are the highest of the past likn yers. Ethy/morphine'. It is in 1937 that the highest manufacture (2.700. kr.) was noted. This figure would probably not be ("Xresleed i11 16;8(2,216) k!l.) rotonifall ilin mmmfixturing countries hird sent in thkir soturns, The Sill!!!! remarl. ápplies to delis Oncler outller hand, ils: imports and exports of 1993% are the higlie'st recourefport. WORL) TRIDE The following table show's proudly the trarle in 1939 compared with trade in 1937. The toials, particularly for 1-spuisis, kaip ir small min of error. Theoretically, finder the Conventions, is all the experts reporteellisesporting countries slimur ly" reprostor isy importing countries as impuris, ilir tills vil imperia and reports in the following table should balance. Most of them do not. This is mnunly lue to overlapping of shimments from on! year to the next 1931 the lack of returns from certain lig importersnellu frys opium). Il rolit Trile 13 licoides 1037 1788 12.11 (in kilogramme) Sustaneen Immist: Esprits Inpuits Exports 555.630 860.770 Kaw opium Coca Icave's Morphine Biacetylmorphine Cocaine Codeine Ethylmorphine 590,748 195.11264 7.16. ISI 8.13 4,100 (76,27 793.000 1,175 192 QI. 5.199 694.890 777.727 1.911 163 151 676 8.13 5,180 $39 525 563 linports and exports of cocaine and diacetylmorpliine lave fallen, imports of codcinc and both cxpoiis and imports of ethylmorphine lave slightly risen; but neither group shows any other specially interesting developnient. The figures for raw opium, coca leaves and morphinc on the other hand show important changes, of which tentative explanations may be given. RAI OPIUN The reported exports for 1938 are 139 tons more than the reported imports. The main reason is as follows: Exports reported by Iran (348 tons), exceed imports acknowledged as coming from Iran (262 tons), by 86 tons. As will be seen from the table on page 110, 10 tons, which the Iranian authorities report as having been exported to Japan, are reported as imports by Kwantung; on the other hand, the receipt of 81 tons said to have been sent to places apparently in Kwantung, is not reported. The Board has informed the Government of Iran that Japan and Kwantung deny the receipt of these shipments. The question of the cxact destination has never been cleared up.

·CODEINE AND ETHYLMORPHINE The returns only begin in 1934 and do not include declared consumption. Codeine. - About two-thirds of manufactured morphine is converted into codeine, and the same movement occurs in the manufacture of codeine between 1937 and 1938 as has been noted in the manufacture of morphine (28.3 tons in 1937 and 25.5 tons in 1938). Filling up the gaps by taking the last recorded manufacture of missing countries, the figure for manufacture would only be about 5% less than in 1937, the peak year. Stocks at the end of 1938 (10,6 tons) and imports (4.4 tons) are the highest of the past five years. Ethylmorphine, -- It is in 1937 that the highest manufacture (2,704 kg.) was noted. This figure would probably not be exceeded in 1938 (2,216 kg.) even if all the manufacturing countries had sent in their returns. The same remark applies to stocks. On the other hand, the imports and exports of 1938 are the highest recorded. WORLD TRADE The following table shows broadly the trade in 1938 compared with trade in 1937, The totals, particularly for exports, have a very small margin of error. Theoretically, under the Conventions, as all the exports reported by exporting countries should be reported by importing countries as imports, the totals of imports and exports in the following table should balance. Most of them do not. This is mainly due to overlapping of shipments from one year to the next and the lack of returns from certain big importers (e.g., Manchukuo for opium). World Trade in Narcotics 1937 and 1938 (In kilogrammes.) 1937 1938 Substances Imports Exports Imports Exports 555,830 Raw opium Coca leaves Morphine. Diacetylmorphine Cocaine. Codeine. Ethylmorphine 580,748 495,624 1,164 181 860,770 676,274 793,990 1,175 199 914 5,199 741 1,617 151 676 694,890 777.727 1,9II 163 843 5,180 839 843 4,109 528 4,466 563 Imports and exports of cocaine and diacetylmorphine have fallen, imports of codeine and both exports and imports of ethylmorphine have slightly risen; but neither group shows any other specially interesting development. The figures for raw opium, coca leaves and morphine on the other hand show important changes, of which tentative explanations may be given. RAW OPIUM The reported exports for 1938 are 139 tons more than the reported imports. The main reason is as follows: Exports reported by Iran (348 tons), exceed imports acknowledged as coming from Iran (262 tons), by 86 tons. As will be seen from the table on page 110, 10 tons, which the Iranian authorities report as having been exported to Japan, are reported as imports by Kwantung; on the other hand, the receipt of 81 tons said to have been sent to places apparently in Kwantung, is not reported. The Board has informed the Government of Iran that Japan and Kwantung deny the receipt of these shipments. The question of the exact destination has never been cleared up.

·12 Nor do the results of 1939 and the work of 1930 belie this general account. The results show improvements on the previous year and such falling-off in the statistics as occurred was clue to political changes. Many small indications go to show that the steady progress of the previous pears has been maintained. Discrepancies between import and export statistics are fewer and smaller; there were fewer cases of excesses over "stimatrs involving embargo. It is true that. in every year and for very clrup, there are gaps in the statistics of tradin, manufacture and stocks Because some countries, not always the sami, io not send in their returns; anel this is regrettable. But while these gaps might make it misleading 10 make strict comparisons betweran one year and the next, they are not sufliciently numerous, consistent or large to invalidate certain general conclusions which may be drawn from an examination of the sities of figures over a whole decare. What are the broad results 3 It is clear that, in the case of all those drugs which figure in the licit traffic and manufacture and the consumption of which is reported by Cinvernments, the quantities consumed have remained stationary or, if anything. declined. The statistics of cliacetylmorphine are particularly interesting. For it was tlir pulicy of the Conferency, which acopteal the 1931 Convention, to disromage the 11e of arcrymorphine, as Ding the inost <langerous cirug: the figures fear out that this policy has been cricecasful. The consumption of inorphine has remained stable; manufacture and trade lai'r gone tip) Tluse is nothing disquic:ting in this increase in the morpiliinr figures in the lirit trancle and the lirit mamiacture for this morphine has mostly beest alussalmist in this increitag vor inanufacture of rorline, anit tlir sast of it luas, in the prizu? Vemis or (!!!), od to incre24 ile starelis of Colorantesis 111 wholesalers to meet their legitimate illlxivel tu parle for promptinn. calls un ta'mn in the (sent n war. The results of 1938, and much evidence is availaile ar gesprit for 1930), confira ostet more the general statement made in the last requistiline, is far as can be judged. thic anexants of cirugs manufactured in licensed factories lease bevin reciucuriin:11 amintinis needed throughout the world for medical and scientific requirements, and that a very !Tiat 12s!: las ilus brein supressfully accomplisher. The outbreak of war in livropi ihus finis in running order the intrsnational machinery of control wlach is constituteri by The Board and the Suprrrry Bocy. The purpour of the Conventions was social The report for the internatinal administration they created lias been poured; nes that war llits inpun. 11 1xc07216.5 (reates tu! 141 18:1080 The reqrit of a cocardie shows that this neeil his lice'n 111. illic clut tlie crnirol fins luns 11 attime the object whicle Ciovernments had in viers Ille work of the Borel, clearly before 21 icchnical lies ontsilo the sphere of political disagreem(111: In these circumstances, the Beare cheres that its worl: cought ia contine uninterrupteily, Tlough it anticipatis iflint wali colitis in.V involve 1117 copy in soulin fizinics ani somo trumporary imperfections in the records, tirey meron houki noi striously ri-locate the control. It is confident tlint Governments, parties to the opium (nnventions, will share this vick; and it is encourageri 11 tlus conficfenlop box the first replies it has receiveri from some liovernments to its request for cominueri collaboration, and by the fort that the first latch of quarterly statistics du' since the outbreak of the Hill is coming 11 normally Finally, in the light of these general considerations, the Bord desires to comment on two specific sminis, vital in the continuance of its work. Tt work depends on two scors: first, the readiness of Governments to contime to carry out the obligation they assuined to send in the Board information, ani, secondly, their willingness 10 contribute the sinal) suis required to enable the international machinery io keep in running order. ils regards the first point, the Board (lesire's once more to emphasise how important it is that all Governments who have collaborated with it, whether Parties to the Conventions or noi, and in spite of the difficulties with which some national controls may be faced through the mobilisation of their stafi and other war meisures, should continue to send fully and regularly the statistics they have been sending. els regards the second point, the finances of the international control arc arrangerd, inder the Conventions, through the League of Nations. The allocation among Governments and the collection of the amounts required is therefore not the responsibility of the Board. But the Board is naturally concerned that the sum slıould be suflicient. It therefore confines itself to the following comment. The budget now prepared for 1940 shows a reduction of 1796 on the current year, and amounts to about 100,000 Swiss francs. "The Board is ni opinion that this reduction, with which it concurs as a war measure, has brought the provision for the work for which it is responsible to a level below which the execution of its essential duties might be endangered. (Signed) Atul C. CHATTERJEE, President. (Signed) Herbert L. JAT, Vice-President. (Signed) A. E. FELKIX, Secretary , ·14 EXPLANATORY NOTE 1. In the tables, the continents are classified in the following order: 1. Europe. II. America: (a) North America; (6) Mexico and Caribbean; (c) South America. III. Asia. IV. Africa. V. Oceania. The countries, colonies, protectorates and mandated territories of each continent are classified in the order adopted in the Statistical lear-Brok of tlic League of Nations. 2. Countries, colonies, protectorates or mandated territories are only included in the statistical annexes when the quantities concerned are not less than 1 kilogramme. .. 3. The statistics have been brought up to date, whenever necessary, in the light of information received from Governments since the publication of previous reports. 4. Decimal figures are throughout preceded by a fullstop and not by a conima. 5. The population figures for 1937 and 1938 given in the tables are taken from the Statistical Year-Book, 1937/38 and 1938/39 respectively, of the League of Nations. ABBREVIATIONS N.R. = No report received. "Nil" or quantities below one kilogramme.

·IG In addition, the above-mentioned statistics have been received for the following colonies, mandated territories, protectorates, etc.: International Administration: Tangier. Anglo-French: New Hebrides. Australian: New Guinea Norfolk Island Papua British: Aden Bahamas Barbados Basutoland Bechuanaland Bermuda Burma Cayman Islands Ceylon Cyprus Falkland Islands Fiji Gambia Gibraltar Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gold Coast and Togoland British Guiana British Honduras Hong-Kong Jamaica Kenya Leeward Islands: Antigua Dominica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis Virgin Islands Malaya and Brunei Malta Mauritius Nauru 1 Newfoundland Nigeria and Cameroons North Borneo Nyasaland Palestine Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, Southern St. Helena Sarawak Seychelles Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somaliland Swaziland Tanganyika Tonga Island Trans-Jordan Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Uganda Windward Islands: Grenada St. Lucia St. Vincent Zanzibar French: Cameroons French Equatorial Africa French Guiana French India French West Africa Guadeloupe Indo-China Madagascar Martinique Morocco (French zone) New Caledonia Oceania Reunion St. Pierre and Miquelon Somali Coast Syria and Lebanon Togoland Tunis .- Japanese : Caroline, Marianne and Marshall Islands Formosa Korea Kwantung Dutch: Curaçao Netherlands Indies Surinam of New Zealand : Western Samoa Portuguese : Angola Cape Verde Islands Portuguese Guinea Portuguese India Macao Mozambique St. Thomas and Principe Timor of the U.S.A.. Philippines 1 Mandate of the British Empire at present exercised by Australia.

·B. STATISTICS OH NARCOTICS FOR THE YEARS 1937 ANI) 1938 (INCLUDING THE STATEMENT CALLED FOR IN ARTICLE 14, PARAGRAP'IL 3, OF THE 19,31 CONVENTION). The suby, pp.!!!: elisa fie in the sociale; nicht: Susy with and write atitiste ius: lilin it!!!" of tłs: 50:31 ating 1 . kirit?<»f!!!!!!, ill.173,11 saytim nu! 6:,!!!18 and 19: fons o sim1!7, this Flisnr: 3757 Plusdo!,"mt sjuk :1 !11!1 msi 11: pulitin!!!!!! altri! full litt mit Ilivil::ml?!;); . o Goberie a prodiro's v Indii. 9: 1oxirje: 5 Inca npr.si 2 -fin's ill. jan.1:!!!!.....pia,vidir? (vencions 114f1", ( :( ANS, 30* syrimin !!! Biliyor. Sandwi 1:::??14":url", T. BL11172* inrihs " Unga "vi" tip ll"ith firem .I: 1: 1*1,1.7., 01:1::- ! voljon: 19. Sohvimipisie fernbring): 16. Ethylaxplotte The following softalla, which coupuretut tit: Eestical informatii received by the list!, has jy's dann up with a "cran 11:47:6**, .1 1:49%? jib) which will calvir the serisci turistain infoal:)32,11 b, in crisi?:11:01. 1lies: 11.10 are indispensab! Will Board in illis dichiarprolatis datira 17.fe: stirles 24 and 2) of the 1925 Conventinn. The columnns numbered in Italic figures contain tata dirawui fruill the statistics supplici by Governments The columns nunbesed in Roman figures contain varinus calculistinns made by the Bord with a view to drawing up the balance-shet: The figures in column I represent ile total assis-ic., the quantities in stock at the beginning of the year, to which have been added, curing the course of the year, the amounts produced, manufactured and imparted, and the releasedi srizures. The figures in column Il represent thic total liabilities zien, the amounts used for consumption, conversion, exportation and Government requirements. The figures in column II), which represent the diffcrence between columns I and II, indicate the amounts which should be in stock according to the Board's calculations. These quantities cannot in all cases agree with the actual amount of the siocks held at the end of the year. For instance, the Board does not always receive information with regard to L'nder Article . (b) of the 1925 Convention, cruie cocaine is treated sopan.civ. whestiks the 1931 Convention treats partly manufactured drugs such as crude cocaine as falling onder the definition of the drug itsell. The Board considers it indispensablc to have a separate tille showing the manufacture and innvenient in crudc cocainc in vicu of the fact that this drug passes into commerce in its cruilc form.

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·1.- Opium brut, opium médicinal et opium sous forme de teintures, d'extraits et de toutes autres préparations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, de morphine, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (suite). 3 4 5 6 Année Population en millions Pays 7 8 II Quantité Quantité Stocks importée à la fin de Production (y compris confisquée qui a été l'année d'opium la quantité précéimportée remise en brut dente pour les circulation besoins de ou verséc aux stocks l'Etat) 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the Form of Tincture Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%, but not moz than 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Raw or Medicinal Opium (cont. 9 Total des colonnes Quantité importée ou achetéc dans le pays pour Ics besoins de l'Etat III Consom ination Quantité consommée par million Quantité d'opium brut utilisée - d'habitants pour la Quantité exportée Year Total des colonnes fabrication de morphine 5 à 8 Stocks à la fin de l'année of raw Différence entre I et II Quantity imported Quantity Stocks (including confiscated Population held at the Production, the quan. which in millions end of tity imhas been previous opium ported for released year Governor added ment to stocks purposes) or Total of columns I to 4 Quantity imported bought in Quantity thecountry consumed for Government purposes Consumption per million in habitants Kg. Quantity of raw opium used in the manufacture of morphinc Country Kg. Amérique Centrale et Antilles (suite) Dépendances, Colonies, etc.; britanniques (suite): ILES DU VENT (suite): SAINT-VINCENT Quantity cxported Kg. Total of columns Kg 5 to 8 Stocks held at the end Kg. Kg. of the year Difference between I and II Kg. kg. Kg. 1937 1938 0.057 KS. SAINTE-LUCIE 0.058 K6. Kg. Kg. 1937 1938 ILES SOUS LE VENT: ANTIGUA 0.066 0.067 I 2 I 1937 1938 3 2 DOMINIQUE 0.034 0.035 A I 2 I 1937 1938 15.15 29.85 OO Caribbean (continued) Dependencies, Colonies, etc. British (cont.): Windward ISLANDS (cont.): S1. VINCENT MONTSERRAT 0.048 0.049 I I I I 2 I I I 2 AMAÏQUE 1937 1938 0.014 2 St. Lucia 0.014 I 1937 1938 1.139 I.153 I ONDURAS BRITANNIQUE I 2 II I LEEWARD ISLANDS : ANTIGUA 1937 1938 I WITÉ ET TABAGO 0.056 0.057 3 71.43 71.43 I 12 5 O I 1937 I I IO 7 DOMINICA 8.78 19381 I I 0.448 0,456 Il I I 6.07 1 1 IG IO 8 MONTSERRAT sr.our" cuises 2 13 2 16 17 5 3 JAMAICA 1937 1938 12 13 26.78 0.305 0.31 28.51 L=1 I I 11 12 13 BRITISH HONDURAS ON COA 11 4 4 13 .13.II 1.93 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ·1. · Opium brut, opium médicinal et opium sous forme de teintures, d'extraits et de toutes autres préparations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, de morphine, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (suite). - 2 3 4 Pays 3 Année Population en millions 7 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the Form of Tinctures Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%, but not morthan 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Raw or Medicinal Opium (cont.) 8 Quantité importée Quantité Stocks confisquée l'année à la fin de Production la quantité qui lecce d'opium précébrut importée circulation dente besoins de ou versée aux stocks l'Etat) II pour les Total des colonncs I à 4 9 Quantité importée ou achetée dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat III Quantité consom mée Consom. mation par million d'habitants 10 Country Quantité d'opium brut utilisée pour la fabrication de: Year Opium préparé Quantité exportée Total des colonnes Morphine 5 à 8 Stocks à la fin de l'année Quantity imported Quantity Stocks (includiog confiscated Population held at the Production the quan which end of in millions of raw tity im bas been previous opium ported for released year Govern or added ment to stocks purposes) Différence entre I et II Total of columns Quantité d'opium préparé fabriquée Quantité d'opium préparé consommée I to 4 Quantity imported or bought in Quantity the country consumed for Government purposes Asie Asia Consumption per million inhabitants Quantity of raw opium used in the manufacture of: Kg. Kg. - AFGHANISTAN Kg. Quantity exported Prepared opium K&. Total ot columos 5 to 8 Kg. Morphine Stocks hold at the end of the year Quantity Kg. 1937 1938 Kg. Difference between I and II Quantity 7. 7. ARABIE SAOUDIENNE SA'UDI ARABIA Kg. N.R. N.R. of prepared of prepared 7:- 7:- opium manufactured K6. N.R. N.R. Kg. opium consumed 1937 1938 CHINE Kg. 2 N.R. N.R. CHINA N.R. N.R. Kg. 'NR. N.R, Kg. 1937 Ks. N.R. N.R. N.R. (a) INDE (c) INDIA (c) 450.- 450. 1938 2 Kg. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. Kg. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 26 302 26 · IRAK IRAS 1937 358.6 1938 362,-- N.R. (6) 79 32 140 541 329 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 839 928 122 845 668 049 143 351 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 1937 1938 IRAN 3.6 IO 13 N.R. N.R. 38 (a) - 3.67 245 151 811 564 N.R. N.R. 0.08 243 387 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 1937 JAPON JAPAN (6) II IO 15.- 15.- 1938 141 149 N.R. N.R. (e) 47 208 206(d) 580.61 340 196910(d) 543.95 N.R. 395 546 (e) !! N.R. N.R. 3 902 1937 1938 64 100 'N.R. 2 439 I 2 IOI THAÏLANDE HAILAND N.R. N.R. 70.5 71,5 3.33 43.87 N.R. 19 227 23 171 222 860 N.R. N.R. 668 049 N.R. N.R. 29 5901 21 472 18 617 16 456 565 452 1937 1938 12,300 N.R. N.R. (c) (e) 12 588 704 14.4 14.65 99 097 85 748 (e) (e) N.R. N.R. 63 362 35 073 387 355 161 V) N.R. N.R. 14 540 vin 712 1 516 383 385 215 039 348 362 43 620 10,1 21.2 551 114 188 129 590 222" N.R. N.R. popondancus, Colonies, ca -pentatoncies, Colonies, et 39 376 27 899 20 8 43 1.39 N.R. N.R. 36 N.R. 40 136 29 456 0.55 28 230 36 235 18 617 892 N.R. IO 23 226 5 617 23 250 36 243 85748 93 618 85 938 (8) 50 455 93 347 (8) 34 000 30 355 32 065 ·1.- Opium brut, opium médicinal et opium sous forme de teintures, d'extraits et de toutes autres préparations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, de morphine, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (suite). X 2 3 4 I 5 Pays 6 Année Population en millions 7 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the Form of Tinctures, Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%, but not more than 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Raw or Medicinal Opium (cont.). 8 Quantité Stocks importée Quantité à la fin de Production (y compris confisquée l'année qui a été d'opium la quantité précé. remise en brut importée dente pour les circulation besoins de ou verséc l'Etat) aux stocks 9 Total des colonnes I à 4 III Quantité importée ou achetée dans le pays pour ics besoins de l'Etat IO Quantité consom. mée Consommation par million d'habitants IT Quantité d'opium brut utilisée pour la fabrication de: Country Quantité exportée Total des colonnes Year Opium préparé Population in millions Morphine 5 & 8 Stocks à la fin de l'année Différence entre I et II Quantity imported Quantity Stocks (including confiscated held at the Production the quan. which end of of raw tity im. has been previous opium ported for released year Governor added ment to stocks purposes) Quantité d'opium préparé fabriquée Total of columns I to + Quantité d'opium préparé consommée Quantity imported or bouzbt in Quantity thccountry consumed for Government purposes Consumption per million in habitants Quantity of raw opium used in the manufacture of: Kg. Kg. Kg. Asie (suite) Asia (cont.): Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: Dependencies, Colonies, etc.: Quantity cxported Prepared opium Total of columns Kg. Kg. Sorphine 5 to 8 Stocks held at the end of the year Κς. Difference between I and II Kg. (suite Ks. Quantity of prepared Quantity opium of prepared opium manufactured consumed cont.): Kg. Ks. des Etats-Unis Kg. Ks. of the U.S.A.: Ks. PHILIPPINES Kg. kg. Kg. 1937 françaises 1938 13-35 13.6 60 French : 46 46 28 mm 141 ETABLISSEMENTS DANS L'INDE FRENCH INDIA 106 187 12 26 1937 1938 0.3 0.3 39 70 2.92 5.15 7 IO INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE FRENCH INDO-CHINA 685 1937 649 23.15 23.3 11 1938 51 96 692 659 163 306 140 872 46 IOI japonaises 15 522 10 333 Il 55 91 14 557 Japanese : 36 286 666 CORÉE Korea 804 194 189 1 434 188 925 17 6 614 26 1937 1938 27 666 614 1.12 1.16 23.38 IO 43 53 411 77 148 26 ORMOSE ORMOSA 25 093 23.64 (a) 45 28 847 26 784 53 454 N.R. N.R. 1937 35 683 15 10 I 622 77 181 140 872 1938 5.31 5.446 1 849 55 577 64 326 35 920 23 401 (6) 165 140 735 III 744 38 257 68 59 236 19 21 VAN-TOUNG ANTUNG 51 491 56 502 46 16 2.91 5.58 132 35 985 23138 28 711 r937 35 26 1938 1.7 1.75 28 779 27 839 6.59 4.77 18 139 20447 12 56 13 559 27 971 26 784 36 207 26 798 36 355 66 532 1996 652 8.1 686 10.15 12 596 13 585 23 401 9 836 23 389 9 853 16 727 14 325 16 920 10.86 15 861 (C) -7313 27 920 314 280 -7 000 282 in 2017 ·- 1. Opium brut, opium médicinal et opium sous forme de teintures, d'extraits et de toutes autres préparations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, de morphine, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (suite). I 2 3 Pays 5 6 Année Population en millions 7 Quantité Stocks importée Quantité à la fin de Production (y compris confisquée l'annéc qui a été d'opium la quantité précéremise en brut importée circulation dente besoins de ou verste l'Etat) aux stocks 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the Form of Tincture Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%, but not mos than 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Raw or Medicinal Opium (cont., 8 Total des colonnes II pour les 9 Quantite importée ou achetée dans lc pays pour les besoins de l'Etat III Quantité consom. mée Consom. mation par million d'habitants IO Country Quantité d'opium brut utilisée pour la fabrication de: II Year Opium préparé Quantité exportée Total des colonnes Morphine 5 & 8 Stocks à la fin de l'année Quantity imported Quantity Stocks (including confiscated Population held at the Production thc quan. which in millions end of of raw tity im has been previous opium ported for released year Govern. or added ment to stocks purposes) Différence entre I et II Total of columns Quantité d'opium préparé fabriquée Quantita d'opium préparé consommée Quantity imported or bought in Quantity the country consumed for Government purposes I to + Consumption per million inhabitants Kg. Quantity of rawy opium used in the manufacture of: Kg. Kg. Κς. Asie (suite) Asia (cont.): Dépendances, Colonies, etc. : Dependencies, Colonies, etc. : (suite cont.): Prepared opium Quantity exported Total of columns Kg. Ks. Morphine S to 8 Stocks held at the end of the year Quantity Kg. Difference between I and II Kg. Quantity Kg. des Etats-Unis - opium manufactured of prepared of prepared Kg. of the U.S.A.: opium consumed Kg. PHILIPPINES Kg. Kg. Kg. 1937 1938 13.35 Ks. françaises 13.6 Kg. French : бо 46 46 141 28 ETABLISSEMENTS DANS L'INDE FRENCH INDIA 1937 1938 106 187 0.3 12 26 39 0.3 INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE FRENCH INDO-CHINA 7 Іо 70 2.92 5.15 685 1937 1938 23.15 23.3 649 163 306 140 872 15 522 692 659 11 51 96 46 japonaises - Japanese : IO 333 Corte KOREA 14 557 36 286 IOI 55 91 804 1194 189 1 434 188 925 17 6 666 614 1937 1938 26 27 FORMOSE GORMOSA 666 23.38 23.64 I.12 1.16 25 093 Іо 614 53 411 77 148 28 847 26 784 26 43 (a) 1937 1938 35 683 15 IO 45 I 622 53 454 5.31 5.446 77 181 N.R. N.R. 1 849 140 872 35 920 23 401 55 577 64 326 (6) 165 19 140 735 III 744 68 132 38 257 46 16 2.91 5.58 59 236 51 491 35 985 23 438 56 502 35 26 28711 6.59 4.77 27 839 28 779 12 56 13 559 27 971 26 784 36 207 26 798 36 355 12 596 13 585 23 401 9 836 23 389 9853 16 727 14 325 16 920 15 861 ·1. - Opium brut, opium médicinal ct opium sous forme de teintures, d'extraits et de toutes autres préparations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, de morphine, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (suite). 2 3 I 5 Aance 6 Population en millions Pays 7 Stocks à la fin de Production l'année d'opium précé brut dente 8 Quantité importée Quantite (y compris confisquée la quantité qui a été importée remise en circulation besoins de ou verséo aux stocks Quantité importéc 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the form of Tinctures Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%, but not more than 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Raw or Medicinal Opium (cont.). Total des colonnes pour les ou 9 l'Etat) achetée dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat Quantité consom. mée Consommation par million d'babi. tants Year Quantité d'opium brut utiliséc pour la fabrication de morphine Quantité exportée Total des colonnes 5 à 8 Stocks à la fin de l'année of raw Quantity iraported Quantity Stocks (including confiscated Population beld at the Production the quan which end of lo millions tity im. has been previous opium ported for released year Govern or added ment to stocks purposes) Différence entro I et II Total of columns I to 4 Quantity imported or bought in Quantity the country consumed for Government purposes Afrique (suite) Consump tion per million in babitants Ks. Quantity of raw opium used in the manufacture of morphinc Kg. Country Quantity cxported kg. Total of columns UNION SUD-AFRICAINE Kg. 5 to 8 Stocks held at the end Kg. Ke. of the year 1937 1938 Difference between I and II Kg. 9.707 9.889 278 K. 247 Kg. Administration internationale: N.R. 384 390 KE. I K6. TANGER. N.R. 663 Ks. 9 N.R. 414 Kg. NR. 42.65 1937 1938 0.08 0.08 N.R. II N.R. N.R. N.R. I 2 434 Dépendances, Colonies, etc. : Africa (continued) N.R. 247 N.R. I 229 30 N.R. britanniques : N.R. UNION OF SOUTII AFRICA I 12.5 N.R. E DE L'OR ET TOGO SOUS MANDAT BRITANNIQUE N.R. 7E 1937 1938 3.65 International Administration : 3.747 9 TANGIER 1937 0.2 14 II 1938 0.2 23 20 IA ET CAMEROUN SOUS NDAT BRITANNIQUE 1 1.64 1937 1938 1.6 Dependencies, Colonies, etc. : 20.191 20.477 I 15 5. .6 6 British: 21 17 20 30 32 17 14 I 21 18 GOLD COAST AND TOGOLAND UNDER BRITISH . MANDATE 1.04 2 I 0.88 GAMBIA 21 18 15 16 9 NIGERIA AND CAMEROONS UNDER BRITISHI MANDATE ·1. Opiun brui, opium médicinal ct opium sous forme de teinturcs, d'extraits et de toutes ultres prép:rations contenant plus de 0,2%, mais pas plus de 20%, ile morphinc, fabriqués directement avec de l'opium brut ou médicinal (fin). 5 + I'175 l'opulation n.illings 7 S II Quantite importer Quantité Stacks a la fin de Prxluction ly compris confisquée quis (in l'annie d'opiun Ha quanti' rein) SC CIJ brit immotec circulation dents bossins de ou versie Aux stocks J'ritati Total des colonnes pour les 1. - Raw Opium, Medicinal Opium and Opium in the form of Tinctures Extracts, and such Other Preparations containing more than 0.2%., but not moru than 20%, of Morphine as are made direct from Rawor Medicinal Opium (concl.). Quantité Impori.. 012 achetic dans le ray's pour les besoins de l'Etat Quantité Consomutée Consomn. mntion par million d'habi tants Quantite d'ogumn trut utilisée Your pour la Quantité exportle Total (les colonnes fabrication dc murphinc 58 Stocks la fin de l'année Quantliv importet Quantity Stanks (including confiscated l'opslation held at the ImJucting the quan. which in inillions end of of raw tity im. has been previous opium porterilor relcased Govern. or added ment to stocks purposes) Difference cntrc I c II Total of columns I to + Quantity imported OT bought in the country for Government purposes Quantity consumct Consumpton per million in habitants Κς. h's. Country Quantity of raw opium used in the man facture of morpliinc Quantity cxported Afrique (fin) Darwinie:, Colonies, ric. (suite): fr.05.iees (suite): ks. Total of columns Ks. Stocks held at the end lig. 5 to 3 ks. of the year Difference betucen I and II MADAGACAR K.. KE. Κς. kg. 1937 1935 3.8 3.8 Ks. MAXOC (203!! INAXÇ1153) 1.17 133 Ks. 16. IZ P.1:808 1937 1935 6.36 168 6.3 36 08 147 1SIC 1937 1938 0.21 0.21 33 ho 11 69 98 - 32 1937 32 52 1938 5.03 2.63 2.67 Orlsguises: Africa (concluded) Dependencies, Colonies, etc. (cont.): French (continuerl): 13 133 136 8.09 168 OLI 16 33 1.17 32 52 MADAGASCAR 38 51 1.29 68 19 37 1937 1938 5.1 .46 PERT (ILIS DU) 3.25 3.25 32 41 12.17 15 36 3 23 Morocco (PRINCII ZONI) 9 2 1937 193.0 3 0.163 0.165 32 1. PORTUGAIST. REUNION 8 7 27 27 16 13 1937 1935 0.416 19 13 TUNIS 1.54 2.77 7 --- TI 6.06 23 30 22 Porliegics : 18 Angola Y il 7 9 8 6 Care VERDE ISLANDS 2 - PORTUGUESE GUINEA ·1 2. Feuilles de coca (suite). 2 3 Pays Année 5 Coca Leaves (continued). 6 Stocks Population à la fin de en milions l'année précédente Production 7 8 Quantité importéc Quantité (y compris confisquée la quantité qui a été importée remise en pour les circulation besoins de Ou versée l'Etat) aux stocks Total des colonnes 9 IO I4 Quantité importée Ou achetée dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat Country II Quantité consom. mée XI Year Population in millions INI Stocks held at the end of previous Production year tity in Quantity imported Quantity (including confiscated the quanwhich has been ported for released Govern or added ment to stocks purposes) Quantité exportéc Consommation par million Quantité utilisée pour la fabrication de d'habitants Cocaine Autres Cocaine brute Total of columns 1 to 4 Total des colonnes 5 à to Quantity imported or bought in the country for Government purposes produits Stocks à la fin de l'année Mexique, Amérique Centrale et Antilles Mexico and Caribbean Quantity consumed Différence entre I et II Consumption per inillion in habitants Kg. KS. Kg. MEXIQUE MEXICO Quantity used in the manufacture of: KE Kg. Crude cocaine 1937 1938 Quantity cxported CUBA KE. Cocaine 19.003 19.32 Total of columns 5 to ro Other products Kg. 61 44 Kg. Stocks held at the end of the year 26 Ks. 1937 1938 Difference between I and II Kg. GUATEMALA 4.37 4.2 35 I14 87 K.. IOO 79 Kg. 11 1937 1938 Kg. HAÏTI. HAITI 95 5 43 22 2.42 3.002 2.26 KG N.R. N.R. NR. 1.14 KE 105 SALVADOR 1937 1938 2.6 2.6 N.R. N.R. 50 N.R. 11.9 N.R. 1937 1938 N.R. 43 22 1.632 13 2 44 1.665 43 16 16 NR. 0.33 44 57 2 'N.R. N.R. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 Іоо Dependances, Colonies, clc.: Dependencies, Colonies, etc.: françaises French : GUADELOUPE 36 4 153 16 20 55 N.R. 1937 1938 3 2 NIARTINIQUE 1.8 0.305 0.31 1937 1938 0.25 0,255 2 3 16 14 Amérique du Sud South America 17 16 00 2 17 14 8 6.45 ARGENTINE (a) 13 11 2 1937? 1938 12.562 12.762 N.R. || 2 86 400 370 642 2 N.R. 13 2 N.R. „N.R. 6 ·-- 2 Pays 2. Feuilles de coca (fin). 4 Année 1 Stocks Population à la fin de en millions l'année précédente 6 Production Coca Leaves (concluded). 7 3 Quantité inportée (y compris la quantité importée pour les besoins de l'Etat) Quantity imported (including Quantité confisquéc qui a été remise en circulation ou versée aux stocks 8 Total des colonnes 5 Quantité importéc ou achetéc dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat 9 Country 10 Quantité consommée Year II Population in millions Consoinmation par million d'habs. tants Stocks held at the end of previous year IT Quantité utilisée pour la fabrication de: Production the quan Cocainc brute Quantity confiscated which has been released or added to stocks Quantité exportée Cocaine tity innported for Gover ment purposes) Kg. Total of columns I to 4 Total des colonnes 5 à 10 Autres produits Kg. Quantity imported bought in the country for Government purposes Stocks à la fin de l'année Quantity consumed Différenc entre I et II Kg. Asie (suite) - Asia (cont.) Dépendances, colonies, etc.: Dependencies, colonies, etc.: françaises French : ETABL. DANS L'INDE FRENCH INDIA Кs ks. lig Consump. Quantity used in the manufacture of: tion per million in habitants Crude Other Cocrioc cocaine products Quantity exported Kg. Kig. Total of columns S to lo 1937 1938 kis. 0.3 0.3 Stocks held at the cad of the year ks. 12 Diſſercace between I and II Kg. 12 1937 kg. 1938 Ks. 23.15 23.3 12 244 215 kg. 40 12 Kg. 281 288 INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE FRENCH INDO-CHINA japonaises Japanese : FORMOSE FORMOSA néerlandaises Dutch : INDES NÉERLANDAISES NETHERLANDS INDIES portugaises Portuguese : MACAO 1937 1938 5.31 5.446 565 503 15 050 37 169 90 50 73 927 193 206 82 634 8 34 8.84 1937 1938 66.7 67.4 88 977 63 942 113 803 I 2 12 8 37 587 109 789 98 518 12 I2 1 20 561 283 264 215 1937 1938 35 762 0.17 0.17 173 731 136 105 11 6.9 II 000 248 2 282 239 Territoires sous mandat: Mandated Territories: français French: SYRIE ET LIBAN SYRIA AND LEBANON 11 19 598 45 260 57 808 38 92 022 2 31 169 21 781 2 1937 1938 3.5 3.6 3 31 169 21 781 I Afrique 5.88 132 571 40724 Africa 2 1,1 33 132 571 11.76 EGYPTE EGYPT 37 587 40 724 (a) 94 376 41 160 95 381 1937 1938 15.86 33 ---- 1 16.03 28 23 Y I 1937 2 1938 9.707 I 5 UNION SUD-AFRICAINE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Dépendances, Colonies, etc.; Dependencies, Colonies, etc.: britanniques British : 9.889 83 SI 30 28 N.R. I 45 19 0.06 0.06 33 6 128 N.R. o 33 Ciroprsia N.R. 47 N.R. DU SUD -1.8. I N.R. 1.3 I N.R. 23 19 N.R. 29 47 27 SI N.R. X SI ·3. Préparations galéniques de chanvre indien. 1 2 Pavs 3 Année Population en millions 5 Galenical Preparations of Indian Hemp. Stocks à la fin de l'année précédente Quantité inportée 6 Quantité confisquée qui a été remise cn circulation ou verséc aux stocks 7 Year Population in millions Quantité consommée Stocks held at the cnd of previous Quantity imported Quantité importée ou achetic dans le pays pour les besoins dc l'Etat Quantity imported or hought in the country for Governnient purposes Consommation par million d'habitants year Quantité exportée Quantity confiscated which has been released or added to stocks Europe Stocks à la fin de l'année ALBANIE kg. Quantity consumed 18. Consumption per million inbabitants Country K5 Quantity exported 1937 1938 k5 Stocks held at the end of the year ALLEMAGNE (a) 1.1 1.12 Ks. N.R. N.R. kg. I 1937 1938 kg. AUTRICHE (6) 67.587 14 N.R. N.R. 16. 74.826 I 465 NR. N.R. 1937 943 BELGIQUE 7 6.76 N.R. N.R. 44 Europe BULGARIE 7 1937 T938 600 600 N.R. N.R. 8.331 8.361 8.88 8.02 ALBANIA 191 207 657 712 1937 29 DANEMARK 1938 900 500 6.238 6.319 4.29 GERMANY (a) 53 6 3 DANTZIG 58 158 1937 1938 17 43 100 3.762 3.79 18.96 11.96 -- 40 - AUSTRIA (6) 72 108 I ESPAGNE 1937 1938 15 19 207 188 0.405 0.405 BELGIUM 2 3.01 ESTONIE 1937 1938 58 53 7 94 117 25.05 25.- 2.4.99 30.87 BULGARIA N.R, 12 FINLANDE. 1937 .1938 108 71 1.13 1.131 (c) DENMARK N.R. ZANCE. 1937 1938 N.R. 2 3.603 3.63 N.R. DANZIG 43 20 1937 1938 7. 21 II 16 (c) 41.9T 41,97 I2 N.R. SPAIN 9.73 1.4.15 DRIK I 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 15 6 8 3.88 4.13 ESTONIA 1937 8.789 20 (d) (d) 16 26 FINLAND 8 9 FRANCE 8 0.89 ·3. - Préparations galéniques de chanvre indien (fin). 2 Pays Année 3 Population en millions Stocks à la fin de l'année précédente 5 Quantité Importéc Year Quantité confisquée qui a été remise en circulation ou versée aux stocks 6 Galenical Preparations of Indian Hemp (concluded). Population in millions Quantité importée ou achetée dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat 7 Stocks held at the cnd of previous year Quantité consommée Quantity imported Consommation par million d'habitants Quantity confiscated which has been rcleased or added to stocks Quantité exportée Quantity imported or bought in the country for Government purposes Stocks à la fin de l'année Asie (suite) Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: britanniques : BIRMANIE (a) Kg. Quantity consumed Kg. Consumptiou per million inhabitants Kg. Quantity exported Country Ks. SARAWAK 1937 1938 Kg. Stocks held at the end of the year kg. 15.6 15.797 Κς. CEYLAN. 1937 1938 Kg. 0.6 06 3 7 HONG-KONG 1937 1938 3 5.758 5.86 I 2 7 1937 IO 0.44 1938 MALAISIE BRITANNIQUE ET BRUNÉI des Etats-Unis : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 3 1.01 Asia (continued) Dependencies, Colonies, etc.: Britis): BURMA (a) 6.67 5.- 1937 1938 PHILIPPINES I 4.844 5.174 1 17 15 SARAWAK I 1937 1938 Іо françaises: INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE 本 13.35 13.6 12 CEYLON 2 3 néerlandaises : 1937 1938 0.41 0.58 23.15 23.3 HONG-KONG INDES NÉERLANDAISES 19 16 11 15 12 1937 1938 Territoires sous mandat : français SYRIE ET LIBAN 66.4 67.4 I BRITISH MALAYA AND BRUNEI I I of the U.S.... IO PHILIPPINES 1937 · 1938 3.5 3.6 IO 16 French: 15 I 0.01 FRENCH INDO-CHINA Dutch : 5 NETHERLANDS INDIES $ 1.39 Alandated Territories : French : Syr AND LERU ·46. 4. Chanvre indien. Indian Hemp. Année Population en millions Quantité importée Quantite exportée Quantité confisquéc qui a été Iconise en cicculation og versée ayx stocks Pays Country Year Population in pillions Quantity imported Quantity exported Quantity confiscated which has been rcleased of added to stocks kg. Ks. ks. Europe Europe ALLEMAGNE (a). 67.587 1 059 GERMANY (0) 1937 1938 4 032 409 74.920 616 AUTRICHE (0) 1937 6.76 9 AUSTRIA (6) BELGIQUE BELGIUN 1937 1938 8.331 8.301 180 150 BULGARIE BULGARIA 1937 1938 6.238 6.319 11 19 DANEMARK. 1937 1938 3.762 DENSIARK 169 72 3.79 ESTONIL ESTONIA 1937 1938 1.13 1.131 9 20 FINLANDE, 1 FINLAND 1937 1938 3.603 3.63 FRANCE 365 20 6 FRANCE 1937 1938 43.91 41.97 ITALIE ITALY 1937 1938 42.677 (c 43.023 2 NR. N.R. N.R. N.R LETTONIE LATVIA 1037 1938 1965 1.971 50 81 LITHUANIE, LITHUANIA 1937 1939 2.527 2.53 ? NORVÉGE 1937 NORWAY 1938 2.894 2.906 20 WAN PAYS-BAS V NETHERLANDS 1937 1938 8.557 8.64 IO POLOGNE Io POLAND 1937 1938 34.221 34.515 30 N.R. PORTUGAL 7.301 PORTUGAL 1937 1938 60 30 7.38 ROYAUME-UNI 3654 UNITED KINGDOM 1937 1938 47-332 47-532 9 479 SUÈDE. SWEDEN 1937 1938 6.267 6.285 16 & SUISSE. 4.174 4 1 495 SWITZERLAND 1937 1938 4 183 TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE 88 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1937 1938 15.213 15.27 (d) 31 (x2) NR. U.R.S.S. U.S.S.R. 1937 1938 175.5 169.- 199 9 5 (a) En 1938, y compris l'Autriche. (6) En 1938, les données relatives à l'Autriche sont comprises dans celles de l'Allemagne; le seul chiffre relatif à l'Autriche qu'ait reçu le Comité est celui - fourni par les autorités allemandes de l'importation aucours du deuxième trimestre: 6 kg. (c) Deux relevés trimestriels manquent. (d) Un relevé trimestriel manque. (a) In 1938, including Austria. (6) 151 1938, the figures relating to Austria are included in the statistics for Germany; the only figure received by the Board in respect of Austria is the ones furnished by the German authorities---Tegarding imports during the second quarter: 0 kg. (c) Returns for two quarters missing. (d) Return for one quarter missing.

·48 - 5. Résine de chanvre indien. Indian Hemp Resin, Année Population en millions Quantité importée Quantité exportée Quantité confisquéc qui a été rcinise on circulation ou verséc aux stocks Pays Country Year Population in inillions Quantity imported Quantity exported Quantity confiscated which has been released or added to stocks KE kg kg. Asic Asia INDE INDIA 1937 1938 358,6 362,-- 87 864 144 876 7 II (a) 2 (a) 2 Dépendances, Colonies, etc. Dependencies, Colonies, etc. françaises : French : DANS FRENCH INDIA ETABLISSEMENTS L'INDE 1937 1938 0.3 0.3 8 I2 11 11 (a) Cette donnée ne se réfère qu'à l'Inde britannique. (a) This information only refers to British India, ·48 5. Résine de chanvre indien. Indian Hemp Resin. Année Population en millions Quantité importée Quantité cxportée Quantité confisquée qui a été rcmisc en circulation ou verséc aux stocks Pays Country + Year Population in millions Quantity imported Quantity exported Quantity confiscated which has been released or added to stocks kg. kg Kg. Asie Asia INDE INDIA 1937 1938 358.6 362, 87 864 144 876 7 JI (a) 2 (a) 2 Dépendances, Colonies, etc. Dependencies, Colonies, etc. françaises : French : DANS ETABLISSEMENTS L'INDE 0.3 1937 1938 8 12 FRENCH INDIA 0.3 (a) Cette donnée ne se réfère qu'à l'Inde britannique. (a) This information only refers to British India. 1 1 ·6. Jſorphine (siliie). 3 B 1 :5 6 Qazasi inc portée Pagma- 11. ER illions Toai ces eva. kations Stocks · 12 to de Taupée poicédente nezasité de morphide Gaasits fabrict im yorise to capric (y compris los quizatirés la qua: 115 utilisées sur importée ia fabrication des substances besoins de ineptionnées l'Etat) sous 6 à 10) ghen & marim dost l'intportation est per ise aux iures de l'art. 12 de la Corte tios de 1931 Quantité coafspie qui a été Tesmise en circulation ou versie ZUX stocks Tota! des colonnes fuarus CO250C prir les 1 X 4 acbethe dans le Pay's pour les besoins de l'Etat Country Year Popula. tion in millions Total of estimates Stocks beld at tbe end o! previous year Tile Quantity of marimum morphise Quantity mzoufactured imported quantity thich is (includisg (including tbe quantitiss the permitted qu2nto be used in the sity in Iragrafactoze portsd for imported weder of the Gosteinsubstances Art. 12 incntioned of the priposes) undur 6-10) 1931 Convention Quantity confiscated mbich has been Teleased or added to stocles Total of columns I to 4 Quantit; imported or boágbt in Quantity the country consumed for Goverament purposes Kg. Xg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. 5g. kg, Ke. Europe (suite) - (cont.). ITALIE ITALY. 1937 1938 42.677 1 207 43.029 1 130 485 X.R. KR. N.R. (a) 1 N.R. N.R. NR. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R., 12 20 LETTOXIE LATVIA 1937 1938 1.965 1.971 14 59 22 14 14 59 34 72 58 12 IO LITEUANII LITHUANIS 1937 1938 2.527 2.55 8 8 ܠܐ ܗ 6 6 8 8 11 3 3 I2 LCHIPOCRG LEIEMBURG 1937 1938 0.298 0.301 8 7 8 7 9 9 I II II2 NORTIGE 10.ST. 1937 1938 2.894 2.906 52 111 61 55 46 108 52 57 7 93 155 32 7:53: 1937 8.557 1 372 38 I 220 224 I 269 -50 IRLS 1938 8.64 1641 39 1 093 7 619 I 139 64 894 POLCGNE POLI:D 1937 1938 34.221 34-515 845 790 84 (6) 810 N.R. 15 N.R. 50 N.R. 85 N.R. PORTCGAL 7-301 16 1937 1938 26 25 IS 17 16 27 27 19 17 7.38 42 ROUMANIE ROUMANIA 1937 1938 32 19.423 19.646 15 1SS 23 52 147 16 172 6S 83 37 188 ROYAUME-UNI 1937 47-332 2 780 (c) 620 (d) 1810 (c) 26 1 235 2 456 2 373 UNITED KINGDOM. 1938 47.532 2 567 | () 526 |(d) i S90 (e) 50 934 2 466 7 390 Suide 1937 6.267 178 58 157 45 333 260 60 SWEDEN 1938 6.285 1 056 56 65 385 1 021 506 270 61 SV1159.35 1937 04.17.12.170 95S I 507 12 923 13 2 490 51 SWIT28.11.AND 127. 2 265 23 374 3 562 200 (€) 148 1037 12 1 085 126 1 N.R. N.R. gi 1 N.R. N.R. in una pobytu prima data la disponent, !!!11,3) litri de planning in Hindemittuvilt i 183 ks, au début do 1937: i 181 kg. à la fin de 1937 et à 91 kg. à la fin de 114!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 17: last monplilno pure. "All Pit Mill, otom: de 157 kk et 30: kg., respectivement, de morphine brute. till minne omil Hot Importels en 1937 et a kis on 1938 contenant respectivement 354 kb. 1 *** i boli, ha millor los pilot Didilla de mangin till stoplinele pliarmaciens.

·54 6. Morphine (suite). 2 :3 A B 5 6 Quantité naximum dont l'im portation Total dcs Population en millions est per: mise aux Quantité de morphine Quantité Stocks fabriquée inportée (y compris (y compris à la fin de les quantités la quantité utilisées pour importec l'annéc la fabrication précédentc des substances besoins de mentionnées l'Etat) sous 8 & 10) Quantité confisquée qui a été rcmise en circulation ou versée aux stocks Total des colonnes Quantité importée ou acbetée dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat Pays Annéc Quantitat consort méc luations pour les termes de l'art. 12 de la Convention de 1931 Country Population in millions Year Total of esti inates The maximum quantity which is permitted to be imported under Art. 12 of thc Stocks beld at the end of previous усаг Quantity of morphine Quantity manufactured imported (including (including the quantities thc quan. used in the tity immanufacture ported for of the Governsubstances mcnt mentioned purposes) under 8-10) Quantity confiscateci which has been released or added to stocks Total of columns 1 to 4 Quantity imported or bought in Quantity thccountry consumed for Government purposes 1931 Con. vention Kg. Kg. kg Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Europe (suite) - (cont.). 12 19 10 TURQUIE TURKEY 1937 1938 16.49 16.8 26 26 26 26 Il 31 21 N.R. N.R. 21 4 U.R.S.S. 1937 175.5 ñ 988 498 7 755 233 8 253 I 130 U.S.S.R. 1938 169.- 8 000 I 792 8 098 9 890 1 292 YOUGOSLAVIE 1937 15.174 510 36 707 2 745 25 YUGOSLAVIA 1938 15.4 550 314 615 I 291 930 28 Amérique du Nord North America CANADA 11.08 1937 1938 123 127 141 147 II2 88 123 131 II.165 253 235 106 95 ETATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE 1937 128.84 10 296 1 744 IO 256 I 12 OOI 2 050 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1938 129.818 10 431 1 940 8 625 1 809 8 10 573 1978 2 2 TERRE-Neuve NEWFOUNDLAND 1937 1938 0.288 0.289 2 2 11 2 2 1 1 *Mexique, Amérique Centrale et Antilles Mexico and Caribbean MEXIQUE MEXICO 1937 1938 19.003 19.32 20 17 18 19 5 2 20 17 23 21 6 3 COSTA-RICA : 1937 1938 0.592 0.607 N.R, N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R.: N.R. 3 I CUBA I 1937 1938 N.R. 4.37 4.2 8 8 5 5 8 8 N.R. 7 2 7 -- RÉPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC . 1 1 11 1937 1938 N.R. Cu as 1.52 1.587 (6) 3 N:R. N.R. t GUATEMALA N.R. N.R, N.R. NR. 1937 1938 2.42 3.002 2 2 2 N.R. I 2 NICARAGUA 1937 1938 0.85 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R, N.R. N.R. NR. N.R.. N.R. 4 0.9. I SALVADOR 2 2 1937 1938 1.632 1,665 3 3 به من 2 І 3 I (a) Vu la différence entre ce renseignement et le chiffre III, le Comité a demandé aux autorités compétentes de réexaminer les statistiques. Un relevé trimestrel manque.

·56 - 6. Morphine (suite). 2 1 A 3 B 10 I 6 Quantité paximum dont l'in. portation Popula. tion en millions Total des évaluations Stocks à la fin de l'année précédente est per mise aux Quantité de morphinc Quantité fabriquée importie (y compris (y compris ics quantités la quantité utilisécs pour importée la fabrication des substances besoins de mentionnées l'Etat) sous 8 à 10) Quantité confisquéc qui I été remise en circulation ou versce Pays Année Total des colonnes Quantité importée ou achette dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat Quantire CORSCR inte pour les צטב termes de l'art.12 dc la Conven. tion de 1931 stocks or Population in millions Country Total of estimates Year The maximum quantity which is permitted to be imported under Art. 12 of the Stocks beld at the end of previous ycar Quantity of morphinc Quantity manufactured imported (including (including thic quantities the quan. used in the tity immanufacture ported for of thc Governsubstances ment mentioned purposes) under 8-10) Total of columns Quantity confiscated which has bcen released or added to stocks Quantity imported bought in Quantity the country consumed for Government purposes I to 4 1931 Convention kig Kg. Kg. kg. Kg. kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Amérique Centrale et Antilles (suite). Caribbean (continued). Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: britanniques : Dependencies, Colonies, etc.; British : 1 JAMAIQUE JAMAICA 1937 1938 1.139 1.153 il Il 1 1 1 il 1} - 1 Amérique du Sud South America ARGENTINE 1937 1938 12.562 12.762 75 84 N.R. 54 45 29 N.R. S 33 77 N.R. N.R. BOLIVIE BOLIVIA 1937 1938 3. 3-3 5 5 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. I N.R. 2 N.R. BRÉSIL BRAZIL 60 1937 1938 42.395 43.247 60 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 26 IO NR. NR. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. CHILI CHILE . 29 1937 1938 4.552 4.597 29 35 13 12 24 26 35 37 38 25 23 M COLOMBIE COLOMBIA I2 1937 1938 8.76 8.6 I 2 10 10 10 10 24 12 8 7 4 2 1 EQUATEUR ECUADOR 1 1937 1938 3. 3... 1 1 3 I N.R. (b) N.R, N.R. N.R. PÉROU PERU 2 1937 1938 3 7 N.R. N.R. NR. N.R. N.R. N.R. (C) N.R.. N.R, N.R. N.R. 7.1 2 URUGUAY 1937 1938 2.066 2.093 8 8 9 9 5 4 8 8 14 5 5 13 VENEZUELA 5 1937 1938 3.428 3.53 5 5 II 9 4 3 Il 15 12 7 6 Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: britanniques : Dependencies, Colonics, etc.: British : GUYANE BRITANNIQUE BRITISH GUIANA 1 I 1937 1938 Il 1 0.333 0.337 1 2 1 2 2 2 o Asie Asia AFGHANISTAN. 1937 1938 5 5 7 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. I 3 Chine CÀINA 1937 1938 N.R. 450. 450. 400 800 N.R. N.R. (d) 52 (0) 13 N.R. N.R. N.R. 37 (a) Le chiffre du stock fait l'objet d'une enquête du Comité. (6) Trois relevés trimestriels manquent. (c) Un relevé trimestriel manque. (d) Obtenus de 164 kg. de morphine brute confisquée.

·6. Morphine (suite). 2 A 3 10 B 8 Année Popula. tion en millions Pays Total dcs évaluations Stocks à la fin de l'année précidente Quantité Quantité de maximum morphine fabriquée Quantité dont l'iin- (y coinpris importéc portation les quantités (y compris cst per. utilisées pour la quantité mise aux la fabrication importéc" termes de l'art, 12 de des substances besoins de la Convenmentionnées l'Etat) tion de sous 8 à 10) 1931 Quantité confisquée qui a été rcmise en circulation ou versée aux stocks Quantité importée ou achette dans le pays pour les besoins de l'Etat Total des colonnes I à 4 Quantité consons mnée pour lcs Quantity imported ог the quan- Country Year Population in millions Total of estimates Stocks beld at the end of previous year Quantity of morphine manufactured (including the quantities used in the manufacture of the substances mentioned under 8-10) The maximum Quantity quantity imported which is (including permitted to be tity im imported ported for under Govern Art. 12 ment of the purposes) 1931 Convention Quantity confiscated wvbich bas been released or added to stocks Total of columns I to 4 bought in Quantity tbc country consumed for GOvernmeat purposes Kg. Kg. kg. kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Asie (suite). Asia (cont.) INDE (a) (b). INDIA (a) (b) 1937 358.6 1938 362.- 153 146 150 (c) 76 (c) 61 83 21 28 93 70 6 (d) 175 6 (d) 152 187 IRAK Irag 3.6 I' 1937 1938 2 3 3 3 11 2 3 4 3 3.67 IRAN 2 1937 1938 15.- 15.- 5 11 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. 10 JAPON. 1937 70.5 4 849 211 (5) 4 798 (1) 24 71 5 033 I 1 478 JAPAN. 1938 71.5 4 593 351 (8) 4 549 (h) 38 N 78 4 938 I 520 THAILANDE. THAILAND 14.4 I 1937 1938 14.65 1 I 1 I Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: britanniques : Dependencies, Colonies, etc. : British : BIRMANIE (5) BURMA (6) 2 2 1937 1938 15.6 15.797 2 3 2 3 I2 12 12 I I BORNEO SEPTENTRIONAL NORTH BORNEO 1937 1938 0.291 0.299 = CEYLAN CEYLON 5.758 2 1937 1938 4 6 3 3 5.86 3 3 6 un 2 I l! HONG-KONG I.-- . 2 I 1937 1938 3 1 2 4 3 4 1.01 I 4 MALAISIE BRITANNIQUE ET BRUNÉI BRITISH MALAYA AND BRUNEI 1937 4.844 11 -7 11 13 3 1] 1938 5.174 6 5 6 14 3 des Etats-Unis : of the U.S.A.. PHILIPPINES 18 2 1937 1938 13-35 13.6 6 5 3 4 18 15 15 9 9 C françaises : - French: INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE. FRENCH INDO-CHINA 5 2 1937 1938 23.15 23.3 2 2 2 2 il 7 5 Il 2 Japanese japonaises : CORÉE. KOREA 5 174 2 6 2 20 1937 1938 23.38 23.64 178 129 127 2 2, (a) Les données concernant les stocks, la fabrication, la transformation, les confiscations et les achats pour les besoins de l'Etat ne se réfèrent qu'à l'Inde britannique. (6) A partir du 1er avril 1937, la Birmanie ne fait plus partie de l'Inde. La Birmanie ayant fourni ses propres statistiques depuis cette date, il n'est pas possible d'établir le bilan de 1937. (c) En outre, 449 kg, de morphine brute ont été fabriqués en 1937 et 454 kg. en 1938, contenant respectivement 336 kg. el 331 kg, de morphine pure. (d) Y compris 7 kg. livrés aux Etats indiens. le) En outre, 453 kg. de morphine brute ont été exportés en 1937 et 272 kg. en 1938, contenant respectivement 349 kg. et 213 kg de morphine pure. Vu la différence entre ce renseignement et le chiffre de la colonne III, le Comité a demandé aux autorités compétentes de réexaminer les statistiques. (g) Y compris 782 kg. en 1937 et 1.360 kg. en 1938, obtenus de 1.150 kg. et 2.081 kg., respectivement, de morphine brute. (h) En outre, 778 kg, en 1937 et 1.399 kg. en 1938, contenus dans de la morphine brute, ont été importés,

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·6. Morphine (s:11!c). B 5 0:2!ite citim iroda :::: Siels (v cm (v cm! is totiim h.:: ::d.copy primis i !A!::3:12 Szao, inintele 10:1) ISSO 2:10.11c se;un quisite Tokat remien en circulation co.tm** T: 22 מגוון צו art.id La Colom tin da 1933 Si els de l'ltat ТЕ. Yin: çointity whic: Is Quantity in1 stry Sino; Quandir Cosca!cat #1:!: 2 . 0722!1:. r! 9.piiga :.1.1!18 17! imparari (including 15ch die quanlities th: qua. tity irs, minulostir! : iba Comorom. lans rirntional purgunj 101 Total of iarnas touzlit in i atite the country C197) ricos 1. rei 2507) er adlied to since vrinati: grain Art. 1: tec 3931 Convin his. kis. ho kr. Kr. kg. Asle (111e). Asia (crolitsed) Dependarees, Cologies, ec. (sic): Defendercirs, Colonies, etc. (contd.): Jan 2:11: (91111c): janar:^!? (contri ). 16 . for):063: (a) LOROSA (a) 5.31 1937 1938 16 12 15 19 6 13 5440 II 51 23 . . SUA:: -Toux lis.!:70:6 7 1937 1938 24 31 25 23 5 7 64 61 1- 17 il 33 33 1.75 1:/erlandaises : 1:11c1 : S 1::1105 :::FILAXIMISIS VETELAXns J::dirs. 1937 1138 616.4 674 5 8 S S - 5 13 5 zorritarr: 0918 9101.dar: boslar:):1958 : .::Hled Territories: Hirilish: PALI. TIST: 1937 1.36 2 2 S S S S Il 1935 1 11.3 pass direich: S47.11 ri 11:9.5 53244:17 L1.11:12) 35 $ 1 1935 7 3 30 S Il frique Africa 1032 15 € 1 3 . 1 1 1003 1 3 3 Il 1:27. ST.11:/?15 9707 .72 3039 $53 W.R. S.R, XR. Р 11:47!!::.44***** 7 11,47 1 ܚܚܝܬ 1 . * + : 4.11vinega er :* .?? r ristiri.ro *** !.!.

·), 7. Diacétylmorphine (diamorphine, héroïne). 2 D 4 5 16,1.11 pas: Anner Olandit/ 115. Ulrntsen Chiantfind Critlivoir (yparis - Tlalle Total juutiders free inber fix «trrulalies wilining 01 WT;/ Hirvinier l'art.nl Quanti! aclette dins l pirícotlanir 12 de l'EA! grini:) tifyגזונין Quality Imirim! Total tie Quantity firrtulis, 11::11tfel roofratro Whirl. 1.15 Ingastr tel.net attlir rart Country caluron Quintity 20:14ar!?17 ! Inuit la terruinery Year 1111g in tity its .rs is Forres {"?rp*vira) 1931 Cro lir. his. Kr. Europe 097587 ALLIMACXT. (a). GERMANY () 1937 138 22 85 116 74.921 $ 331 15 50 BELGIQUE BULAN 1937 1938 10 1:3 8.301 31 1 18 25 DANEMARK DEXMARK 1937 1938 3.702 39 5 7 . 10 3S 40 1 FISLANDI FINLAND 1937 1938 3.603 3.63 13 13 33 39 53 FraxCE 13 1.13 1937 1938 41.01 $1.07 SO SO 67 HOXGRIR HUSGARY 1937 1938 8.989 9035 5 4 il 74 5 ITALIC ITALY 1937 1938 (c ) 42.677 23.029 198 171 X.N. NR. X.R. NR. NR. W.R. V.R. X.R that W Sony 3 LITUANIE LITICANIA 1937 1938 2.527 2.55 1 1 7 1 1 N 1 t NorveGC NORWAY 1937 1938 2.89.4 2.906 1 2 IS PAYS-BAS NETHERLANDS 1937 1935 6.557 $.04 5 9 I N f POLOGNE POLAND 1937 1938 34.221 3-515 X.R. NR. N.R. PORTUGAL 8 5 1937 1938 7.301 7-38 S G S 6 13 II Roumaxic ROUMANIA 1937 1938 19,423 19.6.16 1.5 IG 15 16 23 12 7 5 85 56 186 ROYAUME-UNI UNITED KINGDOM 1937 1938 47-332 47.532 95 109 67 99 go 157 Suede SWEDEX 1937 1938 6.267 6.285 19 31 to 7 34 21 14 17 SUISSE SWITZERLAND 4.174 1937 1938 19 30 43 41 62 71 •$.183 1 TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE CZECHOSLOVAKIA 3 1937 1938 15.213 15.27 2 2 I N.R. 2 (c) N.R. N.R. TURQUIE TURKEY 1937 1938 16.49 16,8 2 2 3 3 2 2 N.R. N.R. 3 (a) En 1938, y compris l'Autriche. (0) Transformés en morphine. (c) Deux relevés trimestriels manquent. di La réponse des autorités roumaines à l'enquête du Comité laisse subsister la divergence entre ce chiffre et celui de la colonne III. (e) Un relevé trimestriel manque.

·Diacétylmorphine (diamorphine, héroīne) (suite). 1 B 5 ) Seos et ime ! Ce: CAT is szia é: 11 些: re cior.ces TS Eye CW tesis:0 Fant, ce de Sics Sup QUE im teen coins tiin **is h: cc ad Sticks PS : Cet- 1 comerc; Europe (2) PSS. 1.3.S? 201 319 372 157 291 IS 16. SICS.4.18 15.11! en f 1) umérique du Nord North meria 2 193: 195 3 Ir.réz 31 29 53 53 193: - S:TES OF 3:27:02 123.5: 129.918 il 3 3 méricce Centrale C2155:21 7937 il 11 - érique du Sud South American 1932 1.P.. 12.562 12.,62 VR. X.P. 1937 they SR S.R. VR. Y.R. X.P. S.R. CCOO213 8.75 I 1 2 1 I I93: *39 1 1 ri S.P. VR. VR. 4 :53 VR. 1 WP.. NR. a VR. N.R. R. VR. IQ; 13 YO 14 2.003 I 3-S1 3.53 I! - 1 sie Asia S.P. YR. ! ho VR i 11 5 7 :737 11 ICC ht:270 th ·7. Diacétyimorphine (diamorphine, héroïne) (fin). + 1 3 1 $ 1 1 * .Isle 12?;!!!! ..1 1.3 (Wirtini -- Pirmier rev 1 نم nu UM 3 3 fii" . 1 1 1 we 32 Strique .lric: S.:::::1:! ܀ 14 2 1 ITT LA: 1 1 T:*:*: 1 X 1 Océanic Occanla +7 .*.*.1..!* 1993: 193 23 IS -- YO12--21:40 SEK 7:11 $S3 1 3 3 Torty TORALS 775 11:32 13: $51 1 SI 151 636 S. Benzoylmorphine. Isic Isia D! irris, CCjs, c.. Darret, Ca':15, e. Sciss: jo!!!: Korx-Touro. KUTUYG 1937 !955 1.13 c) Toni i citruis. km. ont été détruits.

·9. -- Crude Cocaine. 5 . it':5-738 '1..: 16:18!111*-: 9. - Cocaïne brute. .Tur troue de l'article si le lit ( rit:: n fi ?.: epartment.tindique la Couriren alın 7°);15:11:r bosalis';;; 1. Cine bruke. Cimms .mnl, 1111 1111* l. lin...!!!!!?.!!! *.!!. ::: Consilise inil: 571.ible d'assist tilfredni: 15.11;! 11!!i. 1: del coccine brute, conteni qendrat: ,;":"11.1:: > 3 3 Tais 1 Europe Furage .ILI.I46: . 104 ili:10.101?. 1:58.16: . FR:CR އޭރު I'.*:-1,15 : 1411 PoloG::r: 11.11 FF H SUISSI: 1'} 4.153 Tonicoscoragterr. 1037 ic) 110) U.R.SS. 1753 10. 1993 YouGOSLAVIE 1937 *** 5. hin ·10. Cocaïne. 3 B 5 Quantité trixinin dont l'im 6713:iring Quantita anlité ir tilt tyttric 1.1 Quintir Quantita Επιγνιττ. Total qui sila remiar o circulation antite fal!n.c To! con rul:, Annie ti:is 2013 arhitec clans I Dr Y:47 l'arn? rosiimatr fot Ir l'aut, :- TEL) de l'Etat ting 1931 Quantity 10:;"15141 firca! 1.. malin":11 quasitv Quantity rruti..! engrat SA Quantity icportmi? 11:13 loa! the can Quality tilartit? ity ti? imre to! tar: columns Irrorat in tapmuntry irilis triran! Giron. of the :931 Con. tetico kr. Wr. lis. ks. Europe AURIXIK. 1 ve 1937 1938 X.R. X.R. X.R. X.R. X.R. X.R. X.R. VR. 1 1 .L.LEX 1CXI (.). 67.397 in 193S 370 13 505 510 6615 rin gin 74 9:4 33 11.ICHER). NA (1.76 1937 3. :7 47 . HrIGIOUS. 7 1937 103. 8.337 &311 197 155 170 54 101 220 230 --- Pr'LCASIE 11:35 iG 103. 1938 let 1310 + IS DAIVAEK 1037 jo 37": 3.7 Il 50 67 30 35 5.7 ESTAGE 1977 25.05 S.R. 130 10 3. IS X.R. 35 X.R, (c) X.R. ESTONIE 1037 19;S 1.13 1.131 11 6 7 8 S 1 6 FIXLAYIR. 3.63 10 1937 193S 16 10 10 Il ve Il "I !! !! In 70 IS NAXCC 109 Y 333 1032 1935 548 539 :15 IHS Grtor. 20 1037 193S 25 20 IS 9 15 10 IS 013 1S 33 HoxGrIT 3.; IS 1937 1935 S.989 0.035 11 35 . 25 3S ISLATE 2.951 5 1937 1935 ? 10 9 3 10 5 ISL.1x0r 2 2 1937 1938 0117 ONIS esco 3 3 2 Il TI LIE S5 1937 103.5 250 159 MR. X.R. (4) 77 WR. X.R. X.R. S.R. N.R. 13.029 S.R. LETTOXIE 13 1937 1935 1 S 3 I 005 1,071 12 S I6 15 LITHUANI 6 1937 1935 2.527 2.55 S 6 S LPSEVROLEG 1037 1935 0.295 0.301 5 VORVÈGE 19 1937 1935 2.804 2.000 19 1S 14 22 IS 16 (a) En 1938. y compris l'Autriche. En 1938, les données relatives à l'Autriche sont comprises dans celles de l'Allemagne; le seul chiffre relatif à l'Autrich qu'ait reçu le Conité est celui fourni par les autorités allemandes de l'importation au cours du deuxième trimestre: 5 kg. (c) l'o relevé trimestriel manque. Deux relevés trimestriels manquent.

·74 10. Cocaïne (suite). A 2 5 3 Quantité Inaximum dont l'im txitation est pts inier aux Quantity importes Stories Total Quantité fapxirler (y compris โน คุยntit imgretim Tot: 1 l'opula. tion on mistions Quantité confisquée qui ille rcinis circulation mu virsón 2117 stocks Quantita falitijure Innle culinos nchctia dans la na Tour les besoins de l'Etat l'annce sricálcnte luctions Millr les 14-oins de l'Etat) l'art, 1:0 la Conveni tim dc 1931 l'ny's Quantity inpfired (including This naximum quantity Stirks Chantils confirato) which was flir quanto jaunittaa Total :16 1hroma T'pu?.. tion in millions Quantity Izrularfired Total of Columns Year Iepristrul Quantity iinportryd 0 Ertight la the country for Go Yesument pilprxc3 11171 prrijos -C37 rice for Govern inrat putiny.ms) ( adica to incl. 103: Con Station lis. ki Rif. 1. Europe (51118) Pays-Bas 6.557 OG 111 20 1937 1038 sin 60 206 202 8 64 138 4 POLOGNE 50 16 S 58 1937 1939 3:21 34 515 IO NR. 18 V.R. X.R. PORTUGAL 7.301 15 3.3 1937 1938 53 33 13 13 28 25 73.5 Rou'2.UNIC 10.-3 7 35 1037 1938 . OS 45 II info S: 13 58 Royaur- ENT 158 589 3 - 1937 1938 47.332 17.532 3117 370 225 1 605 Sutor 1937 1938 0.267 6.285 SS 12 17 35 34 SO 51 St'issE 1037 1939 f.17 ..183 101 206 129 83 3 10 35 25+ 271 323 269 Il TchecoslovAgusti SG 211 1937 1938 15 213 15.27 223 270 137 X.R. - 01 Ito S.R. X.R. TURQUIE 1937 29 10.49 16.5 8 18 X.R. X.R. 193S 30 V.RSS... 89 1937 175.5 1038 169. 052 153 548 159 405 100 18 il 46 451 YOUGOSLAVIC 27 13 1037 1938 15.174 15. 6 3 Il 20 Dépendances, Colonics, etc.: britanniques : MALTE 1937 1938 0.262 0.265 2 3 Il 1 - w to Amérique du Nord CANADA 1037 1938 11.08 11.165 67 33 54 76 95 80 70 -7 ETATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE 1937 128.8.4 1938 129.818 8:45 017 605 573 813 785 1418 1 358 144 TERRE-NEUVE 1 1937 1938 0.258 0.289 1 1 1 1 Nexique et Amérique Centrale MEXIQUE II 1937 1938 24 19.003 19.32 25 19 13 22 25 19 (a) La réponse des autorités roumaines à l'enquête du Comité laisse subsister la divergence entre ce chiffre et celui de la colonne III. (6) Un relevé trimestriel manque.

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·10. Cocaïne (suite). CA 2 3 B Quantite maximura dont l'importation Quantité importée (y compris la quantité importéo Popula- Total des éva. Suations Stocks à la fin de l'année précédente est per mise aux Année Quantité fabriquée tion en Total des colonnes 14 Quantité confisquéc qui été remise en circulation ou versée aux stocks Quantité importée OU achette dans le pay's pour les besoins de l'Itat millions Pour les besoins de l'Etat) termes de l'art. 12 de la Convention de 1931 Pays Quantity imported (including tắc quan Population in millions Total of esti. mates Stocks held at the end of previous your Quantity manufactured Year Tbe maximum quantity which is permitted to be imported under Art. 12 of the 1931 Con. vention Quantity confiscated which has teer released or added to stocks Total of columns tity im. ported for Governocnt purposes) Quantity imported or bought in the country for Govertent purposes KE KE Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg Asie (suite) IRAK 1937 1938 3.6 3.67 1 1 Il 1 7 I IRAN 1937 1938 15. 15.- 10 16 NR. N.R. N.R. N.R. 6 7 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. JAPON. 1937 1938 70.5 71.5 948 900 405 397 896 900 55 14 1 301 I 297 3 3 THAILANDE. 2 I 1937 1938 14.4 14.65 7 1 NN 1 7 3 2 2 Dépendances, Colonies, etc.: britanniques : BIRMIANIE (a) I . 1937 1938 15.6 15.797 1 2 1 2 IIO IO I20 CEYLAN 2 2 1937 1938 5.758 5.86, 2 3 I 3 I HONG-KONG I 1 1937 1938 1 1 1 7 1,01 1 1 MALAISIE BRITANNIQUE ET BRUNÉI 4.844 2 1 1937 1938 2 4 5.174 3 I 5 des Etats-Unis : PHILIPPINES 27 12 1937 1938 13.35 13.6 5 13 15 7 4 27 15 17 frai aises : INDOCHINE FRANÇAISE 1 1937 1938 23.15 23.3 4 10 4 10 aus, 5 japonaises : CORÉE . 1937 1938 23.38 23.64 29 24 13 15 6 7 16 5 23 17 35 27 FORMOSE 11 1937 1938 5-31 5.446 53 34 37 90 85 124, 122 KOUAN-TOUNG 1937 1938 1.7 1.75 45 40 5 5 40 25 40 45 34 3 7 néerlandaises : INDES NÉERLANDAISES I 1937 1938 66.4 67.4 4 10 12 ܝܪ ܕ 10 12 $ 13 portugaises : MACAO I I 1937 1938 0.17 0.17 il I Territoires soufs 111andal: britannique : PALESTINE 1.36 6 6 1937 1938 10 10 1.4 10 10 2 2 français: SYRIE ET LIBAN 35 1937 1938 12 17 il 3 4 12 17 3.6 2 (a) A partir du jer avril 1937, la Birmanie ne fait plus partie de l'Inde.

·10. Cocaïne (fin). A 1 2 3 B 1 5 Quantite importée (y compris Quantité marimum dont l'im portation Popula. tion en millions Total des éva. luations est per la quantité mise aux année Stocks à la fin de l'année précédente Quantité fabriquée Quantité confisquée qui a été remise en circulation ou verscc au. stocks Total des colonnes Quantité importør Ou achetée dans lc pays pour les besoins de l'Etat importée pour les besoins de l'Etat) termes de l'art. 13 dc la Convention de 1931 Pays Popula. tion in millions Total of estimates Year Stocks beld at the end of previous усаг Quantity manufactured The maximum quantity which is permitted to be imported under art. 12 of the 1931 Convention Quantity imported (including the quan: tity im. ported for Govern. mcnt purposes) Quantity confiscated which has bcen released or added to stocks Total of columns I to 4 Quantity imported Or bought in the country for Government purposes kg. kg. kg. Kg. kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Afrique EGYPTC I 1937 1938 15.86 16.03 دن به به ده 3 3 4* 3 1 2 UNIOX SUD-AFRICAINE 17 25 26 1937 1938 9.707 9.889 25 31 9 8 N.R. 16 N.R. N.R. Dépendances, Colonies, elc.: britanniques : SOUS 3 COTE DE L'OR ET TOGO MAXDAT BRITANNIQUE 3 1937 1938 3.65 3.747 11 1 1 françaises : AFRIQUE-OCCIDENTALE FRANÇAISE 1937 1938 14.7 14:75 2 3 3 I را به 3 3 2 ALGÉRIE. 1937 1938 7.31 15 15 11 9 IO 15 15 9 IO 7.4 JadaGASCAR 1937 1938 3.8 3.8 2 2 Il 2 2 Maroc (ZONE FRANÇAISE) . 6.36 1937 1938 9 9 6 II 9 2 9 9 6.43 15 13 11 11 TUNISIE . 1 1937 1938 2.63 2.67 6 3 4 2 11 6 portugaises : ANGOLA Y I 2 1937 1938 3.25 3.25 2 5 2 5 2 4 Il 11 VOZAMBIQUE 4.25 I I 1937 1938 2 2 2 2 4.28 I 1 Territoires sous mandat: français : CADEROUX 2.39 1937 1938 1 2 11 C 1 2 1 Océanie It'STRALII IS 89 1937 1938 0.807 6.867 91 98 91 87 133 136 NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE 1937 1938 1.585 1.602 12 12 7 5 5 12 12 12 9 TOTAUX 1937 1938 3 122 3239 4142 3490 843 676 ·82 11. Dihydrooxycodéinone, Dihydrocodéinone, Dihydromorphinone, Acétylodihydrocodéinone, N-Oxymorphine et Benzylmorphine. Les chiffres qui figurent dans ce tableau sont la somme de données relatives à six « drogues » distinctes. En comparant ces statistiques et évaluations globales, il ne faut pas perdre de vue certains faits: l'excédent d'importation d'une drogue, par exemple, peut être contrebalancé dans le cas où l'importation d'une autre drogue est inférieure à l'évaluation. L 2 3 B 5 Truantit importie Total Total dcs Annic Topula. tion en Inillions Stoch la fin de l'année proefdicnic Quantité fabriquéc Quantité maximum Quantité dont l'im imporléc (y coinpris portation es! la quantité mise aux importac tertors de pour les l'art.12 cc besoins de la Convon. l'Etat) tion de 1931 Quantité confisquét qui a été remise en circulation ou erric 220X stocks bralustions colonnes achetée dins le pays pour Jos besoins de l'Etat l'ay's Quantity imported Stocks Held at the end Year Porula. tien in millions Total of osti. patro Quantity manufactured Thc maximum Quantity quantity imporica which is Quantity (Srcluding retniticd confiscated the quan.. to le which has tity imimported Leen priid for urder released Govern Art. 12 or acderi ment of the to stockis furpes) Conven. 11on Total of columns : 104 previous scar hought in the country for Goyernment purposes 1931 kr. kis. K. kr. Kc. K. Europe ALLEMAG.SE (). 266 1937 1938 67.587 7.4.826 9 223 250 265 258 Il 67 $2 531 535 277 11 AUTRICIC (a). 1237 6.76 so 8 36 18 BELGIQUE 1 1937 1938 8.331 8.301 21 15 13 15 23 27 5 7 10 BULGARIL 2 1937 1938 6.238 6.310 11 3 3 1!,!!!!! See on !!!!! 3 DAXL PARK. ✓ 1937 1938 3-762 3.79 9 il 5 7 - 7 II ESPAGNE 6 1937 1938 25.05 25.- 7 0 X.R. 3 S N.R. Y.R. (6) 7 N.R. ESTONIE 1937 1933 1.13 1.131 1 1 1 1 1 1 FINLANDI 3.603 1 I 1937 1938 2 3 2 3 3 63 1 2 3 FRANCE 2 1937 1938 1.91 1.97 23 26 5 7 13 5 17 19 21 HoxGRIT 6 in 6 1937 1938 8.989 9.035 7 4 ITALIE 6 1937 1938 42.677 13.029 5 N.R. X.R. X.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R N.R. LETTONIE 1937 1938 1.965 1.971 6:4 3 2 Co in 3 4 2 LITHUASIE. 1932 1938 2.527 2.55 Il 11 I 4 NORVÈGE 2 1937 !938 2.894 2.906 2 1 2 1 I 2 PAYS-Bas 6 2 15 1937 1938 8.557 8.64 16 18 5 2 4 16 II POLogne I 20 1 1937 1938 34.221 34.515 20 20 N.R. 2 N.R. N.R. PORTUGAL 1 1937 1938 7.301 7-38 4 5 I 5 I ROUMANIE. 19.423 11 1 1937 1938 4 19 646 19 3 3 11 19 I 2 I 11 10 9 12 4 SUÈDE. 1937 6.267 12 6 1938 6.285 13 5 3 (a) En 1938, les données relatives à l'Autriche sont comprises dans celles de l'Allemagne, (b) Un relevé trimestriel manque. (c) Deux relevés trimestriels manquent.

·84 AN 11. Dihydrooxycodéinone, Dihydrocodéinone, Dihydromorphinone, Acétylodihydrocodéinone, N-Oxymorphine et Benzylmorphine (fin). Ics chiffres qui figurent dans ce tablcau sont la somme de données relatives à six « drogues » distinctes. En comparant ces statistiques et évaluations globales, il ne faut pas perdre de vie certains faits: l'excédent d'importation d'une clrogue, par exemple, peut être contrcbalancé dans le cas où l'importation d'une autre droguc est inférieure à l'évaluation. 2 3 B 4 1 5 Quantit maximum dont l'in. portation Total l'opula. tinn 11 millions Inni's Quantite imxortic (v corap: is la quantité imporlle Stocks la fin dc l'année préceciente Quantité Jabrigtséc cst per misc 2013 €12 Quantist confisquée qui a été Total trinis: on dos circulation colonnes ou versec 211X stacks Duantit Toimitu 00 achette dans le ray's les besoit de l'Eta fuations besointic l'Etat) terrnrs dc Harl.1: de la Convention de 1931 Quantity inimler! {isschuling Quantit importet the fun. Total of columns Popula. tion in millings Year Total olesti insir Tbc ina rimnum quantity which is Quantity pmtmirler colliscared to tre which has in vrte beca under releasca Art. 12 o: added of the to stocks 1231 Convon. Stocks licki at the end of previous car Quantity minutactured forted lor Govern ment purposes) Lught i the count for Go- Vemmen purpose 15. ks. his. Europe (fin), Suisst: 13 1037 1038 f163 20 29 18 1 48 Tonicoslovaqul. 20 28 1 2.5 1937 1935 15.213 1527 20 X.R N.R. X.R. YOUGOSLAVIC 15 15 1037 1938 15.171 15-4 3 4 5 7 3 Amérique du Nord Etats-t'xis D'ALKIDID. 38 137 128 8.1 11038 1:9.818 37 38 --- 16 36 61 75 63 25 Amérique Centrale CUBA + 37 7 1 N.R. 1937 1938 Amérique du Sud ARGENTINE 1937 1938 12.502 12.762 XR. 5 S 11 6 S NR. N.R. Asic CHINC. 5 X.R 1937 450.-- 1938 150.- X.R. NR. N.R. NR. تن (a) || IXDE (0) S 1 I 1937 358.6 1938 362,- 2 JAPON 18 88 1937 1938 70.5 71.5 72 70 70 26 8 54 Dépendances, coloncs, ac : japonaises ; Corte. 20 21 1937 1938 23 38 23.64 32 30 12 10 20 20 FORMOSE 1 1 1937 1938 5.31 5.446 2 1 2 4 2 2 nécrlandaises : INDES VÉERLANDAISES I I 1937 1938 66.4 67.4 1 3 1 3 TOTAUX 1937 1938 434 415 411 395 DO 67 (a) Un relevé trimestriel manque. (b) Les données concernant les stocks, la fabrication, les confiscations et les achats pour les besoins de l'Etat ne se réfèren qu'à l'Inde britannique.

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·Méthylmorphine (codéine) (5//// 3 B llyaluation 15. Hvilnahuli 11t liftail ارد. F}4{ Quanti tix propre l'unit: - 111011) Country )11( راء .. 11111111، 1. 11111 fins do Innihal 1 w11, 11:"Nie Juosts ont l'lin. 2/19ntile imurfin portf100 ronths putns (y compris est for H 41.palila 11-11 11!! * linjer 1ta fortellin post is l'it, idcyclica IN Sushi (VI) 1'1:1.4) Units tolle tuli non .alint ม 10$ ty !nite muito Inaltinis priradenlos listimale il 11011 1.11 millions Aunt: Qually Stolirlit ol oriy ff1INA!!! Quantity "Almirleit mit lll your Was frarest to inuntain 15111 ' 145 r11 трпаnity suulily (119lumnsnillud funtzira white lihas (lastest lily 101 Jires) rulistima l'or of the most is locompi, testy l'aya usturinn 11011" Ali Sirls the 111.111 convention 9131 Aslat AwillANISTAN at the end Quantity maturarea PREVIOUS ус.41 'Tutal •$}1 dopallo 1111411) 3131 Year L.VII) 5131 millions Bilfo**c*) میا R. N.ll, N.K. NR 'ils N.R. NI CHINA Ris. NR. N.R. N.R. ---- N.NL (1) violls 'NIN YI'N 9 . (108 3.1 10 19 NN, Asie AvoillaTIISTAN 1937 7:-* 7.-- 7! N.IL 0 ovul N.K. N.R. 1937 14150.--- 19.313 4150,--- 800 3 2111111) $ JAPAN 215 11,283 17 8 5019 .3.37 000 1937 1,358,00 3.1 5 1:3 19.31 1.30.2. --- 2005 INDI: (n) TITATIANI 1718 (0) 1 000 . 001: ! 9011 13,6 10.) 1705(6) 23.0) 7 1937 Dependencias, Colonias, plain; British: CHV1.07 3.67 19.375 31 VIII 19 2276 41752 100) 5013 2 370 1 000 70,5 71.5 1937 19.374 1 1 JAPON . Cyrnus 1937 TITAYLANDI 7 19.38 1.1.05 ܨܐ ܕܐ (1,17 1 ;] TIONG-KONG Napendances, Colo- Nas, alri, i bollunniyiras; CEYIAN 13 ñ 5.75% 5,86 ū 1937 1938 1 1 BATTISII MALAYA AND BRUNEI ܪ 3 3 $ 1931 (1,300 13,373 1.17 3 of CHYPRIE 1938 3 3 3 0,02 0,07 1937 ñ 5 TIONG-Kono 10'1 { ; A / 1937.8.11 5.174 5 MALAISII BRITAN PIQUI IT BRUNEI 1938 ·15. Methyımorphine (coueine) (10) 2 3 B C 4 5 A D 6 7 E pour la Evaluation des stocks Année Population en Inillions Stocks Total à la des fin de éval'année luations précédente Quantité fabriquée Stocks à la fin de l'année Quantité exportéc que l'on pour les désirait maintenir pour être Pays Country de 1931 Quantité Quantité maximum utiliséc dont l'im. Quantité Quantité portation importée confisquée Evaluation transfor Evaluation (y compris cst perqui a été de la mation on de la la quantité mise aux Consomremise en Par quantité de drogues » quantite termos de importée circulation mation million la drogue du nécessaire l'art. 12 de ou versée calculée d'habitants nécessaire Groupe Il aux fins de la Convenbesoins de aux de l'art. 1 transfor tion die l'Etat) stocks utilisée dc la mation 1937 comine telle Convention The maximum Quantity Quantity quantity usert for which is imported Estimate Quantity conversion permitted Estimate (including confiscated of the into of the to be the quantº which has Calculated Per importaal quantity quantity tity im. been consump million of the druk in Group I, under necessary ported for released tion inhabitants necessary Art. 1, for the Art, 12 Governor added for use of the purpose of of the 1931 incnt to stocks 1931 conversion Convcn. purposes) Convention tion Stocks held at the end Stocks heid at the end of previous year Population in millions " Drugs Total of estimatcs Quantity manufactured Quantity exported Year Estimate of the amount of stocks which it was desired to maintain of the year as such Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Ks. Ks. Ks. kg. ka ks. Kg. Kg. kg. Africa (continued) Afrique (suite) Dépendances, Colonies, etc. : britanniques : Dependencies, Colonies, etc..: British : GOLD COAST AND TOGOLAND UNDER BRITISH MANDATE CÔTE DE L'OR ET TOGO SOUS MAN- DAT BRITANNIQUE I 1937 1938 3.65 3.747 I I 0.27 MAURICE 1937 MAURITIUS 0.411 0.413 1 1 1 1 1938 1 T 2.42 1 françaises : AFRIQUE-EQUATO. RIALE FRANÇAISE 1937 1938 3.5 3.5 2 2 - - French : FRENCH EDUA- TORIAL AFRICA 1 2 AFRIQUE-OCCIDEN- TALE FRANÇAISE. 1937 1938 14.7 14.75 8 10 13 12 I 6 8 10 0.1.1 0.81 8 10 12 6 FRENCH WEST: AFRICA I 2 3 ALGÉRIE 25 25 17 2 1937 1938 ALGERIA 7.31 7.4 2:32 17 30 25 45 45 N.R. MADAGASCAR II MADAGASCAR 1937 1938 3.8 3.8 20 15 25 17 20 15 - 19 12 20 15 17 9 4 3.16 21 MAROC (Zone française) 1937 1938 6.36 6.43 21 24 (a) 3 43 23 15 21 12 43 21 Morocco (French Zone) 37 5.75 15 RÉUNION. 1 1 REUNION 1937 1938 0.21 .0,21 4.76 9.52 2 2 2 2 2

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·fitne +111.4116.16 mediante 11AALIN Milly Elcom Herald fundit 1619 9XI 1815 KA Alsfrena it14 Nort l'Alt North Ainarias VARTAITA . 1 7 . fugl - 1:17 111111101ATH Lot ANIMIRA In $ 'I'IN 12-Noir WINAN ! Mi100 MT1411 of Anna I'tit (insanlarla SIN XI(1111, 1017 19.00 MX100 31 1. } . 1937 VI.) 7 X X . 210HIVAIYS 31HIVATVI 1 it Amortue du stunt 011111 Anturion Alisht! 'RI'N Nill, Nil AMOSTONUSAN I'N IN 41.105 1 'NI'N I'N N.K NJ. UHAMI, Nill Hill, N.. N.R. (.. 1437 11 Cito, 0 COLUNIANI 1 19.37 --- (ufta 3 1 . .

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·Diacétylmorphine. (DIAMONMIXE, NÉNOM1:). 1 Ewrz alt ist fr: {{{x. 1 ! do svaluation. t or you ( - www VA **An 1 31 mo 3 1187 AXI1 49 *** $ 74 ܝܝܘܙܝ --- *** 3 14 . TKSS. *** Totoco".1 AX!! carina . Cocaine. VO .11.1.1-1.31,87' 530 * NXLOT: !75 37 Wens : KOY1":11: :::. 353 1 Suissa: jo ! ܙ ܐܝ U.R.S.S en met 361 405 You'l081..171. * litats::15 li'.!!!:$ 7S. ARGE.TIST: X.R. $ .SK, 5. DI: . Jaros 90) Contr 5 ForOST 13 30 83 TOTAUX * Limite de l'évaluation, (a) Cette quantité commend aussi la quantité utiliser pour la fabrication des préparations dont l'exportation ne nécessite pas d'autorisation, méme si ces firéparations sont destinées i ette exportées, (b) y compris 3 k. achctés pour la consommation des Services sde l'Etat.

·Thébaine. 2 3 4 6 Quantite Quantité Quantita utilisée Quantits utilisic acquise cominc tcir Utiliste pour inaintint Kur maintrnir pour la les stocks les stocks aut fins die consommation de riserye I'ltat Iniisirure translorination 211 11vcu au niveau spérifié dans los limiton dos évaluations Ounntato rapriis Tatal is rolonna Quantité importic l'ay's Quinlitt experim? Total of columns Quantity Quantity Quantity 05061 as such Quantity teral to acquired to (14641 for the maintain tlin $naintain the for domestic furse of Irroir forks Governinont conserption onversion at the storks at the 8}#Cfni fryri deireel fruci within tho limits of the estimatos * Quantity importezi Ks. kis X5 KE ALLEMAGNE alia . 284 BELGIQUE . 32 32 FRANCE 20 * -- . 20 Pays-Bas 1 3 13 ROYAUME-UNI, 92 99 LOUGOSI.VIE am 3 CTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE 10 10 TAPON. S5 TOTAUX Ester méthylique de l'ecgonine. \LLEMAGNE 50" 50 Dihydrooxycodéinone, Dihydrocodéinone, Dihydromorphinone, Acétylodihydrocodéinone et N-Oxymorphine. Dans les pays suivants, la fabrication de l'une ou l'autre de ces cing drogues a dépassé la quantité dont a fabrication est autorisée d'après les articles 6 et 7 de la Convention de 1931, Pays Excédent do fabrication en 1938, s'il n'est pas tenu compte de l'excédent fabriqué en 1937. Kg. . Allemagne Belgique France Suisse 8 I I 4 # Limite de l'évaluation. (a) Cette quantité comprend aussi la quantité utilisée pour la fabrication des préparations dont l'exportation ne néces d'autorisation, même si ces préparations sont destinées à être exportées.

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·Row ()1111111. (plum brut. linguistinu! 1'e111ales Muling 117 Tints tingin po uportate (reprips slay for 1\utt:81- Marjetin tiu 1 yn llites nost in las pontatti Impilla omiin Alcune 11 prin Hill Nostliny kumcu :ܙܙܐ liermany Hulpnaire 91 13.7:1) Alte martNet MANY illa!!!! i liit JINLIQUE HOLUN Ut fringe 791) Apalin (0) SPAIN (0) 60111 THANEX Tralis (1) Italy (0) 1'118 118 NII'IRNIANI ROYAUME- UN RUHUN! 11* W! .. . try UVAUI** (M) C'1111'LUMARIN (M) 1 KYUN N'AMII I'17'1763 (jf AMERIA ·Feuilles de coca. Coca Leaves. PAYS EXPORTATIUR3 EXPORTING COUNTRINS Allemagno Indcs néerlandaises Pays-Bas Bolivic Perou Formosa Autres pays PAYS IMPORTATHUNS TOTAI. IMPORTING COUNTRIES Germany Nctlcrlands Bolivia T'cru l'ormosa Nellierlands Inicy Other Countries Ks. KS. K. KA K. K. Ky, K. Allemagne 74 486 12 111 80130 Germany 74 1875 11167 85942 Tiranco 49 080 3055 3060 Trance 10402 7727 5.192 50 818 59 3.95 Pays-Bas . 15 0019 15 002 . Netherlands koyaume-Uni 554 667 43 671 25 385* 29381* 09010 7:3 626 United Kingdom 13085 Turquio 500* I 000* 1 500 Turkcy TII Etats-Unis d'Amérique 22 000* 11 327* 174 582 88 10.1 United States of America (c) 11 337 11 339 208 581 110 830 Argentino (2) 351 578 3.88.17.1 18952 0 100 (0) IT2 370 Argentinc (d) 2990 370 642 397 010 Pérou (a) Peru (a} 1958 1958 Japon 45 301 15 260 45 301 15 200 Japan Autres pays 1829 2120 173 177 27.12 Other countries 740 708 6 3 075 ΤοΤΛΙ. 5 939 11 837 190 670 180 522 351 578 390 1.32 213 705 108 111 45 301 16 200 52 725 10 781 852 1138 800 770 TOTAL. 777 727 * Divergence attribuablc au fnit que des quantités exportées à la fin l'une année n'arrivent à cIcstination qu'au début de l'année suivanic, (a) Un relove trimestriel manque. (0) Prance, Royaume-Uni, Portugal et Suisse. (c) Colle divergenco fait encore l'objet d'unc cnquête du Comité (i),.,11. n'existe pas de controle de l'importation des fcuilles de coca cn Argentinc, * Discrepancy assumed to be due to the fact that quantities exported at the end of one year only arrive at their destination at the beginning of the following year, (ru) Return for one quarter missing, (1) France, the United Kingdom, Portugal and Switzerland. (c) This discrepancy is still under investigation lry the Board. (.) There is no legislative control of the iniports of coca leaves in the Argentinc.

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·Diacétylmorphine (diamorphine, héroïne). Diacetylmorpliine (Diamorphine, lleroin). l'IY VI'OITATE!!! Porto (al:71:7:" Illa:narne! Belur 1.151.mirl: Pitys-Bas Ror.1mc ('131 Suice Yougo). slavie 1:17.5311" (1.791!'* 3.pon }); 1. Cirrmany Belista Dort.lt Nether linds tinted lim09}] Switzer lind .... Japan 3 13 lig. kg. lis; ܪܙܝܺ S: S 3:1 116 Wisata 2 15. ܚܕܐ 19:r kour...i.. -$ f 11 N بان 53 !1:.. 2 1 1 A 19:31 1

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·*0111 111111111 Hi!!!!:,109.) "81110**1 TV10). luttet py! P1510011711! Youks Japon (RS.S. Ul. countries 1110 J.p.in Ilongrie Switzi'r U.SSR ܕܐ ܙܙܢܐܟ Vethern lanks inted kingdom lic Ciremany (") Hungary k. lis lis → lis; kg 11 lis 08 6 Spain (c) 35 IS 39 fimleriet * 16 40 9 I..itvi WA 1 10) 16 l'art.1 AM" Rumuni A. OI 0,5 AN Switsonline 19 Turkey : A..d Canada 3 23 I 31cxico) WAPM Aura 4 10 C:b. 8 ·A 124 E. STATISTIQUES ANNUELLES DES CONFISCATIONS (1938). E. ANXUAL, STATISTICS OF CONFISCATIONS (1938). 1 > AVAWA-WM OPIU. BRUT RAW OPIUI In. . 11:17.'* 902 3.93 14:03 377 French Indo.Chirii Brypt long-Kong hoir T.SS.R. Harma Syrir and l.rb.inc: China livankung T:mines Turkcy Germany Thailand 1'alestine Inuina Cryheir 1::.131cc wahr:lands like United States of Anci: Veilietlanels Brit 11.12y3 ni Brune Irony Vorlayacar Fornio 503 9 1.8.1:18. 1 179 ***!!!" 1 03 n 1:00 - 3 13 (1:29 1:11. :.;7" : l'on 5 Reunion Cyprus Tisc). Ind.. 5 1 1 1:17:!:!16 Surden Varanlagen 7 5 om ON) MEDICI.X.11. IT ONUN Sots PORSC. DE PREPANTIOXS $11)ICIXAL. ONUN AXD OP10.11 1.8 TIL FOR. OB I'RI1'.1RATIONS 11:111.1.1:S DE COC! w CO61 1.1.1VIS ·126 E. STATISTIQUES ANNUELLES DES CONFISCATIONS (1938) (fir). E. ANNUAL STATISTICS OF CONFISCATIONS (1938) (concluded), Quantités confisquées à la suite: d'importations d'exportations détruites illicites illicitos qui n'ont pas encore reçu d'affectation Pays (par ordre d'importance des confiscations) Countrics (by order of importance of confiscations) Quantities confiscated on account of: illicit illicit destroyed imports exports not yet disposed of kg, kg. kg. DIACETYLMORPHINE DIACETYLMORPHINE 76 100 53 31 53 8o 9 14 IO 12 4 France. Chine Etats-Unis d'Amérique Egypte Palestine. Yougoslavie Grèce Allemagne Tunisie Malaisie brit, et Brunéi. Kouan-Touag. Indes néerlandaises Turquie Bulgarie France China United States of America Egypt Palestine Yugoslavia Greece Germany Tunis Brit. Malaya and Brunci Kwantung Netherlands Indies Turkey Bulgaria 2 2 2 1 I 17 3 I 8 TOTAL. 195 10 66 267 ΤοΤΑΣ. PILULES-PILLS PILULES-PILLS PILULES-PILLS 7061 5 576 Macao. Hong-Kong 17 061 2773 181 Macao Hong-Kong BENZOYLMORPHINE KE. KE. kg. .ܨܶܬ݁ Kouan-Toung 2 Kwantung COCAINE COCAINE 4 3 2 34 Kouan-Toung. France. Malaisie brit. et Brunéi. Cuba Chine Etats-Unis d'Amérique Inde I 3 Kwantung France Brit. Malaya and Brunei Cuba China United States of America India I x TOTAL. 10 I I 50 ΤοΤΑΣ. 1 CODÉINE CODEINE Kouan-Toung. ► 5 Kwantung ETHYLMORPHINE Kouan-Toung Kwantung (a) Ces chiffres peuvent comprendre des quantités confisquées au cours des années antérieures. Les quantités qui ont été remises en circulation ou versées aux stocks figurent dans la colonne 4 des tableaux de la Partie B du présent document. (a} These figures may include quantities confiscated during previous years. The quantities which were released or added to stocks are shown in column 4 of the tables in Part B of this document,

·'
15KICITIONIT TRANSFORILATION DE M VOSFILE; FABRICATION DE L
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·His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India For Great Britain and Northern Ireland and all parts of the British Empire which are not separate Members of the League of Nations Oscar Follett DowSON, Esq. C.B E., Legal Adviser to the Home Office; Major William Hewett COLES, DSO., Representative of the United Kingdom on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs - For the Dominion of Canada Colonel C. H L SHARMAN, CMG, CBE, Chief of the Narcotic Division of the Department of Pensions and National Health, Representative of Canada on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. For India: Gordon Sidey HARDY, Esq. CI.E,ICS, Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs His Majesty the King of the Bulganans M. Nicolas MOSTCHUILOFF, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council The President of the National Gavernment of the Republic of China Dr. Hoo Chi-Tsar, Director of the Permanent Office of the Delegation to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council The President of the Republic of Colombia.. M. Rafael GUIZADO, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations The President of the Republic of Cuba. M. Guillermo de BLANCK, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council His Majesiy the King of Denmark and Iceland. M William BORBERG, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary His Majesty the King of Egypt: M Edgar GORRA, Royal Adviser, " Directeur du contentieux de l'Etat ", Alexandria The Official entrusted with the Supreme Power of the Republic of Ecuador, M Alejandro GASTELÚ CONCHA, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations, Consul-General in Geneva The President of the Spanish Republic. M Julio CASARES Y SÁNCHEZ, Head of Section at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Representative of Spain on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs ·The President of the Republic of Estonia: M. Johannes KODAR, Permanent Delegate as to the League of Nations, The President of the French Republic M. VERCHÈRE DE REFFYE, Minister Plenipotentiary, "Sous-Directeur des chancelleries et du contentieux" at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; M Gaston BOURGOIS, Consul-General of France His Majesty the King of the Hellenes M Raoul BIBICA-ROSETTI, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; M Alexandre CONTOUNAS, First Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations The President of the Republic of Honduras: Dr Julián LÓPEZ PINEDA, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Chargé d'Affaires in Paris His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary M László DE VELICS, Chief of the Royal Delegation to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council His Majesty the Emperor of Japan: M Massa-aki HOTTA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council. The President of the United States of Mexico M Manuel TELLO, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations, First Secretary of the Mexican Foreign Service, Representative of Mexico on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. His Serene Highness the Prince of Monaco, M. Xavier-John RAISIN, Consul-General at Geneva. The President of the Republic of Panama. Dr. Ernesto HOFFMANN, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations. Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands. N J.H. DELGORGE, Adviser of the Netherlands Government on international opium questions, Netherlands Representative on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs; Jonkheer G BEELAERTS VAN BLOKLAND, Assistant Editor to the Jinistry of Foreign Affairs.

·The President of the Republic of Poland: Dr. Witold CHODŹKo, Fomer Minister of Public Health, Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs The President of the Portuguese Republic: Dr. Augusto DE VASCONCELLOS, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Minister Plenipotentiary; Professor José CAEIRO DA MATTA, Rector of the University of Lisbon His Majesty the King of Roumania. M Constantin ANTONIADE, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the League of Nations The Swiss Federal Council. M Camille GORGÉ, Counsellor of Legation, Chief of the League of Nations Section at the Federal Political Department The President of the Czechoslovak Republic: Dr Antonín KOUKAL, Adviser at the Ministry of Justice The Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics M. Georges LACHKEVITCH, Legal Adviser at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs The President of the Republic of Uruguay: M Victor BENAVIDES, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council; Dr. Alfredo DE CASTRO, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of the Belgians and to Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, Representative of Uruguay on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opruin and Other Dangerous Drugs The President of the United States of Venezuela M. Manuel AROCHA, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. who, having produced their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following provisions: Artide I. I. In the present Convention," narcotic drugs" shall be deemed to mean the drugs and substances to which the provisions of the Hague Convention of Japuary 23rd, 1912, and the Geneva Conventions of February 19th, 1925, and July 13th, 1931, are now or hereafter niay be applicable.

·2 For the purposes of the present Convention, the word " extraction" connotes an operation whereby a narcotic drug is separated from the substance or compound of which it forms part, without involving any actual manufacture or conversion properly so called. This definition of the word "extraction” is not intended to include the processes whereby raw opium is obtained from the opium poppy, these being covered by the term “ production Article 2. Each of the High Contracting Parties agrees to make the necessary legislative provisions for severely punishing, particularly by imprisonment or other penalties of deprivation of liberty, the following acts--namely' (a) The manufacture, conversion, extraction, preparation, possession, offering, offering for sale, distribution, purchase, sale, delivery on any terms whatsoever, brokage, despatch, despatch in transit, transport, importation and exportation of narcotic drugs, contrary to the provisions of the said Conventions, (5) Intentional participation in the offences specified in this Article, (c) Conspiracy to commit any of the above-mentioned offences, (d) Attempts and, subject to the conditions prescribed by national law, preparatory acts Article 3 The High! jurisdiction in the territory of another High i. essary legislative provisions for punishing such ritory of any offence specified in Article 2 at least as severely as if the offence had been committed in their own territory Article 4 Each of the acts specified in Article 2 shall, if committed in different countries, be considered as a distinct offence. Article 5. The High Contracting Parties, whose national law regulates cultivation, gathering and production with a view to obtaining narcotic drugs, shall likewise make severely punishable contraventions thereof. Article 6. In countries where the principle of the international recognition of previous convictions is recognised, foreign convictions for the offences referred to in Article 2 shall, subject to the conditions prescribed by the domestic law, be recognised for the purpose of establishing habitual criminality 1. Article 7. In countries where the principle of the extradition of nationals is not recognised, nationals who have returned to the territory of their own country, after the commission abroad of any of the offences referred to in Article 2, shall be prosecuted and punished in the same manner as if the offence had been committed in the said territory, even in a case where the offender has acquired his nationality after the commission of the offence 2, This provision does not apply if, in a similar case, the extradition of a foreigner cannot be granted. Article 8. Foreigners who are in the terntory of a High Contracting Party and who have committed • abroad any of the offences set out in Article 2 shall be prosecuted and punished as though the offence had been committed in that territory of the following conditions are realised---namely, that: (a) Extradition has been requested and could not be granted for a reason independent of the offence itself, (6) The law of the country of refuge considers prosecution for offences committed abroad by foreigners admissible as a general rule.

·Article 9 I The offences set out in Article 2 shall be deemed to be included as extradition comes in • any extradition treaty which has been or may hereafter be concluded between any of the High Contracting Parties. The High Contracting Parties who do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty or on reciprocity shall as between themselves recognise the offences referred to above as extradition crimes 3. Extradition shall be granted in conformity with the law of the country to which application is made. convicted is not sufficiently serious. Article 10 Any narcotic drugs as well as any substances and instruments intended for the commission of any of the offences referred to in Article 2 shall be liable to serzure and confiscation Article II I. 2 Each of the High Contracting Parties shall set up, within the framework of its domestic law, a central office for the supervision and co-ordination of all operations necessary to prevent the offences specified in Article 2, and for ensuring that steps are taken to prosecute persons guilty of such offences This central office (a) Shall be in close contact with other official institutions or bodies dealing with narcotic drugs; (6) Shall centralise all information of a nature to facilitate the investigation and prevention of the offences specified in Article 2; (c) Shall be in close contact with and may correspond direct with the central offices of other countries 3 Where the Government of a High Contracting Party is federal in character, or where the executive authority of its Government is distributed between central and local Governments, the supervision and co-ordination specified in paragraph i and the execution of the functions specified in (a) and (b) of paragraph 2 shall be carried out in conformity with the constitutional or administrative system thereof. 4. Where the present Convention has been applied to any tentory by virtue of Article 18, the requirements of the present Article may be carried out by means of a central office set up in or for that territory acting in conjunction, if necessary, with the central office in the metropolitan territory concerned 5. The powers and the functions of the central office may be delegated to the special administration referred to in Article 15 of the Convention for limiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs of 1931. Article 12 I The central office shall co-operate with the central offices of foreign countries to the greatest extent possible, in order to facilitate the prevention and punishment of the offences specified in Article 2 2. The office shall, so far as it thinks expedient, communicate to the central office of any country which may be concerned (a) Particulars which would make it possible to carry out any investigations or operations relating to any transactions in progress or proposed, (6) Any particulars which it has been able to secure regarding the identity and the description of traffickers with a view to supervising their movements, (c) Discoveries of secret factories of narcotic drugs Article 13 I. The transmission of letters of request relating to the offences referred to in Article 2 shall be effected (a) Preferably by direct communication betueen the competent authorities of each country or through the central offices, or ·sau (6 ustice of the two countries or by of the country making the reques cequest is made, or (c) Through the diplomatic or consular representative of the country making the request in the country to which the request is made * For this purpose, the letters of request shall be sent by such representative to the authonty designated by the country to which the request is made 2. Each High Contracting Party may, by communication to the other High Contracting Parties, express its desire that letters of request to be executed within its terntory should be sent to it through the diplomatic channel 3 In case (c) of paragraph 1, a copy of the letter of request shall at the same time be sent by the diplomatic or consular representative of the country making the request to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the country to which application is made 4. Unless otherwise agreed, the letter of request shall be drawn up in the language of the authonty to which request is made or in a language agreed upon by the tuo countries concerned 5 Each High Contracting Party shall notify to each of the other High Contracting Parties the method, or methods, of transmission mentioned above which it will recognise for the letters of request of the latter High Contracting Party 6 Until such notification is made by a High Contracting Party, its existing procedure in regard to letters of request shall remain in force 7. The execution of letters of request shall not be subject to payment of taxes or expenses other than the expenses of experts 11 be construed as an undertaking on the part of the inal matters any form or methods of proof contrary .: otherwise than within the limits of their laws Article 14 Party in the present Convention shall not be the general question of criminal jurisdiction as Article 15 The present Convention does not affect the principle that the offences referred to in Articles 2 and 5 shall in each country be defined, prosecuted and punished in conformity with the general rules of its domestic law. Article 16. The High Contracting Parties shall commu etary- General of the League of Nations the laws and effect to the present Convention, and also an annual re. their territories. Article 17. - 1920, relating to the Statute of that Court, and, if any of the Parties to the dispute is not a Party to the Protocol of December 16th, 1920, to an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with the Hague Convention of October 18th, 1907, for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes Article 18 1. Any High Contracting Party may, at the tune of signature, ratification or accession, declare that, in accepting the present Convention, he does not assume any obligation in respect of all or any of his colonies, protectorates, overseas territories or territones under suzerainty or mandate, and the present Convention shall not apply to any terntones named in such declaration ---rrreceipt by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

·3 Any High Contracting Party may, at any time after the expiration of the period of five years mentioned in Article 21, declare that he desires that the present Convention shall cease to apply to all or any of his colonies, protectorates and overseas territories or terntories under suzcranty or mandate, and the Convention shall cease to apply to the territories named in such declaration one year after its receipt by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations 4. The Secretary-General shall communicate to all the Members of the League and to the non-member States mentioned in Article 19 all declarations and notices received in virtue of this Article, Article 19. invitation to the Conference which drew up the the League of Nations shall have communicated Article 20 The present Convention shall be ratified The instruments of ratification shall be transmitted to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall notify their receipt to all Members of the League and to the non-inember States referred to in the preceding Article Article 21. I As from January ist, 1937, the present Convention shall be open to accession on behalf of any Member of the League of Nations or any non-member State mentioned in Article 19 The instruments of accession shall be transmitted to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall notify their receipt to all the Members of the League and to the non-member States mentioned in that Article 2. Article 22. The present Convention shall come into force ninety days after the Secretary-General of the League of Nations has received the ratifications or accessions of ten Members of the League of Nations or non-member States. It shall be registered on that date by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations Article 23 Ratifications or accessions received after the deposit of the tenth ratification or accession shall take effect as from the expiration of a period of ninety days from the date of their receipt by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations. Article 24 1. After the expiration of five years from the date Convention, it may be denounced by an instrument in General of the League of Nations The denunciation shall receipt by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations and shall operate only as regards the Member of the League or non-member State on whose behalf it has been deposited The Secretary-General shall notify all the Members of the League and the non-member States mentioned in Article 19 of any denunciations received 3 If, as a result of simultaneous or successive denunciations, the number of Members of the League and non-member States bound by the present Convention is reduced to less than ten, the Convention shall cease to be in force as from the date on which the last of such denunciations shall take effect in accordance with the provisions of this Article 2. Article 25 A request for the revision of the present Convention may at any time be made by any Member of the League of Nations or non-member State bound by this Convention by means of a notice Parties agree to meet for the purpose of revising the Convention ·CHINE CHINA Hoo Chi-Tsai. COLOMBIE COLOMBI. ad referendunt Rafael GUIZADO CUBA CUBA G de BLANCK DANEMARK DEYJARK William BORBERG EGYPTE EGYPT Edgar GORRA ÉQUATEUR ECUADOR Alex GASTELU ESPAGNE SPAIN Julio CASARES ESTONIE ESTONIT J KODAR FRANCE FRANCE P DE REFFYE G BOURCOIS GREECE GRÈCE Raoul BIBICA-ROSE A. CONTOUMAS HONDURIS HONDURAS J. LÓPEZ PINEDA. HCXGIRY HONGRIE Sous réserve de ratification VELICS JAPON Hassa

·— 13 —
TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Dr Antonín KOUKAL
UNION DES RÉPUBLIQUES
SOVIETIQUES SOCIALISTES
UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
G. LACHACVITCH
URUGUAY
URUGUAY
V BENAVIDES
Alfredo DE CASTRO
VENEZUELA
VENEZUELA
ad referendum AROCHA
Copie certifiée conforme
Pour le Secrétaire général
Certified true copy
For the Secretary-General
Conseiller jundique
d14 Secrétariat
Legal Adviser
of the Secretariat

·14 – PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE. - When signing the Convention of 1936 for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs dated this day, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, in the name of their Governments, declare to have agreed: 1. To China making acceptance of the Convention subject to the following reservation as to Article 9 "So long as the consular jurisdiction still enjoyed by the nationals of certain Powers in China is not abolished, the Chinese Government is unable to assume the obligations resulting from Article 9, involving a general undertaking by the Contracting Parties to grant the extradition of foreigners guilty of the offences referred to in that Article." 2. That the Netherlands make their acceptance of the Convention subject to the reservation that, according to the basic principles of penal law in the Netherlands, they are able to comply with sub-paragraph (c) of Article 2 only in circumstances where there is a commencement of execution 3. That India makes its acceptance of the Convention subject to the reservation that the said Convention does not apply to the Indian States or to the Shan States (which are part of British India).

·— 16 — CHINE CHINA Hoo Chi-Tsai COLOMBIE COLOMBIA ad referendum Rafael GUIZADO CUBA CUBA Gde BLANCK DANEMARK DENMARK William BORBERG ÉGYPTE EGYPT Edgar GORRA ÉQUATEUR ECUADOR Alex GASTELU ESPAGNE SPAIN Julio CASARES ESTONIE ESTONIA KÕDAR FRANCE FRANCE P DE REFFYE G BOURGOIS GRÈCE GREECE Raoul BIBICA-ROSETTI A CONTOUMAS HONDURAS HONDURAS J LÓPEZ PINEDA HUNGARY HONGRIE Sous réserve de ratification VELICS

·- 18 -
TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Dr Antonín KOUKAL
UNION DES RÉPUBLIQUES
SOVIETIQUES SOCIALISTES
UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
G LACHKEVITCH
URUGUAY
URUGUAY
V. BENAVIDES
Aliredo DE CASTRO
VENEZUELA
VENEZUELA
ad referendum: AROCHA
Copie certifiée conforme.
Pour le Secrétaire général:
Certified true copy.
For the Secretary-General.
Conseiller juridique
du Secrétariat,
Legal Adviser
of the Secretariat

·FINAL ACT. The GOVERNMENTS OF AFGHANISTAN, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AUSTRIA, THE UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, BULGARIA, CANADA, CHILE, CHINA, CUBA, DENMARK, EGYPT, ECUADOR, SPAIN, FRANCE, GREECE, HONDURAS, HUNGARY, INDIA, IRAQ, THE IRISH FREE STATE, JAPAN, LIECHTENSTEIN, THE UNITED STATES OF MEXICO, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, THE NETHERLANDS, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA, SIAM, SWITZERLAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, TURKEY, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, URUGUAY, THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA, AND YUGOSLAVIA, Having accepted the invitation extended to them in execution of a resolution adopted by the Council of the League of Nations on January 20th, 1936, for the purpose of concluding a Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs, Have appointed the following delegates AFGHANISTAN Delegate His Excellency General MOHAMED OMER Khan, Delegate to the Assembly of the League of Nations, Deputy Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Delegates : Mr. Stuart J FULLER, Assistant Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State, Representative of the Uruted States of America on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. Mr. Harry J ANSLINGER, Commissioner of Narcotics of the Treasury Department Legal Adviser: Mr Frank X. WARD, Assistant Legal Adviser of the Department of State AUSTRIA Delegates : His Excellency M Emerich PFLUGL, Permanent Representative to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Dr. Bruno SCHULTZ, former Vice-President of the Vienna Police, Representative of Austria on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL ·UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND and all parts of the British Empue which are not separate Members of the League of Nations Delegates : Mr. Oscar Follett Dowson, CBE, Legal Adviser to the Home Office Major William Hewett COLES, D SO., Representative of the United Kingdom on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. BULGARIA Delegates: His Excellency M. Nicolas MoMTCRILOFF, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary M. Eugéne SILIANOFF, Secretary of the Pernanent Delegation to the League of Nations and Secretary of the Legation in Beme. CANADA Delegate: Colonel C H L SHARMAN, CMG,CBE, Chief of the Narcotic Division of the Department of Pensions and National Health and Representative of Canada on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Oprum and Other Dangerous Drugs Secretary: • Mr. Alfred RIVE, CHILE Delegate: M. of Health. HERNANDEZ JIMENEZ, Head of the Nutrition and Drugs Section of the Ministry CHINA Delegate: His Excellency Dr Hoo Chi-Tsai, Director of the Permanent Office of the Delegation to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council, Substitute: M. CHEN Ting, Fust Secretary of the Permanent Office of the Delegation to the League of Nations. Secretary M. Yone Ming LEE, Secretary of the Legation in Berne CUBA Delegate: His Excellency N Guillermo de BLANCK, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council DENMARK Delegate His Excellency M, Willian BORBERG, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Blinister Plenipotentiary Substitute:

·21 - EGYPT Delegate : M. Edgar GORRA, Royal Adviser, "Directeur du contentieux de l'Etat ", Alexandria ECUADOR Delegate: M Alejandro GASTELÚ CONCHA, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations, Consul-General of Ecuador in Geneva SPAIN Delegate M Julio CASARES, Representative of Spain on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs Legal Adviser M Manuel LOPEZ REY, Professor of Penal Law FRANCE Delegate: IIis Excellency M. DE REFFYE, Minister Plenipotentiary, "Sous-Directeur du contentieux et des chancelleries” at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Substitute: M. Gaston BOURGOIS, Consul-General of France GREECE Delegate. His Excellency M. Raoul BIBICA-ROSETTI, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Minister Plenipotentiary Substitute M. Alexandre CONTOUMAS, First Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations. HONDURAS Delegate: His Excellency Dr. Julian LÓPEZ PINEDA, Permanent Delegate to the League of Natrans, Chargé d'Affaires in Paris HUNGARY Delegate His Excellency M László DE VELICS, Chief of the Delegation to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council Substitute: M László BARTOK, First Secretary of Legation at the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations INDIA Delegate: Gordon Sidey HARDY, Esq. CIE, I.CS, Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. IRAQ Delegale:

·22 - IRISH FREE STATE Delegate: Mr, Francis Thomas CRONINS, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations JAPAN Delegale: His Excellency Massa-aki HOTTA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council. Experts : M. Unji KONNO, Technical Expert of the Tokio Hygienic Laboratory. M. Norikatsu INAGAKI, Expert attached to the Foreign Office Secretaries: M. Yoshiro SUGITA, Secretary of the Department of Overseas Affairs M. Bushichiro OTAKE, Secretary of the Department of Justice. M. Kumao NISHIMURA, Second Secretary of the Embassy in Paris LIECHTENSTEIN Delegale: M. Camille GORGÉ, Counsellor of Legation, Chief of the League of Nations Section of the Swiss Federal Political Department. Expert: M. E. Schein, Assistant to the Police Division, Swiss Federal Department of Justice and Police. UNITED STATES OF MEXICO Delegate : M. Manuel TELLO, Furst Secretary of the Mexican Foreign Service, Representative of Mexico on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs NICARAGUA Delegate: His Excellency M. Francisco Tomás MEDINA, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Minister Plenipotentiary NORWAY Delegate: M. Einar MASENG, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations. PANAMA Delegate : Dr Ernesto HOFFMANN, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations THE NETHERLANDS Delegates. M J. H DELGORGE, Adviser of the Government of the Netherlands on international opium questions and Netherlands Representative on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs Dr. J. R.M. VAN ANGEREN, Director, Chief of the Police Section at the Ministry of Justice ·Sub.lu! 10! Sandary: Juxtel B&* 841 litis Lelki, istorie I'LRU Diureth: JI. Enns quc fcito l'utis, Lincos T'OLIXI) Direte: Ilis Excellency 1). W obik, 1,40.-Hasirt < Pic jiran, time Idrivy Committee on frase in Open aiul O:l«: Da... civ. Drum l'achxc. 1 urr: 3. Kaum: 12 Tuebichi. First scary !!... Titular Led !**** PORTUG.. Dep: llis Excellency Dr. lurusto nie VACOCritus. Proin:01 1*c.- ,*!-! !". 1/2". Sarons, Minier Pisniflcntury Ilis lxcellency I'molcsvit Jund CD 1171. Recift Lt.srt.11... Sarriary: 1. Hirmugue vi GUIKMA L'ALL.*** VII ne taipi distr. L. counsellor of Lapuluil. ROLX.1X14 D: 1. lxcellencl. Cuantia .I:04. I'm) L:11:41 ...!!....:11.,.,.:.", to the League of Nations Da CASITHIX, Xciclary the tala tillsam بار.1 Il Bue):4y Pykjes **, iftimale 1.111*6wdry :. Het l'ir..jis!hly !!!.. (!!!! Ja" touchent ln; 1141. Yuriu linkuri at til, nicola la 1. (LAUDUNG :: 41441. xsayt! I reale at all sitienilos... Ca... Cis!!!!) (!!!!léma...tr ·CZECHOSLOVAKIA Delegate: Dr. Antonín KOUKAL, Adviser at the Ministry of Justice TURKEY Delegale: M Numan Tahir SEYMEN, Consul-General at Geneva UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Delegate: M Georges LACHKEVITCH, Legal Adviser at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs URUGUAY Delegates : His Excellency M. Victor BENAVIDES, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Federal Council. His Excellency Dr Alfredo DE CASTRO, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of the Belgians and to Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, Representative of Uruguay on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA Delegate: His Excellency M Manuel AROCHA, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. YUGOSLAVIA Delegate: His Excellency Dr Ivan SOUBBOTITCH, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations Experts : M Bochko DJORDJEVITCH, Secretary to the Royal Mirustry of Trade and Industry Dr. Vladimir MANOILOVITCH, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations. Participating at the Conference as Observers. FINLAND M Helge von KNORRING, First Secretary of Legation LATVIA M Kārlis KALNINS, First Secretary of Legation Participating at the Conference is an Advisory Capacity and as Experts International Crimizal Police Commission Mr Norman KENDAL, CBE, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, London Dr Bruno Schultz, former Vice-President of the Vienna Police, Representative of Austna on the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs ·who accordingly assembled at Geneva. The Council of the League of Nations appointed as President of the Conference: M. Joseph LIMBURG, Member of the Council of States of the Netherlands. The Conference has appointed as Vice-President: M. DE REFFYE, Minister Plenipotentiary, "Sous-Directeur du contentieux et des chancelleries" at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the French Republic The functions of Secretary-General to the Conference were assumed by. M Eric Einar EKSTRAND, Director of the Opium Traffic and Social Questions Sections, representing the Secretary-General of the League of Nations In the course of a series of meetings between June 8th and June 26th, 1936, the instruments hereinafter enumerated were drawn up: I. CONVENTION OF 1936 FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN DANGEROUS DRUGS II. PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE OF THE CONVENTION The Conference also adopted the following: I. INTERPRETATIONS. I It is understood that the provisions of the Convention, and in particular the provisions of Articles 2 and 5. do not apply to offences committed unintentionally Article 15 is to be interpreted in the sense that the Convention does not in particular affect the liberty of the High Contracting Parties to regulate the principles under which matigating circumstances may be taken into account. 2 II. RECOMMENDATIONS I. The Conference, Recalling that the International Opium Conference of 1912, determined to bring about the gradual suppression of the abuse of opium, inserted in the International Opium Convention of of urging the countnes r other than medical or a view to the abolition of such use of opium. 2 of their r are guilt, treaty applicable contains a reservation on the subject of the extradition of nationals 3. The Conference recommends the High Contracting Parties to create, where necessary, a specialised police service for the purposes of the present Convention. + The Conference recommends that the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs should consider the question whether it is desirable that mcetings of the representatives of the central offices of the High Contracting Parties should take place in order to ensure, improve and develop international co-operation as provided for in the present Convention, and, should occasion arise, to give an opinion to the Council of the League of Nations on the subject.

·DENMARK ERG EGYPT Edgar GORRA -LEJATEUR ECUADOR Alex GASTELU ESPAGNE SPAIN Julio CASARES Manuel LÓPEZ REY RANCE FRANCE P DE REFFYE G. BOURGOIS GRÈCE GREECE Raoul BIBICA-RosETTI A CONTOUMAS TURAS HONDURAS 1. López PINEDA ANGRIE HUNGARY VELICS INDE INDI G HARDY ÉTAT LIBRE D'IRLANDE IRISH FREE STATE F. T. CREMINS. JAPON JAPAN Massa-aki HOTTA MEXIQUE MEXICO Manuel TELLO. PANAMA PANAMA Dr Ernesto HOFFMANN BAS THE NETHERLANDS DELGORGE G. BEELAERTS VAN BLOKLAND