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·THIRD EDITION
EXHAUSTIVE & CRITICAL STUDY
OF
REPRESENTATIVE
SELECTIONS IN POETRY
(T. P. BAJPAI)"?
х
Containing :
Biographical and Critical Introduction to each Poem;
Summary in English and Hindi with Explanations,
Questions & Answers etc, etc.
By
The Wellknown writer
Prof. J. N. MUNDRA, M. A.
BAREILLY COLLEGE, BAREILLY
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P. C. AGARWALA, M. A.
KAILASH PUSTAK SADAN
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First Ed. 1960.
Second Ed. 1961.
Third Ed. 1962,
Vijay Art Press, Naubasta, Agr

·CONTENTS Page 1 ... W. Shakespeare 'John Milton 8 John Milton 19 1. The Quality of Mercy 2. On His Blindness 3. On His Being Arrived At the Age Of Twenty Three 4. The Solitary Reaper 5. The World is Too Much with us 6. TO A Skylark 7. Ode to Autumn W. Wordsworth 26 W. Wordsworth 38 49 ... P. B. Shelley Jolin Keats 82 D. 8. La Belle Dame Sans Merci. Jolin Keats 100 ... 115 130 9. Ring Out Wild Bells 10. Prospice 11. Nightingales 12. Sea Fever Lord Tennyson2 R, Browning R Bridges J. Masefield W.H. Dayıs ... 142 152 13. Leisure 163 W. B. Yeats 369 ... 14 Lake Isle of Innisfree 15. Where the Mind is without Fear R. Tagore 176 0 16 In the World's Audience Hall R, Tagore 183

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·Ty ិ ? CHAPTER I THE QUALITY OF MERCY (William Shakespeare) Life and Works of the Poet - Born of well-to-do parents in 1564, at Stratford-on-Avon, William Shakespeare came to London about 1587. His father's fortunes had declined, and his unbappy early marriage to Anne Hathaway, together with the lack of employment, was probably instrumental in driving the youth to London. The visit of the Queen's players in 1587, which turned his thoughts to the stage, may also be reckoned as one of the faciors responsible for his migration. Be that as it may, to London he came, and, in 1594, there is mention of bim as belonging to the Lord Chamberlane's company. Actor, reshaper of old plays, poet, dramatist, and manager--such are the chief phases in his career. Little though we know about his life, we can at least gather that he possessed extraordinary, creative powers and had a shrewd and businesslike capacity for mapaging his affairs: In 1612, he retired to Stratford-his' native place where he lived happily with his daughter till 1616, the year of his death. There are some thirty-seven play in which Shakespeare's hand is seen. Of these, thirty-one are exclusively written in collaboration with some of his contemporaries. Besides these, two long poems and about two hundred sonnets are also attributed to his authorship. ni ** 1 Shakespeare was not, merely a dramatist. He was the greatest poet that ever lived. His poetry has in itself the power and varied excellences of all the other 'poctiy. In grandeur, beauty, passion and music, fertility of imagination and felicity of language-in fact in all the higher gifts of song-he may be ranked with the greatest. Introduction-The poem entitled as The Quality of Mercy is not an independent piece of poetry. The lines are from the famous speech of Portia, in the Merchant of Venice (Act IV, Scene, 1), delivered in the Court of the Duke of Venice, in a dispute between Antonio and Shylock > connection with ) ·( 2 ) over a bond. On this occasion. Portja had come disguised as a lawyer to plead for the Antonio--her husband's friend. These lines on the noble quality of mercy, are famous in English literature. They are the oft-quoted ones They constitute a matchless piece of eloquence, which, with an irresistible and solemn pathos, 'falls upon our hearts like gentle dew from heaven. They contain within themselves the essence of the Christian doctrine of charity or mercy. Substance-Portia begin with an appeal to Shylock to be merciful towards Antonio. She, then' eloquently dwells' upon the heavenly qualities of 'mercy. She says that mercy is spontaneous, it cannot be forced upon anyone. It is a double blessing as it bestows happiness upon the one who shows mercy as well as the one who receives it. Mercy is an essential attribute of greatness. Even kings and potentates cannot aspire to glory, if they are not merceful. Mercy behoves then better than the sceptre which, they. wield. Mercy is divine, without God's mercy we shall be nowhere. None of us is free from sin, and yet we all pray to God for mercy. So we should all be merciful towards our fellowbcings if we expect God to be merciful towards us. ।' सारांश प्रारंभ मे, पोशिया शायलॉक से एटोनियो के प्रति दया प्रदर्शित करने का अनुरोध करती है । तत्पश्चात् वह विलक्षण शब्दो मे दया के अलौकिक गुणों का परिचय देती है । वह कहती है कि दया स्वभावतः उत्पन्न होती है : यह वलात् उत्पन्न नहीं की जा सकती। वह एक ऐसा वरदान है जो दया प्रदगित करने वाले और दया से लाभान्वित होने वाले दोनो को सुस प्रदान फरता है क्ष्या, महान् पुरुपो का एक प्रावश्यक लक्षण है । दया से अन्य मम्राट पौर मताधीश भी यशोकामना नहीं कर सकते । उन्हें दया जितनी योभा देती है, उतनो शोभा उनका राजदट भी नहीं देता, दया र्यश्वरीय :गुण है ; ईश्वर को दया ये विना हम वही पे भी नहीं रहेगे। 1 . - 1 ·( 3 ) हममें से कोई भी निष्पाप नही है ; तथापि हम सब तथापि हम सब ईश्वर से दया की प्रार्थना करते है । ऐसी अवस्था मे, यदि हमे ईश्वर से दया की आशा करते हैं तो हम सबको भी अपने साथियों के प्रति दयापूर्ण व्यवहार करना चाहिए। NOTES & EXPLANATIONS . Lines 1-4:--Strained---Forced upon-बलात उत्पन्न की गई। The quality. ... strained-There is no question of compuls- 1on with reference to .mercy. It droppeth It comes naturally, if at all it comes--वह अपने-आप उमडती है | It.......... beneath-Rain falls of its own accord-just when and where it pleases. Just as there is no- compulsion in case of rain, so is there no possibility of forcing out mercy -from one's heart. It manifests itself spontaneously. Upon the place beneath Upon the earthquat qe 1 It is twice' blest“It is a twofold blessing, for: both, the one who shows-mercy and the one who receives it, are made happy thereby---वह उभयपक्षीय वरदान है । Explanation - The quality.............. ..... twice blest. These lines occur in Portia's appeal to Shylock' in The Merchant of Venice. While pleadıog for her husband's friend, she tries to persuade the Jew.to,spare the life of Antonio, and praises,the heavenly quality of.mercy. Mercy is spontaneous ; it cannot be forced from the heart of a man. It flows naturally in him who has the milk of human kindness in his nature. It is a blessing for the people on earth, similar to the gentle rain which of its own accord comes down from the heavens above. It'is a heavenly gift to the mortals below. Mercy is a twofold blessing. It glorifies the one who bestows, it as well as the one who receives it. ये पक्तियाँ, 'मर्चेन्ट ऑफ वेनिस' नामक नाटक मे शायलॉक के प्रति पोशिया के अनुरोध मे से ली गई हैं । अपने पति के मित्र ' का पक्ष-समर्थन करते हुए, वह दया की अलौकिक महत्ता का वर्णन करती है और यहूदी को एटोनियो के प्रति सदय बनाने का यत्न करती दया स्वभावतः उत्पन्न होती है ;- वह किसी, मनुष्य के हृदय मे बलपूर्वक उत्पन्न नहीं की जा सकती। वह उस हृदय से निसर्गतः प्रभावित होती है, . . - - - ।

·(1 4 ), । मानवोचित करुणा के अमृत से परिपूर्ण होता है वर्षा के सुशीतल जल की भांति, जो अपने आप धराधाम पर अवतीर्ण होता है, दया भी भूलोकवासियो के लिए एक ईश्वरीय वरदान है । वह दुहरा वरदान है। यह दया प्रदर्शित करने वाले और उससे लाभ उठाने वाले पक्षो को सुख प्रदान करती है। Lines 5--14:-It is mightiest in the mightiest-It shines to the best advantage in persons who are in possession cfr great strength and power-जो जितना अधिक शक्तिशाली होता है, दय उमे उतनी ही अधिक शोभा देती है। Become-Behoves-शोभा देती है। Throned monarch-Kings seated on thrones-सिंहासनासीन नृपति । It becomes. crown. crown-Mercy is a better attribute of kings than thc crown which they wear. True greatness of kings lies in mercy rather than in the power which they cxercise. Sceptre - Wand which a king carrics as a symbol of power and authority757CUE / Temporal power-Earthly grcatness-1194 TET I Shows.. power-Is the outward sign and emblem of worldly greatness. Attribute to-Visible sign of-प्रत्यक्ष लक्षण | Awe and majesty-Both have to be taken together as meaning awe-inspiring majesty, majesty which inspires awe in the mind of subjects-सभ्रम उत्पन्न करने- वाली प्रभुता । Whercin doth sit-Which is the sourcc of- जिस पर प्राधित रहते है। (Reference is to the sccptre whuch inspires awe in the minds of and is a source of drcad and ſcar to the subjects). Above--superior in quality श्रेष्ठतर । Sceptered sway--- Juthority symbolised by the sceptre – 779ue TYTT Enthroned-~-Has its seat-ग्रामोन है । It is... kings -just as the sceptre is an outward attribute of a king, similarly mercy is an inner attribute. The place of the sceptre is in his hands but the place of mercy is in his heart. It is........Himself- It is a divine quality and befits God Himself; we cannot think of God without mercy. Likest God's-Godlikc- ईयरतुल्य | Scasons-Tempers-~-कठोरता का शयन करती है | And earthly.......... Seasons justice---Man's power is then most like upto God's when he cxerciscs it mercifully. । - ·7 । Explanation" Tis mightiest..... seasons justice.” The greater the power a man exercises, the greater is the glory of his mercy. Mercy is an attribute of kings better than the crown 'which they wear. The sceptre, 'which a king carries, merely symbolises his earthly power and greatness, and serves only to inspire awe in the hearts of his subjects. It is the chief source of fear which kingly authority arouses in others, because it holds out the threat of punishment to those who run against the laws of the state. But“ mercy is something superior in quality to the power and authority of the sceptre. It resides in kings' hearts whereas the sceptre merely adorns their hands. Mercy is a divine quality and befits God Himself. And so even worldly power assumes heavenly glory when those who wield the power exercise it with due observance of mercy. To put it otherwise, kings and potentiates of the world should not be after mere dispensation of strict justice, but also take into consideration the human weaknesses and show forbearance towards the wrongdoers. In this way, even earthly power can be made to assume heavenly qualities, मनुष्य जितना अधिक ,शक्तिशाली होता है, दया उसे उतनी ही अधिक शोभा देती है । दया राजाओ का भूषण है, और वह उनके द्वारा धारण किये जानेवाले मुफुटो . को अपेक्षा अधिक गौरवशाली है। राजा के 'हाय का दण्ड मात्र उसको लौकिक प्रभुता और महत्ता का प्रतीक और प्रजा के हृदय में भय उत्पन्न करने का साधन होता है । वह उस भय का प्रधान माधन है जो राजकीय प्रभुता दूसरो के हृदय मे उत्पन्न करती है ; क्योकि वह उन लोगो को, जो राजकीय नियमो का अतिक्रमण करते हैं, राजदण्ड का भय दिलाता है । परन्तु, दया की महत्ता राजदण्ड की शक्ति और प्रभुता से कही अधिक है । वह राजाग्रो के हृदय को गौरवान्वित करती है, जब कि राजदण्ड . केवल उनके हाथ की शोभा बढाता है । या एक ईश्वरीय गुण है, और वह ईश्वर को भी गौरवान्वित करती है । और, इसलिए, लौकिक प्रभुता भी, जव उसका प्रयोग समुचित दया के साथ किया जाता है तो, अलौकिक गौरव से युक्त हो उठती है। अन्य शब्दों मे, संमार के राजाप्रो और सत्ताधीशो को केवल न्याय-दान का ही ध्यान नही रखना चाहिए, वरंच उन्हे मानवीय दुर्वलतानो का ध्यान रखते हए अपराधियो r २ -- ·( 6 ) के प्रति क्षमाशीलता भी प्रदर्शित करनी चाहिए । इस प्रकार लौकिक प्रभुता भी अलौकिक प्राभा से दीप्त हो उठती है। - - - -Lines 15--20:--Plea-Claim ; demand,-मांग | Though ...plea-Though you pursue this suit in the name of justice though apparently you have taken your-stand on the ground of justice and nothing else. Consider-Remember -~याद रखो | In the course of justice-If God dealt out strict justice to all of us ; God, instead of tempering justice with, mercy, gave us justice alone. Salvation-Deliverance from sin and its consequences मुक्ति । None ..salvation-None of us would have any chance of being saved, as we are all sinners more or less. Teach us....mercy-Teaches us to be merciful in order that be may expect mercy from God. Explanation --"Therefore, Jew...... ..........deeds of mercy Portia tells the Jew (Shylock) that although he be clamouring for justice he must not forget that if God were to dispense strict and unmitigated justice to all, none of us could ever hope to cscape the consequences of our sins. We are all sinncrs and yet we pray Hin for mercy. Everyday in Lord's Prayer we say : "Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those that trespass against us," This prayer should teach us to be merciful and forgiving towards our fellow-creatures. Otherwise wc, too, should expect no mercy from Him and be prepared to face the consequences of our sins and trespasses. पोगिया यहूदी से कहती है कि यद्यपि वह (यहूदी) न्याय का प्रार्थी है, तथापि उने यह नहीं भूलना चाहिए कि यदि ईश्वर सभी के प्रति कठोर और निपेक्ष न्याय का व्यवहार करने लग जाय तो हममें से कोई भी अपने पापी के परिणामो मे बचे रहने की प्रागा ही नहीं कर सकना । हम सब लोग पापी, फिर भी हम ईश्वर मे दया की प्रार्थना करते हैं। टियर के प्रसि प्रार्थना में म प्रतिदिन कहा करते हैं; "जिन प्रकार हम अपने निगद्ध कार्य Thalोगो को क्षमा करने हैं, उसी प्रकार है ईश्वर, नू भो र उन पार्यो निमारको तेगा बिन बग्ने है। इस प्रार्थना गे हम ·( 7 ) 11 > 2 ( 1 4 1 3 अपने साथियों के प्रति सदय तया क्षमाशील व्यवहार करने की शिक्षा ग्रहण करनी चाहिए। यदि हम ऐसा नहीं करते तो हमें भी ईश्वर से दया की प्रत्याशा करने का कोई अधिकार नहीं है, और ऐसी अवस्था मे हमे अपने पापो का दण्ड भोगने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए । QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. 1-Give the substance of the poem in your own words. 1. Ans--Refer to the Notes above, Q. 2.-Explain :- (a}"It is the mightiest..... kings. (6) But Mercy...... Justice, (c) Though Justice .. .. salvation. Ans-Refer to the Notes above: g. 3--Sum up Portia's arguments in favour of mercy. An's - Portia appeals to Shylock to show mercy towards, Antonio, and advances the following arguments in support of her appeal : 1 - Mercy is a heavenly blessing *It is a double blessing for it benefits both the parties-him who show, mercy as well as him towards whom it is shown. 2-The mightier a' man the greater is the glory of mercy shown by, him. It befits kings, and potentates better than the symbols of worldly power which they carry. 3-Mercy is an essential attribute of God. And so cven "worldly power is made to appear like that of God when It is exercised with due observance of mercy.: 4-We are all sinners, yet we always prays for God's' mercy. And if God were not merciful we can never hope to escape the consequences of our sins of our sins Considering this, we should all be merciful towards those who trespass against us. 1 > > 2 t 1 3 -- 1 ·(8) - r CHAPTER II ON HIS BLINDNESS (John Milton) Life and Works of the Poet - John Milton, 'the third among the sons of light', was born in Bread Street, London, on 9th December 1608 His family belonged to Oxfordshire His father was a money scrivener. Milton entered St Paul's School in 1620. and five years later joined the Christ Church College, Cambridge. He could not •pull on well ivith the College authorities and was rusticated. He, however, took his M. A. degree in 1632. After his educational career, Milton came to life at Horton in Buckinghamshire and spent six years here. Most of his early poems including Lycidas and L'Allegro were written at this place. After six years of stay at Horton Milton left for a foreign tour in the beginning of 1633. He spent the greater part of two years chiefly in Italy. He had to cut short his tour due to the political disturbances in England After returning home, he settled in Aldergate Street, aad acted as a School-master and a tutor. During the twenty years of civil disturbances he wrote, exccpt a few sooncts, no poetry, but all prosc. He married Mary Powell in 1643. After a fc.v weeks of their marriage his wife left him and went to her parents. She returned in 1645 and died in 1652, leaving him three daughter whose relations with him were not happier than with their mother Mieanwhile he procured a post, under the Common-wealth, of Secretary of Foreign Tongues. He lost his eyesight in the same year in which his first wife dicd. He married again in 1656. At the time of Restoration he hid himself and settled near Bunhill licids He married a third lime in 1663 The publication of his great cpics, Paradise Lost and Paradise Regaincd followed at no long inicrvals, and he died in November 1674 and was buried at Si, Gilc's Cripplegate, besidc his father, Milton's name among English pocis stands supreme, sind no onc except Shakespeare cu equal him in poctry. Milton's in poetical shorks, which have the stamp of inmorality on t ·( 9 ) . them, are : (1) Lycidas, (2) Comus, (3) Paradise Losts (4) Paradise Regained, and (5) Samison Agonistes, besides a few sonnets are two longer poems L'Allegro and Il Penseroso. These have immortalısed the name of the great poet. Milton' ás a Poet - Milton' is one of the greatest poet's that England has ever produced His poetry is marked by qualities of stateliness, suhlimity, majestic grandeur and above all by' a deep religious tone, · He is a serious poet, and to him the work of writing poetry is not only a means of giving delight but a means of elevating the soul and purging it of the base things, as well. The chief characteristic of Milton's poetry is stateliness of manner, and dignity and majesty in style. Whatever Milton writes, he writes in a dignified manner: He used the qualities, of austerity to raise English poetry to a noble level in those days, with more unflinching purpose than cherished by others. Milton imparted to English poetry the quality of sublimity.. No poct has produced works so conscientiously perfect as Milton. His life was sublime, noble and natural. These qualities of his own character are fully reflected in his poetry. The third characteristic of his poetry is that it is marked with a deep sense of beauty' He has displayed this quality in his early poenos, L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, Comus and Lycidas, to a marked extent. Even ugliness itself turns into beauty and majesty in his hand, Milton's poetry does not concern itself with the common' objects of everyday interest for its subject-matter. His problems are of eternal interest and his genius can find full scope only in dealing with grand themes. Another characteristic of his poetry is a note of suggestive- His poems do not give the entire pictures' in detail, but leave the major part to b: filled by the rea lers' imagination. He always present lus discriptions in bold outlines. His poetry is characterised by its scholarly learning, and its wealth of classical mythology and allusions. His posms are suffused with classical references, and that makes his poems difficult for ordinary understanding. There is seriousness in his poetry. t 7 F ·( 10 ) + 1 L! Milton's poetry is not marked by touches of humanity. He knew the human nature in the gross, and had never studied the shades of character. Milton's poetry has the quality of deep music. He had the ; ear and the passion for harmony.” He could successfully create musical lines because of his masterly handling of English prosody His poetry is marked by the spirit of Puritanism, and is devoid of humour. There is also the spirit of Renaissance in 1 2 bis poetry. 1 3 4 The last but not the least important feature of Milton's poetry is that he is one of those poets who have not written on the subject of love. The fire of love did not inflame him. His only love sonnet'is To the Nightingale. Milton will always be remembered as a great poet of England, and if England is to be represented in an international* congress of poets, it will be by Shakespeare first and Milton next. Milton was, in the words of Tennyson- "Mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonics. Skilled to sing of Tunc and Eternity God-giftei Organ-Voice of England, Milton, a' name to resound" for ages.” Introduction. This sonnet was written when Milton lost his eyesight at the age of forty-four, His reaction to this. calamily, as expressed in this sonnet, was deep and soul-stirring. No wonder then that the sonnet, owing particularly to its pathetic, touch, is considered as one of the best sonnets of Milton. When the poet reficcts that his blindness will stand in his way of pursuing of Muse of Poetry, he is seriously perturbed. Milton thought that the real mission of the life was sing the praises of God. But now, since he had lost his cyesight, he would be helpless to do so, 'And as such he might be punishe tiy God for his failure to make usc of his poctic talents. The poct, however, finds solace in the idea that God has thousands of angels to do his bidding, and cares not for man's servic; and that submission to God's will, usthout grumbling at his HY', 135 the best way of serving Him.

·. . , The grace, the beauty and the solemn simplicity of the poem ate without parallel. It reflects the poet's faith and belief, and his unwavering loyalty to God. It reveals the true nobility and greatness of the poet's soul. Substance-The poet feels frustrated at the loss of his eyesight. He reflects that he has yet to live more than half of his life, and all those days he will have to sit idle unable to make any use of his talents. His desire to serve God with his poetic talents is now keener than ever before, which is all the more unfortunate because he finds himself utterly helpless, to pursue the cherished goal of his life owing to the calamity that has befallen him. He is afraid lest after his death God might scold him for his failure in life to make use of what he had been gifted with by Him. , He, however, finds consolation in the thought that" God cannot be so, unreasonable as to expect him to write without eyesight. On deeper thought he feels that service is not the only way to please God. He can also be pleased by one's complete surrender to His will Those who calmly submit to God's will and patiently put up with their lot, please Him no less than the angels who are ever flying, over the land and the ocean to do His bidding. - 1 4 -सारांश - . नेत्र ज्योति के नष्ट हो जाने से कवि को घोर निराशा होती है । वह विचार करता है कि अभी-प्राधे मे अधिक उमको जीवन-यात्रा शेष है ; और उमे अपने ये सब शेष दिन अकर्मण्यता मे व्यतीत करने होगे, और वह अपनी मानमिक शक्तियो का कोई उपयोग नही कर पायेगा। अपनी कवित्व-शक्ति द्वारा ईश्वर को प्रसन्न करने की उमकी इच्छा अव और भी अधिक बलवती हो उठी है ; और यही दुःख का विशेष कारण भी है ; क्योकि स्वय पर पाई हुई विपत्ति के कारण अब वह अपने जीवन के अभीप्ट लक्ष्य का अनुसरण करने मे असमर्थ है। फवि को भय है कि चूकि वह ईश्वर द्वारा प्रदत्त शक्तियो के उपयोग में असमर्थ रहा है, इसलिए मृत्यु के उपरात ईश्वर कहीं उसे प्रताड़ित न करे । -- ·( 12 ) . %B । तथापि यह सोचकर उसे सात्वना मिलती है कि ईश्वर उस दृष्टिहीन कवि से काव्य-रचना की प्रत्याशा करने का अन्याय नहीं करेगा । विचार को और . अधिक गहराइयो मे प्रवेश करने पर वह अनुभव करता है कि ईश्वर को सतुष्ट करने का, सेवा ही, एकमात्र मार्ग नही है । हम उसकी इच्छा के प्रति पूर्ण, आत्मसमर्पण द्वारा भी उसे तुप्ट कर सकते हैं । जो लोग शान्तिपूर्वक ईश्वरेच्छा के समक्ष नतमस्तक होते हैं, और धैर्यपूर्वक परिस्थितियो का सामना करते हैं, वे भी उसे उतने ही प्रिय होते हैं जितने कि वे देवदूतः जो उसके सकेत पर अहर्निग धरती और समुद्र के ऊपर उडा करते हैं। NOTES & EXPLANATIONS Lines ]--8:--Consider -Ponder over-विचार करना । Light-~-Eyesight-ने-ज्योति । Spent Lost exhausted-नष्ट हो गई | Ere-Prior to-पूर्व । Days-Span of life -जीवन-काल How. my light....days-How I have lost my eyesight when I have yet to live more than of my lifc. N. B Milion grew to be blind when he was forty-four. The words 'cre half my days', therefore, imply that he expected to live a long life. This expectation, however, was not fulfilled and he died at the age of 66. Dark---Devoid of light--अधंकारपूर्ण | Wide -~Spacious-सुविस्तृत । Dark world and wide-Thc expres. sinn is plainly suggestive of the pain and hclplessness which Wilton felt at the loss of his cyesight. Talent--Natural skill, (here) poctic genius -- F9197 faoi योग्यता; (प्रस्तुत सदर्भ मे) कवित्व-शक्ति । N. B.--According to some commentators, here therera reference to the Parablc of Talents narrated in the New Testament (St. Mathew, Ch XXV. Lines 14-50). In this Biblical context, 'Talent' mean, a coin in arcient Greece, that wis cquivalent to 4 235. The parable runs thus . A man, hefore setting out on a long journey, gave some talents to cach of his three servants. While the man was atvay, two of the servants invesied their moncy profitably, whereas the third servant futed to utrive it. The master, on this return, chided the third servant for his failure to multiply th5 monCY.

·13). Death-As good as deathry Jou I To hide –To concéal, not to utilise—fgarn Taar; STUTT À 7 FIAT I Which is death to hide-Without making use of which I (Milton) shall no longer be of any service to the world ; I shall be virtually dead to the world, when I am no longer able to make use of my poetic genius, Lodged with 'mem-Entrusted to my care - ATAT AL Logged.... useless—Is no more capable of being 'made of by me, What Milton means is that the poetic talent, which God has gifted him with, must now remain idle as he will no more be able to make use of it owing to the loss of his eyesight. Bent-Inchned, eager-Eht, EGIF'Therewith-With that, viz. the poetic genius-gif (faca-etfaa a73T 1) Maker--Creator ; God-ET; ईश्वर । Present-Render unto God -&797 ET SETT 97 CAT I Account Reckoning of the use of which I'have made of the poetic genius bestowed upon me by God-1-715T | Returning- In His turn Chide--Scold-ET-HTT FEAT | Though my soul....chide_Although, I now feel more inclined to serve God by means of my poetic talents and thus to show him my true worth, so that He, in his turn,may not scold me for, my having'failed to make profitable use of the gift bestowed upon me by Him. Exact-To get by forcewaagaa tar 1 Daylahour --Work which it is possible to do only in thc light of day- कार्य जो केवल दिन के प्रकाश मे ही किया जा सकता है। Light-Eyesight 717-7fiti | Denied-Despite the loss of—Ta o arage 1 FoadlyFoolishly-ati Doth God........ask Milton says that whencver he feels afraid lest God might scold him for his not having made profitable use of the talents bestowed upon him by Him (God), he wishfully consoles by reflecting that God cannot be so unreasonable as to expect him to write poetry when he has lost his eyesight. Explanation-"Then I consider...... .........I fondly ask" Milton wrote a good many sonnent of which the one entitled On his Blindness' is the most popular. The poet felt seriously ·( 14 ) . perturbed at the loss of his eyesight, which calamity rendered a death-blow to all his aspirations to write poetry in praise of his Creator He' considered it to be the sole mission of his life, which now that he was blind he could no longer purcsuc. The sonnet beautifully reflect the feelings of uiter frustration and helplessness which stirred the soul of the poet at this time. +4 see Milton was forty-four when he lost his eyesight. He er. pected to live a long life. And so he feels dismayed at the 'oss at the time when, he thinks, he has yet to live more than half of his life. He can no light. There is There is nothing but darkness which he fiods surrounding him on all sides. Therefore, he feels helpless in this spacious world Thus mortification decpens as he considers how is his poetic talents, with which God has gified him, will now be rendered useless The blindness markes the close of his poetic career, the pursuit of which has been the sole mission of his life He is now as good as dead to the world as a poet, and to think that this should have happened at a time when the urge in hini to write poetry in praise of God is growing all the more stronger, What excuse will he mahe to the Creator for having wasted away his talents. Milton finds himself placed in the situation of the third servant of the parable who had foolishly hoarded the talent and not .invested it, and was, therefare, chided by his master for his pegligence. When such thoughis begin to torture his soul, the poel indulgently hopes to be spared the displeasure of God, “who, he thinks, cannot be so unfair as to expect literary work from a blind man. मिल्टन ने अनेक सोनेटम की रचना की थी, जिनमे 'On His Blindness' शोपंक सोनेट सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय है । नेम-ज्योति से वचित हो जाने के कारण कवि को ध्यत्यधिक माम हुआ, क्योकि इस विपत्ति ने ईश्वर की प्रशस्ति मेगाव्य-रचना परने की उसकी गमस्त महत्त्वाकाक्षायो को समाप्त कर दिया। वह इसे (काव्य-रचना करने को) अपने जीवन का प्रधान कर्तव्य समझता था; जिसका पालन करने में प्रब वह अघा हो जाने के कारण असमर्थ था । दग समर निगार वियगता की जो भावनाएँ कवि की आत्मा को मथे साल रही थी, उनका चिरग इन सीनेट मे बडे सुन्दर ढंग से किया गया है ।

·( 15 ) -- प , 3 । नेत्राध होने के समय मिल्टन की अवस्या ४४ वर्ष, की थी । उसे दीर्घकाल तक जीवित रहने की आशा थी। और इसीलिए उसे ऐसे समय पर नेत्र-ज्योति से वचित हो जाने से घोर निराशा होती है, जब कि वह समझता है कि उसका प्राधे से अधिक जीवन शेष है। अब वह प्रकाश के प्रदर्शन नहीं कर सकता। उसे अपने चारो ओर अंधकार दिखाई देता है । अत. इस सुविस्तृत संसार मे वह अपने : प्राप को निःसहाय अनुभव करता है। जब वह सोचता है कि अब उसकी ईश्वर-प्रदत्त कवि-प्रतिभा निष्फल हो जायगी, तव उसकी निराशा- घोरतर हो जाती है । दृष्टिहीनता उसके कवि-जीवन की समाप्ति की प्रतीक है, जिस प्रकार का.जोवन-यापन करना उसका प्रमुख ध्येय रहा है । संसार की दृष्टि मे, कवि के रूप मे अब वह मृतक के समान है, और यह विचार अत्यन्त त्रासदायक है कि यह विपत्ति ऐसे समय पर आई जव ईश्वर' की प्रशस्ति मे काव्य-रचना करने की उसकी कामना बलवती होती जा रही है। अपनी कवि-प्रतिभा से कोई लाभ न उठा सकने के लिए वह ईश्वर के समक्ष कौन-सा कारण प्रस्तुत कर सकेगा। मिल्टन अनुभव करता है कि उसकी स्थिति इंजील की एक कथा के उस तीसरे नौकर जैसी है, जिसने अपने को सौंपे हुए धन को किसी लाभप्रद उद्योग मे न लगाते हुए, छिपा कर रख दिया था ; और इस कारण उसे अपने स्वामी का कोप-भाजन वनना पड़ा था। जब इस प्रकार के विचार कवि की आत्मा को सत्रस्त करने लगते हैं, तो कवि, यह सोचकर अपने मन का समाधान करता है कि ईश्वर कभी इतना अन्यायो नही हो सकता कि वह नेत्राध व्यक्ति से काव्य-रचना की प्रत्याशा करे । Lines 8~~14 :-Patiance-~-Ability to endure calmly-धर्य ('Patience' is here personified.) To prevent--To put an end to---रोकना | Murmur-Complaint ;. discontent-असंतोष । Replies-Suggests ; puts his doubts at rest-~शंका का निवारण करता है | But patience soon replies-But when the poet thinks patiently, all tlic painful doubts arising in his soul are put to rest. Man's work-~-Fruit of man's labour--मनुप्य के परिश्रम का फल ।' Own gifts. Qualities bestowed by. God---- ईश्वरदत्त प्रतिभा। God doth....own gift--God is all powerful. ।

·16 man He has thousands of angels to do his biding. There is nothing that might make Him to stand in need of the fruits of man's labour. Nor does He carc whether or not a has made use of the natural qualities bestowed upon him by Himself. BestIn the best possible manner-patroie F4 Ħ Bear-Suffer patiently-धैर्यपूर्वक सहन करना। YokeA wooden frame joining oxen for drawing together! Here it means punishment or chastisement inflicted upon (man by God.) Who best....Him best—They who surrender themselves completely to God's will, and do not complain againat Him when misfortunes befall them, render the best possiblc service unto Him, State--Status-5 FEET 1 Kingly-King-like-7571 His state is kingly-God is the superme lord of thc universe. He, therefore, cnjoys the status of hings. Thousands-Thousands of angeis--RESTI Taga! Bidding--Command-TTI Speed Run-IT-CIS करते हैं । Post-hasten-शोघ्रतापूर्वक गमन करते हैं । Without rest ---Ccasclessly farrafa i Stand' and wait - Arc in attendancc upon Him, and calmly await his plcasure. Thousand........stand and wait- God does not stand in nccd of man's service. He has thousands of angels incessantly flying over the land the sca in obcdience to his commands. Besides thcsc, there arc thousands of others surrounding His throne and patiently awaiting His orders. The latter render no less service than the former who are engaged in active service. Explanation--"But Paticnice..... ......stand and wait." Doubts and fears begin to torment his soul when the poet loses his cye-sight. He is afraid Icst God might rebukс hin for the negligence of his poctice talents. Ilc fccis doubtful if God should expect such work from a blind map as monot be done without eyesight. The poet ponders oves these questions and fools relieved when patient ihought coovinces bure that God is not so unjust as lo cxpect such work from a blind man as cannot be done svithout cycsighi. God is 1 ·( 17 ) -- vomindful whether or not a man renders Him active service. Nor does he care of the gifts which He has bestowed upon a man are not fully untilised by him. The only thing which he cares for that man should completely surrender himself to His will. Those who dutifully resign themselves to the mild punishments inflicted upon them by God, serves Him is the best possible manner. God exercises his kingly sway all over the -universe. Like barthly kings, who have a number of attendants ready to run errands for them, God too has thousands of angels ready in attendance upon him and to fly ceaselessy all over the universe 10 carry out His, commands, whereas there are thousands of others who stand silently awaiting His orders. The poet says that the latter, who only stand and wait, render as good a service unto Him as those engaged, in actiye service. नेत्र-ज्योति से वंचित हो जाने पर सदेह और आशकाएँ कवि के हृदय को व्याकुल करने लगती हैं । उसे भय है कि उसके द्वारा अपनी कवि-प्रतिभा का उपयोग न किये जा सकने के कारण, ईश्वर कही उसे प्रताडित न : करे। उसे सदेह है कि क्या ईश्वर नेत्रहीन व्यक्ति से भी ऐसे कार्य की आशा कर सकता है जिसका सपादन नेत्रो के अभाव में सभव नहीं है। कवि इन प्रश्नो पर गंभीरता पूर्वक विचार करता है, और तब उसे शाति मिलती है जब वह धैर्य- पूर्वक विचार करने के बाद इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि ईश्वर ऐसा अन्यायी नहीं है जो अधे मनुष्य से ऐसे कार्य-सपादन की प्राशा करे जैसा कि 'नेत्रो के बिना संभव नहीं है। ईश्वर इस बात की चिंता नहीं करता कि कोई व्यक्ति सक्रिय रूप से उसकी सेवा करता है अथवा नहीं। न उसे इस बात की चिंता है कि उसके द्वारा प्रदत्त प्रतिभावो का उपयोग किसी मनुष्य द्वारा किया जाता है अथवा नहीं । एक ही 'वात, जिसकी उसे चिंता है, यह है कि उसकी इच्छा के समक्ष मनुष्य पूर्णतः प्रात्मसमर्पण कर दे । वे लोग जो ईश्वर द्वारा प्रदत्त साधारण दण्डों को कर्तव्य-बुद्धि पूर्वक सहन करते हैं, उसकी सर्वोत्कृष्ट सेवा करते है। ईश्वर अखिल ब्रह्माण्ड का नायक है। लेकिन राजानों को भाति, जिनके पादेश का पालन करने के लिए अनेक सेवक तत्पर रहते हैं, ईश्वर की सेवा में भी सहनों देवदूत उनके प्रादेशानुसार मृष्टि-भर मे अविधांत रूप से दौडते फिरने के लिए तत्पर रहते है। इनके अतिरिक्त, सहस्रों और भी - - - .

·ܝܙܝ ( 18 ) वे लोग भी, चुपचाप खड़े > उसके प्रदेश की प्रतीक्षा मे उसके पास खडे रहते है। कवि' का कथन है कि जो रहकर ईश्वर के आदेश की प्रतीक्षा किया करते : हैं, उसकी उतनी ही उत्कृष्ट सेवा करते हैं जितनी कि वे लोग जो सक्रिय रूप से उसकी मेवा करते है। QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS R 1. How did Milion reconcile himself to the loss of his cyesight? Ans. The poet was deeply effected by the loss of his eysight He became blind in 1652 when he was only 44.' Till then, he had been devoting all his energies to writing prose pamphelts popularising Cromwell's regime, and writing for an opportunity to give full vent to his poetic feelings. The loss of eyesight, however, rendered a deathblow to all his aspirations, and hc tegan to leel quite loncly and helpless. The poet was of a religious turn if mind. Therefore, the chiel source of lus anxiety was that God might be displeased with him for his having failed to make proper use of his poetic talents with which he had been gifted hy God. He, however, derives solace from the thought that God cannot be so unjust, as 10 except poctical work from a blind man It would be unfar if He did so. Milion ponders over the doubts and fears that corment his oul subsequent to the loss of his eyesight. After a patient Thinking, he concludes that God does not stand in need of man's lubour. Also he does not care whether or not a man makes proper use of his natural endowments. There are thousands of, angels aluays ready to serve and carry out God's commands. of these, a good many arc spceding over lands and occans in active cxcution of liis commands, whereas a good many of them arc stunding «round his throne and silently awaiting his pleasure, The latter are also doing their duty towards Him Likewise, the men, who cannot but stand silenily and await his pleasure, render unto Him as good a service as those employed in the utilisation of their talents, The rout further reflects that the best way to serve God is 10 surrender ourselves ampletely to His will Il cver ile liave to put up with a hard lot, we should not complain, Instead, 11¢ slould undergo the cultoring patiently and clieerfully thinkall the while that it is God's will after all. 1 ·( 19 ) Thus, the poet ultimately, resigns himself to the God's will and reconciles himself to his hard-lot of total blindness. , M 1 - । -- । -- CHAPTER III ON HIS BEING ARRIVED AT THE AGE OF TWENTY-THREE (Jolin Milton) N B.--For the life and works of Milton and an estimate of his as a poet, please refer to chapter II of this book. Summary-The poet has attained the age of twenty-three. He deplores the swift passage of the days of his life. He is sorry because despite his advance in, age, his faculties have not yet matured. Even his outward appearance, which is still youthful, belies his approach to manhood The development of his mental powers is also lagging behind his years. However, he feels sure that sooner or later his mental powers will ripen, and he will then be able to perform the task assigned to him by the Almighty. His mission in life is to write poetry in praise of God, and with the grace of God he hopes to fulfil it in strict proportion to bis abilities., सारांश कवि ने जीवन के २३ वर्ष पार कर लिये हैं। जीवन के दिनो के बड़ी शीघ्रता से व्यतीत होने का कवि को बडा दुःख है। वह इसलिए भी दुःखी है कि वयोवृद्धि के अनुपात मे उसकी प्रातरिक शक्तियो का विकास नहीं हुआ है। उसकी बाह्य प्राकृति भी, जो अभी किशोरो जैसी ही है, इस बात को प्रकट नही करती कि वह प्रौढ़ता के इतने समीप आ गया है। उसकी मान- सिक शक्तियो का विकास भी पिछड़ रहा है। तथापि उमे विश्वास है कि देर-सवेरे उसकी मानसिक शक्तियों का विकास प्रवर्य होगा और तब वह ईश्वर द्वारा नियोजित अपने कर्तव्य का पालन कर सकेगा। उसके जीवन का ध्येय ईश्वर की प्रशंसा मे काव्य-रचना करना है और उसे प्रागा है कि भगवत्कृपा से वह उसकी पूर्ति में अपनी योग्यता का पूर्ण उपयोग कर सकेगा। - ३ -- ·( 20 ) r . NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS Lines 1-4.--Hath Old form of 'Has', Subtle Clever 71717 1 Subtle thief of youth-A clever thief who steals youthful energies of man'. Stolen on his wing-Flown away carrying with it my youthful years. Time is here personified and compared to a bırd. Just as a bird flies past us, similarly time also flies past us, like a thief stealing away the days of cur life, How soon....... three-and-twentieth year Thc poet, is surprised at the quich passage of ime. Time is a clever thjef which stcals away the quthful, energies with it the twenty-third year of his life, Hasting--Passing sapidly - paigaa wala na ati Carcer Speed- -वेग। With full career-With full speed“. qui y q My basting days...career The days of my bile arc passing away quickly with full speed. Late-Lagging bchind--पिछडा हुआ ! Spring --Ripening of the poetic talent which the poct possesses--- of a fat fit facta (The poct compares the imperfect growth of his poetic talents with' dclaycd spring.) Blossom-- Flowcra-grai No bud or blossom shew'thi-Has born neither bud nor blossom." (Mark the comparison between thc fruition of the poci's talents with thc blossoming of spring. Hc is past 23, and yet he has not been ablc to produce any poctical work) Show'th-Samo as 'shows-ferater Explapation-- How soon..................blossom shew'th." Milton was conscious of his poctic talents and felt a strong urge to write something great and grand. However, he could do nothing to fulfil this urge up to the age of twenty-threc, I hese are the opening lines of the sonnet which the poct wroto when he was twenty-three and they express his sorrow at his spability to have produced any poetical works by the (1010 The port is surprised at the quick passage of time, Time is a clever thicf who stealthily deprives a man of his youthful energics, Io his case too, it has down past him be a bird and borne away with it the twenty-third year of his life. The 1 ·( 21 ) A days of his life, are passing away, quick at top, speed, But, despite his advance in years, his mental powers have not yet matured. He still lacks the ablity io produce a' poetical work, The poet ħiere compares the delayed fruition of his poetic talents with delayed spring, and his own life with a tree that has failed to bear flowers in its,proper times, मिल्टन को अपनी कवि-प्रतिभा का ज्ञान था ; और वह अपने हृदय मे ' उत्कृष्ट काव्य-रचना करने की प्रेरणा अनुभव करता था। किंतु २३ वर्ष की अवस्था पूर्ण कर लेने पर भी वह इस प्रेरणा को तुष्टि हेतु कुछ कर नही पाया था । प्रस्तुत पक्तिया उस सोनेट के प्रारंभ की पक्तिया हैं जो कवि ने २३ वां वर्ष पूर्ण कर लेने पर लिखा था, और वे उसके द्वारा उस समय तक कोई काव्य-रचना न किये जा सकने के कारण उत्पन्न खेद को व्यक्त करती हैं। समय कितनी शीघ्रता से व्यतीत होता है, यह . देखकर कवि. को आश्चर्य होता है । समय एक चालाक चोर है, जो मनुष्य की यौवन-सुलभ शक्तियो को चुरा ले जाता है। उसने कवि को भी ठगा है। वह एक पक्षी की भति उडता हुआ उसके पास के - निकल गया है, और अपने साथ कवि के तेईसवें वर्ष को भी चुरा ले गया है । कवि के जीवन के दिन बडे वेग से व्यतीत होते जा रहे हैं। परन्तु, उसक अवस्था में वृद्धि के बावजूद, उसकी मानसिक शक्तियो का विकास पूर्णरूपेण नही हो पाया है। उसमे काव्य-रचना करने की शक्ति का प्राज भी प्रभाव है । कवि,, यहां, अपनी कदि-तिभा के विलस्ति साफल्य को तुनना देर मे पानेवाले वसत से, तथा अपने जीवन की तुलना एक ऐसे वृक्ष से करता है जो उचित समय पर पुष्पित न हो सका हो । - । । Lines. 5-8. Semblance-Outward appearance-वाह्य स्वरूप I Deceive the truth-Mark others to form a wrong idca; give a falsc impression-~-वास्तविकता से विपरीत दिखाई देना। Perhaps so near-The poet was now twenty-threc. Yet he felt that his youthful appcarance inight makc others to form 2 Wrong idea about his years. They might take him to be younger in years, and he obvious of the fact that he has almost uttained to manhood. Taward-Menta'- बौद्धिकः । 7 ·} ( 22 ) T । Ripeness-Maturity-- पूर्णतः ; परिपक्वावस्था | Doth-Same as 'does'. Timely happy spirits. -Lucky persons whose natural gifts bear fruit at proper time भाग्यशाली लोग, जिनकी नैसर्गिक प्रतिभा उचित समय पर फलीभूत होती है । And inward.... .endu'th-Inwardly I am still more backward. The development of my talents which is far from perfect. It does not appear to be on the same level as injoyed by more fortunate persons, whose mental growth keeps pace with their advancement in years, and whose - talents bear fruit in due course of time. Explanation--"Perhaps my semblance......spirits endu'th." These lines are from one of the best known sonnets of Milton. "On this Being Arrived At the Age of Twenty-three." The poet has arrived at ths age of twenty-three, but he feels that is mental development is not in keeping with his age. The poet says that his outward appearance IS quite youthful By looking at him, people may not be able to form si truc estimate of his age. They may not be able to judge that he has almost reached manhood. The development of his mental faculties is lagging still more behind. His poetic talents have not yet begun to reveal themselves. In this respect, he 19 less fortunate than those whose natural gifts hear fruit in proper course of time. He links that it is high time that he himself should be in a position to produce some great poetical works. ये पत्निया मिल्टन के गुप्रसिद्ध मोनेट "मान हिज वीइंग पराइन्ड एट दि एज श्रॉफ ट्वेन्टी-थो" में ली गई हैं। कवि अपने जीवन का तेईमवा वर्ष पार कर नुमा है, परन्तु वह अनुभव करता है कि उसका बोद्धिक विकास उगम वय के समक्ष नहीं है। कवि कहता है कि उसका बाल स्वन्प अभी किगोरों जैगा है। उसे देगार, समान, लोग उमो वास्तविक वय का अनुमान नहीं कर सकते। वे सभयतः न निष्कर्ष पर नहीं पहुँन सकते कि वह प्रौढता के प्रत्यंत समीप पहन नृा है। उसकी बदक शक्तियों का विकास तो और भी कम हुमा * मी कवच-गाग ने पभी तक पुष्पित होना प्रारम नहीं किया है। म बना में यह उन लोगों ने कम भाग्यमानी है जिनमो निमगमिद्ध प्रतिभा ·( 23 ) + उचित समय पर फलीभूत होती है। वह' मोचता है कि अभी तक तो उसे भी कोई महान् काव्य-कृति प्रस्तुत करने योग्य हो जाना चाहिए था। इस कार्य मे वह पिछड़ गया है। 1 } Lines 9-14 : It--Inward ripeness ; maturity of Milton's poetic talents. Strictest measure_In proportion to -($) Tru; () 17 Even to-Equal. That same lot--The part which the poet thought it was his duty to play sooner or later ; composition of poetical works to which the poet aspired-वह कार्य (अर्थात् काव्य-रचना) जिसे सपन्न करना कवि अपना कर्तव्य > HITTT 84T 1 However mean, or high-It did not matter if the success attained by him was high or low-भले ही उसकी सफलता उत्कृष्ट कोटि की हो अथवा निकृष्ट कोटि की। Towards which-Towards the part which the poet had to play in his life--for en la play eft) TT I Leaks me-Is guiding or prepraring me-mi fa ET, TET I Will-Wish-5731 ; TOT | Heaven--God_TARGE I All is. All is even, After saying what his powers shall be, he corrects himself and says that they are already adequate to God's need of him. Grace-The favour of God - sat ont 999 1 If ...50-If I have grace to use them as they should be used. As ever As it is permanently arranged. Task Master---God, to whom all are responsible for their respective duties and must render an account of tlieir activitics. Explanation. "Yet ive it "Yet ive it ..........Task Master's eye' Milion is quite confident that whatever at the present moment may be the condition of his mind--whether it be more developed or less, and whether it develops early or late - in the end it will be perfectly proportionale to the high or low destiny to wlisch he is advancing under the guidance of heaven He fcals that his life had a divinc mission, viz. the service of God; and whether his lovers ripen late or carly, they shall not fall sliort of the divine purpose of lus life. Nay, they are already adequate and sufliciently ripened for fulfilling the divine purpose, if ons he is favoured with the discretion of using those powers in rendering a satisfactory account of his activities to the great ·( 24 ) है Master God, to whom everybody is responsible for the faithful discharge of the mission of his or her life, मिल्टन को पूर्णतया विश्वास है कि भले ही उसकी बौद्धिक शक्तियो की वर्तमान अवस्था कुछ भी क्यो न हो- उनका विकास अधिक हुआ हो अथवा न्यून, अथवा उनका विकास विलंब से हो अथवा शीघ्र-अत मे वह अवश्य ही उस लक्ष्य के अनुकूल' होगा जिस लक्ष्य की ओर कि वह ईश्वर से संकेत से वढा जा रहा है। वह अनुभव करता है कि उसे अपने जीवन मे एक अली. किक उद्देश्य की पूर्ति, अर्यात ईश्वर की सेवा, करनी है, और देर-सवेर उसकी गक्तियां अवश्य ही इतनी विकसित होंगी कि वह उस · उद्देश्य की पूर्ति मे समर्थ हो सके। वह तो समझता है कि इस समय भी उसकी बौद्धिक शक्तिया उक्त उद्देश्य की पूर्ति हेतु. पर्याप्त रूप में विकसित हो चुकी है, और यदि उसे अपनी शक्तियों का ययार्थ परिचय देने के लिए ईश्वरीय कृपा का बरदान प्राप्त हो तो वह अभीष्ट उद्देश्य की पूर्ति की दिशा मे अग्रसर हो सकता है, क्योकि अन्ततोगत्वा प्रत्येक व्यक्ति अपने कर्तव्य के पालन के लिए ईश्वर के उत्तरदायी है। . A - प्रति ही QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. 1. What according to Milton should be the task of a poet ? Ans. Very few pocts have taken such a high victy of poctry, as Milton has in this sonnct. To him, poetry is not merely a medium of expression of one's feelings with a view to providing pleasure in oneself or others. Milton docs not regard pocity as a chcap aſair. He regards it as somethings great ard sublimc, fic to hs used in singing the praises of God. It should not he used to give vent to our bisc feelings It is a vehicle only for nobler feelings Accordingly, a poet should always exert himself to sing the proises of God and to glorify tlie noble feelings which animate the human heart. Q2. Give a critical appreciation of the poem. , Ans. In the trords of Macaulay, this sonnet by Milton "ig dignified hy a sobricly and greatness of mind to which we know Bir here to look for a parallel." It reveals not only the great , ·1 ( 25 ) ) 3 spirit of the English 'poet,, who stands second to none but Shakespeare, but his aspirations and convictions as well. Thus like the rest of the Miltonian poetry, this poem also is egotistical in nature. It affords us a view into the innermost recesses of the poat's mind when he was only twenty-three It reveals that the twenty-three year old Milton had a firm faith in God and was conscious of the divine mission of his life. Yet he had misgivings about his capacity to do full justice to the task. The sonnet is also noteworthy in as much as it tells us as to what were the ideas of Milton about the art of poetry. Milton did not regard poetry as a cheap source of amusement, He regarded it as a heavenly gift meant for the glorification of God, and he intended to utilise' it'as such. As regards the artistic value of the sonnet, we cannot do better than quote Matthew Arnold, who taking stock of the Miltonian poetry as a whole, says: “In the cure and flawless perfection of rhythm and diction, he-(Milton) is as admirable as Virgil and Dante, and in this respect he is unique among us.. No one else in English literature has a like distinction." Q3. How did Milton feel when he had completed the twenty-third of his age ? Ans. Milton was conscious of his poetic gifts. He was aspiring to be a great poet and the singer of the praise of God, But it seems that he was lacking in self-confidence, which was not sufliciently aroused even at the age of twenty-three. Even at this age, he did not feel like one who is fully capable to pursue thc cherished goal of his 'life. He know of persons who, at a younger age, had been able to win namic and fame in the work of their life. Milton felt that he was not as fortunate as they were. He was lagging behind in time, As these unpleasant thought, however, did not affect his serenity of mind and his unwavering faith in the merciful providence. He had a clear idea of his destiny as a poet, and, therefore, the delay, caused by thorough preparation, in the ſulfilment of that destiny was of no importance. He had a firm faith in God and was, therefore sure that everything in his life was as God willed it and that was enough for him. Thus, Bizhough we first Milton regrers that th: development of liis mind has 1101 hept pace with his years, he feels reassured that > 2 n ·( 28 ) j 1 4 LT 1 + 3 + } 3 sympathy for the poor village folk was unbounded. It was for Wordsworth thar "every flower enjoys the air it, breathes', and that "there is a spirit in the woods. He is more subjective than objecutive. His idea about Nature was very - much like that of Plato, that''Nature is and in Nature in Spirit and Peace, Wordsworth as & Poet of man-Wordsworth began life as a revolutionary in politics. He had an jöstinctive sympathy with the French Revolution which he hailed as the dawn of liberty. He sang :) "Europe at time was thrilled with joy'. France standing on the top golden hours And human nature seeming born again." . He threw himself wholeheartedly into the struggle which started with the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Franternity: "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive; Bat to be young was very heaven. The excesses of the revolution, however, soon made Wordsworth lose 'his early faith, and the shock, to him was so great that for a time all seemed lost him. He hecame a reactionary in, politics and sought consolation in the kindly influences of nature. Only, one great revolutionary idea remainded with him that of the Innaie and essential dignity of man. He, had fellow-feeling and sympathy for the poorest of man : "Man he loved, As man; and, to the man and the obscure, And all the homely in their homely work, Transferred a courtesy which bad air Of condescensing," The poct's sympuchy with mon led him to ponder over "nature's holy plan" and to lament "what man has made of man". Introduction to the room--The Solitary: Renpot sas composed between 1803 and 1805, and was first published in 1807, it was included in the group of the rooms entitled Memories of a Tour Worusuorth and his sister Dorothy had made the tour of Scotland in 1803. This poem was suggested to Words 1 1 1 ·( 29 ) . She sung 0 * worth by the sight of a 'Highland girl who was busy singing a song as she was moving in the field. The music of the girl so attracted Wordsworth that he composed this beautiful poem on the Highland lass The incident Is referred to in' Wilkinson's Tours of the British Mountains in the following lines :- "We passed a female, who was reaping alone in Erse as she bended over her sickle :: the sweetest human voice I ever heard; her strains were-tenderly melancholy and felt delicious song after they were heard no more,' Summary--During his tour of Scotland, the poet happened to pass by a field. There' he saw a solitary Highland lass singing a song of exquisite beauty and charm. She was reaping and singing for her own delight. Her song had a melancholy tone but it filled the valley with her shrill. Her voice was thrilling was never heard even in spring time from the cuckoobird. The poet could not understand the language of ihe song. She was perhaps singing in her own Highland dialect about some old, unhappy, far-of things, or she was singing about some sorrows - and afflictions of, her life. , In the . poet's View these must have been the themes of her song, because she was singing in a melancholy strain. 'Whatever might have been the theme of the song, the poet was chraptured by the shriil melodious notes of the girl. He listened to her song with rapt attention and treasured the memory of the song after it was over. The nielody echocd in the poet heart long afier the song was heard. - । । सारांश अपनी स्कॉटलैंड की यात्रा मे कवि को खेत के पास से जाने का अवसर प्रात हुआ। वहाँ उनने अत्यंत सुन्दरऔर मनमोहक गीत गाती हुई एक अकेली पहाड़ी लड़की को देखा। वह खेत काटतो जाती थी और स्वातः सुवाय गातो भी जाती थी। उसके गीत की ध्वनि अत्यंत करण थी। परतु उस गीत ने पहाड़ो को घाटो को अपने तीन स्वर से परिपूरित कर दिया था। लडकी का स्वर दड़ा मधर था । एसा मधुर स्वर. वनन्त में कोयल का भी नहीं सुनाई देता । । - - ·( 32 ) . -- । - र 1 T ל + . the गीत मे विना कोई बाधा पहुँचाए 'चुपचाप चला जाय । वह मधुर सरस गीत गा रही है और उसके गीत मधुर र"स्वर घाटी मे गूंज रहे हैं । कवि इस वान के लिए अधिक उत्सुक और चिन्तित है कि लडकी के गीत मे कोई वाघा न पहुँचे और, वह गीत सुनने वालो की उपस्थिति से अपरिचित रहे जिससे उसका संगीत अवार्थ गति से चलता रहे । Stanza 2-Nightingale—The bird that sings at night । बुलबुल । Chant-Sings. passionately-गाना | Welcome notes- Refreshing and soothing songs--शाति प्रदान करनेवाला स्वर | Weary bands-'Tired travellers (For the refreshment of the fatugued and tired travellers) थके हुए पथिको का दल | Shady haunt-An orsis in the Arabian desert "मरुप्रदेश मे वह स्थान जहाँ जल और छाया दोनो उपलब्ध हो, नखलिस्तान | Thrilling- Full of shrill; picrcing-प्राणो में सिहरन उत्पन्न करनेवाले । - Cuckoo-bird-The nightingale is a bird of the south' and warmer-climates, and the cuckoo is of the north-कोयल । Silence of the sear- Those who have had the good fortuué 'to sail among Hebrides in a calm weather will understand the truth of the cxprcssion "the silence of the seas". - Fowler --compares Coleridge's lines in Ancient Mariner': "And we didispeak only to break The silence of the Sea." in the northern'., parts is not disturbed ty stormy and turbulent waves-समुद्र की निस्तब्वता । Farthes Hebrides The group of islands on the north-west of Scot land, reckoned as the northern limits of the world, 'Farthes' suggests a vague idea of distance--दूरतम । Explanation "No nightingale....... ...Hebrides." The poet enrptured by the melody of. the giris song. T song of tbc Highland lass is sweeter to the poet than that of nightingale to the scaricd and tired travellers resting in án 059 of the Arabian desert. The song of the girl appears to xwecter than the thrilling notes of the cuckoo in spring The cuckoo sings very thrillingly in spring time and the soon - H - । - The sea ·33 ) - of the seas even in the remotest Hebrides is disturbed by her song But the song of the Highland girl appears moro thrilling and piercing than the shrill loud notes of the cuckoo-bird in spring time. To the poet the music of the girl's song seems siveeter than the melody of the cockoo's song heard in the silent seas of the Hebrides in the northern part of Scotland. कवि लडकी के गीत की मधुरता से प्रभावित होकर आनन्दमग्न हो गया है । कवि के लिए उस पहाडी लडकी का गीत अरबी रेगिस्तान के नखलिस्तान मे आराम करने वाले, थके हुए पथिको को मोहित करने वाले बुलवुल के गीत से भी अधिक मधुर मालूम हुआ। लडकी का गीत वसन्त ऋतु मे गानेवाले कोयल के गीत से भी अधिक मधुर और सरस था। कोयल वसन्त मे अत्य- धिक मधुर स्वर से गाती है और दूरातिदूर हिब्राइड द्वीपो के समुद्र की शाति उसके गीत से भंग हो जाती है। परतु उस लडकी का गीत वसन्त मे गाने- वाली कोयल के मधुर स्वर वाले गीत से भी अधिक भावुक और मादक था। कवि को उस लडकी का सगीत स्काटलैण्ड के उत्तर में स्थित हिब्राइड द्वीप- समूह के निस्तब्ध समुद्रो मे सुने जानेवाले कोयल के गीत से भी अधिक सरस मालूम हुना। Stanza 3:-Will no sing-The poet is not able to understand the song of the Highland girl. The language in which she sings is incomprehensible to the poct. The poet wants someone to tell him the theme or the subject of her song because he could not understand the song and its content. Perhaps. As there is no one to interpret the song to the poet, he is trying to guess the theme of the song himself Plaintive notes-The sad notes-~-शोकपूर्ण स्वर । Number-The musical sound of the song-स्वर-लहरी । Flow --Are coming out--प्रवाहित हो रहे हैं। Tings-Events-घटनाएँ । Perhaps.......... ....ago--The poet guesses that the melancholy song of the girl might be connected with unhappy incidents or long-forgotten events such as deadly battles for family lands. In these lines, Wordsworth strikes the note of suggestiveness which is so characteristic of the Romantic Revival in English Poetry. Or, is............to day--Or the theme of one...... ।

·( 34 ) 92 -the reaper's song is some humble incident of everyday. Familiar matter of today -Ordinary misfortunes of day-to-day life that fall on mankind - af gan saat | Natural sorrow-Sorrow which comes out of the natural course of things and is therefore, inevitable--EJ G:| That has.......again --Which has fallen in the past and may be repeated in the future. ✓ Explanation. "TVill 110 one .... .....be again.' In these lines the poet is making conjectures and surmises regarding the theme of the girl's song. The poet imagines, by the melancholy strain of the girl's song, that she is singing about some old historical incidents as deadly battle, or about the common sorrows and sufferings of ordinary life which have fallen on humanity 10 the past and might again fall on human beings in the future, इन पक्तियो में कवि लडकी के गीत के तात्पर्य के विषय मे अनुमान और अटकल लगा रहा है। कवि लडकी के गीत के करुण स्वर से कल्पना वह भयंकर युद्ध जैसी किसी प्राचीन ऐतिहासिक घटना के विषय मे गा रही है अथवा सामान्य जीवन के उन साधारण दु.खों और कष्टो के विपय मे गा रही है जो अतीत मे मानव-जाति पर बीत चुके है और भविष्य में भी फिर मानवो पर वीव सकते हैं। Stanza 4:---Whatever the theme-Whatcvcr might have been the subject of the girl's song-1 fit faqat As if .endiog--It appeared to thc poct that the girl would go on singing eternally. The poct was under thic spell of the song and so he thought that thc cnchanting song woult continue for cver, I saw ... bending The reaper was singing and at the same time rcapir:g the harvest. Motionless and still-The poet licard tlic mclody of the song with rapt attention, without making the least motion--faria FTT GITA MIT T 1 As I......... Hill-When the poet left the bill after the reaper had stopped singing. The music..........10 morc- He smembered the sweet melody of the song long करता है कि ·( 35 ) है Just as - । -- - after it had stopped-गीत सुनने के बहुत दिनो बाद तक उस गीत को स्मृति वनी रहती है। {N- B. The poet seeks imaginary delight in recollecting the music of the girl in moments of silence at home the daffodils Flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; in the same way the melody of the reaper's song remained enshrined in the heart of the poet and give him delight in his lonely and wearied hours.) Explanation-"What ever the theme........no more.' Whatever might have been the theme of the girl's song, the poet was enthralled and captivated by the melody of her song: He listened to her song with rapt attention without making the least movement. He was so much overpowered by the melody and music of the girl's song, that it appeared to him that song endlessly. When the girl stopped singing. the poet left the valley and went up the hill. The sweet melody of the girl's song continued to resound in his heart long after the song had been concluded by the Highland lass. लड़की के गीत का विषय चाहे जो कुछ रहा हो, कवि उसके गीत की मधुरता से प्रभावित और मुग्ध अवश्य हो गया था मुग्ध अवश्य हो गया था । वह जड़वत् निश्चेष्ट होकर एकान चित्त से उसका गीत सुनता रहा। वह उस लडकी के 'गीत की मधुरता से इतना अभिभूत हो गया कि उसे ऐसा जान पड़ा कि गीत का अन्त फभी होगा ही नहीं। जब उन लड़की ने गीत गाना बन्द कर दिया, तो कवि पाटी को छोडकार पहाडी के ऊपर चला गया। पहाडी लड़की के गीत की मधुर स्वर-लहरी कवि के हृदय मे उन लड़की के गीत बन्द करने के बाद भी . बहुत दिनो तक गूजती रही। QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. 1. Give a critical appreciation of 'The Solitary Reaper.' Or What are thc main ideas of the poom 'The Reaper'? Solitary ·( 36 ) 1 Ans. "The Solitary- Reaper' by Wordsworth is one of the most remarkable short poems in English poetry.' It is remarkable for five things: (1) its imagination, (2) its melody, (3),its wonderful suggestiveness, (4) its romantic beauty, and (5) its love for nature. The imagination of the poet finds its best expression in this poem. The creation of the reaper and her dullet music is all the work of imagination. The poet had not met any such reaper and no such song was heard, Wordsworth got the hint from Wilkinson's Tour of Scotland and the following lines in the book *** "passed a female who was Teaping alone; she sang as the 'bended over her sickle, in the sweetest human voice, I ever heard. Her strains were tenderly melancholy, and, felt delicious long after they were heard no more". Out of these lines he has created the living picture of a Highland lass singing melodiously in the field. It is all a work of the poet's imagination. The poet gives a local habitation to airy nothing. The poet's love for nature is presented exquisitely in the poem, Like so many other smaller lyrics of Wordsworth this poem also illustrates the poet's profound love for nature, and his belief that natural surroundings and people born and brought up among them come up to the heavenly beauty, which no conventional life can ever attaja. The melody of the poem is cqually remarkable enthralls us by its verbal melody. Such lines as 'old unhappy far off-things', 'breaking the silence of the Seas'; 'among the farthest Hebrides' are musical gems. Thc suggestiveness of the poem is cqually well-marked. In the third stanza of the poem we have the poet's surmises and conjcctures about the theme of the girl's song. The surmises present the notc of suggestiveness in thc pocm. The note of romanticism is exquisitely struck in the posm, Here we have the essence of romance The two similes in the second stanza--that of the nightingalc and the cuckoo-birdmake the reader's mind travel vast distances in space, while the highly suggestive epithets in the third sranza malc its travci back a long way in time to the dim half-forgotien past. Both these going ahead and going back reveal the two aspects of this Romjaotic Ravival io postry. The poem ·( 37 ) The simplicity of the poem is equally remarkable. The sweet and pathetic piece appeals to the heart of the reader. Simplest words of everyday use have been employed by the poet to produce matchless music. The poem is among the first-written by Wordsworth. It is 'one of the most perfect and beautiful pieces of poetry that Wordsworth ever wrote Q. 2. Write a note on the mietre of the poem. Ans Each line in the poema has four accents with a variation of three accents in the fourth line of every stanza. The first four lines of the stanza rhyme alternately, but the four lines form two couplets. This arrangemant has made the poem exquisitely beautiful and charming. 'The alternate thymes cease in the last stanza and the 'demand" of the car is met by the ſhymes 'ending' and 'bending'. Q. 3. How is the poet affected by the song of the Highland girl ? Ans. The song of the Highland maiden singing prettily, in the field hud a deep and profound effect on the mind of Wordsworth. He lieard her song with rapi attention and was decnly impressed by the melody and sweetness of the notes. He felt that the song of the Highlaod girl, was far sweeter than the song of the nightingale, and the sweetness of her, throat wa, uncqualled. The song was more thrilling than the voice of the cuckoo that disturbs une silence of the seas in the Hebrides during the spring season. The pact could not understand the theme of the song, But its melody went deep into fuis heart and it continued to haunt his imagination for many days to come He could imaginatively here the melodious noies of the girl "long after it was hcard no more." It lingered in his memory and he could not forget the song for days to come Such was thc decp impresion of the song on the poet's mind. Q. 4. Pick out the lines in the poem which, according to you, are strikingly bcautiful. The most beautiful and significant lines in the poom are. (a) Breaking the silence of the sea; Among the farthest Hebfiles L ·( 38 ) بله i (6). For old unhappy far-off things And battles long ago. (C) No nightingale did every chant More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady bannt Among Arabian sands... + r > 1 CHAPTER V THE WORLD IS TOO MUCH WITH US (W. Wordsworth) N. B. For details, regarding the life and Works of the poet, refer the Notes to The Solitary Reaper. Introduction to the Poem The World Is Too Much With Us is one of the finest sonnets in which the poet condemns the growing materialism among the people of his times and makes an appeal to them to turn their eyes to the beauties of nature. The growing apathy and indifference of the people of his times to the graceful and lovely aspects of nature. Produce a feeling of repulsion and disgust in the heart of the poet He desire, to run away from the hectic life of his times and find a heaven of repose in the calm and unsophisticated atmophere of the Pagan times The poet's love for the sublimer aspects of nature is nicely presented in this poem. Appreciation of the Poem : Wordsworth has written many sonnets Literary critics have pronounced some of these as little poetic meryl, but there is no doubt that a good many of them are really beautifal. Wordsworth also, like Shakespeare, has taken liberty with te metrical arrangement of the sestet, hut in many of his sonnets he has chosen to follow thc Millonic model as a whole Thus the versification in this sognet is perfectly regular, the scheme of the sostet having two rhymes in six lines, cu cd cd. This sonnet gives expression to the anti-materialistic altitude to lile which was characteristic of Wordsworth, Here he points out the chil cheris uf matcrialiam Hic says that the pursuit of wealth has no engros he attention of the people that they ·(39) have forgotten nature altogether, For its beauties they have no admiration. Wordsworth, therefore, owes his distinctive position in English literatury in past to bis wonderful powers as an interpreter of nature, especially on the spiritual side.. More than any other poet, he hrought to men barricaded evermore-within the walls of cities,' a revelation of the beauty and of the divine meaning of this 'goodly universe' To make them the partakers of his own joy in the living presence of the Earth' was one important aspect of his conscious mission. Deeply deploring the blindness and deafness of the average man to the glories of the world about him, he believed that even a super-titious veneration for the forces of nature was better than the apathy born of absorption in material things. Summary-The poet is pained to see the growing tendency of the people of lus times towards materialism, and he bemoans the loss of appreciations for the beauties of nature. The people gre engrossed in the making of moncy in and out of season. They devote all their energies to the ammassing of wealth and spending it on different pursuits of their lives People have bariered their ſiner sensibilities for the accumulation of wealth in and out of season They never turn their eyes to the splendid sight of the sea in the light of the silver moon nor do they appreciate the calm and quite aspects of pature, The poet is so much disgusted with the sordid life of his times that he desires to run away from the shackles of materialism during his times. He desires to go back to the simple and unsophisticated days of the Pagan time, so that he may enjoy the beautiful aspects of nature and have visions of the gods of nature like Triton and Proteus. The post The fout would Ishe lo embrace thc outworn creed of the Pagans of ancient Greece rather than continue to be a follouer of Christianity that liis contemporaries professed to follow during his timcs. FIZIET कषि अपने समय के मनुष्यों के भौतिकवाद को प्रोर बने हुए झुकाव को देखकर दु:खी होता है और प्रति को सुन्दरतानों को नराहने की भावना से कम हो जाने पर विलाप करता है । - समय-यमगर लोग धन कामाने में ·( 40- ही लगे - रहते है। के अपनी सारी शक्तियो को धन कमाने और जीवन के भिन्न-भिन्न कामो मे खर्च कर देते हैं। अपनी कोमल भावनाओ को उन्होने समय-असमय मे धन वटोरने की प्रवृति के बदले वेच डाला है। वे कभी भी रुपहले चाँद के प्रकाश मे समुद्र के शोभामय दृष्टि की ओर अपनी निगाह नही फेरते, न ही वे प्रकृति के शान्त और शान्ति देनेवाले रूपो की सराहना कर सकते हैं। अपने समय के मलिन जीवन से कवि को इतनी अरुचि और घृणा होगई है कि उस युग के भौतिकवाद की वेडियो को तोड़कर वह भाग जाना चाहता है । वह चाहता है कि वह प्रकृतिपूजकों के सादे और निश्छल युग मे वापस पहुँच जाय, जिससे वह प्रकृति के सुन्दर रूपो का प्रानन्द ले सके और प्रकृति के देवताओं, जैसे ट्राइवन और प्रोटियस, के दर्शन कर सके। कवि प्राचीन यूनान के प्रकृति-पूर्जको के अप्रचलित धर्म को अगीकार कर लेना चाहेगा न कि ऐसे ईसाई धर्म का अनुयायी वना रहना जिमे उसके समकालीन लोग मानने का दावा करते थे। 1 NOTES & EXPLANATIONS Lines 18.--The world is too much with us-IV care engrossed badly in ruoning alter the amassing and carning of incalth. The claims of malerulismi arc lughly pressing upon us and we are ready to sacrifice our spirituality at the altar of the goddess of worldliness-~-हम मनार में बुरी तरह फंस गये है। Late and soon--At all hours of the day-नदेव । Getting and Spending---Izrning wealth and spending of the council wealth-~-माने और मुर्च करने । Lay waste our power.In devoring all our time and energy to the pursuit of wealth, we bring about the waste or loss of our spiritual power~ PRI Tat पत्ति का दुरुपयोग करते हैं । Power---Spiritual power; the power of appreciating the beautics of natu c~प्राध्यात्मिक शक्ति | That is our cannot say thin certain objccis of nature ours and rc arc interc ted in them and have a desire ty appreciate their lovelines, and rharm-जिगर प्रति हम मानीया Art ·( 41 ) t _ 1 का अनुभव कर सके। Given our hearts away-We have sold our hearts to the god of wealth plutus, and have no feelings left for appreciating the beauties of nature 9997 ay को बेच डाला है, और हम मे प्रकृत सौंदर्य की अनुभूति से प्रानन्द प्राप्त करने की शक्ति नहीं रह गई है । A sordid boonGift of wealth संपत्ति का दूषित वरदान । Bares ber bosom to the moon -The light of the moon fall on the water of the sea समुद्र जिसके वक्षस्थल पर चद्रमा की fait facilities that I Howling-Making tumeltuous noise साँस-साँय करती हुई। At all hours-The winds would be cre. ating stormy and tumultuous atmosphere in the sea throughout the day-atatit I Are upgathering now In the night time the winds have been lulled to calm and they have stopped their tumultuous howling of the day515 ET TSI Like sleeping flowers-The'winds taking their rest and presenting a calm and tranquil atmosphere appear to the post like flowers sleeping in the night-~मोते हुए फूलो के समान शात । For this.For tlus lovely aspect of nature when all the winds arc lullcd to sicep. For everything for all other aspects of nature. We are out of tune-We do not have any svmpathy and love for the above mentioned beauties of nature, nor any liking for the other lovely and sublımc aspects of nature-हम प्रकृति के सांदर्य के प्रति मवेदना मे सर्वथा शून्य है। Explanation"The world is too niuch.. ........0911 of time." These lines are an extract from The World Is Too Much With Us, by William Wordsworth, The poct was a great lover and admirer of the beauties of nature. He was deeply pained to noic that people of his times were losing their love and appreciation for nature. They were devoung all their time and energy to the carning and amassing of wealu, The claims of the world were 100 much with them They wisted all their power needed for spiritual elevation and development of the soul, in running after the accumulation of wealth and sending it in worldly sursuits In earning inoney and spending it in and out of season they 113sted their power. They did nor and timelo ·( 42 ) - appreciate the beauties of nature, nor did they claim any kinship with the objects of nature. They had completely bartered their hearts and souls with mercenary bargains, and had been without the finer feelings for nature or higher values of life. It was certainly a dull and mercenary bargain in which the people of his times were engaged. The sight of the majestic sea lying open in the glare of the moonlit night does not attract us The winds that would be making horrible sounds during the day are calm and quiet during the night time. But we have no time to appreciate their beauties. For such beauties nf nature we have no licart or appreciation We are busy only in the material pursuits of life. ये पंक्तियां व सवर्थ कृत 'The World Is Too Much Witli Us से उद्धृत की गई हैं। कवि प्रकृति की सुन्दरताओ का महान् प्रेमी और सराहनेवाला था। उसे यह देखकर वडा दुःख होता था कि उसके समय के लोग प्रकृति के प्रति अपना प्रेम और सराहना खो बैठे थे। वे अपने सारे समय और शक्ति को धन कमाने और बटोरने में लगाये हुए थे। पात्मिक उत्थान की अपनी सारी शक्ति को वे धन संचय करने और उससे मामारिक सामग्रियो का सचय करने मे खो डालते थे। समय-असमय धन कमाने पीर खर्च करने में अपनी शक्ति का वे ह्राम करते थे। उन्हें प्रकृति की सुन्दरतामो को मगहों का सगय नही था, न ही वे प्राकृतिक वस्तुओं के साथ अपना कोई निकट सम्पर्क स्थापित कर सकते थे। उन्होने धन के, मौदे में अपने हृदय पोर यात्मा का हेर-फेर कर डाला है और प्रकृति के लिए या जीवन के उच्च- तर नक्ष्यो के अनुगीलन के लिए उनमें कोई कोमल भावनाएँ नही रही। वास्तव में वह एक अरुचिकर और स्वाधं-प्रधान पार था जिनमे उसके मम- मालीन लोग लगे हुए थे। चांदनी गन के शुभ्र प्रमाग में हिलोरे लो हग गोमागुक्त ममुद्र का दृश्य हमे पापित नहीं कर सकना। या जो दिन-भर भयकारी शब्द करती रदनी F, गमि मे ममग शाम हो जाती हैं। पगल उनके मोन्दर्य को मराहने का हमारे पास भमर नही है। माना गौरशंसा गराइने योग्य हमारा - ·43 हृदय भी नहीं है । हम तो केवल जीवन के धनोपार्जन-सम्बन्धी कार्यों में संलग्न रहते हैं। SATI मंदान। a Lines 8-14 - It moves us not--The people of his times are not all moved by the beauties of nature-fa FT सौंदर्य हमारे हृदय का स्पर्श नही करता। Great God—The poet is remembering thc Divine Being because in their pursuit of wealth the people have forgotten to appreciate thc beautiful aspects of nature which have been crcated by God $397 ! Pagan-Non-believers in Christianity. Pagans flourished in Greece before the rise of Christianity. They worshipped stock and stones and saw goddesses and gods in thc various objects of nature. They were worshippers of naturcaya के प्राचीन निवासी, जिनकी ईसाई-धर्म में आस्था नही थी, और जो प्रकृति की पूजा qiyat Suckled Brought up लालित-पालित Creed The religion of the Pagans; Paganism. Outworn-Which is cxtinct now, paganism is now a dead religion-f6741 Flisat 545 I So-In becoming a pagan. Lea A mcadow; grassland-FTIE, Glimpses--Sight- Forlorn--Lonely-7917 it i Proteus-Thc sca-god, son of Oceanus and Tcthys, He looked after the domain of the scagori Ncptunc. He was reputed to makc prephesics about the futurc. According to Homer, he resided in thc island of Pharns, at a distance of onc dar's journey from the river Nilc. de middav Proleus rose from the sra and slept in the shade of the rochs, with thic monsters of the deep lying around him. Anyone wishing to Icarn about futurity from him was obligcd to carch hold of him at that time As soon as he was stud hic assuincd cvera possible shape in order to escape ilic necessity of pophesying. He changed himself into various shapes and forms. But whicn he sad that liis cnritat ours were or no avail, le resuined his usual forn and told thic Truch. After finishing his prophecy he ictured in the sca. Trom Poricus "cliqve the Eaglish word 'Protcan' which 13 can ever-changing Triton-4 sca-dely, an attendant on the importa ·( 44 ) sca-god Neptune, who used to calm the waves by blowing upon his conch. The chief characteristic of Triton, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, in poetry as well as in works of art, is a trumpet made out of a shell on which Triton blew at the cominand of Poseiden to soothe the restless waycs of the sea. Wreathed horn-The horn of Triton made of shell with which he calmed the restless wave of the seat fits की तुरही। Explanation "It moves us not .................. ... lorn." These lines are an extract from Wordsworth's fine sonnet The World Is Too Much With Us. The poet was deeply pained to note the growing indifference and apaihy of the people of his tuines to the beauties of nature They were engrosied badly in the mercenary pursuits of bfe, and wasted all their energies in the amassing and accumulation of wealth. Wordsworth could not live in The society of those Christians, who sacrificed theic spirituality at the altar of materialism. He desired to run away from the materialistic tendencies of his times to the old Pagan times of Greece He had the moving zist for accepting Paganism and be nurtured in the extinct creed of Paganisin in which the love for nature and worship of the gods and goddesses found in nature formed the principal part of religion. Ας a Pagan the poct would have the opportunity of standing ncar the meadow and have the vision and sight of the sea-god Proteus, who made prophesies to the people ab ut llic future and then went back to the sca The sight of Prottus would machim less lonely for he would find some association in the lovelier aspects of nature in the conpany of the pigens. He would ito fiave lile privilege of hearing the sound of the conch-shell blown by Triton, thic scal-deity, to quielen and calm the tumultuous and stormy waves of the sea. Nole, -The student should write noles at the end of his cxplanation on Proteus and Triton. He should make a reference 10 Paganisn and Wordstiorth's opposition to the growing Diatcrialism or his age. पंनियों यद् वयं के सुन्दर die "Thc World Is Too Nfuch Fith s" मी है। प्राने युग मे, गोगों को प्रति है पनि 母 ·( 45 ) - बढती हुई उदासीनता और उपेक्षा को देखकर कवि वहुत दुःखी है। वे जीवन के धनोपार्जन-सबंधी कामो मे बुरी तरह डूबे रहते थे और धन बटोरने मे अपनी सारी शक्ति को व्यर्थ गंवा देते थे। वर्ड्सवर्थ उन ईसाइयो की संगति मे नही रह सकता था जो भौतिकवाद की वेदी पर अपने अध्यात्मवाद की बलि चढाते हो। अपने समय की भौतिकवादी प्रवृत्ति से ऊबकर कवि यूनान के पुराने पैगन-युग मे चला जाना चाहता है। उसमे प्रकृति-पूजा स्वीकार करने का वडा उत्साह है और इस वात का भी कि वह प्रकृति-पूजा के लुप्तप्राय धर्म मे प्रवृत्त हो, जिसमे प्रकृति के प्रति प्रेम और प्रकृति के अन्दर पाये जाने वाले देवतायो और देवियो की पूजा एक विशेष स्थान रखती है। पैगन होकर कवि को चराहगाह मे खडे होने और समुद्र के देवता प्रोटिअस के, जो लोगो के बारे मे भविष्यवाणी करता है और फिर लौटकर समुद्र मे चला जाता है, दर्शन करने का अवसर प्राप्त होगा। प्रोटिअस का दर्शन कवि के एकाकीपन को कम कर देगा, क्योकि पैगन लोगो के साथ मे उसे प्रकृति के अधिक सुदर रूपो के साथ सम्पर्क प्राप्त होगा। उसे समुद्र के देवता ट्रांइटन द्वारा समुद्र की तूफानी लहरो को शान्त करने के लिए वजाये गये शंख को सुनने का अवसर प्राप्त होगा। QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. 1. Give a critical appreciation of the poem 'The World ISTOOMuch With Us.' Or Bring out critically the main ideas of The World Is Too PMuch with Us.' Ans, Tlc l'orld Is Too Much With Us by Wordsworth is considered as one of the finest sonocis cyer wrillen by Wordsworth. In this sonnct the poet slashingly attacks the growing matcrialism of his age and the di gusting apathy and indifference of the people of his times to the beauties of nature condcmns in very strong words the mercenary pursuits of thic world He points out that people of his jimes are engrossed in the massing and accumulation of wealth in and out of scason without lending their heart and soul for a momeal to the The post . 1 ·( 46 ) beauties of nature. The attitude of the people towards the mercenary pursuits of life appears nothing better than a 'sordid born' and a dirty game to the poet. He exhorts the people of his times to give some time to the enjoyment of nature and find some moments for appreciating the lovely and sublime aspects to nature. In his attack on the worldliness of the people of his time, Wordsworth anticipates Matthew Arnold, who made a scathing criticism of the materialistic tendencies of his times in his Scholar Gipsy and Thyrsis. The poem reveals Wordsworth's love for the calm and quiet scenes of nature The poet prefers the calmness and peace in nature. In this poem he presents the sight of the sea bathed in the soothing rays of the moon in the night. He also gives us a picture of the silent wind and waves of the sea that sleep like flowers in the night. Both these pictures are of the mellowed and subbucd aspects of nature, Wordsworth never loved and liked the story and tumultuous aspects of nature, and, everywhere in his poems, we notice his love for calm and quiet effects. He loves, as he points out in one of him poems,- “The silence in the starry sky, The sleep that is among the lonely hills." In this poem the following lincs showy Wordsworth's love for the quiet effects of nature. “This sen tbat bares her bosom to the moon, The winds that will be hopling at all hours ! And are up gathered now like sleeping flowers." The poet's disgust with thc Christian religion in also poignantly presented in this poem The poet does not like to follow a religion that sccrifices spirituality and love of nalurc at the alter of matcrialism. No douht, Christ in propagating his religion, emphasised on spirituality and the sublimer aspects of seligion, but the Christians of the poct's time had lost all love and zest for the finct aspects of religious worship and love of soirituality This indifference 10 to religious tenets of Christianity, shown by the scopic of his times also mides Words- North critical of the apathetic tendencies of his times to religion, The poet condeoins modern Christianity where the people "lay ·(47) getting and waste their spiritual power jp spending in and out of season.' The poet professes his love for Paganism and the outworn creed of the Pagans, in which worship of the gods and the beauties of nature formed the principal part of religion. The poet desires to accept Paganism, because by adopting this religion, he will have the opportunity of witnessing the sights of the Pagan gods and goddesses such as Proteus and Triton. The sights of these gods will make him less lonely and give him some zest for life. The poem, therefore presents Wordsworth's love for Paganism and the classical gods of Greece. Wordsworth is not a Puritan like Milton to discard classical gods and goddesses, as the blind poet does in Paradise Regained. By applauding the gods of the Pagans, Wordsworth exhibits his catholicity and the spirit of religious toleration wbich is so very essential for civilized and cultured men. The sonnet is written on the Patriarcbian model and follows the metrical scheme of the Patriarchian sonnet. Q. 2. “The world is too much with us," Elucidate the statement, Ans The world is too much with us We, of the 20th century, like the people of the 19th century, rapidly advancing towards matcrialism and the materialistic tendencies of the times. The clums and concerns of the world are highly pressing and we are everready to attend to worldly calls and are ever willing to sacrifice our spiritual heritage at the aller of materialism. We are cngrossed in the making of wealths in and out of season, and the love of wealth is with us a conuming passion Pcoplc devotc too much of their time to the amassing and accumulation of wealth, They are madly busy in earning ucalth ; and in their care for earning money they forget rememrer God or to give some minutes of their une to religious modulation and prayers Nature with its sublimc and beauuſul sighis does not altract their attention. They do not go out for a morning walk to appreciate the lovely 35fects of nature. They are so much engrossed in the worldly pursuits of life that they Jay waste their pues for higher advancement and spiritual cleanon. The poet is awfully disgusted with this all-engrossing materialism of the uge, and he advises the people to icot their hcuts and souls to the worship dod appreciation of the braulics { ·( 48 ) 1 mo of nature. We should bid good-bye to this growing materialism and pay some head to the lovely aspects of nature such as. "The sea that bares her bosom to the moon, The winds that will be howling at all hours And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers Q 3 What was the immediate occasion of this poem Ans. Wordsworth's cousin Edgar, who was an employed in the stock-exchange, fell ill. He was a broker in the stockexchange. Even during the period of his illness, his mind was busy with the material activities of the stock-exchange. Wordsworth and Dorothy tried their best to explain to the young man to forget the economic hustle and bustle of the city markets and enjoy the beautiful sights and scenes of nature so that he might get relief from his ailment. But all the advice of Wordsworth and his sister was of no avail. Edgar could never forget the business of life, even in his serious illness. At last he died. Wordsworth was deeply moved by the death of his cousin who died because of its too close an engrossment in the activitics of the world. He had loved nature and the beauties of nature, hc might have been cured of bis disease. Hence, it was to denounce the love of the worldly people for the values of worldly life that bus sunnet was writion after the death of his cousin Edgar in 1806. Q. 4 What was Wordsworth's attitude towards Nature ? Aps. Wordsworth had a keen eye for what was decp and essential in nature His nature poetry is pervaded with a mystical and spiritual element, Nature to him was the embodi. ment of the universal spirit :- "Whose is in the light of the setting sun, And the round occan and the living air, And the blue sky, and in tbe mind of man Common with nature, therefore, became the chief means for hial of attaining the kuowledge of that truth winch is heyond the reach of scicoce. Naiurc thus became to him an ethicai teacher of the first-rate importance. It was not only a suurce of yrest beauty, but also someling fraught with spiritual massages.

·( 49 ) These are three well-marked stages in the growth of his love for nature. At first, this was only a healthy boy's love of the open air and the freedom of the fields Nature, to begin with, meant to the poet boating in summer, skating in winter, long walks at dawn, and bird-nesting In the second stage, he began to love the sensuous beauty of nature with an unrelenting passing altogether untouched by an intellectual interest or association. The third stage is marked by an intense spirituality. He passes beyond the enjoyment of sensuous beauty and finds "abundant recompense" for whatever he might have lost by the way, with a mood of mind in which his love became deeply spiritual 10 character. 1 1 ܫܝ r CHAPTER VI TO A SKYLARK (P. B Shelley) Life and Works of the Poet-P. B. Shelley (1792-1822), son of Sir Timothy Shelley was born in 1792, at Field Place near Harsham, Sussex. He was born just at the time when the cycs of all Europe were fixed in hope and fear on France and a new order was shaping itself out of the great Revolution. At Elon, among the tyrandies and conventions of a great public school, his sensitive nature was thrown into a fever of revellion from which he never quite worked out into spiritual sanity and health. Mad Shelley his schoolmatcs called him, abd in the judgment of the world he ramained 'Mad Shelley to the end of his lifc. Ai Oxford, he read the sceptical French philosophers and deemed it his duty to publishmus religious views in 3 pamphlet entitled 'The Necessity of Atheismi' for which he was expellcd. Onc immediate result of this svas his difference with lus father, which dcepened into a permanent brcach by his marriage in thic following year to Harrick Westbrock, the pretty and lively daughter of an inn-..ccper. The next three years were spend in wandering olout from place to place, and, opcc, happening to be in Ireland, he made an absurd atiempt to Fouse the Irish to seek redress for their national wrongs. This foolish campaign clearly showed the curious mixturc or ine rezi and the uorcal in Shelley, by the fantastic methods adopted for circulating his writteo pamphlets. Before the end of that period.-- ·( 50 ) he made an acquaintance with William Godwin, the revolutionary philosopher and novelist, who, exercised a great influence on his mind. He conceived a violent passion for Godwin's daughters Mary, and separated from Harriet in 1814, and after her suicide, united himself with Mary. In his travels in Switzerland with Mary he came 10 touch with Byron and afterwards lived with him in Italy in terms of great intimacy. Returning to England in 1816, for two years he looked after the publication of his poetry. In 1818, he left England never to return. In Italy his, great works were produced in the following two years when he lived with Byron at Pisa. At Leghorn he was drowned while indulging in his favourite pastime of boating. A sudden and swift storm swept over the sea and his body was cast ashore a fortnight later, His body was burnt on a pyre by his friends, Works-Queen Male (1813), Hymn to Intellectual Beauty (1817), The Revolt of Islam (1818), The Cenci (1819), Prometheus Unbound (1820). In the last two ycars of his life appeared Epussychidion, Hellas, Adonais, The With of' dilas. Turan and Maddalo of Anarchy, The Sensitive Plant and smaller pocms of great power like the West Wind, Skylark etc. Characteristics of Shelley as a Poct-As a poet Shellcy stands in the front rank. His real poetical carcer does not extend over more than seven years and what he produced doing this brief term, much of which passed in sichness and sorrow, ss remarkable for its quanlity and much more wonderful for the quality of the greater part of it. In fyrical gift, shou o in Prometheus Unbound and Hellas and some of his shorter poems, he is probably unsurpassed and his dramatic power is also of a high order. Many of his shorter poems ac perfect gems. So much poetry, so sich in various beauty, was probably never poured, lorth wih so rapid a flow from any other mind. Abundajice and felicity are his singular characteristics ; and no less the dreamy ecstasy, too bign for speech, in which his pozticat naluc, most subtle, sensitive and voluptuous, delighted to dissolve pod 10:itself, He deals loss with actualities than does any other English poet. His imagery is that of a dream-world peopled by ethereal furnis and bathed in prismalc light. Even when he borrows images from nature, it is from a nature heightened and ·( 51 ) t sarefied by a passage through his own temperament. He is at the other pole from Wordsworth's homeliness and large acceptance of Nature as she is Hence, an air of unreality langs over all his work, an unreality made more conspicuous by his unpractical theories of conduct and society. Matthew Arnold called him "a beautiful and ineffectual angel beating in the void bis luminous wings in vain.” But Shelley's is perhaps the most essential poetry in the language. It is pure enchantment to the listeners with a delicatc car for his rare music and some powers of response to his passionate plea for freedom, justico and love can never be ineffectual in any search after social batterment, Shelley and Wordsworth The poet whose aptitude to Nature approaches nearest to Wordsworth's is Shelley. But there is this great difference : with Wordsworth, Nature is both 'law and impulse'; with Shelley, she is 'impulse' alonc and sympathics with the chronic attitude of revolt Iris ceaseless and exclusive assertion of individual · liberty. Again, for Wordsworth, Nature is one ; for Shelley, she is virtually many; and in this respect Wordsworth resembles the old type of the stern, self-controlled, law-abiding man with Ius reverent worship of the one universal spirit; while Shelley is the passionate, sensuous, lawless rebel with his free familiar worship of 'gods many and lords many.' And from this funda. mental difference between Shclicy and Wordsworth there arises another,, viz. that Shelley in vicwing Nature perccived only that which appealed vividly to his sensuous self, as the brilliancy of the morning star or the tumultuous harmonies of the west wind. He had no eyes, as Wordswortli had, for the homcly and the commonplacc. Though Shelley was to some extent o disciple of Wordsworth, We find in their Skylark how thcy differ from each other. Wordsworth's bird is full of naturalness with the addition of the spiritual thread which all the whilc binds the singer to the nest beneath. But Shelley's bird is in little more than a igment of exuberant fancy. It is falsc to nature and hyperbolical. While Wordsworth concentrates his imagination on the bird, Shelles etherealises it. Shelley's poem is non-moral and purely sensuous, having no rouch with our higher nature: whatea Wordswortli's room is a true echo of the Great Teacher who ·(52) bids -us consider the lilies and learn the lesson of trust from the birds of the air. Introduction to the poem--The Ode To A Skylark is rightly considered as one of the finest lyrics in English poetry. It embodies the best qualities of Shelley's lyrical genius The poem IS, a supreme piece of art, and is remarkable for its exquisite melody, its wealth of metaphor, 'its unusual imageries, its rapid scene and its lyrical fervour. This poem was composed by Shelley in the spring of 1820 in Italy,' 'Mrs: Shelley wrote about it as follows :- imy s In the spring we spent a' week or two at Leghorn, borrowing the house of some friends who were absent on a journcy to England. It was on a beautiful summer evening while wandoring among the lanes whose myrtle hedges were the bowers of the fireflies, that we heard the carrolling of the skylark which inspired one of the most beautiful of Shelley's poems. From this account of Mrs. Shelley, it can be gathered that this poem was composed at a time when the song of the bird was actually heard by the poct. He had watched the flight of the bird and heard the musical notes with rapt attention. This lyric, therefore, embodies the lyrical passion and emotion and is considered as a gem among Shulley's lyrics This poem has been highly praised by critics'and poets, and has been admired by millions of readers all over the world. Critical Appreciat on--The Ode To A Skylark hy Shelley is rightly considered as one of the best lyrics in English poetry: It is a piccc of supreme art and embodies the best qualities or Shellcy's lyrical genius. Its chief virtue lles in its wonderful Inciody and its' unpremedıcated thought. The lines of the lyric bubble out from the poet's heart without any labour or artitice. It is a poem of natural eſfusion and as such it is regarded as a gem among Shelley's lyrics. Il y extremely rich in melodious charm ; though in inaginative conception and netrical power it is excclled by The Cloud and The Ode to West Wind. The cxqussile melody of the peem is unforgettabic All the stanzos Vig with ench other in their melodic charm In ile "lyric fervour and's 'ebuli:nt lyricism'. aEdmund Good puts it, 'st remnins unsurpassed smooy.th other poems of Shieltey. 7** Another significant quality of this poem is the richness of its imagery. THC Inuš stanzas of the pien, in which thc bird is ·( 53 ) + compared to different bright objects of nature and life, exhibit Shelley's imaginative genius, and his gift for coiding similes aod metaphors for heightening the effect of the poem. He compares the bird to a poet hidden in the light of thought, to a high born maiden in a palace tower, to a glow-worm golden in a dell of déi and to a rose embowered in its own green leaves. These similés are very charming and bcautiful and help in visualising the picture of the bird in its wonderful flight.. The pictorial quality of the poem is equally significant. The poet presents the fligbt and movement of the bird in the sky with remarkable case and the picture of the bird pouring out its melody comes dancing before, our cycs. We feel that in the golden light of the sctling sun the lark is really an unbodied joy whose race is just begun'. Tlic praises showered on the skylark show the appreciativ gcnious of Shelley for the beautiful objects of nature." Shelley had a londer heart vibrating with love for nature, birds and clouds The song of the birt with its melody touched the poetic (hort of the great poet and, under the direct inspiration of that ong, he began describing the light of the skylark shovering innumerable praiscs on its music, its happiness, and its unconceri cd liſc with the miscrable lot of human beings. This pacm presents the pessimism of the poct, We hcar in at the authentic nolcs of tender, vague pathos which no other roct hut Shellcy could have so confidently struck The poct has jathclically presented the lot of human beings in the world. The following stanza from the Skwark has become world-famous not only due to its liaunting melody but also due to its, icnder pathos and touching pessimism :- "It'e look bcrore and after, And pine for what is not; Our sincerest Icuphier "ith some poin is Traught : Our sheetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought." The hasny lot of the bird has been naiheucally compared with thc unhappy lot of human hings. The rupture of the bird is much for cier in verse that quivers with emotion, and in a Tanguage which is imperishablc. Wordsnorib was or opinion 4 1 ·( 54 ) 2 1 sor ܕܢ 1 that Shelley's Skylark was the expression of the highest emotion co which his'gepius had attained. The autobiographical note of the poem is equally worthy of oor notice. The poet feels that if he could be half as glad and happy as the bird, he would be able to achieve great success as á poet and impress the world by his poetic production. The last stádza 'of the poem exhibits Shelley's personal life, and this poem also closes like the Ode To The West Wind on a note of optimism and hope. The lines are worthy of guotation :- “Teach me half the gladness of 'That thy brain must know Such barmonious madness From my lips would flow The world should listen then as I listening now !" On the whole. To a Skylark is a wonderful poem, a sweet lyric, and a gem in Shelley's poetry. The movement of the verse, the depth of imagination, the beauty of expression make it a memorablc song. Sammary of the Poem-The poet Shelley is enraptured by the song of the skylark. To him the bird appears a happy spirit, whose song is full of joy. The bird flies higher and bigher from the earth It is like a cloud of fire. As it soars higher in the sky, it sings. It is like an unbodied joy when 10 flies at the morning time. The music of the bird is al heen as the arrows or beam of the moon. The music fills all the carth and air. The poct is filled with joy when he hears the music of the skylark. He compares the bird to a poet njden in the Ight of thought, loa high-born maiden in love, soothing her sioul with music, to a glowing behind bushes and unseen by man, and finally to a concealed rose-flower thc petals of which have been opened and scattered by warm winds Then the post fecis that the song of the bird surpasses in its beauty and charm wif thar is joyous and fresh in the world. The praise of wins or love is nothing as compared to the praises shavered on the music of th: bird's song. Marriage trumpets are nothing as compared to the music of the bird. The poet wonders as to how so much sweetness is found ia the song of the bird. It is luve or ignorance of path that gives the charm to the song of ·( 55 ) the skylark? The poet then 'feels that there cannot be any languor or lassitude in the song of the bird. The bird is happy at heart Human beings can never enjoy the happiness of the bird They are not destined to experience that joy and happiness which the skylark feels in her heart. Tnc in of human beings is very sad They They look before and after and pine for what is not. But the sid nining is not to b: found in the song of the bird Tlie bird's song is superior to treasures found in book The poet implors the bird to teach him half ner gladness, so that like the happy skylark he my also pour out sweet music in his poetry and may impel the world to hear his song just as he is hearing the song of the skylarh साराश कवि गैली लवे के सगोत पर मुग्ध हो उठा है। कवि को यह पक्षी अतीन्द्रिच जगत् का एक ऐसा प्राणी प्रतीत होता है, जिसका मगीत अानंद से पौतप्रोत है। पक्षी घरातल ने क्रमशः ऊँचा उठता हृमा उडता चला जाता है। वह प्रज्ज्वलित वादन के समान है। आकाग मे ऊँचा उठना हुप्रा. वह गाता जाता है। प्रभात के समय उडान भरता हुप्रा वह प्रानंद के अशरीरी प्रतिरूप जमा पत्तीत होता है । उन्न पक्षी की ध्वनि-लहरी चंद्रमा की किरणो जैमी ही सूक्ष्म है। उसका गंगीत मारो पृथ्वी और वायुमडल में व्यात हो उठता है। उसे सुनकर कवि प्रानंदमग्न हो उठता है । वह उस पक्षी को विचार-नागर मे वे हुएपि, गीत हारा अपने हृदय को हलका करती हुई अभिजात प्रेमिका, भाडियो को घोट में, मनुष्र के लिए प्रदृच्च, चमकते हुए भात, एवं गुलाब की ऐ। फूत्र ने उसमा देता है, जिसको पडियो डागा वायु में स्पर्श ने लिखकर वियर गई हो। भव पावि अनुभव करता है कि नये का सगीत संमार के सभी घानदायक उपादानों में प्रधिन सुन्दर और प्राकक हैं। इसके दर माधुर्य की गुनना मदिर पोर प्रेम का माप भोनगण्य ! विवाद के पकनर पर चामरे वाले पार-यंत्रासादर भी उमरी बरावरी नदी पर मरता। पदो प्राइचर्य है शिम पक्षों के स्वर में इतना मार्य यो है ? ना सका कारण प्रेस या वेदना का प्रसाद है ? म ·( 56 ) कवि तव अनुभव करता है कि पक्षी का हृदय आनंद से परिपूर्ण है। मनुष्य उसके जैसे आनंद का आस्वादन कभी नहीं कर सकते । उनके भाग्य मे उस पक्षो-जैसे श्रानंद की अनुभूति नही है। मानव का जीवन अत्यंत शोकपूर्ण है। वे भूत और भविष्य के फेर मे पडे हुए प्रभावजनित चिंता से त्रस्त रहते हैं । लवे के संगीत मे अभावजन्य चिता नही है। उसका संगीत पुस्तको की बहुमूल्य ज्ञान-राशि से भी उत्कृष्ट है ! कवि लवे से अनुरोध करता है कि वह अपनी प्रसन्नता का पर्दाश ही उसे प्रदान कर दे, ताकि वह भी अपने काव्य मे ऐसे मधुर संगीत को सृष्टि कर सके जो संसार को उसकी कविता के रमास्वादन के लिए उसी प्रकार विवश करदे जिस प्रकार वह स्वय उसका (पक्षी का) सगीत सुनने के लिए अपने-आपको विवश अनुभव कर रहा है । . - NOTES & EXPLANATIONS Stanza 1.-Hail-Welcome; greet-स्वागत करना । To thee-The skylark--तुझे (कृष्णा नामक पक्षी को) | Bithe spirit~ Happy spirit-पानदमय अतीन्द्रिय प्राणी । (To thc poct Shelley, the skylark appears to be an cther cal spirit bccausc thc bird is full of joy, and its song is so melodious and charming) Bird thou never wert-The poet feels that the lark was never born a bird. It was always a spirit. Wordsworth also puts the same qucstion to the cuckoo :- "Shall I call thes a bird Or but a wandering voice." Wert-was---या। That from heaven or near it-From a very great height in thr shy, When the bird is imigined as a spirit, thc pet ſccls that is abone or place must be in theasen or somewincre very high in threkhy यहा अधिक ऊँचाई में | Pourest-Expresc-यास करता है | Pourest thy full heart --Gives full cxpressioa to the feelings of her firart in hier Scing-~-अपने गपूर्ण हृदय को हटा देना है। In profuse straingr-In copiuus er abundant tunes poured forths without any cluck- प्रनमः स्वर लहरियो में | Unpremeditated.hithout any perious ·( 57 ) thought-जिमके विषय मे पहले सोचा-विचारा न गया हो; अनायास ।, Unpremeditated art-The song of the lark is spontaneous without any artifice or labour in it-सहज एव स्वाभाविक कला। (The bird pours out its song in a spontaneous manner. Shellcy's poetic art like that of the skylark, is also remarkable for its unpremeditated art.) Explanation. "Hail to thee... ........thy full heart." These lines are an extract from Shelley's Shy'lark. The poet hcars the sweet melody of the skylark and is enraptured by its music. He thinks that the skylark is not an ordinary bird but a happy spirit of ethereal world. Its abode is somc-where near heaven because it is a spirit. From its empyrean lieight, it pours out its heart in its splendid song There is perfect spontaneity in its song. There is no constraint or artifice at any stage in its song. It pours outils music in copious notes out of the fullness of its heart. प्रस्तुत पंक्तियां शैली द्वारा लिखी हुई 'स्काईलार्क' नामक कविता में ली गई है। कवि कृष्णा नामक चिटिया की मधुर आवाज सुनता है और उनके सगीत मे गद्गद् हो जाता है । वह सोचता है कि कृष्णा कोई साधारण चिडिया नहीं है बल्कि आकाश-लोक को एक प्रसन्न प्रात्मा है । उसका घोमला स्वर्ग- लोक के पास कही है, क्योंकि वह एक प्रात्मा है । वह बहुत अधिक ऊँचाई से अपना मधुर तथा गानदार संगीत प्ररने हृदय से डेनती है। उसके गाने में पूर्ण प्रभाव है। उमो गाने में कही रोक या बनावट नहीं है। वह अपने संगीत में अपना संपूर्ण हृदय उडेन देनी है । Staira 2 :- Higber. In the higher plain of the sky-17 भी अधिक ऊँची। Still--Cistantially तमेत्तर | From the earth thou springest-~-The aksart thes higher and higicr from the cauilt. Like a clon: of fire--Tuc lunc has been iniceprexcel in morr than one way. Peterson says, "The reference १९ 10the immences burst with which an imprisoned time Icope 1910s when a sny ia found for it.'. He quores liori "Sprint ujward htrapitamid of fire, into the wise expanzac." This image ailes not to the actual aparance ·( 58 ) of the bird but to its continuous motion in upward circles अग्नि की लपटो की भांति । The blue deep-The blue sky-~~-नीला 57915 " And singing. ....singest-As the bird flies higher and higher into the sky, the louder becomes its song. This line is remarkable for its melody Here the sound echnes sense, This line also applies to Shelley's poetry, Shelley rose in rapture according to the flight of his imagination. Explanation. "Higher still......... ....ever singest." The skylark flies higher and higher from the earth. It appears like an imprisoned flame, as it flies across the sky. While flying across' the blue sky, it continues its song. The higher it flies in the sky, the louder becomes the melody of the song. > 6 कृष्णा पृथ्वी से ऊंची और-और ऊंची उडती है। आकाश में उड़ती हुई वह बंधनमुक्त अग्निशिखा जैसी प्रतीत होती है । नीले अाकाश मे एक और से दूमरी ओर उडते हुए वह अपना सगीत जारी रखती है । वह आकाग में जितनी ऊंचाई पर उड़ती है, उसके गाने की मधुर आवाज उतनी ही तेज होती है। Stanza 3 ----Golden lightning-Crimson rays of the rising sun which appcar lıke the flashes of lightening - TT&TT FTTI The Sunkcn sui-Thc sin under the castern turizon bcforc rising-ga fast À 719 711 In the golden ......Sun-In the carly morning before runrise-014 apar i 747 virgför att Over which .......brightening-lhe clouds in the castern Horizon hccome brighter and brighter beforc sunrise. Thou- The shylark. Float and run--'The bird flies across the sky in the morning time when bright clouds arc seen in the castern horizon-iT XI Unbodied joy--The bird appears to he the disemboird spirit of delight. It is the 'blithe spirit of the fast stanza. It appears like it spirit of gladntss -19757 07 Tog afa Whose race is jast begun-Who has ·(59) just begun its flight. It is the time of the early morning beforc sunrise and the skvlark has just started its flight in the sky जिसने अपनी यात्रा प्रारभ हो की है। Explanation. "In the golden...... .................just begun The skylark begins its flight in the sky before the rising of the sun in the eastern horizon. At this time the entire castern horizon is covered with bright clouds As the bird soars in the sky in the early morning time, it appears like a spirit of delight which has just begun its carcer. पूर्व दिशा में सूर्योदय होने ने पूर्व ही कृष्णा अाकाश में उडना शुरू कर देती है इस समय सारी पूर्व दिशा उपाकान के चमकीले वादलो से भरी होती है । प्रातःकल के समय जब यह चिडिया प्राकाश में गाती हुई उडती है तो ऐसा प्रतीत होता है मानो वह प्रसन्नता की एक प्रात्मा है जिसने अभी-अभी अपना जीवन-क्रम प्रारम्भ किया हो Stanza 4;--Pale parple even-The evening time when light becomes dim-TEOT 1 Twilight melts round thy flight-As the bird flics in the shy, cvcning sccms to mclt and become mollificd Shabcspcure uses the expression 'darkıcse thickens'. Shellcv cmploys a poctic erpression in prescnung thc melting of the sky. Petcrson says, 'Evching mahes way for your upward Night and closc; it upon sou so as to hide you froin our sight as the waves mahc ivay for and close in behind a ship, "--TIENT TETTTT 09757 T उड़ान को हमारी दृष्टि से दिपा लेता है ! Stars of heaveu-Star of the sky-719757 SFIT UT I Thou art unscen-It the growing din light of the evening, the skylark becoms mnvisiblc lác the star in the daylight 1754 TET I Shrill delighima Delightful music of the bird's SOLE wuch 15 shrill and singh 01TCIFT 1 72-iri Compare "Till drowned in sonder lisiprbule To: tark becobre5 s sigh less spa" ·160' ) Sun - ~ - - Explanation. “The pale purple .............. shrill delight.' * In the fading light of the evening the skylark becomes invisible like the star of heaven in the broad day-light of the Though the fark becomes invisible to human sight, its sharp and shrill • music can be heard by the poet on the earth. The loud song of joy can be enjoyed upon the earth though the singer may be wrapped up in the clouds of the evening. सायकाल के धुधले प्रकाश मे कृष्णा उसी प्रकार अदृश्य हो जाती है जिस. प्रकार सूर्य की रोशनी मे तारे । यद्यपि कृष्णा मनुष्य की दृष्टि से अदृश्य होती है ; परन्तु उसका तीन और मधुर संगीत पृथ्वी पर कवि को सुनाई देता रहता है। प्रसन्नता-भरे ऊँचे स्वर से गाये जानेवाले गाने का आनन्द पृथ्वी पर लिया जा सकता है, भले ही गानेवाला सायकाल के बादलो मे छिपा हुआ हो। Stanza 5:-Keen-~-Sharp, clear and distinct--तीव्र और सुस्पष्ट । Arrows--Sharp beams of the moon-- चद्रमा की सूक्ष्म किरणें । Silver sphere-Moon-~चद्रमा । Keen....sphere--The shrill delight of the bird is as keen as the bcams of the moon. The word 'keen' qualifies 'delight' iii the last stanza- कृष्णा की प्रानदपूर्ण तया तीव्र स्वर लहरी चद्रमा की किरणों की भांति है । Intense lamp-Bright light -767 777787 | Narrows-- Grows dim and faint--मंद पड़ जाता है। In the white dawn clear- In the light of the carly morning before sunrise---अरुणोदय के स्वन्ट प्रमाग मे। Whose intense ......clear-The beams of the moon become dim and faint in the light of thc dawn- सूर्योदय के प्रकाश मे चद्रमा की किरण मंद पट जाती है ........ ther-Though we are not able to sre tlic inoon in the hght of thc morning su, bit wc know that the moon is there in the shy. Similarly, the bird inży become invisible in the night, but we focl thing the bird is there in the sky. Its presence can be felt by its shrill music_9919 sier met समने तथापि उनकी उपस्थिति का बोध होना रखा है। Explanation. "Keen us are..... ..... .....tisthere." The delight in the music of the bird is az sharp as the hoams of the mos shining in the sky, Just at th: 6:3ms of the moon Until...... ...... .....

·( 6 ) become dim in the light of the dasyn till the moon is scen 10 more ; similarly the bird becomes invisible in the dimness of the evening and is seen no more But just as we feel the moon is there in the sky in spite of the dawn, similarly we feel that the bird is there in the sky in spite of the darkness, and its presence can be felt by its'music. कृष्णा के संगीत की ध्वनि उतनी ही मनमोहक है जिननी कि बाकरग में चकमते चन्द्रमा की किरणें। जिस प्रकार चन्द्रमा की किरणे सूर्योदय-काल के प्रकाश मे धुंधली होती हैं यहाँ तक कि चन्द्रमा का दिखाई देना बिलकुल वन्द हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार कृष्णा भी सायंकाल के धुंधलेपन मे महग्य हो जाती है और विलकुल दिखाई नहीं देती। परन्तु सूर्योदय के बाद भी निरा प्रकार हम यह अनुभव करते है कि चन्द्रमा आकाश मे है, उसी प्रकार अधकार होने पर भी हम यह अनुभव करते है कि चिडिया आकाश में है और उनकी उपस्थिति उसके संगीत के द्वारा अनुभव की जा सकती है। Stanza 6:-All the........loud-All the earth and tic air arc overflowing with the inusic of the skylank's song--नमस्त पृथ्वी और वायुमडल तेरी उदात्त स्वर लहरी से प्रतिध्वनित हो रहे हैं। Night is bare--When 'shy is cloudless in the night ~ FIFTST निरम्र है । Bare-Cloudless निरभ्र । One lonely cloud-Froin onc sohtary patch of cloud-एकाकी वादल | Rains out---Sends forth-वर्षा करता है | Heaven. -Shic sky-1977 i Overflource- Flooded with light-प्रकाश से प्रोतप्रोत । Explagation-"All the earth. .........overflop d." All the air and the earth are resounding with the music of the skylark. Just as the beams of the moon pass through lonely patch of cloud in the sky in an otherwise cloudless say in the night, similarly the music of the shylark, like a lonciy cloud in a bare night, can be heard on ne carth compared the skylark to the moon and its musi to the beams of the moon flood the sky with lighi, sunularly the music of the skylark loods the air and the earth with its melody. समरत पृथ्वी और वायुमंडल निदिया क गाने पोरोन है । छवि मृणा के गाने को चांद की किरणो को उपमा देता है। जिस प्रकार वादन रहित ..... The poet -- ·( 62 ) है आकाश मे चन्द्रमा की किरणें छा जाती हैं और सब तरफ प्रकाश फैल जाता है, उसी प्रकार चारो तरफ चिड़िया के गाने की मधुर तान फैली हुई हैं । Stanza 7: _What thou art we know not-The poet says that what in truth the skylark is cannot be known by ordinary human beings कृष्णा कौन है, यह जानना मनुष्य की शक्ति के वाहर है। What is most like thee-If it is not possible for us to find out the real nature of the bird, let us try to find out those things with which the bird can be compared-जिसकी उपमा तुझे दी जा सकती है । Rainbow clouds-Clouds transfigured by the rays of the sunof the sun-इद्रधनुषीय बादल । Flow-Pours out-बरसती है। Drop-Of rain-वर्षा की वूद । Thy presence The presence of the bird can be felt and not seen in the "twilight of the cvening तेरी उपस्थिति । Rain of melody-~~ The pouring out of the bird's song. The construction here 15 some what complicated. Thompson says. "The drops that fall from rainbow clouds are not so bright as the rain of mclody that showers from thy presence, is the direct sense, but the words ''to' sçe complicate the comparison as the rain of melody.is invisible. Explanation-What thou art.......... ........melody." The poet is cnraptured by the music of the skylark. He trics to describe it but he does not know what the lark actually 115 Is it a spirit or a bird ? Hence, he tries to find out suitable comparisons to describe the bird Thic poet fcels the skylark pours out its music as it flies in the sky, ond this DIUSIC is brighter than the drops of rain poured from the rainbow clouds. The rain of mclody flows out from the song of the si.ylark. कवि कृष्णा नामक पक्षी पा संगीत मुनकर बहुन प्रगन्न होता है। वह उत्तका वर्णन करने का प्रयल करता है, परन्तु वह यह नहीं जानता कि वास्तव में कृष्णा पक्षी कौन है। यह एक प्रात्मा है या एक चिडिया ? गाला : टस पक्षी को तुलना मारने के लिए उपयुक्त उपमाएं दना है। पवि अनुभव करता है कि कृष्णा ज्यों-ज्यो भागार में उगती है, त्यो-यो अपने संगीत की ·( 63 ) qui fiat a, te 3997 Tita 55471977 act FASTEIT वरसने वाले जल की बूदों से अधिक चमकीला होता है। कृष्णा की उपस्थिति से मधुर संगीत को वर्षा होती है । Stanza 8: - Lilc a poct hidden........thought-The poet compares the skylark to a poet who is immersed in the light of his own thoughts which are 50 mysterious and profound that they cannot be casily understood by the pcoplc of the world. Thc comparison between the poct and thic shylark is very patcnt. The song of the skylark is audible ; but the bird atsclf is invisible. Thc poct writes poctry and his song can be ficard by ordınary persons, but they cannot fully understand or sce the poct's mind like the invasıblc skylark-fazTTI # F affat Singing--Composing-काव्य रचना करते हुए। Hymns-poerns-कविताएँ । Unhidden --Spontancously, without being ordered by the pcoplc of the world. 'Thc poci sings bccausc hc inust. Hc docs not stand in need of any order from outsidcmiatt I World prople of the world. Wrought-Brought--- 91T GTE GOTT 1 Hopes and fears---Hopes and ſcars cniertained by the poct in bus lienrt--MITT ART FTTFTT* 1 Is wrought .....fcars- The poct continues composing poems and the time comes when those who had paidi no attcnuon to the poet's songs begin to undersund lus incssage, and svinpathisc with him in his hopcs :und fears. The people of the world begin to sharc the #onliments anul cmotions of dic poct's liceri-077 A BT 7777 अपि को पानी पौर धापांकाप्री के प्रति सहानुनृति का अनुभव नहीं करने लग 1941 | Hreded not-blad paid 10 atention to the poci's m:sac-17F TOT 177 177 | It-The world.ET I Explanation - Uhe a pocs... ... ... ... ...coded nor". in these lines the poc: Shelley is belutlu'y comparing the inte hlash to i poci sininecu in the light o: 1113 **** thougtir. The pict's mnoer mind can907 undNOW by the wapic of the world though this may reud ·( 64 ) bis poetry, just as it is difficult to see the skylark iš the dark. ness of the night though its melody might be heard by us. The poet in the skylark and his poetry is like the melody of the bird. The poet composes his poems spontaneously without being ordered by the people of the world, and the time comes when those people of the world who had paid no attention to bis lofty message ultimately come round to the ways and thoughts of the poet and begin to sympathise with and share his sentiments, emotions and feelings. The bird's song is also appreciated by the people of the world, इन पक्तियो मे कवि शैलो दिखाई न देनेवालो कृष्णा नामक चिडिया की तुलना सुन्दरतापूर्वक एक ऐसे कवि से करता है जो अपने विचारो के प्रकाश मे खोया हुआ है। जिस प्रकार संसार के लोग कवि की प्रान्तरिक भावनाओं को सुगमतापूर्वक नही समझ सकते चाहे वे उसकी कविता को भले ही समझ लें, उसी प्रकार रात्रि के अन्धकार मे कृष्णा को देखना भी कठिन है चाहे उसका गाना भले ही हम सुनलें। यहाँ कवि कृष्णा है और उसका संगीत उस पक्षी की मधुर ध्वनि है । कवि अपनी कविताएँ बिना लोगो का आदेश प्राप्त किये हुए स्वान्तः सुग्वाय बनाता है और एक समय प्राता है जब ससार के वे लोग, जिन्होंने उसकी बातो पर जरा भी ध्यान नहीं दिया था, अंत में उसके समीप पाते हैं, उसकी भावनायो को सुनते और समझते है और उनके प्रति सहानु- भूति दिखाने लगते हैं। कृप्या पक्षी का गाना भी इसी प्रकार संसार के लोगो की प्रशंसा का पाम बन जाता है। Stanca 9:-High born-Of noble descent and family- अभिजातः, उच्चकुलोत्पन्न । Maiden-An unmarried gurl-~-युमारी | In a palace tower~-In hier sccluded and lolly chamber where she can singler song without being watched by any anyonc -महल की अट्टालिका के एकात मे | Soothings .Consoling---हलमा करतो हुई। Love laden soul-~Her lovc-sick heart-प्रेम की व्यथा से पूर्ण हदय । In secret hour~in loncliness and at a time when she can sing without being noticed by any man or stommart--एकापी शगो में | Music sweet as love---The song sing by the maideti 15 as succt and charming as licr own love.com - ·( 65 ) । प्रेम के समान मधुर मगीत | Orrers-Hows-~-Floods.- ध्वनि मे दुवा देते हैं Bower-Inner chamber-अतःकक्ष | (The comparison between the Shylarh and the loi c-lorn inaiden is very clear. The skylark sings from a grcal licight in the sky, and thc maidca sings from licr high tower in the palace. Both of them are hidden from the gaze of ordinary persons. Thic bird sings spontancouly out of joy, and thc maiden sings spontancously out of lovc. Tlic inclody of both is sicct and charming. The bud's song fills the wholc atmosplicrc, and tlic song of llic Duden fills lier loncly chamber.) Explanation, "Likc a high borr.. ...........her bover." In these beautiful lines tlic poct is comparing the skylark 10 a maiden of noble family. The maiden is in love and she sings rapturously in the high tower of her palace without being scen by anyone She soothes her love-lorn heart by lier sweet melody which fills her chamber, Like the skylark slic pours out the ſcelings of love in her heart through her song which fills the entire chamber. न सुन्दर पक्तियो मे कवि पणा पक्षी की तुलना एक मुनीन युवती ने करना है। प्रेम-पाश में बंधी हुई युवती जिस प्रकार अपने महल के बुर्ज में एकान्त में बैठकर अपना मधुर गीत पन्नापती है और उनका सान महन गूज इल्ता है : उगी प्रकार चुपणा अपने संगीन पे द्वारा अपने हृदय की प्रेमपूर्ण भावनाप्नों को पत करती है धौर उसका नगनि सारी पृथ्वी पर गंज उठता है। Ston: 10:-Glow-form-fire-a: हरन् । Golden-...- Tbir glow-norm is called golden ler.cz«e il comia bright light sluch appears solden in the niçlie-T i Dell-allas 317791 | Dell of dom.VaVcy which is incis: with den-diore -~ar की दो से भगे पल्प | Scattering--Spreadirty-प्रचार Itnhchelden-nithout thrin srcin ths other Ter! Ithartial hur-~-1".ru cairural bice tuzlit-7771 सामानो mot Serttt it-luc it--font: From the vici--Fron ht rehte' t ther Terroris. - ·( 66 ) Explanation. "Like a glow-worm.. ... ... ... from the view." The poet compares the invisible skylark to the golden glow-worm which diffuses its light in the valley which is moist with dew-drops while ramaining itself unseen. The glowworm remains unseen because it is hidden by flowers and grass in the dewy valley. The points of comparison between the lark and the glow-worm are quite clear The lark is invisible in the night though its melody can be heard by us. The glow-worm is hidden from sight though its golden light may be noticed by us The glow-worm is like the skylark, and its light is like the music of the bird. कवि न दिखाई देनेवाली कृष्णा की तुलना उस चमकदार जुगनू से करता है जो प्रोस मे भीगी हुई घाटी मे छिपकर' कभी-कभी अपना प्रकाश प्रकट करता है और स्वयं दिखलाई नहीं देता। प्रोस से भीगी हुई घाटी मे उगे हुए फूलो और घास में छिपे होने के कारण जुगनू दिखाई नहीं पडता । जुगनू और कृष्णा पक्षी का तुलनात्मक सादृश्य बिलकुल स्पष्ट है। कृष्णा रात्रि के अन्धकार में दिखाई नहीं पहनी; यद्यपि हम उमका मधुर संगीत सुन सकते हैं। जुगनू भी हमारी दृष्टि से परे है; यद्यपि हम उमको चमक देख सकते हैं। इसलिए जुगनू कृष्णा पक्षी की तरह है और उसका प्रकाश उस पक्षी के संगीत की तरह है। Stanza 11:-Embowered_Conealed as in a bower- माही मे छिपे हुए | Warm winds-~-Summer winds.-- ग्रीष्मकालीन वायु । Deflowered-Robbed of its fragrance and swcet sincil--- सुगध में वचित । By......deflowered-The rose is deprived of its fragrance and suret smell by the wanton summer winds which take away the fragrance of the Rower to distant place--- गोप्म को मनचली प्राधियाँ गुलाब को मधुर गघ को चुराफर दूर-दूर तक नाती Till the sccot it gives-Ihe fragrance taken away from the flower by the winds-उसकी सुगध | Makes faint... ..thievesllic winds kadrd with the fragrance of the road arc compried' to thícies who run away uht rich loomiy. Here thr fragranie rif the flower 15 :hm ricoty and the winds are the thicves. The winds becoin slow in their inovc inent on acco- ·( 67 ) " unt of the burden of fragrance they carry, he thicrcs running away wnh a heavy. Compare- Each cloud faint the fragrance it hears" Explanation. "Like a rose .........heavy-winged thieves." The song of the skylark is compared by the poet to tho siect smell of the rose concealed in its green leaves. The winds takc away the fragrance of the ſouer to distant places. The wanton winds loaded with the fragrance of the flower become slow and languid in their movement like the thieves who bear hervy booty. The Power is the Skylark, atid its fragrance spread on all sides by the wind is like the niciody of the skylark overflowing the atmosphere. इन पत्तियो में कवि कृपणा के संगीत की तुलना हरी पत्तियों में छिपे हुए गुलाब के फूल की मधुर सुगध मे करता है। गुलाब के फूल की मधुर मगंध को हवा दूर-दूर तक ले जाती है । गुन्नाव के फूल की मधुर सुगध में भरी हुई भीनी-भीनी हया उनी प्रकार धीमी चलती है जिस प्रकार बहुन-सा माल लेकर भागने वाला चार धीरे-धीरे चलता है। गुलाब का फूल कृष्णा पक्षी है, और उनकी सुगन्ध, जो फि हवा मे चारो ओर फैली हुई है, गारे गयुगटल में गूजनेवाली कृष्णा को मधुर ध्वनि के समान है। Staura 12:-Vernal-or spring-वनंत की। Showers- Raindrops 1 bal i Vernal shouers-Raindrop: falling in the spring season--jactrita at Twinking --Shining-579421 On the twinklag grass --Blains of grass strining sur to drops of rain filcn un then-1 (377971 af TT मेह को सूद पर रही। | Rain-awaltened flowers.~rlowers whore potus havchen opened Or awni ricely the borning of flowers of its moon het TI All that ever *** Tirpass. Ang thing that is fresh and beautiful in the Merid. The port frck {ling sinies and maps end comp?. reater thrirguircly dricribe the larh and its 2. Itristes, les armpires te luind tro all tir barniſul antea inyo turther of the worlt! I'd prnt tut that thr: liker of Dis d ji suprior to all the bright ntc) jos os tiny vibe world.

·। ( 68 ) Surpass—The music of the lark excels all the sweet sounds and the bright and fresh things of the world -- सुन्दर और श्रेष्ठ है। Explanation. "Sound......... .........doth surpass." The poet points out that the drops of rain falling on the blades, ot grass in the spring season and the flowers blooming under the impact of the rain-drops are not so beautiful as the music of the skylarh. In fact the melody of the skylark surpasses all the joyus, pleasant and fresh objects in the world including spring showers on grass or blooming and fresh flowers in the field. कवि कहता है कि वसन्त ऋतु मे भी घास की पत्तियो पर पड़ने वाली वर्षा की वूदें और वर्षा की वूदो के स्पर्श से खिलने वाले फूल कृष्णा के सगीत के समान सुन्दर नहीं हैं। वास्तव मे कृष्णा का मधुर सगीत ससार के सबसे अधिक प्रसन्नता प्रदान करनेवाले, सुहावने और ताजे पदार्थों, जिनमे घास पर पड़नेवाली वसन्त ऋतु की फुहारें और मैदानो मे खिलने वाले ताजे फूल भी सम्मिलित हैं, से भी बढकर है । Stanza 13:Spirit or bird--Thc doubt of the poct whether the skylark is a bird or spirit lias not yet been removed. Hence, he calls it by both the names_9877 9797 प्रतीन्द्रिय जगत का प्रारणी । Teach us...thine-The post wants that the people of thc world may learn the sweet thoughts of the bird wluch provide inspiration to her song-frift 4277 कल्पनाओ ने हम लोगों को भी अवगत कर दें। Sweet thoughts. Pleasant and happy thoughts of the bird which find rxpression in her rapturous music--मधुर सत्यनाएं। Praise of winc or lover-Poems written in pratsc of wine or love. Oiler, or songs written in honour of Birchus - the God of the God of ume, and Aphrodite and Venus ar* impigsinned and fine. The subjects of love and wine lane bucal responsible for the produrlion of the finest trics in porurv---प्रेम और मदिगनीप्रभागा में ली गई रचनाएँ । Thit panted forth-'Tht rnelonately unscreal-- जिगने उनी नियो। Floord of rapture-Outburst of happy ·(69) 1 thoughts-अानन्दभरी कल्पना के उद्गार । A fiood...,.. divine- Shower of ecstatic and finc mclody poured forth in the bird's song. Comparc :-- "Thou dost pour upon the world a flood of l'armony, with instinct more divine". -Wordssorth : The Skijlark:. Explanation.' "Teach us....... so divine." The poet is not certain whicther the skylark is a spirit or a bird. Hencc, hc address her by both the names. Whatcver the bird might bc, tic roct wants to learn the sweet ond happy thoughts of the bird, which provide inspiration to lier song. No poem wrillen cven in praise of wine or love expresses that raplure or joy, which is presented in the cxquisite music of the bird's song. पाधि को इस बात का निश्चय नहीं है कि वृष्णा कोई प्रतीन्द्रिय प्रात्मा या भौतिक जगत् पी एक चिया। एगनिरे यह उनकी दोनो नामो ने नम्बोधित करता है। पर जो कुछ भी हो, रवि उमने, सो मधुर और प्रगम विचार गोपना चाहता है जो उममी को प्रेरणा प्रदान करते हैं। अगर या प्रेम की प्रामा मे तिसी ई कोई कविता इन पक्षी मे मधुर गगीत के बगवर प्रसन्नता ना धानंद प्रदान नहीं करती। Sama14:-Chorus Hymental-\ marriage or nute indung mencai is deriscd from 'llymen' the Girch Goal of manner. . Hymnemal is a song in prane of Hunc13- ाि मगन गान | Triumplial chant-SIES Stumgn prit of clors ir niort ulin 11310 giei victory on the finite- Pelis. Surli tablets ac milled Epinicji ctcs. Pindar hal prian suli onics < < triumph cclefirung the siriors of Imantan feroy some Matched with thing Compa prend will die rug of the limit finito Put an empty vaunTlie 1 11 JUILA U marrinc. et Ricort apur Eye nettribart, Trroriter that there - ·( 70 ) want." ... is something lacking in these songs, which mars their beauty. The song of the skylark, in comparison to these worldly songs, is perfect: -मिथ्या दंभ-मात्र। Explanation. "Chorus.. ..... The' poet points out that the songs sung in praise of Hymen, the god of marriage, or in enlogs of victory celebrating their victories are nothing as compared to the song of the skylark. In these worldly songs of marriage and victory we feel the absence of perfection. They appear to be more or less idle boast or a loud sound expressing no real joy. There is something wanting in them which detracts from their worth as songs. In their comparison, the song of the skylark is perfect. कवि कहता है कि विवाह के देवता हाइमेन की प्रशसा अथवा विजेताओ की प्रशसा मे लिखे गये गीत कृष्णा के गीतो की तुलना में कुछ नहीं हैं । विवाह और विजय के सासारिक गीतों मे हम पूर्णता के अभाव का अनुभव करते हैं । वे हमे वास्तविक आनंद से शून्य निरर्थक प्रमाद अथवा ऊँची ध्वनि के समान प्रतीत होते हैं । इन गानो मे किसी चीज का प्रभाव है, जो उनके महत्त्व को कम करता है। इन गानों की तुलना मे कृष्णा का संगीत सर्वथा श्रेष्ठ है । Stamsa 15:-Fountains--Sourcc of inspiration which inspire the bird to sing - आनद के सोन । Happy strain - Joyful and pleasant music of the skylark-~ग्रानन्द भरा सगीन । Tlay-- Skylark's. What...... .strain-The poct wants to know the sourcc which inspirc the cong of the skylark-कयि उग गमय प्रानन्द-सोन का परिचय प्रान करने का इच्छुक है जिगमे गा अपने मधुर भगीत की मृष्टि करने की प्रेरणा प्राप्त करती है। What . . .plain---The port thinks of the various sights and objects of nature, such as the ficids or waves or mountains, which might have provie des inspiration to the bird. The poct thinks that possibly the beanitul objects of nature have imparted their warını and rapiure of th:c song of the shylark. Love of the own kind 1.11'e and sympathy bett: ern by sd ·( 7 ) Comparcama "That love-prompted strain Trist thee and thine a nerer-failing bond" -'ord sworih Skilirk. Ignorance of pain-The bird has not cxpcricnced any pain and hencc there is no trace of sorrow in her song वेदना के अनुभव का अभाव । Explanation, "What objects......... ...ignorance of pain." Thc poct curiously cnquires about the source of inspiration Icading to the melody in the bird's song. What are the sources of the happy melody? Does the bird get the inspiration of her cnchanting song from the beautiful objects of nature euch as the fields or waves or mountains? Is not its love of Ils spccies 1 source of inspiration to the birds as it is in the case of the poct : or the sweetness of the song is due to the absence of sorrow and pain in the heart of the bird ? इन पंक्तियों में कवि 'उस गानर बोन के विषय में उन्मुक्ता प्रकट करता है, जो गागा को मधुर भगीत की प्रेरणा प्रदान करता है । वह पूछता है कि नया उसके मगर सगील की प्रेरणा या खान मंदान, समद्र की लहरें या पदार जी प्रानि ने सुन्दर आदान है। यदि यह पूरना है कि पही उम प्रेरणा का लोन उनी की जाति वाले विगी पक्षी के प्रति प्रेम नो नही है, जना शिधि के मायना में है. मा उयो गाने की मधुरता दुमा पौर चार या मानाय ने पारण नो नहीं है ? Sina 16:--Clear teenjoyance -Pure intensctring of Jo--परनन्द गो विगुन एप मो अनुभूति | Jogance-Javकानः। Linguormitoarmer; tirosonencs-IT: Languor cannot fyr - Thrie cannot lue the (celing of verriness in the joy ofl hird. The joys of hurmuiring ate foltoneri hya transcout Weatinca, but the jour of the fisset is ex ?11 3454 d {hyNathurr the yeariness Tranी गनंदानुभूति पोरनी 7745 Nat. Sudou of annoyruce-the sonia irure Aasar Hittuction मा Nanar imme ·( 74 ) ..... is one to our'melancholy and sorrow. The most tragic songs give us the greatest delight, Tragedy, which deals with sorrow, appears to be sweeter than comedy which deals with the lighter side of life-वेदना की तीव्रतम अनुभूति को व्यक्त करनेवाले हमारे गीत अत्यन्त मधुर होते हैं। (Shelley explains this fact in his cssay on the Defence of Poesy, where he says, "Our sympathy in tragic fiction depends on this principle : tragedy delights by affording a shadow of that pleasure which ckists in pain. This is the source also of melancholy which is inseparable from the sweetest melody. The pleasure that is in sorrow is sweeter than the plcasure of pleasure itself." Explanation "We look saddest thought This of the most remarkable and memorable stanzas in Shelley's poetry In this stanza the post poiynantly strikes the nole of sadness which runs as an undercurrent in life of human beings In contrast to the joyful and happy life of the skylark, the life of human beings, on the earth is sorrowful and miserable Neither the past nor the future holds out any charm to human beings They can never be happy in their lives. The remembrande of the past with its woeful lackings makes them sorrowful. The futurc also does not hold out any hopes of cheerfulness. The prospect ahcad scenis to be gloomy and chilly. When they think of what is now but may not be in the future, they feel sorry in their hearts Their purcst laughter 19 not free from sorrow. Their moments of greatest joy are clouded with sorrow. Their sweetest songs are those which give expression to their melancholy and sorrow. They feel that the pleasure that is in sorrow is swc ter than the plcasure of styclf. Such is the niserable lot of hunian beings in the world. मंत्री के काव्य माहित्य का यह गवगे अधिक महत्वपूर्ण और स्मरणीय पांग है। एग पटाया मे कवि उम गोफ का मार्मिक उरनेम करता है जो कि मनुष्यों के जीवन में अनार्धाग की भांति बनता है। कृपया के प्रागंराया prigri 5777 Tri Timot at 777 7 77 KIT IT 3771 ·( 75 ) हुआ है । मनुष्यों को भूतकाल और भविष्य काल कोई भी आकर्षण प्रदान नहीं करते। वे कभी अपने जीवन मे सुन्वी नहीं हो सकते। जब वे भूतकाल पर अपनी निगाह दौड़ाते है तो अपने जीवन मे जिन वस्तुओं को वे प्राम नहीं कर पाये उनको विचार से वे दुश्व का अनुभव करते हैं । मनोवाछिन वस्तुप्रो को न प्राप्त कर सकने की याद उनके जीवन को शोकपूर्ण बना देती है । भविष्य लिए कोई प्रसन्नता प्रदान करनेवाली प्रामाएँ नहीं प्रदान करता । उन्हें अपना भविष्य नदा अन्धकार-मय घोर धुधला दियाई पटना है। जब वे यह सोचते हैं कि वर्तमान काल मे भी ये है, भविष्य काल में हो सकता है कि वे वह नन्हे; तो उनका हृदय शोक मे भर जाता है । उनका हंगना शोक से साली नहीं है। उनके महान् हर्प के क्षण भी शोक के बादली से के रहते हैं। उनके सबसे मधुर गीत वे हैं जो उनके गोक के भाव व्यक्त करते है । वे अनुभव करते है कि जो प्रानद गोक मे है वह प्रानद को अनुभूति मे काही अधिक मधुर है । मगार के मनुष्यो का ऐना ही दु सपूर्ण भाग्य है । Stanza 19 Scorn Discard तिलाजलि देना। We- Human thrings. Yet... fear-Even if huin in beings could discard hatred, fear, and pride from their lives, and inale their lives pure and irtuous-~-यदि घृणा, भय तथा दम को निलाजर्जान कर, मनुष्य के लिए पुर-बुद्ध जीवन व्यतीत करना संभव होना तो भी। If uc...tcar-Even if it were possible for men not to herp and he sorrowful in 'their lucs, con of inen fuad been born quite happy and had never rajerienced corruk-fa FTTT: लिए शोक ने सर्वथा पनभिज्ञ रहकर, सदय प्रादपूर्ण जीवन यतीत करना मुंभा ना तो भो । I know .... ncar~~-Tic pet rints out that cven with the fulfilment of this condiuons land bort almas human beings, ilicy would not have been 7s tinypy as the park. Perhaps perfere happine.s sluch is the int of the start: * Det man's desuns. Explanation, et if c................ .... .... The kart rote cut that even if tarin hinms were the Insan turniatred in and cinf firs re ·( 74 ) ...... This is one to our melancholy and sorrow. The most tragic songs give us the greatest delight. Tragedy , which deals with sorrow, appears to be sweeter than comedy wluch deals with the lighter side of life-वेदना की तीव्रतम अनुभूति को व्यक्त करनेवाले हमारे गीत ही अत्यन्त मधुर होते हैं। (Shelley explains this fact in his essay on the Defence of Poesy, where he says, "Our sympathy in tragic fiction depends on this principle : tragedy delights by affording a shadow of that pleasure which exists in pain. This is the source also of melancholy which is inseparable from the sweetest melody. The pleasure that is in sorrow is sweeter than the pleasure of pleasure itself." Explanation, "Pe look .........saddest thought " of the most remarkable and memorab'c stanzas in Shelley's poetry. In this stanza the poet poig, nantly strikes the note of sadness which runs as an undercurrent in life of human beings. In contrast to the joyful and happy life of the skylark, the life of human beings, on the earth is sorrowful and miserable, Neither the past nor the future holds out any charm to human beings They can never be happy in their lives The remembrande of the past with its woeful lackings makes them sorrowful. The future also does not hold out any hopes of cheerfulness. The prospect ahead scems to be gloomy and chilly. When they think of what is now but may not be in the future, they feel sorry in their hearts Their purest laughter is not free from sorrow. Their moments of greatest joy are clouded with sorrow. Their sweetcst songs arc those which fivc cxpression to their melancholy and sorrow. They feel that the picasure that is in sorrow is swe fer than thic pleasure of itself. Such is thic miserable lot of hunian beings in the world. पनी के काव्य-गाहित्य का यह सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण और म्मणीय पद्याग है। गाय मे कवि उम गोक का मागिक उल्लेग करता है जो कि मनुष्यों के जीवन मे गनारा की नानि वहा है। कृष्णा के प्रानद तथा rigo 3377 it from 1977 # 71 71 7777 ITT TT TT 1771 ·( 75 ) J । । हुआ है । मनुष्यो को भूतकाल और भविष्य काल कोई भी आकर्पण प्रदान, नही करते। वे कभी अपने जीवन मे सुखी नही हो सकते । जव वे भूतकाल पर अपनी निगाह दौडाते हैं तो अपने जीवन मे जिन वस्तुओ को वे प्राप्त नही कर पाये उनके विचार से वे दुःख का अनुभव करते हैं । मनोवाछित वस्तुओ को न प्राप्त कर सकने की याद उनके जीवन को शोकपूर्ण बना देती है । भविष्य काल भी उनके लिए कोई प्रसन्नता प्रदान करनेवाली प्राशाएँ नही प्रदान करता । उन्हें अपना भविष्य सदा अन्धकार-मय और धुंधला दिखाई पडता है। जब वे यह सोचते हैं कि वर्तमान काल मे भी वे हैं, भविष्य काल मे हो सकता है कि वे वह न रहे, तो उनका हृदय शोक से भर जाता है । उनका हँसना शोक से खाली नही है। उनके महान् हर्प के क्षण भी शोक के बादलो से ढंके रहते हैं। उनके सबसे मधुर गीत वे हैं जो उनके शोक के भाव व्यक्त करते हैं । वे अनुभव करते हैं कि जो आनद शोक मे है वह पानद को अनुभूति से कही अधिक मधुर है ! संसार के मनुष्यो का ऐसा ही दुःखपूर्ण भाग्य है । Stanza 19.--Scorn Discard तिलाजलि देना। We-- Human beings. Yet ... ..fear-Even if human beings could discard hatred, fear, and pride from their lives, and make their lives pure and virtuous-यदि घृणा, भय तथा दभ को तिलाजलि देकर, मनुष्य के लिए शुद्ध-बुद्ध जीवन व्यतीत करना सभव होता तो भी। If we .tear-Even if it were possible for men not to weep and be sorrowful in their lives, even if men had been born quite happy and had never experienced sorrow-यदि मनुष्य के लिए शोक से सर्वया अनभिज्ञ रहकर, सदैव प्रानदपूर्ण जीवन व्यतीत करना संभव होता तो भी। I know...... near-The poct Foints out that cven with the fulfilment of the conditions laid above about human beings, they would not have been as happy as the skylark, Perhaps perfect happiness which is the lot of the skylark is not man's destiny. . Explanation. "Yer if we come near." The poet points out that even if human beings were free from the curse of hatred and fear, and even if they were ·( 78 ) जिन्होंने आज $ 3 जनक कविता की रचना करे जिसे ससार के ऐसे सभी लोग, तक उसको ठुकरा रखा है, उतने ही ध्यान से तथा उत्सुकता से सुनेंगे जितने उत्साह तथा ध्यान से स्वतः कवि कृष्णा का गाना सुन रहा है । QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. 1. Give a critical Give a critical apprecation 'To a Skylark.' Ans Please refer to the critical apprecation of the poetu given in the introduction 'Q 2. Compare and contrast Shelley's 'Shylark' with that of Wordsworth's. Ans. Wordsworth and Shelley and many other poet too r have written poems on the skylark. Wordsworth's skylark has been viewed by the poet as a bird and not as a spirit as it is seen by Shelley. To Wordsworth the skylark appears as a bird flying in the air still keeping its touch with the earth. The poet feels that though the skylark is singing high in the sky yet has not lost its touch with the worid. The skylark appears to the poet like a wise man who keeps his contact with the material world even though he might be flying on the scales of imagination. The bird docs not cut off its relations with the world hut maintains them. It does note seek its heaven away from the carth. Shelley's skylark is a wanderer of heaven and hates and scorns the earth. His skylark represents a spirit who has not known the sorrows and sufferings of the world. The poct Shelley compares the skylark with a number of beautsful things in the world having romantic association. Further, Shelley's skylark is a symbol of illimitable thirst--and image of that ropturc which no man can cver reach. It is a winged desire always rising. aspiring like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun. It is ulso a wonderful musician producing finc strains of music which can stand good comparison with any beautiful music in the world. The bird is an embodiment of happiness and joy and she does not know unhappines or despair in her life. This is the reason why the poet say to the bird.-- **Teach me ball the gladness, Tuot tuy brain must hnor."

·Such is the skylark 'of Shelley, Stopford Brooke has very beautifully compared the skylark of Shelley and the skylark of Wordsworth in the following lipes .,- 1 1 “Wordsworth's skylark is true perhaps to the every-day life of the bird and the poet remembers because he loves his own home and that the singer will return to the nest ; but Shelley sees and hears the bird which in its hours of inspired singing will not recollect that it has a home Wordsworth humanizes the whole spirit of the pilgrim of the sky. Shelley never brings the bird in contact with us at all. It is left in the sky, singing it will never leave the sky. It is the archtype of the lark we seem to listen to, and yet we cannot conceive it. We have no power-"what thou art we know not” Q. 3 Describe the similes used in to a Skylark' and comment on their appropriateness. Ang "To the Skylark is a remarkable lyric containing many beautiful similes The poet compares the skylark to a number of beautiful romantic things of the world. His imagination works wonderfully in coining these similes ; because it is only through the help of these similes that he can have some idea of the skylark. These similes are rich in their wealth of description and they reveal the imaginative genius of the poet. The following are the similes in the poem :- 1. The bird is compared to a poet hidden in the light of thought. The poet says, "Like a poet hidden in the light of thought.” The comparison is very apt.' The skylark is hidden in the darkness of the night and the poet also withdraws himself from the surrounding objects and soars under the influence of high thought The bird is hidden in the light of the sky while the poet hidden in the sublimity of thought. The bird sings spontaneously and so does the poet write under inspiration, Both the songs - the poet's song and the bird's, have a great cffect upon the world, 2. The next simile in which the bird is compared is that of a love lorn maiden of a noble family who sings all alone in her chamber in order to console herself. The poet says- ·1 ( 80 ) I >> 4 “Like a high born maiden In a palace to fer, etc, etc. This simile is also very appropriate The skylark sings from a lofty position in the sky and the maiden also sings from her high tower in the palace. Both of them are hidden from view. The bird sings spontaneously out of joy while the maiden sings spontaneously out of love. The lark's song fills the whole atmosphere while the maiden's overflows the chamber. 3. The third simile in which the skylark is compared, is that of golden glow-worm, which remains hidden in flowers and grass in a dewy valley, yet it spreads its blue echtereal light on all sides. The simile 15mm “Like a glow-worm golden In a dell of dew." etc, etc. This similc is also very appropriate The glow-worm scatters its light in a valley, while the bird fills the atmosphere with its music. Both of them are unseen Only their production are visible and audible The light of the glow-worm is seen through the glow-worm is hidden from our view, just as the music of the skylark is hidden from our view. 4. Fortunately, the poet uses the simile of the rose to describe the skylark. The skylark is likened to a small roso, concealed in its green leaves. The winds take away the scene to the rose. The simile is - "Like a rose embowcr'd In its own green Icaves," etc. etc. 2 The similc is also very appropriate. The flower is the skylark and its fragrance diffused on all sides by the wind is like the melody of the skylark overflowing the atmospherc, These arc the various similes in which the skylark has been compared to the objects of the world. Thic similes ·( 81 ) + - are used most artistically; but even then they do not reveal the true identity of the bird, On the other hand they mystify the lark till it becomes an unbodied joy. But it is only through these similes that the poet seeks to give some impression of the nature of the skylark and, what it is like These similes are regarded as of a supreme order and their beauty is unexcelled by other bird-poems in the literature Q 4 --Explaid with reference (o the context stanzas 3,'8, 9, 10, 11, 17, and 21 Åns. For explanation please refer to please refer to the Notes and Explanations above. Q. 5 - What are the main characteristics of lyric poem ? Describe 'Toa Skylark' as a lyric poem ANS A lyric has been beautfully described as “the product of swift, momentary and passionale impulse, coming from, without for the most part, suddenly awakening the poet as it were out of a dream, into vivid lite, seizing upon him, and sitting hun on fire with its' graso, until he believes it his very self which speaksreplacing, that is, the poet's own life of the impulse, unless the impulse has absorded in bim everything else but itself, and bringing with it the form it has to take, so that tic whole poem leaps into being before it is written down When a lyric rises into form in a great poem, it is always in fire that it rises This quotation very beautifully Sunis UP the general characteristics of a lyric poem The following are the essential characteristics of lyric poetry 1. It is musical, meiricaily, or both 2 It is subjective in character. 3. It is tlie capres:10n of a single emotions and so achieves unity 4 It is spontaneous in the character, and the poet has not to make efforts in riling his lyric The language ſlows directly from the heart of the joet 5. Compared with other types of poetry, it is short. 6 It enjoys on endless sasiety of form. There is often a liunting loveliness in the lyric which cludes all tesi 7 ·( 82 ) 8. It is simple in form and ornament. 9 It is artistically one whole without having looseness of structure. There is no deviation from the central point. Just from the above poirts Shelley's lyrics are said to be very successful. Most of his lyrics are outburst of momentary impu- Ise. They are expressions of a single emotion and are marked with deep passion The poem Toa Skylark was written at a time when the music of the bird was filling the hcart of the poet with joy. It was this momentary impulse that become responsible for the production of this poem. The poem is also subjective in character because through the bird the poet reveals his own personality, his aspirations and longings in poetry The poet presents his own life and feelings through the personality of the skylark. The poet's personality melts into the song of the skyiark untill he ceases to be a man and becomes a voice and a iyric incarnate, The music of the poem is highly remarkable. It is considered as one of the most musical poems of Shellcy. The shylark sings and the melody of the skylark has been captured to a considerable degree by the poet in the melody of the lines of thus lyric. The poem is remarkable for its spontaneily of expression. There is no laboured artistry in the poem. There is spontaneity of expression of the powerful ſeclings. This qualiiy of the lyric is therefore presented in a beautiful manner in the Skylark. There is unity in the poem because of the comparisons and praises showered upon the bird, bringing before us the special picture of the bird The simplicity of the form is also in l.ceping with the characteristics of a lyric. Thus, it can bu said that To a Skylark is very successful lyric ODE TO AUTUMAN (Jolm eais) Life and Works of the poet- John Keits was born in London on the 29th or possibly on the 31st of October, 1795. H13 father, Thomas Kcats, a Westcountryman, was an Ostler, who married his master's daughter, acquired the husiness of luis futher-in-lawy And ve! up at the Sawn and loon, Finsbury ·( 83 ) pavement. It was here that Keats was born and reared. His father was a shrewd and careful man of business ; the mother a lively young woman fond of enjoyment. Parentage assuredly throws no light on genius here. There was no possibility of Keats' ever becoming a great poet, had his father's influence been predominant on him. He was a genius, and was destined to be a great poet in the family of the Ostiers. Keats was sent to a excellent private school kept by the Riv. John Clarks at Enfield near London. There he stayed for six years, but did not show much enthusiasm in the study of books. However, at the age of fourteen, he showed some urge for the study of literature and other subjects, and read books of travel, fiction, luistory but above all the volumes of Greek and Roman mythology. Keats developed his love for literature in the happy association of Charles Cowden Clarke, who was a master of the school From Enfield, Keats shifted to Edmonton, where he began the translation of Aeneid into English prose. Here also Keats made hus early acquaintance of Spenser and later on enthusiastically studied the Faerie Queen, which left an indelible impression on his poelic mind. Later on, he imbided the taste for the Shakesperean dramas, and their study widened his outlook, and developed in him a sense for the appreciation of the miseries and affliction of humanity Kcals left school at the age of nineteen and came to London where he continued his trainiog as a student in St. Thomas Hospital and latter on at Guy's Hospital, Next year, he was appointed as a dresser at Guy's Hospital. Poetry had perpetual charm for Keats, and to begin with hc wrote some minor poems which won the admiration of his friends. Critics, however, were not very kind to him ai first. In 1818, he visited the Lake Districis, where he was cxposed to cough and cold, and developed the germs of consumption in lus debilitated constitution. Despite his ill-healtlı, lic produced in quick succession, poems which are the heritable giorics of English literature The volume of poems published in 1820, contaiaed Isabella Hyperioni, Lamia, The Eve of St. Agnes, and his minortal odes. These These poems of exquisite beauty were produced by Keats, when he was hardly twenty Gic year of age at which most of our students finssh their academic cajeer. The more we study them the more we are ·( 84 ) + conviöced that, if spared for some years more what this genius could not have achieved in poetry He might have produced another epic like Milton's for there are signs of that in his Hyperion, which is Milionic in its grundeur and sublimity. Meanwhile Keats' physical strength was gradually declining In 1820, on a chilly night, he got ingh fever hy his careless exposure, having ridden outside the couch on a biller cold day. From thai dime the trouble increased, and the Doctors advised him 10 go to Italy Keats went at list to Naples, and from there. he went to Rome, whee bis condifunt h11: serious On February 23, 1821, came the expected death, und he was laid to rest in the Protécuni cc hetery at Rome His important Works are. Emmon, Isab lla, Lumia, The Ere of St. Agrics, Hiperior Keats as a poct Puery, for Keats, has not an instrument for polilical (f religious propaganda, nes ik he cmphisze the didactic elemani lile Wordsworth who maintained that every fret polisleicher" Keats, on the other hand, helieved that "poctry should come narurally as leves 10 dni. The aim of good pouiry slouid bc to sowillc cares and lift the thoughts of min.' Kcats believe in woll.one de'chmeni, nu refused to mat. Poctry as an instrument of pris,aganda cats is primarily the poel of heutty la lus eirly pocnis, has cunccplion or beauty was liniiled to possical Charins But gradually it underwent a change in die began to give greater emphasis to spiritual and insellucuti belts In tus loudmon he says: *Pcauty is trulli, truth licauis, that is all Ke hana on earth, and ulje med to 101 K0313 75 074 of the frullet Direttile parts Some of us prin inre sonlaprchosh cuiricepilnas 3* i Locution k most be susitin e fiol., be is 1911 100 I'll [ { 3 tỷ /cts it c th c v{ Synclicy, tc furt ite: 1 (1) pone uf.cl neftiis am {tir 5. Exco wher, the Al 14 viticart, artist chily life bry on lida orter. That is ICCIE 117) inctif : bling and der & fit 117 Art , 301 !!! Hits , ani 11 hry if ,461031?t-1, , anello! ¢ 1'} {lporn.

·25 + era, Kests' love of nature was simple and direci. He loved nature's beauty just for its own sake And that is why the poet shows wonderful sensitiveness in his treatment of the subjects of nature He felt an inordinate joy in the life of nature In this respect he is akin to Wordsworth, but he goes a step further, and out of joy emerge his feelings of sadness He conceived that the relation of humanity and nature, is one of syampathy and intinate relationship Another quality in Keats' poetry is his music which is unsurpassed in English lyrics The flow of his lines is deeply marked with a sweetness, a hunting, loveliness and a rapture, which only Tennyson, his disciple in the Victorian could produce Yet another quality, which the words of Robert Bridges, is the very seal of poetic birthrighit' is his Wonderful felicity of phrasing His poetry abounds in phrases and cxpressions in which, to quote Bridges again, "all the far-reaching resources of language are concentrated on one point, so that a single and apparently effortless expression rejoices the aesthetic imagination at the moment when it is most expectant and exacting, and at the same time astonishes the intellect with a new aspect of truth” Keats rinks very high among English poets He compels comparison with Shahespeare and Milton "If we illustrate what roetry is in its fullest and deepest expression we cannot find better specimen than the finest stanzas in the maturer works of Keats." Keats and Shelley A comparative estimate-Shelley (1792- 1822) and Keals (1795-1821) were contemporary poets, but there was 110 intim:CV betwecn themi Shelley honoured, Keats' genius but neier felt a deep personal affection for hun. Sull win the news of Kcals' death reached him in Romc, he iratc luis fumnus elegy 'Adouars' to mourn his premature deuth, and pay his homage to the memory of the illustrious poet. Shelley and Kears had more points of difference in their pocity, than similarity. Shelle) 110S Mener a purc artist. He always thouşlı more of what lie wanted to say than of the mannut of saving ! Il 1.5 always his subjeci that 1 & ·5137p:d upon Thu vork of Shelley 15 tollyahyant from ( 86 ) impelled Shelley to write his poetry, Keats, on the other hand, was an artist, He chose his subjects for exercising his art For Keats expression had greater value, and, there fore, he advised Shelley 'to be more of an artist and load every rift of your <ubject with ore.' Traces of consious effort and exneriment are lo be met with for a long time in Keats, while in Shelley it is not so Secondly, Shelley was the preacher of the ideas of French Revolution. He was a reformer of the world, a Utopian, who wanted to inaugrate an era of peace and prosperity in the world Keats was not a propagandist. He did not for reformi He disliked that poetry which has a palpable design on us He did not make poetry as a hand-maid of politics and religion Thirdly, Shelley was a visionary and a dreamer. There was vagueness and fleeting rush of thoughts in his poctry. Keats was of the earth. He was not alry like Shelley He had a special liking for concrete objecis, and his conception of beauty was also concrelc Shelley had a tendency to etherealise even concrete things Fourthly. Shelley's lyricism was of a superior quality than that of Keats The imp issioned and unwearied melody of Shelley's poem is unrivalled by Keals ไก pure music Keats does not stand comparison stand comparison with Shellcy; Keats is not a perfect singing God as Shellcy Fifthly Shelley was not a frcat his occs, but Kcats' odes, are buis greatest achievement Shelley was hest in his shorter lyrics, where there was a white heat of excitement, whereas Kcats Was best his odcs and longer poems, where matured consider ition was needed Sixthly, Shelley was not so great a follower of the Greck art and manner as Keats was. was. The qualities of Hellenism are helter illustrated in the poetry of Kcits than in tie poems of Shelley, Seventhly, Keils differet fron Shulley much in icmperament tut the hurty and impruenc: which we find (hat' of Kcata, fie is never, like Shelley, inpandol of detul SUCCCSS in ·( 87 ) for his study had taught him that the most ideal representation of life was not incompatible with the minutest accuracy of detail Eighthly, Shelley, and Keats differed as poets of Nature Shelley was the spirit of love in Nature and felt that reality was hidden behind the curtains. Keats did not see any spirit in Nature For him there, was only a sensuous delight in the objects of Nature. He did not take any moral lesson from Nature like Wordsworth. Ninthly, Shelley is a subjective whereas Keats in an objective artist Shelley finds the expression of his ideas in external objects Keats seeks nothing mystical in thein, nor does he express his own ideas in Nature Lastly, both Shelley and Keats are pessimists. Introduction to the Ode-The Ode to Autumii' was written at Winchester in 1819 and published in 1820 Keats wrote to his friend Reynolds from Winchester on Seplember 22, 1819 How beautiful the season is now Really without joking, Chaste-weather-Dian Skies I never like stubble fields so much as now-are better than the chilly green of the spring. Somehow, a stubble plain looks warm in the same way as some pictures look warm. This struck me so much in my Sunday's wilk that I composed upon 11." What he composed is the famous 'Ode to Autumin'. This ode should be compared and contrasted with Shelley's "Ode to the l'est l'ind' Keal's poem describes the fruitfui, beneficient activities of autumn while Shelley's poem lovokes its destructive energy in the form of the West Wind Substance of the Poem -Stanzı 1-In the first stanza, the poet presents the vegetative aspects. A description of the fruits and flowers that are found in the Autumn season, is richly presented We have the picture of the grapes, the apple, the gourd, the hazel-nut, etc., which are present during this season After that the poet gives reference to the bees and insects of the Seson Stanza 2--In the second stanzi, the post presents autumn itself in iis varied forns. The lamılır figures of the season are passed before us ill series of glowing pictures Cicl one of ·( 88 ) which presents antumn under its own aspect. First comes the season personified as a harvester during the winnowing ; next as a tired reaper and gleaner. This stanza presents the spirit of autumn, as a Greek would have seen her, in human forms of firm outline and serene grace. Stanza 3-The width of Keats' syminathy with Niture in autumn is well-illustrated The sights and sounds of autumn, the wistful choir of small gnats, the movement of the lambs, the chirping of circkets, and the whistling of the redbreast bird appeal to the heart of the poct. In the stanza there is the full enjoyment of autumn, 'tinged by no regret for the spring that is gone, and touched by no prophetic thought of other springs to come '(- Hudson). . सारांश प्रथम पद -~-प्रगम पद मे कवि सन्तकालान वनस्पतियर्ग का वर्णन करता है। फल पीर पुष्प, जो कि शरद ऋतु में पाये जाते है, उनका विगद रप मे वर्णन है । हमे इसमे गरद ऋतु मे होने वाले अगूर, गेव, लौकी, गंतून, नागरोट ग्रादि का वित्रण मिलता है । गके अतिरिक्त, कवि इस नतु मे होने वाा कृमि-कीटो शोर मधमक्खियों का भी उल्लेग करता है। द्वितीय पद-द्वितीय पद मे गावि पद ऋतु का जीवन पाणी रे Fप में वर्गान करना है। ग तु गे परिनिल चित्र एक-र गर हमारे प्रांगों ने सामने अपनी चमक-दमक के नाय याने 7 । पहले हमारे सामने नारद, वृणि पलोग्ने दिनों में, फमल मह करनेवाले के म्प मे पागा, फिर-योः मोद फत कानवाल ये मागे, और उसके बाद बटोग्नेवाले मे। परमे मररका निगा मुनिटिना पगमा नया गनौर गगी में युग 7 माना है मया गा है, जो गनानियों की गिना , अनुप है। तृतीय पद--- पहा बरम ने पो प्रति प्रेम का गुन्दर चिनिया। नारद की बिनिलो और गो ने, नाटोमीण नगीना ने, गंमनी रे. मनने गि, सीपुर । अपार ने और नाम पत्रिका में दि : हदा प्रमाया पिया - पान 7 TIर भारत ·( 89 89) ऋतु का पूर्ण प्रास्वाद है, जिसमे न तो बसन्न के वियोग का क्लेश है और न 3777 पुनरागमन को पूर्व-कल्पना ही है। NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS . sun Stanza 1 Season of mists-In autumn season iista are formed it FT I Mellow fruitfulness---Autumn is the time for the upcning of fruits and it is the season when ripe fruits are sold in the marhet in plenty-1 e qisam HET i Closs-bosomed friend Sun Autumn is the time when the sun shines clearly in the sky. Maturing sun- The rays of the sun in autumn arc ficry and strong-taugati Conspiring with him-Autumn season, the friend of the inaturing sun, IS co-operating with The word 'conspiring is not used in a bad sense- FTPT 77777777 9549 fiat i To load and bless—To burden and cnuch -संपन्न वनाने । Vines Creepers bcaring grapes - Agê लता। Thatch......caves run--The vincs are spread over the tiles and covers of the thatch-छप्पर पर अगूर की लताएँ फैली हुई है। The mossed cottage trees--Thc trecs in tlic cottage orchard whose links are overgrown with green moss Fill During the autumn season thc fruits arc ripened 10 their very cosc. No part of the fruits remains unripe-571 ast भीतर तक पका देने के लिए। To swell-To develop of quafiti Gourdm-pumpkin (Kashu phal). Plump-Deseloptymay a96T | Hazel shells--The outer coverig of hazc! To set budding ---To make them blossom-got7 FIAT 1 The later flowers-The foucrs growing till late mautumn-785 ģi ga la mañana 57 1 For the bees--In order that the bccs may gather honey. They--- Becs. Warm days .. cease cease-Ihc becs will go on gathering hones autunn with the feching that the warm days of autumn will last lo. cvei. For sunumer ....climmy cells--The bees Icel that they have got ilic opportuniti of sithering liner all through the summer Sl.1on to such tot Cac that thcir Corethe size nuts. { ·( 90 ) . - hives have become stickv on account of the oozing out of honey which is more plentiful than their little cells can contain. Clammy-Sticky because of honev-चिपचिपे । Cells-Hvcs -~of bees-मधुछत्र । Explanation "Season of mists clammy cells These lines are an extract from the'famous poem 'Ode to Autumn' bv Keals. In these lines, the poet is picturing the sight of ripening fruits during the autumn season The autumn is the season of mists which are formed as the water is drawn up from the earıh by the strong heat of the sun. It is the time when the fruits ripen to their very core The bright sun shine, clearly in the sky and all the fruits, apples, granes, etc. are ripened to the full. There is a plentiful corp of fruits and vegetables The vines are covered with grapes and the mosscovered trees of the cottage garden bend with the wright of the apples which has ripened to their core in the friendly light of the sun The scason of autumn in the company of its friend the sun-combines to develop the gourd and make the hazel-nut grow sueet kernel within their shells and appear plump 7 hic Towers that continue lill the Jarc season in autumn blossoni abundantly. Becs suck up their pollen and go on collecting honey from these flowers into their sticky lives There is sucli a rich harvest of flowers in autumn and so wide is the oppor. lunity for bces to collect honcy that they feci that summer scison will continue for ever. Alicidy their lives are overkilled with honey anu there is no space where they cin hecp their honcy Su rich is the harvest the autumn provides thein. प्रस्तुत पंनियाँ फेट्न की 'Ordc to Autumn' नामक प्रागा कविता से उन की गई है। इन पनियों में कवि ने फलो . पकने के गगा ना चियित किया है। मरद अातु उन कोहरे की मनु है जो नुयं की प्रणा गरमी द्वारा उदारे गये जन की माप गे बनता है। या यह दाल ? जब किन पकने लगते है। नेमावी मयं पाकाय में प्रचार का मेनपता है शोरन, अगूर जैम फार पूर्णतया पक जाते हैं। इस ऋतु में कता और माता की फाले गब होती है। तमा अगमे लदी होती है पर कुटीर उद्यान में दी लगे ५: मृर्य प्रगर नाप दान पाये हुए मेवा में भा में भा जारी है।

·( 91 ) season शरद ऋतु अपने मित्र सूर्य के साथ मिलकर लौकियो के आकार मे वृद्धि करती है ; खजूर के गूदे को मीठा बनाती है और उन्हे फुलाती है। जो कुसुम शरद ऋतु के अन्त तक रहते हैं वे खूब फूलते है। शहद की मविखयां उनके मकरन्द को चूसती है और इन फूलों से शहद संग्रह करके अपने चिपकने छत्तो मे रखती हैं। शरद ऋतु मे इन पुष्पो की इतनी बहुतायत होती है और मधुमक्खिो को ऐमा सुअवसर प्राप्त होता है कि वे यह अनुभव करने लगती हैं कि ग्रीष्म सदा बना रहेगा। उनके छत्ते शहद से इतने अधिक भर जाते हैं कि उनमे और अधिक मधु रखने का स्थान ही नही रह जाता है । शरद ऋतु उनके लिए इतनी अच्छी शहद की फसल देती है । Stanza 2 :--Three-Autumn-शरद् । Amid thy store-- Autumn is personificd in this stanza. Auturnn season can be seen in the store of rich harvest gathered from the fields. In short, Kcats wants to statc that in the autumn there is a rich store of harvest in all agricultural homes- अन्न की राशियो से घिरी । Seeks abroad--Goes out in the autumn season---Jath FTAT! ThceAltumn scasan Heic autumn is personified. This is the Hellenic quality in Keats, poetry, Sitting careless... floor, Intumn is imagined as situng amid the plenty of harvest with a carefree mind. The idea is suvgesied from the ancient Roman fable that Ccrescathe goddess of harvest and corn --- could sometimes be seen sitting on the granary floor. Careless-Without any anxiety and worry-fifast i Granary floor--Floor where grain is gathered-खलिहान । Winnowing wind.-The wind that scparates the corn from the chaff-अनाज और भूसे को अलग करने की as À Terara ara al Hair soft lifted-suunn is represented as a farmer with lung lair. As the wind blows, the hair of Autumn is secr flowwg The wind is usnd for winnowing the corn and scparaung is from the husk, The simplc incanıng is that when the farmer 11 Innows the corn his hair is seen ilowing in the air-वायु में उडत हुए केगा Or- Another picture of autumn is prescnted Formerly, autunun !

·(92) autunn is represented in the shape of the farmer sitting on the granary floor with a free inind and his hair is ſlving in the winnowing wind. Now autumn is presented as a reaper sleepping soundlv amidst the half-reaped corn. Half-rcaped furrow - Half the corn growing on the furrow has been cut down by the reaper-अनाज के पौधो को वह पंक्ति जो गभी पूरी नहीं काटी TS Sonn asiecp--This is another picture of autunn In Tou can see firmer sleepiag beside their lialf-cult corn on the furrow-TI FRETT I Drowsed-Vlade diossy and sleepy fra FT 1 Fame of poppies--Smell of opum sced which produce drowsiness अफीम के बीजो को गच । Thy hook-Thc scvthe of the faines Jutunn is repre-cnted as a farmer cutting the lme, of con- Spires the next swath-Thé reaper laves the neat line of coin and goes ahead Sw.t--Arou of moun grass, or a line of con alread:-~-~कटे हुए घाा का वा अनाज के पोया की पत्तिः। It. twined {lowersCreepers with their lowers that have encircle the stalls of corn ---77717 Ñ Truit À FATTET 77-75Tfni | Like a glcancro-Thuis 15 anotlıcı pic'ure of kutumia Gleaner in the reaper of cor-TT TITHIIT , Ladcn 112,0 Tlil ligil loaded with shrates of corn TT TT 117 TT Steady brookmys tlıc icapcr cro.se's iz brook or fordi at spill hu is seen balancing his load of corn on his lead writli firt1974 la and stendinose in lnr gars. Cidei press- In intrirum sit 10 4rc7r juire out of ripe apples Last otprinty, -[ 154 rary : of the juice --74 6731771 9 jt i fitta*7* T 76 77 Hours hy hours --- 105 a long immála 717 T 1 Explanation "l'ho hath nos... lints by lours." In this 448117, Autumn is personilled in the rule of ille Greeks Four picine 11 iulimin ute prescued hy the pret Autumn is an ishow firetting the granury oor, with ir ring in the 44.7711135156 15 Tlc Ares aut itting cindfrie si dit' '}} ":ft op die 12180 U117 1 en in 11 c form of it!" "heiras b on bussfo¢16.p by the (10 ex of papri: nautti +ft!! sc ? luott, Ili reper * * 1 ·( 93 ) open holding in his hand the reaping hook and leaving a line of corn only half-mown, and the tender finwers encircling them still left unharmed Autumn is seen further in the form of a Teaper, with sheaves of corn on his 'head' fording a stream or crossing a hronk with steadv and firm foot balancing the corn on his head And again, Autumn can he seen in the form of a farmer situing near the cider press and watching the juice of apples coming out of the press for hour and hours without any break Note By rersonifying Autumn, the poet desires to picture the familius sights of the season In the Autumn season one comes across farmers sitting lazıly and easily on the granary floor watching the winnouing of their corn, reapers sleeping amidst their halfcut suath 'witli their scythe in their hands gleaners crossing the ford or brock th sheaves of corn on their head and farn ers situing at familiar spois where the juice of apples is cutracted from the cider presses Farmers are seen siiling beside the cider press watching ratjent y for a long 11 no The juice pressed out of applas drop by aron The whole stanza represents Keat's pictorial quality as wel as huis Helenism. इन पद मे गेरद् को गमदेनवामिया ( यूनानियो ) के देवता के रुप मे प्रस्तुत किया गया है। कवि ने गरद् के चार चित्र प्रस्तुत किये हैं। शन्द् ऋतु की तुलना बलिहान में बैठे हुए कृपक ने की गई है, जिसके वाल ग्रोमाने- वाली वायु में लहरा रहे है। शरद रणे कृषक नितात निश्चित भाव में बैठा हमा है। नरद् तु की फसल काटने वाले उस कृपया के म्म में भी प्रस्तुत किया गया है, जो पोन की ब जियो की भीनी मृगव मे उन्निद्र होकर अनाज से पौधो की नपर्टी पक्लिो पान गाया पटा है। इन अवग में गरद् म्पी मृतक को हाथ में गवा लिये दिया गया है, जिसने उनन अनाज को एक पनि बानी रट पायी है और काटने से बचे हुए पौधों में लिपटी है एकताएं भी घो। प्रागे नरागार दूसरे चित्र मरद कनु कटे हुए अनाज के पापा बाटोनचाले “प म उमा गई है, जिसके निर पर अनाज पा समा गहा मोकार एक नाले को पार कर रहा है। आगे के पिन ग पर काम दिखाई पड़नी है, जो मेवो या ·( 94 ) निकालनेवाली मशीन के पास घण्टो से बैठा हुआ अर्क निकालने की प्रक्रिया को देख रहा है। टिप्पणी.--शरद् के रूपक द्वारा कवि शरद् के परिचित दृश्यो को प्रस्तुत करता है । शरद् ऋतु मे कही तो घान्यागार पर बैठकर प्रोसाने की निगरानी करने गले वृपक दिखाई देते है, कही हँसिया लेकर फसल को काटनेवाले मिलते है, कही अनाज की गठरी को सिर पर रखकर नाले पार करते हुए अनाज वटोरनेवाले मिलते हैं, तो कही सेव की शराब निकालने वाली मशीन पर मेव का अर्क निकालने की प्रक्रिया को देखनेवाले कृपक मिलते हैं। सपूर्ण पद कीट्स के चित्रण-कौशल और प्रेपरणीयता का एक उत्तम उदाहरण है । Stanza 3-Think not of them--Do not think of thc joyous songs and charms of the spring season, which birds sing rapturously and joyously among the woods. Thou-- Autumn. Thy music too--Autumn has also its own songs and they have their own beauty and charm Autumn, likc spring, has its own music-तेरा भी अपना एक मंगीत । Barred.... day-When the streahs of clouds looking like bars lend a glow to sunset-यपि के प्राकार के वादल मूर्यास्त को प्राभा प्रदान करते हैं । Sofc-dying day- The time of sunset when the sun gradually departs leaving a mellowness in the atmosphere-Fantat est HET सध्या। Bloom-Lend a glow to-प्राभा प्रदान करते हैं | Stubble plains---Cornfields from which crops have been cut and thic root-ends of talks are lift in the ground by thc reaper- कटे हऐ पौधों के उठायुक्त तेत । Rosy hue-Crimson colour of the departing sun माध्यकालीन अमरिमा । The wallful choir The inournful and melancholy band of singers i ho seem to mourn the death of mourn thr soft-dying day'. Gants mourn ----Small gnats produce a waling sound-भीगुर पाक मनाते है। (The sound produced by guats and a large number of insects is called incurrful when compared to the potus ineindics of spring time.) Sallott Villows or Hindir growing in the marshy grourds or beds of riycro--1741 प्रयवा दाद में उगने माली माटिया। Brone aloft-The units ।

·( 95 ) mentioned above are carried high up in the air when the wind blows-वायु द्वारा ऊँचे उठाये गये । Dies-As the wind stops blowing--ĦT ETAT I Bleat-Sound produced by the lambe मिमियाना । Bourn-Hilly side-पर्वत के समीप की भूमि । Hedge crickets - Grasss-hoppers. Treble soft-Gentle shrill note -Filt i Redbreast--Robin bird. Croft-A small piece of cnclused land adjoin ng a dwelling house - ATTU 1 Garden croft-garden surroundings-JET E चतुर्दिक भूमि । Gathering swallows-Swallows always fly in flocks. They are gathering to migrate to warmer climates, Their departure shows that winter is coming in. Twitter Chirp--चहकना । Compare “The swallows (wittering from their strave built shed" Explanation-"Think not.. . chirp'. There are many people who are coamoured of the sweet and charming songs of the spring season To such people the Autumn has also its own songs and music, and these songs of Autumn arc no less lovely and fascinating than the songs of spring sung by merry birds among the brakes Autumn presents many lovely and beauty sights of nature besides the chirping sounds of crickets and the mourning sound of small goats. One can see in Autumn the sight of beautiful clouds, touched by the light whuch corn has been reaped and only the stubble remain. The pleasant colour of the clouds seems to prolong the day after the sun has set and lends a rosy colour to the fields. And after sunset one can hcar the gnals chirping and making a doleful sound among the willows growing in the beds of rivers It seems that the gnats are mourning the death of the 'departing day and their sounds is heard at a distance when thc wind blows or 'near the willows when there is no wind, One can hear the lanibs bicating loudly from the hill-sides, and enjoy the whistling sound of the robio red breast singing from the garden eoclosures. The twitter of the swarm of swallow's inigraung to warmer countries can also be heard at the concluding part of the autumn season, when winter is close on its heels.

·( 96 ) । वसन्त ऋतु के मधुर तथा मनोहर गीता द्वारा कई मनुष्य प्रभावित हुए है । ऐगे व्यक्तियो के लिए शरद् ऋतु के गीत भी कम सुन्दर नहीं है। प्रानद मग्न पक्षियो द्वारा कु जो मे बैठकर गाये गये वसन्त के गीतो की अपेक्षा गरद के गीत भी किसी दृष्टि से मार्य और आकर्षण में कम नही है। झीगुरो को सुमधर झकार तया छोटे कोडी की करुण ध्वनि के अतिरिक्त शरद् कई सुन्दर तथा चिन्ताकर्षक प्राकृतिक दृश्य भी प्रस्तुत करता है। कोई भी व्यक्ति अस्ता- चलगामी सूर्य के प्रकाश मे गरत्कालीन वादलो को सुन्दर घटा देश मकता है । ये वादल उन खेतो को हलक रग से रंग देते हैं जिनमे म फगले काटी जा चुकी है और डंठल खडे रह गय है। वादलो की मनोहर पाभा मूर्य के अग्न हो जाने के बाद भी कुछ नमय तक अधकार को रोके रहतो हे अोर बेतो पर गुलाबी रंग डिटका देती है । सूर्यास्त के बाद कोई भी व्यक्ति नदियों में उगे हत्तो हुए की शोकपूर्ण ध्वनि को सुन सकता है ऐगा प्रतीत होता है कि ये कट अस्तगत दिन के लिए विलाप कर रहे है । जब वायु. चलती है तो उनको यह व रुग ध्वनि दूर तक सुनाई देती है , ग्रार वायु नहीं चलती है तो वह मरपत्तो के पान मुना देती है । कोई भी व्यक्ति पहाटी की पोर ने उच्न स्वर में निगियाने हा मेगनो की ध्वनि तुग मरता है और नारा पली की सुरीली ध्वनि का अानन्द ले सकता है। शरद् प्र के प्रतिग दिनो में, जब हेमन याने को हाना ह, उप प्रोगा की प्रार पर जाने हा गड के भुन्ड प्रवायोलो की सहचहाहट सुनाई देती है। हुए सर- पर बैठे कीट-मगुदाय QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Q. 1-GISCS VI: idly as you in the picture of riutumn is 11 is drawn by Kuals. Ans Autumn season is the 60750 of mists and mellow fruitulness. It is the (171€ of the year when the sus ciuar ard the sun shines brightly in the sh, During this cason fruits and flowers ripen and present a lovrly spectacle to the The fines are adun ich grapes in the MOSS-Cuyercd 112+5 of the cottage jardins bend jou bou ve of the board of apples. Jourd and finzel nits deyclop to ther hest form and arpear plump } lowers bussorn in all their lovelin.s, and yer ·( 97 ) 1 + 1 1 € present a lovely spectacle to the eyes' Bees hum on the flowers, and go on collecting honey in their stiky hives So rich is the , harvest of flowers in the sunny days of autumn that the bees feel perpetual presence of warm days with them in their work During this season farmers are seen sitting carefree; without worries in their minds, on a granary floor.' Their hair are sofily lifted 'hy the winnowing wind One can find reapers falling asleep among their futrows with 'scythes 'in their hands, induced or lured to sleep by the lragrance of poppies, Gleaners of corn are seen crossing the brook or fording the stream with sheaves of corn on their head They balance the sheaves on their head when fording,' the stream Sometimes the farmer gither around cider presses watching patiently for a long time the extraction of apple juice with these presses These are the familiar sights of autumn In autumn there is a richness in the sky at the time of sunset , The clouds are coloured by the departing rays of the sun. · They lend a glow.to sun et and cast their colourful looks on the plain from which corn has been reaped and only the stubble remains Aller sunset one hears the chirping of crickets among the hedgerows, and the doleful sound of gnats mourning the departing sun can be licard al a, distance with the blowing, wind or near the willous when there is no wind From the hilly regions can be heard the blearing of lambs in their mirth The robin redhre ist whistles joyfully from the golden csofi. Gathering flocks of swallows twitter as they migrate to warmer countries at the approach of winier. . All these are sights which give joy to the people in the autumn ment of autunın is tinged by no regrel for the spring that is gone and touched by no prophctic thoughts of other springs to and joy Our enjoy. 1 conc. 1 Q. 2 --Give a critical appreciaunn of the 'Ode to yutunn'. Ans The Ode 10 Aurimn hus been aptly called the compleiest poem of Kelts It is composed in a mood or serenc. contentment. The beauty of the season which he observed in his walks round Winchester in Scriember, 1819, was 'lelt in the blood and test along the heart,' and the result was this perfect piece of Nature lyric There is no locking before, and alles in this poein Keats surrcndcts hiuself fully to the rich besuty of the season, and ·1 98 is neither troubled by the thought of the approaching winter, nor by that of the departed spring His enjoyment of autumn is tinged by so regret for the spring that is gone and touched by no prophetic thoughts of other springs to come. In this he remains tbe great artist that be was. No philosophy taints his thoughts ; no sorrow clouds his vision. Other poets have thought of Autumn as the season of decay. Others have seen in its stormy hours the prophecy of a far off golden future. But to Keats autumn was the season of mellovy fruitfulness and happy content. The beauty of the season is described with a rare felicity of phrasing in the opening stanza of the poem. In this direct, simple and innocent attitude to Nature Keals comes very close to the ancient Greeks He makes the glad discovery of a benigo conspiracy in Nature between Autumn and the sun, a myth wrought in the maoner of the old pagans. In the second stanza thc ageless activities of man in the lap of Nature have been personified into four exquisitely reposeful figures. These figures are on abstractions. The repose and beauty of the the season, and the happy fruitful labour of men blend and are moulded in to statuesquc forms. Each gesture is expressive of patience, each posc of content and case. Keats thus blended poetry with sculpture and saw the spirit of Autumn as a Greek would have seen in human farms of firm outline and serene grace In the third stanza there is a single blemish, -"Where ase the songs of spring ?" Why should the poet have at all asked this question ? But he quickly brushes it aside, "Think not of them." The solcmn symphony of Autumn is wonderfully presented in.- "Then in 1 vailful choir, .....shics" There is perhaps a shade of pensiveness in the central notes of thus autumnal music, but there is no gloom as of the approaching winter, In short, we notice the folloving chick points of appreciation in this ode: 1 The The poct presents the sights and scenes of the Autumn scason in thre: stinzas of cxquistic beauty and charm The entire Autumn season comics befort our cyer.

·99) 2. Nature in Autumn is given a special representation throughout the poem. The fruit and flowers of the autumn season, the sight of the setting sun and the lovely vision of field bedecken by the soothing rays of the settiog sun, are presented in all its glory. 3. The pictorial quality of the poem is well-marked. A painter cap paint the sights and scenes presented in the three stanzas on the canvas. The poem exhibits Keals' Hellenism in its personification as well as in the statuesque effects. The repose, and beauty of the season and the happy fruitful labour of men are blended and are moulded into statuesque form, 5. There is a remarkable' unity of impression throughout the poem, and all the sights and scenes of nature converge to the glorification of Autumn. 6. There is no trace of pessimism in this poem enjoyment of Nature is tinged by do regrel for the spring that ss gone and touched by no · prophetic thoughis of other springs to come. 7. There is fine melody, and thc music of Autumn in its gnats and crikets is applauded. 8. Each stanza consists of eleven jambic lines of fivc feet cachi The rhyme scheme varies a little in the threc stanzas. Q. 3.-Compare the "Ode 10 Autumn" with Shelley's "Ode to the Vest Wind Keits' Ans. The 'Ode to the West, Wind' by Shelley and the 'Ode to Autumn' hy Keats are the finest poems on the subject of Autumn in English poctry. In tha 'Ode to the I'est Wand Shelley described the rest wiod as a breath of Autumn's being. Thc vest wind blows in Autumn and Shelley has described the effect of the west wind on the carth, sky and the sc3. Side by side the poet has combined his own personalily with the movement of the wind and his made the poem anobiographical in character Shelley's prophecy for the future is also presenict in the 'Ode toil.c 1 cst Wind in the Inc: Oh Hind ! If Winter conies, can spring be far behind ?" On the other hand, Kcals ·100) IS IS pnem is purely' objective in character. In the 'Ode to Autumn' the personality of the poem is kept absolutely out. side the presentation of the sights and scenes of Autumn Keats beautifully describes the various sights and scenes of Autumn and glorifies the season in all its mal.clic beauty. To him soring alone is not msical, 701mn has its music too. Neither does he care for the beauty of spring ; nor does he feel sorry for the waste in nature durin: the autumn, season To him autumn maj-sticas saring The secret of Keats' art in glorifying the rutin mak s the ode quite distinct from Shelley's poem The secret of Keals' art a nsists in taking the beauty of the present moment so comple ely into his heart that it seems an eternal possession' Thc poet is enraptured by the sights of autumn and he beautifully describes -them with much gusto and enthusiasm in his heart They do not allow the feelings of pessimism to enter the poem is it is done in Shelley's Ode to the West I'md, Shelley presents, the destructive side of Autumn ;- Kcals, its constructive and beautiful sights. "Both the odes are mastespieces and each is intense with the choicest qualities of either pocl-every rift of the one loaded with orc, cvery line of the other winged with lyric impulse t CHAPTER VI LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCI (Toln K'eats) NB. For the life, works and an estimulc of John Kears as a poet, refer to the notes to his preni Oide lo Wuntry Introduction to the Pocm-'La nelle Dame Sans Merci" i, one of the finest romanii: poems Engih prostry rates th: enchar'ırg in fe*u102ung story of mostul's luid with a fairy. It presents the strange "ays anu maliners 1 sl se superiulurd brings who ped in mile fool of Man. It !5 x story of love frustraied hy ihre wilings of a Its almisphere is one of magic that it tal.es uy to ·( 101 ) + the caves and elfin grots of the fairies. But, side by side, it - has a warm human touch "It is symbolic of Keat i love for his beloved Fannie Browne Just as the Knight of the poem could not achieve success in 111s love with the fairy, similarly Keats also could not get success in his love Thus, though the subject of the poem is medieval, still it has a personal touch The poem is marked with a subtle music, narrative charm, pleasing simplicity and an economy of expression The title of the Poem is French, and and in English it I means 'a beautiful lady without mercy' The title is horrova cd from a poeni by Alain Charter, a 15th century French poet. Critical Appreciation of the Poem-'La Belle Dane Sans Merci' is recognised as one of the finest romantic and narrative poenis in English poetry It tells us about the love of a human being with a fairy. The narraljve of the poem is simple and charning The story moves on swiftly and gracefully There is a flow and 'graceful movement in the narration of the story The poem is steeped in thic lore of medievalism and romanticism. It takes us back to those times when the fairics came down upon earth and made love, in fruman beings. We have the story of Merlin and Vivian in the middle agci, which tells us that fairies used to make fool of men, and having first lured them to their chasms, de. scried and left them to their fate. The unfortunate lovers then had to languish in love for the rest of thcir lives. Thuis very medieval notc is presented in this poem, poen), This Anght is loved by a lady of the fairy-stock. She lurcs him to her magic care and makes a fool of him 1 ܫܢ 1 The clement of truc roniantic love makes this poem a Invcly picce of composition. The young lady makes every hind ni show in love, and finally lets her lover down. She has no merch. The poem, then, is a poem of tragic romance, It is a cone fit to he sung by lore-ion and dejected lovers. The almosphere of the ellin cavr, the dream of the knight in the care and horrid mag of the palo warriors go to intensify the tragic cifect of ice poem.

·(102) 1 The poem is extremely musical It is a balled. It is intended to be sung in accompaniment with a harp. The slow tilting music of the lines makes it a beautiful song 10 English poetry. The exactitude of the pictorial representation is also noteworthy in the poem, which brings betore us the picture of the ailing knight at-arms with his pale ant raggard look. It also brings before our eyes the picture of the beauteous creature-a fairy's child, with long hair, light foot, and dark wind eyes The description of the ride is picturesque and can be compared with Browning's description of 'The Last Ride Together. Substance The poem is the story of a knight's unrequited love with a fairy. It is woven in the atmosphere of mystery magic. Once a knight was wandering about in a sad and dejected mood by the side of a lake. Someone asked the knight why he was so pale and haggary. The Knight replied that he had met with a beautiful lady in the meadows and he was fascina. ted by her looks of love and alluring features, on horsc-back till they reached the clfin cave of the fairy. There the 'lady expressed her love for him, and lulled fuim to sleep While ciceping, the knight saw a dream He dreamt of pale king, and warriors who told fum that the lady who had captivated him without mercy. The warning terrified him Не woke up and instead of finding lumself in the cave of his Jady love, he found himself alone on the cold hill-side The lady had left him for good. This was the reason why he was pale and haggard. Frustration in love had taken the life out of him. lvas #THET एम कविता में एक मामत के किमी प्रमावे माय निराश प्रेम की महानो है। यह कमा रहस्य मोर के वातावरण में गधी गई है। किमी ममय, एक भी तट पर, एक नार्मन सिन एव निराम मुद्रा में भटकमा फिर रहा था। मिमी ने उगगे पूजा किना इतना आग और मिन सी है। माम ने मार दिया कमरे मैदान मेगका माशा ·( ' 103 ) एक सुन्दरी में हुआ था, जिसकी प्रेम-भरी चितवन तथा मनमोहक प्राकृति ने उने अपने वश में कर लिया था। वह सुन्दरी भी उसकी ओर आकर्षित हुई जान पडती थी। वे दोनो (मामंत और सुन्दरी) घोडे पर बैठकर चल पडे, श्रीर उस गुफा के पास जा पहुंचे जहाँ उस अप्सरा का निवास था । वहाँ उस अमरा ने नामत के प्रति अपना प्रेम प्रकट किया, और फिर उसे लोरियां गाकर सुला दिया । सुप्तावस्था में उसने एक स्वप्न देखा । उसने स्वप्न में अनेक ऐसे राजानी और योद्वानी को देखा जिनके चेहरे पीले पीले थे, जिन्होंने उससे कही कि वह एक ऐमी सुन्दरी के फेर में पड़ गया है, जिसका हृदय दया से शून्य है। वह जाग पडा ; और तब उसने देखा कि वह अपनी प्रियतमा को कदरा में नहीं वरच पर्वत के किनारे पडा है । मुन्दरी का फही पता भी न था। उसके पीले नेहरे और अन्यमनस्कता का यही कारण था। प्रेम की विकलता ने उसको जीवन-शक्ति को लगभग नष्ट कर दिया था। NOTES & EXPLANATIONS Stania 1 ~~Ail-~~Trouble-पीडा पहुंचाना । O, What cm all theco-Somebody ashs thc kmght as to what troubles hum -तुझे क्या कष्ट है ? Knight-at-arms - 'Knight-at-arms' means a kight dressed in full armour. In the middle agcs, thc knights were ficquently wanderng about in search of love and adventure. They always sought so afford protection 10 distrcsscd ladics, In order to gain the favour of beautiful ladics, they also took part in tournaments and tried to outshinc oihers. Palely-an Vith pale looks---171 चहरा लिये Loitcringum landcringFi ni Sedge-long grass- ऊँची घाम | Withered-Taded , dried मूख गई है, मुग्भा गई है। Explanation"0, T'har can... hird sings." These lines refer to 'La Belle Dame Sans eserci 'by Keats. It is a beautiful romantic pocm in wliich the post tells us about the disappointed love of a knight for a fairy. The knight wils wondering hy ihe suc of a lalc. He lonked pale and tired. A man saw the Anight in that state and crquired of him the cause of his trouble. He was wandcting by the lake it a cinc हए।

·( 10 ) . when the long grass growing by the side of the lake had faded and all the birds, had stopped singing due to extreme cold. ये पंक्तियाँ कवि कीट्स द्वारा 'Lal Belle Dame Sans Merci' नामक कविता मे ली गई है। यह एक सुन्दर प्रेमास्यानमूलक कविता है, जिसमे कवि ने किसी मामत के एक अप्परा के प्रति विफल प्रेम का वर्णन किया है। उक्त सामत ,एक झील के तट पर भटकता फिर रहा था। उसका चेहरा पीला पड गया था, और वह अत्यंन श्रमित दिखाई देता था । एक मनुष्य ने सामत को इस अवस्था मे देखा, और उसके कष्ट का कारण जानना चाहा । वह मामत ऐसे समय मे उस झोल के किनारे भटकता फिर रहा था, जब अत्याधिक शीत के कारण झील के किनारे उगी हुई लबी धास मुरझा चुकी थी, और पक्षिगो ने चकना बन्द कर दिया था। । Stanza 2 :-Haggard-Tired and worn out.-धात पलात । Woe-begone---Sad and dejected-खिन्न और निगग । Squirrel-- गिलहरी | Granary-The place where corn 15 stored-अन्न-भण्डार । The squirrel's granary is full---Thc squirrel has filled lies store .of food against the approach of nind-शीतकाल में अन्न का अभाव न हो, इसलिए गिलहरी ने अपना अन्न कोठार भर लिया है । The harvest is done-Crops havc been reaped and gathered --(this shows that autumn is over and winter is approaching) सलिहान उठ चुके हैं। . . Explanation-"0, FT" hat alls..... ...haricst's done." Someone asks the knighl-alarms wandering by the side of the lake as to what ails him. Why does he look so tired and worn out, and u ly as he wandering hy the lake-side at a time when even the squirrels do not take courage to come out. The granary of the squirrel is full of corn for the inter; and the Jharvest has been cut and mown All these things signify that autumn is over and winter 13 fast-approaching. Why 15 hc wundering alone in such a whether? भोल ने तट पर भटने हा मामत से कोई नाशि से क्या गट है। वह इतना यान-माल क्यो दिवा देता है, और यह पने गुणमय मे भान ये ·( 105 ) - तट पर क्यों घूम रहा है जब कि गिलहरियां भी बाहर निकलने का साहस नहीं कर पा रही हैं। गिलहरियो ने शीतकाल के लिए अपने अन्न-कोठार भर लिये है, और फसलें काटकर तैयार की जा चुकी हैं। ये सब बातें इस तथ्य को प्रमाण है कि पतझड ममाम हो गया है, और शीत-काल समीप है। ऐमे बुरे मौसम मे वह अकेला क्यो भटकता फिर रहा है ? Stanza 3: Lily-A white flower. Here it indicales the paleness on the knight's brow-कमलिनी ( यहा मामत के ललाट की रक्तहीन श्वेता से तात्पर्य हैं। ) I see brow-Your brow looks Pale. Anguish-Deep mental pain-~आन्तरिक वेदना । Moist-- Wct--भीगा हुआ | Fever-dew-Drops of feverish'svent-~-उत्ताप भरे पसीने की वू दें। I see... .....fever-dew---Your forchead looks pale and is covered with the drops of feverish swéct caused by mental pain--तुम्हारे ललाट मे स्वास्थ्य की लाली का प्रभाव है, और उस पर प्रातरिक वेदनाजनित पसीने की वू'दै झलक रही है । Fading rosc--Rosc denotes bloom of licalth, and hence 'lading rose means that there is a gradual loss of freshness and healthiness as apparent from the checks of the knight-- फीकी पड़तो हुई स्वाग्थ्य की लाली। Withereti too Is fast disappearing-शीघ्रतापूर्वक अहम्य होती जा रही है । Explanation-The observer, who had cncountered the forlon knight wandering by the lake-side, notices some marks of wcariness on the face of the knight There is a note of haggardness on his face. His brow is pule and is covered with drop of fcyerish sweet. These have been caused by the severe mental strain. The blooming radiance of his chcel's is gone, and his health seems to be decaying All the freshness and chcerfulness of lus face seems to have disappeared. भील के तट पर भटकते फिरनेवाले सामंत में जिन व्यक्ति मे भेंट हुई थी, उगगे उसके चेहरे पर क्लाति के कुछ चिन्ह दिखाई देते है। उनके चेहरे पर मानि मावाली है। उसका ललाट स्वास्थ्य को नाली-खो बैठा है, और उस पर पमीने को दूदै झनक रही है, जो तीव मातरिय वेदना के कागा उत्पन्न हुई | गरे गालो की म्याय की गुलाबी नही नती है और उममा म्वाध्य ·(106) in her eyes मष्ट होता दिखाई देता है। उसके चेहरे की समस्त ताजगी और आनन्द की भाभा लुप्त हुई प्रतीत होती है । Standa4 :-Meads-Meadows-घाम के मैदान | Full beanti. ful.r-Extremely beautiful-अत्यन्त सुन्दर A ftiry's child She was so beautiful that she aprcared to be thc child of some fairy mam chet ett got Her foot was light--She was light-footed ; she was brush and nimblc in her walk-उसके चरण चपल थे। Wild---Futl of cmotional excitement-प्रेम की उत्तेजना से पूर्ण Explanation-ot met a lady ..........eyes sere wild." In reply to the queries of the observer, the knight-at-arms replies that he had met a beautiful lady in the micadows She was extremely heautiful Her hair was long and her feet were nimble and delicate There was a deep emotional excitement She appeared in all ways, a fury's child मानत के कध का कारण जानने को उत्सुक व्यक्ति के प्रश्न का उत्तर दो हुए मामत कहना है कि घाम के मैदानो मे उसकी एक मुन्दरी मे भेट हुई थी। वह अत्याधिक रूपवती थी। उस केग लम्बे और चरण चपन एवं फोमल थे। उसकी प्रांखो में उद्दाम प्रेम को उत्तेजना थी। सभी लक्षणो मे वह किसी प्रमग की पुत्री प्रतीत होती थी। Syanza 5 :--Gariandr-IVreath of flovers.-फलो का हार । Bracclestone Fragrant-Sweet-scrmed, because it was made of flowers-मुगधयुक्त | Zone-Gordir; belem 7072.79 ; फर्धनी | As she did love-~-As if she loved Inc. गाना वह मुझो प्रम करती थी। Made sweet moin-She marle soft plaintive notc of lore -(प्रम के पारग ) दीई नि स्याम सने गगी। Explanation--"I made ............, made sarct mort" The night tells the passerhy that he too fell in love with the lady. He prepared a parlard and a pair of bracelets of SW'cci-scenied flowers for the lady. She looked at him with eyes of love, and made a weet plaintivc note, which shcucd (bar her heart tactining for tl'c love of the kniphi. - ·( 107 ) सामंत प्रश्न पूछनेवाले को उत्तर देता है कि वह स्वयं भी उस सुन्दरी के प्रेम-पास में बंध गया। उसने उस सुन्दरी के लिए सुगधित पुष्पो का एक हार और कंकरण बनाये । सुन्दरी ने उसकी अोर प्रेम-भरी दृष्टि से देखा और वह दीर्घ निःश्वाम लेने लगी, जिमसे प्रतीत होना था कि उसका हृदय सामंत के प्रेम के लिए व्याकुल है। Stanza 6 :--Set ther-~-Made sit-बैठाया । Pacing - Moving at a fast spce-7TH Steed-4 war horse-E 951 1 Nothing .all day long --Nothung else happencned throughout the dav-दिन-भर अन्य कोई विशेष घटना नही घटी । Sidelong-obliquclv--एक तरफ मे झुकी हुई। A fairy's-A bcautiful song which the knight would not understand. Explanation-" set her... ...........a fairly's song." The knight-at-arms seated the beautiful lady on his moving horse. They both rode on the horse back, Nothing particu. lar happened throughout the day Sometimes she would have a look at his face, and sing a beautiful song, which the knight could not followy. सामंत ने उग सुन्दरी रमणी को अपने वेगवान् घोड़े पर बैठा लिया। ने दोनो घोडी की पीठ पर वंठ कर रवाना हो गये । दिन-भर अन्य कोई विशेष घटना नहीं घटी। कभी-कभी वह सुन्दरी निरछो होकर सामत के चेहरे की भोर देवती, और एक मधुर गीत गाने लगती थी, जिसे सामत समझ नहीं पाता था। Stania 7 .---Found-Procured-ढूंदकर लाई। of relish sweet-Of srcet taste-~-सुस्वादु । Honey wild ~~-Honcr of wild floucrs----TIRI ST PET | Manna dew--Drops of Mannamma the heavenly food. anna has originally a mystcrious sort of food which ſchova, thic Jewish god, is said 10 have Thined down from hcaren in order to f.ed the Jevg when tlicy were discui away from E:43pt and were gory 10 Cannnno, Keats, bere, probably refere to thic iront of ·(' 106) । नष्ट होता दिखाई देता है। उसके चेहरे की समस्त ताजगी और आनन्द की प्राभा लुप्त हुई प्रतीत होती है । Stanza 4 .-Meads-Meadows-धाम के मैदान | Full beanti. ful--Fixtremely beautiful---अत्यन्त सुन्दर | A ftiry's child--- She was so beautiful that she appeared to be the child of some fairy - BTT 67 got Her foot was light. She was light-footed ; she was brish and mimble in her walk- चरण चपल थे | Wild--Full of emotional cxcitement-प्रेग की उत्तेजना में पूर्ण । Explanation-flmet a lady......... .....eyes were wild." In reply to the queries of the observer, the knight-at-arms replies that he had met a beautiſul lady in the meadows She was extremely beautiful. Her hair was long and lier feet were numble and delicate There was a decp emotional excitement in her eyes. She aprcared in all ways, a fairy's child सामन के कष्ट का कारण जानने को उत्सुक व्यक्ति के प्रश्न या उत्तर दो हुए मामत कहना है कि पाम के मैदानो में उसकी एक सुन्दरी में भेट हुई थी। वह अत्याधिक स्पवती थी। उसके केग लम्वे और चरण चपल एवं कोमल । उसकी प्रांखो मे उद्दाम प्रेम पो उत्तेजना थी। मभी लक्षणों में यह किसी प्रगग मी पुनी प्रतीत होती थी। Stanza 5 :--Gariand-reath of flowers---पूगो का हार | Bracelest-नांकगा। Fragrant-Snect-scentrd, because it was made of Powers--- Ezeratytti 1 Zone Girdle ; bell-ft-79 ; फर्मनी | As she did lover.As if shc loverl mc.-माना नह मुझसे प्रम करती थी । Made swect moan-She natle n soft plhintive norc of love (F# (प्रम के मारग ) दीर्घ नि.ग्वाम नने जगी। Explanation-"t made...... .....made sheet mall The knight tells the passerhy that he 100 fell in love with llic lady. He prepared a garlard and a pair of bracelets of sweet-scented flowers for the 13dy. She looked at him with cyes of love, and made 11 slicct plaintive note, uluch loved that her heart was fining for the love of the knight.

·( 107 ) मामंत प्रश्न पूछनेवाले को उत्तर देता है कि वह स्वयं भी उस सुन्दरी के प्रेम-पास मे बंध गया। उसने उस सुन्दरी के लिए सुगधित पुष्पो का एक हार और कंकरण वनाये । सुन्दरी ने उनकी ओर प्रेम-भरी दृष्टि से देखा और वह दीर्घ निःश्वास लेने लगी, जिसमें प्रतीत होता था कि उसका हृदय सामंत के प्रेम के लिए व्याकुल है। Stanza 6_Set her-Mſade sit-ATUT I Pacing - Moving at a fast spce-TTT I Steei-4 war líorse-T Et i Nothing day long --Nothing else happcncncd throughout the das-दिन-भर अन्य कोई विशेप घटना नही घटी। Sidelong ---Obliquely---1797 975 Tiit F1 A fairy's A bcautiful song which the knight would not understand. Explanation--"l set her... ...........a fairli's song." Thc knight-at-armis scared the heautiful lady on lus moving horse. They bou rode on the horse bach. Nothing particilur happened throughout the day Sometimes she would haic a look at his face, and sing a beautiful song, which the knight could not followy. -- सामन ने उन गुन्दरी रमसी को अपने वेगवान् घोडे पर बैठा लिया । में दोनों पाली की पीठ पर बैठ कर रवाना हो गये । दिन-भर अन्य कोई विशेष घटना नहीं घटी। यामी कभी वह सुन्दरी तिरडी होकर सामंत के चेहरे को और दग्वती, और एका मधुर गीन गान नानी थी, जिसे सामत समझ नहीं पाना था। Stanza 7 :-round--Procured if I of rclisla sweet-Of <ncet 19410-ETT 1 Honcy wild-alloncy of wild flowers-एन-जुन्नुमो का मधु । Mann dew-~~Drops of Maunt-~- ilic heavenly foodi. Wanna was originally a mystcrinus fort of food wlucit Ichinta, the Jewish foci, is said to trained Morn from thesen in order to fed the Jess when thes: ncte rich way from lenge and wer goursy ** Callano, Kets, liere, probably refer to the fruit of ·1 - by deep siehr (108) some oriental country. Language strange in her fairy language, which the knight could not follow-457777 7911 Explanation-"She found me thee true" During the course of their ride, the lady procured for the knight sweet edible roots of delicious taste, wild honcy and manna They were all sueet and beautiful things. Then the lady told the knight in her own strange language that slic loved him deeply and intensely with a true heart. She emphasized upon the night that her love for him was true, मार्ग में यात्रा करते समय, उम सुन्दरी ने सामंत के भोजन के लिए ग्राहार योग्य सुस्वादु कंद, घन-कुसुमो का मधु तथा 'मन्ना' नामक साद्य उपलब्ध किया । ये सभी पदार्थ अत्यन्त मुम्वाद भौर सुन्दर ये । तब उस रमणी ने अपनी विचिन भापा मे सामन में कहा कि वह उन सच्चे हृदय में प्रेम करती है, और वह उस पर अत्यधिक अनुरक्त है । उसने सामत को विश्वास दिनाने का प्रयत्न किया ' कि सामत के प्रति उसका प्रेम निष्कपट और यथार्थ है। S/ana 8:~-Elfin-Magical-जादू की। Grot--फदग। Sighed full sore - Hcaved deep sighs indicating her emotion of 'love for the light-दीर्घ नि.नाम लेने लगी। will eyes-~- Eyes full of deep emotional cxcitcinent. The repetition of the word 'wild' shows the depth of the rinotitin. With kisses four-With soine HSSCS It dors not that the knight hissed the lady only four uncs The introduction of a clcfinite number hcigltcns 15 realistic cllcct Explanation--"And there ...,cold hullsule.' The lady took the knight to her magic Civc She went there in a sweet complaining mood. She expresscd her love her love and shot hier wild cies with a number of k1910. on her fair checks. प, मृन्दरी मानी जामनी सानी नाद की कग मेगा काम मधुर पाशेपत नग में मेरे दी। दीय नियमानो माग उगने गमन प्रति mean ·(103) अपना प्रेम प्रदर्शित किया। उसके द्वारा किये गये प्रेम प्रदर्शन से मामत का हृदय छू गया, और उसने उसके कपालो पर इतने चुम्बन अकित किये कि उसने (अप्सरा) अानद से अपने नेत्र बन्द कर लिये। Stanza 9: - Luiled me asisep -The knight was magically 11 lluenced by the fans and sci i to sleep in the carc लोरिया गावर सुना दिया। Woe betide--The dream was full of pun and suffering for the longhi The latest dream-The latest (ream hefore he wake up on the cold hill side-ग्रंतिम रवान । Explanation-"And there cold lull side The knight was lulled in slecp by the fairy He slept in He sayya horrible dream. the last dreini which he then Suw, for he got up from the slop and instead of finding himself in the cave of the Indy, he found himself by llic side of the lake wlicre he was wondering in the wintry chill . hier cave It was अप्सरा ने मामंत को लोरिया गाकर सुना दिया। वह उनकी कदरा मे निद्रा-म हो गया। उसने वहीं एक दु ग्वप्न देसा । यह उमवा उन न्यान में गाहमा प्रतिम स्वप्न या, क्योंकि उनके बाद उसको नीद टूट गई, और उसने अपने पापको उस गुन्दी की कंदरा में लेटा हुग्रा पाने की बजायल के किनारे पापा यावा वह निपाल की मरदो में भटकना किरहा था। Stan: 10, I can'- I saw--The knight sta in lus dieam- Fifa 1 7 Drzih pule dere 3** do blower in tircir burly; ht. ye .i}} } •k art throatit ~मृत मनु को मति पदे पढे हुए। La acd ne . }} •.111111 111111 -सुन्दर ) 1 Sani• ~~}}. {"lt Song - मालपून्य । Tiirall ~ Captitty - वधन, पाग । Lupiant (ion--"] 34718. mhrall." th: iniclii fd heon lui cd to sleen by the cnel niing fory There is still a Facsible dream; a fusible dream; The Knight drepa! rit rrites, sings inu *11nrs, el hom kord hto td. He Ceath Trey trued it , nd marned the I nigdy thi: ha obe:1 13;23rd fis th: lady who hid 20 Brm intercit.

·( 110 110) ~ अप्सरा ने सामत को लोरियाँ गाकर अपनी कंदरा मे सुला दिया था। वहाँ उसने एक भयंकर स्वप्न देखा । सामंत ने स्वप्न मे राजकुमारो, राजाओ और योद्धायो को देखा, जिन सबके चेहरे पीले पडे हुए थे और खिन्न दिखाई देते थे । उन सभी ने उच्च स्वर से सामंत को सावधान करते हुए कहा कि वह एक ऐसी स्त्री के जाल में फंस गया है जिसका हृदयं दया से सर्वथा शून्य है। Stanza 11:---Starved-Dried and parched----शुष्क ! Glo- -Twilight-धु धला प्रकाश । Horrid-Horrible-~भयकर । Warning-Caution-चेतावनी | Gaped--Open-खुले हुए । With horrid.. wide- With wide open mouths they were cautioning the knight of the horrible fate that was to befall hınt, for he had been captivated by the merciless lady. Awoke-Bcing terrified by the warning of the ghostly forms, the hnight got up from his sleep-जाग पड़ा। Found me here-On waking up, the knight instead of finding himself in the fairy's cave, found himself by the side of the bill, om. - wide open Explanation-"I saw . . ..........cold hill side." The knight said that he dreamt a horrible dream in the cave of the fairy In the dream he saw many a king, warrior and prince. They were all pale and worn out. Their lips were They were giving the horrible worming that the beautiful lady without mercy had captivated him. This warning was terrifying. He woke up immediately from his sleep, and instead of finding himself in the cave of the lady, lic found himself by the cold hill-side. मामत ने कहा कि अप्सरा की कदरा में उसने एक भयंकर स्वप्न देगा। स्वप्न मे उमे अनेक राजा, योद्धा और राजकुमार दियाई दिये । उन सबके चेहरे पोले पड़े हुए थे, और वे सभी यके हुए दिखाई देते थे। उसके प्रोट मृग गये थे, पोर उन पर पपड़ियां पड़ गई थी। उनके मुह फ्टै हुए थे । वे उस गामत को यह भयावह चेतावनी दे रहे थे कि वह उस स्त्री के फेर में पड़ गया है जिगरा हृदय दया मे मवंया शून्य है। यह चेतावनी उग देनेवाली थी।

·( 111 ) जा तुरंत ही उसकी निद्रा टूट गई, और उसने अपने आपको अप्सरा की कंदरा के - वजाय पर्वत के वाहर ठडी जगह मे पड़ा हुआ पाया। Stanca 12:--Sojourn-Stay for a short time-विरमना । Palely loitering-Wandering in a sad and dejected mood सिन्न मन भटक रहा है। Though.. ... ...sing-Although it is the winter scason, when the long grasses growing by the side of the lake have withcrcd and birds have stopped singing_-77fa शीत प्रस्तु के कारण झील के किनारे सटी हुई लम्बी घास मुरझा गई है, और पक्षियों ने चहकना बन्द कर दिया है । Explanation-"And thus ... ... birds sing." Concluding his sad account of disappointed love with the fairy, who had deceived him the knight says to the man who had enquired after his forlorn looks, that hic is wandering hy the side of the lake all alone, because of his disappointment in love Though he knows that it is wiuter, yet he is oblivious of thic rigours of the weather becausc of his frustration in love. This is the reason why he is stayiog on the cold bank of the lahe at 2 (11770 when the long grass has faded and the birds have stopped singing. प्रप्सरा के प्रति प्रगने विकल प्रेम की कथा को समाप्त करते हुए, सामन उस व्यक्ति को जिसने कि उनको निरामर का कागा जानना चाहा था, उत्तर ऐना है कि वह उस झील के तट पर एफापी इसलिए भटकता फिर रहा है कि उसे प्रेम का प्रतिदान नहीं मिला। यपि यह जानना है कि भीनयान है, जमाप निगा प्रेम से उत्पन्न अन्तयंदना के कारण उसे पोन मे पोप मा अनु- भय नही होता । यही कारण है कि यह ऐसे उनमार में भी मोन के गीत-भरे सद पर भटकमा फिर रहा जब कि परगनेवाली सोनागोर प्राय ये पारण सुलग चुकी है, और पक्षियों में गाना बच पर दिया। + QUISTIONS & ANSWERS Q I-Why is the Indy clled "Lis_welle Dawe Sanse: 4 Ver . -- !

·( 112 ) Ans.-The lady. is called La Bella : Dame Sans Merci, because she was a lady without mercy. Her practice was to captivate men by her expression of false love, and then leave them to die in despair and suffering. Several kings and princes had been deceived by her, as is shown by the hnight's dream She had no mercy for anyone of them She brought them to her cave, then lulled them to sleep, and finally deserted them mercilessly. She was heartless and cruel, and had broken the hearts of many fond lovers The night of our poem also became a victim of her false love All these 10cidents show that, although beautiful, she had no mercy She was a fairy who took delight in ensoaring people by her wild looks, and enchanting ways and alluring enderments Rut deep down In her heart, there was neither love nor mercy She never wanted to contract life-long love or to marry She only flirted with her lovers and then left them to langursh, in pain and misery. These are the reason why, the lady has been styled as the beautiful lady without mercy, Q. 2- Puint: out the various devices adopted by Kcats 10 encharce the note of pathos an] mystery in 'La Belle Dame Suns Aferci': Ans.--La Belle Dame S ns Merci is a poem of pribos and mystery, It'presents to us th: prtiable and woreful sale of a hnight who had been cosnused by her charms Kcats adopts various devices. to cnchange the intensity of trogle pathos and mystery in the poem The following arc thc m12111 devices (1) Tethod of repetition ] he simplicity and pa.hus and mystery or frustralel lose has been achieved by the device of repetition. Keats repeats the images in single lines to enhsnce the feeling of dcuolation and dez 1'11' in the poem. example, Kests presents the line o, what can asi thec, knightal arms' tw!ce, in the first and .econd stund is of the premt The dominating image in that of the palc hnight, while li repeatedly presented in several stul.7as, we have thic lackard and woe-bogone' largit, and, in the third stanza, sc have the pale hnight' in all his dc male furioranes, Similarly, to using hoc tu the readers the emoti0.11 fuery of the metusless 12dy's eyes, tie adjective 'vlu' l been repeated itine: " blut her isid tyes." The expression 'winch ako brings to fecling of myfery and stunners in the porm, - ·' 113 (2) Description of the lady and her grot.-The element of mystery is enchanced by the presention of the fairy with her wild cyes and her fairy song. The presentation of a fairy in the carthly form naturally enchances the tone of mystery in the pocm. And when the lady takes the night to her eltin grot and sighs full sorc, we are taken aback. We feel a sense of Iremor und wonder and the strange device adopted by the lady to dure the hought Notc how the knight is presented in the Erip of the lady :- 'She took me to licr elfin grot And there she rept, and sighed full sorc, And there I shut her wild cyes With hisses four” The cave and the strange behaviour of the lady in the cave, enhance the role of tragic pathos and mystery in the pocm. (3) The dream of the knight -The dream seen by the knight in the cave of the fairy adds to the note of tragic rathos Thc knight sees pale kings and and warriors, with starved lips, voicing their horrid warning that the beautiful Indy without mercy has enthralled him. The horrible yet pitinbic dream adds to th: note of Iragic pathos in tho ווסון (4) Description of the lasolate scenes - The description of dcsolate scenes, fruitless fields, cold and Hithered scdges adds to the note of pathos and desolation in the poem. By presenting the forlorn atmosphere of muture, the wocful state of inc knight and the musicious manners of the lady, Keats intensifies the rote of irgic pithes, l'urther, hyn stilíol repetition of key. 1111'lges, Keals alimeves intcosity of passion ond ihe stinosphere of strungeness and beauty. Wuch for the esential buis of :ll romantic poenis, 3-lyric 3 noc on thic surbolism ! La Belle Dumne Susne perci Aas Keats cioplity suil: hic mbris 311 131320$ to (814 the intensity of tragic pathos in the poem T1 bil ind res ne fuple by Keats suic ir cisar, ·( 114 114 ) as a suggestive poem and contribute to its tragic pathos and mystery. The poet employs the simbol of the Lily and Rose. Lily stands for paleness and withering health, and the Rose. represents the bloom of health The pale, emaciated and the bloodless condition of the knight is presented by the following symbol "I see a lily on thy brow, With anguish moist and fever drow." The bloom of youthful joy and love is gonc, as illustrated by the symbol of the fading rose - And on thy cheeks a fading rose, Tast withcreth too." The lady herself is the symbol of the wasting power of frustrated passion in youth She is the symbol frustrating, disenchanting and wasting love. The fact that the lady is not a reality or a lady of the world. is again and again emphasized by Keats in presenting hier as a fairy with strange wild eyes and strange manncrs of her own. She spcaks in a strange language Her methods arc different. Her songs are those of the fairy She cats manna dew and roots of relish which do not connect her with our world She is uc lady of frustration Shic does nol icprcsent reality or morality Shc stands for an aspect of trus. tration in life. All those who indulge in foolish romantic passions come to the ways of the knight They are duped by the beautiful lady without mercy, and ultimalcly foc! disappointed in their lives, Thesc symbol malc thc pocm cxtremely suggestive in outlook The symbol of the grotto, the wild honcy and manna dew collectively suggest the facut attractiveness and thic sucet bitterness of romantic love. child, ·115 ) CHAPTER TX RING OUT, WILD BELLS (Alfred Tennyson) Life and Works of the Poet - Alfred Tennyson was born on August 6, 1809, at Somersby, a village in Lincolnshire. His father was the rector of the village He was brought up in the hcart of the country, among rolling pastures, sand-banks and broad sea-marshes, backed by the sea on the Lincolnshire coast. From lus very childliond, Tennyson proved to be meditative obscrver of this bcautiful landscape, which fact was responsible for the claboratc and cxact presentation of natural scenery in lus pocis, When he was seven years old, he was admitted in the Louth Grammar School. However, after a few years, he relurned homo where he and his elder brother Charles were cducated by their father, In 1827, both these brother published a small volume of pociry, vic pocnis by Two Brothers Next year, both of them cnicred the Trinity College, Cambridge. Here, Tennyson wrote huis fanious pocni Timbucino, for which he was awarded the University Chandellor's gold medal. In 1831, he left the college without inking his deprec. From now onwards, he published volume afier volume of verse, winch were highly spoken of by Uic critics for their exquisite picturesqueness, melody of diction and the expressive farmanics or rhythin. The jaar 1850 saw him married to Emily Sollwood. This was also the year when he became Poct, Laurcnic, after thic death of his predecessor, Wordsworth. In this very year, hic puhlished 11 microrum, bus furious clogy written on the death of huis most intimate friend Arthur Henry Hallam, whosc acquaintance hc bud formed at Cambridge. In 1884, he was made Baron or Aldworth and Farringſord, and became Alfred Lord Tennyson. lic breathed his last on October 6, 1892, and was buricd in Westminster Abbey, dear this grave Of Browning. Chier among the forks of Tennyson arc : The Prinzess (1477); In Memoria" (1950); Ward (1899); Lills of the firs (1459); Can't Arden (11011: (Con Warri1977), "Harold (1877); Ihr Our (1587;; Tic P1071C of War (1992); le roico end the idrico (1424; 7sik Tekesirs (1992).

·110 som ( 7 Tennyson as a Pret-Tennyson is the representative poet of the Victorian age, the complex tender cies of which are truely reflected in his poems His poetry approaches the poetry of Virgil in the perfection of language and emotional effect, and his acute powers of observation are reflected in the accuracy of his description and character studies. Tennyson is perhaps at his best in his lyrics such as those in The Princess, and in dramatic monologues like those in Ulysses or poems like The Ode to Virgil or The Lotus Eaters, where an atmosphere has to be created. Like Keats, Tennyson was very great poctic artist He had a measure of Keal's gift of pictorial presentation and to it hc added and even more astonishing command of the musical resources of language. Atumes he is remarkable for the fide lity and minuteness of his observations. He was a master of dignified and melodious verse and of majestic utterance. Ho interpreted the thought of his age, science, cvolution, women's rights, imperialismi- all find a place in his verse. In age of religious doubt and difficulty, he upheld the banner of faith He believed that the world is ruled by law, which will ultimately brings God's purposes to pass. He preached self knowledge sell-reverence and self-control. He cherished the hopes that make us manThe, chief characteristics of Tennyson's poetry may be summarised as under :- (a) Noble ione :- It pervades every poem of the poct His poctry is sohod with the spirit of honour, of duty, and of reverence for all what is pure and true. 16) Simplicity - The emotions which Tennyson socks to touse are common to all and casy to understand. He avoide ublic analysis of clincter, complex motives or excesses of passion. A sort of Puritan simplicity pervades his work (c) Artistic grace - This Tennyson achieves by a minute obscriation of nature, a seliclurly appreciation of the pictures. quc in the siterature of the pist, a siccise selection in the use of words and phraus aptnces of simile, avoidance of the commonpecc use of repetitions dod a souarce; espressive harmonies of shythm and sublle teody of direction) (d) Perception of the onemliui ol latit throughout the worlds of sen erindiportHerzccgries therein Old schere o ·( 117 { great purpose underlying a universal order and gradually developing loa completion. It is on this foundation that the order, nobility and simplicity of his character and poetry rest. As already stated, Tennyson is a true representative of the Victorian age In almost all the spheres of human thought in religion, in the morils, in social life, Tennyson's poein reflect the complex icndencies of lus age and his surroundings The ground or Tennyson's claim to he considered a repräsenta'ive of his age is scen in the lives of thought rursucd in some of those more important poems which deals with the great problems and permanent interest of his times These poems, important among which are Locksler Hall, The pen.cess, The Place of Art, Si. Slican Sulcis, The Vision of Sin, Thc Tuo l'oices, In Memoriam, and Mand, cover a period of fifty yeits, and bring out in vivid colours the hroad results of the impact of the Victorian culture upon the poci's mind. Tennyson, the pact, has his limitations 100 at time over-conscious, after effective expresion, a vein of sentimcntaly, and a limited power of purcly original thoughi, expla am the decling which he has suffered from his first cnthusisile populusiiv. 1111, though he has suffered detraction he remains High in rank anong English pocks and he has left a remark?. hic large 1.dy of work of a very high level of Doctis cxcellencc slriving Introduction to the roem-Thus henuliful noon is hasoned from Tennyson's fomous clogs 'In Vemorism' unch 15 the pri tribute to the memory of lus riend, Arthur Hillim The elegy took coventeen years in compose, and 135 first publied in 1805 In thus poem, Tennyson miles disc of the annul on 11ch Chusus whsonic of bidding fireneil in the stun: 14'tard of welcoming the new year bu tinging the Churen Tell of iridnight or the 31 of 0.12 This foem 10's Tennys? 101 ll his picty. Hors. 357076 , the 14 hunan grie? 4 der with the cirlig 18??, this lis **!! +furft of capitis 1 1.bj is et fi: ir, lat protiy and say, 'can Tellgian, false pride mi nolie bist, scrity h?*red.wixs Angreze, in! }! tre niher 1101! ***mythi Su Ivey 1 ·( 118 ) and in their place' sweet manners, just laws, love of truth and right, and an era of all round peace and happiness may set in. Substance of the Pocm-The advent of the acw year and the daparture of the old one, is a time when it is but natural to take stock of our failures in the past and to make good resolutions for future. Tennyson takes advantage of this occasion to tell the bells, which it is customary to ring at the midnight of 31st December every year, to 'ring out' evil things, and to 'ring in' the good ones. He hopes that with the coming of the New Year, joy should come in and sorrow vanish, and that malico and hatred should give place to love and faith between man und man, Let the doleful songs of pocts be heard no more and sweet melody of happiness fill the air. He wishcs that falsc pride of capital and class should give place to humilily and genuine sympathy for our fellow-creatures. Let therс be no more Strifes and wars, and let Christ be born once again to spread peace and good will among men सारांश नूतन वर्ष के आगमन तथा पूर्व वर्ष के गमन का संधिकाल एक ऐसा समय है, जव स्वभावतः हमारे हृदय मे भूतकाल की अपनी असफनतानी का तेगा- जोखा करने तथा भविष्य के लिए मद् निश्चय करने की इच्छा जाग्रत होती है। इस मंधिकाल का लाभ उठाते हुए टेनिसन, प्रतिवर्ष ३१ दिसम्बर की गई राषि में बजाई जाने वाली घटियो से आग्रह करता है कि वे अपनो घ्यनि से चुरी वातो का बहिष्कार करें और अच्छो वानों का स्वागत करें। वर आमा करना है कि नुतन वर्ष के प्रागमन के बाग-माप प्रानन्द का पाग और दुग का निप्तामन हो; तथा ई- पोर गा के स्थान में पारम्परिक श्रम एवं सद्भा- वना का साम्राज्य हो । पविगी के गोक-गरे तगने पर और अधिक न गुना पडे, और उनके स्थान में प्रानन्द के मधुर गंगीत में यातावरण प्रनिनिन हो उठे। कवि की पहा है कि संपत्ति गौर वर्ग-भेट पर प्राथारित मिथ्या दम निपूल हो जाय, और उगो स्थान में हमारे हदमी में अपने साथियों में प्रति नग्रताना मन्त्री महानगति का उदय हो। युर और फरह गर्दव विदा हो जाय, पोर मानर जगन में शनि और गहानामा नमार परी नु यो मनी धग-पाग पर पुनः माग हो।

·113) NOTES & EXPLANATIONS Stanza 1: -Riog out-Toll vigorously and sound the death-Incll of the past year. Wild bells-Bells ringing loudly in a joyful frenzy at the advent of the New Year gata 511957-1 TT 12959 ERT Ê a tharat Efezi i Wild sky - Sky full of clouds and frost. (N B. Thc sảy of a December night in Europe has a turbulent look; hcncc thic cpithet 'wild' TITEZ :15T 1 Flying cloud-Thecloud wiuch is fast driven across the sky by a strong wind 112 ETET I Frosty light- Light of stars dimined by clouds and frost कुहरे म मद प्रकाश । The.... in the night-Thc old ycar is at its end and closes at midnight-पूर्व वर्ष अर्द्ध गनि यो अन्धकार मे अपना अन्तिम श्वास ले रहा Let him dic--"Him: stands for the old year wluch is here personificd It is thought of as an old man on death-bcd. Explanation. "Ring our................ .....Ict him dic." Iliesc lincs belong to Tennyson's 'Ring Out Il'ild Bells. The poem ccms to have been composer at the midnight of nccsiber 31, wlicn the ending of the Old Year and the coming of the New Year is celcbrated hy a vigorous tolling of the licils in (alledrals, The Occision provide inspiration to the rocl, wliore cart was filled with joy and renowej liope for the future Thc race says that unmindful of the turbulent atmosphere of the December n'shi, the bulls slioult ring vigorously and lud godalaye to the bring year. The nid ycir is at its close, and it should le alioued to live buried decp in the darkness of ilic right, so that no memory of it remains with us when the New year *cis in. पनि देनिनन भोलि माया मामल पत्रिका में सम्पन्न नोबा प्रसार कोस पर पाना १ दिनयर सीम Firitrsी, पूर्व पर प्रपना ना ना ६ यागमन निरत में पहिचांदाम पर दिया ·( 120 ) प्रेरणा मिली और उसका हृदय प्रसन्नता एव भविष्य के लिए नवीन आगामी से भर उठा। कवि कहता है कि दिसम्बर की रात्रि के क्षुब्ध वातावरण की चिन्ता न करते हुए, घटियो को धूम-धाम ने बजाना चाहिए , और व्यतीत होते हुए वर्ष को विदा करना चाहिए । पूर्व वर्ष ममाप्त हो चुका है , और रात्रि के सघन अन्धकार में उसे गहगई मे दफन कर दिया जाना चाहिए, ताकि नूतन वर्ष के प्रागमन के उपरान्त उसकी एक भी स्मृति अवशिष्ट न रहे । Stanza 2 -Ring out the old-Bid farewell to the old order of things पुरातन को विदा दो । Ring in the new ~~IVelcome or usher in a new cra नये युग का अभिनन्दन करो। Ring ...new -- I.et the past be forgotten and the joyous expectation of the future make us all happy and hopeful 31 1 39 Jar farat TTT और भविष्य की प्रानन्दपूर्ण प्रत्यागा मे हम मरका हृदय प्राशा ग्रोर उन्गाह में भर उठे । Happy bells-The bells arc sard te be happy, bccausc tlicy sing the inessage of the happy new cia that is about to bring हफुल्ल घटियां । Across the snow -~Over the 81101-covered carth Tere there is a suggestion of sending. Thc incssage far and wid, over the war?C1-3now FAFET J-PTT Going.-Dyang , is about to end गत हो रहा है | Let him gothercrcd not be even the slightest wish in holl lum (the old year) bach, for with lum all the cvils of the past will Jamsh. The falscm, 111 That is unworth and intruc gont- 777 | The truc-All that is wortly and truc 712177TTI Explanation, "Ring out.. ring in the true." This stanja ſorms a part or Alfred Lord Tennyson's 'Ring Out Wild Bells'. Tlic pact cthorts the midnight bells to hil farewell to the old order of things and welcome a new chal with He ask them to broad:1st this messare of fresh hones and aspirations far and wids cross the snon-clad rxpans: of land and mountains There need nol be any reret for the scar that is going; for with all that intrus and undesirabic will vanth and the world will be ready for an era if iruth and happiness new ideals ·( 121) ये पंकियां कवि अनफेड लाई टेनिमन की रचना 'रिंग माउट वाइल्ड चन्म' की अग है । कवि नूतन वर्ष के आगमन के अवसर पर वजने वाली घटियो गे अनुरोध करता है कि वे पुरातन परिस्थिनियों को विदा दे और नये प्रादर्गो से युक्त नये युग का स्वागत करै । वह उन (घंटियो) से अनुरोध करता है कि वे नूनन यामाग्री पीर प्राकाक्षायो के दम सदेश को हिमाच्छादिन भू-भाग और पर्वतो पर दूर-दूर पहेचा दे। जो वर्ष व्यतीत हो रहा है उसके निा अनुताप बी को प्रावश्यकता नहीं है , क्योकि उसके माय अनत् एव प्रवाछनीय नमम्न नन्वो का लोप हो जायगा, और समार गन्य और प्रानन्द के युग का स्वागन करने हेतु तैयार हो जायगा। Stanza 3 :-Ring out--Drive away friferito a ET PRIMI apc=De Driver cucrgs शक्तिहीन बना देता है । Ring out ..nind Tanuss the torow of ith that cats mto heart Drine away th sharp any of bereavement that takes a 71 211 the and interest from hle विचार-गनि, को नष्ट कर देनेवाल पार पो निमाल बार करो । Here-On this carth-उन पृथ्वी पर | For chosc , monel'or our dead friends ud scit10:16 1 anni con lunsrif 1175 suffering surii i truling grirs on the death of 119 htient Ilam Tो निए जो अब इस धरती पर नही है । ( B. It 1५ in intercuval chule qualifying 'Grifo) Ieud-Deposte : qurule31 TC1 | The fend of rich and poor-Tlu 1021115 1219 ke Balineen the clases and the masses thir clase-mirci! img hrtnern the capitalists and labour जीपनियो यो प्रमिका 311 73.77771( B. Ar the tunnare indicii tlır PO1 * £ Waltra the (mustorrent va mome (Tn in Engiindhup Feg1477578 11.5 mila nf w31 is 101 LOX 29 the cartas 11 uft and hisr.) Rrdress-Reel tummycisater for in 13.11th Puri !!१!! २. राज ने नि Explanation "Ring With thechnt of the old year Tenaran wouldhke to this faroucit me fi's in thic subling istry of 11:1€ kerent whichanen saleshmm.antrietoindeiomulgir to the aut६.६ Safetinct Cr the PRESS + the ther. , . .

·( 122 ) He wishes that with the incoming of the New Year, an era of justice and fair play may come to the relief of all those who have suffered unjustly. टेनीसन की इच्छा है कि गत होने वाले वर्ष के अवसान के साथ-साथ उन समस्त शोको का भी सदैव के लिए अन्त हो जाय, जिसका अनुभव हम अपने प्रियजनो को मृत्यु के कारण करते हैं और जो हमारी विचार-गक्ति को नष्ट कर देते हैं । साय हो वह चाहता है कि पूजीपतियो तया श्रमिको के पारस्परिक वर्ग-सघर्प को भी सदा के लिए विदा कर दिया जाय । वह चाहता है कि नूतन वर्प के प्रागमन के साथ-साथ न्याय और सद्व्यवहार के एक ऐमे युग का उदय हो जिससे उन समस्त लोगो को सुख की मांस लेने का अवसर मिले जो न्याय और अत्याचार के शिकार रहे है। Stanca 4 :--Slowly dying cause -Slow and gradual disappcarance of outmodish laws and customs, the order of socicty which though grown out of slaic and no longer riscial, dic very hard गर्नःशनैः अदृश्य होने वाली पुरातन व्यवस्थाएं और रहियो । Cause-The old party-system which dividcs men, and under which power and performent are secured by unfair mcang पक्षपातपूर्ण दलबन्दी । Ancient forms-The antiquated modes and ideas पुगने व्यवहार और विचार | Party strife-Quarrels and wranglings between parties having different political , rconomic or religious ricws दल गत संघर्प । Nobler modes of life-Fresh and purc ideals of the New Age अधिक उदात्त जीवन । Swcct manncrs-Gentle qualılıcs , more charming modes of thought and behaviour अधिक विनयपुरगं व्यवहार । Purcr laws-LWS cnacicd for the benefit of the people at lurgc, and not for the good of any particular parts; law based on the principles of justice and quality निणक्ष विधान । Explanation. "Ring out The poet expresses bus wish that with the incoming of thic New Year, the old party-system which distinguishica hetucun man and mon and tricy to szcure power and performent by unfair means and which dis Yury hird, should disappear, •pturer lans" ·( 23 ) because it has no more justification to exist. And in its placc let a new order be ushered in with new and better ideals more courtcous and polite manners, and more equitable laws intended for general welfare and not for the good of any particular party Tennyson was deadly against the unfair and dishonourable means adopted by the political parties to defeat cach other in politics and hence hc wishes an end to all such party-politics. - - वधि अपनी इच्छा व्यक्त करता है कि नूतन वर्ष के प्रागमन के साथ-माथ उन पुरानी दलबन्दियो का भी धन्त हो जाय, जो मनुष्य और मनुप्य मे भेद करनी है, नना और न्याय की सिद्धि के अनुचित मार्ग अपनाती है, और जो धीरे-धीरे ही निमूल हो पाती है, क्योकि अव उनके अस्तित्व का कोई वैध पारना नहीं रह गया है। उनके स्थान में एक ऐसी नयी व्यवस्था का जन्म होना चाहिए, जिनमे नये एवं उच्चनर प्रादपों, अधिक विनयपूर्ण व्यवहागे, पौर मी पक्षातशून्य विधियों को प्रतिष्ठा को, जिनका उद्देच किमी दन-विशेष पा ग्वार्य-साधन न होकर मार्वजनीन कल्याण हो । टेनीगन उन अनुचिन एव पन्नम्मानपूर्ण नको रे पटर विरोधी धे, जो राजनीतिक दलो द्वारा एक-दूसरे को पात मारने हेतु अपनाये जाया करते थे, और भी कारण ने दल-गन राजनीति में उन्मुलन बीघा व्यक्त करते हैं। Stat:--The want--The side.spread poncrty व्यापक By:11 1 Tlc cart-Thir innumcrablc ansicuro of liff 97T 7500The sin--] hc irndrney in $11, as sinfulcis of onru पापा पनि | Faithless coldness-Lac. of faith At Hit Lar rotion id indiffrenre to rehngin गर्म प्रति नारद of the time-of the mcrirn agy. Tenny. Poni HP 40$ an age wit desubt and drapais. Belief in esim. kiss thci religirl #R: Shrikanthy the decement of Science, and the intelleciosal prople were losing the loilo I'll brylicy 1-1}{ of choit nir tir firchit nf citr ke. storrifal ritystiev. Sofrowbal sullgy 715- Ring out riynts ---- htretch mar + Ctr xetth Nrites) in turaft.1 ser: (: Methority), Acih Chy rai ortun. - .

·( 124' ), ..... ful and weak in mind (B. N. Tennyson started this poem ins a mournful mood, but as he proceeded he began to look upon his elegy as a lu rury of grief, and gave in to calm resiga nation) Ring in--Welcome, usher in स्वागत करो। Fuller minstrel--The poet who can conquer sorrow and tikc a sober, liberal and hopeful view of life. The song of the future should no longer be a song of death and dolcful feel ings but a song of life and hope आशावादी कवि । Explanation, "Wring out the tant .....nninstrel in Lamenting the death of his most intimate friend Arthur Hallum, when the Cathedral bells are tolling vigorou v at the advent of the New Year. Tennyson wishes that the bells ringing out the old year, should also bid adieu to the various evils of life, such as widest read poverty, multiple anxieties and sinful tendencies, as also the ungodliness and general indifference to maliers of religion, prevalent at the time Tennyson then realises that it does not hchive him to mourn the death of his friend on such an auspicious occasion, and hence he desires to bid goodbye also toy unavalling grief and sorrow and to usher in the inspirings of the new ge full of promise and hope. जिग समय गिरजाघरो के घण्टे नूतन वर्ष के स्वागन में जोर गे बज रहे हैं, उस समय अपने अत्यन्त अन्तरंग मित्र ऑर्थर हलम की मृत्यु के कारण शोक- संतत होकर कवि टेनीमन कामना करता है कि वे घटे जातान होते हुए वर्ष यो विंदा करने के साथ-गाय व्यापक प्रभाव, अनेकवा निताग्री तया पापपूर्ण प्रतिमा एवं उस समय फैली हुई :वर मे अना-पा तथा धर्म के प्रति उदासीनता प्रादि बुराज्यो को भी विदा करदे। तब टेनिमन को बाध होता है कि एंगे शुभ अव- सर पर उसे अपने दिवगन मित्र के लिए बार-गनत होना गोमा नही देवा । प्रतः, वह निरुपयोगी नोक मोर मंताप को थिदा र मामा और शिश्याम में पूर्ण नये गुग से उपयुक्त प्रेरगारद नगीन का म्यागन करना नाहना है । Standn G:-False pride Vanity', conreit feel 1 In place and blood - Or rank and prilicone ; of high birth and high position (Cf. "Boistncraldry and pomp f ·( 125 ) power") पद और वश ( का अभिमान ) | Civil slander-the habuit of backbiting, abusing and spreading malicious reports ahott one another लोकापवाद | Spite-~~Hatred, malhcc ईर्ष्या; ट्रेप । Truth and right Virtue and justice सद्गुण और न्याय । Common love of good -Gencral tendency of louing what is gourd It may also mcan 'the love of common good' bv inaling 'conimon' a transferred cpithet 7716 417 apara gara : अथवा मार्वजनिक कल्यागा की भावना । ..... Explanation. "Ring out . .. .love of good' With the passing away of the old year, poct will be to hanish the uscicss boasting of rank and pedigree, the habit of bich biting, and mutual haired, all of which end to create discord in society and turn againsi man; in their place, he would like to incher in the love of virtue and justice so that all of us may be inspired with the sense of conimon welfare and practise in our life, जान पाने वर्ष के व्यतीत होने के माय-माय कवि नाहना है कि समाज में प-भाव फैलानेवान पोर मनुष्य के विरुद्ध बना देनेवाले पद और वंश के मियागिमान, पर-निन्दा के स्वभाव नया पायनिक गुणा वा भो अन्न हो जाप । उन स्थान में यह गाना सौर वाय यति मान्या के गुरग का स्वागत बसने का इच्छुक है. लागिहम मा लोक-या की भावना ने उन्मादिगा कर नामा शनरमा में प्रात्त हो। SHM:07:-- Shapes 1rs; fotu. 'मार, भट । Fout disse-li sirr of 1set dat best surtepieds TV or words poslatet for Bes; interious and tiretriper vima 4779 0 791177 7787 | Narrowing - Haiing in nat row inutri titi grlfa दर में मानाना उया पनेपन : Lurt of tanic', twir fair Sally us rolth or strali Tन म । the arrowing lurt of gold-ALArthth parmath }२१t ki titteो म मा में artiईThe thout 1113arh of old ... thrs whick Go the Hor.10.16 s1:", the atcoi-neral ·( 126 ) bloodshed युद्धो को जन्म देनेवाले कारण; हिंसा तथा रक्तपात का युग ! The thousand year of peace-The promised millenium. The Bible says that when Christ will rise from death, he will come on the ea rth ay Messiah ushcring in a millenium i. c a thousand years of happiness and justice शान्तिपूर्ण सहस्राब्द । Explanation. “Ring out .. year of peace." There are all sorts of vices and hateful diseases corrupting and corroding the body as well as the mind of our society, Let the passing year carry away with it all such discascs and distempers, and let us also banish the greed of wealth which hardens our hearts against our fellow-beings. Let all the causes that have brought about so many wars and disfigured the pages of human history, be rooted out, and let, with the advent of the New Year, the promised golden age, when for a thousand years the world will continuously enjoy virtuc, peace and happiness, be welcomed in. ऐसी अनेक दुष्प्रवृत्तियाँ और घृणित बीमाग्यिाँ है, जो गमाज के शरीर तथा मस्तिष्क दोनो को ही दूपित बनाती अथवा नष्ट-भ्रट किया करती है । कवि की कामना है कि गत होते हुए वर्ष के साथ-साथ इस प्रकार की समस्त जुने- प्टायो तथा बीमारियों का भी अन्त हो जाय । हम अपने हृदय मे गे उस अर्थ- लिप्मा को निकाल बाहर करें जो उन्हें हमारे साथियो के प्रति कठोर अथवा सहानुभूतिशून्य बना देती है । ( इग अवसर पर ) उन सभी कारणों का भी मूलोच्छेद हो जाना चाहिए, जिन्होंने अनेक युद्धो को जन्म दिया है, जिन युद्धो के वर्गात से मानवेतिहास के अनेक पृष्ट भरे पडे है । पानी, नूतन वर्ष के अभि- नन्दन के साथ-मार हम उन मंगलमय गह्माबाद के प्रागमन की भी शुभ- कामना करें जिसका अभिवचन वाबिल हमे देता है, और जब निरन्तर एक हजार वर्षों तक विश्व में मद्गुण, जाति एवं प्रानन्द का साम्राज्य रहेगा। Stanza 8;~ Valiant-lull of courage physical and inorn one who cares not for evils and dangers it ; Et } Irrc. Independent ; free froin lana,c7777; POTÁRT 1 The larger heart-Vlore crcrous minds living a bead share of luman Srinathy अधिक उदार ! The kindlier hand-Anand - ·( 127 ) always rcady to help others a good Samaritan परदुःवकातर; TUTTI Darkness of tbe land-Thc benightcd condition produced by bigotry, micry and ignorance. In its place will come, according to the Bible, the kingdom of Hcatch on cartl, wlien Christ comes to reign over her 7221 IT 7579 का युग | The Christ to be the coming of the Messiah as promised in the Biblc. According to the Holy Bible, Christ will rctisit thc carth along with lus saints, and then thousand ycars of undrohen peace and prosperity will Cnsic, Explanation "Ring in ....that is to be." Tennyson, in huis 'Ring 011 Bild Bclls', prays for the ndvent of times wlien men will be nohly brasc and free from all sinful tendencics He prais for the time when men will be more broadminded and more sympathetic towards their fellow-beings and will always be willing to calend a helping hand to whom. never may require their services. The poci, finally, cxher's the citharal bclls 10 ring with all their might and sound the death incli of the darkness of ignor.ince, micry, and bigotry of thic fent ac, and in its place to ting in the glorious and liapyy reign of Christ on carth as promised in the Bible. गिटारनामा पनी बनना में पविनिम्न मनाय 4777 mg I UTZ TIL TOT on 11t 392, 013 चन र नर मारपूर्णानको में अपने प्रापको गुन गार नोगा । परि कम TAT SI NIITT Hit mp3 27 6767 UT TIT-674 DIT TOT in sfit atq; an Tipi na, 2 no 51 777777 777 1677 je 3 1777147 of IT TOTT CST 1984 497 f 1711 TITIS, STOTI IR Tat writy vonat7777 it ?Tiit ". (tik 12,65 Bin F1.492145 177 1773 x 573 Tien] 1737 173179 Tipi TT1, T27 10:

·( 128 ) 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 0 1 What are the brief characteristics of Tennyson's poetry? Ans See the notes above. Q 2. What is the main idea of the Poem ? Ans See 'Substance above Q 3 What are the evils that Tennyson wishes away and what are the good things he welcomes ? Ans. The poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson, prays that the following evils should be banished with the extinction of the old year. (1) The old order of things which is no' more useful in changed circumstances. (2) All what is unworthy and untrue. (3) Grief for our near and dear ones who are no more, which weakens our minds. (4) The conflicts between the capitalist and labour. (5) Outmodishi and obsolete laws and customs, which dic very hard. (6) Quarrels and dispute between partics having dis-similar political, economic, or religious vicws (7) Poverty, anxieties, sinful tendencies, indifferent attitude towards religion, and sorrowful songs of poets, (8) False pride of place and pedigree (9) The detestable habit of backbiting, and thic feeling of hatred towards one another. (10) All story of filthy diseases that destroy the fruman body. (11) Avarice which makes one narrow.minded and stonehearted towards one's follox hcings, (12) The cause which gave rise to wars and blondícula in the past. (13) Ignorance that durkons the face of the earth, In the place of the above, Tennysun would liic lo usher in The following food things :

·( 129 ) (1) The new order of things that may be in keeping with thc altered times. (2) All what is worthy and true, (3) Rehef to all mankind from age-long miseries and dispu(cs. Nobler modes of life with more polite and courteous manners and equitable laws. (5) New songs inspired by hope for the future (6) Love of truth and right, and love for common wcal. (7) The Millenium, r €. one thousand year of incessant Teace and prosserili, as promised in the Bible, when Christ revisits the carth (8) Man who may be brave and free from sinſul icnden- CICS. and also who may be more broadmınded and readier to help cach other °) The timcilien Christ will revisit this carth. Q4. Wrile an appreciation of the poem Ans. Refer to the notes aborc Q. 5 What ghil docs thc poem throw on the life in England when Tennyson lived ? Ans. Tannreon belongs to tlic l'ictorian cra khen thic old was in the process of being transformed into the modern and when scientific oulroh had begun to the the blind faith in ichigan As is valix the core during 1030410ry frriods. when ile non under of thing has not yet firmly establiedietcr. 110 toodilion of the 50cc!! otth limc 1126 far from desirable Tic poem jurouation 2013,le clue to the state or affairs rievali. 11€ douing the Tannienni'in inics, It tells us that the apciety was ietsed in file is of things want the conflict tech 11.c rich 12 lepas won ? ship', pike The vid intcreates had ferun to dwindla till haunt aminicidy vicarrared angi these kan beter movility totien pliktet tore, us, thic lictals 114 010111110 11: 1107 of the map SCI. not 34 foil as thieu itirules he and lastairclinci turardic "TUN 19TE, Iyi 1*70 kring from many 11. Here is ther fire fran niv Det fannon z. 11y heldol« »Fan 10 $10. indforty 10*7* Ichigo? Nos of TK Mis of 3rd pausest:

·( 130 ) was rampant, and people indulged in dangerous talks actunted by malice. Human life was not safe froni filthy diseases, and men had grown inordinately fond of gold. The mannia of wars and bloodleuds had not yet died away, and the lund was overshadowed with the clouds of ignorance, bigotry and misery. Such was the contemporary life in England when Tennyson loyed. } 1 1 CHAPTER X PROSPIC By Robert Browning Life and Works of the Poet :-Robert Browning, the life-long contemporary of Tennyson, was born in Surrey in 1812. His education was conducted mainly under luis father's cyc Later, he was educated at the University College, London There, he was clected an lionorary fellow of Baliol and received thic lono. rary degree of M. A. from Oxford and that of D. C. L from Cambridec, In 1847, he married Eliza heth Barret, the poetes; and will Jier death in 1861, they lived chiefly at florence. The union was an ideal one; for Mrs Browning became a poet of no me in importance. In purity of senumcnt. bejuty of stylc, fervid imagination and intellectual power. She is unequalled among fimdic foels From 1846 to 1861 she published only 140 volumes, Viz Christmas Evc (1850) and lion and Women (1255); but they contained works which even Browning himself ncucr sorpassed. At Florence, Brolning studied medieval history, latesture and ari, with wuch all his later works are colours, Hy lost his Wife in 1860, and in the following ycar cturned to l.ondan along with his only son, Herc hic 13OIC a good deal of scroc, isluch brought um undying Pumc Rolki Prosning 0.3s eers fond of Italy and 115 glorious m. shive, juis sonD up on had also reliled in Italy, and so, nka though '135 cply residing in London, the poci had to pay frequent ·(131 visits to his favoured Venice. And it was during one of these visits that he caught cold and died in Florence in 1898, leaving hchind him thiriy volumes of precious'sersc. His works arc enumerated hercunder:- (1) His Earlies Pocms :-Paulinc, Paracelsus, Soderllo, Dramatic Lyrics, and Dramailo Romances (b) llis Dramas: Stratford Pippa l'assess, Xing Victor, The return of the Druscs. Blot 117 the Souichiconi, Colamhe's Birilday', A Soul's Tragedy, Luria, and in a Balcony. (c) Ilis Later Poems: Dramatic Persone, Mon and Ilome, The Ring on the book, Tiſine on the rair, Turs and Toners, Dramanic Illyls, and Asolandso. Browning 19 a Poct :-His first poem, excluding his juvenilo alienirts, wou Poulınc-3 long Wank-verse monologucit shous clearly thc peculiar traits which afterwards developed so strongly - dramatic turn for expression, ? rcnjari anic fluency of yerse. and a certain rapidily of thought which laier vas cillcd ohtontity, and which rendered his pocity often difficult to pinderstand. Or all the posts of English literature, nonc ecoms to have been more misunderstood than Browning This all is due to his extremely abstract though sublime, thoughts on liſe described in a most dramatic stylc. His expressions are Fraurht with a philosophy all his own, which is full of brilliant optimism thit koons neither decay nor surrender. His treatment of nature 11.25 ootkink particular in it; he is rinminently the most of man, and tha: 100 on the side of his soul. Although at times floring in descriptions of the poor. rol of nature, lic laci. Thot | nowledge and ability to understand the toiling and famony of nature which wordssortit of Shelley encouco Ycl Bronnline RCT cf die frrat more of Inglish litruturc He has 370t dels reud in fata on day, but Curse the free of century his admires lite grcally increierd. prepare the nic belief of Ranct Browning, the words mi I'l. Yoring arc With quoling", lls Conviction is that U12 is het", santa claroinc un torrares 11111 surit 1cicals **! * 11. Ticher : 714 richtin15 116 Life iticil s3 m. 1$30 !Iruric insidstuent als il WC Wc of Vinc dies 2011a pcrfection but in 1: choix ·(130) was rampant, and people indulged in dangerous talks actưated by malice. Human life was not safe from filthy diseases, and men had grown inordinately fond of gold. The mannia of wars and bloodfeuds had not yet died away, and the land was overshadowed with the clouds of ignorance,''bigotry and miséry. Such was the contemporary life in England when Tennyson lived. 1 + > > 1 1 1 - } CHAPTER X PROSPIC Ву Robert Browning Life and Works of the Poet -Robert Browning, the life-long contemporary of Tennyson, was born in'Surrey in 1812. 'His education was conducted mainly under his father's eye Later, he was educated at the University College, London. There, he was elected an honorary fellow of Baliol and received the hono. rary degree of M A. from Oxford and that of; D C. L from Cambridge, In 1847, he married Elizabeth Barret, the poetess, and, ull her death in 1861, they lived chiefly at florence The union was an ideal one; for Mrs Browning became a poet of no mean importance. In purity of sentiment. beauty of style, fervid imagination and intellectual power. She is unequalled aniong female' poets From 1846 to 1861 she published only two volumes, Viz Christmas Eve (1850) and Men und IV omen (1855); bút iney contained works which 'even Browning himself never surpassed. At Florence, Browning studied medieval history, literature and art, with which, all bus later works are coloured He lost his wife in 1860, and in the following year returned to London along with his only son Here he wrote a good deal of verse, which brought him undying fame, Robert Frowning was very fond of Italy and its glorious sunshipe. fus grown up son had also settled in Italy, And so, although principally residing in London, the poct had to pay frequent - ·( 131 ) + r - } 1 visits to his favoured Venice, And it was during one of these visits that he caught cold and died in Florence in 1898, leaving behind him thirty volumes of precious 'verse. His works are enumerated hereunder: (a) His. Earlier Poems :- Pauline, Paracelsus, Soderllo, Dramatic Lyrics, and Dramatic Romances (b) His Dramas :-Stratford Pippa Passess, King Victor, The return of the Druses, A Blot in the Scutcheou, Colombe's Birthday, A Soul's Tragedy, Luria, and in a Balcoily. (c) 'His Later 'Poems:-Dramatic Personae, Men and Womeni, The Ring and the Book, Tifine at the Fair, Turf and Towers, Dramanic Idyls, and Asolandso. Browning as a Poet :--His first poem, excluding his juvenile attempts, was Pauline-a long blank-verse monologue. It shows clearly, the peculiar traits wbich, afterwards developed so strongly a dramatic turn for expression, a remarkable fluency of verse, and 'a certain rapidity of thought which' later was called 'obscurity and which rendered his poetry often difficult to understand. Of all the poets' of English, literature, none seems to have been'more' misunderstood than Browning This all 18 due to his 'extremely' abstract though sublime, thoughts, on life described in a'most dramatic style. His expressions are fraught with a philosophy all, his own, which is full of brilliant optimism that knows neither decay nor surrender. His treatment of pature has pothing' particular in 1t; he is pre-eminently the poet of man, and that too on the side of his soul Although at times glorying in descriptions of the panaroma of, nature, he lacks that knowledge and ability to understand the working and harmony of nature which Wordsworth of Shelley possessed Yet Browning, is one of the great poets of English literature He was not widely read in his own day, but during the present century; bis admirers have greatly increased. * As regards the poetic beliefs of Robert Browning, the words of I'rot. Young are worth_quoting. *.. His "conviction is that the idea is being constantly enlarged; the end towards which we struggle' reveals itself as a thing richer and richer as we go on. Life then is a persistent struggle towards an ideal and the whole work of life lies not in perfection but in the efforts 1