·स्वयामिविनम
History of Sciences in India Publications
CARAKA SAMHITĀ
(A Scientific Synopsis)
By
PRIYADARANJAN RÂY MA, FNI
and
HIRENDRA NATH GUPTA, MSC
Sciences
STITUTE
MATIONALE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES OF INDIA
NEW DELHI

·VIDYA CHAD
Published by
THE NTIOTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIE\CES OF INDIA
BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR VARG VEIX DELHI 1
COPS RIGHT
1965
ITIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES OF INDI
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f'arred A { DIA
Suer SALUSKATY PRE CALCL ITA 9

·FOREWORD The present monograph of Caraka Samhitã is the first of a series of studies being published by the National Institute of Sciences of India which in 1959 constituted a Board for the compilation of a History of Sciences in India Several bibliographies and monographs are now ready and their publication will be taken up as and when funds become available The work of the Board has now been taken over by the National Commis sion for the History of Sciences in India, inaugurated on January 15, 1965, by Shri M C Chagla, the Union Minister of Education This monograph offers a scientifically classified account of the contents of Caraka Samhita, one of the two earliest and most renowned medical treatises of ancient India of these two treatises, Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhită, dealing respectively with medicine and surgery in the main, Caraka is admit tedly the more ancient, though both have passed through repeated recensions by later and more advanced workers The significance of these treatises lies in the rational basis of their concepts and discourse, and in their adoption of scientific terminology No definite date acceptable to all, could however be assigned as to the composition of Caraka Samhita, though its antiquity is not generally challenged The extant Caraka is a redaction by Drdhabala of the genuine Caraka Samhita, which was itself a redaction by Caraka of the original work of Agnivesa, a disciple of Atreya Punarvasu-a teacher in the University of Taxıla during the age of Buddha Carala has been identified by some scholars with a physician of the same name in the court of the Indo Scythian king Kaniska, who reigned in the second century AD Irom a consideration of internal and external evidence many authorities are of opinion that Caraka Samhtta is more or l'ess a record or compilation of the deliberations of a congress of medical experts in ancient India held in the early Buddhistic era Hence the progress of scientific knowledge in ancient India, as recorded in the medical treatise of Caraka the most celebrated of the early Indian authors on the subject, may be compared with that of contemporary Greece, as represented by the works of Hippocrates It has therefore, been assumed by some western scholars that the medtcal knowledge, as expounded by Caraka, betrays some acquaintance with the works of that Greek author, though they have failed to advance any convincing proof ·IV This synoptic survey is well documented ind its authors have taken good care of avoiding all attempts at improving upon Carika s concepts and views in order to give them an air of modernity, which oſten unfortunatch occurs in the case of many modern publications on ancient tcxts This will help cnsuring a proper assessment of the standard of scientific knowledge prei uiling in India during the time of Caraka The work will thereforc, scnc as a record of reliable source materials for the compilation of 1 history of Indiin medicine A similar survey of the contents of Sufrula Samhıta is nou in progress Students of medicine and pharmacology particulvly those interested in rescurch will find the publication quite useful Morcover, it will contributc in no small mcasure towards the preparation of scientific terminology in Indian languages so urgently needed at the present moment The Convener desires to express on behalf of the retiring Board its apprecir tion of the meticulous care and scholarship with which Prof P Ray with the assistance of Shri Hırendra Nath Guptı, has carried out the task The mono graph will be welcomed by a wide circlc of interested readers I do confidently hope that the book wall not fail to achicic thc purpose it has in view DV Bose Coniener February 4 1965 ·PREFACE In the present work ? synoptic survey of the Caraka Samhita, a well known medical treatise of ancient India, has been made The concepts, processes, methods, and materials, which occur in the treatise in a scattered manner, interspersed with an abundance of metaphysical disquisitions and with frequent reference to Vedic gods and hymns, have been coordinated and systematized from a scientific point of view Most of the materials have been arranged in tabular forms for ready reference and rapid survey Wherever necessary, and as far as possible, both English and Latin equivalents of all Sanskrit names and terms have been supplied to avoid ambiguities in their identification This is possibly the first attempt at rendering in English on a scientific basis the salient features of the views and observations of Caraka in a classified manner in order to make them accessible to all those English speaking scholars, who may not have time and opportunities go through the original Sanskrit text, or its English translations that are available We would like to acknowledge here the valuable help we have received from these translations A proper assessment of the standard of scientific knowledge, particularly of medical science, acquired by the ancient Indians at a time prior to Galen, if not even much earlier as upheld by some scholars, is thus likely to be facilitated Students of medicine and pharmacology, interested in research work, are also expected to find this publication particularly useful for their purpose In preparing this synopsis we have made use of the following editions of the text, and have consulted the available commentaries and translations 1 Falpakalpataru, the complete text of Caraka Samhita, edited by Kaviraja Gangadhara with commentary, Vols I III Second Edition, Calcutta, 1880 81 2 Caraka Samhita, complete text with Cakrapāņi's cominentary, edited by Harinatha Vasarada Calcutta, 1892 3 Caraka Samhıtā, edited by Shree Gulabkynverba Ayurvedic Society, with introduction, commentary and indices including English, Hindi and Gujarati translations, Vols I-VI Jamnagar, 1949 4 Caraka Samhita (Agnivesa Samhita as revised by Caraka and Drdhabala), with Ayureda Dipika, the commentary of Cakrapāni Datta, edited by Vaidya Jädavaji Trikamji Acharya, third edition Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay, 1911 ·VI References in the present work to the chapters and verses in the original text follow the numberings given in the tho last named publications For botanical and zoological names the following authoritative works served as the principal source of our information 1 Flora of British India by J B Hooker, Vols I VII London, 1872 1897 2 Pharmacographica Indica by W Dymock et al, Vols IIV London, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1893 3 Indian Medicinal Plants by R N Chopra, Patna, 1932 4 The Fauna of British India (including Ceylon, and Burma) Taylor and Francis, London, 1919 5 Sansknt English Dictionary by M Alonier Williams Oxford, 1951 In spite of all our precautions, we are quite conscious of the possibility of mistakes and errors, still occurring in this synopsis and we shall be thankful to our readers for bringing them to our notice, if they happen to find any The following abbreviations have been used Sū–Sutrasthana, Ni-Ardanasthāna, V': --I'manasthana, Śa Sarırasthana, In --Indryasthana, C-Crhitsasthana, ha -halpasthana, S.-S.ddhisthana We take this opportunity of expressing our grateful thanks to Pandit N C Vedantatirtha of the Asiatic Society for his kindly going through the final proof and verifying the Sanskrit names and terms Our thanks are also due to Mrs S Mitra, Sub editor, National Institute of Sciences of India, for her ungrudging assistance in reading the proofs and 27 seeing the work through the press We must also express our great appreciation for all facilities we have received from the authorities of the Asiatic Society for working in their library Finally, we wish to acknowledge our thankfulness to Dr D V Bose, Convener, for his keen interest in the work, carried out under the auspices of the National Institute of Siences of India Above all, we consider it our bounden duty to offer our grateful thanks to Dr AC Ukil who, as the President of the NISI, took the main witiative in organizing the scheme for compiling a History of Sciences in India and, as the first convener of its Board evinced a great interest in our work with all possible encouragement and help We would also like to record here our appreciation of the patient coopera tion of Sree Saraswaty Press Ltd, Calcutti, in bringing out this publication PRAS HN GUPTA ·CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD 111 PREFACE V I AUTHORSHIP AND DATE OF COMPOSITION 1 II SCOPE AND SUB DIVISIONS OF THE TREATISE 4 III CONCEPTS AND THEORIES (a) Man and Matter, Aim of Medical Science (6) Conception and Birth (c) Heredity and Embryonic Growth (d) Humoral Theory (Concept of the Origin of Diseases) (e) Vayu and its Role in Human System and in Nature (f) Memory and Dream (3) Ethics in Caraka 5–13 5 7 8 10 12 12 12 13-16 13 IV PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (a) Digestion and Metabolism (6) Movement of Fluids through Channels of the Human Body (c) Tastes 14 15 V HEALTH AND LONGEVITY (a) Personal Hygiene (6) Effects of Environment on Health (c) Nutrition and Diet (d) Rejuvenation (e) Public Sanitation 16-20 16 17 18 19 20 VI PHYSICIANS IN CARALA 20 VII DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES 21 VIII METHODS OF TREATMENT, INCLUDING SURGERY 23 ·VIL IX POISONS 24 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 25 XI CLASSIFICATIONS 26 XII TABLES (1-20) 1 Living Creatures 2 Medicinal Substances of Animal Origin and their Uses 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products, and their Uses 4 Medicinal Substances of Mineral Origin and their Uses 5 Cereals and Legumes 6 Natural Waters 7 Sugarcane Derivatives and Types of Honey 8 Milk and Milk products 9 Vegetable Oils 10 Alcoholic Beverages 11 Anatomical Terms (A) General (B) Bones in the Human Body 12 Physiological Terms 13 Diseases 14 Pathological Conditions and Congenital Deſects 15 Therapeutical, Surgical, and Chemical Terms 16 Apparatus and Applances 17 Terms for Physicochemical Processes 18 Mechanical and Physical Terms 19 Weights and Measures 20 Terms for Physical Properties 30--119 30 38 52 78 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 95 97 99 108 112 11: 115 117 118 119 XIII BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 ·I AUTHORSHIP AND DATE OF COMPOSITION The Caraka Samhita (literally, treatise compiled by Caraka) is a Sanskrit work of great antiquity Though primarily a compendium on "Ayurveda' (science of life), the philosophical concepts and views that form a considerable part of the Caraka Samhitā, serving, as it were, as the background of knowledge and practice of medicine in ancient India, must be considered an integral part of the work It is difficult, if not altogether impossible, to fix an exact date for its composition, or even to identify its author with any certainty The only text available at present is a redaction by Drdhabala of the 9th century AD, who repeatedly mentioned in the body of the text that he merely edited an ancient work of this name, restoring and reconstructing some missing passages In fact, a major portion of the last book of the Samlita, Sıddhisthana , was added by him The text gives a detailed account of how the Caraka Samhita was originally composed A conference of sages, meeting somewhere in the Himalayas, with the common object of alleviating human suffering and assuring a long, healthy and satisfying life to all, decided to take all steps to acquire the necessary knowledge for that purpose (Sú Chap 1) Later, one of these sages, Atreya Punarvasu by name, requested six of his disciples to compile his teachings in writing (Su Chap 2) The treatise of Agniveśa was considered the best, and the Samhitā of Agnivesa, revised by Caraka at some later date, formed the basis of Drdhabala's edition In fact, the major portion of Caraka Samhita 13 presented in the form of questions and answers between the disciple Agnivesa and his teacher Atreya There is no reason why this account, as far as the sequence of authorship is concerned, should not be accepted as correct Cakrapan Datta (11th century) in his commentary Ayurvedadıpıka on Caraka Samhita practically asserted the identity of the latter with the original Agnieša Samhita, of which he seemed to have a ww kwledge A great deal of difficulty is however encountered, when we try to identify Atreya, Agniveśa, and Caraka with authors of the same names mentioned in Brahmanıcal, Buddhistic, Chinese and Arabic literatures Some of these names are found to occur as early as the Vedic period (2nd millenium BC) and some as late as the early centuries of the Christian era It had been a common practice in India, for scholars of lesser fame to assume the titles of their more renowned predecessors in ther particular fields with a view to fixing a stamp of authority on their own works This fact introduces an clement of un certainty in any tentative chronology ·2 CARAMA SAMUITA Most of the hymns of the fifth Mandala of the Rgeda are attributed to Atri or to Atreya Again, Atreya is the name of a famous medical teacher at Taxıla, who, according to many Buddhistic and Chinese texts, was the preceptor of Jivala, the personal physician of Gautama Buddha (6th century BC) But the Atreya of Caraka Samhitā is Ātreya Punarvasu, son of Candrabhāga (Su 13, 99), whereas no Vedic text, Buddhistic source or Chinese work even mentions the title Punarvasu, or the parentage The Caraka Samhita itself makes a mention of yet another Ātreya (Su 1,9) Nowhere does it mention Taxıla as Ātreya s place of residence On the contrary, Punarvasu Atreya is described as taking 1 walk in hāmpilya, a city on the river Ganges (I'i 3, 3) Though the possibility of an excursion, or of migration, cannot be ruled out, there is nothing to support his identity with the teacher of Jivaha, except the surname Atreya, which is derived from the name Atri and means i descendant or follower of Atri The identification of the author of Caraka Samhita with the teacher at Taxıla, made by Rudolf Hoernle (Bouer Afanuscript Introduction, p lvın), is not based therefore on any convincing evidence As for Agruesa, the Mahabharata refers to one Agni csa as receiving the knowledge of dhanurvidra (science of archery) from Bharadvaja (Adipurva, slokas 5107 and 5108), whereas in the Caraka Sanchita Agniesz is merely 1 disciplc of Atreya, who in his turn received his knowledge of Ayurveda also from onc Bharadwaja (Su Chap 1) Here zgun an identification would be hazardous The Chinese text of Trpitala namcs onc Tehe lo 212 (1c, Caraka in Sanskrit) zs a trusted physician in the court of the king Kanuska (c 200 AD) in the north west of India This Carala has been identfied by Sylvain Lu (Notes sur les Indo Scythes in JA 1896, pp 451 480) and by Hocrnle (Studies in the Vediane of Ancient India Part I, p 9) with the author of the Caraka Samhita Here agun, the identification is far from convincing, for, the name and title of Caraha (literally, a wanderer) has been found in many places and contexts in ancient Indian Iterature and is, in fact, associated with ? particular school of medical knowledge Reference to this is found in the Black 1 ajurveda (L Renou, Lcoles I ddique, p 129, 144, etc) The Taillinya Samhılā, known to be a worl dating from more than a thousand years before the Christian cra, also speaks about the Curaka School of medicine, though not in complimentary terms (Tarttırja Samhita, VI, 4, 9) It is more than possible that all subse qucht Carakas, including the court physician of Kanisha were inter exponents of this medical school, and centuries might have clapsed between any two holders of this name or litle I rom passages in Cakrapant Datta s drursedadipiha and in Sisad usSenas coinmentary on the latter work (12th century AD), it appears that Patanjali, the fimous grammanan (c 2nd centun BC) and 1 grcat alchemist, also TCH ESCd Caraka Samhita If these are to be belicsed Carli cannot by any ·AUTHORSHIP AND DATE OP COMPOSITION 3 to stretch of imagination be placed in the court of Kaniska three or four centuries later It is therefore extremely difficult to give any definite date when Ātreya, Agnivesa or Caraka of our text might have flourished PC Rây (History of Hindu Chemistry, Vol I, Introduction, pp x111-XX) after considering all internal and relevant evidence places the date of composition of Caraka Samhitā in the pre-Buddhistic period, 1 e, before 600 BC His arguments are summarized below 1 The text of Caraka is written in a haphazard and unsystematic style, intermingled with metaphysical disquisitions in sharp contrast with the precise style of works composed in the Buddhistic and later periods 2 Vedic gods and mantras occur repeatedly, but references Paurāniu mythology and Buddhistic scriptures are conspicuous by their absence 3 Caraka follows Vedic texts in counting the number of bones (360) in the human body, and in assuming the age of thirty as the limit of man's youth 4 The prose style of Caraka resembles that of the Brahmanas of the Vedas 5 The treatise appears to be a record of the deliberations of Vedic rşis, oſten giving their discussions in full (vide discourse on tastes, Su Chap 26) and clearly mentions that it was composed shortly after those deliberations 6 Patañjalı (2nd century BC) is known to have made a redaction of the Caraka Samhita Jean Filliozat (La Docinne classique de la Alédicine Indrenne, pp 17-19) also believes that significant references found in the text, the stage of development of the language employed, and careful comparison with other works of established datea, can give a more reliable idea of the date of composition than the names and dates of supposed authors He, however, considers the style and composition definitely post Vedic and having considerable affinity with the Arthalästra of Kauțilya (3rd century BC) According to him, the Caraka Samhrtā was composed in a period which antedates the Christian era, but not by a very long He gives the 2nd or lost century BC as the most probable date Some workers (Filliozat, loc cit, ind Gananath Sen, Pratyaksa Sārıram Vol 1,8 11) have identified Caraka with Patañjalı, but the evidence in support of this view is not very convincing Winternitz (History of Indian Literature, part I) assigns 100 AD as the approximate date of Caraka Samhila, and the Chronology Committee of the National Institute of Sciences of India (Proceedings, 1952) after considering all available cvidence adopted this date for the text, which formed the basis of Prdhabala's redaction ·CARAKA SAMBIITĀ II. SCOPE AND SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE TREATISE Caraka Samhilā is primarily an exposition of Ayurveda, the science of life, defined as the science of the causes and symptoms of discases, of their medication, and of the maintenance of health (Sü. 1, 23). It also deals with the origin of medical science, the fundamental causes of conception and birth, and of physical deformities. According to Caraha, life is everlasting and without any beginning. Ayurveda, the sciencc of life, has also been always in existence (Su. 30, 27). The treatise contains a detailed classification and nomenclature of diseases--their etiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Embryology, obstetrics, anatomy, physiology, personal hygienc, sanitation, training and duties of physicians, and other theoretical and practical aspects of medicinc arc also treated in some detail, nterspersed in thc text are passages which give valuable indications of the cosmological, biological, physicochemical, mctaphysical, ethical and philosophical ideas prevalent in India at the time. According to Caraha, Ayurveda has got cight branches (Sū. 30, 30) : (1) Kājacıkılsă, therapeutics. (2) Salakya, the science of the special discascs of the cyc, car, nose, mouth, throat, ctc. (3) Salzāpaharlika, surgery. (4) Visagaradairodhikaprasamana, toxicology. (5) Bhūtavıdıā, psychiatric knowledge. (6) kaumārabhība, pediatrics. (7) Rasājana, rejus enation. (8) Vājikarana, knowledge for incrcasing virility. Thc Caraka Samhită is an exhaustive compendium on therapeutic mcdicine and claims to contain all that is to be known in this branch (St. 12,53), though it contains scctions devoted to the other sey en branches. The scope of the trcatisc is stated to be limited to ten spccific topics (S0.30, 32): (2) Sarira, anatomy. (11) 1'i, physiology. (111) Metu, ctiology. (10) ljădhı, pathology. (c) Korma, treatment. (ri) Kara, objectives. (tu) Kola, the influence of age and scasons. (ru) karts, physicians. (ur) Karana, medicines and appliances. (x) l'idhiriniscaya, procedure and sequence.

·CONCEPTS AND THEORIES For a discussion of the above topics the treatise is divided into tight sections (Su 30, 35) (1) Sutrasthāna deals with general principles, philosophy, etc (2) Aidanasthana deals with causes of diseases (3) Vimanasthāna deals with taste, nourishment, general pathology, etc (4) Santasthāna deals with anatomy and embryology (5) Indnyasthāna deals with diagnosis and prognosis (6) Cikitsasthāna deals with treatment of diseases (7) halpasthāna deals with pharmacy (8) Siddhrsthana deals with cure of diseases In all, there are one hundred and fifty chapters on specific topics There are at places some later revisions or interpolations, as repeatedly admitted by the redactor at the end of each and every chapter In fact, Drdhabala states that he had to rewrite and complete the last section Sıddhisthāna from the materials available to him (St 12, 55) The twelfth or last chapter of this section was not available at all and had to be restored by him in order to complete the treatise (S. 12, last Sloka) III CONCEPTS AND THEORIES (a) MAN AND MATTER AIM OF MEDICAL SCIENCE Man, according to Caraka, is an epitome of the macrocosm (Sa 5,3) Following the philosophical doctrines of Sāmkhya and Vedānta, Caraka holds (Sa Chap 5) that the individual is a replica of the universal, both the external world and the individual man are the manfestations of one and the same eternal spirit (Brahman) In other words, spirit and matter are not two separate entities but one integral whole Both man and the visible world are composed of six elements Pythvi (earth), ap (water or liquid), tejas (fire), razu (air) and akała (ether) are common to both The sixth element, the spirit or self in the individual, 15 equivalent to Brahman in the universe (Sa 5, 4) Pythru confers hardness, ap confers fluid constituents, tejas the body heat, raju the vital breath, akasa the bodily orifices and Brahman the spirit (ſa 5, 5) Similar to the office of the creator in the universe is the might of the individual soul in man He also creates life by the act of impregnation (Śā 5, 6) Like the diverse things present in the universe, the different entities comprising the human being are too numerous to count (Sa 5 4) There is in man as much diversity as in the world outside (Sa 5, 3) The human body is made up of innumerable minute parts which, because of their extreme fineness, are invisible and not amenable to sense perception These may be compared to the cells of the body, as we now understand (Sa 7, 17) According to Caraka there are four criteria of truth (a) authoritative ·6 CARAKA SAMITĀ testimony (6) direct observation, (c) logical assumption (d) inference Any thing contrary to reason is to be rejected as untruth, (Su 11 17, 26 28) To this might also be added (e) tradition and () analogy (11 8 33) The realization of truth or perfect knowledge by mın arises from the sense of cquality, ie , from the perception of his own self as identified with cverything else in the universe (Śa 5, 7) or from the perception of the unity of the whole world (Sa 5 8) The purpose of life is the attainment of liberation, or eman cipation of the soul, wnich consists in the understanding and rcalızıtion of truth, leading to eternal peace This cannot be achieved mcrcly by rituals, cere monial practices keeping up the sacred fire, invocations mendicancy, austeri ties, asceticism, etc (Sa 5, 10) A sound mind and a sound body were regarded as prerequisites for the beatific expenence of the Divine or Brahman in man The um and object of the study and pursuit of medical science with this end in view was thus defined in the Caraka Samhita (Sa 5, 10) For, it serves as an aid to the fulfilment of fourfold purposes of life, namely, dharma (performance of duties), artha (acquisi tion of wealth), kama (satisfaction of desires), and moksa (salvation or self realization) (Su 1, 15 16) Life, according to Caraka, can be divided into four types sukhamayuh (happy life) is a life not affected by physical or mental diseases asulhamayuh (unhappy lifc) is the opposite of this, hilamayuh (good life) 18 1 virtuous life devoted to the service and welfare of others, ahtamayuh (bad life) is the opposite of this The object of the science of life is to provide information about what tends to develop all these four kinds of life and to detcrmine their span (Su 30 23 24) All matter is composed of the five mahabhulas (gross clements) akafa (vacuum or cther), tayu (gas or air), tejas (radiant energy) ap (liquid or water) and prihvi (solid or carth substance) (Sa 1, 27) The gross bhutas shon sive subtilc characteristics non resistance motion, heat, fluidity and hardness Akasa lias the sole quality of non resistance In cach succccding clement there is found the preceding element or clements with their characteristic properties, as well as its own specific quality (Sa 1, 27 29) Living things arc composed of the mahabhůtas and three other constituents aryakta (alman or unmanifest self, buddhı (intelligence) and chamlara (cgo) Tlius they liave the cight fold praksu (natural characteristics) (ſa 1 63) The cgo is mide up of action thc conscquences of action reincarnation and memory, and is independent of the physical body It can crist without the latter (Sa 1 52) The fic mahabhilas together with the spint, mind time and space, consts tute the totality of all substances (Sa 1, 48) They are perceptible to the senses or to the mind (St 1, 62) But they cannot exist singly or without purpose, being cphemeral by nature they cannot escape destruction (ſa 1, 58) ·CONCEPTS AND THEORIES 7 Of the substances, those which possess sense organs are called animate, and those which do not are called inanimate The gunas represent the sense properties of colour, taste, smell, touch, and hearing, besides the mechani cal and other properties which all elements have in common (Su 1, 48 50) All senses are mere variations of the five mahābhūtas, but each sense partakes of one mahabhūta in a preponderating degree and possesses a special capacity for grasping that particular mahabhūta (Sa 8, 14) Conscious perception arises from the fusion of the alman, mind, senses and sense objects (ſa 1, 34) This fusion cannot be achieved by accident, an agent is necessary ($a 1, 44) The ultimate source of consciousness and knowledge is the Purusa or transcendent self (sā 141) The Purusa has no beginning in time it is not man fest to the senses, cannot be realized except by inference and does not come under any known category (Sa 1, 60 and 62) It is everlasting, all pervading and changeless (Sa 1, 61) Had there been no Purusa there would have been neither good nor evil, no knowledge, no doer and no knower (Sa 1, 39) All these would be causelcss Neither could there be any awareness of these, nor would they serve any purpose by their existence (Sa 1, 42) There would have been no dissolution nor creation, no birth nor death, no continuity of life, no consciousness nor perception, no pleasure nor pain, no dynamic nor static condition, no science nor scripture, no bondage nor liberation, if there were no Purusa (Śā 1, 38-41) Caraka holds that life results from the combination of the body, the senses, the mind and the self (atman) and that it rests on the body, the mind and the self, as on a tripod If therefore, any of these supports be missing, life ceases to exist (Su 1, 42, 46) As already stated, transcendent self (parah atmā) is different from manifest self which participates in the union of the body, mind and the senses (Su 1, 41, 45, 47, 55 56) (6) CONCEPTION AND BIRTH There are four different origins of living beings womb egg, sweat, and the seed Each of these classes shows countless varieties The viviparous and oviparous embryos assume the shape of such wombs as they find themselves in, though they originate from a complex of causative factors (Sa 3, 16) Conception occurs inside the womh by the union of semen, oyum and the spirit (Sa 4 5) By the physical act of mating union takes place between the semen (sperm cell) and the female ovum (germ cell), then the spirit, associa ted with the mind, descends and enters into the zygote formed, and a new embryonic life is created (Sa 3, 2) If the spirit does not descend, no life is created and conception fails to occur ($a 3, 11) The conscious spirit gravitates to the needed ingredients it creates its own body by gathering the elements together—first the äkaša (ether) alone, then in due order the other bhülas The process is completed in an infinitely small fraction of time ($a 4, 8) ·8 CARAKA SAMIT The conception of all living beings originates from the combined contribution of the mother, the father, the spirit, the essence of the elemental properties and nourishment (Sã. 3, 3). It is the mind which yokes the living organism to the spirit and holds the senses together. With the departure of the mind, the organism becomes a lifeless matter (S.3, 13). The spirit in the embryo is the embodied soul. The soul is eternal, diseaseless, decayless, ageless, deathless, indivisible, indestructible, immovable, omniform, omnifunctional, immutable, invisible and infinite ($2.3, 8). Hence, there is no birth in the true sense. What we call birth is the mere transition of the already existing sperm, ovum and spirit to the new status of embryo after their union (Sa. 3, 8). The spirit is the eternal self and passes through a succession of forms, having no beginning. Life and the spirit, both are without beginning and neither is antecedent to the other (Sa. 1, 82). (c) HEREDITY AND EMBRYONIC GROWTHI Caraka assumes that the sperm-cell (bija) of the male parent contains minute elements derived from each of his organs and tissues (Sa. 4,7). A rational explanation is attempted of the fact that offsprings do not necessarily reproduce every feature of the father, and even a particular womb docs not produce identical features in every embryo conceived in it. A human womb invariably produces a human child in the manner of a wax-mould (Śã. 3, 16), but children differ in many important respects from their parents (Sã. 3, 17). They may be males or females, twins, multiplets (Sa. 2, 11), possessed of sexual abnormalities (Sa.2, 31) and may have individual characteristics and deformities (Sa. 2, 28-29). When the sperm (sukra) is dominant, a male foctus is formed, but a female is produced when the female germ (Sonita) predominates (ſā. 2, 12). If the united sperm-ovum gets divided into two or more fragments, a corresponding number of new lives are created (Śā. 2, 14). In this case a male is formed from a fragment rich in sperm and female from one rich in ovum (Sa. 2, 13). Non-identical twins or multiplets result from unequal fragments (Sa. 2, 16). Indeterminate sex and abnormalities occur when neither the sperm nor the ovum predominates, or when they are discased and scal (Sa. 2, 18-21). Caraka also attempts to cyplain why congenital deformitics of the parents, or constitutional discases contracted by them in later life, are not necessarily inherited. According to Atreya's view given in the text (ſā. 3, 15), the parcntal bija (secd or germ-plasm) contains the whole parental organism in a potential or miniature form but is independent of the parcnts' descloped organs, and is not necessarily affected by their idiosyncrasies or deformities. It is the combination and characters of the constituent clements of the parenta! blja, which is an organic entity independent of the der cloped parental body and its organs, that determinc the physiological features and predispositions ·CONCEPTS AND THEORIES 9 of the embryo Congenital defects like blindness, deafness, dumbness, stammering, lameness, deformity of the spinal column or the bony framework, as well as constitutional diseases like madness, leprosy or chronic skin discases in the parent, do not necessarily produce corresponding deformities or infirmi ties in the offspring Only when an element in the parental bya, representing a particular organ or tissue accidentally (dawa) happens to be defective, undeveloped, or abnormal, the corresponding organ or tissue of the offspring will be similarly affected Again when constitutional diseases, acquired in later life, are found to be inherited, it is supposed that the bya has been infected or affected in that particular instance Leprosy, for example, is transmitted to the offspring only when the germ-plasm is actually infected with the disease by reason of the leprosy of the parent ($a 3, 15) This mutual interaction of the germ plasm and the somatic tissues seems to be a distinctive feature of Atreya's hypothesis The continued identity of the germ plasm from generation to generation, affected by somatic processes only by accident or infection, follows logically from this hypothesis Hence offsprings differ from their parents in those tissues and organs whose original representatives in the germ-plasm have been affected by causative factors The sex, stature and complexion of the offspring is also stated to be affected by the influence of abundant or defective nutrition and by the constituents of foods taken by the parents (Sa 3,5) The elements that contribute to the general features of the new bom child are (1) the mother's blood, (2) the father's semen, and (3) the karma of the individual Its mental trarts are determined by the state of the mind of the individual in its previous birth, and will be impure and dull if it was an animal in the previous birth (Śá 2, 27) The embryo inherits its skin, blood, flesh, fat, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach, intestines, etc from its mother (Sa 3, 6), its bones, teeth, veins, tendons, ligaments, arteries, semen, hair and nails from its father (Sa 3, 7), its mind, senses, consciousness, ego, memory and life span from the spirit ($a 3, 10), its clarity of senses, quality of voice, appetite and vitality from parental concordance (ſa 3, 11), its visible shape, vigour, sense of contentment and energy from nourishment ($a 3, 12) The embryo is a shapeless jelly (khetabhūta) in the first month (Sa 4, 9) and a tumour-like or fleshy shape in the second By this time there is the first indication of the future ser of the embryo ($a 4, 10) In the third month the limbs and sense organs are no longer latent but emerge as separate entities (ſā 4, 11) In the fourth month, the foetus is stabilized and the mother puts on weight (Sā 4, 20) It grows in flesh and blood in the fifth month and in strength and colour in the sixth, at the expense of the mother who becomes emaciated, weak and pale (Śá 4, 21-22) In the seventh month there is an all-round development and in the eighth there is a continuous flow of 2 ·10 CARAKA SAMHITA vitality to and from the mother (ſā 4, 23 24) It continues to grow by nourishment untıl delivery, which should occur in the ninth or tenth month (ſā 4, 25) Any factor which upsets the proper sequence leads to an abnormal period of gestation, or destruction of the foetus ($a 4, 59) The first stage of foetal development has been assumed differently by different experts in the discourse given in the Caraka Samhita (Sa 6,21) The child in the womb has its limbs folded, its head erect and its bach towards the mother's abdomen ($ā 6, 22) Its heart is connected with the mother's heart through the umbilical cord and the placenta, the latter is flooded with blood by the pulsating arteries of the mother The mother's blood transmits nourishment, vitality, and complexion The skin pores of the foetus also absorb the nourishment (ſa 6,23) The two minds (of the mother and the foetus) have an intimate psychical connection (Sa 4, 15/2) The foetus may be destroyed, deformed or may suffer psychic injuries due to physical and emotional disturbance of the mother (Sa 4, 15-30) Faulty diet and habits, as well as mental shocks, a comprehensive list of which is given in the text, also contribute to this end ($a 8, 21) Instructions are also given by Caraka for the proper carc of the pregnant woman, these include specified diet, prophylactic treatment and maintenance of emotional harmony (Sa 8, 32/1) Such treatments ensure good health, vitality and a pliable womb for the mother, and a soft placenta at the time of delivery (Šā 8, 32) The text describes in some detul the symptoms of recent and advanced pregnancy (Sa 2, 22, 4, 16), and the pre indications of male and female births ($ā 2, 24 25) Methods of ensuring the birth of male offspring (Så 8, 11-19) are also indicated The signs of imminent delivery (Sa 8, 36), the requirements of an well appointed maternity house (Sa 8, 33 35), methods of mınımızıng labour pains (Śa 8, 38-39), proper handling and help in deli ery (Sa 8, 40-41), and postnatal care of the child (ſa 8, 42-45) and its mother (Sa 8, 48-49) are also described in detail (d) HUMORAL THEORY (CoXCEPT OF THE ORIGIN OF DISEASES) The well known humoral theory, which postulates the cxistence of threc humors in the human body-named raju (or rala), pilla and hapha, is built upon the premise that apart from a few exceptions all human beings harc a predo. minance of one of the three humors from the very moment of conception (Su 7, 39) The fes exceptions arc equipoised, enjoying perfect health, the rest can be classified according to the continuil predominance of a parti cular humor in their system The inlicrcnt imbalance mzkes them always susceptible to discascs (Su 7, 40) Thic types can be diagnosed by their physical characteristics (11 8, 96-99) But discases actually occur when ·12 CARAKA SAMHITĀ (e) Vāzu AND ITS ROLE IN HUMAN SYSTEM AND IN NATURE (Si. 12, 8) According to Caraka väju is that which keeps the machine of the body at work. It is the impelling force for all bodily efforts, and sets in motion the sense organs and the mind; it regulates the body elements, maintains equilibrium in the body, stimulates digestion, eliminates harmful matter and waste products, and gives shape to the foetus. It manifests itself in five forms: prāna, udana, samāna, uzāna, and apāna. Their seats in different parts of the body and their physiological effects are also specified (C1. 28, 4-9). When activated in an abnormal state vāyu may cțeate diseases of the body, cause mental depression, affect the sense organs, destroy or deform the foetus, or increase the period of gestation. In naturc vāju serves as an envelope for the earth, supports combustion, causes the formation clouds, the condensation and precipitation of water as rain, and gives rise to streams. It helps growth of plants, flowers, fruits and crops, and maintains the division of seasons. Vāyu in an abnormal state in nature is identified with storms and winds, causing damage to matter and life. The properties of vāyu has been described by Caraka as dry (ruksa), cold (fila), light (laghu), subtle (sūksma), moving (cala), scattering everything in different directions (visada) and rough (khara). Vãyu has been identified with the continuity of life (Sū. 1, 59; 12, 8). MEMORY AND DREAM Caraha has enumerated cight causes of memory (Sa. 1, 148-149): (a) Impressions, similar and dissimilar; (b) co-ordination of mind; (c) practice; (d) knowledge; (e) recollection; (1, &, & h) repetition of sight, hearing, and perception Dreams have been classified by Caraka into seven types, based on (In. 5, 27-46): (a) Visual impression; (6) auditory impression; (c) expcricncc; (d) inner desires; (e) fancy; premonition; (g) morbid humors. An account of the different varieties of drcams arising from morbid humors has been given, particularly those foreboding death. (8) ETHICS I CARAKA Caraka advanccs a very catholic and commonscnse view of kamma and rcbirth differing from those of other Indian philosophers. The laws of larma arc not considered immutable by Carala who allows a limited amount of freedom to human cfforts in arresting the fruits of all ordinary non-moral actions. Only thc cffects of very good or bad moral actions cannot be thus modified or ascrted by human cfforts. The fruits of all non-moral or ordinary actions can be averted by the exercise of human intclligence, ·PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 13 wisdom and well balanced conduct, and by the administration of proper medi cine and the like Caraka therefore holds that right conduct (sadırtta) can help in the preservation of physical and mental health and in securing sense control (indnyavijaya) (V: 3, 28 38, Su 8 17) Caraka recognizes that there are three primary desires serving as thc springs or causes of all our actions These are desire for self preservation (pranarsana), desire for wealth (dhanasana), and a desire for a happy future life (paralokarsana) (Su 11, 3, 7, 8, 13) IV PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (a) DIGESTION AND METABOLISMI Production of heat in the body is said to be the basis of life process The life span, vital breath, vital essence body heat, muscular strength, energy, lustre, etc, all are dependent upon the production of heat inside the organum When the body heat becomes abnormal, disease results, when it is suppressed or dies out, there is an end of life (C: 15 3 4) In the Caraka Samhita the word agnt has been used for body heat its literal meaning is fire This is related closely to metabolic processes (V: 6 12) This production of body heat depends upon the intake of food Tood nourishes the body elements, vital essence, strength, etc., but the nutrient action of food is a result of gastric digestion If the process of digestion is humpered, food fuls to nourish (C: 15 5) Ingested food and drink pass into the stomach and are broken up and softened by the digestne fuid in the stomach During this process, the food is transformed into a sweet, frothy mucus lile fluid As the digestive process continues it becomes acıdıc and, issuing out of the stomach, cxcites the secretion of thin bile (C: 15,8 10) Ultimately it is converted into assimilable nutri tive flurd and also some waste products Excretions of the body are formed from the waste products (Su 28, 4/7) The process of digestion ends in the large intestines where the remnants are converted into lumps of stool (Ct 15, 11) The nutrine fud formed us converted into blood, flesh, fat, bone marrow, semen, ligaments and clear fluid (serum ?), as well as the sensory faculties (Su 28, 4/2) The body elements are replenished by the food and are able to maintain the body in 2 proper condition by gathering the necessary ingredients from food This replenishment and maintenance take place when the various metabolic processes are proceeding without interruption, and the stolams (movements of body fluids) are unimpeded in their proper channels The nutritie fluid then per ades the whole body (Su 28,3) The body channels, constituting the means of passage of the nutntic fluids from food, feed the various body clements in the requisite measurc ·14 CARAKA SAMHITĀ and with the required constituents (Su 28, 5/1) The requirements of the body according to size, condition and age determine the quantity of nutritive fluid formed from food, thus maintaining the balance of the body elements (Sa 28, 4/3 and 4/4) From the waste products of digestion are formed sweat, urine and stools, the morbid forms of the three body humors, the excretions of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, hair follicles and female parts, the hairs of the head, face and body, and the nails The quantities produced depend on the age, size and condition of the body (Su 28, 4/1 and 4/4) (6) MOVEMENT OF FLUIDS THROUGH CHANNELS OF THE HUMAN BODY Caraka states that there are innumerable srotāmsı or fluid currents through numerous channels in the human body They serve to convey nutrients and healing matters where needed, and to carry away decaying and harmful products formed These srolas convey the products of the body elements blood, flesh, fat, bone, marrow, nutritional juices, semen and life breath These body elements cannot develop or decay independently of thc srotas (V. 5, 4) There is as much functional diversity of these channel systems as in the structural composition of the rest of the human body, but the most important among them are those which carry life breath, water, food, nutritive juices, blood, flesh, fat, bone matter, marrow, semen, urine, stool and swert The three humors-vata, pitta and kapha-diffuse throughout the entire body with the help of all these channel systems The supersensory essences of man are independent of the channels, the entire sentient body is, in fact, both the vehicle and the field of their operation (V: 5, 3 and 6) The channels we normally in the form of elongated vessels, extensive ducts or convoluted tubes In dimension, they vary from large to very fine ones (V: 5, 25) The various types found in the body are (a) sıra or sein, (6) dhamanı or artery, (c) rasayanya or ducts, (d) nadı or tube, (e) pantha or tract, ) märga or passage, (g) sariracchidra or body orifice, (h) samurtāsamırla (vessel open at one end only), (1) sthana or container, () asaya or bladder, (k) nileta or closed container Some of the channel systems are not visible to the naked cye (Vi 5,9) The stotāmsı have specified centres and areas of operation Such are as develop characteristic symptoms, if any of the srotas systems is vitiated or obstructed (V: 5, 6) This obstruction is not limited to the stationary and mobile body channels of the specified arca, but may spread to the other srolas systems If, however, any one of the three humors is affected, the entire body is also affected (V: 5,9) In the heart are rooted the ten main channels that carry the vital essence through the whole length and breadth of the body These mun channcis ·PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 15 are either dhamanis which pulsate, or srotamsi which carry nutritive fluids or sıra (Su 30, 8 and 12) Heart is regarded as the only seat of consciousness ($a 7, 8 9), while prana (the vital current) and all the senses emanate from the head (S. 9, 4) The heart is the source of the life breath stotas, the bronchial area is the source of the water srotas, the region of the stomach, particularly the left side, is the source of the food srotas, the heart with its ten main channels is the source of the srotas of nutrition, the liver and spleen are the source of the blood srotas, the muscles and skin are the source of the flesh srotas, the kidneys and the omentum are the source of the fit srotas, thc body fit is the source of the bone matter srolas, the brnes and joints of the marrow srotas, the testes and phallus, of the semen srolas, the kidneys and the bladder of the urine srotas, the colon and the rectum, of the stool srotas ind the fat and hair follicles, of the sweat srotas (V: 5, 8) When the srotams are in an abnormal state there is an increased or decreas ed flow of the fluids they carry the channels also become knotted and there is diversion of flow to abnormal channels The treatinent of such conditions consists of treating the various parts of the body which have been recognized as the specific centres of the various srotamsı (1. 5, 24, 26 28) (c) TASTES The taste is an intrinsic property of material substances There are only sıx basic tastes--sweet acid salıne pungent, bitter and astringent (Su 26, 9) These six categories of taste according to Caraka, emerge in different substances from the collocation in unequal proportions (preponderance or prucity) of the five mahabhutas or primal elements The same view as held regarding the origin of colour (Su 26 40/2) The sensation, which is immediately perceived on contact of the substance proper with the tongue, is called taste Any sensation subsequent thereto is called the after taste or latent taste The physiological action of all substan ces depends upon the taste and also its after taste, of any (S4 26 28 43) All tastes are coni eyed through the medium of water which according to Caraka, sustains all animal and plant lıfe (Su 26, 30) But water has a taste which is imperceptible Palatability, or otherwise, of a substance is a matter of personal idiosyncracy while its beneficial or harmful action depends on factors, like its composition purity and the time and clime of its use (Su 26 9) Single or pure tastes are to be found in many substances, but they occur mostly in combinations For example, alkaline substances possess a complex taste, with saline and pungent tastes predominating By the presence of two three, four, five or all six tastes in the same substance, fifty seven mixed tastes may arise, which with the six simple tastes male sixty three different tastes (Su 26, 9 and 24) ·16 CARAKA SABETTA In common with the bodily humors, tastes have the inherent properties of heaviness, lightness, coldness, heat, oiliness and dryness. (Su. 26,9). A knowledge of the tastes of different substances is therefore essential in the treatment of discases which are caused by the abnormalities of the body humors (Su. 26, 27). In fact, cach and every substance, due to the inherent property of taste, may be put to inedicinal use, with due consideration to the appropriatc time of its application, its quantity, purity, combination with other substances, physical properties and dosage (Su. 26, 12, 29). The text describes in detail the beneficial physiological actions of the substances belonging to the basic taste groups, and the pathological symptoms produced by their exclusive indulgcncc or over-indulgence. Thus, with the taste as guide, all cdible and medicinal substances, taken in the right measure and manner, arc invariably beneficial (Sū. 26, 43-44). V. HEALTH AND LONGEVITY (a) PERSONAL HYGIENE Caraka cnjoins constant vigilance and a regular daily and seasonal routine of prophylactic measures for the maintenance of health and vigour (Su. 5, 103). The use of collyrium at night and of eye-sale and cyc-drops after exposure to giarc are recommended for good eyesight. Smoking of pipes and cigars, containing medicinal herbs, at regular intervals everyday is said to prevent neuralgic pains and increase mental alertness (Sū. 5, 15-27), but many complications and even permanent injury may be caused by uncontrollcd smoking, especially in an exhausted or intoxicated state (Su 5, 38- 45). The application of medicated oil to the nostrils at prescribed times retards senility and maintains the acuteness of sight, smell and hearing (Sü. 5, 48-70). Brushing the teeth twice a day with partly crushed green twigs of certain plants, and scraping the tongue with shaped metallic scrapers, ensure strong teeth, sweet breath and a good appetite. Medicated gargles keep the facial muscles young, sharpen taste, increase appetite, and prevent dental decay (Sa. 5, 71-80). Daily massage of the scalp and hair with approved vegetable oils prevents insomnia, baldness, grey hairs and sagging of the face muscles (Sū. 5, 81-83). Draining the ear-passage with oil prevents deafness and other affections of the car (Sū. 5, 84). Daily massage of the body prevents excessive sweating, removes offensive body-odour and gives suppleness to muscles and tendons (Sū. 5, 90-93). Massaging with oils acts as a tonic to the skin, induces tolerance to physical hardship, makes the contours of the body firm and the skin glossy (Sa. 5, 84- 86).

·HEALTH AND LONGEVITY 17 Bathing promotes vitality, physical stamina, longevity and removes fatigue (Su 5, 94) The feet and private parts are to be kept scrupulously clean, and the hair, beard and nails regularly trimmed (Su 5, 98) The use of clean apparel, foot wear and umbrellas promotes mental as well as physical comfort, and ensures good health (Su 5, 95, 100 101) Regulated physical exercise aids digestion and increases capacity for work and physical strength, but overexercise or excessive physical worh, indicated by an increased rate of respiration and a feeling of oppression in the cardiac region, causes debility and wasting diseases (Su 7, 31 35) In order to maintain good health one should not unnecessarily or unduly suppress the natural urges and body functions, he should not sleep in a crooked position, nor on a narrow and uneven bed, he should not ride on an uncom fortable saddle or carriage seat he should not gaze directly at the sun or strong lights, nor expose himself to strong sunlight, storm or snow fall for extended periods, nor warm himself directly before or over a fire, he should not indulge excessively in alcoholic drinks, heavy meals, or sexual acts, nor mate with a diseased or unfit partner, nor take part in unnatural or improper sexual relations he should avoid keeping late hours, taking a cold bath or a cold drih in a fatigued condition, and using soiled clothes after a bath (Su 8,19 22) The mental impulses of greed, fear, anger, excessive melancholy, vanity, hatred, harsh speech and evil thoughts are as injurious to the body as to the mind (Su 7, 26 28) All harmful physical and mental habits can be overcome gradually by proper training or by personal effort (Su 7, 36 38) Special measures are recommended for the maintenance of health during seasonal changes Sudation, sunbath, warm apartments, thick and protective dress and bedding, and rich food are recommended when the cold season sets in (Su 6,9 21) Physical exercise, lightly cooked meats and alcoholic beverages are prescribed for spring time (Su 6,24 26) Rich food, alcohol ind hard exercise should be avoided in summer In the hottest days one should not venture out in the noon time heat, but take rest by sleeping during the day in order to compensate for keeping late hours at night (Su 7, 30) Thrice a year it prescribed seasons, the body should be cleansed of 11 ac cumulated waste matter by sudation, steam baths, emesis, purgative drugs, cncmas, and douches (Su 7, 47) (6) EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON HEALTII Caraka treats bodily health not only as a personal problem, but also in its relation to heredity (ſa 3, 3 17), geographical environment, climate, water supply and seasonal variations (V: 3, 6) The possibility of diseases due to such external factors alone was recognized (Vt 3, 4) 3 ·18 CARAKA SAMHITA According to Caraka, though individual persons differ widely in physical health and vitality, they are collectively liable to devastating epidemics caused by external factors (V1.3, 6-7). Inhabitants of open spaces with scanty rainfall, and predominance of dry winds and of isolated forest areas are generally well-knit, hardy and healthy. Inhabitants of humid climates with abundant rainfall, marshy lands, deltas, and dense forests are generally delicate in physique and in health. Areas with a proper balance of dry and moist seasons and of open spaces and forests generally contribute to good health (Ka. 1,8; li. 3, 7, 47). It is stated that from the beginning of the summer to the end of the rainy season there is a gradual waning of strength in man (Sü. 6, 6-7). The cold season increases appetite and digestive power, when, with proper nourishment, the bodily vigour reaches its highest peak (Sü. 6, 8-9). (c) NUTRITION AND DIET Ahārataltva (Sū. 25, 35, etc.) or dietetics forms an important and integral part of the Caraka Samhita (Su. Chap. 5, 6, 25, 26, 27; Šā. Chap. 6). Wholesome diet is stated to promote bodily growth and health; unwholesome food is the most important cause of diseases (Sü. 25, 31). The importance of a proper diet in health and sickness is repeatedly stressed upon (Sū Chap. 5, 6; Sa. Chap. 6). In the chapter on digestion it is asserted that the life-process itself depends upon the production of body-heat, derived from the food taken (C1. 15, 3-5). A direct relationship is said to exist between the tastes of substances and their physiological actions. No distinction can be drawn between foods and drugs, as both possess taste and nutritive value, and exert specific action on the body. Edible and potable substances are classified into cereals, legumes, potabic water, salts, pot-herbs, fish, flesh, fruits, sugarcane derivatives, milh, ghce and other milk products, vegetable oils, lards, animal fats, and alcoholic beverages (Su. 25, 38). The most nutritive and the most harmful in each class are listed (Si. 25, 38-39). Eggs, blood and semen of various crcatures are also stated to have nutritive value, though their use is not recommended (Sa. 6, 10). The text mentions in detail the digestibility, nutritive value and mcdicinal action of sci cral hundred clifferent edible and potable substances of various classes (Sa. Chap. 27). It is pointed out that all such substances can gain in nutritive value or become harmful by combination with other items, by cooking or preparation, and according to quantity talen, palatability, appctite, bodily hcalth, local climate, scason, and cating habits (Sz. 26, 87-89). A list of substances which are incompatible with each other, or unwholesome in particular scasons, is given ($1. 26, 81 el seq.).

·11EALTIT AND LONGEVITY 19 Even light, easily digested and nutritious food should not be taken in excess of bodily requirements, or after the appetite has been satisficd Diffi cultly digestible food should not be taken habitually If ever uscd, the quantity should not exceed a fraction of a full meal (Su 5, 7 11) Rich spicy foods, fats, and alcoholic drinks are stated to be beneficial in the cold scason, lightly cooked cereals and meats, salts and light wines in spring and autumn, and light gruels, vegetables, fruits and acidulated cold drinks in summer (S. Chap 6) According to their intrinsic properties different foods undergo meta bolism into body elements of the same nature and inhibit the formation of those having opposite properties (Su 6 16) A properly planned diet, using various aggrecablc and nourishing foods in rotation, regulates the body. clements (Su 6, 6 and 7) (d) REJUVENATION Revitalization therapy is a prominent feature of the Caraka Samhita It is suggested that the body fluids are capablc of being replenished and renewed by proper mcdication and that it is possible to achieve not only vitality and vigour but also greater resistance to disease, longevity without senile decay heightened memory and intelligence, and an improvement in bodily strength personal beauty and sense perceptions In fact, Caraka asserts that cien in old age it is possible to regain youth and remain youthful for a scry long period (C: 1/1, 6-12) Thc trcatment for rejuvenation follows the fulfilment of thrcc preliminary conditions namely, the patient must start with a single-minded determination and complete faith, he should undergo the treatment in 1 nursing home (the exact specifications and equipment of which are listed), he should remain under the constant supervision of his physician The scason and weather for tro atment must be properly sclected (C 1/1, 17 23) The body is then thoroughly cleansed by oil massage and sudition by A course of intestinal aperients like my robolans roch suit and special spices is given for cleansing the intestines Thc dict is limited to light gruel and warm water (C: 1/1, 25-27) Vi preparations the prescribed for the actual rejuicnation process The fruits, plants and herbs used for such prescriptions must be collected from Hunalayan forests in their proper seasons and in perfect and flawless stats Pure loncy, glice, salts and minerals are also mentioned is ingredients many prescriptions Special diets we described in all cases (C. C1p 1) Claims have been made that it is possibic by a specal course of rejuvenation to transform entirely an aged and diseased body into a fresh and youthful one in the course of six months (C 1/4, 7) 1r10us micans in ·20 CARALA SAMUTI (2) PUBLIC SANITATION Some advice regarding public sanitation is found in the Caraka Samhitā. People are urged to avoid all filthy matters like offal, broken fragments of cooking vessels, and waters of public baths (Su. 8, 18/6). Blowing the nose in a crowd or committing nuisance on a public road is forbidden. Adultery, association with prostitutes, gambling, drunkenness, crude habits of cating, dirty or inadequate dress, and picking the nose, or sneezing, are considered unhealthy practices to be avoided by those aspiring after a cican and meritorious liſe (Sū. 8, 19-25). Contaminated water is recognized to be a major cause of ill health and epidemics (1?. 3, 7), and the usc of only clean and purc water from natural sources is recommended at various places of the text (Sü. 6, 47, etc.). VI. PHYSICIANS IN CARAKA The Caraka Samhitā lays down an elaborate code regarding the training, duties, privileges and social status of physicians. Any person could aspire to be a physician, provided he had a clear idea of the duties and obligations pertaining to the profession. Good health, capacity for sustained effort and single-minded devotion to the science were considered as essential qualifications for the student of medicine. An austere and celibate life was cnjoined for the disciple during his training period (II. 8, 3, 7, 13). The student was free to choose his own branch of the science. The choice of a teacher also rested with him. But it was for the teacher to assess the merit of the candidate from his appearance, voice, acuteness of sensory perceptions, personality, intellectual capacity and mental outlook before selecting him as a disciple. Instructions were given free. The disciple lived with the preceptor like a son, slave or supplicant till the training was completed and had to follow a rigid time-table (V1.8, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13). Aspiration for success, wealth and fame was considered normal on the part of an intending physician; but obligations to his future patients and to the society were repeatedly impressed upon by the preceptor. Desertion of, or injury to, patients under any circumstances was strictly forbidden (V: 8, 13). A physician should remain, in a sense, a student all his life, gaining experience, knowledge and understanding. Great stress has been laid on periodic discussions and debates with other physicians in conferences and in private (l'i. 8, 13, 20). Theoretical knowledge, clarity of reasoning, wide practical experience, and personal shall have been described as the four valued qualifications of the physician (V1, 9, 6). He is expected to lead a disciplined and unostentatious life, to be pleasant in his manners, and to be considerate and ·DIAGNOSIS OF DISLASES 2) gentle in specch (V: 8 13) Friendship towards all, compassion for the alling, devotion to professional duties and a philosophical attitude to cuscs with fatal endings—these huic been defined as the four corner stones of medical practicc (Su 9, 26) Carika advises that the physicians, while treiting diseases, should also observe the instructions of the drkarcareda, which include sastajana (propitiatory rites), balı (offerings), mangala homa (nuspicious obla tions), miyama (prn inces), prajasalta (purificatory rites), upa-asa (fasting) and mantra (incantations), 15 also the use of mani (gems) in amulets (Su 30, 21, 26, 70, C: 1, 3) According to Carika a physician 18 not expected to treat a person hated by the king or by the public (1 : 8,13), or a habitually vicious or dishonourable person (1: 3, 45) He is also not expected to treat patients suffering from incurable maladies (Su 10, 8) The physician must not enter a private house without previous permission or proper introduction, nor attend 1 woman in the absence of her husband or guardian Hc must not also say or do anything which might shock the patient or the relations and friends of the patient He must not divulge any infor mation about the patient and his household (F: 8, 13) The physıcıın, according to Ciriha, should be held in high respect both by the king and the public (Su 9, 19) The practice of medicinc by unqualified persons or self styled physicians has been strongly condemned (Su 29, 12) The physician is expected to muntain his own nursing home and dispensary, prepare medicini preparations from raw materials, and ringe for the services of nurscs and qualificd attendants (Su Chap 15) VII DIAGNOSIS OF DIST ISIS The Samhiti gnc directions for the diagnosis of 1 lirge number of discases from 1 consideration of their ctiology symptoms and prognosis also contains in exposition of the general theory and methods of diagnosis According to Carala there are three meins open to the physician for asccrtuning the nature of any sickness They are theoretical knowledge of the possible causes and symptoms of all known diseases, (ri) meticulous observation of the patients symptoms and complays, (117) micutairs based on previous experience In the absence of one or more of the threr aids to clignoss, or truth their fragmentary or incorrect knowledge, the physician cannot come to 1 true conclusion (11 4 35) At another ptice Caralı again states that the three methods for the zscertainment of the nature of diseases are adina (cause and effect relation Arart (nyerible prognostication), and upalota and car (concomutant saraton) (17 1, 7, 8 10) It is essential for the plıysician to have an extrutive theoretical Inox ·22 CARAMA SAMITA ledge of the nature of all diseases--their specific sources, exciting factors, preliminary indications, bodily symptoms, local pains causcd by them, possible complications and aggravations, degrees of severity, periods of duration, and indications of recovery and convalescence By intcrrogation and by the application of his own trained senses the physician should conduct a detailed cxamination of the patient's appearance, voice, abnormalities, intestinal and other internal sounds, blood and other body fluids, and bodily cxcre tions If necessary, he should draw a sample of the patient's blood and test it by offering it to a dog or 1 crow He should also gather all possible infor mation regarding the digestion, bowel movement, vitality, cuteness of sensory perceptions, clarity of mind, memory, psychic condition, irregularities of behaviour, dreams, aversions, hunkerings and complaints of the patient Latent symptoms, if any, should be tested by provocative medication Only then he can make a diagnosis of the ulment, determine the expectation of recovery or imminence of death, and decide upon a course of treatment (Vi 4,69) It has been emphasized that fever is the first symptom of all diseases (N. 1, 16) Diseases can be mild or severe The preliminary symptoms are often the same In fact, the behaviour, bodily appearance and apparent vitality of the patient may sometimes give false indications It is easy for the inex perienced physician to jump to conclusions on insufficient or musleading evidence A mild palliative prescribed for a discase which is destined to become scrious, or a strong medicine for a mild variety, may cause considerable injury to the patient, even death may result Merc identification of a discase does not mean its diagnosis, it is absolutely necessary to foresee its possible course and severity (Vi 7, 2, 3, 5, 7) Some diseases are incurable and are known as such by their peculiar symptoms, such symptoms often indicate the period the patient will survive (Ni 1, 6, In Chap 6 & 7) Some diseases are secondary, being caused by others occurring earlier They may occur after the original malady subsides, or may run simultaneously with the later phase of the primary disease (1 8, 20 23) In diagnosis the patient's personal history and background are of great importance Residents of different countries are used to different diets, have different habits, and differ in physical fitness and mental inclinations Hence, what is wholesome and normal for one type of people may have opposite effects on another The liability to diseases of a person depends upon his place of birth, normal place of residence and acadental presence in a foreign country (V: 8, 93) The patient's nature, abnormalities, vitality, physical build, bodily proportions, physical equilibrium, psychic condition, capacity for food, capacity for physical exercise, and age--all are important factors in diagnosis (V: 8, 94) ·METHODS OF TREATMENT, INCLUDING SURGERY 23 If the body elements are individually healthy and collectively in harmony with each other, the patient is highly resistant to discases and specially to diseases of the severe type (Vi 8, 111) He is also not easily affected by senile decay The opposite is true for people with unhealthy and unbalanced body elements (Vi 8, 112) In addition to these extreme cases, there are also intermediate types (Vi 8 113) VIII METHODS OF TREATMENT, INCLUDING SURGERY Different types of methods for the treatment of diseases have been described by Caraka, as follows (1) Oral medication by single or compounded medicinal substances, sometimes more than fifty in a prescription are listed Special emphasis is laid on diet, considered an essential part of the treatment (Su Chap 5, 6, 25, 26, 27) Purgation and/or emesis is frequently recommended for cleansing the system of accu mulated waste materials Apart from drugs, purging is also effected by enemas (C Chap 7, 13, etc , St Chap 9 12) (2) (a) Eze-drops and sales for eye diseases and loss of visual power (Su. 5, 18, etc) (6) Gargles for diseases of the mouth, throat, teeth and gums (Su 5, 78, 79, etc ) (c) Medicinal cigars and smoking mixtures for affections of the head, nose, throat and bronchial tract (Su 5, 24, etc) (d) Nasal medication in the form of pou ders, ointments, or inhaled fumes for Psychic disorders, fainting fits, and affections of the nose (Su 5,13 14, etc ) In epilepsy and insanity, herbs and animal substances are burnt for inhalation (C: Chap 10) (3) Liquid unguents, creams, salves, orntments lotions and medicaled ords for the skin and other parts (Ct Chap 6, 7, etc) (4) Supposttories, tampons, and soaked cotton su abs for car passages and lower orifices of the body (C: Chap 7, 8, etc ) (5) Enemas of nutritive and healing fluid mixtures for absorption in the rectal and vaginal passages m sasting diseases, debility and fractures (S: Chap 3, 5, 12, etc) (6) Douches for flushing the rectal, vaginal and urethral passages and for relieving congestion (Su Chap 9, 10, etc) Douche cans, tubes, and catheters, made of gold, silver or alloys, were used for this purpose (Su 1, 44, 45, etc) (7) Su caling the body surface by sun bath, heated air, steam, or contact with hot surfaces for cleansing the system of absorbed impurities, sudation by steaming decoctions of medicinal ·2+ CARAMA SAMITA substances, vzpours, fomentation, poultices, solid lumps of medi cinal matter and hot immersion bath (Su Chap 14) (8) Bondages, splints and tourniquets in fractures and surgical conditions (Si Chap 9) Ligatures for poisonous bites and for surgical operations (Ct Chap 23, 24, ctc ) (9) Bleeding by incision, or by the application of lecches, in poisonous bites, cpilepsy, rheumatism, etc (C Chap 10, 23, etc) (10) Excision, incision, punctuning, remoral of the skin laver, cautenzation, surgical remoral, rupluring, probing and other surgical methods (Su 11, 55), the removal of a dead foctus (Sa 8, 30, e scg) and an opera tion for peritonitis (C 13, 185 dl seq) hue been described in some detail, scalpels, metallic probes, etc were used in such processes (S. Chap 9) The use of live ants of the big variety to grip together and hold tight the skin flaps after an internal opera tion has been described (C: 13 190 et seq) The ants were killed by hot water and cut in tho, with their gripping jaws Icft behind (11) Psychialnc methods for curing mental conditions (V2 Chap 6) In the treatment of all diseases the physician should take care to perform the following preparatory processes purification (purgation, emesis, etc), tranquilization (use of sedati cs) of the system, and avoidance of 111 causative factors (V: 8, 30) IX POISONS The Caraka Samhita includes a detailed discussion of the various cate gones of pousons and the means by which they enter the human system, their symptoms, effects and antidotes are also described The venoms secreted by animals, reptiles, aquatic creatures and insects are conveyed by their bites They generally act very rapidly causing burning sensation, inflammation, swelling, drowsiness, fainting and diarrhoea The symptoms are more pronounced in the lower extremities of the body (C: 10, 15, 17, 23) Pousons from vegetable roots and bulbs, mineral poisons and artificially prepared poisons enter the human body through foods, beverages, water, smole, vapours, skin applications, or by mere contact (C 23, 106 122) Such poisons act slowly and cause fever, spasms, throat contraction, muscular rigidity, partial paralysis, frothy salivation and somiting The symptoms are more pronounced in the upper parts of the body (C 23, 16-17) The toxic effects are liable to be mistaken for diseases (C: 23, 18) They vitiate the blood and other body elements progressively, eight distinct stages with increasingly graver symptoms have been noted (C 23, 14) Death may be caused by poisoning in the absence of proper treatment (C 23, 31) ·PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 25 Treatment for poisoning consists in the immediate application of stimu lants to protect the heart, followed by incision, tourniquets, ligatures, suction, blood letting, application of freshly cut meat, oral medicines and counterporsons, according to the nature of the toxic substance (C 23, 35 50) For poisoning through food, drinks, etc, the immediate treatment is emesis (C: 23, 122) A description of the distinctive symptoms of bites by ten types of snakes (cobra, viper, etc ), mosquitoes, poisonous flies, hornets spiders, scorpions lizards, rats, crabs, toads (C: 23, 124 158), dogs and some predatory animals (C 23, 175, 220 232) is found in the text with specific antidotes for indı yidual cases The medicinal value of venoms and vegetable pousons were known in Caraka's trme They are described to have antagonistic effects in the presence of each other (Cr 23, 17) A significant passage states that even deadly poisons can be converted into excellent medicines by the right method of application (Su 1, 126) Fumigation from vegetable and animal substances has been described as an antidote for most poisons (Ct 23, 99) The insecticidal and vermicidal action of fumigation were also recognized and several recipes given for the purpose (C 23, 98 100) X PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Many of the common laboratory processes known today are found in the Caraka Samhita They occur in various passages wluch give instructions for compounding medicinal preparations (C: Chap 1, 2, 15, etc) A list of terms for such processes is given in Table 17 Actual weights of the various ingredients of prescriptions are given in many cases, volumes are given in some instances The tula (balance) was used for weighing, and manabhandas (measuring vessels) for measuring liquids (Su 15, 7) A list of the apparatus, mentioned in the various processes, is given in Table 16 Descripts the woung poems are gwen in some deta! (1) A flame test for food poisons (possibly copper salts), where the flame shows a colour like the feathers of a peacock (C 23, 109) (2) A process of destructive distillation (C 15 174) (3) A process for the separation of the volatile components of a mixture, using distillation and air condensation (C: 1/2, 14) (4) A process for continuous extraction of the fatty matter present in a plant product by repeated distillation with a volatile oil, followed by its condensation (V: 7, 22) ·26 CARALA SAMUITA For the purpose of heating, wood and the dried cakes of various animal dungs werc uscd according to the temperature required (C: Chap 1, 2, 15, ctc ) The mechanical processes mentioned arc listed in Table 18 XI CLASSIFICATIONS Vibhagavrdza (1 4, 4), or the theory of classification, is a feature of the Caraka Samhita Many substances and phenomen? are divided into rational groups (1) The days of the Samiatsara (solar year) are divided into (a) Udakajana (period of absorption of moisture) (6) Daksınajana or Visarga (period of liberation of moisture) Each of these periods is sub divided into threc seasons (Su 6, 4) (2) Desa (habitable land) is classified according to topography, rainfall and vegetation into (a) Jangala (dry grass lands) (6) Anupa (wet lands) (6) Sadhārana (intermediate types) (ha 1, 8) (3) Prāni (living creatures) are classified according to their manner of birth as (i) Jaraguja (born of womb) (u) Andaja (born of eggs) (mr) Svedaja (born of heat and moisture) (10) Udbhidya (born of seeds) (Śā 3, 16) They are also classified in different contexts as (a) Amt (parasites found in living creatures) (Su 19, 49) (6) Kita (wingless insects) (Sx 27, 213) () Palanga (flying insects) ($a 8, 59) (d) Ekasapha (solidungulate animals) (Su 27, 211) (e) Dvišapha (cloven footed animals) (C 17, 118) Mrga (herbivorous animals) (Su 13, 11) (g) Kravada (carnivorous animals) (Su 22, 27) (h) Svapada (dangerous beasts of prey) (Sa 8, 59) (1) Vyala (beasts of prey) (C: 23, 176) () Gomāju (creatures with poisonous fangs or stings) (C 23, 10) (*) Sarpa (snakes) (Su 27, 213) Creatures, whose flesh has got dietic value, have been divided into eight groups (Su chap 27) Table I gives a list of these groups (4) Udbhid substances (plants or vegetation) are said to be of four types (1) Vanaspats (bearing fruits only) (11) Vanaspatja (bearing fruits as well as flowers) ·CLASSIFICATIONS 27 (121) Osadh (dying after bearing fruits) (sv) Virudha (shrubs or herbs) Udbhid substances (plants) also are divided in fifty groups according to the physiological actions of their decoctions (Su chap 4) (a) Trvanija (promoter of longevity) (6) Brhaniya (roborant and nourishing) (c) Lekhanya (reducing obesity and scarifying) (d) Bhedanisa (promoter of excretion) (c) Sandhaniya (promotes joining of fractured parts) Dipanija promoter of digestion) (8) Balza (promoter of strength) (h) Varnya (brightens complexion) (i) Kanth; (improves voice) (1) Hrdya (cordial) (1) Trphghna (removes sense of satiety) (1) Arfaghna (curative of piles or haemorrhoids) (m) Kusthaghna (curative of obstinate skin diseases) (n) Kandugma (curative of pruritus) (o) krmighna (curative of worms) () Visaghna (antidote to poisoning) (9) Stanyajanana (promoter of lactation) () Stanyasodhana (purifier of breast milk) (5) Sukrajanana (promoter of semen generation) Sukrasodhana (purifier of semen) () Snehopaga (emollient) (v) Svedopaga (diaphoretic) (w) Vamanopago (emetic) (*) Virecanopaga (purgative) ) Arusthapanopaga (useful in corrective enemas) (2) Anuvasanopaga (useful in enemas) (aa) Sirovitecanopaga (prevents discharges from the nose) (66) Chardımgrahana (curative of nausea) (cc) Tusnangrahana (curative of morbid thirst) (dd) Hikkangrahana (curative of hiccup) (ee) Purisasamgrahaniya (renders faecal matters consistent) (f) Purisavirajaniya (alters colour of faecal pigment) (gs) Mutrasamgrahaniya (corrective of excessive urination) (hh) Mutravırajaniya (curative of coloured urine) (11) Mutravirecanıya (diuretic) 6) Kaſahara (curative of cough) (kk) Svasahara (curative of laboured breathing) (II) Svayathuhara (curative of swelling and oedema) ·28 CARAMA SAMITI (mm) Jvarahara (curative of fever) (nn) Sramahara (curative of fatigue) (00) Dahaprasamana (curative of burning sensation) (PP) Sulaprašamana (curative of the sensation of cold) (99) Udardaprasamana (curatrc of urticaria) () Angamardaprašamana (rclicies pain in the limbs) (ss) Sulaprasamana (curcs pain in the bowels) (!!) Sonilasthapana (hnemostatic) (uu) l'edanasthapana (anodyne) (ov) Samjnasthapana (resuscitative) (ww) Prajasthapana (procrcant, or curative of sterility) (tr) l'azahsthapana (prevents ageing) A mention of the classification of plants into male and female varieties is found in Caraka in the case of the hutaja (Holarrhena antıdysentrica) plant (ka 5, 3, 5) (5) Drapya (material substance) can be of three types in the context of their medicinal use (1) Jangama (originating from mobile living bodies) (11) Udbhid (originating from plants) (11) Parthica (of mineral origin) (Su 1, 68) (2) Jangama substances used in medicine are madhu (honey), gorasa (mill), pilta (bile), rasā (fat), majja (bone marrow), asrk (blood), amusa (flesh), mutra (urine), carma (hide), retas (semen), astha (bone), shayu (tendon or ligament), srnga (horn), nakha (nail), khura (hoof), keša (hair), loma (fur or body hair), rocana (a bright yellow deposit obtained from bile) (Su 1, 69) (11) Udbhid substances used in medicine are mula (root), trah (bark), sara (pith), niry asa (resin or exudate), nala (hollow stem or stalk), khara (prickly or rough parts), pallava (sprout or shoot), ksara (allaline matter), ksıra (sap), phala (fruit), puspa (flower), bhasma (ash), tarlan (expressed or essential Oils), kantaka (thorn), patranı (leaves), sunga (sheath or calyx of bud), landa (bulb), praroha (parasıtıc growth) (Sa 1, 73 74) (111) Parthwa substances used in medicine are suvama (gold) pañcaloha (the five base metals, namely, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead), mala (the ores or corroded forms of the base metals), sikata (sand), manahíla (realgar), mani (gem or precious stone), lavana (salts), garnka (red ochre), anjana (antimony black), ala (yellow orpiment) (6) Natural waters are classified according to their sources (Table 6)

·CLASSIFICATIONS
29
(7) Discases arc classified as
(a) Nijasanradosa (inbom)
() Agantuje (communicated from outside)
(c) Manasa (mental) (Su 11, 45)
(8) Poisons are classified into
(a) Jangama tisa (venom)
(b) Stharara risa (vegetable poisons)
(c) Garaż zsa (ruſcially prepared or mineral poisons) (C Chap 23)
(9) hymu (parasites of the body) are classified as
(a) Sahaja (symbiotic parısıtes)
(6) Purisaja (derived from ſaeces)
(c) kaphaja (derived from mucus)
(d) Sonitaja (derived from the blood strenm)
Valaja (derived from the waste products of the body) (Su
Chap 19)

·30 CARARA SAJDITA TABLE 1 Licing Creatures English and/or Latin name Name in Caraka, reference, and synonyms (if any) Modern classification Creatures which grab and tear off their food Horse (Equus caballus) Vammal PRASANI-VARGA (Su 27, 35, 36) I SVA Synt HAYA In 12,83 TURAGA V 3 36 TURAGA C: 9, 151 VAJISu 1, 104 SVATARA 27 3 BABHRU Bird Vulc Large brown mongoose (Herpestes mungo) Bearded vulture (Gypatus barbatus) Blue Jay (Cyanochila cristala) Owlet (Athene brama) Panther (Felus pardus) Cow (Bos louras) Mamma! Vammal Bird Volture (l'ulture monachus) Jackal (Canis aureus) Vammal Burd 4 BHASA 5 CISA 6 DHUVIKT 7 DVIPIN 8 GO Syn DHENU C 2/3, 3 VRŞA ST 12, 18 RSABHA CT 10 48 JĀRADRAVA SE 3, 10 9 GRDHR.1 10 JAMBUKA Sy SRG TLA C. 10,41 11 KHARA 12 KULINGAMA 13 KURARA 14 LOPAKA 15 VADHUHT 16 VĀRJARA Sy VIDALA Ci 10, 41 17 MUSIKA Sun VUSAKA V.3 713 UNDURA CH 23, 9 18 RASA 19 SASAGHNA 20 SITHA 21 SYENA 22. TARAKŞU Ass (Asinus equido) Sparrow hawk (Ploceus bengalensis) Osprey (Pandion helsactus) For (Vulpus bengalensis) Honey buzzard (Pemis apurorus) Cat (Felis domesticus) Vammal Bird Mammal Vouse (Vfus musculus) Vammal 71 Bear (feltisus labiahs) Golden eagle (Agular chrysactos) Lion (Felis leo) Hawk (Accipiter gentilus) Hyena (Hjama strata) Bird Vammal Bird Vammal ·TABLE I LIVING CREATURES 31 TABLE 1-(Contd.) English and/or Latin name Namc in Caraka, reference, and synonyms (if any) Modern classification Bird Indian horned owl (Bubo bengalensis) Camel (Catelus dromedarias) Vammal 23 ULUKA 24 UŞTRA Sm KARABIA C. 13, 107 2) VAN IRA Hanuman or Langur (Semitopithecus entellus) and other Indian monkeys (Semnopithecus) Dog (Canis familiarts) 15 Mammal Crow (Conus splendens) Bird 26 VANTAD m SVAN C 10, 41 27 VAYAS Synt KAKA C 23, 43 28 VRHA 29 VYAGHRA Syn SARDOLA G 23, 192 Mammal Wolf (Canis lupus) Taget (Felis tigris) BHOMLSAYA-VARGA Su 27, 37, 38 Burrowing animals Frog (Rana) Amphibia Water shrew (Neomys fodiens) Mammal Reptulc 3 93 1 BHEN Syn VLANDOKA C 23, 9 2 CILLATA 3 CITRAPRASIH LAKULIMRGA 4 GANDALA 5 GODHA 6 KADALIV 7 KRSVAKAKUI IVIRGA 8 KURCIKA 9 NAKULA 10 SALLANA 11 SVAVIT 12 SVETALAKULIMRGA 13 SYAMANAN ULIMRGA Mammal Reptile Mammal Reticulated python (Python reticulus) Gecko lizard (Ge konida) Iguana luzard (Iguanidae) Marmot (Afarmola) Black python (Python molurus) Hedge-hog (Erinaceus europaeus) Small mongoose (Flerpestes murgo) Porcupine (Acanthon leucura) Pangolin (Manis pentadactyl) White Python (Python molunas) Dark grey python (Python molurus) Creatures that dwell 22 marshy and wet lands Yak (Poephagus grumRICUS) Elephant (Elaptus edicus) 15 35 Repole ANUPA-VARGA Su 27 3) Mammal 1 CAMARA 2 GAJA Synt HASTIN Sx 1, 102 KUNJARA A 10, 40 3 GAVAYA Goyal ox (Bos frontalis) ·32 CARALA SAMUITA TABLE 1-(Contd ) Name in Caraka, reference, and synonyms (if any) English and/or Latin name Vodern classification Mammal Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Buffalo (Bos dudalus) + KHANGA 5 VAHISA Sin RAKTAKS1 C: 4, 4 G NYAKU 7 RURU 8 SRMTRA 9 VARAHA 15 Hog deer (Ceritis porcinus) Swamp deer (Rucenus durancelli) Indian wild boar (Sus cristatus) Pug (Sus scrofa) Creatures that live under water Porpoise (comerus phoraenoides) Crab (Brachyura) VĀRISA-VARGA Su 27 40 Vammal Crustaces Ghanal crocodile (crocodylus porosus) Reptiſc Tortoise or turtic (Chelonia) 1 CULUKI 2 MARKATAKA Syrt UCCITINGA C 23, 153 3 KUMBHIRA Syn NAKRA C 2/2, 10 + KORM Syn LACCHIAP C 2/2, 10 5 MAKARA 6 MLATSYA 7 SANKILA 8 SISUNITRA 9 SUK11 10 TIMIVGILA Capricorn (Sca monster ?) Fish (Pisces) Conch snail (Gastropoda) Dulphun (Dolpherus gangeixas Pearl oyster (Alargar foa) 11halc (Cetacea) Fish Gastrupulo Vammal Vtollusca laminat Bru AMBUCARI-VARGA Su 27, 41-1 I 1X1BULUKUTI 2 ARI 3 DILARA + CIRIAMI ILIVS1 Sy DIITRI IR ISTRA SQ 27, B LIDI1 7 MAKITUNDI! 8 IVAN ILI 9 MARANDU! IU ALS IRIS (reatures that loc Around, or on the surface or, water Voor hen (Call nula chloropus) Isocct (Recurnyrestra e exeita) Cranc (Ardea nirea) Ruud l shel Irake (Anos cazara) Swan (Cygnus elm) Grey leg gouse (ANT ARKT) Riscr Iern (5kmna hrad) fropuc bird (Photthon sabreeds) While-frontel XIX (1977 alt form) Curlew (Ordum criou ·TABLE I LIVINO CREATURES 33 TABLE 1-(Contd) English and/or Latin name Name in Caraka, reference, and synonyms (if any) Modern classification Bird 11 KRAUKC 12 MADGU 17 97 ) " > " 1) 13 VIANITUNDAN 14 MEGHARAVA 15 VIRNALALANTHA 16 NANDIMUKHA 17 PXKAHAXIS 18 PLATA 19 PUSKARAVY 20 PUNDARILAKSA 21 RANTASIRSAKA 22 ROHINI 23 SAHACARIN 24 SARARA 25 SARASA 26 SUMUKIA 27 UTKOŞA 28 VAKA 29 VATI JANGALA-VARGA Su 27, 45, 46 2 Demoiselle crane (Anthropodes virgo) Small cormorant (Phalacrocorus pyg maeus) Oyster catcher (Haematosus astrolegus) Trumpeteer swan (Cygnus buccinator) Snake bird (Plotas angiga) Flamingo (Phoenucopterus roseus) Mute swan (Cygnus olor) Pelican (Pelicanus onocrotalus) Lily trotter (Ardea suburica) White-eyed pochard (Nyroca ferina) Purpie heron (Ardea purpurea) Common teal (Anas crecia) Peirel (Oceansidae) Skimmer bird (Rhynchops) Indian crane (Megalomas grus) Mandarin duck (Anas galetuulata) Vallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Heron (Ardea goliath) Lattle grebe (Poduceps ruficelles) Herbivorous animals living in grasslands or forests Gazelle (Gaelle bennetto) Fawn deer (Cervus rasa) Cow-cared deer (Antilope pula) Black buck (Antilope crotcapra) Black tailed deer (Odocolas 7) > 97 +) Mammal 15 Mammal 1 CÁRUSKA 2 ENA 3 GOKARNA 4 HARIŅA 5 KALAPUCCHAKA Syri ASITAPUCCHAKA C 14, 138 6 KOTTAKARAKA 7 KRŞNA 8 KURANGA 9 ARGAMÁTRLA 10 PRSATA 11 RAMA 12 SAMBHAR 1 13 SARABHA 31 Barking deer (Cervus muntae) Musk deer (foschus moscheferus) Indian antelope (Antilope crucapra) Red deer (Cervus elapitas) Spotted deer (Cereus arus) Kashmir red deer (Cerius elaphus) Sambhar (Ceritus sinucolor) Wapiti (Cervus canadensis) 5 ·34 CARANA SAVITA TABLE I-(Contd ) Name in Caralı, reference, and synonyms ( any) English and/or Latin name Modern classification Vammal 14 SASA 15 SVADANIŞTR 16 URANA 17 VARAPOTA 71 Hare or rabbit (Leporidae) Vousc deer (Tregulus meminna) Oorial or weld sheep (Octs rignei) Small antelope (Antilope certicapra) Birds that scatter their food Peacock or pca-fowl (Pato cristalus) 11 Gallinaceous bird Bird 1 Greek pheasant (Perdix rufa) Mountain quaul (Coturnir coturner) Hill partridge (Ardea sibirica) IIedge sparrow (Leucorerea aurtola) Heron (Ardeidae) Black partridge (Francolinus vulgaru) Snipe (Ardea trago) Crow phcasant (Coccyzus) Red-spur fowl (Galloperder spadicra) TH VIŞKIRA-VARGA SW 27, 47, 49 I AVAKARA Sym MAYORA SH 26, 84 SIKHIN Su 27, 58 BARHIN Gt 23, 182 2 CARORA 3 GIRIVARTAKA * GONARDI 5 INDRABHA 6 KANKA 7 KAPICJALA 8 KRAKARA 9 KUKKUBILA 10 KUKKUTA Sym CARANTI UDILA SU 7, 11 DAL SA $1 10, 11 TAVRACUDA C: 2/2, 28 II LAVA 12 RANTAVARTVIAKA 13 SARAPAD 14 TITTIRI 35 UPACAKLA 16 VARAPADA 17 VARTAKA 18 VARTIKA 19 VARTIRALA 7 1 17 PP 20 Bustard quail (Trix suscitates) Red jungle fowl (Gallus ferruginous) Stork (Ciconia boyrenia) Gray Dartrage (crborophila forqualo) Smaller Creek pheasant (Perder rufa) Spoon-bill (Platels Lucorodia) Indian button quaul (Tumu undua) Hush quail (Coturut Astia) Rain quail (Colemni coromandelka) Binds that peck and golible their [xx Rlack bulbul (Vxposursu pusronde) Reclusented bulbul (Volpatu kumorkour) Brown tree-pic (Detroitla rofa) Shnie (Laval L} Tree sparrow (123x7 2141) 16 + Jard 11 PRATUDA-VARGA SJ 27, 50-5? 1 AXGXRACODAWA ? ATYUILA 3 DIDIRU VATANIA # BHR GIRI 5 CATAMA Sm AULISCIS: 12, 191 ·TABLE I LIVING CREATURES 35 TABLE I-(Contd ) Name in Caraka, reference, and synonyms (if any) English and/or Latın name Modern classification Bird 93 22 6 CIRATI 7 DINDIMANALA 8 DUNDUBHI 9 GOPAPUTRA 10 JATI 11 JIVAJIVALA $) JIVANJIVA In 12, 73 12 KAIRATA Babbler (Timuldae) Toucan (Rampkistos pr.scuoroW) Grey hornbill (Lophoceros birostris) Cow bard (Molothrus) Indian hoopee (Upupa indica) Peacock pheasant (Chalcurus) 1 » 13 LALAVINKA Red faced malkoha (Pheanucophaes pyrrhocephalus) House sparrow (Passer domesticus) Blossom headed parakeet (Torquatus rosa) Spotted pigeon (Chalesphaps indica) Indian koel (Endynamus honorata) 14 KANKU 15 LAPOTA 16 KOKILA PI 3) 1) 55 2.1 VASANTALAC 14 56 17 KOJAŞTHI 18 KULINGANA 19 LATTASAKA 20 LATIA 21 LOH\PRSTA 22 PĀRLARA 23 PANDANAVILA 24 PARĀVATA 25 PRIYATMAJA 26 SARANGA 27 SARIMA 28 SATAPATRA 29 SUKA 30 YAŞTHIKA KRMI-VARGA $u 19, 4/9 (a) Living in the body excretions 1 YOKA 2 PIPILIKA (6) Liong in the blood 3 AUDUVBARA 4 JANTUMATĀRA Greert bill coucal (Centrogus chlorhynchus) Heaver bard (sparrow hawk) (Ploccus bengalenses) Paradise flycatcher (Afuscrapıdae lechitrea) Paed flycatcher (Musciapidae atuapılla) Kingfisher (Alcedo sprda) Green barbet (Thereueryx zeylonucus) Wood pigeon (Columba palumbas) Pigeon (Columba Breran) Indian babbler (Argya caudata) Ringneck parakeet (Palaconis torquatus) Vynah (Turdies salaa) Black wood pecker (Picus martus) Green parakeet (Psittacula spengel) Sun bird (lactartdat) Parasites inhabiting the living body Nematoda JU 01 it ·36 CARAKA SAMHITA TASLE I-(Contd.) Name in Caraka, reference, and synonyros (if any) English and/or Lalin name Modern classificauon 5 KESADA 6 LONADA 7 LOVADVIPA 8 SAURASA (c) Living in the mucus and phlegm 9 ANTRADA 10 CURU 11 DARDHA-PUŞPA 12 HRDAYADA 13 MAHĀGUDA 14 SAUGANDHILA 15 UDARAVESTA (d) Ling in th faras 16 MARERUM 17 LELIHA 18 MAKERUKA 19 SASULALA 20 SAUSURAD 1 GOMIYU-VARGA C 23, 9, 10 1 ANIU 2 ASIVISA 3 JALAULAS 4 KRKANTAKA 5 KUDYAKITAKA 6 LUTA 7 MANDOKA 8 VLATSYA 9 NAKULA 10 PITANGA Creatures with poisonous fangs or stings Rat (Alus Tattus) Snake (Opedia) Leech (Hiridae) type of scorpion (Palamnaeus) Wall lizard (Lacerta muralus) Spider (Lxcosulae) Frog (Rana) Fish (Pisces) Viongoose (Harites funco) Flying inxecta Vammal Reptile Chactopoda Arachnida Reptile Arachnida Amphibia Pisco Vammal Hymenoptera & Diptera Mammal Arthrosmala Vamms1 Ilymeoptera I SARDOLA 12 SATAPIDE 13 SI TILA 14 STILAGINA VISIT Tiger (Felus lagrus) Centipede (Ouopoda) Lion (Feu iro) Ilomet of wasp (lespa) ·TABLE I LIVINO CREATURES 37 TABLE I-(Contd) Name in Caraka reference and synonyms (any) English and/or Latin name Modern classificat on Mamma! Arachnida Repe les ? 2 15 SVAN Dog (Canis famil ans) 16 TARAKŞU Hyena (Hyama strahu) 17 VISVAMBHARA Scorpion (Palamiestus) SARPA VARGA JA 27 213 Snakes (Opłedia) SARPA Syn AHI 10 31 URAGA CI 27 31 ASIVISA C 13 9 1 BHUJAGAPATI 23 99 h ng cobra (aja bungarus) 2 DART IKARA SARPA C 23 124 Viper (Blus eckus) 3 GODHERAKA SARPA G 23 134 Hybr d of the snake and the iguana (2) 4 GONASA-SARPA C 23 136 5 KR$NASARPA C 23 124 A kind of pousonus snake 6 MANDALI SARPA C 23 124 Indian cobra (Naja Inpudiana) 7 PATRAGA C 23 84 Tree snake (Chrysopelia omale) 8 RAJINAN SARPA C 23 124 Striped snake with spots on its body 9 TAKSAKA C 23 195 Trmeresurus gramintus UNCLASSIFIED AJA Su 2 93 Goat (Capra hircus) Sun BASTA SI 25 39 CHAGA C 23 77 2 AVI Sheep (Ours) AVIKA Su 27 223 MESA C 17 116 URABHIRA Su 6 43 3 DVIKAKUDA C 14 207 Two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) 4 GANDUPAD C 8 151 Earthworm (Lamburidae) 5 TATUK4 C 24 48 Lac insect (Coccuit lacca) 6 VADHUMAKSILA Su 5 43 Honey bee (Apus andra) 7 MTADHU BHRANIARA Su 27 243 Black honey bee (Apus dorsata) 8 MARŞILA C 20 29 House-fly (Afusca domestica) 9 MANUŞA Su 27 22+ Van (Homo sapuas) 10 NASALA In 2 2! Mosquito (Culicidae) 11 MIATSIALA Sa 8 19 Slver fish (Lepisma saccharina) 12 PIPILIMA C 23 187 Ant (Formico da) 13 RAJAHANSA Su 12 18/1 Royal Chinese swan (Cygnus ognoides) 14 VASTRAKRNIC 23 100 Cloth worm (Tinea) 15 YOKA Vi 7, 10 Body and head louse (Peduulus) Mammal Annel da Coccifera Hymenoptera D ptera Mammal Dptera Thysanura Hymenoptera Bird Lep doptera Anoplura ·TABLE 2 Medianal Substances of Animal Ongin and their Uses 38 Namc and synonyms in Caraka, with references English cquivalent Víode of use or application Medicinal uses in 1 ANI C 10, 51 Snake 2 AHII-PURIŞA 10,51 Snakc-dung 3 AJANSIRA C5, 133, 8, 116, 11, 50, 19, Goat's milk 81.25, 10, 29, 53, 133 1 4 NA-VAMSA A 11, 83, 18, 44, ka 1,28 Goat s flesh STOLICA-MIXŅSA 23, 67 CARAKA SABIHITĀ 3 AJAVEDAS Su 25, 38,6 11,27 6 AJA.MOTRA SI 1, 93, 100; 30,00 Goat s lat Urine of the she-goat Inhalation of the fumes when bumt Epilepsy As above Insanity (a) External in ointment (a) Inflammation (6) Intemal-in diet (6) Fever, cnlarged spleen c) Internal--in medicated ghee (c) Debility, haemothermia, etc (d) Internal--81 ingrcdicnt of (d) Blood dysentery sweetened jelly (a) Local application for absorp- (a) Poisonous bites tron of venoms Internal-as soup in dict (b) Wasting diseases Internal--as ingredient of ghec (4) Spleen disease, pain in the Internal-thc mcat juice used groin and pelvis in prescription (d) Anaemia, fistula, internal worms Internal-in diet Debihty (a) External--for local massage (a) Descascs of the spleen and (6) External medicated ol for stomach, piles, poisonous bites local application (6) Vaginal disorders (c) Internal--as drink (c) Jaundice, CXCCSSIC bile sccrction (a) As ingredient of cncma (a) Colic pain (b) Intemal-ingredient of liquid (6) Dysentery, vomiting, fainting, mixture amenorrhoca (a) As ingredient of enema (a) Acute constipation, retention U Internal-as ingredient of of unne medicinal ghee (6) Diseases of the head (a) External-23 fumigant (a) As diaphorctic External-in poullices (b) & (c) Piles (c) internal-in decoction id) Haemothermia, hiccup (d) Internal-as juice in mixture As diet Consumption 7 AJA-RUDHIRA C 19, 74, 30, 101, S. 6, Goat's blood 82, 10, 41 8 AKU.WAMISA C 23, 100, 147, 26, 175 Flesh of mouse and rat Srn VIUSIKA-1 TASAS 12, 1875 9 ASVA KARIŞA SU 14, 26, GO, V: 7, 22, Ilorse-dung a 14, 41, 17, 116, 130, 131 10 ASVX AŞIR. 11, 83 Marc's milk ·(1) 11 Ingmlunt of moest eema (o) Tarmorhage 11 AVI SOVITIQ 30, 101, $t 10, +1 Sheep. I loodud Syn MICS RATIO 19, 40 (b) Internal mixture (6) Amenorthora 12 AVI VOTRA SJ 1, 93, 100, C1 10 48.26, Sheeps urne (a) Primal-in naui malacainn (a) Disary of the head (6) Laternal-in ye application () 1 piketny, insanity 195 () Intrmalnonnik () Imbalance of the humor 13 BILIKA. ISTII Ct 23 93 Bono of the cranc Rurnt for ſum xam 1 vermicide and general dir infectant 14 BHUJAGIPITI SIRS 16 23 99 Ilond of the king cinta Inhalatom of the fun won nurnt Ontem, 1oUCIX XIm Intes 15 CARORA CI 21 46 3 190 23 110 Greek partrage (a) Ixternal-tract of the firsh (o I ever selulity S: 12, 19/1 and marrin 41 inktetornt of (1) Ibility anaria, fevent nutritive carma frmain divin () Inicmalaisip in det 16 CALORA AND Su 27 85 Gr 11 2. Eggs of the Greek partige () Inter.al-ın dirt (a) inal weakneu (b) Internal--a ingint of (5) Iluxe Lleniling mutture 17 CARAVAYUDILA VAMS 10 3 197 Fowl, flesh Internal in diet fever harmorta 18 CISA In 12 "6, C1 8 150 17 118 The blue jay (a) Ixternal skin on and fra (a) Congration of the respiratory then burnt Ox um Rafroh iraci (b) Internal-in dat (1) Conrumption 19 CATAKA-AVDA SH 27 86 Sparrow 188 Internal dret Seminal weakness, crouch, cardiac disonin 20 CATAKA-NĀMSA SH 27, 85, C2/2, 10, Flesh of the sparrow (a) Ingredient of nutrine enema (5) Rheumatumn, debility, female 2/4, 6, S. 12, 18/8, 19/1 () Internal-in det discan, etc (b) Sexual drtility, general weaknes 21 DAKSA ANDIC 11,25 Egg of the common fon! Internal dict Trolure blending 22. DAKSIA VILA C 25, 53 Droppings of the commons (a) External-local application (a) Surpurated wellings font KUMKUTA-SAART 18,54 (6) External--- In ointment 23 DAK$4 VAMSA C 8, 66, 158, 11,25 Flesh of the common fowl (a) Fxternal-local applicatam for (a) Toumou butas atsorption {venom (b) Acute constipation, jaundice, (b) Internal-in dict dysentery, etc (6) Internal--the mrat juice in dict(s) Blending piles, wxual debility 24 DAKŞA-SOVITA SI 10 41 Blood of the common ſow! Internal-in mixture Imenorrhoea, fainting, duartboca clc 25 DHARTARAŞTRA HAMIS 1 Sa 27,85 Flesh of the black-legged Internal-at roup in diet Seminal utakness, pulmonary weaknesi TANLE 2 SIFDICINAL SLASTANCES OF ANTAL ORIOIY KUKKUTA SIÄMSA GT 211, 48, 23, 67 Jwan ·TABLE 2 Medicinal Substances of Animal Origin and their Uses--(Contd.) Name and synonyms in Caraka, with references English equivalent Mode of use or application Medicinal uses in CARAKA SAMIIITX 26 DVIKAKUDA-RASA C 14, 207 Meat-juice of the two- Internal dict Biceding piles humped came! 27 DVISAPHA-CARMAN, KŞURA, The skin, hooves and horns Inhalation of the ſumes when burnt Congestion of the respiratory tract SRNGA C 17, 118 of cloven-footed animals 28 EKASAPHA-PAYAS SU 27, 221 General weakness Milk of solidungulate Internal-in diet animals 29. ENA-MAMSA Sa 5, 5, 6, 43, 13, 11; 15, Flesh of the antelope Internal-as soup in dict Fever, emaciauan, dehity, cons- 7, 22, 25, 27, 46, 271; Sa 8,24; upation, toxicosus, etc G 3, 191, 4, 41; 19,50; 23, 226, 24, 138 30 ENA-SONITA C. 19, 74, 30, 101; Blood of the antelope (a) Ingredient of rectal enema (a) Colic pain St 6, 82, 10,41 (6) Internal--in mixture (O) Amenorrhoea, nausca, fam. trg, collapse, etc 31 GAJA-ASTHI C: 14,55 Elephant's bones External-the powe as ingredient Piles or ointment 32 GAJA-MAMSA C 2/2, 29, 6, 8, 154, 9, Elephant's flesh Internal-in dict Debility 82, 14, 56; 17, 116, 18, 20, 23, 119 33 GAJAMUKTIKA G 23, 252 Worn as talisman Anuidole for poisonous bites 34 GAJA-SAKRTO 17, 116 Elephant's dung (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (4) Epilepsy KUNJARA-PURIŞA G 14,51 burnt (5) Increase of phlegm or bile (b) Internal-the aqueous extract taken with honey 35. GANDUPADA G 8,151 Earth-worms Internal—In diet, after frying in Consumption ghee 36 GO-CARMAN C 9, 49 Cow-hide Internal-ashes, made ingredient Insanity of medicinal ghee 37. GODHA-MAMSA Sa 2,33; 27, 38, 70, Flesh of the iguana (6) External-local application for (a) Poisonous bites Ct 7,88; 12, 62; 14, 126, 23, 134, 136; St 12, 1875 absorption of scnom (6) Major wounds, fractures, mis. (b) Ingredient of nutritive enema peristalsis (5) External-the meat juice as skin () Persistent skin discases lotion (d) Internal-as soup in diet ? 2 Rheumatic conditions, debility ·38 GO KSIRA Sa 1, 106, Sa 8,24 Cow's milk SO PAYAS C 2/1, 35, etc, S, 10,41 39 GO MAMSA Su 5 11, 25, 39, etc, C: 6 24, 8, 185, etc Flesh of the cow (a) ExternalIn medicated oil (a) Burns, stiffness, etc () External-in ointment (6) Dislocation, fractures, etc (6) Ingredient of putritive enema Anaemia, amenorrhoca (d) Internal-in diet (4) Debility, spleen diseases (c) Internal-ın m xture ) Jaundice, consumption, etc Internal-10 medicated ghee f) Menstrual disorders, tendency Internal-in linctus to abortion (a) Taternal ingredient of can (?) and (h) Heart diseases, exces. died sweets sive bile sccretion, etc (a) External-local application for (a) Poisonous bites absorption of venom (b) Rheumatic ſevers, emactation, (6) Internal--as soup in dict consumption (a) External-as lotion (a) Skin diseases (b) External-in ointment (6) Pruritus snake bites, etc (c) Internal--as drink (6) Jaundice, leucoderma etc (d) Internal--in medicated ghee (d) Insanity epilepsy, etc (a) External-burnt for fumigation (a) As diaphoretic (5) External--ingredient of poul (6) Skin lesions tice (6) Piles (c) Internal-in medicated ghee (d) Pales poisoning, ocdema, (d) Internal-as aqueous extract spleen discases etc with honey, etc Internal-In diet Debility, rheumatism Urine of the cow 40 GO MOTRA Su 1 93 3 13, etc V: 8 142,6 5 178, etc, Ka 7, 13, ctc , Si 8 18, etc 41 GO SAKRT Sw 14 26 Sa 8 10,C: 4,68 7 Cow-dung 57 10 12 13 130 14 41 18 91 23 46 48 25, 116 TABLE 2 MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN Cows fat 42 GO SARPIS Su 25, 38, 40 C: 2/2, 11, 2/4,25 43 GO SRNGA G 17 79 44 GO-SNAYU 17,79 45 CRDIIRA MAMSA A 8 150 10,51 Cowhoms Cow s sinews Vultures flesh Wings of the vulture 46 GRDHRA PAKSA Gt 10, 51 47 HAMISA-ANDA C 2/1, 49, S. 12, 7, 19 Swan's egg Inhalation of the furnes when burnt Accumulation of phlegm Inhalation of the fumes when burnt Congestion of the respiratory tract (a) Inhalation of the burning (a) Insanity furnes (6) Consumption (b) Intemal-in diet Inhalation of the burning fumes Insanity Ingredient of nutritive emema Fever, weakness, senility, gradual loss of sense perceptions (a) Internal--in diet (a) Sallow complexion, emaciation (6) Internal—the meat juice in diet (6) General weakness (Internal-43 ingredient of (c) Dscases of the head medical ghee Intemal-In diet Fever, haemorrhage, diarrhoca, habitual constipation, toxic condi tion Fiesh of the swan 48 HAMSA-MAMSA Sa 13, 83, 27, 41, 66, C: 2/1, 41, 48, 2/2, 10, 6, 24, 8, 158 23, 253, 26, 175 49 ILARINA MAMSA Sa 8, 24, A 3, 191, 4, 41, 14, 201, 19, 50, 23, 226 Venison ·TABLE 2 Medicinal Substances of Animal Ongin and their Uses-(Contd) 42 Namc and synonyms in Caraka, with references English equivalent Vorle of use or application Vedicinal 1 in 50 HASTINI MOTRA Su 1, 102; C 7, 169 Urine of the she-clephant (a) Futemil-as lotion (a) Leucoderina (0) Internal-as drink (6) Dermatosi, helminthiasis 51 IIASTINI PAYAS Sa, 27, 223 Elephant's milk Internal-in diet Debility 52 JALAUKĀS G 14, 61, 21, 69, 119, Lerch Local application of the living Pilca, vitiated blood, rheumatum 29 36 37 crcatures for I lood letting of the joints 53 JAMBUKA MOTRA, PITIA, KARIŞA, Urine, bile, dung, nails and (a) Inhalation of the Irming Lpilepsy NAKIIA, CIRMAN G 10, 51 hide of the jackal fumes (5) Insanity (6) 1 xtcmal--in making cintment 54 JANDAKA CARMAN G 17, 118 Animal hides (a) Inhalation of the luming (a) Hiccup fumes () Congestion of phlegm (6) External-powdered ashes in ointment 55 JATUKA VASA CH 14, 48 Wax secreted by lac insects (m) Inhalation of the burningfumes (a) & (6) Piles (bExternal-local application 56 JIVAJIVA ANDA S. 12, 19/1 Egg of the peacock phcasant Ingredient of nutritive crema Debility, rectoral festons, female dexart, rccurrent fesen 57 KACCIATA RASA C 19, 38 Meat juice of the small Internal-in dict Diarrhoea tortoise 58 KĀKA-MAMSA C: 8, 151 Crows Nesh (a) Internal-in food Fmaciation, consumption (8) Internal-23 meat fuce in Poisonous bttcs liquid mixture 59 KAKA PURIŞA G 10,51 Crow s droppings Inhalation of the burning ſumes 'pilepsy 60 KAKA SONITA C: 23, 182 Crow' blood External-w local application Poisonous bites 61 KALAPUCCHAKA MĀMSA Sa 15, 7, Flesh of the black-tailed deer (a) Internal-in diet (a) Fever, hacmothermia, ten. 27, 46, Sa 8, 24, 3, 191, 4, 41, 19,50 (6) Internal-23 ingredient of dency to abortion soup (5) Chronic diarthoca 62 KALĀVINKA PURIŞA G 25, 100 Droppings of house sparrows External-for local appl cation Non Italing wounds with stanu. lation on the surface CARAMA SAMITX ·63 KAPINJALA VAMSA Su 5,5, 6, 43, 15, Flesh of the common part (a) Internal-in diet (a) Vitiated breast milk, tendency 16, etc, Sa 8 24, C 3, 190, 4,41, 19, to abortion, etc ridge (b) Internal-meat juice used in diet (6) Chronic diarrhoca, dysentery 50, etc 64 KAPOTA MAMSA Su 26, 84, 27, 52, 73, Flesh of the p geon Internal-In diet Excess c unnation, haemothermia C 4 41, 23, 203, 208 65 KAPOTA PURIŞA C 23, 207 208 25, Pigeon s droppings External-for local application Poisonous bites, suppurations, granulated non healing wounds 53 100 66 KARANDA ANDA Su 27 41, Duck segs Ingredient of nutritive cnema Sexual debility, pectoral lesion, spleen diseases fernale d gorder S: 12, 19/2 67 KARLATAKA RASA S: 12 1817 Crab-meat juice Ingredient of nutritive enema Sexual debility 68 KHANGA MAMSA Su 27 39 84 Rhinoceros flesh Internal-in diet Emaciation pallor etc Sa 8 62 C 8 154 69 KHARA ASTHI Su 27 35 Sa 8 34 41 Bones of the ass External--the ashes as ingredient Leucoderma C6 24 7 168 of ointment 70 KHIARA KARIŞA Su 14 26 GO s = dung (a) Inhalaton of the fumes when (a) As d aphoretic C 14 41 17 116 burnt (b) Piles (6) External-in ointment (c) Hiccup congestion of phlegm (c) Internal infusion with honey 71 KIARA MAMSA C 8 138 Ass flesh Internal--in diet Emaciat 72 NIARA MOTRA Su 104 Ass s urine Internalas drink Epilepsy insanity 73 KRAKARA MAMSA Su 27 49 Sn pes flesh Internal-in diet Haemothermia C 450 74 KRAVYADA VAMSA Su 22 57 Flesh of camivorous animals InternalIn diet Consumption , piles 75 KRSNASARPA VASA C 14 48 26 259 Fat of the cobra (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (a) Plcs burt (b) External—as local application (b) Eye-diseases 76 SAUDRA Så 6 39 7 61 etc Honey (a) Internal as an adjunct in () & (b) All diseased and weak V 7 32, G 1/2, 4,51, 1/24, ecc many medicinal prescriptions conditions (b) Internal-in dict 77 KULAUTA ANDAS IPALA C7 26 253 Shell of the hen s egg Externalas ingredient of oint Diseases of the islon, defects of ment the palate 78 KULINGA I\DA SI 12 19/1 Sparrow 3 egg Ingredient of nutritive enema As in Jivajiva anda (No 56) 79 KUNJARA VINHA CE 10 40 Elephants nail Inhalat on of the fumes when burnt Epilepay TABLE 2 MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANAAL ORIGIN 43 ·TADLE 2 Aſedional Substances of Ammal Ongin and their Uses (Contd.) Namc and synonyms in Caraka, with references Pnglish equivalent Viode of use or application Vicdicinal uses in nancy, reser CARAKA SABTUITA 00 KURANGA RASA Sa 27, 45; Sa, 8, 24, Mcat juice of the Antelope Internal-in diet Tendency to abortion in preg. C 3, 19 81 KURARA MOTRA, NAKII, PITTA, Unne, nails, bile, droppings, (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (a) & (6) Piles PURISA, CANCU, PAKSA, 17, 118 beak and feathers of the burnt osprey (6) External--ashes as ingredient of ointment 82 KURMA RASA SA 27, 40, 84, Vicat juice of the largc Internal-in diet rlatulence, rheumatism, etc. C5, 169, 11, 129 tortoise 83 KORMA VAST C 28, 128 T'at of the tortoise External-as nasal medication Flatulence, rheumatism, etc. 84 LANSA (JATU) 9,61, 11, 15, etc Lac (a) As fumigator (a) As insecticide and vermicide (6) Ingredient of cigany (5) Hiccup, deep-seated phlegm (c) Intrmal- mixed decoction () Ulcers and lesions of the d) Internal-in lanctus thoracic cavity, dysuria, Intemalm in medicated glice lithians, etc Internal-in pills (d) & () Toxicosis, skin eruptions, eye discares, defects of vision, mouth decases, fistula, etc u Loss of skin pigment 85 LAVA-MAS S 5,5, 6, 25, etc, Flesh of the bustard quail (a) Internal-in dirt (6) Consumption, hacmorrhage, Sa 8, 24, C 3, 190, 4, 41, etc (5) Internal-the meal juice as tendency to abortion, etc ingredient of soup (6) Acute alcoholism, cardiac and pulmonary discasch, hacmo- Plysis, chronic diarrhoca, etc BG LOPAKA MAMSA $. 27, 36, Flesh of clox Thiethal--in dict (a) Consumption, emaciation a 14, 126, 207 Internal-the meat juice in (b) Biceding pics SRGILAMAMSA GT 8, 152 diet 87 MADHOCCHISTA $a 3, 16, Beeswax Inhalation of burning fumes (a) Cough, coryza, hiccup, etc. C 7, 121, 11, 17, ctc As medium in cauterization 65 Derp-seated pus External-in ointment Dermatosis, painful wounds External-in medicinal oil for Rheumatic pain in joints, massage fractures and distocations Internal-in mixture (6) Pain in hypogastric region Internal medicated ghee Biliousness, hacmothermia, etc ·18 MAHIŞA MAMSA C 2/1, 42, 8, 158, cte, Buſfalo-meat S: 12, 19/2 (a) The meat juice as ingredient (a) Deb lity, scule decay, female of nutritive enema discases, etc (3) Internal-in diet (6) Consumption, emaciation (c) Internal-the meat juice in c) Sexual debility dict Ingredient of nutritive cncma Haemorrhage Internal--in medicated ghee Cough, h ccup, anacmua, jaundice, cte 89 MAHIŞA SONITA S 10, 41 90 MAHIŞI DADHI C 26, 88 Buffalo-blood Curds from buffalo s mulk 91 MAHIŞI KSIRA SW 25, 40 27, 219, Buffalo s mulk (a) Ingredient of nutritive chena (a) Sem nal weakness, recurrent al 11,83, 12 26 ctc , S: 10 40, 12, 1911 (b) Internal-to be taken with fever, senile decay, female COW 3 urine disorders, etc Internal-If medicated ghee (5) Dedema Internal.in dict (0) Consumptive cough (d) Insomna, cough 92 MAHISI MOTRA Su 1 102 Unne of the sle buffalo (a) Internal--Ingredient of liquid (a) Pales ocdema, abdominal C 13 151 15 181 mixture diseases (b) Internal powder prepared by (o) [Ass of appetite mixing the utine with plants, followed by incincration 93 MAHIŞI GHIRTA 4 101 16,53 134 Butfalo-ghec (a) External-ingredient of nasal (a) Bleeding from the nose 23 241 application (0) L'oisonous bites, jaundice, etc (0) Internal--Ingredient of med. cated ghee 94 MAKŞIKA MADHU Su 5 43, 27, 243 etc Becs honey (a) External-for local applica (a) Mouth diseases sore throat C 4,83, 11, 20, etc tion with other ingredients (6) In various diseascs (5) Internal--as an adjunct to many prescriptions 95 MAKŞIKA VIŞTHA G 17, 132, 30, 325 Dropp ngs of dc house fly {a) External---ın nasal errhing (a) 11 coup (b) Internal-25 pill (b) Vomiting 96 MARJĀRA MAMSA S 12, 18/5 Cats flesh The meat juice as ingredient of Debility, broken ril, misperistal nutritive cncma 515 Tetention of urine, ctc 97 MARJĀRA NALHA PITTA CARMAN, Nails, bile skin fur wide, (d) Inhalation of the fumes (a) & () Insanity LOMAN MOTRA, PURISA C 9 75 and droppings of the cat (6) External—the ashes as ingre (c) Fp lepsy, insanity 10 41 dient of eye-ointment (6) External--an nasal medication 98 ALATSYA AVIŞA Su 3 19, 5, 11, etc, Flesh of fishes (a) External-as warm poultice C 17, 74 24 124, etc (a) & (6) Rheumat c cond tions ingredient of medicated ol (8) External-the flesh ju cc as (c) Indigestion intestinal worms, debility TABLE 2 MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN ·TABLE 2 Medicinal Substances of Animal Ongin and their Uses-(Contd.) 16 Name and synonyms in Caraka, With references English cqun alent Vorle fuse or application felicinal uss in 99 MATSYA-VISA C 25, 26, 28, 128 100 MATSYA PITTC 30, 103 101 MAYORA-MAMSA Su 13, 83, Ct 4,50, 5, 110, 10, 39, 12, 62, etc Syn SIKUL-MAMSA SI 27,58, Sa 8,28 BARIII-MAMSA G: 8, 150 WARAMA SAMMITĂ 102 MAYORA-BARIA G 23, 98 103 MAYORA PADANALA G 17, 17 Fush ou (a) External-ın nasal medication (a) Debility (b) Internal--as ingredient of (6) Painful wounds jellied sweets Fish bile External--for local application Vaginal tumours Flesh of the peacock (a) The mcat juice as ingredient (a) Debility, rheumatism of the of nutritive crema lower body (b) Ixternal-local application (8) Poisonous bites for absorption of senom (c) lrart discase, facial paralysis, () Lxtemal--in nasal medication car, nose and throat diseases (d) Internal-in dict (d) Emaciation, seminal weakness, le) Internal--the ment juca in consumption, etc mixture () Ordema, diarrhoca, cardiac troubles, retarded develop ment of the foctus Peacock's feathers Burnt for fumigat1011 1s scrmicide, insecticide, and general disinfectant Talons of the peacock Internal--the burnt ashes as in- lliccup, congestion of phirgm gredient of linctus Dung of the ram Internal-in aqueous infusion Hiccup, congestion of phlegm with honey Meat juice of herbis orous (0) Ingredicnt of nutritic enema (a) Rheumatism of the lower forest animals (b) Intemal-ingredient of soup limbs and organs (6) Enlarged spleen, dysentery Pearl Internal-powdered and made Iliccup, cough into bnctus Flesh of the mongoose (a) Ingredient of nutritive chema (a) Sexual debility (6) Internal--in dict (6) Consumption Dung of the mongoose Inhalation of the fumes when burnt 1 pilepsy, insanity Crocodile egg Internalas ingredient of sweeten. Seminal weakness, sexual deinlity ed pancakes 104 MISA SAKRT C 17, 116 105 MRGA RASA C 19, 73, Ka 12, B, S 12, 18/10 IOG MUNTA C 17, 125 107 NAKULA-MAMSA C 8, 152, SI 12, 1815 108 NAKULA-PURISA C 10, 51 109 NAKRA ANDA C 22, 28 ·110 NAKRA RET LS C: 2/1, 48 The sperm of the crocodile Internal-u: dict, cooked with As a powerful aphrodisiac fouls flesh 111 NAKRA VASA C 28, 128 Crocodile fat External-n nasal medication Rheumatism of the joints 112 NĀRI KŞIRA Su 27, 224 Iluman milk (a) External-as ingredient of (a) IIacmothermia, hiccup, exces A 15 230 27, 131, 22, 23 nasal medication sive thirst (6) External-n cyc-ointment (0) Opthalmia (6) Internal--in diet (c) rxcessive hunger, macia tion, debility 113 PANDAVILA MAMSA SU 17, 56 Flesh of the wood pigeon Internal- dict Debuity, emaciation 114 PĀRĀVATA RASA CI 4, 41, 19, 72,22,29 Meat juice of the dose Internal-in dict Ilacmotherma, xcessive thrist, dysentery 115 PÄRAVATA-SAKRT C 14, 55 Dropp ngs of the dove External--in ointment Pales 116 PIPILIKA G 13, 187 Ints of the big black species Surgical use (vide text, p 24) Intestinal perforation 117 PLAVA ASTHIC 26, 246 Boncs of the pelican External--the ashes as ingredient Eye d seases of cyc-ointment 118 PRASAHA ASTRA G 29, 137 Valk of the tearer group of External--as ingredient of poult ce Stiffness cramp pricking pain, an mals (vide Table 1) swelling 119 PRASAHA MAMSA A 8, 160 25, 210 Flesh of the carer group of {a} External-23 poulice (a) Stress cramps pricking 18, 156 24124 animals (6) Internal dict pain swelling (c) Internal-the meat juice as (6) Ind gestion loss of appetite, diet consumption (c) lainful ordema of the groin and buttocks 120 PRATUDA MAMSA C: 6,16 8,161 185 29, 50 Flesh of the pecker group of (a) Internal-in d et (a) Consumptio 1 birds (Table 1) (6) Internal-the meat juice as (6) Urinary disorders, rheuma dict smrte 121 PRATUDA VASA C: 29, 74 Fat of the pecker group of External—as ingredient of meda birds Rheumat im cated ghice 122 PRAVĀLA (VIDRUMA) C: 1/1, 58, 1/4, Coral 22 17, 12526, 56 246 (a) External-powdered and used (a) Acute spreading inflammation in medicated ghee (0) Lye-cliseases (6) External powdered and used Dysuria in cye-ointment (d) Iliecup cough (c) Internal---infusion of the powder in rice water (d) Internal--the powder made into 1 nctus 123 PRŞAD-RASA CT 3, 191 Veat juice of the spotted (a) Ingred cat of nutritie enema deer (a) As in Jivajiva anda (56) (6) Intemal--in diet (b) Feser toxicos TABLE 2 MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL ORICI 47 ·TABLE 2 Medicinal Substances of Animal Ongin and their Uses-(Contd ) Tame and synonym in Caraka, with references Fi glish equivalent Vode nf use or application Vedicinal uses in CARAKA SABIETĀ 124 RUVUMS I RASI S 12, 1B/I Vfcat Weakness, oligospermia, sexual of the swan Ingredient of nutritic cncra juice debility 125 RASI MAMS Ct 8, 153 Beata Nesh Intemal-in dict Consumption 126 RKSIVIST 6. 26, 47 30, 112 Bear's fat (a) Fxternal-local application (a) Prolapscd uterus (3) Internal used in decoction (6) Dysuna 127 ROH11 WMISA C 214, 18 S. 12, 18/4 Flesh of the red carp fish Internal-in dict Indigestion, weakness, sexual debility 128 RONITI PITTIG 23, 183 Bile of the red carp fislı External-as ingredient of ce Poisonous bites in the region of the ointment eyes 129 SUV LAM CARMIN LOVIN The hide, fur, urine, nails, (a) Inhalation of the ſumes when (a) Insanity WOTR, VANIT, PITTA, SILRT bile, and droppings of the bumt (6) Epilepsy 69, 75 porcupine (6) External-lhe ashes as ingrc dient of ointment 130 SATIM ISTII C 17, 117 Bones and quells of the Internal—the ashes as ingredient Severe luccup porcupine of linctus 151 SILKINIMSSu 27,71 C 17, 112 Flesh of the porcupine (a) The meat juice as ingredient (a) Severe injurics, fracture, of nutritive enema uraemia, constipation (6) Internal in diet (b) Loss of appetite, congestion Internal-the meat juice in of phlegm etc liquid mixture (c) Flatulence, rheumatism 132 SIRIZIRA LIAIS Su 27, 46 Sa 8, 24 Flesh of the sambhara deer Internal—In dict Tendency to abortion in pregnancy 133 SINII CORSI Su 27, 40, C 3, 262, Conch shell powder (a) Istemal in ointment (a) Persistent skin diseases 1,79 etc (0) External-in poultice (6) Eyc diseases (c) Internal-in linctus 6) Cough, hiccup 131 SIPILARI C 24 17 I kind of small fislı Internal-in dict Sexual debility 135 STRASI WDI Si 12, 17, 1912 Ingredient of nutritive enema Semmal weakness, debility 136. STRASA ASTI! 26, 55 Bones of the crane Internal powdered and used as Dysurua ingredient of medicine 137 SIRP VIRVOM E 14, 49 Cast-off slough of the snake Inhalation of the lumes when burnt Piles Cranes ogs ·Flesh of the rablter hare 138 SISI VIIMS S# 15 7 27, 45, 76, Se & 21,6 3 191, +41 26, 175, etc 1 x if the prea hrn 139 SIKIWDIS 12, 17 19/1, 2+ Sa BARHI ANDIC 2/1, +9 140 $ihill PIDIC 18, 110 lear xk s clans (a) 1: ternadet (a) lort, mld rfurumutim, alem (6) Internal--the meat ice usal h laum, harmothermia minal ciri gher (5) Duvars of the head a) In re tient & nutnine prema (4) Is in Jisajisa anda (6) (b) Internal 18 dict () Seminal wrakness Internal tur ashrs as inglelint of Farup ngh the lıcatalglier I trial in uitment (a) Trucnicttn 1 Internal in ruls (6) Torsoning Internal 1?l me I rated phone (a) to winous faire Internal audire Consumption Fxtemal as nasal medicatio 1 lry 141 SILIT PITTIG 7 170 23,51 217 Pucks bile d F1 sh of the lt 11 142 SIMI 11 MSA C 8, 153 143 SIMHA MOTRI( 10, 41 144 SIMHA VASIC 3, 306 Irinc of the lin anno fat Intel in medicated her Rrrurrent fesre Fxterial in nasal nielication purpsy 145 SRGAI A MOTRA C 10, 41 146 SRGILA PITT 4 C 9,67 Jackals urine Bilc of the jacka! 1 xternal ingredient of ryc-oint ment Hyrd waves TABLE 2 MFDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 347 SUKAR I VANISICI 17, 74 Pork Inicmal is dit as soup Іссир 148 SVA MOTRA C 10, 41 1) gouring External-as nasal medicati 1 pilepsy 149 SVA PITTA CI 10,50 Img s bile Inhalation of the fun when polepsy burnt 150 SVTVIT MAMS 1 C 14, 126, 17, 112 Flesh of the pangolin Internal--odset lliccup rheumatism 151 SYEVA RASA Su 27, 36 Vicat ju ce of the hawk Internal windet For proper growth of the foetus 152 TAMRACODA RASA S. 2,32, Sa 8,28 Vicat juice of the red-crested Internal--ın des Discases of the urethral passage, alunormal growth of the foetus 153 TARAKSU VĀMS 10 8,153, S. 12, 19/1 Flesh of the hyena (a) Ingredient of nutritic enemy (a) Jin Jivaziva anda (50) (6) Internal-in dict (b) Consumption 154 TITTIRI VAVS Sa 8, 28, C 2/1, 41, Flesh of the grey rartige (a) Internal-as ingredient of (a) Rheumatism, cmacuation, 11, 70 etc sweetened jelly menstrual disorders, sterility (6) Internal-in dict A woman (6) Constipation, piles, jaundice, ctc 49 ·TABLE 2 Afedicinal Substances of Animal Ongin and their Uses-(Contd.) 50 English equs alent Mode of use or application Medicinal uses in Vame and synonyms in Caraka, with relorrriors CARAKA SAMHITĂ 15 ULOMA-CARVAN, VOTRU, NAKILA, Skin, uninc, nails, dung and (a) Inhalation of the lumes when (a) & (6) Insanity l'URIS, PITTA C. 9, 75 builc of the on! burnt (b) 1 xternal-prepared for local application 156 UI OKI-\SIG 8, 150 Flesh of the owl Internal-ın dict Consumption 157 USTRU KARIS SI 14,26; G. 17, 116 Gamel-dung Burnt for ſumigation As a diaphoretic 158 USTRAVIAYISIC 8, 158, 14, 126 Flesh of the camel Intemal-in dict Emaciation, flatulence 159 USTRU VOTRI SI 1, 103 Cam-l's urine Internal-as drink Iliccup, cough, piles 160 USTRA-VASI C 14,48 Cainel's lat (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (a) & (6) Piles burnt (6) Lxtem--for local application 161 USTRI.PIYAS C1. 13, 107, 183, 22, 23 Camel's milk (a) Internal-to be used as ex- (a) Ocdem clusive dict for one month (b) Constipation, colic pain, (6) Internal-In dict debility, etc 162. VASTA.CARVIN, MOTRA, NAKHA, Hode, urine, nails, dung and lai Intialation of the fumes when (a) & (6) Insanity l'URIS, PITT\(1 9,75 bile of the she-gout burnt (b) Pxternal-prepared for local application 163 IST 1-1101RACE 9,71, 10, 26, etc Urine of the he-goat (a) Ixternal-jn ontrent (a) Lpilepsy, LoxICOS19, piles, vagi- (6) External-in nasal medication nitis, cervicit19 (c) IxternalIn cyc-ointment (b) Insanity (d) Internal merlicated ghee (e) Dimness of ssion, infection and discharge of pus (d) Cardiac scizures IGH VIRTAA.VLTMIS I Sa 27, 78; C 2/4, 11, Hog's flesh Tutemal dict Emaciation, loss of appctite, neuralgia, scxual debility 165. VIRII TITTC., 175 Flog's bile External-Cor local application Tumour inside Uç vaginal passage 166, VIRAL-SOVIT I CI, 7, 122; 30, 110 IIog'i blood (a) External-a3 skin lotton (a) Cutaneous cruptions (6) Intemalas ingredient of aci. (b) Amenorrheica dilated drink ·167 I IRAUN SIRTO 14,51, 17, 116 I gs dung (a) Inhalation of the lumea wfien a) Illes I urnt (b) Flaccup deep-seated phelem (8) Internal-lar qurous extract in linctus 168 VARAHA VRSAVAS, 12, 18/8 Ilog s testes Ingredient of nutning enema Cexual debility 169 VIRTALA VAMISA $a 27, 48, 4, 41, Flesh of the butt on-quail Intrmal in diet Flatulence, enlarged "pleen, 250 5, 110, etc hacmotheria Banaceous 170 VISWIRA MANISA Su 27, 48, C 6, 19, Flesh of the gallinaceous (a Ingredient of nutnine nema (a) Sexual debility, Jysuria 8,161 etc brils (Table 1) (b) Internal in dirt (b) Kheumatic conditions, excet sive bile scretion, etc 171 VRLA CARVAN MOTRA, NAKIIA, Ilide unne nails ding and (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (a) & (b) Insanity PITTA SAKRT C 9,75 bile of the wolf burnt ( 1 xternal prepared fr local application 172 VISADAMSA VASA C 14, 48 Fat of the animal of the (a) Inhalation of the fumes when (a) & (b) Piles feline species bimt () External -as local application 173 VIŞADAMSA CARMAN G 14, 49 Hides of animals of the Fxternal for local application of Files the fumes when burnt 174 VRSA RASA S: 12, 18/6 Vcat juice of the bull Ingredient of nutritive enema Sexual debility 175 VRSA VRSANA S. 12, 18/2 Testcs of the bull Ingredient of nutritive enema Sexual debility 176 VYAGHRA MAMSA CI 8, 153 Flesh of the tager Internal--in dict Consumption 177 VYAGHRA-VASA C 3, 305 Tigers fat Fxternal--as nasal medication Recurrent for feline species TABLE 2 EDICINAL SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 51 ·13 AMRA Su 2 28, etc Syn Sahakara Mango tret Mlangifera indua Linn 14 AMRATAKA C 22, 35, etc Syn Smogi 15 ANKOTA SH 27 159, cte Syn Ankola Nikocaka 16 APĂMĀRGA Su 2, 3 etc Syn Pratyakpusp! Saikhar ka, Mayuraka 17 ARAGVADHA S2 1 83, etc Syn Caturangula Krtamala Karnkara, Sampala Prägraha Rajaviksa 18 ARDRAKA V: 8 142 etc Syn Smugavera Visvabhesaja Nagara 19 ARIMEDA VI 8, 144 etc Hog plum tree Spondias mangfera Wild Alangy Alangtum lamarcka Thw Rough chaff tree Achyranthes aspera Linn Indian labarnum Cassa fistula Linn The fresh fruit used alone with Ass m lation disorders, etc, the other substances internal), the stone used for restoring normal powdered stone (external) colour of skin The fruits as ingredient of sweet Fainting, neuralgia, painful piles, jelly cardiac disorders, etc The fruit as ingredient of med cated Chronic poisoning spilepsy, etc. ghee The dned fruits alone or in pres- Parasitic infection of thc hend, criptions (internal) hemicrania, as errhinc The sap, root, bark and leaves used Vesperistalsis in infants and in in prescriptions Internal) chronic skin affections, as diuretic and purgative The driod tubers used as spicc or in Abdominal diseases indigestion, prescriptions internal) consumption, etc The bark or path used in decoctions Dental and oral discases (external) The pulp or ju ce of the leaves Skin in ſections, ocdema, etc used in prescriptions (extemal) Gnger tree Zengiber officinale Rosc White babool tree Acacia leucophloea Willd. Shrubby bas 1 Ocimum greless mum Linn 20 ARJAKAS, 14 32 etc Syn halamalaka Kufareka Sumukhá, Phanjaka 21 ARJUNA A 8, 129 etc Syn Dhananjaya, Kakubha 22 ARKA C 23, 56 Arjun trec Terminalsa arjuna Bedd Madar trec Celotropas giganha R Br Peach trec Prunus persica Linn Tominalia tomentosa Bed The bark and leaves used in pres- Diarrhoca, ulcers, cardiac discriptions internal) orders, etc Milky exudations from the bark Poisoning, bites, wounds, etc, as used in prescriptions (external) lazauve The fruits taken alone Tonic food TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS 23 ARUKA Su 25, 39, etc Syn Aluka 24 ASANA Su 25, 49 etc Syn Bujaka, Priyaka 25 ASVANTAKA SU 1 114 etc Syn Ambuda, Kovidara 26 ASOKA Su 4, 18/2 Ebony trec Diospyros montana Asoka tree Saraca indica Linn A decoction of the bark used in Rheumatism fever, urinary prescriptions (internal) discases, etc A decoction of the leaves (internal) Piles discases of the head, as cmctic, purgative, etc A decoction of the flowering buds Haemothermia haemorrhage, as and seeds in prescriptions (inter- sedative, purgative, etc nal) The leaves and roots used as igre Skin diseases, hiccup, consumption, dients of medicinal ou or ghee The tender roots or the bark, in Skin infections, wounds cte, as paste form (internal and externa!) roborant and purgative etc 27 AŠVAGANDHĀ Su 3, 8, etc. Syn Afvāvarohikā, Kattaka, Kakoli 28 ASVATTHA Su 25, 49, etc. Sya Bodhavskșa, Sebya, Gajabhakşa, Kradruma Winter cherry Withara soma fara Dunal Sacred fig Ficus religiosa Linn 53 ·TABLE 3 Jfedicinal Plants and Plant Products and thar Uses-(Contd.) 51 Name in Ceraka prietence, and synonyms of any Videm and Extanical namos fole of use Medicinal uses in ituia & 176 cic r 11amaal, Um, Vanna Linserzi tree, flax LIAUT Wulattssunum Linn. 10. ATIBAIA 3.267. rc fre 13ty, and V31) april 3 ANS Q3, 201, etc Sie Malauadhi, Pratiwa, Sullakaerda, Indian sda Sida shombfolus Linn Indian aconite fronitum hetrrohsium Wall The decoction of the serils and Urinary discases, anaemia, con leave used in prescriptions sumption, etc (infernal) Extract of entire plant used in revers, lox of vitality, rheumatic prescriptions (internal) conditions, etc. Tlie root and tuber used in pren. Dysuria, fever, leucoderma, obesity, criptions (in!emal) diarrhoca, etc The decoction of the root and seeds Cough, muscular stiffness, facial as ingredients of medicalel ghee, paralysis, general weakness, etc clc 32 (TV GUPTI 18, 76, cc Cowage plant re Melhorandul, Ajals, Kacchuri, Porno Argins De hapukare u. 1.11 gull, Ruthi, Rayapektu, ***, Samapupil 3 WXN TUSTI C. 7. 814, etc, Indian sorage Fre, Auchalra, Chatra, Karast, Satapuera Trxhdem indicum R Br SI RAKIC 16, 214, rte Jujuba fruit tree fra lana, hurala, Sauvtra, Phirmula Zasyphus Jujuba Linn 31. TXUL " 7, 21, etc, Bakula tre hara, Sakelara, Sthira, Kumu Viimtusop's elegt Linn m3, rasla, Dt ans, Vallu nap W 1101_1 12, 13, etc Strart Iraruda * Suman, haraya bils, Nalini, So44 cordofola Linn Jayantl, T!! malul, Bhadrastari 37 11}{IDRISSTIU 24. 145, etc 9 Aurumla you tubersus Roth M.ITIS 1, 3, etc. Varking nut tree in R! allita, Italliaalt, Sailablja, Smo funkardium Lann Txtract of the leaves in oil as ingre. Leprosy, dermatosis, piles, etc dient of medicaled ghee A sweetened decoction of the Icaves Piles, loss of voice, Eddiness, cic toel in prescriptions (internal) Extract of the bark and root with Irminthiasis, feet honey, or in medicated ghre CARAMA SA VIITÄ ut gras Deroclion of the Icsics used in Constipation, plenic disorder, for prescriptions (internal) rejuvenation and for inducing conception Decoxtion of ile mois used in Cough, spilling of binod, etc prescriptions (intenial) Decoction of the nuts used in Obstinate skin descascs, poisoning, prescriptions (unirmal and as italizer and for frjuvenation olemal) 1'1t DEWI CI 2.7 Sklala thals enton trer Ibigma augusts lang Infuuon of the leaves and roots Deality, female diseases, amenor. used in prexnptions (internal shoes, rtc and external) ·The roots used alone or as in gredient of medicinal oil Cough, fevers, hard cutancous eruptions, etc. Extract of fruit as ingredient of Urinary calculus, retention of medicinal ghec urine, paralysis, etc The plant juice taken with honey Cough, grey hairs and scility The nodes and bark compounded Ringwoma, acute spreading supinto oustment purationis, ulcers The dried fruits used alone or in Cough, heart disease, ete, as prescriptions internal) purgative and blood cleanser 40 BILĀRGI C 3 211, etc Clerodendrort stratum Syn Angåravalli, Phanji, Brahmayasthi, Bharang? 41 BHAVYA C 24, 136 etc Indian dillenia Syn Bhava Dillenia indica Linn 42 BHRNGARAJA A 18, 117, etc Trakng cclipta Sya' Bhrúga, Bhrrgaraka Bhrgara IVedelia calendulacea Less 43 DHORJA Su 3, 4, etc Bhojapatra tree Syn Bhurjapatra Citratvak Bhuja Carmi Betula bhojapatra Wall *44 VIDHITAKA Su 4, 13, etc. Beleric myrobolan Syr Aksa, Vibhitaki Tusa Vabhita Terminalia belera Retz Kamaghna 45 BTJAPORAKA C 5 166 etc Adam a apple tree Syn Bijapura Matulanga Kesaramla Citrus meduca Linn 46 BILVA Su 2 19 etc Bengal quince Sym Sriphala Sailapatra Tripatra, Aegle marmelos Corr Mabaphala Mahakap ttha 47 BIMBI Su 1 78 etc Kunch tree Syn Tundi Peluparni, Osthi, Bimba, Cephelendra induca Naud Bumbaka Raktaphala Tikcatundi 48 BRAHMI SU 8 58 etc Synt Vayastha, Surasa Indian pennywort Somavallari, Herpestis monniera HB Subarcala & K 49 BRIATI CH 19, 26, etc Indian rightshade Syn Mahatı Hinguli Prasaha, Brhatika Solanum indicum Linn Vartaks, Kanta 50 CANDANA C 1/1, 148, etc Sandal wood tree Syn Malayaja Gandhasara Sitahima Santalum album Linn. The fruit taken alone or in pres criptions (internal) The fruit used alone or sa pres cript ons (internal) Colic pain alcoholism, appetizer Diarrhoea constipation, in rejuvenation The dried root or juice used in pres cript ons (internal and extemal) Hard tumours, piles, as purgative and emctic TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS The dried and powdered plant used Senile decay, loss of memory, as in prescriptions (internal) preventive of abort on The leaves and roots used an Pres. Diarrhoea, toxicosis, pain and criptions (internal and external) ocdema of the vagina 51 CARATI C: 9, 45 etc Ionad um sufficituosum De The powdered wood or paste in Diarrhoea, vomiting, chronic skin prescriptions (internal and diseases, etc external) The plant used as ingredient of Insanity, epilepsy for proper medicinal ghee growth in childhood Decoction of the roots and dried Consumptive cough, indigestion, fruits used for medicinal ghee change of voice, cmaciation, etc Cooked as a pot herb As aid to climination Paper chaba Hunter 52 CAVIKA C 18 158 etc Syn Cavya Cayı Nakuli, Cavyaka 53 CILLI Su 27, 98 Wild spinach Chenopodrum album Linn Indian beech Pongamia glabra Vent 54 CIRABILVA C 3 267 etc Syn Naktamála Putipara Decoction of the sprouts used in rever, disorders of the spleen prescriptions internal) ·TABLE 3 Medianal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses-(Contd ) 56 Usc Same in Caraka reference and synonyms Vodern and lotanical Viode of use Vicdicinal uses in of any names 55 CIRVATIC 19 32 cte, Curumu melo Linn. The seeds used in decoction The Dyscatcry, as laxative *** heetracirmita, l'Induphala, Pashya frust taken alone or as ingredient of swect drink 36. CITR NI SH. 2, 28, ctc. White lead wort Decoction of the roots and Icaves Urinary discascs, anacmea, etc, 5* Tashi Diruca, Raktaolaka, Usana Plumbago colonica Linn used in prescriptions for internal as laxative and digestive 97 CORAMA SU. 3,2+ etc. Indian angelica trec The roots and stalks used in Headache, epilepsy, hiccup, ctc. Syn l'arriacoraka, l'halacoraka, herriak Angeluca glauca Exigcw internal and external prescriptrons 58 CURAC & 131 Hood sorte tree The extracted juice as ingredient Anorexia Rumex resicarius Linn of vegetable soup 59 CU COPIRNIKI SO 27, 100 Corcomb plant Cooked as a pot herb As aid in elimination Corcorus ollorius Linn. CO DADIMA SH 2, 20 etc. Pomegranate irre The fruit juice taken alone or in Darthoea, cough, ocdema, ctc Sra. Did mb., Kaktapuspa, haraka Punica granatum Linn. prescriptions as digestive and anti-cmctic GI DUSTASITII C. 3, 267, etc. Lemon trec The fruit juice taken alone or with fever, as digestive Sm. Kecanaka, Jambhaka Cuinus medua L nn (Van drinks ely C limonum or arda) 2 DAYTI SA. 2 9 cc. Wdi croton The sun-dried roots wed in pres- Ordema, jaundice, stomach Udumbaraparni, Nkumbha, Balto parum montanum Criptons for internal use complaints Viatulaka, Cars Muell & Trg (3 DIRI SJ 4, 12, etc Sy hult, Apurapaita, lagtaka Large sariety of sacnficial The extract of the grass used in Senility, wasting diseases, etc, for Grass prescriptions for internal use increasing lactation Iragrelus grosbroides Beaux GA PIRULIARIDRA SI1, II, etc. Indian barberry The extract of the plant used in Harmorrhage, piles, Mitadru. printus, litadarus, Mitats ak, Dobou statica Roxb Iemakinta prescriptions for internal wc alopecia ctc CARAKA SAMHITĀ 5. OF DIRU C. 16 48, te Delar trec The dried leases and the extract of Headache, intestinal worms, Se Carapatraka Sura 'ruma, cadruma Cidres lond (Hanctis C the wood and roots used in pre urinary d seases, menorrhagia, I hart lantl & C deodara) cription for Internal use stula, etc IK & ·Sponge-gourd Luffa aegyptica Mill 66 DHAMARGAVA Ka 4, 1, etc. Syr Karkofakı, Kothaphala, Mahājalıni, Rajakośátaki 67. DHANVAN Ch 3, 258, etc Syr Dhanurviksa Indian linden tree Greurd tillefolia Vahl The fruts, flowers and tender Cough, toxicosis, phlegm, as leaves used in decoctions for purgative and cmetic internal use The powdered bark used internally Fever, urinary diseases in decoctions and externally in ointments The entire plant used in prescrip- As digestive, diaphoretic and tions for internal use an aid to virility The flowers as ingredient of Fever, haemotherrnia, as intestinal sweetened decoctions for internal astringent usc The resin as ingredient of medicinal Chronic skin diseases, senility, oil for extemal application dysuria, snake bites, etc 68 DI INYAKA C: 3, 182, etc Coriander plant Sym Tumburuka, Dhanya, Dhani, Dhanika, Coriandrum salur Linn Bujadhinya, hustumbura 69 DHATAKI Su 4 15, etc Fulsee flower tree Syn Bahupuspika, Dhátri, Kumuda, Woodfordia floribunda Kunjara, Tamrapuspl, Parvati Salisb 70 DHAVA Şu 3 3, etc Crane tree Syn Madhuravalka, Madhuratvak Anogeissus latifolia Wall Vakavrksa 71 DRAKSTG 5,123 etc Grape vine Syn Rasa, Rassla Madhurasă, Kasmiriki Vitis vinifera Linn 72 DUCDHIKA G 8, 131, etc Oxystelma esculentum R BE Syn sirini, şiri, Svaduparni, Dugdhi 73 DUNSPARSA C 24, 166 Khorasan thorn Alhagt maurorum Desu 74 DURVA CE 3, 258, etc Couch grass Syn Bhargavt, Sataparva, Tiktaparvă, Cynodon dactylon Pers Satavırya, Lata, Sita 75 ELA SU 2, 4, etc Lesser cardamom plant Synt Bhrgaparņika, Tuttha, Kpudrela, Eletlara cardamomum Suksmaila 76 ELAPARNI G8, 131 Kulanjan plant Alpinia galanga Swartz 77. ELVALUMA CH 14, 159 Cherry tree Prunus cerasus Linn The shoots used in prescriptions Haernothermia, cardiac disorders, the fruits used alone or in drinks cough, etc Ingredient of vegetable soup Diarrhoea, painful bleeding piles, etc, as roborant Infusion in boiling water used in Acute alcoholism prescriptions internal) The grass leaves as ingredient of Fever, neuralgic pain, etc, as medicinal oil hacmostatic TAÐLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS The spice used alone or in prescrip- Rhinitis hemicrania, tions (internal) affections, etc pleural Ingredient of vegetable soup Diarrhoca The fruts and roots used in sweet. Abdominal diseases, paralytic ened decoctions (interna!) conditions, intestinal obstruction, etc The decoction of the roots used in licadache, rheumatic conditions prescriptions (internal) Elephant grass Typha elephantına Roxb 78 ERAKA $1 3,24, etc Syn • Gundrå, Sumbigundra, Spgaverabhamülaka 79 ERANDA Su 2, 12, etc. Syn Citrabija, Tripoti, Tnblja, Canců, Manda, Uruvaka . Castor oil plant Rumus comments Linn The expressed oil used alone or in Misperistalsis, as purgative prescriptions (internal) 57 ·TABLE 3 Hledicinal Plants and Plant Products and ther Uses--(Conld ) 58 Same in (arala reference and synonyms If any Volem and botanical narnes Viode of use Viedicinal :1509 in Welon cucumber plant Curtimii utilitaires Linn The seeils used in prescriptions Unnary calculus, dysuria, discases (internal) of the bladder HO. TRVANG 26 52, etc fra Lomaia Toyaphala, Tomalakinda, that hala 81 GUMIPP\LI G 12, 41, etc S harp ipall, hungarap malt, Kapı ** 3 lastulanti Flephant proper plant Scundarsus of urinalus Schott Thc powdered dried fruit uscd in Pales, ordema, anaemia prescriptions (intemal) 02 MEDICh Su. 2, 23, etc ir dyrulhu hura RHIVSPID)1 C 23 220 rtc Fr. Colhspidus, llain avall, Hathsspå Job scan Cour lachryma Jobs Lann Vandenhair Idiantum camillus TTS Lann Juniper trec Jun Aus commumis Linn The sals used alonc or in infu. Emacation and debility Kion, or cooke! as cereal The seeels used in prescriptions Suppurations due to poisonous (external) bites, rheumatic conditions B: IVILSA Su. 23 20 cte labuta. Virusa, Vigan luka CARAMA SAMHTTĂ 03 HARIDRIS 4. Tric re. Iraka, llanudruma ra tikrini 5. 13, 92, Sre. mia, Sss, DarThanads, Sanat kid Catalt, Josanits Abhay 07 FIKGU rte fre. Il fonda Turmeric plant Curcuma longa Roth Clicylic myrubclan Terminalia chebula Riz The sceda in decoction or as I crale diseases dysuria, throat ingredient of medicinal ghee *P25ms, etc (intemal) The dried tubers used in presenp- Dermatosis, TOXICOSIS, senity. fiona (external and interal) impaired vision, etc The dried fruits and seeds taken Dermatosis, ocdema, alonc urinary Or in prescriptions discases, as general tonic, blood (internal) punſicr and purgative The dried fruits as ingredient of Cough, dysuria, dermatosis etc, laxative, digestive, and Tejus chant luftkla plant Frula Joutney Linn (Varrios F fortida Regil F marthry Bow) grurl M HIN.LTAR 14 37 HC minst 10 etc metic nut Rand a dumulorum Lamt Sugarcane them of linn decoction of the nuts used in pres. Inguinal swellings, splern discases, tnptions (extemal and internal) helminthiasis, etc The juice used as drink or as ingre- loss of yoice, somiting, morbid set of mixed drink, the roots thirst, for longevity. as a e in prescriptions rolorant A derection of the leaves and roots Urinary calculus, hacmouermia, tused alone or in prescriptions as an aid to vinlity (internal) O. INRIG 1.&.etc se hurala, Inkura, ,a, Kolulatus Lang Irana barbaria tantcontha long folta les ·91 INDRAVARUMI G 14, 138 Bitter cucumber plant Decoction of the fruits used in Piles Citrullus colocynthus Schrad prescriptions internal) 92 INGUDI C1 1/3, 15, etc Zachun, ou plant The alkal from the plant-ash used Dermatosis, urinary diseases, for Syn Bhallakavīksa, Tiktaka, Vosgandhaka, Balanites toxburght Plarch in prescriptions rejuvenation Taulaphala 93 ITKATA SH. 4, 12/17, etc Prickly sesban Decoction of the grass roots as in- Fever, for increasing lactation Sesbama aculeala Pers gredients of prescriptions and ointment (internal and external) 94 JALAPIPPALI Su 27, 171 Poison buttercup The entire plant made into paste Ulcers Ranunculus sceleratus Linn for local application 9; JAMBU SU 2,28 etc Jambol tree Seeds, leaves and the stones of the Diarrhoea, consumption, nausea, Syn Jambula, Mahājambu, Rajajambu, Eugenia fruticosa Roxb or fruits used in dccoctions, the bark as astringent Kakajambu Eugenia jambolana Linn used in prescriptions internal) 96 JĀTIPHALA GH 3, 207, etc Nutmeg trees The fruits used in preparing med:- Hard cutaneous eruptions, pruritus, Ifyrulica fragrans Houtt cinal oil (external) poisoning etc 97 JAYA, A 9, 45 Scsban tree A decoction of the entire plant used Insanity, strokes, epilepsy Syn Jayanti Sesbanta aegyptica Pers in prescriptions (internal) 08 JIMOTA SI 1, 8), etc Bristly luffa The flowers and fresh fruits used in For emesis and enema in fever Syn Jimutaka Garagart, Veni Devata. Luffa echinata Roxb prescriptions, the powder of the consumption, anaemia, etc dried fruit taken alone 99 JINGINI G 30, 83, etc Indian ash tree Decoction of the leaves as ingre Morbid discharges from vagina Odina wodier Roxb dient of astringent douche 100 JIRAKA G 2/1, 43, ctc Cumin plant The seeds used in prescriptions General tonic for all ailments, as Syn Jura, Ajaja Cuminum minum Linn (internal) an aid to virility 101 JIVANTI Su 3, 25, etc Cork swallow wort The fruits taken alone or as ingre. Snake-bate, chest congestion, Syn lemavati, Jivaniya, Juvapuspa Dendrobium macret Linn. dient of unguent or decoction cough, for rejuvenation and longevity 102 JORNAJHYA SW 21, 25, etc Sorghum Cooked as cercal food Obesity, as cooling and astringent Sorghum vulgare Pers 103 JYOTISMATI Su 1,38, etc Cardiospermum halscalum A decoction of the roots or seeds Headache rhinitis, fainting, as Syn Durmada, Jyotirlată, Parāvatapadi Linn used in prescriptions (internal) purgative 104 KADALI C 3, 269, etc Banana trce The fermented fruit or the alkaline Dermatosis, leucoderma, piles, Sm Rambhi Sakriphala fura sapiendum Lion extract of the ashes used in pres urinary diseases, abdominal criptions, the pith, bulb and diseases, blood vomiting roots also used (internal) 105 KADAVIB 1 C 18, 154 unt Vipa Sidhupuşpa, Bhraga allabha, Kadamba or wild cinchona The resun or an extract of the bark Urinary, anomalies, rheumatism, plant used in prescriptions internal) as sedative Bhumikadamba Anthocephalus cadamba Mig TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS ·TABLE 3 Medianal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses-(Contd ) 60 Same in (atakı reference, anul tynonyms Matern and Lotanical 13mes Voxte of usc of any Medical uses in 109 KADARIS: 23, 49, clc. Sm Var Ara Gum arabic free Hracia arabxa Willd 107 KIKIDUNIBARIAT C. 7, 170 Redwood fig tree I aus Auspida Linn Black nightshade Solanum agrum Linn 3 103 KAKAVCI si 27, 83 etc. Syn Kakamicks, hakshya, kikam3t3 101 KAK WISG 18, 40, etc Syn hakatundaphala, Vayast $ Indian perry Ilygrophila ai gustifolia R Br Sword bean Canavalia ens formis Dc Cubebs plant Paper cubebe I inn 110 KIKADOI. 53 27, 31 The gum or milky cxudate or a Urticana, fever, ctc decoction of the leaves used in prescriptions (interal) A paste of the fruits used in pres- Leucoderma criptions (external) The entire plant cooked and used skin lesions, nedcma, etc as vegetable aphrodisiac A paste of the leaves used in oint- Hard nodules on the skin, jaundice, ments or in medicated ghee cougl consumption, etc (internal) The lentils used as fool is an aid to elimination, as an aplirodisiac and an 11d to virility A pasic of the fruits as ingredient Oral and dental discases, fevers, of medicinal oil or mouth wash Joss of soice, etc 111 MRKOLI 26,210, cic C'akkola, Sthulamanca, Koraka, har kolaka CARAMA SAMITÄ 112 KALAB 52 27, 100 113 MINUS.IRINA G 26, 243 Hd por herb Ipomoea replars Poir Ichnocarpus frutescens R Br 114 KILSIN 15227, 91, etc Syr. Haka 115 HALISI a 20, 37, ac Jute plant Corchorut capsularis Linn Chickling-etch lengsl Lathyrus salh us Linn Cooked as a pot herb As a digestise, a cooling agent and an 11 to elimination An extract of the leaves as ointment All cyc-discasca, as a promotor of (external) ry("saglit The cocked leaves (internal) Poisoning oedema, intestinal stasis, etc A decoction of the leaves (intemal), Vomiting, nause? suppurated the paste of the lentil for local wounds application A paste of the finely dividel wood As a cooling agent as ointment (external) The paste of the petals as ingrediesit Nasal 117emorrhage, dysur of an ungucht, cold aqueous cxtract used as crink 116. LAIYANI 33, 26 117 KIWILI SL , 24 no S. I'm lina I'vkaja, Valka Imbuja, Lokanzia, l'uplarita Yellow sandal trec Santalum flocum Linn Fut Indian totus plant Hellonbruin spectesum Willd ·118 AVPILLAN ISu 1, 83 119 MAYAKAPUSPI C. 7, 167 120 MAYTALARI SW 2 2 etc $ym Aantakanka, Vyaghri 121 MAPIT INIC 15, 126 122 KAPITTIIAG 6,35 etc Syr Dantaphala Gandhaphala 123 MARANLARDAV8140 etc Syn jТригра Karamardaka 124 KARA Su 3, 3 etc 125 MÁRAI CLINI &, 143 The kamala dye plant Extract as ingred ent of medicinal Chronic skin diseases ocdema, as Mallolus pell peresu ol and in internal prescriptions purgatve Muel! Golden thistle or yellow T)e petals as ingredient of oint Leucoderma th stlc ment Euphorb a thomsontana Bouss Wild egg plant Extract of the entre plant and Dysuria, misperistalsis etc , for Solarum anthocarpum Schr fruits in prescript ons (intemal) rejuvenation & TVend! Flowering peepul tree Extract of the root and bark used Bleeding piles pain in the rectal Thespessa populnia SoJard in medicated ghee reg on etc Wood apple tree Po vdered leaves made into linctus Urinary disorders chronic skin Feronia elephantum Corr with honey the fruits used alone d seases toxicos18 etc or in prescriptions internal) Bengal currant decoct on of the fruits used in D sorders of the first humor Canssa carandas Linn prescript ons (internal) Indian beech tree The leaves soaked in ox bife and Dermatos a pain in stomach and Pongam a glabra Vent made into ointment dried spleen car ache etc powder its prescript ons (internal) Bitter gourd plant The decoct on of the fruits and Cough hacmotherm etc Von ord ca charant a Linn leaves as ingredient of enema or in prescript ons (internal) Roseberry spurge plant 1 decoction of the root bark in Skind seases toxicosis wounds, narium odorum Soland water n prescriptions (Internal) etc Zedoary tree or Sati plant The fruit w thout the rand taken Cough hiccup piles etc Curcuma doar Rosc alone appetizer Caper plant The decoction of the leaves as Morbid discharges from Cappans ophylla Roth the ingredient of vaginal douche or vagina retent on of urine, stool rectal enema and flatus Wild jujuba plant A decoction of the plant used in As purgative Ziziphus ectoplia Mill prescript ons or in warm enema (nternal and external) Rhus stuceedanca Linn The powdered nut in prescr ptions Cough hiccup nausca (internal) 1fo nordia coch wel nests Spreng The cooked fruit used as an article As an aid to elimination of food TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS a 126 A IRAVIRA SU 3, 15 ctc. Syn Vira Vlaka D byapuspa 127 KARCURA Su 27, 155 as 128 LARIRA C 30, 82, etc Sym Tik pakantaka 129 LARK DIU SJ 4, 13, etc Syn harkandhuka 130 MARKIT ISRAGI C 17, 101 ctc Sya Karkajtkhya hulira ngaya 131 KARKATAKT Su 27, 100 61 ·TABLE 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses-(Contd ) 62 Name in Caraka reference, and synonyms if any odern and botanical names Vode of use Medicinal uscs in 132 KARKOTAKA G. 3, 189 133 KARPIS C 26, 69 etc Sj'T. Kärpası, P.CO 134 KARPORA Ct 28, 153 135 KARVUDTRA Su 27, 99, etc Syn hovidara Sıcakāñcana, Vanaraja 136 KASA, SU 4, 12 etc Sym Sarnda, 21, Camarapuspakā 137 KASAMARDA C 18, 117, etc Syn Kasir, Kasamardaka Afomardica diocia Roxb Leaves and fruits cooked as vege l'ever, as an astringent tables Levantine cotton trec A decoction of the root bark used Dysuria, scabies, and scrofula Gossprum herbaceum Linn in prescriptions (internal and external) Limonphila gratissima Blume The entire plant compounded into Consumption, sallow complexion, medicinal oil (internal) as vitalizer White mountain ebony As an article of food Hemothermia, haemorrhage, as Bauhinia racemosa Lamk an aid to climination Thatch grass A decoction of the grass (internal) Senility, fever, a9 promoter of Saccharum spontanetin Linn lactation Senna sophera plant The entire plant as an ingredient Cough, femalc discascs, etc Cassia sophera Linn or of medicated ghec Senna purpuria Roxb White teal A paste of the leaves as ingredient Stulness of the back, facial Gmelina arborea Linn of medicated ghee paralysis, hoarseness, etc CARAKA SANHITĀ 138 ASMARI CH 26, 167 S; hasmarya Kiśmuri Aſahābhadra Bhadra 139 KASIRUKAS: 3, 21 etc Sa Kasoru Serpus grossus Linn or S Tiger nut or rush nut tree A paste of the tubers (extemal and Rheumalism, haemothermia, wast kysoor Clarke internal) ing ducascs, etc Tiktamanca, 140 MATALAC 26, 25! etc Syn Amburrasidana Toyaprasādaphala 141 IT\BHI 69, 70 cic Son Tatui, sudnyama Clearing nut tree Strychus fofatorum Linn A paste of the seeds used in oint mcnt Eye-discases, failing cyesight, dus chargca from cyes, etc White siris Albizzia proceta Bearth 142 KATTHALT S. 28, 152 The powdered bark made into a Intestinal Worms, toxicosis, paste with goat s urine along oedema, urinary disorders, etc With other ingredients (internal) Thic bark used in sweetened decoc Bronclual asthma, cough, diarttions internal) hoca, etc A decoction of the seeds lcd in Vomiting spleen disorders, prescriptions (internal) pectoral lesions, etc Bay berry tree Truca'nagi Thunb Vusk mallow Habuscas abelmoschus Linn 143 KATTIPIIALA C 28, 152 ·Hellebore plant Pictork 20 kurycoa Royle as a A decoct on of the roots and tubers Dermatosus jaundice breast in prescr ptions internal) 144 KATTAROHINI sz. 23, 19 cte Sym Sataparva hatuka Sakulādası Arista, Asokarohnya 145 KATVANGA Sú 25, 40 etc Ind an calosanthes tree A lanthus ex elsa Roxb. 1 decoct on of the leaves in pres. Menstrual disorders pectoral cript ons internal) lesions, d arrboea etc The powdered dried buds used in Irregular fever jaundice etc prescript ons internal) 146 KESARA C 2/1 32 etc Syn Nagakcara hesan Tungi long fol us Fragrant poon Och sco pas Hook & Benth Catechu tree Acacia cate hu 11 ild 147 HADIRA G 4,70 etc Syn Somavalka 148 MHARJURA Sa 23 38 etc. The flowers or the fermented wine Haemothermia urinary d sorders from the resinous exudate used blood poison ng n prescr ptions internal) The dred fruts as food or in ſer Alcohol sm wasting diseases, mented l quors trauma crys pelas etc The entre plant used in paste or Fever for purification of blood decoct on (nternal) and breast m Ik Used as cereal food Ples cough obesity etc Date palm Phoenix spl trus Roxb Chretta plant Swertia ck a a Ham Common m llet Paspalun Scrobiculatum Linn Curry neem plant Afuryaya Loen gh Spreig 149 MIRATITIKTA Sá 4, 12 cts Syn Krătat ktaka hatut kta Tranumba 1JO KODRAVSu 21, 25 ctc 11 MAIDIRYA SA 1,10 etc on ha tarya 152 KOSIMRA G 30, 82 TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS Gum lac tree S hlechera tryuga Wild 153 KRAMUKA SU 25 49 ctc Syn Jirnapatra Betel nut Areca calechu Linn Tie Ica cs and barks used n Intestinal worms dysuria hoarscdecoct ons (nternal) ness The expressed or used as ngred ent All morb d discharges from the of med cated appl cat ons (ex vagina ternal) A paste of the nut with sandal Bronch at asthma apaemia wood or in decoction with other anorexia skin diseases drugs (internal) decoction of the plant used in All eye-affect ons skin discolora prescrptions (external) tons, etc The ju ce of the plant used pres As above cr pt ons (external) The fruts and seeds used in pres As purgative and emetic as tonic cript ons (internal) the flowers fermented as w ne 14 ARSNASAIREYAKA G 26, 268 155 A R$VASAWA G 26, 269 Purplc nail-dye plant Barlar a sbrigosa Willd. Flax hemp plant Crotalaria ITCOSA Linn Bater lufta plant L fa acutangula Roxb 136. KRTAVE DUIANA $. 1, 83 etc Sy kontak Mrdangaphala 137 SAVIKAV: 7, 17 etc yha Ugra Snerze-wort Confeda obuculana Lour Extract of the seeds and Icaves used n prescriptions internal and extemal) Helm nthiasis fever etc dermatosis 63 ·TABLE 3 Medianal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses(Conid ) 64 Mame in (ataka reference, and Synonyms any 11 dern und by stanical Matrics Vaxlr of rise Meclicinal 11965 150 KSIRI 11 V: 8, 139 Ring coronet tree llolostening theed Wall decoction of the leaves in malk, Disorders of the second humor Lised 25 ingredient of medicinal gher 159 ASTRAVID TRI V, 8, 139 Milky sam Is above 1s are Sit hşimlata omota digitala I inn ICO MUILUITIIA Su 2, 12, clc Ilorse gram Ihc cooked pulse used as food or as Misperistalsis, fever, cmaciation Syn Lulitiha, kulathuka Dolichos biflorus Linn pasic in prescriptions (internal) cough, sic 161 KUVTRATIVI SI 27, 100 Mulramtva rosburghur Wall The trases lised as vegetable As an aid to Llimination 162 KUVIMI 11 & 144 Saffron mango trec A decoction of the leaves used 121 Disorders of the third humor, as Carrya arborea Roxb Prescriptions (internal) astringent and purgative 13 AL VUDIJA 27, 117, cc Balc water I ly I be seels and flowers taken raw Urinary ducases, alcoholism, as 5 Aravinda, Svetijalaja .Wymphaea alba Linn intestinal astringent 16+ WC U1110 23,55 etc. Sofron plant pewdered tedrals as ingre Charact, cimness of vision, right- 5* Ruhura, adnika, humira, Agnilikha Crocus salta linn dent of pills blizidness 165 KUSMIN! Su 27, 102 White gourd lant Cooked 18 fond, the plant used as As a digestive and as an aid to Ben nosa cerifera Sayı (lurination IG6 AL 11 SH 3, 1, ctc Indian costus or Orris root is kaked in ox bile for Anacmua, chronic skin diseases, Syn Kuthika, Melara, hasmiraja Sizesiela lana Cluk or external appl cation, decoction toxicouis, coltc pain, cardiac Inis florent sa I inn or juder in prescriptions (inter disorders, etc CARAKA SANITĀ vegetable There nal) 167 KUSTUVI! 7,_17, etc Syn Di anya Ilinynka, Tumburuka IQ. ALSUTRII Sa 13, 10 etc. fre lan Conan fer plant Corian full satt inn 51ffles et plant Carthamus fenetorus Linn 169 LUTAJI SI 1, 83, rtc Sya Kurci, Tawala, Gatimall ks, hufajat vaka, Sukra 170 NUTUMBALI sa n. 93, ac Kurchu plant Flolarthens antidy.centrica 11all Lucas limfolia Sprerar Used in prescripteens and in Peles cermatosus, intestinal worms ctie mus internal and esternal) 1sreds or oil used as food or Phlegm, urinary grayel, dysuria, cooking malium, also for local insect bucs application The bark and seeds wed in pres. Skin diseases, haemorrhage, fever, mptions (internal and external) assimilation disorders, as purgalive and emetic 1 plant corked as sot herb As an ali to elimination ·10 171, LOVALA $14, 10, etc Small Jujuba plant The fruits taken alone As cordial and purgative syphus salius Gaerin 172 LAKSMANA Su 27, 101 Mandugora plant Cooked as pot herb Constipation Atropa mandragora Linn 173 LAMAUAKA Su 3, 29 Geranium grass The pondered and dried leaves for Minor skin rrupt ons, body-odour Indropogon warancusya external appl cation Jons 174 LANGALIKI SW 8, 38 Superb lily Inhalation of the fresh or dried Labour pain pruritus, dermatosis Ipomoea pestigidis Linn powdered petals compounded as laxative with cow s urine (internal) 175 LASUNA Su 2, 3 Garlic plant The spice used alone or in prescrip Rhinitis skin diseases intestinal Allrum sal eum Linn tions (internal and external) worms leprosy etc , as aphrodisiac 176 LAVALI Su 27, 145 Star gooseberry tree The fruits used alone As astringent cordial and appeti Phyllanthus distichus Muell zer 177 LAVAAGA C: 26, 210, etc Clove plant The dred flowers alone or in Cough, biccup vomuting inflam Syn Lavangaka Eugenia caryophyllala med conal oils matory conditions of the mouth Thunberg and throat, halitos s 178 LODHRA SU 3,5 ctc Lodh tree The dried root bark used Obstinate skin discases, haerno- Syr Lodh Tulvaha Symplocos racunosa Roxb internal and external prescrip thermia urinary diseases, as tions intestinal astringent 179 LONILA C 14, 123 Parschanc plant The plant cooked as vegetable Pales Syn Lona Loni Portulaca oleracea Linn 180 MADANA Su 1, 81, etc Emetic nut The nuts and seeds used in various ever piles dermatosis chronic Syr Pindutaka Randia dumetorum Lamk prescriptions containing honey rhints coryza, etc, as ernetic and rocksalt for internal use and purgative 181 MADAYANTILA 10, 21, etc Henna plant Syn Medika Tle entire plant as ingredient of Epilepsy, malignant jaundice grey Lawsonia alba I amk medicinal ghec for internal and hairs etc external use 18Z MADHUPARNI Sa 3, 21 etc. Syn Madhurrksa Madhukapuspa, Madhu Mohua tree Indian butter The fruits taken alone or made into Rheumat sm leser spleen discases, trce kapugpt alcoholic beverages dyspepsia etc for rejuvenat on Bassia latifolia Roxb and virility 183 MAILTVEDT S 4,9/1, etc Svm Satamul Satávart Satapadi Cooked as vegetable the bark and As analgesic and as an aid to Asparagus racemosa Wild leaves used in or 4 sermentosa Willd prescriptions prolongat on of life (internal) !84 VAHTSRAVINI 3, 258, etc East Indian globe th stle Syn Mahasråvanski Alambusă A decoction of the plant used in Fever rheumatism for rejuvena Sphaeranthus indicus Linn prescriptions internal) tiori TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS Indian asparagus 65 ·TABLC 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and their Uscs—(Contd ) 66 Samr in Caraka reference and synonyms Vinclern and botatical names Mols of use 11 any Med cinal 1 scs in 185 VAKUSTUA SU 26,84 etc Syn Makusihaka 136 MALATI sa 5,73 ctc. Syn Jaul Gandhamalat! Moul, bran Phaseolus aco folius Jach Malabar nutmeg plant Aganosma cairyothillsia G Don Vusk root plant Nardostaclys jolamonss De 187 St C 7, 87, etc Jajimimi Jati, Jatā, Lomasā alada 188 MANOK IPIRNI Su 27, 95 etc Som Vandalaparniki, Manduk! 189 MISJUSTIIA 50 4, 10/2 etc The dried beans cooked as food Fever hac mothermia, consumption and wasting diseases Thc stalks used in decoctions, also Dermatosis female diseases etc, the essential oil of the petals in for oral hygiene prescriptions (external) The dried roots or leaves used in Skind scases, piles, rectal prolapse, Prescripl ons (external and taxicosis ur nary calculus, cic int mal) A decoction of the leaves used Pectoral les ons diarrhoca ctc for Internally rejuvenation The powdered dried roots and Skin discascs and diseases of the frunts used in prescriptions spleen (internal) Indien pennywort Hydrocotyle astat ca Linn Indian madder Rubia cord folia Linn 190 VTRICA SI 2, 3 etc CARAKA SAMHITÁ 191 MARIS I SA 27, 100 Black pepper plant Piper nigrim Linn Gangetic amaranth plant Amaranthus gangetacus Linn The dricd accedis used as spice or in Rhinitis anacmia fainting, con prescriptions (internal) sumption, cough, etc Cooked as pot lierb As an aid to chmination Liquorice plant Glyonki a glabra Linn 192 MADHULA $ 2, 7, CLC Srn Atrass Madhurasă, Madhult Vladi uyaxt k Madhu, a tyáhva, Yasthi mocll u Tahumadhuka 193 VIIRUBIK I ha 1, 23 The scalks used alone and a vari ous prescript ons (internal) Cough liccup, fever, spleen dis orders as an aid to rejuvenation 194 VIS SW 2, 28 cic Syn huruvinda Sweet marjorum Onganum maryprana Laan Black gram plant Phaseolus murgo Linn Tereminus habials Spreng 19. MIS VARNI Sx 1,9 ctc. Sn Vajramult Väsaparnika, Ruyaprokta 196 VISURA Su 27, ?8 ric SYM Slasuraka A paste of t) e serds in prescr pisons As emetic (Internal) As ingred ent of grucl de coclions, Suppurations rheumatism etc med cinal ol ctc (internal) as an aid to prolongation of youth Cooked as food, the paste as ingre lener rheumatic conditions, for dent of prescriptions (internal) longevily Cooked as Tood or as ingredient of Grong pain hafmothermia preset ptions (internal) spleen drases cie Lous esculenta Moench ·197 VITSISIKIC 1/3 24 Itternanthera sess Is K Br 198 MTIULANG 1 Su 4, 10, etc. The tre plant used in prescrip is an aid to memory intelligence us (external and internal) and bright complexion The tendrils of the flowers used Nausea anaemia, colta pain, internally jaundice suppurated conditions, Pc melo trec Citrus decumana Linn CIC 199 MEDA Su 4, 9/1, etc 200 MLSASRÚGIC: 3,267, etc. Syn Meravianska, Mesavallı 201. MRGALINDIKA Su 25, 49 202 MUDGA Su 21, 25 203 MUDGAPIRNI C7, 123, etc Syn. Mudgaparnan 204 MUKULAKA Su 7, 123, etc in 205 MOLALA SX 27, 169, etc Sya Mahakanda Luisaca sebutera Pers The sap or a decoction of the bark, Dysentery diarrhoca, rheumatism, used in prescriptions (internal) as promotor of longevity Indian screw treu decoction of the leaves used in Tener Felicteres isora Lunn prescriptions (internal) Chinese gooseberry tree The fruits fermented to a beer like Insomnia depression, anorexia, Alerthog carambola Linn liquor etc Green gram Used as a pulse in diet Excessive obesity urinary discases, Phaseolus radiatus Linn. or etc as a nourishing food P aurca Prain or P sublo. batus Roxb Phaeseolus Irlobus Ait As above Dermatosis rheumatic conditions, etc for longevity Edible pine tree The plant used decoctions Suppurated swellings urinary Punus gerardiana Wall (internal) diseases etc Garden radish The tender tubers taken cooked Discordance of the three humors Raphanus sattus Linn or used in prescriptions (external (tranquilizer) skın diseases, and internal) oedema alcoholism ctc Salep, or salem plant The juice of the roots used alone, Morbid thirst leucorrhoca irre Eulophra camestrus Wall in prescript ons and in enema gular fever etc , as aphrodisiac (internal and external) Sanseura roxburghia Schott The dried flowers and leaves used Fever vomiting cough etc in prescriptions (nternal) appetizer Parula tree The alkaline ash of the leaves and Anaemia piles all types of throat Stereospermum sapuolens De bark used in prescriptions affections Nut grass The grass dried powdered and Obst nate skin diseases, wounds Cyperus rotundus Linn soaked in ox bile used in pres paralytic conditions Urinary crptions (internal and external) d seases etc Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Cooked as pot herb As digestive and regulator of bile secretion Gingo-frut tree A decoction of the dred roots Seminal weakness, general debility, Seda spinosa Linn used in prescriptions internal) chest affections etc TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS 206 MUNJATAKA A 22, 30, etc 207 MORVA $ 11, 11, etc Syn. Munt, Guduci 208 MUŞKAKAG 15, 189, etc 215 209 MUSTA Su 3, 5, etc. Syn Musta, Mustaka 210 NAPI Su 27, 97 211 VAG WALA C: 1/1, 45, etc Syn hşaragandha 67 ·TABLE 3 Medianal Plan's and Plant Products and their Uses (Contd ) 68 Vame in (arata reference, and synonyms If any Vinulem and botanical names Viocle of use Vcdical uses in 212 ICAR15C 1 5# 27, 156 213 WHICL4, 103, etc 214 III (1 28, 152 215 WX3TIWI 540 216 NAIAMINI G 26, 184 237 VII RC 4, 36), etc $y* Vumdhinya, Triadhinya 218. NICULASH 2, 10, etc. 9. 18 jalk, Dhitriphala Orange tree The fruits used alone As cordial and digestive Citrus aurantium I inn Holding med A decoction of the reeds used Ifacmothermia, fever, herpes, Jhogmites harla Trin 113 porscription(internal and crysipelas, etc external) 1}airy onoma tree The buds used as ingredient of Cough, consumption, sallow com. Onosms chosdos Linn medicinal oil (intsmal) plexion, Pectoral lesions, etc Oval leaved fig tree The dried fruits as ingredient of Imbalance of the humor (trangui- Firus retusa Linn prestriptions (infemal) Jizer) Jumine The petals and Icaves as ingredients Affections of the head Jasminum sambar it of nasal medication Wild nee plant The cerral nord as food Harmothermia Ilyprory, anstalacas 111al trec The fruits and leaves used alka. Abdominal and splenic disorders, Barringtonia aculangulo line decoction or paste 11 pres jatindier etc, as purgative Gartin criptions (intemal) In anunc pustachio-nut tree 11e dried and shellel nuts used as Anaemia, Wasting discases, as Postaria ryta Linn clict roborant and aphrodisiac Indigo plant 11c leaves as ingredientſ rectal Retention of urine, flatus, acute Indigofera tinctoria Linn suppoallery or nem constipation Vargona trec Paste or decuction fait parts of the skin diseasca, urinary diseases Izadirachta indra juss. plant, used in prescriptions Inter, and A large number of external and internal) of other ailmetits Chair tree Pasce if the cures and lease usedl Teuralgic pun in the supraclavical 1 Er wundo Linn la prescriptions (external) region, SINIS fistuli, sales, cc. (na bras plant Ihe scris cok ked as segetable Dalches lablab Inn Irregular bowel mos emnents Bird cherry 17 Audi Rust The root stalks or the frunts usel liradache, fer, cough, rheumatic in preveriptions (external and frnditions ctc internal) CARAKA SABIHITÄ 219 OCAK 1 $a 77, 157 220 Voint ( 26, 12, etc STRES 221 VYAI 2 I 3 cte Sunbula, Sutlaka 27: VROLIN SLS, 11 ric re Vilanırgund Sulhuyana 223 VISTIVA: 7, 100, te * Sm!! 21 PAVAN C3 !!, 10 fre 1'> imagen thi ·225 PALANDU Su 27, 175, etc Syn Raktakanda Onion plant Allstern cepa Linn 6 The tubers and the stalks in vege. Hemorrhage, scanty stools, cough, table salad and soups, or taken hiccup, etc, as appetizer and alonc aphrodisiac The plant cooked as pot-herb Irregular bowel movements 226 PALANGLYA Su 27, 100 Indian spinach Spinacea oleracea Linn Bengal kino tree Butea frondosa Roxb 227 PALASA Su 2, 13, etc Syn Kimsuka The juice of the roots, bark, leaves, Acute constipation, colic, dysuria, etc in extemal ointments and skin discascs, etc Ingredient of medicinal ghee The fully npe frusts as dict Intestinal astringent 228 PANASA Su 27, 143 etc Syn Kantiphala 229 PARPATAKA Su 27, 97 etc Syn Baratıkta Pamsuparyaya Parpata 230 PARUSAKA Su 4, 13 etc Syn Parusa Jack fruit tree Artocarpus integrifolia Linn Trailing rungia Rangia repers Neus Asiatic grewia Grewa asiatica Linn Decoction of the leaves, used in Fever, harmothermia, diarrhora, prescriptions internal) etc The fruits used alone or in prescrip- Fever, acute alcoholism, spleen tions decoction of the leaves diseases, cough, theumatisyn, roots or bark used internally ctc, as purgative The dried and powdered leaves Urinary stones, as druretic with cow's urine (internal) Indian rock foil Coleus amboinicus Lour 231 PASANAMEDA Su 4, 15, etc Syn Silameda, Pasanabhedaka Pasāņa. bhedt 232 PATALA Su 2, 11, etc Syn Pafali TABLF 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS 233 PATHX C 3, 204, etc Syn Ekastua, kucela, Vrttaparnu 234 PATOLA SN. 3, 8, etc Trumpet flower tree The decoction or paste of flowers Constipation, fever toxic conda- Steresspermum chelonoides and leaves, used in prescriptions tions, etc De (internal) Stephania hernadofolia Walp The roots and leaves used in pres. Fever, urinary disorders, consumpcriptions internal) tron, piles, etc Wild snake gourd, or pulbul Decoction of the leaves used inter Prunitus, pimples, all types of plant nally the gourds cooked as fever diarrhoea etc as appetizer Trichosarthes drocea Roxb vegetable Cinnamon tree The dried leaves and bark used in Body odour, fever anaçma, Cinnamonum tamala Ft prescriptions (external and cardiac disorders etc, as an ad Nees internal) to rejuvenation Coxcomb trec A decoction of the seeds, used in Dysuria fever, habitual consti- Celosia argentea Linn prescriptions, the plant cooked as pation, etc pot herb (internal) Used as vegetable Emaciation, debility, loss of voice, Ipomoea paniculata R Br etc, as an aid to rejuvenation Ficus carica Linn A paste of the figs in prescriptions, Emaciation and debility, urinary also cooked as vegetable stone 235 PATRA SU 3, 29 etc 236 PATTURA SX 27, 100, etc 1 237 PAYASYA SW 4, 9, etc White yam 238 PHALGU Su 27, 128 etc Syn Manjula 69 ·TABLE 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and thar Uses (Conid ) 70 Tame in Casaka reference, and synonyms If any Vodem and botanical matrics Nfode of us Viedicinal uses in 233 PIEC29, 110 Sm Ariga 240 TIIA SI Su 27, 98 241 PIU SU. 2, 4 ett Syn, Puuks 242 PIPPU! Su 2, 3, tic Syn. Viladhi, Vardchi 243 IS1 Sa 1, 15. cte Some Karparl, Pilana 244 TRACI TVALAMA SU 27, 346 Soap nut tree A decoction of seeds and fruits used rever, theumatism Sapundis trifoliatus Linn in prescriptions (intemal) or s mukoross Gaertn Bind werd Cooked as pot herb As an aid to elimination Rucs ornada Chois Tooth brush tree The fruits used alone or in pres Rhinitis, fainting. hemicrania, Sal adora petstea I ng criptions internal) cle, 15 purgalive Lang pepper plant The dried flowers, fruits and roots Used in a large number of diseases, Paper longum Linn used as ingredients of prescrip as digestive Lions, also as spice in cooking Yellow barked fig tree A deroction of the tender leaves, Diarrhoea, hacmothermia, seminal Frus inferioria korb. used in prescriptions (internal) weakness, cic Indian prune The fruts used alone After efects or poisoning Flacow lid calafikracta Roxb Chamel tree The sprouts or dried flowers used Coryza nasal haemorrhage, fever, Jasminum grandiflorum in prescriptions (rxtemal) dermatosis, etc Lann Buxhanon s mango The fils used alone the expres- Rheumatini urticaria, fever, Buchanania latifolia Roxb secl oil in prescriptions (external) morbid thirst, etc Perfumed cherry The fruits used alone the serds Tever, haemotherm, dermatosis, Iglau roxburghrana Via used as crreal piles, rar-ache, etc, as intestinal astringent Pointed leased urana plant The entire plant used in prescrip fuperistalsis, diarthoca, fever, Uraria lagopodes De Lions (antemal) cough, consumption, etc Grraler rardamom The dried fruits tired atone or in Icrucrania Thutas, festa, kun landet, Imorum subulatum Roxb prescriptions (internal) criptions, etc CARASA SAMUTTA 245 PRIVILTTI C 3, 207, rte 246 PRIYLA S 3, 21, etc 5) Prylaki Ittana 247 TRIYLGU S# 4, 15 ctr y l'nyaka, Trys 242PRSVIPARI 932, 11, etc Pri atrarnt, Suphanup! 341 PRTI sa 3.20, etc dr11, L, laki Iniu thalails " I'LGIS 3,77 Betel nut tree Irrra catachu Lint Ihr driral nuts used ak for Hialıtı us, Iur appxlite ·251 PUNARNAVÅ Su 2, 12 etc Syn Svetamula Sveta punarnava Vrócira Tāmalakya A decoction of tl c leaves and roots used in prescript ons (internal) Constipat on sk n oedema urinary an aid to rejuvenation diseases as d seasts 252 RAJADANA O 30,97 Pg weed or Hog weed Borrhaar a repers Linn (Varietcs B d fue & B procumbens) Ind an ape flower trec A1 musops hexandra Roxb Red sandal wood tree Plerocarspas santalinus Linn Indian groundsel Vanda roxburghu Br 253 RAKTACANDANA C 30, 92 Paste of the leaves and fruits used \fenstrual d sorders in med catcd ghee A decoction of the leaves or the Bleeding p les diarrhoca morb d powdered bark used internally menstrual d scharges 254 RASVA S4 3,22 etc Syn Nákul Gandhanakuls Rasana 255 ROHINI Su 4,10 ctc Syr Vivasa Patranga Ind an red wood tree Soym da feb fuga Juss Paste of the roots and rh zomes Rheumatic conditions chest pains, used on prescriptions (intemal fever oedema heart discases and external) etc Decoction of the bark used in Debil ty chronic skin discascs as prescriptions (internal and ex a purifier for breast muk temal) A decoction of the grass and roots Fever abdominal discases splenic used in prescript ons (internal) disorders jaundice etc 256 ROHISA C 3, 267 etc Geranium grass Andropogon schocranthus Linn 257 ROHITAKA C. 16, 81 etc Syn Sadapuspa Salmalika Wh te cedar 4moora rohitaka W &A TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS 258 RUHA CH 23, 80 etc Syn Vrksaruha Sekhara N-lavallı 259 SAILFYAKAC 3 267 etc Syn Sa leya Sladadru Sa laka 260 SAIREYA Su 14, 32 Wild orch d Loranthus falcatus Linn Lichen Permel a parlala Esche Yellow na I dye plant Barle a pr on his Linn The powdered bark, used in Ur nary d sorders cnlarged spleen decoction, as ingred ent of medi jaundice anar a intesanal cinal ghee etc worms etc A decoction of the Icaves used in Cataract right blindness tumours prescr ptions (nternal) scab cs etc In prescript ons (external and Fever TOXICOS S d sorder of the interna!) firet humor Paste of the leaves as ingredient of Stiliness of 1 mby enlargement of hot poultices and stearn bath scrotum sciatica etc In prescrptions (external and Haemothermia gıddiness morbud internal) th rst rheumatism Decoction of the res n and leaves Urinary disorders pectoral lessons used internally setninal weakness as sedat ve Moss Vall ser a sprallus Linn 261 SAIVALA CI 4, 103 etc Syn Jalaja 262 SALA Su 4, 18 etc Syn Sarja Sarjarasa Sarjaka Dirgha Sakha Alvakarna 263 SALLYA G 4,75 Sal tree Shorea robusta Gacten Common fennel or sweet The bark made into paste wth Bronchial asthma fennel sandal wood and used externally Toen culum vulgare Gacrta or internally OF Trigonella foenum graccum Linn 71 ·TABLE 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses (Contd ) 72 Yame in Caraka, reference and synonyms Modern and botanical names Mode of use Micdicinal uscs in of any Tack trefoil Desmodium gangelicum De Decoction of the leaves, used in Constipation, diarrhoea, oedema, prescriptions (intemal) feuer, etc Indian olibanum Bostella serata Roxb Red silk cotton tree Bombar malahaticum Dc A paste or decoction of the bark Cougla, hiccup, nausca, etc alone or soaked in ghre (internal) The fresh flowers or resin used Harmotherma, dysentery, rectal (internal and external) prolapse, etc 261 SALATARNI SU 2 11, ctc Syn Tripami, Sthtra, Dirghamūla, Vidangandha 265 SILLAKI SJ 4, 15, eft Syn Kuntarka, Rasila 266 SILVIALI Sa 27, 99, etc Symt Kukkup, Nirgandlupuspi Raktapus. paka, Mloca 267 SAMAXGXC 4, 76, etc. Syn Samipatra, Irainint, Samkorint 2GB SAMT su 25, 49 etc Sy Vangalya, Ana, Supatri, Sankupha. 1.LA 269 SANA SU 27, 99, etc Sym Kafutikta, Tvaksira Sensitive plant Afrmosa pudira Linn Protopis spurgera I inn Pasic or decoction in prescriptions Hacmothermia, piles, charrloca, (external and internal) clc The fruits and bark used in decoc- As intestinal astringent tion (internal) CARAKA SAMUITA Bengal hemp plant Crotalaria jurucea I inn The leaves cooked as vegetable, a Dysenter), Irregular bowel move. decoction of the flowers and roots, ments used in prescriptions (internal) The leaves used in prescriptions Cough, rheumatic conditions, etc (internal) Dankuni plant Cansopra dertussala Room 270 $1NKIAPUSP! C 1/1, 58 etc S. Melhya, Kiriti, Sankhyakusuma, Strapunpt 271, SIVKIVI S 1 81, etc Shwe Tokerta, Akupıdaka, Yaratıkent Clemaltu cerastforms II &K and cncma 272 SAIT PARVA $9 3 4. rc Sym Sarads, Drvavtksa, Madagandha 273 SIRALAG 3, 267, rtc Dita Allonia scholaris R Br Ilimalayan pine trer Perus longifolu Roxb Indian yarapanla Hemidesmas indica Br 274 SIRIVA Sa 4, 10, cic Vigajah 1, Ananta, Inantamolt Decoction of the fruits as ingredient Duorders of assimilation, as purgaof prescriptions te and roborant (internal and external) pasle of the bark, used in oint. Chronic skin diseases, urnary ments diseases, ordema, etc A decoction of the leaves and burk, lever, loss of appetite, facial used in prescriptions (internal) paralysas, etc The Icases used alone in decoction Sallow complexion, loss of voice, (internal) clysentery, cough, menstrual disorders, ctc The powdered scrds or the ex. Rhinitis hemicrania, pruritus, pressed oil used alone or in pres dysuria, coryza, acute intestinal criptions or kuprostories gas formation, etc (external and internal) 275, SIRSNP sa 2 3, ric Sr Rajaksavaka, Kalaka Rape plant Brasstra combestris Linn (Vaneling-B sarson, D jurkcea, B napus) 10 ·276 SATAKUSUMA A 12 16 Peucedenuns graveolens Benth a 277 SÄTALIC 13 128 4 acta concana De 278 SIGRA $a 3 8 etc Sobhanjana Raktaka Extract of the plant as ngred ent of Inguinal swell ng colc ра л Crema menorrhag a p lcs etc The roots used n prescript ons Abdom nal d seases po son ng (nternal) hardened spleen oedema jaund ce etc The powdered bark root and Anosm a fainting chron c skin dred sap used n prescr pt ons erupt ons pa ní i p les etc or n steam ng mixtures (nternal and external) The ſnut used alone As ntes nal a tr ngent S gru Drum-st ck plant Moringa perygo bermus Gaertn Haritaśāka 279 SIMBITALA SW 17 142 280 SIMŚ \PA Su 1 2 12 etc Syn Kaynak mapa Apple tree Pyrus malus Lan Rose wood tree Da berg a s o Roxb 281 SIRISISu 25 etc Stree 416 zza Ibbe & Ben h The exp essed u ce of the leaves or Sen I ty deb 1 ty tender bark used n prescrp tons (n ernal Powdered seeds bark and leaves Hem cran a urinary anomal es used alone or I prescr pons chron c sk n d seases toxic con (external and nternal) d tons etc The bark nade ato o atment for Po son ng for purifica on of local appl cat on breast in Ik 262 SLESVITIKA SU !! Assyr an plum Syn Bhukaruda a Uddalaka Selu Cord a mra Roxbor C obliqua Willd 283 SOVIR VI Su 2 24 etc Babch rec $y* Soma alt Somavall kt Soma Cardri Psoralea coryl fol a L nn 284 SPRKNA C 12 66 etc Mel lot p ant Syn Kutila Devaputrika Kutka Nakha Mello 5 nd a All TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS The seeds cooked n gruel or used Tox coss n ght bl ndness tumour n prescr ptions (nernal cataract The pulver zed seeds as ngred ent Fever cmac a on obstructed and of plls d fficult labour ppl 985 SRNCITAKAC 22 14 ctc Syn Srigamula Tr kofa Sugata 36 STII UNEY INAC 3, 267 ete 287 SUDHTC 5, 107 ctc Sy Sn kr la Nanda stt mapatraka Ind an wa er chestnut The shelled nuts taken alone or Impotency chest pan loss of Tropa prosa Roxb prescnpt ons (nternal) Yo ce rinary d sorders etc Glory tree A decoct on of the bark used Fever as an emetc Clerodend on Jo unclum псrаllу Lan Thorny m k hedge or dulk The m lky ju ce used a peser p- Oedema ples gastro- ntest nal hedge tons (intema!) IT tal ons ctc Cuphorba nerfol a Linn Ta a pana da For Starch f om he tubers sed n Ep leplers nsan ty of T nlegt fel a her med c nal jelly Varsla The sprouts cooked as vegetable Cough spast c cond ton of the Afa la quad fol a F gar Jeg m scles etc 288 SOKIRI ( 9, 46 289 SUVISANVIXIC 18, 81 cc Sym S mira Ståvari Pamata Svast ka 73 ·TABLE 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses-(Contd ) 74 Yame in Caraka reference, and synonyms Modern and botanical names Mode of use Medical uses in of any likcl quor 290. SURASA SI 3, 8, etc Holy basıl plant A paste or extract of the Icaves, Skin eruptions, fever, splenic dis- Tulast Bhutaghnı Kuteraka, Sura- SyT Ocimum sanctum Linn used in prescriptions (internal) orders, toxicosis, paralysis, etc valli Sulabha, Manjarika 291 TAD TA Sa 25, 49 Palmyra palm Various parts fermented into beer. Insomnia, depression, anorexia Berassus flabellifer Linn 292 TAGARAQ 6,27, etc Indian valerian A decoction of the roots used in Feyer, urinary cuscases, poisonous S Kutlla, hálinusárva, Dipana, Sajha Valariana hardwickr Wall prescriptions (internal) bites, etc 293 TALAMOLI C 17,75 Black musalı plant The powdered roots as ingredient of Cough Curculigo orchioides Gaerin smoking mixture 291 TUSC 8, 145, etc Silver fir Irce Thc powdered leaves used in Cough, anacmia, digestive dis Sin haricchads Taliapatraka, Abres reborana Lindi prescriptions (internal) orders, colic pain, etc Tamalakipatra 295 TAMILAC 3, 267, etc. Mysore gamboge tree A decoction of the fruits and seeds, Skin eruptions, onditions, Sym Gomedaka, Rima, Tamilaka, Garcinia xanthochymus used in prescriptions (internal) ctc Sukumarnka Ilook 296 TAVALANT C 5, 119, etc Teather foil plant A decoction of the plant, used in Blood poisoning, jaundice herpes Synt Valv aparnt, Mahuphal3, Uncaja, Plyllanthus nirut: Linn 1 Amalika, Caratt prescriptions (internal) ctc 297 TAMBOLA Su 5, 77, etc Detel leaf plant The leaves chewed along with Halitosis Syn Bhujangalata, Vigavalli, Magini, Pufer belel Linn betel nut, cloves etc Tambulavallt 298 TIDULA G 4, 73, cc. Rice plant Syn Aksata Ory a sofica Lion Cereal food, ingredient of gruel, As vitalizer and roborant sweetmeat, etc 299 TANDULIYA G 23 198, etc Prickly amaranth Sym Bahuin handeri, Visaghina, The entire plant cooked as vege- Intoxication Amaranthus polygamus toxic conditions, Yasaka table, also as ingredient of chema Will internal hacmorrhage 300 TAK ISu 27, 136 The fruit used alone Pyrus communis Linn As intestinal astringent 301. TARU VS 10 31 Cabbage rose SM Devakesara, Mhagavallabha, Suvita Rosa centifolia Linn The petals as ingredient of enema Is ahore CARAKA SAMHITA Pear tree ·30% TILI Su 3, 14, etc * Sachaphala 303 TILAT IRNIC 3, 267, etc. 304 TINDULISU 25, 10, etc Som Vilasära Tin luka 305 TIXIS C 12 12 ete * Citrakri Salata 405 TRAY WWG 3, 208 rte 1Desahall Gsus Gurija Traya mit ka 397 TRY15CV S 77, 145 cte Sy lagt uprapa llauml Chrparuha 300 TRIRIS. 4, 13 Sesame plant The repressed oil from seeds or Skin eruptions, pain in vagina, Sesamum udicum Linn alkaline ash used in prescrip acute constipation, chest com- Lions (external and internal) plants, etc Gynandrodropsts pentaphylla The entire plant and roots ised in Fever De prescriptions (internal) False mingosteen The fruits used alone Urticaria phlegin excessive bile Diospyros embroplets Pers. sccretion piles, etc Chariot tree The freshly-expressed juice of the rever debility, as a vitalizer Ougenia dabbergioide bark and stalks used in prescrip Benth tions (internal) Zall plant Decoction of the plant red in Rigor high body temperature, Delphinium all Autch prescriptions (internal splenic disorders, chronic skin discascs etc Screw pne The flowers used in decoctions is antitoxic and febrifuge Pandanus suberi folto Linn Turpeth plant The flowers and bark used in Skin cruptions, suppurated Operacul naturfethum prescriptions and as ingredient wounds fractures, etc, as Vanco of enema (external and internal) laxative Indian mulberry tree I decoction of the roots used in Is liver tonic Aforinda citrifolia Inn prescriptions Contemal) Bottle gourd Infusion of the sprouts fruits and Cough, vomiting tachycardia, Logmaria rulgans Seringe seeds in milk used as emetic poisoning etc Storax plant I qud exudate as ingredient of Cough consumption, clcbility poc. Alturgia excelsa Noronha medicinal out internal) toral lessons etc Herennia off cinalis Inn A paste of the serds fr ) xal Offensive smell from the vaginal application passage Crnamon (bark), The powdered bark us d alone or Rigor car ache, rye-achr, dis Cinnamomumn lontcum BI in prescriptions (internal and charge from the car, etc external) Prickly werd dmbre A decoction if she tort, tised Accumulation of morb d matter Caesalp nia dena Rotel internally or in enema in the colon, as purgatuse Cluster fg tree The powdered root bark used for Fye acle rar ache, dental pain, hius glomerata Roxb smoking or as ingredient of suppurated conditions etc prescriptions (internal) Blaffaris plant Inſusion of the plant in milk used Sexual debility Blephans eduir l'ess in nutritive choma 3077 11 15w 27, 13) TABLE 3 MEDICINAL PLANTS & PLANT PRODUCTS 310 TL VICI 26 15 cc fm Idravsku Alavu Phati Pndaphala 311 ILRUSKO 28, 153 312 TURA 30, 124 313 TV IC 3, 20 314 LIITRITIS 2,9 315 UDOVIRA 1 5 22. etc S** Hrmad ig«131 Aptrapasa km kanta $16 USCITII 12, 18/7 75 ·TABLE 3 Medicinal Plants and Plant Products and their Uses-(Conld) 76 Name in Caraka reference, and synonyms if any Modern and botanical names Viode of ILY Vicdicinal 156, in 317 UPAKUNCIKA C. 13, 125, etc Small Jenne) plant The powdered srds used in pc. Acule constipauon, colic pain, Syr Kişnajiraka, Bhedini, Dahugandhi Aigella sata a linn scriptrons (inlemnal) anal fistula, poisonous bites, etc. 318 UPODIKA Så 2, 33, etc Malabar spinach As pot herb or as an ingredient of Intoxication, diarrhora, rheumatic Syn Visala, Madásaka, Upodakt Basella rubra I inn gruel conditions, etc 319 USIRA SW 4, 10 etc Cuscus grass The powdered leaves or an infusion Senilit), debility, feses, chronic Syn Bahumulaka Indragupta, Sugandhi Andropogon squartosus Linn used in prescriptions (external skin diseases, toxicosis, piles, müla, Jatämeda and inna!) suppurated conditions, etc 320 UTPALA SX 4 15, etc Blue water lily The stalks, petals and serds used in As above Syn Nilapatraka, Utpalaka Nymphaea stellata Walle or prescriptons (internal and er W Cyanea Roxb irmal) 321 VACA Su 2, 9, etc Sweet flag plant The leaves and stalks in powder Skin diseases, haemorrhage, feres, Syn Ugragandha, Jaula, Vijayt, Bhadra, Acorus calumas Linn form or decoction used in pre urinary diseases, etc, as purga- Ikpupatriks scriptions (internal) file, appetizer and talizer 322 BALAKA C. 17, 124, ric 1 ragrant mallow plant A decoction of the root bark as in- Asthma, luccur, acute nausea, I aroma odarala Willa gredient of med.cunal syrup or TOXIX1515, cc sweetened infusion 323 VAMSA C 21 125 etc Spiny bamboo A paste or decoction of the leases Acute conditions, Syn Venu, Trnachvaja, suppurales Duraruha, Bambusa arundinacea Retz or seeds used in prescriptions poisonous bles, intestinal worms, Tvakşåra (ex!ernal and internal) excessive fat, etc 324 VA JUI A $1 4, 18, etc Country willow The leas as used in Infusion intcr. Excele bile secretion, as sedative Salix tefrasperma Roxb nally, or in crema 325 VARAKA Så 27, 14, etc Millet Syn Ruksa, Schulapbırangaka Cooked as cereal Pancut multa cum Linn As intestinal astringent and tranquilizer 326 VARTAKA SQ 27, 162, etc Brinjal plant Sj Citriphala, Kangakın, Kalphala, Coched as segetable Vartáky, Hinguli Solanum melongena Linn Indigestion, anaemin, couglı, etc 927 VARUNA Q 3,267, cic Sacred caper trec Syn kumiraka, Asmarighna Cratae a religiosa Forst The sprouts and leaves, in decoc- Assimilation (usorders, ples, clo tron, used prescriptions (external and internal) CARALA SAMMITA in ·LABLE 1 Aledicinal Substances of Mineral Ongin and their Uses 78 Name and reference Modern 1 quivalent Mide of use or application Vedicinal uses in 9,8 Syn 1 \DRIJATU Cr 16, 78 Mineral bitumen exudate (a) Internal-in linctus (a) Anaemia, ocdema, jaundice, (6) Internal-ın decoction from ores) unnary discases, CXCCSSIC Syn ŚMI VATU C 12, 13 16,81 () Internal-in powder mixture menstrual flow, fever, con- GIRIJA C 1/3, 64 21, 130, etc (d) Internal--taken alone sumption, cmaciation, cic SILAJATU SU 21, 24 etc les Internal-taken mixed with (6) Obesity, imbalance of ilic body SII ODBUCDA Ci 15, 113, 30, 90 fincly powdered diamond and humours, debility, ctc plant juices (c) Hard cuancou cruplans, enlarged spleen (d) Intoxication, ſainting () Malignant skin discascs, as a gcncral remedy for all bodily ailments 2 AGARADIOMIC 23, 41, S. 7, 24, 25, Soot from k tchen smoke (a) External in Ontment (a) Chronic skin diseases, poison (b) Extrmal-as rubbing powder cvis biles (s) Ingredient of rectal suprosi- (6) for extracting venom from CRHADNOMA SA 3,5 torics poisonous bites VESMADHOMA C 23, 14 (d) Internal-in! ncius (c) Flatulence, constipation, re (cInternal-mixture tention of urine (d) Throat affections (e) Poisoning 3 AGRYALAVANA C. 23, 96 Rock salt (c) Exit sal-used in many diffo (a) & (o) Por a sery large number SAINDIAVA Su 1 83, 5, 12, c. 18, rent modes of application of pathological conditions and 141 Sa 8, 34, cc, 11,25,2/4, 11, etc (b) Internal-used in many types as a general ionic of prescriptions # ALA Su 1, 70 3, 5, ce, a. 9, 66, 18, 69, Yellow orp ment Larsenious (a) It gredient of milicinal cigars (a) Imbalance of the first and etc sulpha le) (6) Lxternal-in medicated oil third humors il"RITALA SU 5, 26 C 7, 114, 26, 196 (c) Lxternal-ingredient of oral (6) Parasılıc infections of the skin, gargle cruptions and itching (c) Mouth and throat diseases 5 AMRTASANGA O 7, 114 Vitriol (copper (a) Externalın dusting powder Syn sulphate) (a) Ringworm, scabics, herpes, etc TUTTJA $a 3, 12 01 7, 114, etc (6) Exiçrnal--in ointment (b) Exanthema, cutaricous crup- Lions cyc affections, piles, (czemi etc 6 ANJANA Sa. 1, 70, 3,5 Synt Black sulph de of antimony (1) ExternalIn ointment Leucoderma fistula piles, SAUVIRANJANA SW 5,15 climest son cyc-d scases, clc CARANA SAMITA Blue ·7 WOPU IVANLI 8, 141 Salt obtained by evapora tions of well-water Ingredient of rectal enema As purgative 8 ASMAVAYI SILA Su 14, 26, 47, 59, Sa Slab of stone 8, 34, 42, In 12, 20 1/3, 63, 5, 17, cic 9 YAS C: 21, 131 Jron or 10 AYASA Su 1, 131, 21, 23, Sa 8, 34, G 7, Finely powdered iron 88, 12, 21, etc specially prepared iron Syn KALALOHARAJAS Su 21, 23, C: 7, 171 DRSNAYASA C 1/2, 49 MALAYASARAJAS C: 3/1, 58 Used for hot fomentanon Hard cutancous swellings, abscess, (covered with silk, cotton etc) varicocele, etc Used for hot compress or fomenta- Hard cutaneous swellings, varttion cocele (2) Extemal—in dusting powder (a) Cutaneous eruptions (b) External-ingredient of poul. (6) Inflammation tice le) Blindness, unseparated eyelids, (c) External-in ointment tumours, piles (d) External-in hair-lotion (d) As hair tonic and hair dye le) Intemal-used in prescription e) Leucoderma, jaundice, urinary after prolonged contact with disorders, anaemia, heart COW 3 urine diseases, anal fistula, etc U Intemal-ın linctus Toxicosis, asthma, cough hic- (8) Internal-in (acid) liquid mix turc Obesity, flatulence, debility, etc (h) Internal--in pulls spleen disorder, jaundice, anacmia ocdema gastro intestinal irritations, lithiasis, etc (a) Internal-in inctus (a) Toxic conditions with ſever, (6) Internal-in prescription after spastic paraplegia epilepsy, prolonged treatment wath cows urinary disorders, skin discages, etc (6) Anaemia, dropsy, ocdema, urinary disorders, jaundice, dysentery, intestinal parasites, etc cur, etc TABLE + MINERAL SUBSTANCES Jron rust 11 AXOVILAC: 16, 74 Synt MANDORA G 16, 9, 103 urinc 12 BALUKA V: 8, 141 Salt from salınc sand Ingredient of rectal enema I or relief in inflammatory condi tions Medication of drinking water by Hacmothermua, biliousness prolonged immersion Lump of baked clay 13 DIRSTALOSTA G. 20, 30 FARVALOSTA Q 4,80, 22, 42 14 DVC LAVANE C 5, 80, 26, 12, 101 Rock salt mixed with alka- (a) Ingredient of rectal supposi (a) Acute constipation line salta tory Pain in gastric region or rectal (6) Internal-in powder mixture area, piles, spleen disorders, pain after meals, throat spasms, etc The two vitriols External-n medicated oil Itching eczema, dermatosis 15. DVI TUTTHE C 7, 108 79 ·TABLE 4 Medicinal Substances of Ameral Origin & their Uses-(Contd.) 80 Name and reference Modern equivalent Alexle of use or application Meiltrinal uses 16. GAIRIKA SU 3, 5, C 3, 73, 25, 117; 26, Chalk of coleur 210, Etc reddish-brown (a) External-in ointment (b) Cxfenial-in mud pack (6) Ingredient of oral gangles (d) Internal-in liquid mixture () Internal-infusion in water (a) White leprosy, drpigmentation of the skin, ringworrn, exanthiema, piles, cle. (6) prrading skin infections (c) Halitosis, inflammation of mouth and throat. dental caries, diseases of the gum, clc. (d) Harmothermia, bronchial asthma, bleeding nose, clc. 6) Blood dysentery, menstrual disorders, dicases of the uterus Sulphur (ELITAKA 17 GANDHAKA G 7, 71 St CI 7, 70 SAUGANDHIKA S 3, 10, 17, 126 18 GARAMANI C: 23, 252 (a) External-ın dusting rum der (a) Ringº (am, etclics Iuerpo, (6) Internal-in linctus scabies (c) 'Internal--au pendel in acid (b) Asthma, cough, luccup plantjies (c) Chronic skin diseases 1 xtemal-to be kept in fact As an antidote for poisoning with the skin CARALA savurt, The 'pouson' gen Goldt 19 HIMAN VI 8,9 SUVARNA S7 1,70,5,74 KANAKA SI 3, 16, 8, 19, etc KANCANA C 1/4, 59 (o) Material for catheters, clima tubes tongue scrapers, etc. (6) Vedication of drinking water by prolonged immersion (c) Internal-ingredient of meatcatre gher (8) Macmiothermia (c) la vitalizing tonic and a panacra in all loddy ailments 20 ISTAKA CORNA C 27, 49 Brick powder 21. KACA C 27, 125 Glass or glass like mineral External -as powder for massage Spastic paraplegia Internal-powered and used in Hiccup, cough, asthma linctus Black Kait 22. KATALAVANA SU 27, 303, 118, 141, SA 8, 34, 13, 131 KALOTTHALAVANA G 15, 171 (a) Internal-taken alone o dis- (a) As digestive, lavatise and xoli ed in acıd fruit juices general tonic (5) Internal--ingredient of medi- (5) Jars of appetite crted glit ·{a) Internal-nfusion with water (6) Internal-in piles (a) Imbalance of the second and third humors (6) Fever, toxicos 3 Material for enema tubes etc 23 MARCANAGAIRIKA C: 20, 32 Yellow ochre Syn KĀMŚRI C. 23, 54 30, 121 24 LAMSYA SA 8,9 C 24, 154 S: 3, 7 Bronze or bell metal KITI KĀMSYA S« 3,7 25 KASISA Su 3, 5 10 C: 7, 102 etc , 21, Green Vitriol (ferrous sul 126 etc phate) Syn PAUSPARJANA C 26, 250 tice (a) Extemal-un ointment (a) I.eucoderma alopecia, fistula () Extemal-in eyc-ointment (6) Gradual loss of vision External--in dusting powder (c) Spreading inflammation, dis. External-ingredient of poul coloured skin skin discases (d) Eye-d seases (e) External-in med cated oil (o) Shimy discharges from the for local application vagina, displaced or prolapsed uterus painful and congested uterus Black clay Internal-in aqueous infusion Excessive thurst haemorrhage 26 KRSNAMRT C. 19, 82 22,44 Syn KRSNAMRTTIKA Su 27, 200 a 19, 64 27 KRSNASILATA C 22, 44 Black sand Medication of drinking water by Excessive thurst prolonged immers on TABLE 4 MINERAL SUBSTANCES 28 LAVANANI CATVARI C 15, 111 Mixture of four salts (a) Internal-in plis (6) Internal-as ingredient powder of (c) Spleen discascs jaund ce loss of appetite emaciation etc (6) Cough asthma heart discases, etc 29 LAVANA PANCAKA Su. 1, 75 C. 13, M xture of five salts 127 15, 106 etc (a) Ingredient of rectal enema la) Const pat on (6) External-as massaging powder (b) For inducing bleeding in poi (c) Internal-n medicinal powder sonous bites (d) Internal-in plis (c) Spleen descascs flatulence, (6) Internal—In medicated ghee ind gestion short breath etc Internal-in liquid mixture (2) Coryza heart block (c) Cough consumption oedema inguinal swelling heart d sea Scs etc U) Dysentery anaemia gastrointestinal irritation etc (a) Internal medicated ghee (a) & (6) Colic pain misperistalsu, b) Internal-in plls pulcs dysentery, etc (c) Internal-in lqud m xture (6) Tetanus convuls ons cardiac seizures 30 LAVANATRAYA C 15, 177, 183 20, 25, Mixture of three salts S9, 18 81 ·TABLP 4 Medicinal substances of Afineral Origin & their Uses-(Contd ) 82 Aamic and referente Modern cquivalent Mode of use or application Medicinal uses in 31 LOHG 25, 103, ctc 32 1 OHIT \MRT C 23, 101 Metal (iron) Red clay Iron pyrites 33 MAASIKA G 7, 70, 16, 76, etc Sin TAPYA C: 16, 78, 26, 250 34 MANATISILA Sa 1, 70, 3, 5, 5, 28, etc, S: 7, 117, 17, 77, etc Rcalgar (arsenic sulphide) Material for surgical Instruments Internal-in pills Porsoning, oedema, indigestion, intestinal worms, etc (a) ExternalIn cyc ointment (6) Gradual loss of vision (6) Internal-in pills after pro Chronic skin discases longed immersion in cows Anaemia, rregular fever, urinc urinary disorders, спілсіа• (c) Inicmil-in linclus lion, toxicans, Jaundice, etc (a) External--in dusting powder (a) Chronic skin diseases, piles, or in ointment leucoderma, baldness, alope. (6) Ingredient of medicinal cigar cia leprosy, cxanthema, ctc (c) Internal-un linctus, pills or (b) Migraine, hemicrania, carmedicated ghec ache, discases of the gum, drowsiness, etc (c) Ordema dysentery, toxicosis, night blindness, carbuncle, etc 1 xternal-in eye salve A fine Lyc discasca, ſuling Vision CARANA SANTA pwder 35 MANI SA 1, 70, 6, 31, 8, 19, N 7, 16, Precious stone ( 26, 250, etc yat KATNI SA 8, 19, In 1/2, 33 36 MIULARA TE 8,111 Black salt 37 MRT Sa 9, 13, 18, 6 $a 1, 43, 4, 79, Clay 16, 121, cte Ingredient of rectal enema Tor ilırumatic conditions (a) Internal ingredient of mix (a) Gerpligim or abnormal Jan. turc hering for clay (6) Internal-in aqueous suspen. (b) Ifarmolliermia Sion 38 O(A)UDBIIDA SU 1, 188, 27, 303, V. O, 141, CI 15, 85 26, 227 Tossil salt (a) Ingredient of rectal enem? (a) Constipation (6) Internal -in med cated ghee (b) Deafness, infecird rar passage, (c) Internal-in emulsion with oil discharge of pus from cars, etc (c) Intestinal worms Internal medicateul gt te Ind gestion, dyscntcry, etc 39 PIAC 15, 85, 109 Artificially prepared salt ·clay in 40 PA LAG 22, 37 Su 18,6 Slime As mud pack for appl cat on to the Sunbum hgh fever etc Syn ska PUŞLARINIVRTC 4, 104 41 PAMŚU 23, 38 174 Powdered carth (clay) Po sonous b trs External-for local application 42 PAMBUJA Su 27, 304, Vi 8,141 Salt prepared from sal ne Internal-in mixtures Loss of appetite flatulence rheu matısın 43 RAJATA V1 8,9 11 C 1/1, 58 3,23 Silver (a) Material for fine tubes and catheters etc (b) Internal-n linctus as fine (6) Asthma cough hiccup ema Synt ROPYA Su 5, 74 C: 16,78 etc powder ciation loss of appet te, etc 44 ROMAKA V: 8,141 Ct 15, 85 Salt obta ned from sal ne (a) Ingredient of rectal enema (a) As a purgative in loss of Syn souls (5) External-in medicated oil appet le VIDA Su 1, 88 27, 302 Sa 8,34 C 5, 69 (c) Internal in mcdicated ghee (6) Affections of the car passage 15, 85 etc (d) Internal-ın fermenied mix and of bear ng ture (c) & (d) Enlarged pleen pain (c) Internal-in aqueous inſusion ful movement of bow els mucus Internal--in powder mixtures in stool general weakness, etc (g) Internal-dissolved acid (c) Cough asthma fruit juices 6) Hard skin nodules enlarged spleen anaemia dysentery, etc (8) Chronic alcoholism 45 ROPYAŠILAJATU C 1/3, 58 Mineral bitumen from ores Internal-as powder Imbalance of the first and third of silver humors 46 SAMUDRA Su 1,89 V: 8, 141 Sea salt (a) Ingredient of rectal enena (a) Imbalance of the humors (as SAMUDRAKA Su 27, 304 (6) Internal-in powder mixtures tranquillizer) (6) Ind gestion loss of appetite 47 SARVALOHA C. 1/3, 46 Tin lead ron, copper and Internal-as finely divided pow As general tonic silver ders boiled with myrobolan juice 48 SISAKA SA 3, 16, 7, 88, 17, 126 Lcad (6) Intersal—in pills, after pro. (a) Cutancous eruptions longed immers on of the pow (6) Asthma cough, hiccup dered metal in cows urine (5) Intemal-ın linctus as powder 49 SAURAŞTRI C 7, 114, 15, 138, 30, 79, 98 Alum (a) External-in medicated ol (a) Intestinal Worms printus, (b) Internal-in linctus leucorrhoca crosion of the cervix, prolapsed uterus, etc (6) Gastric disorders, cnlarged spleen, colic pain, Jaundice, anorexia ctc TABLE 4 MINERAL SUBSTANCES 83 ·TABLE 4 Aſedicinal substances of Afineral Ongın & their Uses--(Contd ) 18 Samc and reference Modem equivalent Vode of use or application Medicinal uses in 50 SIUVIRCALA SI 1, 09, 28, 20, etc., 1. 8, Salt obtained by bosling (0) Exlernal-in various modes of (a) & (6) Used in a large 14 $, 34 C 5, 69, 142, etc, Ke 7, alkalı with myrobolans application number of pathological condi (6) Internal--in a large number of tions 33 S1 7, 17, 9, 19, etc. prescriptions 51 SPILATIKA O 1/4, 22, 17, 125 Quartz (a) Internal-in linctus as fine (a) Asthma, cough, hiccup powder (6) As a general tonic (6) Internal--in medicated ghee 52 SUVARXAVAKSIKAA 7,71 Tyntes ore Tatemal—the powder after diges. A general remedy in all diseases tion with acid juices 53 TAMRA CL. 21, 235 Copper Material for hot romentation Varicocele, hard cutancous swellings 54 TAMRARAJAS Q 1/1, 58, 1/4, 22, 17, Tinely divided copper (a) External--in cyc-ointment (a) Eye diseases 126, 24, 246, etc (6) Intemal-in lanctus (b) Accumulation of waste matter (d) Intemalin mixture aler in stomach, hiccup digestion with plant juices (c) General weakness and debility 55 TIMRASILJATU C 1/3,58 Mineral bitumen from orrs Internal-as powder As a vitalızıng tonic of copper 36. TIKS 114SG 1/3, 1G Tempered iron or steel Internal-in pills after digestion of As a vitalızıng tonic thin foils of the metal in acid juliers 57 TIL INSTRA SU 3, 14 Alkaline ash from sesame External-in ointment Ringworm, pruritus, papules on sends the skin surface A THARU SU 3, 74, Ci 7, 88, S1 3,7 Tin (a) Material for cremna tube, etc (b) 1 xtemal- Ingredient of (o) Cutaneous cruptions dusting powder 99 Lumin SUNDI St. 1, 49, 27, Salt obtained from ashes of (a) In recual mema 303, 1.4 11:15, B5, 26, 227 manne plants (a) Constipation, colic pain, (5) Internal-in medicated Rhec enlarged spleen, abdominal () Intemal-in oil emulsion discares, etc (b) Discases of the rye, mouth and ear CARANA SABIHITA

·60 VAJDURYA C 1/4 22 4,79 ctc
61 VAJRA G 7, 22 23, 252
Beryl (cats eye)
(a) Exterpal-In
eye-o ntment
(a) Eye-diseases
as powder
0 Asthma cough, b ecup
(8) Internal in linctus
(c) Hacmotherm a
(c) Internal-in aqueous infusion
Damond
Intemal-finely powdered and As a general remedy for all a lments
mixed with plant ju ces
The deposit of white-ant External-as massaging powder Spastic paraplegia
h lls
The ants poison gemi
External-10 be worn in contact Antidote for po soning
with the skin
62 VALMIKA MRTTIKA G 27, 49 51, 54
63 VIŞAMOŞIKA C 23, 253
64 VARATAKA C. 26, 224
Lime obta ned by burning Internal-as powder suspended in Far ache
COWT e shells
mcdicated oil
TADLE 4 MINERAL SUPSTANCIS
85

·86 CARAKA SAMUITA TABLE 5 Cereals and Legumes SUKADHÂNYA-VARGA (Cercals) (1) Varieties of nice – Raktasalt, Afanasali Kalama, Sakunthita, Turnaka Durghafua Gaura, Pandika, Langula, Sandhathra, Promodaka, I atanga, Tapaniya, lazaka, Havana Pamsu cama lor adhala Srastika, Gauras astka, V'arała, Uddalała, Cina Surada Ujala, Darda, Gandhana, Aurucında, i rihi and Patala (Su 27, 6-13) (2) Varieties of millet - Sy wale Itaste lyamaka, Ambhas syamała, Minara Toxaparnt, Garedhuka, Prasantika, Lauhnya, Anu, Priyargu, Mulundu Thıntıgarmult, Varula, Varala, Suva, Uulata, and Jurnalı (Si 27, 16-18) (3) Other varieties of corns - Tapa (barley), Venuyazy (bamboo-seeds), Godhuma (wheat), Nandimukhi and Afadhult (Su 27, 1922) SAMDHĀNYA-VARGA (Legumes) Mudga (green gram), Afasa (black gram), Ryjamasa (blackcye pea), Kulattha (horse grim), Aladhustala (mou gram), Canaka (chick pea), Afasura (lenul), Saherenara (common pra), Tula (sesame), Simbi, Adala (pigeon-pea), Sardagaja, Aralmaja, Katanda (sword bean), Uma (linseed), Atmagupla (cowage) (Su 27, 23-34) TABLE 6 Natural Waters JALA-VARGA Sü 27, 197-216 Name and reference English translation Watcr of fresh water lakes Watcr of artificial tanks Water from melting ice or snowy Well water River water Hater of rurſace springs and gewers ANOPA-JALA BIP-JALA HAIVA JALA KOPAJALA NADYA-JALA PRASRAVANA-JALA SATLA-JALA SAROJALA SISIRA TADIGA-JALA TOYAD I-JALA TUŞARA VARUNALAYA JALA Hater of hill or mountain springs Water (i ponds Dew Water of artificial lain Rain water Snow Sea water ·TABLE 7 SUOAR CANE DERIVATIVES ETC 87 TABLE 7 Sugar cane Derivatives & Types of Honey Name and reference English translation RASA VARGA, Su 27, 238-242 AVASOSITA RASA Sweet ju ces and their derivat vex Sugar-cane ju ce bo led down to all one th rd or one fourth of ts org nal bulk Clanfied guds Dark brown semi-crystall zed en de s gar DHAUTA GUDA GUDA IKSU RASA Sugar cane juice Cand ed sugar Dark coloured treacle (or molasses) KHANDA SARLARA KSUDRA GUDA MADHU SARKARA MATSYA PINDAKA PAUNDRAKA SARKARA VAMSAKA Crystallized honey Crude granulated sugar Sugar cane ju cc (clarified) Crystall zed cane sugar Unclar fied sweet ju ce of the Camcl thorn (Alhazı maurorum) Mechanically pressed cane ju ce Honeys Honey of the Apes dor ala Dark coloured honey from unspec fied source Bee honey Insect or wasp honey YANTRIKA RASA MADHU VARGA Su 27, 243 BHRAMARA KSAUDRA MAKSIKA PAUTTIKA ·88 CARAKA SAVITA TABLE 8 Afilk and fill-products PAYOVARGA SU 27, 217-236 Name and reference English translation AVIKA GHRTA Clarified butter prepared from sheep's milk Sheep's milk AVIKA-PAYAS CHAGA-GHRTA CHAGA-PAYAS Clarified butler prepard from goat's milk Goai's milk DADHI Sour milk(curds or houmits) EKASAPHA-PAYAS Alilk from animals with unclouen GAVYA GHRTA Clanfied butter from cow's milk GAVYA-PAYAS Cow's milk GHIRTA Clanfied butter from any source, or any preparation containing a major proportion of clanfied butter Elephant's milk Concentrated milk HASTINI-PAYAS KILATA MAHIŞI-GHRTA MAHIŞI-PAYAS Clarified butter from buffalo-milk Buffalo's milk MANDA Cascın Immature curds (partly soured milk) MANDAKA MANUŞA PAYAS MORATA Human milk Thickened milk NAVANITA Butter SARA Coagulum of milk TAKRA Dilute buttermilk TAKRAPIND4K Coagulared solid portion of) buttermilk Camel's milk USTRI-PAYAS

·TABLE 9
VEGETABLE oits
89
TABLE 9
Vegetable Oils
TAILA VARGA Su 27, 291 293
Name and reference
English translation
ATASYA TAILA
Linseed oil
ERANDA TAILA
Castor oil
KUSUMBHA TAILA
Safflower oil
O 1 of the Buchannania Latifol a
PRIYALA TAILA
SARSAPA TAILA
Mustard oil
TILA TAILA Su 13 12
Sesame (Sisamum ind cum) oil
12

·90 CARAKA SANITÀ TABLE 10 Alcoholic Beverages MADYA-VARGA Su 27, 179 193 Name and reference English translation Treshly fermented liquor Fermented liquor from the chebulc myrobolan Sur fermenied liquor from niet gruel ADHIINAVA MADYA AKŞIKI AMLAKANJIKA, 5,77 Sm Aanyika Dhanramla, Su 15,7 Tusodalo ARANĀLA, C 15, 116 ARISTA ASAVA ASUTA, C. 15, 121 GAUDA JAGALA NLADHULIKA MADHUSUKTA C 26, 227 Sour gruel fmm fermented boiled rice Distilled wine for medicinal use General name for distilled wine Prewed muxture containing Soma plant juice Rama prepared from crystallized brown sugar Termented liquor prepared from unboiled rice Clear fermented liquor from Alohua fruits Fermented liquor from a mixture of sugar-cane juice, dark brown crude sugar and boiled rice su eetened with honey Rum prepared from honey Termented hquor sweetened with honey Fermented liquor from barley, etc. MADHVĂŞAVA MADHVIKA MADYA Sy Sura MADIRA Syn Suramanda I arunimanda, C5,92 ALAIREYA Distilled wine containing Irast amount of water (or high alcohol content) MRDAUKA PAKVARASA Syn Sidhu, Vi 8 140 Prasanna, C 26 18 RASASAVA SARKARA SAUVIRALA SITARASIKA SUNTA, G 29,9 Mexed wine containing equal quantities of rum and fermented (undistilled) wine Fermented liquor from grape juce Fermenied Liquor from mixture of thickened cane juice and dark brown crude sugar Clear decanted layer of fermented liquors Fermented liquor of sugar-tane UCC Termented liquor from cane sugar solution A type of fermented liguor Termented liquor from cold (unboited) sugar-canc juice Fermented Boquor from mixture of cold sugar cane juice and boiled rice Wine distilled from fermented liquor Sour fermenied liquor from barley gruel SURĀSAVA TUSANBU ·TABLE 11 ANATOMICAL TERAS 91 TABLE 11-A Anatomical Terms General Name and reference Modern name 1 ADHARAGUDA, Sa 7, 10 Anus 2 AKSI, $a 7, 11 Eye 3 AKSIKANIKA, Sa 7, 11 Pupils 4 AKŞIKOTA Sa 7,11 Eye balls 5 AKSIVARTXA, Sa 7, 11 Eye lids 6 AMASAYA, Sa 7, 10 Stomach 7 AMSA, V: 8, 117 Shoulder blade 8 ANANA, V: 8, 117 Face 9 ANGULA, SX 26, 67 Finger 10 ANUŞASIRA, $a 7, 13 (29 956 in Capıllaries number) 11 ARATNI, V 8, 107 Bones of the forearm 12 ASRKDHARA, Sa 7, 4 Capıllary 13 ASYA, 11 8,117 Mouth 14 AVATTA $a 7, 11 Base of the skull 15 BASTISIRSA, V: 8, 117 Lower abdomen 16 BHAGA, V, 8, 117 Vagina 17 CIBUKA, VI 8, 107 CH 18 DANTA, SA 7, 11 Tooth 19 DANTAVEŞTALA Sa 7, 11 Gums 20 DHAMANI, N 5, 9 (200 in number) Artery 21 GALASUNDI, Sa 7, 11 Tonsils 22 GANDA, VI 8, 103 Cheek 23 GARBELASAYA SG 3,3 Users 24 GOJIHIVIMA Sa 7, 11 Tongue 25 GRIVA, Su 20, 8 front of the neck 26 GUD 1,5 27, 275 Rerta) pattage 27 GULPHA, V 8, 107 Ankle 28 HANU, 8, 103 Jaw 29 HASTI, MT8, 217 Hand 30 HIRDAYA, Su 17, 3 Heart ·92 CARAKA SANITA TADLE LA Anatomical Terms-Gereal (conld ) Name an Ireletice Modern name Call Collar Lone hace Homb Armp! Snow O int car Inner car Haut 31 JANGILX Sa 16,8 5' JAYTRV 178, JD7 33 JA\U 178, 107 SI JARAYU SJ 30 3 MLSI 18, 10) $6 MANDARA S# 11, 48 37 KARYAPITRAM S7, 11 30 * IRTAS 15KULIMA S# 7, 11 39 MATT 17 8, 117 40 NESA. Su 20, 11 41 AFSABHION! Su 20, 11 4' KLOVAS Su 17, 93 43 NO$TILASCA $ 7,10 44 KRMATIKA 1 8, 10, 45 $UDRAVTRA, SJ 7, 10 46 KUKSI Su 17, 93 47 MUKUNDARA ST 7, 11 48 LALATA 1. & 10 Ilar Scalp Rroncho-pneumonial tract Al mentary canal hape of neck Small intestines Aldomen Flanks Torel cad Body has Sk n pore Vuscles (fiesh) 49 LOVAT, 8, 106 50 LOVAKOPA, SJ 6,23 51 MIAMISA SW 17, 82 52 VIRMA SW 11, 49 (107 in number) 53 VISTIŞMA S 9, 80 5+ MED IS Su 16 9 Viscera Lal parts Cranial matter (brain) Ad pose tissue Urethra Cran um (skull) 55 VIEDIIRA, Sw 27, 275 56 MORDILA Su 11, 48 57 VOTRASAIA 1. 8, 117 58 NIBHI Sy 17, 93 59 MASA SU 8, 19 60 NASAPUTI Sa 8, 19 Urinary bladder Mavel Nose Mostrils ·TABLE 11 ANATOMICAL TERMS 93 TABLE 11-A Anatomical Terms—General (contd ) Name and reference Modern equivalent 61 NITAMBA, Sa 7, 11 Buttocks 62 OSTHA, Śa 7, 11 Lips 63 PÄDA, Su 26,67 Feet 64 PADAHRDAYA, Sa 7, 11 Soles of the feet 65 PADANGULA, Su 26, 67 Toes 66 PAKVASAYA, Su 2, 10 Colon 67 PANIHRDAYA, Sa 7, 1 Palms of the hands 68 PĀRSNYA, V: 8, 107 Hecl 69 PARVAN, Su 26,8 Joints 70 PINDIKA, Sa 7, 11 (Pest-Sa, 7, 14) Muscles 400 in number 71 PLIHA, Su 17, 93 Spleen 72 PRAPANI, V: 8, 117 Forearm 73 PRAVÄHA, V: 8, 117 Upper arm 74 PRSTHA, VI 8, 117 Back 75 PURISĀDHĀRA, Sa 7, 10 Pelvic colon 76 RASAYANYA, VI 5,8 Capıllaries 77 SAATHI, Su 20,8 Thigh-bonc 78 SAMVRTASAMVRTA, V. 5, 8 Body channel closed at onc end 79 SANDHI, Sa`7, 14 (200 in number) Joint 80 SANKHYA, VI 8, 105 Temples 81. SARIRACCHIDRA, V: 5,8 Body onfice 82 SEFA, V: 8, 117 Penis 83 SIRAS, Su 17,3 Head 84 SIRA, V: 5,9 (700 in number) Vein 85 SLESVLABHAVA SA 7, 11 Lungs 86 SKANDHA, SH 27, 334 Shoulder 87 SNAYU, Su 11, 48 (900 in number) Tendon, Nerve 88 SPHIK, Su, 21, 15 Hip Pelvas 89 SRONI, SH 27, 275 90 STANA, Vi &, 117 Breast ·91 CARAMA SANTA TABLI JIA Anatomical Termis-General (conlu) inic and reſcence faxlcm namn بال ,4 ,۶ ۱-۱۱۱۱۱۱۱۱۱۱۱۱ ۹۱ Arula large inlatairs Sroninal sci 2 S77101.AYIRASI 7,10 93 SURASTI $12, 19 9 Siiv, $J 7, 43 9, SUIDIVUNILI, S: 7, 42 0 1 1 U Su 7, 11 thxlily orifice Openings cl incat slinds Palale 97 TAVAKI C 17, ? Brutal trace Sacrum I palmas Avilla 31 TRI 8, 117 99 UD IGDIR I % 7, 4 100 UNII $7, 11 101 Urn $.17, 11 102 ORU, S# 16, 8 103 VISI DII178, 117 Unula Hught Mack Upper part of the retual passage Grin Oncntum 101 UTTARAGUIST 7, 10 10. VANS Su 14, 10 106 VAPIVATA1, SJ 7, 10 107 IRM SU 17,93 108 VRSNI Su 14, 10 109 YANRT Su 17, 93 hidney Tesfacles Liver ·TABLE 11 ANATOMICAL TERMS 95 TABLE 11-B Bones in the Human Body In the Caraka Samhita the total number of asthr (a general term 22scd by Caraka for bones tecih, nails, hard cartılages and bone sockets) in the human body is said to be 360 which include ($a 7,6) Name Number Modern equivalent 1 AKŞALA 2 Collar bones 2 ANISA 2 Cannot be identificd with any modern description 3 AMSA PH LAMA 2 Scapula or shoulder blades 4 ARATNI 4 Radius and ulna of the forcarsa 5 BAHUNALALA 2 Bones of the upper arms 6 BHAGASTHI 1 Pub c bone or the sacrum-cunt-coccyx 7 DANTA 32 Tech 32 Sockets of the teeth 8 DANTOLONHALA 9 GRIVASTHI 15 Bones the column of neck I0 GULPHIA 4 Ankle bones or malleoli 11 HANVASTHI 1 Lower jaw bone Attachment or bindung bones of the lower jaw 12 HANUVOLABANDHANA 2 13 HASTA MANIKA 2 Boncs of the wrists 4 Tiba and fibula of the legs 2 hnec caps 14 JANGHA 15 JANU 16 JATRU 17 KAPALIKA 18 NAKHA Cartilage of the wind pipe Elbow-pans 2 20 Nails 19 NĀSIKA-GANDA KOTA LALATA 20 PANIPADANGULYASTHI 60 Two nasal two molar and two superciliary ridges of the eye-brows Digital bones or phalanges of the tocs and fingers (56 only) Metacarpal and metatarsal bones 20 4 Bases of the metacarpal and metatarsal boues 2 Heel boncs 21 PANIPADASALAKA 22 PINIPADAS ALAKADHIS THANA 23 PARSVI ASTHI 24 PARSULA 25 PRSTH IGATÁSTHI 26 SANKHYA 27 SIRAILAPALA 24 Ribs 45 Backbone Uic vertebral column 2 Templc-bones Crania! bones

·IG
CAKAMA SAMISIITX
TANLE 11-3
Bones in the Human Body (conld )
Mama
Modern
alent
2
Pely c bonds tos rhom natum)
28 SKONIMIVII
29 S1111AM
30 STUTLA TRRUP
24
Sockets of the ntx
34
Tutxercle of the niles
31 11 Uhi
2
lland palatc
Breast bones
32 URAS IST111
33 ORU ALALA
?
Th gl bones
ne total number of lion
in the 1
man body as ven in
Klem anat my u 200 only

·TABLE 12 PHYSIOLOGICAL TERMS 97 TABLE 12 Physiological Terms Name and reference Aton naC Embryo (188) Digestive process Latent taste Placenta Scrum Ovum I AMAG ARBHA, Su 6, 10 2 ANTRAPÅSA, C 15, 38 3 ANURAS1, Su, 26, 28 4 APARA, SC 6, 23 5 APICCHAD, Su 28, 4 6 ARTAVA, Sa 3,3 7 ASRU, A 26, 23 8 BIJAGRAIANA, Sa 2, 23 9 DHATU, Su 7, 49 10 DRSTI, SA 8,8 11 GARBILA, Su 7 39 12 GYIRAVA, Sx 8,8 13 HRDAYAŞPANDAN, C: 16, 12 Lachrymal fluid Fertilization of the ovum Mayor constituents of the human body Vision Conception Sense of smell Heart beat 14 KAPHA, SA 16,9 Phlegm or secretion of mucus Secretion or bodily waste products Lymphatic fluid Bonc-marrow Excretions of the body Brain-matter Unnc Umbilical cord Vital essence 15 KITTA, Su, 28, 3 16 LASI, Su, 28, 8 17 MAUA, Su 13, 17 18 MALA, Sa 7 42 19 MASTIŞLA or MASTULANGA, Su 9, 81, 90 20 MOTRA, Su 14,4 21 NABHINĀDI, Sa 6,23 22 OJAS, Su, 17, 75 23 PARINĀMAPADYA, V: 5, 6 2+ PITTA, SU 3,6 2) PRANA, Y: 5,6 26 PURIŞA Su 14,4 27 RAJAS, Su 25, 40 28 RASA, Su 17, 64 29 RANTA, SH 11, 48 30 RASANA, SW 8,8 Metabolic process Bule Life breath tacces Menstrual flow Nutrent body fluid Blood Sense of taste 13 ·98 CARAMA SANTA TABLE 12 Physiological Terms (contd.) Namc and reference Modern name Blood flow Muscular contraction 31 RUDHIRASROTAS, TI 5, 6 32 SAMKOCA, Si 7, 18 33 SPARSA, Su 8, 8 34 SROTAS, 17 5,8 Sense of touch Aloement of fluids through channel in the human body Sense of heating Sernen Sweat Perspiration 35 SROTRA, Si 8,8 37. SUKRA, 17 5,6 37 SVED, 17 5, 6 38 SVEDAGAMA, SÚ 7, 15 39 UDGĀRA, Su 7, 33 40 UDRANA, SE 4,16 41. UPADEHIA, G 26, 23 42 VIRYA, SU 26, GG Eructalon Erection Jucus cells Potency ·TABLE 13 DISEASES 99 TABLE 13 Diseases Name and reference Modern came Abscess under the tongue Dyspepsia Dehydration of the stomach Squint eye Ophthalmitis Eye-affection Whitlow 1 ADHIJIHVA, C 12,77 2 AGNIVANDYA, ST, 20, 17 3 AJATOD 4M, Q 13,58 4 AKŞIBHED 1, Su 20, 1 5 AKSIPALA, Su 20, 14 6 ALSIROGA, 26, 130 (Ninety six varielles mentioned, but neither named nor described) 7 ALAJI, CI 12, B8 8 ANADOSA, V1 %, 10 9 AVILAPITTA, CE 15, 47 10 ANÄHA, A 28, 29 11 ANIDRA, C 28, 21 12 ANTARAYAMI,C: 28, 43 13 ANTRAPANAVIDAHA, Su 24, 14 14 ANTRAVRDDHI, O 12, 94 15 APASVĀRA, C 10,3 (Five types described according to etiology) 16 APATASTRAKA, S: 9, 12 Disorders of chyme formation Acıd dyspepsia Acute constipation Insomnia Stoff neck Intestinal inflammation Hemia Epilepsy Convulsions with body bent like a bow (Tetanus) Hemicrania Non suppurating swelling Facial paralysis Anorexia Haemorrboids 17 ARDHAVABHEDA, S: 9, 74 18 ARBUDA, C 12, 87 19 ARDITA, Su 20, 11 20 AROCAKA, C 26, 124 (Sıx types described according to etiology) 91 ARSA, Q 14,7 (Seven types described according to exology) 22 AŠVARI, C 26, 36 (Two types according to etiology) 23 ASTHIKSAYA, Su 17, 67 24 ASYAVIPÄKA, Su 20, 14 25 ATAKTYABULINIVESA, C 10, 52 26 ATISĀRA, C. 19,4 (6) ANATISĀRA, O 19,5 Urinary calculus Atrophy of bones Stomatates Psychic epilepsy Dysentery Dysentery with mucus discharge ·100 CARAMA MUITA TABLE 13 Diseases (conld) Name and reference Mioden name Dysentery with blood discharge Excessite olxesty Anal fistula Dislocauon Dental sclusmn Gum Lost Loonc teeth Dlatation of bloot leescls Tetanus leurasthenia (6) RASTATISARA, O 19, 70 (Sıx other types described according to cuiology) 27 ATISTHOLA, Su 21, 4 28 BHAG IND IRA, C 12,96 29 CIOTAS INDIII, C. 25, 63 30 DWTABHCD I, Su 20, 11 31 DANTAVAMSA VIDRADIII, C. 12, 78 32 DWTAŚWITHILIA, Su 20, 11 33 DILUMANIPRATICAYA, S. 20, 177 31 DHANUSTAMBILA, Su 20, 14 35 DURVA, Su 17, 73 36 ELANGAROGI Su 20, 11 37 GILAGID.C 12, 79 38 GALAGRAILA, Su 18, 22 39 GILAPTHA, Su 20, 14 40 GALASU DINI, Su 18,20 41 GARDHINIROGA Sj 8, 26 42 GRALIA. IDOŞI G 15, 51 (Four types described according to ctiology) 43 CRANTIII, C 12, BI 44 CRDIERASI, Sa 20, 11 45 GUDABIIRANS.1, Su 20, 11 46. GUD PII, SI 20, 14 47 GULU A 5,48 (Sıx types desctuni according to sta slogy) 3 ITRDDRAVA, 54 20, 11 43 SIRIJKOGA, Sw 17,6 (Fine 177 manusxal, bus not deschid) O IR MOILA SW 20, 11 SY ISU TIKRAS, 14, 10 52 JILAMICIRD 111, 12, JINRI) S. 20, 11 Monoplegia Tumour on the side of the neck Acute mell ng snude tirat Suppurated inflammation in the road I onsitetas Diseases of prrgnancy Diarrhoea Glandwas suellus, varicocela Scoalica Prolapsed must I'ractatus of the Artus Harelering and swelling af flere Tachycanda Sicart durar Canuc urugulasty a turatie (lyen lad ·TABLE 13 DISEASES 101 TABLE 13 Discases (contd) Name and reference Modern name 54 JANUVISLES { Sy 20, 11 Knock knees 55 JATHARAGNIVILÄRA 1: 6, 12 Morbid appetite (Four types named and described according to symptoms) 56 JVARA O chapter 3 Fever (Eight types described according to etiology which includes sannipata (typho d) Su 17, 41) 57 KALŞA Su 20, 14 Herpes $8 MANDLI, C: 29, 17 Pruritus 59 KARNAROGA C 26, 127 Diseases of the car (a) BADHIRYA, 26, 128 Deafness (b) KARNASOPHA C 29, 127 Inflammatory swelling inside car () KARNASRAVA C 26, 127 Pus duscharge from the car (d) POTISRAVANA C 26, 127 Suppuration of the crner che car (Also eight other types according to symptoms) 60 KASA C chapter 18 Chronic cough (Five varieties described according to cuology) 61 KESABHOMISPHUTANAM, Su 20, 11 Fissures of the scalp 62 KHALITVA Su 5, 30 Baldness 63 MANJATVA Su 20, 11 Lameness 64 KLAIBYA G 30, 154 Impotency of the male (Four types described according to euiology) 65 KOTA SH 24 16 Localized thickening of muscle fibres 66 KRMI S# 19,9 Parafıtıc infections (Nineteen types according to nature of the paras tes) 67 KSIRA DOŞA G 30, 237 Disorder of Jactation (Eleven types according to etrology and symptoms) 68 KUBJATVA Su 29, 11 Hunch back cond tron 69 KUŞTHA C chapter 7 Chronc skin diseases (a) ALASAKA C 7, 23 Itching red papules (6) CARALADALA C 7, 24 Easily bursting itching eruptions () CARNAKUSTHA O 7, 21 Extensive eczema with thickened dermus Localized eczema (d) ERAKUSTHA C 7,21 Ringworm 6) DADRU, G 7, 23 ·102 GARAL SAVITI TABLE 13 Diseases (conid) Namc and reference Vodem name ſalignant growth Erythema Fresh Icprous lesions 1 lard, rough and discoloured dermatous Urticanal dermatosus Vid leprosy Ulcerated dermalos Suppurated dermatosis Icprous sores gangrene Psoriasis XIKAVA, C 7, 20 (8) KAPILA, C. 7, 14 () KILAS 1, G 7,173 (1) KITIMA, C: 7, 22 6) VANDALA, C 7, 16 (k) PAVA, CI 7,25 () PUNDARIKA, G 7, 18 (m) RSYAJIHIVAMA, C 7,18 () SATARU, A 7,26 (6) SIDHI, C. 7, 19 (-) SVITRA, G 7, 173 (0) UDUMBARA, G 7,35 () VICARCINA.C: 7, 26 (5) VIPADILA, G. 7, 22 ( VisPITOTAMA, G 7, 25 70 LALATABIICD 1, Su 20, 11 71 LIKSGAPAKA, A 30, 168 72 MADATYAYA C# Chapter 24 (Sıx types described scending to sympims) 73 VADIJUMESLS, X7 4. 41, 6, 55-56 74 MAYIS INLED, S. 20, 34 Patchy dermatosus Acute, non-sealing sore Scabies Dermatosis with fisures in the extremetics Boils Tronlal headache Surpuranon and sorrs of the proce Chronic alcoliclini Duabetes (desnood as incurable) Softening and dennetation of mumular បue Mythic diked to l'or Urethren We alion 75 MASOVIKARA, SU 7, 52 76 VASCRIMA, 07 12, 9) 77 VEDHIRATIMA,S1 2014 70 VRTAG IRBIASA, 30 79 VOLATVA $ 20.11 ViUhILAROGA 25119 81 CROATIA 34 35 (Hive type dextind urton!ng to fix) * NOTRUATIEIRA. 56 9,50 Tartar Orut dixim Jest nito Betsstuwm* 3 *** CV the knee al.

·TABLE, 13 DISEASES 103 TABLE 13 Diseases (conid) Namc and reference Modern name Dysuria 83 MOTRAKRCCHRA G 26, 32 (Erght types described according to etiology) 84 MOTRAKSAYA S: 9, 34 83 MOTRATITA S: 9,35 Uraemia Chronic difficulty and delay in m cturi tion Blood discharge with urint Sinus of fistula Discasey of new bon babes Diseases of the nasal passage Pern cious thinitis Anosmia 86 MOTROTSANGA $1 9,34 87 NADIYRANA A 25, 56 BS. NADIROGA K 8, 45 (Four types namned but not described) 89 NASAROGA Ct chapetr 26 (a) DUSTAPRATISAYA Q 26, 110 (6) GHRÄNAPÄKA O 26, 115 (.) NÄSĀRŠAS, 14, 6 (d) NASĀRBUDA C 26, 116 (c) NASĀSRÅVA G 26, 112 A NASASRAGATAKA C 26, 211 (8) PINASA C 26, 114 (*) PRATINAHA G 26, 112 (1) POYARAKTA C 26, 116 (Also cleven other minor variations) 90 NIDRADHIKYA SY 20, 17 Polypus in nose Tumour in nose Catarrh Atrophy of the sense of sme) Acute rhin tus Obstruct on in the nasal passage Suppuration in de nose Hypersomn a Heat-stroke 91 DSA Sy 20, 14 Hare-lips Fallen arch or flat foot 92 OSTHABHEDA Su 20, 11 93 PÄDADHRAMS 4 S 20, J1 94 PAKSAVADHA Su 20, 11 95 PANDUROGA C1 16 7 (a) HALIMAKA O 16, 132 (6) KAMALA G 16, 31 (Three types described according to etiology) (c) AUVBHAKAMALA 26, 36 96 PANGULYA Su 20, 11 97 PÅRSVAVI VARDA Su 20, 11 Herplagia Jaundice Jaundice due to anacmia Jaundice due to intestinal disorder Malignant jaundice Deformed foot club-foot Pa nful spasms in chest with breathing diff culty ·10+ CARALA SAMHITĀ TABLE 13 Diseases (contd) Name and reference Modern name Diabetic eruptions Dry gangrene Carbuncle with muluple openings 98 PIDARA, Su 17, 82 () ALAJI, CI 17, 88 (6) JĀLINI, C 17, 86 (c) RACCHAPIKĀ, Su 17, 85 (d) SARIVALA, Su 17, B4 (6) SARSAPI, S. 17, 87 Carbuncle with angle opening Circular ulcers Large boil, surrounded by small secondary pustules Abscesses of the inner orgnas Moist gangrene Splenic diseases Urinary disorders Halitosis A VIDRADHI, Su 17, 10 (g) VINATA, Su 17, 89 99 PLIHAROGA, Su 19, 4 (FIvc types described according to etiology) 100 PRAMEHA, NI 4,8 (Twenty variations including diabetes, described according to symptoms) 101 POTIGHRĀNATA, SU 14, 11 102 RĀJAYALS11A, C1 8,14 103 RAKTAGRANTHI, S. 9,41 104 RANTAPITTA, GT 4, 11 (Seven types described according to ctrology) 105 RETODOSA, CI 30, 139 (Eight types described according to symptoms) IOG ROHINI, Su 18, 31 Pulmonary consumption Tumour in the neck of the bladder Hacmothermia Seminal disorders 107 ROVLÄNTILA, 12, 92 Extensic and painful swelling at the LAKO of the tongue Small cruptions spread over the entire sken surface Frightful swelling and inflammation in de throat with stertorus breathing 108 SALUKA, 12, 75 Migraine General paralysis Direnses of the hrad 109 SANLIIS ADHEDA, SH 20,1 110 SARVANGAROGA, C. 28, 29 111 SIROROGA Su 17, 6 (Five types metioned, but not destiled) 112 SIRAHSOPILA, 12, 75 113 SIRASTAVBUS C 25, 29 114 SLIPIDA G 12, 98 115 SONIT INLED 1, Sa 20, 14 Erysipelas of clead Vascular thrombous Elephants of the Irg Pernicious enarmnia ·TABLE 13 DISEASES 105 TABLE 13 Diseases (contd) Name and reference Mioder name Wasting diseases Oedema Diseases of the body fluids and channel Recurrent neuralgic pain in the had Aphonia Asthma White and fiocculent urine 116 SOSA, M 6,11 117 SOTHA, A. 12, 1 118 SROTOROGA VI 5,8 (Fourteen types named and described according to location) 119 SURYAVARTA S: 9, 79 120 SVARA SAYA Su 24, 15 121 SVASA A 17, 46 (Five types described according to symptoms) 122 SVETAMUTRAVARCASTVA, Su 20,17 123 TĀLUVIDRADHI, C+ 12,77 124 TAMASU, Su 20, 11 125 TAMO TIDARSANA Su 24, 15 126 TIMIRA, Su 20, 11 127 TRSNA, C 22, 57 (Five types described according to etiology) 128 TVAGAVADARANA, Su 20, 14 129 UDARAROGA C 13,9 (a) CHIDRODARA C: 13, 42 Abscess of the palate Asthenia Repeated fanting fits Partial loss of vision Morb d thirst Scaly skin Stomach troubles Perforation of the stomach or tntestinal wall (6) JALODARA, C 13, 45 Distens on of the abdomen due to fluid secretion Cardiac pain originating in stomach Paralysis of the intest nes Peritonitis Urticaria () UDARĀVESTA Su 20, 11 (d) UDĀVARTA C 26, 6 (6) BADDHAGUDODARA C 13, 39 130 UDARDA, SX 20, 17 131 UNAPADANKUSANIYAKAVILÅRA V3,4 132 UNMADA C chapter 9 (Fifteen types described five according to chology and the others according to symptoms) 133 UPAJIHVIKA C 12, 77 134 UPAKUSA C 12, 78 135 ORUSĀDA, Su 20, 11 136 ORUSTAMIBIA, C chapter 27 Epidemic diseases Insanity Acute glossitis Gingivitis Atrophy of the thigh muscles Paralysis of the thighs 14 ·106 CARALA SAMHITA TABLE 13 Diseases (contd) Name and reference Modern name Displacement of internal organs 137. UTSANTRA, C 25, 58 138 VATABALASA, C: 29, 11 (Three types named) 139 VĀTASTILA, S: 9, 36 Rheumatism of the joints Hard tumour in the rectal or urinary passage Angina or quinsy Bubo in the grouns Alopecia Recurrent fevers Acute spreading suppurations Cholcraic diarrhoca Permanent swellings TVounds, sores 140 VIDĀLIKA, C 12,76 141 VIDARIKA, C: 12, 89 142 VILONA, C 25, 118 143 VISAMAJVARA, C 3, 53 (Sux types described according to periodicity) 144 VISARPA, C 21, 29 (Seven types described according to etiology) 145 VISOCIKĀ, VI 2, 10 146 VRADHNA, Ct 12, 94 (Five types described according to etiology) 147 VRANA C chapter 25 (Forty-four types mentioned, but not all described, including nadierana) 148 VRSANAKSEPA, Su 20, 11 149 *YOVI-ROGA, C chapter 30 (a) ACARANA, C 30, 18 (6) ANTARMUKHI, C 30, 29 (-) ARAJASKA, C: 30, 17 (d) ATICARANA C 30, 19 (e) KARNINI, A 30, 27 U ALAHAYDNI, 30, 35 (8) PARIPLUTA, C 30, 23 (h) PRADARA, C 30, 20 (Four types described according to chology and symptoms) (t) PRAKCARANA, Ct 30, 20 6) PUTRAGENI, Ct 30, 28 (*) RAKTAYONI, Gr 30, 16 Crypto-orchstus Diseases of the reproductive organs Itching growth in the vagina Taverted uterus Scanty menstrual flow or amenorrboca Chronic vaginitis Inflammation of the ccrx Prolapsed ulerus Acute vagipitis Menstrual disorders Dcfiorativc vaginitis Chronic abortion Menorthagia • This term in Corała also includes seminal disorders and impotency in the male, as also discases of lactation. But these have been mentioned in the present lut in their proper order

·TABLE 13
DISEASES
107
TABLE 13
Diseases (contd)
Mame and reference
Modern name
Dysmenorrhoea
UDAVARTINI G 30 25
(m) UPAPLUTI C 30 21
(n) VAMINI C 30 32
Leucorrhoea
Flow of old depos ted semen

·108 CARAKA SANITÀ TABLE 14 Pathological conditions and Congenital Defects Name and reference Modern name Accidental injuries 1 ABHIGHĀTA, S: 9,6 (Three types mentioned) 2 AJIRNA, CI 15, 42 3 AKŞISOLA, Su 20, 11 4 ALALAMEHA, Ni 4, 10 5 ALASYA, Su 20, 17 6 ANLAPITTA, C 22, 15 Indigestion Eyc-ache Discharge of pus with urine Lassitude Biliousness 7 AMLAKA, Su 20, 14 8 AMSADAHA, Sü 20, 14 Hyperacidaty of stomach Local burning sensation Body odour 9 ANGAGANDHA, Su 20, 14 Local fixsures on the surface of the body 10 ANGAVADARANA, Su 20, 14 11 ANTARDAHA, Su 20,14 12 APATANAKA, SI 9,15 Burning sensation Fainting and groaning Distaste for food Fractures Prostration 13 ARUCI, C8,60 14 ASTILIBHANGA, C: 25, 68 15 ATIDAURBALYA, SU 24, 13 16 ATIKRŠA, SU 20, 10 17 ATISVEDA, Su 20, 14 18 ATRITI, Su 20, 14 Extremne craciation Excessive sweating Morbid hunger Nausea, vomiting Interrupted breathing Aad cructation Burn 19 CHARDI, 20, 4 (Fise different types described according to etiology) 20 CHINNASVASA, A 17,54 21 DIVATHU, Su 20, 14 22 DAHA, SH 20, 14 23 DANDAKA, SA 20, 11 24 DHOVODGARA, S: 20,14 25 DURVAN IS, SJ 17, 73 26 DUSTA, A 25, 29 27 DVIRETAS, 52, 17 Convulsion Gasous cructation Neurasthenia Suppurated condition Hiermaphrodite condition 28 GANDIVALI, G 12, 79 Chain or tumours around the neck ·TABLE 14 PATIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ETC 109 TABLE 14 Pathological Conditions and Congenital Defects (contd) Name and reference Alodern name 29 GRIVASTAMIBIA, Su 20, 11 30 GUDÅRTISYA, $2 20, 11 31 CULPHIAGRAHA, Su 20, 11 32 IANUBHEDA, Su 20, 11 Rigidity of the neck muscles Rectal proctalgia Sprained ankle Dislocated jaws Sallow skin Hiccup Excessive secretion of phlegm Hacmorrhage Rise of body temperature Trernor 33 HARITATVA, Sx 20, 14 34 HIKKA, C: 17, 21 (Tvc types described according to symptoms) 35 URDAYOPALEPA 54 20, 17 36 JIVADANA, Su 20, 14 37 JVARA, Ct chapter 3 (Eught types described according to etiology) 38 MAMPA, Su 24, 15 39 MANTHALEPA, Su 20, 17 40 LARNALANDU, C. 26, 128 41 KARNANĀDA, C 26, 128 42 KARŅASOLA, G 26, 127 43. KARNAVIDAHA C 26, 128 44 KASAYASYATA, Su 20, 11 45 KILALLI, C 28, 57 Excessive secretion of mucus in throat Itching inside cars Buzzing sound inside cars Ear-ache Burning sensation inside cars Astringent taste in the mouth Neuralgıc pan in the lower limls and shoulders Lameness 46 KHANJATVA, Su 20, 11 47 MILLISA, Sa 8, 32 Burning sensation of the vulva and cracking of local skin Saline taste in the mouth Metallic Laste in the mouth Intoxication 48 LAVANASYATA, Su 24, 14 49 LOHITA GANDIASYATA, Su 20, 1+ 50 VLADA, SW 24, 27 (Seven types described according to symptoms of intoxicating agents) SI VALADHI YA, Su 20, 17 52 MANISAD VIL1, S. 20, 14 53 MURILLA DHURYA, $3 20, 17 54 MUNILASOSA, Su 20, 11 5. VUNLARATA, Sx 20, 17 Excessusc regretion of faccal matter Burning insation in the muscles Persistent sweet taste in the mouth Dryness of the palate and tongue carve alinton ·110 CARAKA SIITÄ TABLE 14 Pathological Conditions and Congenital Defects (corld.) Xant and referenet Modern name Denise, turbid and coloured wrtne Pain in the for Muscular cam in tre les Conturon Scorching of the sun Toror of the bwxly Sultne of the back Foetid sinell from the mouth l'ulnd taste in the mouth 56 MOTRIUKID, Si 9, 28 57. P.IVASOLI. S7 20, 11 58 TID ASUTTATA, SU 20, 11 59 PICCILAYA. 52 17,4 G PLOS., Su 20, 11 61. TRAVILAKA, S: 24,12 CZ PRSTILICRA 1. Su 20, 11 63 POTI VUKILATA, S. 20, 14 G4 PCTYASYATA, S« 24, 11 GS RAJONAS. Su 20, 11 EA SAXLASVEIL,.. 4,10 67 SINONI or $4VDILAYON, 30, 31 GB SISURASTEILA: 4.10 09 SL DRAPRASIDALIL, N 4, 10 70 SUSILASSAMOSLA, S. 20, 11 71 SIKATILIA 4 10 72 SIRORUL, S: 20, 11 73 SOS, V6, 11 74 SOTIL, Y 12,1 73 SCCINIUMIL, 30, 31 26. SUKRAWIETL 4, 10 77 STIMPIL, 7,20 79 L'IT, U 77, 15 Suppresudi menitrual flow Excery slow mittuntoon Cynandroid condition in the female ixous urin Sedimle urine napisi Gravel particles in urine Headacik Atropur content Orums Centretan the nit Pewing of man with w Spasta colitus Cramput Impiary ruralni Palem Tidal urin KAY ) SVATH, 11, 1: {\textint accredingua etkiley) 417TUSI ITI. S. 9,17 TILANTEILSA S. 20, 11 TAR.177)¢X. le 241. & TILTINIMIRU 14 26,1+ ย Infr(\ \ 15 Tatrywy ·TABLE 14 PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ETC 111 TABLE 14 Pathological Conditions and Congenital Defects (contd) Name and reference Modeni namo 85 TRIKAGRAHA, Su 20, 11 86 TVAGDAHA, Su 20, 14 Neuralgic pain in sacral region Burning sensation of skin 87 UDAKAMEHA, N 4, 10 Excessive volume of urine Swelling Displacement of the foetus Very high temperature Failing speech Dwarfness Retracted eyelids Rigidity of eyelids Painful retention of urinc Eunuch condition in malcs 88 UDVRTTA, C 25, 58 89 UPAVESTAKA, SA 8, 26 90 UŞMADHIKYA, Su 20, 14 91 VAGBHANGA, Su 20, 11 92 VAMANATVA, Su 20, 11 93 VARTAIASAMKOCA, Su 20, 11 94 VARTMASTAMBHA, Su 20, 11 95 VĀTABASTI, S. 9, 37 96 VĀTIKAŞANDHA, Sa. 2, 21 97 VEPATHU, Su 20, 11 98 VIDĀHA, SI 10,95 99 VIJYUTA, C 25, 70 100 VIKŞEPA, Ct 23, 33 101 VIŞA, C chapter 23 (a) AMAVIŞA A 15, 46 (6) GARAVISA or DOSIVIŞA A 23, 11 (c) JANGAMAVIŞA, G: 23,9 (d) STHÅVARAVIŞA A 23, 11 102 VIVARNATA, Su 24, 13 103 YONISOŞA, A 30, 33 Shivering Suppurated swelling Dislocation Muscular rigor Toxicosis, poisoning Food poisoning Poisoning from inorganic substances Poisoning due to bites Poisoning due to vegetable roots and bulbs Depigmentation of the skin Dryness of the vaginal passage ·TABLE 15 THERAPEUTICAL TERMS, ETC 113 TABLE 15 Therapeutical, Surgical, and Chemical Terms (contd.) Name and reference Modern equivalent Emeses Ligature Application of enema 30 VAMANA, Su 7, 15 *31 BANDHANA, Su 17, 4 32 BASTIKARMA, Su 1, 86 33 VENIKA, C 23, 38 34 VINNASANA, V: 6,16 35 VIRECANA, S 7, 15 36 VYADHANA Su 11, 55 Tourniquet Psychiatric treatment Purging Surgical puncturing Chemical Terms Acid Oils other than vegetable oils Metallic ores or corroded metals Alkaline substance 1 AMLA, Su 6, 11 2 ATAILA, A. 8, 150 3 DHATUMALA O 16, 74 4 KSĀRA, Su 3, 14 5 LAVANA, A 10, 44 6 LOHA, C 25, 103 7 RĀGA, C26, 28 8 SNEHA, SH 13, 4 Salt Metal Dye Oil or fat 9 TAILA, N: 8, 150 Vegetable 0:1 * Nos 31 and 32 have not been placed in their proper alphabetical order through mistake ·TABLE 17 TERMS FOR PITYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 115 TABLE 17 Terms for Physicochemical Processes Name and reference Modern equivalent I ANTARDHOVA C 15, 174 2 AVASINCANA VI 7,25 Combustion in closed vessel (internal combustion) Moistening Flushing in a current of liquid 3 AVISAMIPLAVANA, SA 6, 23 4 BHAVANA Vi 7, 16 Impregnating with liquid Roasting 5 BHRSTA Su 4,15 6 DAHANA. C 15, 17 7 DRAVA Sa 8, 41 Combustion Solution Evaporated residue Trituration 8 GATARASA Vi 7, 17 9 JARJARIKARANA C: 26, 244 10 JUŞA N 8, 136 11 JVALANA Su 12, 8/3 12 KALKA SA 4, 7 13 KHETABHOTA Sa 4,9 14 HINNA Su 27, 254 Liqud extract Ignition Paste Coagulated Boiled 15 LEHA V: 8, 136 Tincture 16 MANTHANA Vi 5,22 Chum ng Mld heating 17 MRDUPAKA Su 27, 275 18 NISKATHANA C 15, 174 19 PARIPOYANA V: 7,26 Evaporation to dryness Straining solids from solid I quid mixtures Distillat on precio tation Infusion Foar or froth 20 PATANA C 26, 59 21 PHANTA, Su 4,7 22 PHENA Vs 7,23 23 PHENAMALA C 23, 110 24 PISTASVEDANA C: 1/1, 58 25 PRASADA G 4,80 Effervescence Steaming of sol ds Clear supernatant ? quid 26 SADHANA VI 8, 140 Bol ng 27 SAMYOGA Ni 5,22 Chemical combination 28 SANDRA SA 6, 16 Viscous 29 SAUCA V 5,22 Clarification of turbid liquid ·116 CARAKA SASHITA TABLE 17 Terms for Physicochemical Processes (contd.) Name and reference Modern cquivalent Addition of water Cooled Desiccatog Macerated with liquid Percolated with water 30 SISCAYA SA 8, 19 31 SITIBHOTA 177, 26 32 SOŞAXA 17 7, 22 33 SRTA SU 4,7 34 SRUTA C15, 172 35 SUKSVACORVA Vi 7,22 36 SUPOTA G 1/3, 3 37 TAILIPRAPIDANA 17 7,25 38 UDGHIRTYA SA 8, 41 39 UPAHITA 178, 140 40 UPASAVSKARASA 15 & 140 41 UPASOSANA Su 12, 8/3 42 UPASVEDAVA C 12, 14 43 VIGATASVEILA 1i 7, 22 41 VIROKSAYA SU 5,4 Impalpable powder Filtered Liquid Extraction of oily matter Swapension of solids in l.quds Intimately mixed Filtration Evaporation A special process of durillation Extracted from fatty or oily matter Dehydration ·TABLE 18 MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL TERMS 117 TABLE 18 Mechamcal and Physical Terms Name and reference Modern equivalent Contraction Immers on 1 ANUNCANA Sa 7, 16 2 AVAGAHANI : 6,16 3 AVAGHATTANA L. 7,17 4 AVALEPANA V 7,23 Vigorous st rring Surface coating Suction Retention 5 CUSANA C 23, 26 6 DIARANA Sa 7,16 7 EKAVARTA G 23, 109 8 GAVANA Sa 7, 16 Spiral Motion 9 GRAHANA Ni 5,22 Measurement Pulverization Trajectory or orbit Penumbra, aura Curcumference Distance between extreme points Rubbing 10 ŞODANA V. 7, 22 11 MARGA SH 6,4 12 PARICCHAYA IR 7,9 13 PARINĀIIA S 3,7 14 PARYANTA VI 8, 117 15 PRAPIDANA V: 7, 25 16 PRASARANA SA 7, 16 17 PRASTARANA V. 7, 22 18 PRERANA Sa 7,16 19 SANTANAGATI Su 12, 8/3 20 SUŞIRA SU 12,7 21 TATTVA Sa 1, 55 22 TRIDANDA Su 1, 46 23 UNVARDANA Mi 6, 16 24 UPANGA Su 5, 86 Expansion Spreading in layer Impulse Continuous motion Porous Reflected image Tripod Abrasion Lubrication 25 VYAMA S 14, 43 Unit of length ·118 CARAKA SAMHITA TABLE 19 Weights and Measures (Ka 12, 87-97) The smallest unit of weight is that of a Dhamsi (minute particle) 6 DHAMSIS I MARICI 6 MARICIS I SARSAPA (Mustard seed) 8 SARSAPAS I TANDULA 2 TANDULAS I DHANYAMAŞA 2 DHANYAMASAS 1 YAVA I ANDIKA 4 DHĀNYAMAŞAS 4 ANDIKAS 1 MASAKA or DHANYAKA 1 SANA 3 MAŞALAS 2 SAŅAS 2 DANAŞANAS I DANKSANA or KOLA or VADARA 1 KARSA or SVARNA or AKSA or PICD or VIDALAPADALA or PĀNITALA or TIN- DUKA Or KAVALAGRAHA 1 SUKTI or ASTAMIKA 1 PALA or MUSTI or PRĀKUNCANA CATURTHIKA Or ŞODASIKA or AMRA 2 KARSAS 4 KARSAS OT 2 PALAS 1 PRASRTA or ASTANANA 4 PALAS 4 KUDAVAS 1 ANJALI or KUDAVA 1 PRASTHA I ADALA or PATRA 1 RAMSA 4 PRASTHAS 8 PRASTHAS 4 KAMISAS 1 DROVA or CARMANA or NALVANA or KALASA or GHATA or UNMANA 1 SURPA OF KUMBHA 2 DRONAS 1 GONI OT HARI or BHĀRA 2 SURPAS 32 SURPAS 1 VAHA 1 TULA ALSO 100 PALAS Later commentators have equated the Karsa to 2 modern Tolas This makes the Tula cqual to 9 33 kilograms ·TABLE 20 TERMS FOR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 119 TABLE 20 Terms for Physical Properties (S4. 25, 36, 26, 11) Name Modern equivalent 1 DRAVA 2 GURU 3 KATHINA 4 KHARA Liquid, melt Heavy Hard, solid Rough Light Muld, weak Soft 5 AGHU 6 MANDA 7 MRDU 8 PICCHILA 9 ROKŞA Slippery Dry IO SANDRA Viscid 12 SARA Mobile, Aud 12 SITA 13 SLANSVA Cold Smooth, polished Olly 14 SNIGDHA Firm 15 STHIRA 16 STHOLA Stout Fine Sharp 17 SOKSMA 18 TIKSNA 19 UŞNA 20 VISADA Hot Scattering ·120 CARAKA SAMHITA XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY MLANUSCRIPTS-Caraka Samhita India Office Lubrary (London), MIS No. 338 2 University Library (Tubingen, Germany), MISS Nos 458, 459 3 Government of India Oriental MISS Library (Madras), Nis No 447 4 Bhandarkar Onental Research Institute (Poona), MSS Nos 64, 67 5 Sanskrit College Library (Calcutta), MISS Nos 20, 23, 27 6 Benaras Sanskrit College Library (Benaras), MS No 41 7 Palace Library (Alwar), MS No 1624 8 Jammu Library (Kashmir), MIS No 3266 9 Palace Library (Jamnagar) 10 Deccan College Library (Poona,) MISS Nos 368, 925 11 Punjab University Library (Lahore) 12 Elphinstone College Library (Bombay) PRINTED EDITIOys-Caraka Samhita (Text) 1 Edited by Jwänanda Vidyasagara, First edition, Calcutta, 1877, Second edition, Calcutta, 1896 2 Edited by Kaviraja Gangadhara (complete text with commentary)--Jalpakalpalaru Vols 1, II, III Published by Dharanıdhar Roy, haviraj First edition, Berhampore, Bengal, 1878, Second edition, Calcutta, 1880-81 3 Edited by Harinatha Višarada (complete text with Cakrapanı Datta's commentary), published by Visharada Ausadhalay, Calcutta 1892 4 Edited by Abinash Chandra haviratna (incomplete text with Chakrapini Datta's commentary), published by the editor from Jyotish Prakash Jantralaya, Calcutta, 1884 1888 5 Edited by Jadavayı Tnkamjı Achārya (complete text with Chakrapanı Dantas commentary), published by Nirnay Sagar Press, Bombay, 1933, Third Edition, Bombay, 1911 6 Edited by Jyotischandra Saraswati (text incomplete), published by Ś Saraswau from Indian Press, Benaras, 1937 7 Edited by Harıdatta Sastrı (text of Caraka Samhuta with Cakrapanı Datta $ Ayurtedadpıda with editor's commentary) Published by Motilal Banarsıdas, Lahore, 1940-41 8 Edited by Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society (with introduction, commentary and Indices, and with English, Hindi and Guzrati translations) Published by the Society 'ın sxx volumes. Jamnagar, 1949 COMMENTARIES ON THE Caraka Samhita 1 Carakanyasa by Bhaſfara Haricandra (6th century AD) Mentioned in AIS No 13092 in the Gavernment Oriental MSS Library. Madras 2 Carakapaſzka by Acārya Svamı kumara (6th century AD) MS No 13091 in Goveniment MISS Library, Aladras, MS No R5392 in the Palace Library, Jamnagar 3 Aurantorapada by Jcijala (9th century AD) Edited by Handalia Sastri printed and published by Motilal Banarsidas, Lahore 1940-41 4 Caraka candrika by Cayadasa (10th century AD) Mentioned in Dallana's.Arbandhasamgrana 5 Ayunedadipika or Carákatātparyanika by Cakradatta (Cakrapani Datta), 11th century AD published by N N Sengupta and B C Sengupta, Calcutta 1849 1853 (1) Edited by Harinath Visarada, Calcutta, 1892 6 Carakatatkapradipula and Tetracandrika by Sevadasa Sena (15th century AD) MS No 47 in the Palace Library, Jamnagar 7 Madhukosa by Vijayarakşıta and Srikantha Datta (circa 17th century AD), edited by Jadavaja Trikamji Acharya Published by Nirnay Sagar Press, Bombay, 1933 8 Corakopaskara by Jogindra Nath Sea Published by the author from the Vidyodaya Press, Calcutta, 1920 (0) Edited TRANSLATIONS 1 "Tibetan-date unknowi, translator unknown 2 Persian-earlier than 8th century AD This version was retranslated into Arabic by Abdulla bin Ali of the 9th century 3 Arabic-8th or 9th century, translated from orginal Sanskrit by Ali ibn zain, quoted by Αι Βιπιιι 4 Hindi—by A S Sarma, 1903, S G Ayurvedic Society, Jamnagar, 1949 5 English-(incomplete) by AC Kaviratna 1912 6 Urdu—by Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Lahore, 1913 7 Gujratby) D Dave 1913 s'G Ayurvedic Society Jamnagar, 1949 & Bengalı--by J S Sarkar 1924 9 Marathi -by V P Krishnasastry, 1926 10 Telegu-by Vanilas Press Madras, 1935 11 English (complete)-by S G Ayurvedic Society, Jamnagar, 1919 ·ERRATA Page vi, line 27 from the top, for Siences, read Sciences 19 2, slokas )) slokas 33 > > 32 97 27, 5 Frvanija Jivaniya > 3) 99 30, 4 PRASAH-VARGA PRASAHA VARGA 52, 17 (column 4) for ringworms » 1> 3) 3 > ringworm, » 88, » 16 (column 2) , souredmilk , soured milk 3>