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·MARTYRS OF IND
0
Edilor-CHAMAN LAL
Author
THE VANISHING EMPIRE
HINDU AMERICA ETC, ETC
War of Independence Centenary
Published by --CHAMAN LAL, DHARAMSALA CANTT
(Punjab)
FronleidyC Kapur B Com al KAPUR PUBLISHING PRESS,
Macrobertgudj Rord, haapar

·h unknown unsung and unw pt Marty ho had
20. funeral but a hos sa ift
bro ght us fe dom /
the il nt sa ulice of sds blossoms into
ft
CHAMAN LA
a
w is

·MARTYRS OF IND
CONTENTS
The vice DRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
CHAPTER I
LEST WE FORGET
CHAPTER II
NATIONAL HEROES—THEIR
INSPIRING DEEDS
CHAPTER III
GURU GOBIND SINGH-THE
SAVIOUR
CHAPTER IV
HEROES Or 1857
CHAPTER
V
NAMDHARIS BLOWN WITH
CANNONS
CHAPTER VI
REVOLUTIONARY ERA
HEROINES or IND
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTCR VIII
MARTYRS OF LIBCRTY
CHAPTCR IX
BAYONETS AND BULLETS
(SOLDIERS OR GANDHI)
HCROCS Or KASHMIR
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTERI
THE GRCIT NAVAL REVOLT

·NAMDHARIS BLOWN WITH CANNONS After ten Namdharis had been sent to the gallows for trying to forcibly stop cow laughter at Malerkotla matters came to a head in January 1872 when a batch of hundred Namdharis resolved to capture the state armoury They made a bold attempt to capture the Nawabs irta sury but were repulsed The Lotwal of the city and seven other soldiers were k lled in action The Namdhari lost seven of their companions and seeing little hope of success decided to withdraw from the to yn The Deputy Commis sioner of I udh ana Vir L Cowan sent for minary aid and also requested Pat ala Nabha and Jind state for assistance M anume the pa ty of Namdharis had been arrested by Naib Nazım of Amargarh Sixty eight of them including tuo women were produced before Afr Cowan ar Afalerkotla The two women were handed over 10 Pat ala troops The rest of the prisoners were order d by Mr Cowan to be blown away from the mouths of cannons sssthout any semblance of a trial and in contravention of the orders of his superior Mr Forsyth Commissioner Ambala In batches the Nam dhan's were led to the mouths of the cannons and blasted off As the last batch was being tied to the guns Cowan received an order from Mr Forsyth to send the prisoners for trial But as Cowan wrote I handed over the letter to Col Perkins with the remarks that it would be impossible to stay the execution of the men already tied to the guns So they ere all blown away except the fiftieth ho was courageous enou, h to free himself from the guards attached Deputy Commissioner and was cut to pieces by the native troops On the following day Mfr Forsyth reached Valer kotla and not only approved the summary crecut ons of Mr Conan but also himself summarily tried the remaining 16 Narrdharis and sentenced them to death Lanentable Indiscret on The brutal executions sont a wasc of ind gnation throughout India An enquiry was held into the actions of Cowan and Forsyth The report by Secretary to Government Punjab confirmed that Mr Co ans action was marked by undisciplined presumption and unmeasured ses crity Government of India con cluded that The course followed by Vic Cowan was illegal it was not pallated by any public necessity and as charac terused by incidents which gave it a complexion of barbarity -The Ad arit ·Rajasthan's Chief Minister's Message Congratulations for undertaking to bring out a book on ile marlyrs of India The new India urll be judged by the uay in which she uses her freedom 11 c musi profit by the lessons of the past The crample of mariyrs u ho laid do en their lines in freedom's cause should inspire u for all time iſ the struggle failed, 1l en the causes of failure should be analysed and uc should steer clear of such causes in fulurc lle hare se a long uay lo tracerse lo reach ti at sleadiness ord balance which modern independent ralions claim to enjor The memory of the martyrs of 1037 will cerlainly inspire the people of India lo sont aloleser differerses lley may lame today and march abreast logetier on the path of progress, fecce ard prosenly Mohan Lal Sukhadia July 19, 1937 Chief Minister, Rajasthın

·First Martyr Jaipal
The enemy of god Jaipal, and his children and
grand children and nephews were taken prisoners
and being strongly bound with ropes were carried
$ before the Sultan as evil doers on whose faces the
fumes of infideltly are eoident, who are covered with
the vapours of musfortune and will be bound and
carried to Hell
Some had their arms forcibly tred
behind their backs some were seized by the cheek
some were drwen by blows on the neck The
necklace uar taken off the neck of Jaipal The
Sultan directed that the polluted infidel Jaipal
should be paraded about so that his sons and
chieftains might see him in that conduion of shame
bonds and disgrace and that the fear of Islam might
ſly abroad through the country of the infidels
Unable to bear this insult Jarpal threw himself
into a flaming byre and put an end to his life as
soon as he could
Tarıkh 1-Yamiai

·CHAPTER I Lest we forget There is no history in the world which is more repl te with cramples of youthful martyrdom than the history of India On the battlefield it is truc, thic herocs of miny nations have made sacrifice of a glorious character but for individual martyrdoms for great cau cs by youngmen, hall ny boys, it is to Indır that one should turn Which country can boast of havin, produced a boy of more indomi table couragc, cndurance and spirit of sacrifice than that young hero Prahlad Bhingit who suffered persecution 16 the hands of his own misguided fulcrma hing who pretended to be greater than God WC Thic sacrifice of the great 111q1qat for personal convic tions is still unnalled in the listory of the world It was ngun India that presented to the worki a specircle of two Titul boys barely in their icens voluntarily permitting thein schics to be buricd alivc rather than change their conuictions or principles they were the brave sons of the grere hero Guru Gobind Singh the greatest inartyr of India Banda Balindur and thousands of the bric follolcrs of the Guru gambled with their las s in the tradition of Rajpute The illustrious namn of Prithi Raj Pidinini, Rani Pr117, Slunu aji, Rani Tal hi ha Isis, Vina Salub buliju- 51 al 12011 Topc and other hrions of the luun sofirlepas dence will alt yoluncns {118 a thu slitical hi pots or indir Ihc story of the 10 if c of Virc 17, drueliter or Ana Salub us 1 incmo nl of Briti i brutalits Who will not be podríflo lo im ) harar Sinnlı Surihlin un tiro Irene brical all 11 ,!! م5144 راد:

·UP played 6 to see mother India fies > Thousand of youngmen and young women from Begral Punjab Uttar Pradest and out former Frontier Province sacrificed they lives at the altar of freedam Revolutionary heracs like letaz Subhas Chandra Bose Rash Behan Bo e Chandra Shekhar Azad Sacher Nath Sanyal Jogesh Chatterjee Bhagat Singh Prithvi Singh Khankhoje and thousands of heroes of the Azad Hind Fau the Indian Navy the Babar Abals the brave Pat) ans heroes of homagata Maru Hyls Chittagong and Peshar nurtured the tree of fr edam with their bload The story o blood bath in the Frontier in 1930 is an eternal tbutc the brave Pathans who suffered so cheerfully in the cruse our freedom Assam Bihar Andhra UPNP all control their quota of martyrs in this struggle illustrious roll in 1857 and 1957 All states of Ida contributed their quota of frei fighters but the Punjab and the Frontier which for cc faced the foreign invasions naturally produced the numbes of martyrs for ten centuries A very large numb of parriors and soldiers of humanity scruced themselv Guru Tegh bahadur the sons of Guru Govind Singh who were built into a will alive Guru Arjunder who was rorsted and boiled to death Bhar Mansingh who was 24 ed to deart The G6 bra e Namdharı Sikhs 3 ho were blasted by cann others who were speared and lynched in thousands by the foreign rulers out to crush the national movements Mary 3thors kissed the rope of the gallo: 4 lite Sardar Dha, at Singh bartar Sia h Sarabhu and their noble collezues Pungads produced fierocs like Madiniai Dh ngra and Udham Singh ho yen,cd India s honour in the enemy s citadel- London Lapac Rai Apitsingh Har Djal Amir Chant Balmokand Rahmat Khan Jarat Ram Ram Chandra Suli Amba I crshad were brave sons of the Punjab There bere othese like Sardar Sewasingh Thikar wala tho were mide la will er a aj on the cocis or belind prison bars Nlany more including the heroes of the Ghadar movement Ike Sardar Bakkusliish singh Gillwals Harnam singh Bhru Gosess ·Jagatsingh Sursinghwala, Vishnu Ganesh Pingic, Surunsingh Gilwalı were subjected to brutal and hair raising tortures and death Thesc heroes never committed any conspiracy, but they were tried under the then existing 170s and hanged Thesc heroes also included Sardar Birsingh Bahuwal, Sardır Ishır Singh Dhudike, Rangasingh Khurdpur, Rursingh Talv inds Dosanjh, Uurimsingh Hans, Doctor Mathura Singh, Shri Nimi latchgarh Hafiz Abdullah Jagraon, Rursingh Sang 171, Sardur Harnamsingh habrı, Shri Chhaliaram Sabhnc 121, Sardır Wasawasingh Warı, Sardar Narainsingh Balo, Sardar Niranjansingh Sangatpura, Sardar Palasingh Sherpur, Sardar Jawandsingh Ningal, Banta Singh Sangwal, Butisingh Akalgarh and Pandit Sohanlal Pathal of Patti Thc Babar Alali movement was cqually revolutionary in character and claimed hundreds of licroic martyrs There were countless men and somon known and unkn Own who inid down thicir liscy for the sake of the motherland They preferred death to budging in inch with ignominy from their loyalty to India The Punjab also made a proud contribution to the IN A The names of general Yohan Singh, Shahna77, Prem Schigal and Dhillon "crc houschold munes in India in 1946 Thousands of slene sold.crs of Ncenji lic buried in the battle fields of hohimi, Manipur and Burmn border It is thcy who $750 us thic nntional victor logan JAI HIND US their <100fices for llind s freedom 10 nll such unknown warrior Ind: almiet in lns and crrcnde hier reapereful liomage on the 100 th mos iry of the 1897 War of Inieprndence I oni lose the arturs of Ind 10111 112 1957 Chun Lal

·CHAPTER II
NATIOVAL HET OCS-THEIR INSPIRING DEEDS
RANA PRATAP
PPINCE AMONG PATRIOTS
11HO VETER ACCEPTED DCFEAT
HE TIRED FIRST SHOT
MIGUI PI\DEI PIO\ECP or 1897
BAHADURSHAH PP ESCVTED PRINCES HEADS
PROUD OF MY SOVS SACRITIC
LITE SE VTECE POR SHOUTIG BANDE VIITRI
KUVAR SINGH HERO OF BIHIR
HIS LIST OFTLRING TO CINCI
GENEROUS LIHSHVID 11-C\CVI STRIBUTE
MADIYLAL DHIMGI | PIONEER REVOLUTIO\ \RY
HIS VIFSS IGE TROVE THE GILLOWS
BC\GALS DRITEST DAUGHTER
DIED WITH ILIG IN HIND
TT AITOR SHOT I JAIL MIRTYRS IT 1: 15
SEP NOT DF P Q D OF THES
OUDH BEH IRISLIST ILISH
NO PCACC LUT PCI OI UTION
IIE LAUGHID IT Dr \TH
BALVOK INDS VIRT11 DOV
WITC DICD I SATI
PITRIOTIC GIREITIALI SOI DILRS
NITAJISII TIROPHIC)

·CHAPTER IT NATIONAL HCROCS-THCIR INSPIRING DEEDS THE INSPIRING DEEDS OROUR NATIONAL HEROES ARC OUR PROUDEST NATIOVAL TREASURE Rana Pratap The Instory of Riputani is a fascinating study, it nbounds in the unusual, the romantic and the chivalrous With in inhospitable land as their bachground, the Rajputs--Sisodins and Rithors hachhu 71175 and Blintis, Cholans and Primars-raised up a bulding which gathered around and in it all that was noble Many harc been the pulgrim who were attracted to it, but the corner which has been buit luy tic dougi ty deeds of the Si odins his lid the largest amount of lionnage And there the niclic in which Rani Pineap stands has become ilir holicst of the holy Hlc stand for all that is usually 15COCICd with that romantic word, Rajput, and more If courge 175 thic distingu fung badge of the Rajputs, Pratap ind more than his slzare of 11, of aſlınching resolution and indomitable will cicr mide a licro of a man Pratap 17$ onc If cuer n min ſougiit ngainst fourful ouds ard pulled through liom, at 175 hic Men liic slirund back froin ilıc icry thought of us crity Rana Pratap 1 prince among men, in sted at Comfort and luxur love licen luugi od by thousands of this Worli himrocs Pratip co nc i them when they hid to be bought 16 the cot of hi independence Per in ind Island, Baghdad and Irali reit 11070ured in ending coth cmbassics to the court of thic Corent Vuolill, but Pritp 11s content with sendin, luis word of definnce and thic result > Ihre 15 ips in tlı Alpine Iras all thi! 18111 pictfi allt ans de 1 of i'rrep ombrilliant victors or mo c Fl jou (eneratio scr Inpuis line *Korubs hus i man ir pier! With 11 he innde cicry corner of the lu luulim,ic 1 lit itt i 1910 bon Pa 9.11 not ) ·6 Akbar! Wherever his language is spoken Pratap s is a name to rouse the disheartened But why Rajputs alone ? In the collective memory of the Hindus he has got a place along vith Shivaji and Ranjit Singh and along with them he proved that not even centuries of Mohammadan domina tion could kill the spir i out of a proud race Maharana Pratap occupies a very high place in the galaxy of the Hindu leaders ho inaugurated a reaction against Muslim domination in India For centuries the Hindus had submitted to their Muslim masters Herc ind there isolated ase had occu red where a humbh, or a Sanga had stood out from among hi fellow men and defied thc poners that be The Rajput submiss on to the imperial sway from Delhi had often been spasmodic It has been customary to count Pratap s one of that band of hardy Warriors who went on fighing against hervy odds rather than own 1 master Pratap rather belonged we should rather say he was the pre ursor of-to the series that produced Shu ji in the Deccan and Range Singh in the Punjab Hc not only opposed Akbars design in Mewar he organised opposit on thereto Unlike the usual run of Rajput princes he was always most happy not in cvading the Vughal ini ad rs but in building conltions to stem the tide of Vlughal cnnque t in Rajputanı At one time or another he united round t is person the fierce Dcoras of Saroh, the braic in battle Rattor the ruler of Idar the princes of Don, arpur the IIadas of Bundi and the Chohans of Ranthambor As soon as onc coalition was dead he would build up another and continue flinging defiance at the Vlu hal And in bringin, these what had hitherto been hetero creous clements together he ould not som times spa c himself R10 Surtan Deora had expelled his nom nec from Sarolu but rather than stand on ceremony sith him and 10 an eternal enmity for this petty cause he insited luis co operation nd had him as an ally in hi 1 yrs aguinst the imperial powers!

·7 son R10 Maldev of Jodhpur and Rani Udai Singh had been cnemics in their days and nothing would hue plea cd an old orthodos Rajput better than to carry on the famıly feud and wealen his own power into the bargain Yet when Rao Chander Sen, Rao Maldve $ and successor, appcarcd at Kumblialgarh to congratulatc Pratap on his succession, the Aſaharına forgot all carly quarrels and the two remained close allies till the former's death in 1581 But more than anything else, he must be honoured for beginning that system of warfare for which credit has hitherto gone to Shivaji and the Maharattas alone Thc castc system in India threw the burden of defending thic country on the Rajputs' shoulders and the Rajputs incd rather to fight and dic on 1 baltlefield than organize any large scale operations Pratap followed the Rajput tradı tion to the cxtent of fighting 1 pitched battle where it could not be woided But he delighted most in leading the Alughals 1 dog's lifc, harassing them on all possible occasions, yet, in fighting and running 317, so thrt he could fight another day It was this system of guerrilla warfire which is the bichbonc of Prataps resistance to the Muglials I lus degraded the uglial invasions to, whint thicy later cımc to bc igiinst the \mit , thc uscless task of beiting the 111cs The waters parted as thic stic) cımc, but no sooner was it gone than did they unitcasin Ilc did not only inaugurnic this system of starfire but carried it through as well sticcessfulls Ini adc it 15 tlicy would, the imperul armies never succeeded in miling them chics innsters of Nicu a They could os crrun the country but coulii ncicr conqucrit The success of lus mcthods is apparent from inc fict that to succeeded in winning by Vess ir cien gainst Alber Singt uns freit but I'ritap i 1ust be considered will who succeeded in localing the name of the GTC itcr ·8 Sisodias unsullied ho taught the F ajputs that it was as heroic to fight and run away if one could succeed ultimately thereby as to fht and die on the battlefield who organ zed coalition alier coalit n thus caching the R jputs the lesson of unity in sluch they so much I cked Wien N n Sigh and Bhow in Da Balya Mal and I a Sır h Jagmal and Duda accepted service under Akbar 1 ratap vowed ternal opposition and kept his ord wil ning re pect from h s oppoi emis in the process n Binei e thels Ir tapas no ini 1fic stond out as instal Mluylal lated them co dinily as the volators of his ou try tics But tht as all Thc ncrso all onour ih с mis ( 15 as s le al 15 h nds as in th iron 11n Imai S h rejoiced pturing Abdu Im ic si rply rpm nd d lun and sent th nbth all l nu 1h na uglt aita * on Vai Sing! uld have mad si ort vok of that hacia wala anbios I ratap Singh would have none of it llcle rof no c uelties pctised by his orders on any onc ho happened to h vc the m sforsune of being born into a religion differn. I om) is ou n And so fri13 he from dependi g on an app al to religion alone in l is determina tion to keep s fet liberty of his motherland het lie was beto ed Alusl m commande s and Muslin soldicrs cucn against Ikb ss might Ile practised the Rajput art of hospitality to the full Who oc cr A led to the Sisodia court deserted by fortune and had pre cd bs the Vu hals fou da clcome I ome 1 re V nya | ince Ram Shah of G: Ir the most promet nici fuld clcorc fic athlm Apreut 8 kal brein or a uccessful organizer a pri ccamcn me i a generous fo Trataps name is sure to be honoured licreler tcse virtus arc respected (1 sofessor Sri Ram Sharma ) ·9 HC TIRED TIRST SHOT SHAHCED MANGAL PANDAY tion The 19th regiment being stationed at Barrackpore, Vizier Al Nakhi Khan who stayed near Calcutta had bound the whole rcgiment by oatlıs in favour of the Revolu Somc companies of this regiin nt had been sent to the men of the 19th, and these had brought over the whole of that regiment to thc national cause The Erglish had no notion of this and decided to force the crtridges first on the 19th regiment as an cipcriment But the regiment openly refused to accept them and made plain their dctermination even to drau their swords, if necessary Sccing this, thc Lnglish, in pursuince of their policy, began to put down thc 'natics" But the Lnglish officers soon sau that they ricre not the antics' of prst days Thc clashing of swords soon convinced them of that But they lind quietly to pochet thuis in ult, because, in the whole province, they had no whuic troops with which to os cruc the Sepoys To remove the difficulty, an English regiment was ordered from Burmi to Calcutta in the beginning of March The order went forth that the 19th regiment was to be disnrıncd and disbanded It was decided to exccutc this order at Barrick porc' But thc Barricl porc regimant is not going to see quietly the spectaclc of its countrynien being dishonourcd I he sword of Vangal Punday poruiis cly refused to rese in its cabbard llic with rc,iment wanted to Ichic thc Con pany's scruce quitc 18 much is the 19th Hencc all patriots thought it is best that thic Company it clf disbunded the 19th The miser leaders coun clled patiencc for onc month unui all uere consulted And letters 1110 already been sent from Borriel porc in nous llaments in fie the kinn21 <115 But llunit Pudas snord would not int!

·10 2 Mangal Panday was a bral mo by birth He took up the duties of a Kshatriya and was a valiant young soldier Into the heart of this young and brilliant Brahmin ho loved his religion more than his life and who was pure in his private life and undaunted in battle the idea of the freedom of his country had entered and clectrified his blood Hoy could hs sword be patient The s vords of m styrs never are > The crown of martyr dom shines only on the head of those who regardless of success or failure bathe their cherished ideals with their hot blood But from this apparently uscless wastc of blood does the sacred Image of v ctory spring forth The idea chat hi brethren ere going to be insulted before him fired Mangal Pandays heart and he began to insist that hs own reg ment hould rse on that vesy day When he heard that the lead rs of the Org 1157t on would not consent to h s plan the young mans sprit became uncon trobabic nd he at once snatched and lo ded fus gun and jumped on the p rade ground shouting brethren ruse! Why do y » hold back brethren ? Come and nasc i bod you ly the path of your religion ! Come let us rise and attack the treacherous enemics fr the sake of our freedom With such words be called upon his fello « soldiers to follo v him When S rgcant major Hughson sa v this he ordered the Sepoys to a rest Mangal Panday But the traitor Sepoys whom the En lush hd lenied to count upon upto now nowhere to b Sound Sot only do no Sepoy more to rest Panday at the or lers of the oth r but a bullet from P: day ked the other and is corpse rolled on the ground jus this tic Licutenant Baugli came scere Wh le ) is horse as pan ng forth on che paral anari stulles som p aday strick c I orse and brought th th horse rid the rider to the grou Whlc Pand y as I din his gun again the afliccr ! up and aumed 'sat at l'anday but the Itter undis mayed drew out hs si ord Baugh fred but a mased lis Rise' ye Yere Хироп h ·11 marh , hc then drew his sword, but before he could use it Panda, struch him down rolling again Whilc another white man was charging Pindas, 1 Sepoy smashed his head with the barrel of his gun, ind i shout arosc from among all the Scpoys, "Do not touch Mangal Panday 1" Immediately, Colonel Whceler cimc ind ordered Mangal Panday's arrest Another shout Trosc, "We would not even touch the hair of this sacred Brahmin " The Colonel, on eeing the blood of Englishmen flowing and the Scpoys in such 1 mood, spcediis rctreated to the bungalow of the general On thc parade Mangal Punday continued waving lus hands full of blood in the air, shouting tremendously all the time, "Rise' Brethren, rise!! When General Hcarscy heard this, he took soine Luropean sol dicrs and rode Inastily towards Pindny Sceing that he would soon fill into the hands of ſeringhuis ind preferring denth to falling into the hands of the enemy, Mangal Panday turned the gun ton ards his own breast, and im medintely his sacred body lay wounded on the pirido ground Thc wounded soung soldier 1175 taken to the hospital, and the I'nglish officers returned to their tents amazed at the braicry of thuis Scpos This 175 on the 29th of March, 1857 Niangal Pundry was then tried before 7 court mural During the inqury, ncmpts crcmide to compel hum to reveal the name of other conspirators But the valiant youth bluntly refused to do so His also sud hinc lic hai no personi milire 791nst the officers whom he shot If there lord been any paronal milice, \angal Pundan s nima roll lac boren in the list of 7517861ns and not of mirties Bu linn 11 Pandiy s lyric riced is done thron, devotion to 2 luh ind noble principle Ilis shord come out of its acabbard to defend lus country and religion, "unling alike of victory ind ciefc11," 78 tlic Bhigauit Citi enjoins Ilc cume out with the firm resolution to die anther thin ince the insule to lus country and religion In this his bold attempt, hvis ·12 bravery as i ell as his patriotism are sorthy of the highest praise He was condemned to be hanged The Bth of April was the day fied for the CY cutian Whatcyer m ght be the inspiring splendour in the actual blood or martyrs the very names of mastirs inspire us with noble sentiments ! What then must be the pouer of the martyr over those sic bele ed in him when he was before 11 cm in fle h and blood rendy to undergo martyrdom? no wonder that a divine lo e for um inspired all those who saw Mngal Panday Not even low chass man could be found fe thale of Parrackpore to act as cxecutioner? At la ! far hangmen had to be brought from Calcutin to do the duty work! Mangal Panday sas corried to the scalſold in the morning of the 8th surrounded by soldiers 1c walled ith a steady step through the ranks and ascend I the scaffold While h repeared once more that he will never give out the n mes of any of the con pirator ihr noo e dropped and die glor nu soul of Vangal Punday left the body ardent to Hca en 17 as dirst lirmi h of the Revolut entry flar and so clied ih siri ma tirof 18 7 We us ought to remember th pride in our heart the name of langal Panday ho clood, the Orce of elemier of marts dom The seed of fre dom has had lern on for tlc three yers animore : au frst itered with hot blood from the body of lingal Parda; len tlic time comes to get is crop let us not forget fit Loidisc me forward to nourth it) Map al find is gone in 13 spint ins prend all oser ll ndu than and the principle for iluch lie fought has become im nortal! lle fare not onl hus blood but his sacred namic al 10 the Revolution! It has become 1 nicknamer it those ho fotit for region and country in the ( 71 m frent and res like ·called by the appellation of "Panday !! Let every mother teach her son the story of this hero with pride 9 Babadurshab-Proud Father When Delhi was recaptured by the British the British general despite z pledge to safeguard the life of two sons of Bahadurshih hanged them and presented their head, on 1 covered plate saying “The British Government have cont jour pension which was de continued sometime ago' The Empero“ though i neurally mocd by the treachers and cruclly of British gencral sud in all royal dignity -men of honour and tradition give birth to children for such a da " The British borst 75 7shamed to witness thc courige ind pride of Balindurshah Life sentence for Bardematram Today our londers sing songs of common ucaltlı tics and British friendship Lct us not forget the scntenced our youngmen to life transportation for shouting Bande matrim (I bow to tlic mother) Onc Madın Lal 1 12 years old boy of Gujrit 175 sentenced to life imprı onment, 1 Rzalpındı bou of ion scars #75 sentenced to seven years in Delhi Rcformitory (which then used to brced boy criminale ) Here is a rccord from my scrapbook which gives the story of a bric outh Indian scntenced to life transportation for shouting Bindemirim This is from 7 speech bi? leder at the chance ning of 7 slup to commemoriic tric name of this braic youngman, Chidambaram l'illa "Chidambaran Pillay 135 onc with whom I had the honour ad pleneure oficri clo e gesociation Na his 1 Nic namelucon recensi di ton larry'in rel llout Sepse throu fruut Inti-Chirierull Inne It's olisin itle Son arrallin call 2 Snarlislar of Ir ltan Irl por lerce ·spirst bless our enterprise today This 10550) shall bear hu famous nam I can imaginc him looking on now at this function and it mt with his large cycs full of tears of Joy not unmixed h genero 13 amusement The house of laney and the people that ran the BISN Company looked upon Ch dimb cam Pillay as a terrible enemy and got hm triel frsed tion and sentenced to trans portation for I fic The judgment was red all over India with md gnition and horror The High Court reduced the sentence to s years mpri onment His offence was that he so clt the peopl of Thientin sny Bonde Afalaram This is 40 year's go Kumarsingh Offering to Ganga He AL NI nohar husar Sngl s forces suffered defeat losing also many elep! nts and arm in tion and food supplies 8 ¢ humar Sint short and }} rem ncd as mu h uncon quer d and uncong serable 13 esor Por nos oner he 879 the igns of zeru hung defeat than he put ut execution the same tactics th sie lad h therto Icen purs ring di dod h s troops into sm li binds and is cich d sasson cffected is retreat from ic tosin lattic field by 7 different route the per it of the enemy 1 as frustrated kumar ind gi en the captna of the different land, definite instructions to meet at a pre arranged place at a fixed hour and lo te the loir struck humar S ghx forces had come to eit r ind te rally for their march This placc : 1ere il cu met 1 1 so c mpletely had len from the enemy tzt ile ico } of the In lish 13 logether barten of any result 1 so the to fish commander I ad 10 310p 35 the }4c of V noliar self to certain the hersibouts of Am Sın hs mi le hum « Singh 3 111 ·and hus forces were all tlic wlule marchin. neirer and ncarer to the banks of the Ganges' Nearer and ncarer to the banls of the Ganges! Nay now, hic has won the terribic race and actually reached the banks of the Ganges The English forces were alco close upon his rear But is his forces werc now greatly reduced, he decided that it was not wise to fight the enemy and so he now pursued quite different tactics He spread a rumour all over the province that, ouing to thc «carcity of boars, Inis forces werc going to cross the Ganges on the backs of elcphants somess hicre ncar a place called Balıla Thc Lnglish couts brought the news to the general who must have felt triumphunt of the efficiency of his intelligence department! How can now this rebe! chicf succeed in crossing the Ginges when my scouts have cnoblcd mc to know the cracı place where he intends to cross the ricr ?_He is doomed to be drowned along with his clcphants ! So, the British general, with his white forces, went to Bahli and hopt himself in concealment, cxpecting, cycry moment 10 pounce upon thc unsicidy clcphants of humar Singh as soon as they would appear Brzic soldiers ! Enjoying all the wlule the succt pros pects of success, conccrl yoursclics near Balila till the looked for cnery comes! Therc, seven miles below this I cry spot, 15 humar Singh actually crossing the river Ganges! Having duped the English by the story of the clephants and Balılı, thc Raj? Joi 10 cther as many bolls is lic ssanied and, from the Ghat of Shu ypur, he began to «ro s the sacred Bhagiri at mukhi Ihc duped roc, quaked to this fict, foi crtremely irritated and, hurriedly muching from Balılı reached Slaa apur and even succeed rul in capturing hvort liclunging to thic Roje-but the uns this list bont! The whole army had alreadh bren sent on the other side ind in 7 ininutc or in the chicken to), 17ins superiod thin cression of the nims, would linic crossed the micr hum cht But 711 ·16 d uns!! calam ty this one moment lias brought with it! Il hile dlu hero of the nation the pride of che alry the suord of Liberty - Ran hima Sush uas in the middle of the stream bullet shot fom the (en) s gins entered his But old as he was the ocio enanian leader did not mind 1 at all And zhen ampu alton ulas deemed necessary uith his Our I and the hand that 1 of uou ded-) amar Singh unshe thed hus SLLO lopped of the wounded at the elbou nd threw ! into the sacred Ganges sying Accept thou Vother this last sac ifce of a lom hos am son! 1 Thou, h nnumerable are the people ho have addressed the Ganges as Mother It is humar-1h13 b vc son of Gng and such as he tht make the motherhood of the sacr d Ganges fruitf 1 and glor ous A the poet says innumerable are the stars that are in the sky but It i the moon alone that adorns it and makes it lovely After offering this sacrifice to the Mother Ganges this distingui hed son succeeded in crossing the river without further trouble from the English arty General Douglas chased humar Singh ho gave a tough fi ht to the British at village Naghai Inspite of lack of guns humar Singh s forces won the battle Having vanquished his foc completely and thoroughly the 80 years old chief triumphantly entered again his Palace at Jagdishpur on the 3rd of Ipril crowned ith fresh laurels TH s as his last entrance The wound caused by the amputation af huis hand prosed fatal and lie died under the fla of freedom three days after victory Generous Lakhshm bai Tnbule By the Enemy Ranı Lakhshmi Bai was not only the best and the bravest but she was generous to the enemy as is cvid nt from the evidence of an Englishman who was given shelter by Rani of Jhansı in 1857 war ·17 Mr CA hincaid has cleared thc existing misconceptions about Rani Lakhshmibai of Jhansı in a paper publisbed in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Seady of Great Britain and Ireland Kincaid ways "Born in November, 1835, and lilled in June, 1858, she was not quite is only thrcc when she fell She has becn scierely treated by English historians, who have chllcd her murdcress, and rebel and mutinecr honourcd friend the late R10 Bahadur Parasnis has in his Marathi biography of the Qucen insisted that she had nothing to do with the mas acre of the English But my 13 hincaid relies on a letcr written on 20th April, 1889 to Damodar Rao, thc Rani s adopted son, by 2 Vir Martın quoted by Mr Parasnis Mir Martin was alive when Parasnis' bool 135 published He somehow escaped from the massacrc, and sath another Englishman and an English lady was hidden by thc qucen in her palace and saicd Thc ictier runs The poor "Your poor mother wassery unjustly and cruelly dealt Katlı, and no one anons her truc casc as I do thing tool no part whatever in the massacre of the l'uropean residents of Jhansi in Junc, 1057 On the con trory, shic supplied them with food for two days after they had gone into the Portmgot a hund ed matchlock men froin harrira and sent them to 15 ist us, but after being hopen day in the lort they were cnt away in tlic cscning She then duised Vajor Si cene and Captain Gordon to fly at oncc to D11111 and place theins-lies under thic prolection of thc Raja, bulcicn this thicy would not do and finally they were all masycred by our onn 100,5, the police and the jul establishments hincid conc'udes his paper in the following rods "Thus lerter .ccms to me to dispose of the charge that she is a murderes 1126 he 7 mutincer? ho ber ·rebel ? 2 she was not enther it c army or the na y Was she This 15 more difficult question to answer Lakshmibai was born at Benares and was a subject of the Maharaja of Benares She became by marriage a subject of the Raja of Jhanss Unless by losing her throne she became a British subicct she cannot be called a rebe! I prefer to think of her as a young and gallant lady who forced by events beyond her control joined the Nana Sahib and fell on the field of honour fighting for a lost cause Others similarly unfortunato have yet received therr need of praise but she gained nothing but hatred and obloquy Suil the great soldier who defeated her and her all es penned an epitaph that she would not have disda ned Sir H gh Rosc wrote in his general orders after her death The best man on the sde of the enemy was the Ran of Jhansi Th Mod e R Nov, 1913 Diagra . Message from the Gallows When Madanlat Dhingra embraced the gallows on 17th August 1909 in the enemys home he said Cw MIX LAST WISH IS THAT I SHOULD BE BORN AGAIN OF THE SAME MOTHER (BHARAT ) AND THAT I SHOULD DIE SIVIILARLY FOR HER AGAIN Dhingras sh that his body be cremated according to Blindu rates and no non Hindu should touch his body was not granted by the rulers and lots body was burred Wish that clothes and articles be sold and thc money donated to National rund e as also rejected by the rulers The Besssclephant thus cook resence on the body of the great hero of Hind Ibe Baaned Statement Iis statement which was confiscated and banned was ·It published by an Irish assistant editor in the Daily news read as follows I admit the other day I attempted to shed English blood as an humble revenge for the inhuman hangings and deportations of patriotic Indian youths I believe that a nation held in bondage with the help of foreign bayoncts is in a perpctual state of Sincc open battle is rendered impossible to 1 disarmed rnce, I attached by surprised, since the guns sscre denied to me, I dros forth my pistol and fircd" Har "As 7 Hindu I feel that 1 urong donc to my country is an insult to God” 1) Dlungra declared "The war of indcpcndcncc will continuc between India and England so long 19 the English and Hindu races list (if this present unnatural relation docs not ccisc)' The Police lund (hen all precautions to see that the statement could ncier be publislıcd but Veer Shark ar who 115 Dhingr's guru w as not only able to get the statement published but also told Dlungrn about it at the foresell mecting in Briston jail on July 22 Ireland Ilonours Dhingra While Nadanlıls fither ( 7 fordy) denounced him and lus brother 117made to dicown lum 71 1 London mecting, Dhingra s decd thrilled the cntire world! Tusc placards from Iruh papers pud glowin, Fributes in Dhungri "Ireland honours lind791 I al Dhunerı 1110 1125 proud to 111 donnlus life for thic plc orlus country Mir Blunt futhor of Secret Nilory of Enslili Occupation of Crypt sroic line Dhunoni seems to have it ·20 fast convinced the royal friends that there is something wrong with th state of India People talk about political assasinat ons as defeating its own end but that is nonsence 11 13 just the shock needed to convince selfish rulers that selfishness bas ses limits of imprudence It is like that other fiction that England never y elds to thrcats My experience is that when England has her face ell slapped hc apologises not before Blunt further wrote that no Christian martyr cser faced his judges more fearlessly or with greater dignty and remarked that the day of Di ngras execution would be reg rded as one of martyrdom in Ind a for generation Lloyd George and Churchill Adm res While Dh ngra s father brother and a host of Ind n boot Icers in England denounced Dhingras hero c act Lloyd George espre sed to Winston Churchi}} las inghest adm rt on of Dhin ras patriotism Churchill shared the samc *iers and quoted the admiratson Dhingras last > ords as the finest c et ittcred in the name of patriotism They compared Dt ingra v sth P} tarchs immortal heroes Lala Hurd1 Tote in the first 1 sue of the Bande Matram started by Vladam Cams - Inimres to come when the British Empire in Indis hall have been reduced to dust and ashes Dhingras monum ns 3} adorn the qutres of our chucf towns secalling to the memory of or children the noble life and nolle death of one sho laid doua luss life in far off land for the cause of Mother India 1 Stat y D Piir 6 5 yalar ·21 Bravest Daughter of Bengal Not men alonc but brave women also played their glorious part in thc Quit Indır strugglc of 1912, the most prominent among whom was the 73 years old Matangını Hazra The troops opened fire and continued showering bullets on a seaceful procession Brac Matangını hield the National flag firmly and went on marching in the face of bulicts The troops fired her on both hands Her hands dropped but not the National ring which she still held tightly under her right arm and continued marching lile a lioncss Shc told the Indian soldiers to ccasc firing and resign their posts and join the freedom struggle Then 7 bullet rin right through her forched and she died a martyr's death As slic lay there in the dust sanctificd by her blood, the National Flag was still in her grip, set flung unsullied The simc tricolour flies today on what lind been citndcls of lion rulers Let us pay our homage to those who huc fallen in passing through, terror to chucie triumph And non Sherci cr thcrc floats thic Indian ring Ict thc story bc cold and told or the courage of those who made no brog But died in thic figlit lihe oldıcrs bold! Died for the lenders they lind rctcr I or the fiecdom thci died to sec, Died for the glory of what ad been And this honour of India Trnitor Shot In Yril sccn in be In the ſunous Alipur Conspiracy ci cof 1902 \arendra Cosu imı becimo 11pmier ?nel ros cared to be a hins : Hotures 7811 in called in the irral jarçon of the British recita So fir Syren i lor with the other cruci in tliec 75 the British Valce ·} ctionary ideas rip red quu hy hen nourished by the blood of marty s I'he jailor told the mourners #сср not for them who died so bras cly houting Bandematram from the gallows Brave Martyr At 15 Another off hoot of the same Alipur Conspiracy case was the attempi on the life of Vir Kingsford an English judge who had mad limself notorio s lay inflicting exemplary and vndici ve runishments on Revolutionaries brought befo e him for tr 1 12 7 hhudiram as a young boy of fifteen Hic is a renoher and a bomb and sent to squarc ? Mft Kingsford Ths young bov did not Fingsford He had never seen him Besides pe form the work in a far off place Mluz *** he had no acq aintance So Khudira sometime in seronnoit ng for himse in finding out Mr hing ford and te note hu whereabo ts He dec d de on the carriage of Air Kingslord wht 1 1965 one day He dropped is bomb from a ser fortunately that day V hingsford y instead 11 ota ish his Vrs and th vehicl Both of th m hhud ram 11.1 arrested Wn nhhu that be liad kille i the vcon, it's SOTTO Th ten ler as of u accu in the face of torture and 121 refus of hu conrados earn for ho a symbol of revolusionary patriotism? the gallons shoulia Bindematra of Ben al' (NO) ·25 MARTYR'S LAST WORDS “THANA IS CAPTURED" The story of Midnapur is a glorious chapter in the Iustory of Indian nationalism Midnapur produced more heroes than any district in Inlı The homeland of 73 years old woman martyr Nyinginı also produced Ram Chandra Bera This brave youngman was caught hold of by the soldiers after he had received gun shots They dragged him by his legs and left hun half dead in front of the Thana (Police Station When Ram Chandra temporarily reguned consciousness hc forgot his wounds and somehow managed to drng his bullet-riddled boly up to the outer door of th. Thanı His ficc lit up with joy of victory He cricd out, "Here I am The Thann has been captured " With thcsc words on his lips hc brcathcd his last “I wt to Dic in Percc" An unknown martyr dying as a result of Police firing in Bengal was asked to give his name He replicd "I don't circ for name and fame I want to dic in peacc" Such wcrc thc hcrocs of Bengal Oudh Belizri's Last Wish "I want Revolation - not Pcacc" "Ilhat is your last wish' was the question put by an Lnglish oficer to the front Patriot Oudh Bcharı before hc 118 lianged 25 n result of Hardingc Bomb Trul Hc rcplicd “ The end of British Imperialism Thc Olicer said 'Bc pciceful, this is the last day of your life, dic in peace, there is no usc talking about other tlungs" Oudh Bchari told him "While you say perce I want the country to be set on fire so that you Bratisliers and our slavery too and, a free Indi emerge the thics I wint resolution, not pro 100 ·He jumped to the gallos s shoutsng Bande natı m He Laughed at Death In the same trial vhcn Had Master Amir Chand of Cambridge Mission School Delh vas sentenced to death he heartily laughed The judge paid a glowing tribute to the national hero in the following words It must be borne in mind that patriots of Amir Chands lype arc often exceps in regard to the monomansa possessing them estimable men and of blameless public life Maintained Family Tradition Dhas Balmokand was another hero sentenced to death in the saine trial His ancestor Bhar Mat Das had been sawed to death by Aurangzeb in Delhi Dhas Balmokand gsected the death sentences sh the following vords happy to lay do vn my life in the same city where my ancestor Bhar Matt Das sacrificed herself for India : freedom I am lucky to have a sim lar opportunity to serve Mother India Wife Dses a Sati Shrimatı Ram Rakhu ( His wife ) died a truc Satis death the day her husband was hanged Since her husband told hst he was being gnen sand mixed bread in joil and made to sleep inside a dark cell in the burning bcat of Delh in Summer wal taking sand mixed bred and siceping in a closed cell to share the hardship her beloved husband vas sufferstig She fell ill and could not een have lat Darshan of her husband When she heard the groans of family membert she could feel that her lord had been executed Her face beamed with love pride and joy and stc dec ded to follow her husband by perf im ng Sats like a brave Rajput woman She dressed licruell in her welding Sarce Her relations were shocked but the unique light of love that radiated on ·27 her face made them speechless She sat on a platform, prayed to join her husband in heaven and her prayer 1 15 instantaneously accepted and her soul joined her husband's within 1 fem minutes This is the magic of true losc and patriotism Of such stuff were the daughters of resolutionary Indır made Alas! Today they arc victims of ball room dances, drink and the devilish wolies who dominate the Ines of these dens of debuutchery Patriotic Garhwalı Soldiers In the history of Indian Army the 18th Garhwal Rifles will always go down is 1 body of Patriots who led by Thakur Chandan Singh refused to shoot at unarmed citizens of P'esht and faced long term imprisonments in 1930 The disconicnt arising out of the treatment accorded to thc people had spread cson among the Indian soldiers This nppeared when 17 men of the 18th Girls al Rifles scrc placed on trial at Abbot bid on a charge of disobeying unders Utiratip ใhie festy it disturbates They 19670 charged with joining in 1 mutiny, in that they together at Peshwar on April 21, when the 2nd hattalion 18th Garhs al Riflcs had been ordered lop occcd to Pethau ar Citi ne 4 P11 joined in a multiny, bus refusing in march from their compın lines when o dared to do so The statement they made in refusing in oby the order to proceed to Peshawar ? 73 follous ·28 REVOLUTIONARY HEROISM Shri Pandurang Khankloje India s most adventurous revolutionary who fought india s freedom battle in many lands and was a secretary of the glorious Ghaddar Party met me in Mexico and told m the whole tory of Indian Revol itionary Heroes in Am rica l'urop and Asia (which will be printed in the near future) Here I wit to mention how wonderful heroism the revolutionaries had and what spinted type of youngm n joined th Ghaddar Party founded 1 y Lalı Har Dyal Ahankhoje was secretary of The Secret Mihtary Training Dpartment The membrs used to work in the fields durin the dry and at ni ht they were given trinin in manufacture of bombs and explosives Khankhoje had told the young crainees n ver to touch any thing in the laboratory without his permission since il c explosacs cre a dangerous thing to play wth Therc were fiſty students learning to use explosives A young sik! member one day tried to make a bomb independently and the contents exploded hi ruht arm wis completely blown to pieces and blood was flowing profusely He was not the Icast perturbed 11c did not cry or scream for help Instead I went to Khankhoje and told him Panditi please forgive me I broke the discipline by independently trying to make a bomb So aginn he fainted and they took him to a private hospital for treatme it or such fine metalicre the resolution 72es made Priace Among Revolationaries Khankkoje : 1 ſc story will soon be published under the title Alemoirs of I don Rerolute mes Khankhoje told me hashi Ram a millionaire member of the Ghaddar Party I as a true prince among resolutionaries who sacrificed his all for yer olurion I there is any one who deserves a memomal for bus services to the resolutionary party it was hashi ·29 Ram who gave all his wealth for the cause I worked under him on tuo dollars a day as a farm labourer He offered me a thousind dollars for my education but I refused saying "I shall work my way through the University and join the military school so that I can lead an armed struggle to makc Indin frce" The story of Khanhhoc's armed struggle against the British Army on Indo Iran border will thrill csery Indian shen published in the near future DILLI CHALO Netayi's Inspiring Prophecy How many of us will indid dually surrire thus war of freedom, I donot I now But I do I nou this, that we shall ultimately rein and our lash will not end unlıl our SHITTILing heroes hold the riclory parade on another gracey ard of the British Empire --The Lal Qila of Delhi there in the distincc beyond that riser, beyond those junglas, beyond thosc lulls, lies the promised lind--thc coil from winch lc spring-thc land to wluch we shall nou rcturn Wc Hark ! India is calling Blood 15 calling blood Get up, we linc no time to lose The up your arms' small caric our way through cucmy s rinks, or if God wille, we shall die 1 mirtirs death And in our last sleep uc siinit Iiss the rond line ull bring our arms to Delhu The rond to Delhi is the rond to TRLEDOV CHIVIO DIILI Subbas Chandra Bosc ·CHAPTER III GURU GOVIND SINGH-TRE SAVIOUR A SAGA Or SACRIFICE GURU ARJUN DEV S SACRITICC INHERITOR OF NOBLE TRADITION TWENTY YEARS PREPARATIONS NATIONALISNI OR RELIGION THC CALL OF SACRIFICE FOUR SONS SACPIFICED Guru Cov nd Singh and hs rom ly occupy the highest position among martyrs who m de sacrifices for the freedom of their nation from foreign yoke It is necessary to say a few ords about the background of the movement hended by Guru Govind Singh especially as people outside the Pinjab may not be quite familiar with his great traditions This great spiritual ancestor s as Guru Nanak and the series of sacrifices made by the Gurus and their followers began cuenth him While quite young he left his family and went about preaching his doctrine of goodwill and peace which he considered absolutely necessary to break down the prejudices and hatred which the Hindus and Muslims of the time entertained against cach other In order to continue his work he established . Gadds on the lines on hich s sernt other saints of Indut both Hindus and Muslims had done before him He appointed his successor not one of his sons but a trustworthy d sciple Lehna by name shom he gwc the spintual appellation or Angad intending tfierely to cons cy that he was ay it were a part of himicit ·31 Guru Angad continued the good work and so did his successors, Guru Amar Dis and Guru Ram Das Trouble irose in the time of Guru Arjun, the fifth to succeed to thc Gaddı He tried to organıse the disciples into 1 community and compiled a sacrcd book called the Granth Sahib, in which he collccted the compositions of Guru Nanak and his successors as well as his own Guru Arjun Dev's Sacrifice This aroused suspicions in Government circies so much so that the cmpcror, Jehangir, began to cntcrtain a serious hostility against him and ulumately, is described by himself in lus autobiography, ordered his crecution The orders were carried out in 1 most inhuman minner, inflıcung all sorts of cortures on the Guru As a little concession to him he was allowed to have a bath in the river Rav: flowing by the walls of the Lahorc Tort in which lic had been confined Hc cntcrcd the river but never camc out having perhaps preferred to drown himself to being further tortured and mecting his death at thc hands of a Muslim ciccutioner His son, the oth Guru sas Har Govind, 1 man who, judging from his exploits, was more of a political and military leader than 1 «piriturl guide Partly moved by 2 sense of wrong arısıng from his father s cxccution and partly by his desire to preparchus co nmunity for armed resistance against the lloblul despon m he organi ed 7 bind of oldiers recruited from among lus diciples and fought seseral skirmisties against the imperial troops, inflicting defeats on thein I hus 14 15 lound to rouse thc indignation of the cmperor, Jchangir, with the result that he $75 arrested and was lept pruuner for quite ? number of yers in thic I ore or Gunior Ilis next accersor, 112r ki: luedd peaceful life And ·32 bus succes or the eyath Guru Hari hrubien died in bs Infancy Then came the turn ef Guru Tegh Bahadur bo a.cended the Gaddı as the 9th Guru By this 1 the Indian empje was bring suled by Aurangzeb who acqu red great rotoriety as a progrecutor of tbe Hindus He imposed a pol cax sared Jize on the Hndus demolished many Hindu temples building mosgums on their sites and forcing many Hindu. to accept Islam The Pardit conmun ty of Kashmir were the sprcial target of bus tyranny They approached Guru Teg Bahadur and appealed to tum to arcib m from tyranny and pyar ecu He gave them a pali nt hearat and sad that unless a great man rom among the Hindus sacrificed bus lale to save them tbe e seemed be no poss bl rebel for them tion Ho infant son Go nd (later Guru Gobind Singh) was 11in by him On leaning the remark of his father he » reported to bave said Resered Faiber who us greater than you whow sacrifice saic th- Hindus? Coru Teb Babadur eered to have made up his mind den and ia re and be cold the d putation that when they were pred thy should declare that they would accept Islaw if it it leads Guru Tegh Bahadur would do so curu Tech Bahadur was th 7 summoned to Delhi and the alternatnes of execution and acceptance of Islam mere placed before h.17 Ho scouted the idea of sacrificing his relimion preferrina death to aportacy He was the execuied alon, wi h som of his followers notabr aman, then brinn Bhar Var Das a member of th Sosyal fam ly or Jelum dissict 19 x ch belonged the late Thai Parrpanad at well as Bhau Dalmokand who wa coraz ted in th Labore Conspiracy Cas and was han, ed (Huispit 11957 apcars in anothr chapter His wr also performed S 12) ·33 laberitor of Nobic Tradition This was the past which Govind inherited and it is cvident that it was not imein assct is the glorious carcer upon which he was about to enter He was too young to offer an umcd resistance to the powerful empire, thien being ruled by a most stern bigoted and powerful despot He considered it safe to retire to the hulls and thcrc ho nurtured his writh and prepared him elf for the struggle which lic contemplated to makc against the tyranny of Aurangzeb Twenty Years' Preparations In the quict scclusion of thc Himalayin mountains the young Guru set himself first to the tasl of self impro cmcnt It was ncccssary for him to lac all thc advantages that cduction can give IIc called together grcat Pandits from Pitna and Banzris and scholars of Persian from the Punjab Ilc assiduously lcırncd all that they could tcach Ium and liereditary as thic gift of poctry had been in his family hc developed a style of Ilındı poetry sluch bis remuned unsurpassed since lus time Ilc was greuly impresscd by the heroic fcats recorded in tlic cpic literature in Sansirit and stored lus mind with tlic soul stirring legends of the Minhabharata and the l'urana }}c scems to lose been deeply impressed by the ide? which runs throughout the l'uranic lifciturc, klic idci of a saviour appearing from limc io um to uphold righcousness and destroy unne htcousness, to uproot cul and csenbluh good, to destroy the oppressor and occuc the seat and the innocent In lus famous book "bichutn 12111 , lic Ins telreed his own story in poi ciful scrs and declised lumell 1s unc whold til en hus birth for thic Jinc pritpo c Thuc rc ult of the twenty ycars cclusion that he enjocul ·34 in the midst of the Himalayan full may be described in the following words 1 He received the best practical cducation that the times could give and ran through die vhole range of Persian and Sanskrit epic and historical literature 2 By practice and by association with the most eminent Hind: poets of the day he deseloped a class of warlıke poetry unknown in the Punjab before which he turned to such a great account in rousing the dormant energies of his peoplc 3 4 He acquired a mastery in riding and shooting being especially an adept in the use of the bow He accustomed h mself to fatigue and hardy 1 fe by constantly liunting the the tiger and the wild boar in thick forests of the hills He realised the miserable condition of hus race and by constart meditation came to feel that he had a mission to fulfil and God hid sent him for the amelioration of his nation He chalked out for himself the lines on which he was to work and his planas formed with such a decision and completeness chat not a little of the policy he had seitled was abandoned or changed by him throughout his chequered and stormy career 5 Nationalisa As Religion From this point onssard the work of Guru Govind Singh can be divided into two parts iz (1) The creation of the Panth and (1) Ilıs armed campaigns Ilus pcoeccs.ors as stated above had done something to make a peaceful org a zation of their disciples but the ·33 work of cvolving a body of men inspired by lugli political aspirations was reserved for his exceptional genius Hc rcalized that, greatly attached as the Hindus were to their religion in spite of being depressed and demoralised, the only way to malc a nation of them was to make nalionalism their rcligion Thc first clement of nationalism is unity and this as the first to receive his attention Hc renlied that castc was a grcal barrier to unity He, therefore, raised his voice against thc casic system as it pres ailed in his time “Thc four castcs", he sud,"scrc libc pan suparı, chuna and kulha, nonc of which by itself could gnc ruddiness lo the lips strength to the tocil or relish to the tongue The remedy was to merge all thic four castes into onc Hercmoi cd all un cichness of religious privileges and cstablished ? thcocratic democracy The Call of Sacrifice He emlraced cusryone into his fold and inuicd ceryonc to drink of the Innl or ncciar of thc crced that fic had di coscrcd Onc da, hc held i mass meeting of his followers and at the end of lus specch lic drew out lus sword and suid inn loud voice that the goddess (who was held in great cstcem by thc pcoplc of the fulls around) ci cryday usted him for 1 heid Was there any Sikh who was prepared to lay down bus hend for the Goddess > On his appcalionc Dayz Rim, voluntccred lim elf lic tool ham by the hand into insient whicrc hic lid ucd up a Fort Lcforchard Ilc scared the hero c Daya Rain in the cent, and <115ing the fort with his own hard, came out with blood dripping from his short Ilc appealed 781in for 1 head, brindistur, thc blood Icd sword in the mir Aroiler di ciple came foris ard, and another ord je mother two minlinis file alto celier ·36 17 wo d from tlieir prepared to lay down ti ir Ica! leader in After 1 taken them to the tent one by onche brought out every one of them alıse bale id hearty to the great wonderment of the a dience He then admı stcred , hul a so t of bujt sm and in a truc democrit c spi he in 1119 own turn was baptised by them He supplemented this m nad by other ordinances morc or less of a mncci anic I nature These ere as follows - onc for (1) All the Sikh names ve c ta end alike te in the word Sın h (ilio) (11) All had to foll of alutat 01 (111) Tier 1 to be 10 exccinalolject of homage cxccpt thic Grrth Salts (1v) ric m luy hity f Ilundu ! ce of pilgrimi e was redu di therius to louts r as the chief place of salmoral of the Slls (v) All the Sik! ere to Iccp long air and were not to cut the her of their head or beard (vi) They must lays carry a sword (11) TI ey must car a l 1 on bracelet is a symbol (10) Tricy mustserola! (a sort ſ knickerbocker) (iv) They aut rry a comb in the knot into which Sikhs h 1 loti ip the l air of th ir head TIC cnnbrot rots n hus service 11 d in orde ! claritas ers hari ke spirit he (f pse ns c lled th Dissam Grarth consti I ter al 1 of the lindi veru s of the warlike stories of 11 Putmas cmp si ·He inspired his followers by impressing upon them that they ucre bound to conquer ind declared that every onc of his followers would be caul to a lahh & 1 quirier of othier men "I shall scid my sparrore and lo' the imperial hauls ull fall before Il em Thien alonc will I be truc to my numc Govind Single" Tour Sons Sacrificent Hc stried hi military comprigns by trying a few skirmishes with the hull chicſtrins hom he wanted to help hum in lus fight against the Moglul despotism, but they refused to join him, apparently thinline that it was a hope less task to resist Aurangzeb His sarlıhe activities could not be hept 1 sccrct Thc resul was that thc littlc fortress that he had built at Anandpur and where he lid collcclcd 2 small army 11S ntonc cd and stronrly lic icged Bring sliort of provisions, he was forcc.) to lenc iti ith a miny followers as were ready to shine the troubles with him IIc to k slıclicr in a small fortress in Chimlor but uns oon oustc from there after a sharp storle in which to of lus cllcr ons were lilled Ilc minigail iar cope Irom there and after front vicissitudcs hc scnt ) the Percin and cliccl 21 ilinder, a wellino in place in Indra Pradesh Durine the confti on iso jouncest ons roll into the 11ands of the ruci i on viere ponfined in the fortress of Surlund Tort i erraldin cmlsicc Ilnın but as thics reluccio in 112) their (un fasthi the victc buried alue in 7 1:11 Their lorem la ro ro cuirreld tu lors Wirn lut 11- mlTruror cun Cilini Sharage bir umritcalimen Delhi 11- (in lorers, refucd In compls with lat wils and worn Triicr to het ·38 couched in powerful Persian verse in which he explained to the emperor that when all remedies failed tecourse to the sword was permissible and intvitable While there he met the famous Dairage Banda fle made a strong appeal to him pointing out the great tyranay and oppression to which the Hindus of the country were exposed Banda was a Rajput and it seems that Guru Govind Singh s ficry words made a great impression upon luca wită the result that he gave up his seclusion and went to the Punjab organised the Sikhs and fou, ht many a victorious battle until he was overpowered by the imperial troops Fle was brou ht to Delhi and was ercruted along i ith a large number of his follo: crs Guru Govind Singh himself was the victims of a murderers nttack by a Muslim young man who I ad managed to join his entourage and is held by some to have been a Moglul spy Such was the glorious chapter of sacrifices which the Gurus tad Inunched for the protection of the Hindu commun ty and its religion Their example was followed by ther followers and thousands ſell victims to the Moghul tranny and persecution History repeated itself agrının 1917 when Ilandals and Sikhs wrote another golden chapter of scnfice (Sec Viartyrs of Parution by Justice GD h hosis) (Dr Gokul Chand Narang) It Minister of Education (Punjab)

·CHAPTCR IV
HEROCS Or 1857
RANI LAKHSHMI BAI
BAHADUR SHAH AND ZINAT MAHAL
TATYA TOPC
PESHWA NANA SAHIB
DI WAN AZIMULLATAITAN
KUNLAR SINGII

·40 CHAPTER IV HEROLS Or 1857 RANEE LAKHSHMI DAI Give up my Jhansı? I will not Let him try to take who dares! With thus hall nge thc h roic Rince of Shani rose again t the Prut h and she as ured the leadership of the Resolution drove the English and began to rule at Jhon i nsite Queen of the province. The forces of the Resolation had wrcaked a bloody vongcance on the English people and army and left not a trace of their rule ar Sagır Naog on Randa Ranapur Shah,arh and harkı The pscopic every vh re hail d the Queen 75 their own She then busicd hors ilmin restorin order and peace in her liberated province The Rances d ly life at ths per od has been described 73 follo vs - The Bu gntipat furn the morning and took a brit with fragrant alla Alier dressing and she generally i ore a rhs' fare of ulties wher-she could sit for her da iv prayers Tire she dropped the necessary water as 1 fraras Illa for keeping bur on her head aner her husban is dath then she od to worsh p the Tulsi in the Ti's groue Then be an ile P 11 za P ja at which lie Durl ir mi sicins n ci oir Putaniks would then start rendin the 11 Thn Sirdars and dependents crmc and le returned the r l unl Intcs Being cry Scen of mm ty en fing man among the seven I undred nd Sakho pod their respects to her in the morning 19 t pr the very next day the Bu ould not I 11 1) WIT 1, hdd not c n the previous day After the volupfron beşin the lunch After lanch she oltare htts siestt unless there was urgent i ork to o th n he would order the presents of the morning to be i sou 1: 1 tl se her which was done on siker (rays coscre} Trithith clothis Those things liat she liked she ar epil th mhers were ben over to the hefr.calla (minister fierents deprim nt) for d sent bution among or 1! Dirce 1 in ient to the ·Durbar, when she usually put on malc attire She wore 1 Pyjama, a coat of dark blue, a cip on thic hend, and ? berutiful turban on the top of it a dupala of cmbroidered cloth round the slender »tist, and the sword deched with gems by her side Atured in this wc, this for woman looked like Ghuri herself Sometimes, shc sore the female dress After licr husband's death, she ncicr sorc reth or similar ornaments Her hands had round them bingles of diamond , she wore 1 small necklace of pearls round her neck and 1 drmond ring on her little finger Thc c wcrc the only jewels worn by the Bri Salub Hicr hur 118 57thcrcd up together behind Shc word 7 wutc sorce and a plan white bodicc Thus, sometimes in malc attire and somctimcs in female, the Bai Sahib used to honour thc Durbar by lier presence Thosc 765cmbled in Durbır ncser used to scc licr person Tor the room in which she $11 was sopirnic froin, and only opened into, the Durbar Inall Gold cirung adorned the doors, and os cr thcsc fell gracefully thc chirt, curtiin, embroidered with gold cloths In this room sit thc Bai Sahib on ? code of soft down lemning on 1 sofe pillos Outside the door, tuo pages nith mccs of slicr and gold always atiended Opposite the rooni, Lakshmi R 90 Dcuinji stood with ? bundic of important documents in Ins hand and bicyond kun sat the Registrars of the Durbar Bcina cr lcon and intelligent, the Bni quclly grasped cuery malier Brught befoc lice, and licr orders were clear and definite and in the point Sometimes he wrote her ordr, out hereell She 135ion careful in nfiurs of juller and decided cool and crurnal 0744 like with rent nuits linne Silub worlupped Vallalshnı des outis The temple of the Coldes 11s satunneed on thic bools onlair filled with Intus Risors, nudeicri Indas un lirdis tlir la victim temper Our day, it o luppi ril tla nfcs ilir Pulisi selurreal froin tlic trmpir 2 49 thrch this outh ! ile che ti thou ind i min b' chin ilie 19d ndi furla ice So glym 13 min ilir Vailer 11 ܕ | ·42 Lakshman R10 Pande the reason of this Ile inquired and informed her that the people werc very poor, and that they suffered smmensely on account of excessive cold and that therefore they requested that th Bai would kindly consider their conditions The Bat felt very grieved far these poor people and she at once issued orderse kind hearted that she was that on the fourth day from thence a gathering of beggars should take place where every one should be provided with a thick coat and a cap and a blanket either white or black The very next day all the fastors of th town were given orders to male caps and coats On the day appointed it was proclaimed that all the beggars Mese to gather in front of the palace Poor people 100 had been included in this gathering All were given clothes by the Ba and they went away sausfied In the fight with Nathe hhan when the wounded m n were brought into the city the Bar herself would miss on being present when their sounds were being dressed Her very presence soothed their pain and they felt themsek es suficiently rewarded by the land and sympathetic interest slic cool in their well being The Rance greied at their grief gave them ornaments an i medals paited thers and shox ed auch sympathy that others instead of feing disheartened at the sight of these wounded soldiers felt that they could even gke up their lives for the sake of the Rance The grindour of the Bais processions surpas cs description Os the occasions of the visits to the temple of Niahalalhshm she started sometimes in a palanquin and sometimes on horseback When in the palanquin the palanquin would be covered with curtains of gold and embroidered clothes tied with gold n ribbon When she was on hors back in male attire the end of a thin and reaunful bath floared on her back and it fitsed her admirably national flag of freedom was carried before her with the band playing litary music To hindred Europears follos ed the fing and a hundred hor emen rode before and behind hier Hath the poinquin came the karbons ·43 ministers, feudatories, and other officers like Bhayya Sahib Upisane , and others cither rode or folloi ed on foot Sometimes troops accompanied the procession When the B started from the palace, thc chonghada on the fort made The choughada of thc nagarlhcna of Mihn. lakshmi started at the same time SW cct music Bahadurshab and Zipat Mahal Bahıdurelialı, "71fır, the last moghul king 175 ? quict unassuming old min in his dotage, well content to be left alonc to his glazals The corre pondent of the "London Times", who intcrvicwed him after lus cipturc remarks that hc #7s pcct whose merit did not depend on flattery for its cultivation In 1 dingy pissage therc sit crouched on his brunches, 1 diminutisc old man, dre.sed in an ordinary and rather dirty muslin tunc Rather in infirm crenture, who was the symbol of an extinguished Empire I tried in un to let my imagination find thc Timur in him' When on 11th May, 1857, the Sepoys arracd from Mccrut to proclum him as the Voghul Emperor of India Bahadur Shah 175 scared At first he resisted with rigour any nicmpt to make him the focal point of the struggle The credit for making him a participint in the Mutiny goes lo Ius braic young Qucen 7conat Vahal Thic aged hinancier ind ini control over the army that wanied him is Imperor and i hen, by the middle of Aurust, it lxcmc certain that Delhi 75 c to lyn captured by the Brutuh Arms Baldur Shih had 1 flcruins dreire to conie out of lus police and dic fightina Bue huis adiancel nge mrdn hus ambition furile and he counht 25lum wah hus younQucen Zenni Varal nn ? the one on lurrasun tomb in Delhi DB Pine 114 ferr let shorti , popr 117 151 Ren hier stort ms line triple on thin sopir "lleroine (in 1 ·There he was captured by Major Hodson of the Britih Army and was brought tot al on January 27 1858 in the Privy Council Chamber of his own Palace The charges against hm were as follo vs mihin, yat qrunst the Britih Government with ab tting rebellion with proclaiminn him clf a the soucrci n of Indı with cusing or beint acccs sory to the death of 49 penple of B tish blood or furopean descent The tr al lasted for forty days and the Court compo cd of Briti hers found him guilty of the main points of the charges and sentenced him to tran portation for life IIe was taken to Bu ma with hs Qien Zeenat Mahal for spendin“ his exile and there lic lived for ? 4 years and died in 1887 Altr the fall of Bu mi to tic Japrnese in 1919 Netry Subh s Chandra Bose cre ted a memorial for the dead mona ch in Rangoon B hadir Shih s descend to hom 1 nom nal p 131 st ll he . pudly the Government of Inli li ed in Burmn till the lucnt of freedom After India attuned Indep ni nc they minted to India nnd Pakistan ant Tatya Tope ( By Ba. int Varkhodkar ) (The aith rhi moda pcial still sol fries for Indian idlede e ante sed the I ste : cntt :!r 11 the m jor rent to'pl ntc!!! thosial fa! II 115 it alone War thr co jest rished Sallali cha Sert ik Il arric Cecal | 18.37 ulichst is the Ife story Trsa Tope) - TIC Of all the fimur in the h st r of the strugsle for Ind an Treedom Tatı 2 1 ope stands 15 1 to ring per onality Ilus life story los bens en I nd iſt lastin impres on on the cany is of th hi tory of the tru I for ( ccdom A fos i les rom sal or is n litle to n called Sipru here on th: th Apil 10 9 tabo it ric in the cen ing Tatya Tepe: ashr el 11c 1 cended the Fallou sith courige and dients Ilc log cd confi'cnt abo it lus rol 11 i rc Wh nhschun re remosed he sugested that he ·45 would of his own accord ? cend th- gallons ind contrace deatlı with open cyes As he did so, thousands of people in cluding En lilinen pud hun thcir liom ige Sonic Lnglish womcn prised as he is as bein, lingu by General Micade When Vende und hi soldiers left the place the English women moved on to the deid body and collected a loch of Ius hair to picserve it in thuir loci ets so as to commemorate the memory of the great soul The scene was 15 i mater of lict prcccded by a drama grcal in liuman clcmcnts Before 1 nulitary court 1717? Topc wis tried on three charges, () of disloyaley, (ull of usaging ? war and (11) of inung massacred innocent Lnglish women and chuldren 11 Crnporc Ihc first two charges were answered by Tatya Tope himself while hc tlurd hud to be withdrawn bccrusc Nicide could not get any cudence to proc third churgc Not only that, but it appears in lil wonen rither came forth to five cuidcnce to the contrary lhe replies rity? Tope 614 to the first two characo 20 suficily ul interest cien Ilis scpls to the first charge may remind one of the clclencc lac Bhul iblis De lose in tlic Simous I \ I truls lic ud to General altid that he i cier hd ollurcd lus loyaltics to the inglish üle 1 is ncicr 1 British citizen llcncicr had then thic Brilish is lus nitsiers no doubt srcu in lus iste time ind practically the whole of Indin went under licir un But lus contention 115, lic Icicr foi luri cli doted threr rulc Ilc lind bic! 1113 insalues to the I'c lina mu lic intueil titlent were alone corpeical to ji dc lun on this rcrunt Ilie clinic or disloy all), he declarel, cout 11101 tl all by made 1st luin Ilic repl, hinircinth mina chiares brilliant 1ti tur 1 tic (IY, ff 1113 117 cd the ar butlic on tended, this į 2018 le fruit hit on turtail out 101 hru's milk thrleitthon sa uric Ivan the charac 11- cyn ini lus plaise lur lein bast til inbunt riemui lodiy I licir power ·46 6 ven Women s Appeal The statement that was put on record prosed none of the charges that were levelled a ainst him Mſcade had neither any satisfacto y rejoinder to the replies Tatya Topc had It appears the warın admiration this great soul had won from the English women in the first instance for lus military genius and secondly for his dignity and courage shown during his tral had made Meade uneasy He was still obsessed with the fear that Tatya Tope had unusual powers of casting a spell on Indian soldiers even in Enemy camps and the British could never be safe till he was done Meade obviously acted with an uncasy hastc He sentenced Iatya Tope to death without proving any charge substantially He also hastened his execution A number of Englishwomen appealed to Mcade but Meade remained indifferent They led a deputation to Lord Canning the then Governor General of India requesting him to quash his death sentence The death sentence was also quashed but unfortunately the order came six days after the execution Meade was not prepared to wait till he rc cived any reply from Lord Canning to the petition the deputation of the English, omen had forwarded The situntion heigh tened sympathies for Talya Tope and he met his death in the Enemy camp almost in an epic manner away with In the lht of this epic scene his heroic personality must be viewed He s as above everything a champion of humanity There is ample evidence to prove that in those bloody days of Cawnporc hic held aloft i he banner of human sty with remarkable courige The rescue dcal struck sth Sir Hugh Wheeler was principally an attainment of his He could clearly distinrush a war of independence from a sheer mob frenzy violence and human indignity If English women could ascertain that he was positively free of the charge of inhuman atrocities it is esident his role of freedom fighter noble in all human aspects was very well marked ·47 Thc responsibility of rescuing the cntirc lot of English peo plc trapped by the sadist mass of mutincers in the hospital premises of Cawnporc for more than thrcc sccks was placed on him, which clearly rellccts the conſidcncc botlı Nana aheb and thc English people could havc in him And if the saine confidence could be cypressed by thc Lnglish at the time of hus cxccution, it is clearly established that he had proved himself worthy of the trust in spite of the overwhelming cir. cumstances in such thc cntirc lot of thosc four hundred and fifty unfortunate English people werc butchered on the banks of thc Ganges Military Genius Rcferring to the ci uslung defent General Ilondhain suffered at the hands of T713? Topc, Lnglish historians huic unrcscricdly slow cred praisc on lus military genius Wihcrc hc attrincd his military skill no onc can tell HC 175 just a clerk in the kachlicri of thc I'cshu as Hc no doubt, 7 licablc person, also rescurcclul and for these qualities probrbly Bajirao lovcd fum ind one day presented to him the cup studded with ninc precious jesscls, an crent such brought a change in his name that he becanic laty?" rope onc who puts on the cap, topi 1115 CISC 1 15 inost mcicoric Thc mutincers ucrc comp cicly routed in about three months Ilic Paslas could not hold on to Counporc It was all confusion and clinos, and the mutincers could cc no hope At the juncture I lys lupe started his career Ilic only zuscl he lid s is that he wi 15 an offically announced General of the Ichinos I lough I'eslis as lid 110 armies, latya 'lope hid thc re ourcefulne s of ctploitin, luis nominition for tractan soldiers to his foldi number of rcment. Icrc dubinded and the oldiers tiros n out of employment and cred umie sis I com out of the rindering oldiers I its lope constituie lus first batch of soldiers Ilic lir innille 115 in st luumbl lle cop'oscd thosc luz idful of wldirm for hit shall llll as die lillic: ile precej rucd.io ·cffective The handful could do hivoc 1 he huc mass of Lnglish army could not move as swiftly as his handful gueril las could The Lnglıslı generals were perplexed but these achievements invoked in innumerablc mutineers a fresh zcal He could win more supporters He then captured the fort of halpi His : ays ucre Napoleonic He would do what looked impos able and take his enemy by surprise kalp was onc of the most difficult fortres es and that Tatya Tope captured in a manner which was unthinkable to those who held it After capturing the fort of halp. Tatya Tope first set up a civic administration His organising capacity was infinite and his imagination quick He made the little king dom self sufficient and built a huge reservoir of strength both CIVIC and military His nert bid was to recapture Cawnpore Vrcs The defeat het ve to the stalwart ace Engl h Gcncral Windham us a great event in tlic history of mil tary manocu It was a well planned move His miltary carcr cont nucd for about two years Both in times of victory and defeat he showed extraordinary military skill and the credit for sustainin" the w r of independence for a period of about iwo years gocs mainly to his capacity to hold on and save at the time of retreat Ile was at times without any followers It limes his armies suelled to the extent of thirty thou and During the 1 st ten montns of his career he swept nearly a thousand miles and in thc innumerablc encounters he had with th hot of En li h generals he repeatedly outwitted them all Hwas trapped again and again but until he was betrayed by his snost trusted comrade Man Singh fie could never be caught It is lie who gave the mutiny the shape of a war of in lependence When lie captured halpı he liad before his mind the pattern that Słuvaji had worked out to build a stale round an impenetrable ſort. Ile depended largely on the p incipalities who had suffered frustration He wanted ·49 under the British on slaught After the fall of Gwalior hc derived his strength only from the soldiers inspired by an idcal Ilus strength also failed him When Queen Victoria fullc amnesty to soldiers who had revolied, and advised them to rcturn home, they loſt him almost en bloc His last experiment was of organising every little village for self dcfcncc ind self rule This cxperiment was cut short by Van Singh who handed him over to Vicade with a vain hope that the latter would place him in some high position Selfless Tarja Topc * 15 commoner The princes who joined thic muliny were interested in winning their own kingdoms or pensions I hcy derived bcncfit from the muliny when they could und licn they found the British oncc again pros perous they turned overnight is cnthusiastic supporters of the 1 nglish T1411 Top viewed tungs differenth Hc had nothing to gain for lumself He was sciſlcss to that extent Hie leſe happy home once for all, noser to return igiin In complcic «clf abandonincnt this commoner deroled himself in the calls of csolving the ideas of freedom and of scarchin. lor ile germs of democricy He is a forerunner of this tradition with such India shincs today noris 111 111 Nicknow nottun, about Taty? ropes childlinot or hits personal life Ir greu alınost unwitched He was second ci 114 brothers To other brother cicr made any His fither Pandurirspint lovalo! ap 175 superin frndant o cr the stores of the Peshwas tousls 17011 1170 :no's afectionare recids for his ſucher His fither 15 int the umr or his cxcution When Virade asked him lura list of rechneid, 'plerer do not harus ms old rochas Ilcludono son by name nudeo and om dla chier by 111c \linarını She 11 mirtied and the fulles in: 1911.copr lund *75, he had a grandion fron hier 13. to thin, ab) luts word In It us !! "In the price file I'c huis in Bruhou 16 17 ?! 011 liriuo ·cflective The handful could do hivoc The hu.c mass of Lnylıslı army could not move as swiftly as his handful gueril las could The Englislı generals were perplexed but these achievements invoked in innumerablc mutincers a fresh zeal He could win more supporters He then captured the fort of halpi Hi ways were Napoleonic He would do what looked impossible and take his enemy by surprise halpa was one of the most difficult fortresses and that Tatya Tope captured in a manner which was unthinkable to those who held it After capturing the fort of halpi Tatya Tope first set up a civic administration His organising capacity was infinite and his imagination quick He made the little king dom self suff cient and built a huge reservoir of strength both CIVIC and military His next bid was to recapturc Cawnporc vres Ti e defeat he gave to the stalwart acc English General Wandlam wa great event in the history of military manocu It was a ell planned move His milıtary carcr continued for about two years Both in times of victory and defcat he showed extraordinary military skill and the credit for sustainın" the war of independence for a period of about Iwo years goes manly to his capacity to hold on and save at the time of retreat He was at tim s without any followers It times lus armies swelled to the extent of thurty thou and During the 1 st ten montas of his career he swept nearly a thousand lies and in thic innumerable encounters he had with th host of En lish generals lie repeatedly outwitted them all Has trapped again and again but until he was betrayed by this most trusted comrade Man Singh he could neser be caught It is lic who gave the mut ny the shape of a war of independence When he captured halpile liad before his mind the pattern that Sluvaji had worked out He wanted to build a state round an imp netrable fort Ile depended largely on the principalities who had suffered frustration ·51 was, while leaving Nepal and crossing over to India through the Terai jungles The British have accepted this version of lus denth and on official records thic samc cxplanation still stands But cucn British historians are not sure of the fact that Ninashcb died in this way, for Maleson, ? renowned British quthority on thc Vutiny, remirhs that, unfortunately nothing definicis Inown as to what happened to Nanasaheb Further an entry in thc diary of Lord Montaguc brings out the fact that hic had at onc timc rcfuscd an informant's offer to provide clucs leading to the cipturc of Nonasaheb), if lic 475 bilen 1 lalh of rupees This sum 175 much higher than thic officially proclaimed reward for thic capturc of thic rebel Iorder, dcid or alesc ind I ord Voningue was forced 10 rchuse the oflcr Nana Salıcb Returns \ccording to the scrsion Ann Silicb was forced to quit the lascn of Nepal on the insistence of the Ruler HC Icft with ome of luis as ocistes, crossed the Tcrai hills, cichord i rumour that lic sys lilled by ? tiger, reached the casiore it huich by 1 dciious route and finally reached the city of Vlors with only (no of his associates Intin Shih und Bilde Rimbi lic lived in Voru in disguise for HoyC134 and liter moscd in a 6710 neur Sihor, asin all town scar 139174 135 ir, ulicrc he lived for 15 years, until he death in 1903 People who mosc! very clo cly with him durin the pretext l!c, roude an account of the minner in whuhe Esitlus dans Ihc blich mich who callero 11111r the cine in which \int Sale', pis et lu dass died 1 seceitli 70 1951 noul stated that the l'oshing Inc under !!mei nunc 1)1nd lorindri Miho hankar U, rdhyy 1 Bethani 21. scried their ·52 stranger as a learer claims to hax seen scars of bayonet wounds and bullet marks on his body An old voman by name Jarib hen who worked for Dayanand Yorindra affirm that a few days before his death he revealed t her that he vas Manasaheb Peshwa in exile Jaribchen is still alive Many of Dayanand s personal effects such as idols are still in Sihor A decp large cave which Vanasahich is believed to have made and lived s decorated and panelled with mas iecl 1 elled idols An image of the tree headed god Dattatreya is craved on on ing of the cav Vetal images similar to the ones sorshipped in Maharashtra a pair of holhapuri chappals and a set of vooden clubs of the type used in Mahara htra have contributed very larg ly to the belief th : the noble son of India passed away in Shor In fact on August 3 every year peopl from the surrounding arcas as emble at the Sam dhi of Nana Saheb () at Sihor to pay homa e to the ma tyrs and vi at the house of late Mavi Bhai Bhatt where Nana Saheb is said to have breathed his last But an entry in the diary of Azimullah Khan one time adı iser of Nanasaheb says that Va iasaheb lived in the to vn of Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh till 1926 Azimullah Khan too lived ith him till the Peshwa died and afterwards left the city for destinations unknown Decades after the de th of Manasaheb the diary of Azimullah Khan came to th hands of Maha nahopady ja Potdar at Poona and is bein critically studied KR. N Swamy (The Tribune) Dewan Azimullah Khan Of the impy rtant characters in the Revolutionary War of 1857 then me of Azimullah Khan is one of the most mcmorable Amon the keen intellects and minds that frst War of Independence V D Savarkar ·53 conceived the idea of the War of Independence, Azimullah must bc gnen 1 prominent pince And among the many plans by which the vious phases of the Resolution scre clcicloped the plans of Azimullah dc crie pecial notice Azimullah 475 i cry poor by birth He rose gradually on the strength of his own merits and it list becine the trusted adviser of Nani Srlicb His carly poi crty was such that he served 75 1 121ter in the liouschold of an I nglishm in Lion while in such 1 low state, the fire of ambition 175 always burning in lus heart He took adu antage of his profession 75 n lla ercht in order to learn foreign languages, ind in a short time he had learned to speak Caglıh and I rench with fluency After acquiring 1 hnowicdge of both thes languages, Azimullah left the service of the Ecringhus and begin to study in ? school at hinpur B: his cter? ordinary ability he soon became a tricher 11 the self sunschool While still sers ang 18 1 tercher in the Gosernment «chool at hanpur, Ius rcputa ion as an ahle scholar reached the cars of Nan Silicb and hic was introduced at the Brahmarta Durbar Once, at thc Durbor, his wise counsels were appreciated and valucd by ilana Saheb, who would cake no important step without first consulting Azimullih In 1854 lica 75 milde elic chic representat11c of Nana Saheb and sent to Inglund His face was noble, his speech sect and silvery hnowing very well the customs and ininners of contem porr i nylish life hic soon becima very popular among Londoners Attrried by this pleusani and silveri voic 1118 spirited men and Oriental mi,nificcrcc seseral couns Inlih women fell in love with brinulih 7 hercus coloro crowd in those anys in the pirls of london 101 on the level ng Brighton, insc this jaisellad Indian Snile Inclish women of rr role families Herr « much infatuated with fum thue cien afier fres return to Inday th-old end hrum Itters toucher in ilir not afferlionite When 11n10 to my raptured an sart: Is icrin in 1111 ·52 stranger as a lxcarcr claims to have seen scars of bayonet wounds and bullet marks on his body An old woman by name Jaribehen who worked for Dayanand Yo,indra affirm that a few days before his death he revealed to her that he was Nanasaheb Peshwa in exile Jaribchen is still alive Many of Dayanand s personal effects such as idols are still in Shor A deep large cave which Tanasalel is bel ecd to have made and I ved is decorated and panelled sith mas vc chiselled idols An image of the three headed god Dattatreya is craved on on wing of the cav Mictal images sim lar to the ones worshipped in Maharashtra a pair of holhapuri chappals and a set of vooden clubs of the type used in Wlahara htra have contributed very larg ly to the belief th t the noble son of India passed away in Sihor In fact on August 3 every year peop! fom the surro inding areas semble at the Samadhi of Nanı Saheb (?) at Sihor to pay homa c to the martyrs and it the house of late Bha: Bhalt where lana Saheb is said to have breathed his last 1a ) But an entry in the diary of Azimullah Khan one time adviser of Nanasaheb says that Vanasaheb lived in the town of Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh till 1926 Azimullah Khan too lived ath him till the Peshwa died and afterwards left the city for destinations unknown Decades after the death of Manasaheb the diary of Azimullah Khan came to th hands of Mahamahopadyaya Potdar at Poona and is being critically studied h R. N Swamy (The Tribune) Dewan Azimollah Khan Of the important characters in the Revolutionary War of 1857 the name of Azimullah Khan is one of the most memorable Amon, the keen intellects and minds that first Har of Independence V D Sasarkar ·55 chirm for them India has suffered a great misfortunc in forgclung Moulv. Ahmad Shah The little sc inou about him is only through whit British chroniclers of the 'Mutiny' hasc written about him Career Moulvı Ahmad Ullah Shal, according to most of the historians, belonged to ruzabad, Gubbins is, however, of the sick that "thus min had come from Mindras and "15 of 1 good Mohammedan family and hind trai crsed much of upper India, cxciting people to scdition" Whether he camc from Madras or from raizabad, licu 7s the one man, who had, with thic farsighicdness of a gical statesman, scilised thc esils of British domination And so he devoted himself to thc causc of national libcration Ile was 211 orator, a forceful wricer and 1 cholar besides bein 7 "great soldier 'The Voulu is the only oldier," writes falleson, "slio con boast of ou minocuiring Sir Colin Campbell exicc 128 llc lind seen the the days of ſeudul princes had gone Ind so he primarily ddressed him elf to the people con tintl on the mosc zddressing public rallırs explaining his plan of action to those reads to join the muls of fichiers of freedon Amidst luis hurricane Irs of north Indi li found time to write land-bills and bond leus capruning the froglierul future threlay i efore the co i try of the Britili ucceeded in their machin101015 nainst thic freedom of the country Such was the seronnies or "the Voulu that tien in che e discrewed up in 10,000 fatte ed to lie in /«sperche in prie «flxirs a droit Vurling Insei cita dufrie illisen Ictuen llindus and Vilure Iluasi ard co!,!101 1 the ass file luturi's all: t'u {11}lar 1) lor, Son lo 24 ·The Mionlvi Iriting about the leaders of the war of 1857 Col GB Valleson who participated in the campaigns says Who all the actre conspirators were may probably never le known One of them there can be no question was he who during the progress of Mutiny was known as the Vio its 1 The Soulvis as a cry remarkable man His name vas Ahmad Ullah and his n tive place was Faizab d n Oudh In person he was tall lcan and muscular with large decp- et enes bettle bro vs high quiline nose lantern jis Sr Thomas Seaton who enjoyed during the suppre son of revolt the best means of judging tom described him a min of great bilities of undaunied courage of stern determit ation and by far the best sol lier amongst the rebels Sush · as the man selected by the discontented in Oudh sw throu hout I dia the seeds hich at a given s gnal should sprin" to active growth of the ascerta incd facts espect glis ction this at least hus bc n proved that very soon aficr thc a neration of Oudh h travelled over the north western prosinces on a mission which was a mystery to Lurope n autho ites that he stayed soinc time at Agra that he Uted Delhi Vicerut latna Calcutta that an April 1857 htly after his return he circulated seditio is papers thro ishout Oidh tht the jolice did not arrest him that the crccutive Lucknow alarmed at lus progress desp tched body of troops to seize him that taken prisoner le as tred and ondemned to death that b fore the s ntence coul i be crec ted the lunity broke out that capin h tecam the confidental friend of the Begum of Laklinac the trusted leader of the rebels nat Chapat Scheme That this ma was the brain and the band of the or piracy there can I thu k be little doubt During his ·57 trwels he devised the schemc knonn as the 'Chapati Schemc-chapatis arc cales of unlcascned bread--the circulation of which from hand to hand is casy and causes no suspicion The great hope of thc Moulv was to work upon the minds, already prone to discontent, of the sipahıs When the means of influcncing the armed men in the service of the British Government should have been so matured that on a given signal, thcy would be prepared to risc simultancously, the circulation of chapatis amongst the rural population of thic North Western provinces would notify to them that a great rising would take place on the favourablc opportunity' After stating that Nana Saheb was in secret correspon. doncc with Maulvi Ahmad Shah, Mallcson, referring to the Rani of Jhinsi, says, "There is reason to bclicsc that be, too, had cnicred into negotiations with the Moulu and Nana Saheb bcforc thc explosion of 1857 took place" Thc cxccutiic council of this conspiracy had arranged in thc beginning of 1857 to act upon the sipahıs by means of the grerscd cartridges, upon the inhabitants of thc rural areas by the dis emination of chipatus Treachery After stating lous thus prince among patriots *15 frencherously donc to death by Raja Jagannath Singh who had inuical Moul: Saheb for 1 conference in hus fortress nt Prunin (district Shahjahanpur) and had then dastardly attacked and killed him to please the Briush Government, Viille on s7y3 +Thus died the lioulin Ahmad Ullah cf 172 nd 1 pontrol is 7 min who plots and fights for independence, wrongfully depnied of luis nike counın, then c! certainly the Voulu 475 3 rue patriot Hic iad not sttimet hus sword by 95 nation, lichid connised at mn trurrieri tie had fought munfulls, Iorcurably, and stillo: l in th:

·fieldagainst strangers who had seized his country and bus memory is entitled to the respect of the brave and truc hearted of all nations Kamar Singh In Bihar the war of Independence was led and con ducted by humar Singh of Jagdishpur a Rajput chieftain of ancient lincage Though an old man of eighty at the time Yet he was extraordinarily stout in physique and resolute in character A warrior by nature and possessed of instincts of a real general humar Singh proved a for midable foc of the British throughout th whole course of the war of 1857 He had been deprived of all his estate and was a staunch enemy of the British He had been in consultation with Nana Saheb at Kalp just before the break out of the war On July 23 1857 he learned that the revolutionary forces ar Danapur had successfully risen he sized the opportunity to strike a blow and joined them with all hus power Though he had to face many reverscs he was never vanquished On the contrary he embarrassed the British generals on many an occasion and gave them defeats More than once he threatened the whole of Western and Eastern Bihar and on one occasion he threatened Calcutta the then capital of India He had just rc-entered Jagdishpur and defeated captain Le Grand on April 23 1858 when only after three days he died of a wound in his arm which had been previously amputated because of a bullet wound in the wrist (Read the story in the chapter National Heroes ] Kumar Singh was succeeded by his brave brother Amar Singh as the commander of the Revolutionary forces in Dihar Amar Singh was as capable as his brother and had supported him almost from the beginning He too continued to harass the British forces all he met the final reverse late in Nov 1858 ·59 A Britisb Tribate Herc is a tribute by 1 British Army officer to the heroism and fighting instinct of Kumar Singh the eighty year old vctcran of our war of Independencc our rcar Hc says, "It makes me extremely ashamed to write what followcd We began flying out of the jungles, Icaving the battic field and being constantly beaten by the enemy Our people, dying of thirst, rushed forth at the sight of a wretched, dirty pool of water, in the most confused manner possiblc Just then, the horses of Kumar Singh closc upon Henceforth, there was no limit to our disgrace, and thic disaster was complete No sense of shaine was left in any one of us Every man ran wherever he thought his safety lay Orders were thrown to the winds Discipline und drill were dead In all directions, nothing could bc lucard but sighs, curses and vailings Bands of Europeans dropped dend in the flight by sunstroke Nor 17s it possia ble to ask for medicine, for, the dispensary was already captured by humar Singh Some died there and then , the sost ucre cut down by the enemy, the carriers dropped the dolis and fled, all was confusion-all terror! Sixteen clc. plants were all full laden with the burden of the wounded General Le Gand himself was shot dead by a bullet in het breast! Soldiers running for their lives for five miles and inore lind nos no strength, csen for lluing up their guns The Siths, accustomed to the heat of the wun, look of thic ciepliants and Red away ahead of all None would be much tlır white Out of a liundred and nincts ninc wlules, about cighty alone could suryac this terrible materne' We were led into this jungle lile cattle into the slaughter bol <, simply to be killed !! 5 Clarion Hills Badisa lluing, Vol 11,1***?

·60 The forces of humar Singh were thus completely success ful They had in spite of the fact that they had no arul lery to speak of on their side routed the British forces with a terrible loss and slaughter and had captured even the two guns which the British had so proudly brou ht' (War of Independence 1857 ) This is Sacrifice Today we celebrated Indepe dence Day Nelajı madı an inip ning speech to no less th sirly th isand Pe ple had u alked secen lo len m les to reach the meeting place There was an adent z hich I must record Al the beg nning of the melts & Nelaji uas garlanded Hi had u ound the gal nd of A les ound his hand as he spoke 15 hen he finished his shig speech enthusiasm was ferer heat the an idea si uck him He asked, fa gbody was cady to buy the garla d the my he would i care would go to the Fouy Sunds The first bid uas one lakh of rupees In a few m nuts the fig re su elled Ons lakh-one and a half lakh-three lakhsfour-fou and a qua ter-fi 6-514-secen lakhs ! I jou & Pujabu youth had d on the frst bidder When the final bid ofs en laths uas ber announced he looked vexed and intent on an inre struggl. As the ga land was about 10 be decla ed sold he jumped up and rushed to the dats my tealth-all ihat I haere , pie that I oun he shouted Subhas Bahu ca ghe the tremblin youth by both his hands Н. sad Done-the ga land is yours Patriotic men like you desetre the count of glory our Fas) shall tt in But the youth had no ears for anyth ng He had clutched ga land and u as pessing it 10 lis eyes and his heart Ilc deci ed Now I am freed from earthly possessions I seek membersh of the faut I offer my life to the cause of our country freedom I giet all From - Colonel Lakbshmi, Diary entitled JAI BIND 6 The Fnglish sustained on this occasion a complete defeat of the orit kind 11 hike s History of the Aluliny ·CHAPTER V NAMDHARIS BLOWN WITH CANNONS The principles of boycoll and non cooperation which Mahalma Gandht introduced (re introduced) so rigoro isly in our freedom mo ement rere (onginally) expounded by Guru Ram Singh for the Namdhans Dr Rajcodra Prasad X X Saenly namdharis uere blo un with cannons al Valeri olla by a Brilish Deputy Commissioner uithout any trial х X х X Erictly a month hefore the first round of the misnamed Muigi 23 fired at \lccrut, Guru Ram Singh had ſounded on April 12 1857, 1 socio political scct, the Namdhari" in the Punjab, to fight out the British through non violent moins Namdharis i crc thus not only the harbingers of thc cra of the War of Independence but they were also orginntors ol creeds like non co-operation, Sundesh and coul disobedience which were during our limes adopted as means to shil c the British Empire, under Gandhiji s leadership Guru Ram Singh's Non.co operation unting of Guru Ram Singh's ideology, our President Dr Rajendra Prasad (in hts Tricle published in 1935 in an issue of the Shtlus, a Hindi daily) Ind compared the Guru s movement with Gandhijis and said "Guru Ram Singh considered political freedom a part of religion organiwalion of the \indhins became ir tironn principles of boycott and non-cooperation och Va'atma Gandhu introduded a virorously in os freedomy mientrympa ! 1010 expounder los Guru ham Sirallinen nekart ·62 The Guru s Mon Co operation Movement was based on the following five principles (1) Boycott of Government Services (2) Boycott of educational institutions run by the British Government (3) Boycott of law established by them (4) Boycott of foreign cloth (5) Disobedience of Government orders which one consc ence abhorred Strict Adherence Namdhans adhered to these principles relig ously unti the banner of our Independence was at last unſurlcd o August 15 1917 The Namdhari Non Co-operation out sh nes all other boycotts of the British The Namdhams lik the descendants of Maharanı Pratap so steadfastly cluns 1 their faith that even their present Guru Maharaj Prata Singh and his sons living in such a modern age as ours has opted to sacrifice education and other neccessities of li made availabl to them by a fore gn Government dhan never learns Engl sh He never attended a Goverr ment aided school before Independence and never made us of the railway or even postal service A Mar Own Postal Service The Namdharis excelled in maintaining a well orga nuscd free postal service which are the British Governmen ensied This service was conducted in this manner A mai would run fast and exchange the bag of letters with the next man who would in turn shoot forth and make the post thu Teach th particular destination The system was in opera tion in all corners of the Punjab under a lime schedule Thus practice i as abandoned only after independence.

·This century long campaign against foreign rule is also known as the hooha Movement in history Thc tcrm hoola is a derivation from a Punjabi word "Kool" meaning scrcaming which Nimdharıs did while reciting hymns, bath ing, or perſoming other religious services The cxisting 50,000 Kookas retain their separate entity and show an incredible sense of unity among themselves Although an offshoot of the Sikhs, they are in appearance, distinguishable from them by an unceremonious pugree they just wrap without fashioning it after a modern Sikh's head. gcar with all its essential contours, corners and other cm bellishments Unlike the Sikhs they have a belief in the divinity of Guru Gobind Singh (last Guru of the Siths) having descend cd upon Guru Balık Singh and from lum upon his disciplc Guru Ram Singh Their present Guru Maharaj Pratap Singh is thus the fourth icmporal and sccular head in this line In dice they are strict scgctarians and icctotallers Their clothes are always hand made and pure Swadeshi ci on to das A Nimdhari's perforınıncc of 'havan' and hus resc rence to the Vedas and Hindu 21rs placc lum somewhere between a Hindu and 7 Silh in religious belief Protection of the cow 11 another irrevocable belief with a Namdharı Vaiqae Marriage System Namdhrns, religiously speaking, are donıcd the right in spend more than Rs 13 on a mirage Mans n couple during thic Knoka conference held in Delhi recently were wed el at an expense of on- rupee and four annis cich They are arun the first amongst Ilindu to five birth to the idea of equal status for women and intercale mnari ac between the canic llindus and the u touchables Tliclinat $11ch marnige follon in those queer specificalion unirown ·64 to the populace of medieval India was performed on January 4 1863 when the idea was merely derided as being basc and unholy Gora Ram Singh Balak Singh hailing from N WFP was a pious soul He attracted cminent devotees from far and near Ram Singh ho came from the Punjab became Balak Singh s most trusted disciple Ram Singh earned a name for him s if and held the spiritual Gaddı after Balak Singh s death in 1862 This implied also the political headship of the hookas Guru Ram Singh was born on Basant Panchm day in 1816 in a small vllage Bhain Sahib (Ludh ana District) in a family of carpenters In his youth he joined Maharaja Ran je Singh s army and ſought in the Anglo-Sikh war of 1845 against the British at Miudki Ram Singh had resigned his job under Balak Singh s influence After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 and banish ment of the last Sikh hing of the Punjab Dilip Singh the British were consolidating their political power in Northern India hookas strongly resisted it under the daring lead gucn by Ram Singh who administered with deftness the 22 soobas (districts) whosc de facto head he was with his head quarters at Bhaini Sahib which is even today the centre of hooka activities In these Soobas as the old Government records rcical Guru Ram Singh abolished all distinctions of caste among Sikhs adsocated indiscriminate marriages of all classes en joined upon them to shun drugs and exhorted his disciples to be clean and to always speak the truth One of his ma timnis was that evervone should carry A staff with him while going out and all did ·65 Oppressive Measures Within scven years of its inception the moucincnt claim cd thrcc lakh followers The British Government, alırmcd at tlic rapid growth of the movement, tool very strong mcasures to suppress it from 1863 onwards Guru Ram Singh was ordered not to move out of lus hic idquarters All the social and religious gatherings of Namdharis scrc banned, police and petty village officials were ordered to hccp a strict watch over the movements of the individual Namdharis In 1867, Guru Ram Singh was denied permission to hold thc Maglı fair at Muht ar on Jinuir 12 As a result, the far sus held at Anandpur Salub, the sacred place of Sikls Ilcrc Guru Ram Singh appeared majestically with 21 of his "soobas" on horse bach, and bchind them camc, Over 2,000 of lus followers on foot with drums and banners in their hands This was all to the distaste of the British ofliccis who saw in it "gric signs of growing influence of hoolas The rulers worc also alarmed at the hoobas joining in great numbers the armies of samc princely states with 1 SICU to get miliary training and thicrc by to consolidate their po ilion in the l'unjab Enquiry An enquin into the political nelilities of Curu Ram Sın, h ani le roll users si intitulel hi, thi Goscrorrent in Torcubes Itil throu llige Shira, Surch orhi lupur Micsomt treci the Japadlost ori srceats or ile de porenton of this \amul 151 Codicu il cite codonymy pos ir thir seer to pisics T ** fornirini's, 15 thr allo, in or op, (***): 1 (1 111). Ar sarits 11nturc cftir 110 CIDC: N11$ f* latical rd dansere di ·60 The Raja also reported that he had met kripal Singh and the younger brother of Tantya Tope Guru Ram Sngh with his 12 soobas was arrested under the Bengal Regulation of 1818 on the same charges as were levelled against the last Mughal Emperor of India The Guru was deported to British Burma in the same Jail where Bahadur Shah passed his last days in capt vity Relations w th Tore ga States In order to make his political programme a success Guru Ram Singh had spread his sphere of activity in the border states of Nepal Bhutan and Kashmir Contacts were made wth the rulers through Namdhari embassies Guru Ram S ngh is also stated to lave hd close contacts with the Rany of Jlans and other leaders of the 1857 re bellion The Guru even from Jail exchanged letters with Russia through the Governor of Russian Turkistan In 1878 the British Government unearthed a plot by hookas against it intrigued through the Russian authori ties Gurbachan Singh hodha was penalised for being res ponsible for carrying a communication from the Guru to Russ a Guru Ram Singh was as a result removed from Rangoon to the most tortuous jail in Mergui For thirteen long and weary cars the Guru remained in solitary confine ment and at last died in 1885 according to Government records not relied upon by the Guru s followers who like some followers of Subhash Bose still belicie that the Guru 15 alive and would one day appear on the scene to relieve them of their troubles Then came Guru Hari Singh Guru Ram Singh s succe ssor who for 21 years was not permitted to move out of bus house except on two marriage occasions Iic died in 1906 and was succeeded by Pratap Singh the present Guru During the first llorld War in 1914 the British Gosera ment tried to appease the ni mcharis ard cfired vast land ·67 cd grants and other concessions only against a non commi tlal statement in favour of recruitment The offer 75 declined with thanks Upon this the British Government used thc tyrant's rod vigorously When thc non co-operation morcment 175 started under Gandhi's Icadership Kookas joined hands freely They were happy that Gunjhi was trying to follow the teachings of their Guru who uscd to say that 108 bcids of his sacred 'mala were more powerful and cffective than an cqun! number of gun shots Hercin lic the spirit of non violence wluch wis, for the first time and during the darkest period of India's slavery, applied by the Nımlharis Gandhi tool 1 cuc from them and modified the campugn to revolutionisc the social and political structurc of India (Shiv Lal) ·CHAPTER VI THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA MUSLIM PIONEERS TASHIONABLE SECRET SOCIETIES TILAL-FATHER OF UNREST SHYAMJI KRISHNA VARMA SAVARKAR-BORN LEADER LONG LIVE DHINGRA BENGAL--BRAIN OF REVOLUTION PARTITION OF BENGAL AUROVINDO-SYMBOL Or REVOLT APPROVER SHOT IN PRISON BENGAL PARTITION NULLIFIED LORD HARDINGE BOMBED REVOLUTIONARY GENIUS-RASH BCHARI MARTYRS OF LOVAGATAVARU CONTACTS WITH CERMANY THE FIRST IN A ARM PLANS BUNGLED FIRST AZAD HIND GOVERVIENT APPEAL TO CZIR AND KHILITA SILK LETTER CONSPIRACY ROTILATI BLACK LAW NO APPCAL NO VALIL BCNGAL REVOLUTIOVIRIES BABAR ALALI HEROCS ASSEMBLY BOVB LUCKY SIVOV ESC IPCS CHITAGOVG ARVOURY RAID BENGALS BLOOD BITI! YOUNGEST HICRO LO\G LIVE RAM CILINDRA ·CHAITER II THE REVOI UTIONARI FRA Even postet 11 mremont wheshar sinime or non tolent resolutionem in piene- Pit in the present context by th- od rcolitinn.is magna ? porony ubin having etchewed ero' non meth-it tilastotenlutnaan m-thods dubbed as splent b, tharulhos thndor There has lx-en. terience in same WT1 of th: history of the Indian Salin71 moser-rt tornil men o'u110795 morement cnninlerek But that shnot accord would pace that there olulitan memart *1898 o 3710 part of the wide- rational musemene Alitigh the fut resoluuoran on the rather modern tipa la ed ard worked before the Irdina la 9781 Correns was born, the reso lutionary moment cannot be sopraled from it wider strearn of the nationalist unge It greatly inlu--ccd the n3110231 morenent, impegnaled it with its 057 sinlitt ord cataclysmie pred sporred, rote baghel imparted to it its o in retelmas snil, bu that is not all I. its own turn it cool colour and des on from ', and ined in keep pace with it, at lea in its outbures of a mass ratu e 07 10 (10" in Maslim Pioneers Peculiarls encugh the credit of being the pioneer ret olutionar Irdia coes to enme Vuslims I cry res people know this fact In 1871 the Bahabi* leader Amir Khin wis exiled for life under Regulation III of 1818 This irred the Mahabus Thm submitted a p-tition in the Calcutta High Court paasing that the exile order on Amir Khan might be cancelled and that he might be tried in an open court Tic Wal abi mos ement, although religious in appearance, sought to our the British from India. A muslim <ect knonia for loir of liberti ·70 The Wahabis got the proceedings of the case printed in the form of a booklet and got it widely distributed through out th length and breadth of India Even Bepin Chandra Pal a great leader of Bengal wrote in his reminiscences that his imag nation was very much fired by this booklet Aficr a short time (on the 20th September, 1871) Mr. Norman the judge who sentenced Amir Khan was stabbed dead by one Abdull 1 Wahab This mi der infu iated the Europeans so much that althou h Abdulla was hanged the Europeans would not let him haver decent Muslim burial Abdulla body was dragged fom the gibbet and burnt like that of a Hindu Lven after death he was not spared dishonour Lord Mayo Stabbed On the 8th of Tebruary 1872 Lord Mayo while visiting the Andaman p 1s0ns was stabbed by one Sir Ali Sher Ali was a Wahabi and had been sentenced to transportation for life for his activities as a Wahabı revolutionary surn essed After this the Wahab: movement ruthlessly so much so that even in very good iustory books "Titten by nationalists there is no mention of cither the Wahabis or Abdulla or Sher Ali But there is no doubt about it that after 1857 the credit of being the first revo Jutionaries of India goes to these obscure but brave men about whose history and ideology we know next to nothing fashional le Soçicties The liberatior movement in Italy fired the imagination of Ind an youths and there was a spate of secret societies in Bengal Maharashtra and Punjab The great Reformer Raj Marin Basu fathered one such society Even the great poct T gorc I came a member of one such society ·the c corte incocties lyinr confised in the 11 errekt, orly proved to bem moc fi luonible that prentiscafon seul visual results of coui c thics combined tre'ls to the scnat«lrcc of Irelso in mort spil me 111cc cirlier too! as fernent io non ponice 10 friends in 111, liecriture culturc but judred from politiral oscit iets di incircular nature thic:- contribution 11 nul SONc i.nore tlcin in this short account, ad proceedlo Valira li ra where thic next outurst manifested it cil Tilak-Father of Unrest Lolmanya Bal Gani Diz 11134 135 1 treit Icider and maker of modern India Althou, l: by ici dei cy in crudile .cho'ar, l1c 13 23 an cnboxdurnent of the lulo nplay of acuon wluch hc so fondlı proached in his writings Ilc 175 the editor of a paper called the heart which for a generation remained the torch bearcr of nationalism Ilic Loliminin was also the sponsor of the Ganapati and the Shurt zji festivals At first he originated the Ganapiti Festival The object of reviving the same was to preach nilionalism under the garb of religion After the success of this festny 21, lic took up the Shwaji festival, 1 festival, 150wedly political Both the c festivals were talen up by the youths of Maharashtra in great carnest, and this lcd to a rather concrful mass moscment in Maharashtra Fired by the presalent aggres usely nationalistic ideas Damodar and Balakrishna Chapel ars formed a society for phy ical and military training i hich they named the Society for the removal of obstacles to the Hindu religion. Tor them the British ruler was the enemy number one of Hindu religion as they concen cd it One Mir Rand had made himself scry unsopular by his autocratic and high handling of the Plague in Poona ·72 Lokmanya The Revolutionary This oppression of the citizens of Poona gradually enrag d the people and on the occasion of the Shivaji festival which fell on the 12th of June bitter speeches w re made Lokamanya Tilak who presided on that occasion stid Did Shivaji commit sin in killing Afzal Khan ? The answer to this question can be found in Mahabharata itself Shri Krishna s advice in the Gita is to kill even our own teachers and kinsmen No blame attaches to any person if he is doing deeds without being acluated by a desire to reap the fruits of 1 is deeds Shri Shivaji did nothing to fill the void of his stomach With benevolent intentions he murdered Afzal Khan for the good of others If thieves enter our houses and we have not suffici nt strength to drive them out c should without hesitation shut them up and burn them live God has not conferred upon the forc gners the grant oscribed in a copper plate of the kingdom of Hindustan hivaji strovc to drive them away from the land of his birth le did not thereby commit the sin of covering what belonged o others Do not circumscribe your vision like a frog in a vell Get out of the Penal code and enter the extremely ugh atmosphere of the Bhagwat Gita Ar Rand Killed The 22nd of June 1897 was being celebrated as the Oth coronation day of Queen Victoria Every cook and orner of the empire was ringing with mcrriments There was general illumination and display of fire works in the aty of Poona Two Governm nt officials Mr Rand the plague commissioner and one Licut Ayerst were returning howc ſrom some nocturnal party They were shot at and were killed The Chopekar brothers had shot Mr Rand Damod.se Chopekar was caught red handed was tried and cony cted of the double murder ·73 llow tlic resolution ir) moscmncnt and the wider 01110nnl nos cment intcrpcnetrata rich other would become apparcnt from thic Pict that this frent Lokaminya convicted on this tril of thc Rand murder The puthoritics held fum respons ble for the plotment of the murder Besides thc hestri, unic other pip is usercolo victimised Shynmji krishna Varmin Tuo uell known citizens of Poonn, bclonging to tlıc Watu fimilt ucre (lcporiod under Rculation 11 of 1827 in connection with the nadents in l'oon Shortly after thiest deportations Stivity: krishnVrin), 1 kitบาแtr! millionaire vient au ny to london of lus own nccord to escape possible police atrocitics I or sometimc hic just hcbcmatcd, but when after some scars lic became sure that the police was no longer asicr lum hc siaried the Indir llomc Rule Society in London Ihc aim of the society was to initialc Indian students who had gone to Englınd for studies into the nationalist cult A monthly paper called the Indian Sociologist was publihed as the organ of the socicly In order to attract students Shyamji announced that he proposed to establish 415 lcctureshups of Rs 1,000 cich for cnabling authors, journalists and qualificd engineers to visit Lurope, America and other parts of the world so as to cquip themselves officiently for thc work of spreading among the people of India a knowledge of freedom and national unity It should be noted here that Shyamji offered these scholar ships from lus own purse He not only spent lavishly from his own pocket, but induced other Indiin millionaires to spend moncy for political ends It was at Shyamji's instincc that Mr SR Rana, an Indian resident in Paris offered three travelling scholarships of Rs 2,000/- cach to be called after Rana Pratap of Chittorc, Shivaji and Baldurshah V D Savarkar Bora Leader Shyamji becamc a ncucicus round which all the revo lutionary clcments in London gathered Hc was soon joincd ·74 by Veer V D Sıvarkar Savarkar (sen before he started for London had distingui hed himself 757 revolutionary along with h s elder brother Canesh Sayurkar ind they had founded the Abhmara Bharat Society Savarkar $ arrival in London helped to galvani e the revolutionary movement there The India House founded by Shyamji became a famous place frequented by all the progress vc Indians The Government became alarmed bcc use the Indian students in London w re rap dly goin over to the side of the rationalist cause A question was asked in the Parliament as to whether the government were aware of the seditious activities in the India House This put Shyamji on the guard He at once shifted his head quarters to Paris and from there he began to guide the budding revolutionaries The Indian Socologist however continued to be published f om London Gradually V D Savarkar became the hief in London Th s was quite natural in view of the fact that he was on th spot and inorc active and mlitant thin Shyamj It was under his leadership that in May 1918 th 1857 ret olution day was cel brated in London with eclat Nearly onc hundred Indian students ic the bulk of those studyin, in England attended the cel bration On this occasion 1 Icillet entitled Oh Martyrs was distributed among the participants It seems th t the persons attending the celebration were presented with numerous copies of the leaflet so that they mult send them in their letters to Indu According to police report this leaflet was printed in French press under the patron go of Shyam Anoth r leaflet entitled Grave Warning as Jubli hed dosing is period Savarkar also wrote a history of the War of Independenec in Marathi He used to translate pa sages from it in ?! Sunday mecting of Indian revolutionaries in London Lool could not be printed in Marathi resolutionaries succeeded in getting its En lish translation Thu Ultimately th ·printed in Ilolland Copies of the book were muşeird in to India throunh 11810us in rnupur dauer: Onc of the persons ho helped in smum ling 175 the lac Sir Silindar H7171, then 1 student in romland II 173 214 115 proud or this fact Long Lise Dhinsm Thi- Gorernment is not uitinr on tlic fence Sic Curzon lui 478 appointed to look after the interests of the Indian students at London In realies hr 175 nching 78 a spy on the militant Indian stucicnt fraternity of London Ilc took notc of 'suspicious cascs', and incd lv hool or crool to cos them down Thus lir became a completc nurance On the 1st of Juls 1909 Vindiniai Dhingri of Saluwal (Punjab) hot ne hum from close ringe 7t 1thering in the Imserial Institute in London Dhingri 175 1 Punjabi student and liad gone to I ondon for further studies IIC 1125 arrested on the spot tried anel hinged In the cour c of 1 brilliant statement in the court hc 571d inter clia" dependrnt nation that is liek down by alien bysoncis must bc understood to bc an cternal state of or with the victors IIc put forth a strong plct for 1 cc cless struggle with the alien Lulla aucracy till irdependence was nchuicscd Ilc concluded with a desire to be born again and 7871n and 7crificc his life until India is frcc Vinayal Savarkar s clder brother, Gine 1: S11?r) ar 175 busy orgini ing political conspiracics in Malnarashtra Somc time before the murder or Sir Curzon Wylic he was hulcd up under Section 121 of the IPC Thic authorities could not find any substantial proof of his conspiratoriil ?ctivities, so he was clapped in prison for 1 bunch of poems cntitled The laghu niya Bharat mela" lor a few ver es hic was sentenced to transportation for life In this connection it is interesting to note that the convicting judgc remarked that the "writer's main object is to prcach war against the present ·76 government in the names of certain gods of the Hindus and certain warriors such as Shivaji These names are a mere pretext I have quoted the remarks of the judge to how that although these revolutionaries used relirious symbols and some of these happened to be of anti muslim character in reality there was nothing anti Muslim about the e people At the same time it should be noted that although not repre coting antı Musl m s ntiments those symbols of a definitely Hindu tint kept away the Muslim from the fold of the revolutionary movement Historically this was a first calamity The Marder of Jackson Mr Jackson the magistrate of Nasık who had committed Ganesh Savarkar for trial was shot dead on the 1st December 1909 A number of persons were ulumately hanged for this murder A conspiracy called the Nasık conspiracy was started by the police and a number of young men were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment In Gwalior also a conspiracy case was started and many young men were convicted It was found in course of the investi gation of these conspiracies that there was a widespread armed conspiracy to cnd British rulc in Indir Salate To Savarkar Vinayak Damodar Sarkar las not only a genius but a very brasc resolutionary It was foun1 that VD Snarlar cten prior to his journey to England had laid the foundations of these conspiracies He was brought down as ? prisoner from England As a pri oner on board the ship he managed to escape from the ship and si am to the French coast He sas honoCT arrested and brought to India but his arrest by British police on the French coast 6710 rise to an important issue of international Law and brou,ht the question of Indian ·freedom fore the world as rothar cir hund done Sa 1812r 11 15 sen enceito con scar) transportmn so life and sent to the fir qunt indz 11ne, ihme his brother ari so many other rcvolutionaries hid already been cni Bengal-Brain of Resolutinn low the cene alufes in den nl 14118 in Bengaliline British rulc li-d its ronis There resclos called the 'blindrulolchas had 07 nt into linn Iord-cades thus cl150 hnd b cn icry priceful and it was th- c'ucf pillar of the ndiancing Barrish imperii in Durinn 18,7 the blindralok class of Bengal had sided comp'airly sith the Britih rulers Thcz scre employed in the cubbordin ne crvices After a fou decides Pengals lladolol people besoin lobc clboncd Also the edi cried ca s beşin to scolic inte all higher POSLs 1 crc clo od to them and lick crcorn 111c ncc This cau cd widespread discontent among the educard Bengalis It was rot a more accident that I'en, alıs lxcamc the pioneers in the national mo cment of India Ilic friends of yesterday thus turned the deadlic.t focs out Thc Partition of Bengal The situation 1115 alrcid, een'c in Benmal In thic incan time as if adding in uil to injury Lord Curzon introduced 1 bill called the Unuscrsities Bill wluch was rightly interpreted by politically conscious pcopic as drsigns to limit thc number of Indian educated in English, and thus to retard national advance This discontent spread among the English ccluciicl classes An unlıcırd of agizion grccted the bill At Already the atmo phere was impregnated with thunder this timc Lord Curzon fired nother of hus roci cis declared that Bungal must be divided for administrac Ilc conicnience This enraged the middle class Bengalı , and as the middle class Bengalis happened to be the idcologucs of thic ·18 people unrest soon spread among the masses as well The agitation for annulling the partition of Bengal assumed huge proportions and from the biroest to the lowest all joined to undo what seemed to them at that time to be a great national catastrophe Thousands of largely attended meetings were held protesting again t the move poets came out with new songs of a militant type the great Tagore himself became one of the leaders of the movement The Government in its turn suppre sed the mectings and public manifestations with the result that the Bengal youths drifted to secret societies Sri Aurovindo Symbol of Revolt Si Aurob ndo Ghose and Barındra Kumar Ghose sons of ID Gho h a medical officer in Government cmployment came out as leaders of the militant youths of Be gal at that time. Barındra born in 1880 n Engl nd but had been bro ight to India as a child Aurobindo hnd rece ved all his education in Inland There he got a first cl ss in the Cambridge Ur versity classical tripos He wanted in go to the ICS He passed all the requisito examinations for it but vas rejected in the final clection because of his inability to ridc Aurobindo by h s urit ngs and Bırındra by lus organisa tional ability becam the symbol of the new Bengal in revolt Barındra had definite ideas about political things lie was convinced that agitation alone could not libcrate Ind a Barındra made an attempt to organisc 1 secret soci ty as carly as 1904 But the ground was not yet ready to he waited When as a consequence of the partition of Bengal the ground was ready he embarked on ) 18 old scheme Barındra became the leader of a big conspiracy knowo 13 the first Alipore conspiracy All the persons participatir in it were lughly educated Some of them had definite literary talents Ultimately thc conspiracy was unerthed When th conspiracy » s unearthed all the accus d persons came to the decision that as everything had been found by ·11 Elic CID, all the cruril po li uli mir 7 clean Ercist of cic tune in osales that it witrynien fuld be ble to 1 108 mnt (licir or 113711 i la red slnr Lirinden andc 1 101 ciling liicment Upendonith Dinerse, ond of tim lcidors of the con.piracy, 5110 mn the course of lus confession, ",\s I thought that people of Indir could not lo millc loco any wor} cxcept throult religion I «uzhe thr hielp of sadhus Ins Sidiius I fell upon the chool boys a collected them to filc the religious, moral and poliucıl clucation Sincr thion 1 hoc been mescly chlafed in ciclun, boys about thc stale of our country, the need of independencc preached 1174 the only way left to us was to fight for our independence, to tart sccrct societie in different pills of our country lo propagate ideas, collect aims finally si c in rebellion when thc time shall be ripe' Jugıntır, the organ of the party lind cscn thousand sub cribers in 1907 In 1906 thc muinber of sub cribers increased sull moc, but during this year 18*75 suppre sed according to thic Newspapers Incit ment to Oficnccs Act Sir Lawrence jeni ins commenting on the file of the Jugantar aid,' They clubit a burming huic of the Britisha ricc ‘lhcy breathe resolution in cicry linc Ilicy point out how the revolution is to be cflicted No calumny and no 310fice is left out which is lil cly to instill the people of thc country with the same idea or to catch the impresionable mind of the youth ' Apart from the Jugantar the revolutionaries published many pamphlcis, ongs etc In csery way possible the revolutionaries with their inergic means tried to contact masses and inculcatc revolutionary ideas in them Khudiram He was Khudiram was one of the members of the Aliporc group ent all the way to Muzaffarpore to shoot Mr ·80 Kingsford who as the Presidency Magistrate at Calcutta made himself a nuisance to revolutionaries by inflicting he punishments on revolutionaries brought in his court fort Khudiram failed to indentify Mr King ford and he wros threw a bomb on the carriage of Mrs and Mis henni Both of them were killed Lliudiram was caught tried hanged He was barely fifteen when he was hanged His yo ful appearance as well as the placid 17difference ith which bore all the torture and braved death endeared him to countrymen and his name penetrated the masses thro thousands of songs and legends Approver Shot in Prison mi Another memb r of the conspi rcy hana 1 1 who wa that time an under trial in the Alipore ja l hot Naren Goswami the approver in the case This created a g stir in the country because of its romantic and background Narendra Goswami was being conside public enco y number one by the p ople so his murder c as a great relief to thousands of people who consıdı revolution tries to be heroes Surendra Nath Banerjec uncrowned king of Bengal is supposed to have distribu sweets in the office of the Bengali a daily edited by when he received this news More than a lac of per attended the cremation ceremony of the martyr hanai The coormous mass wept like one man before his fun pyre and when his mortal body had been reduced to asl people advanced towards the pyre with awe and revere and collected the ashes to be worn as a talisman bytt chuldren Bengal Partition Nullified For the time being after the Alipore conspiracy revolutionary movement subsided but oncc started it ne ·01 moicmcnt reilly died 11175 In 1911 the Government reunited ilic divided Bengal, but this did not end the resolutionary The resolutionary movement of Bengal had lalon its birth in the anti partition, but it did not stop there The objectne lxfore it is no longer thc unity or llengal, but it was independencc Lmissaries from Benral went to other provinces and tried in sou the seeds of revolution Onc such eminissary was Rash Bcharı Bose He *7n clerk in the Dehra Dun Forest Office I rom tlıcıc hic organised branches of the party in various parts of Northern Indir Bomb on Lord Hardingc On the 23rd December, 1912 Lord Hardinge was cntcring Delhi in staic with great pomp and show A bomb was thrown at him from some unknown quarter by Rashi Bcharı Bosc who wis then in gosernment orice Onc of his body guards died instantancously The 155arlant could not be traced lfter a long inicstigation thirteen persons were tried in 1 case which became known as thic Delhi conspiracy Master Amir Chand, Asadh Behir, Bal Vukund and Basant humar werc sentenced to bc hanged in this casc and other accuscd persons were sentenced to various crms of impri onment Rash Bcharı, thic chicf accused could not be apprchended Hc safely reached and became the founder of the INA and invited Vctaji to lead it to victory casc Patriotic Army Mca During the World War I, revolutionaries tried to tamper with the Indian section of the army, and they succeeded to ? grcat extent Many Indian armies had signifiicd their readiness to rise in rcbcllion in case there was a general rising The Gadr Party of America contributed grcitly to the success of the movement nside thc Army ·82 Martyrs of Komagatmara The American Government was not friendly disposed towards the Indians It wanted to discourage them from settling in America The same was the attitude of the Canadian Government The Privy Council of Canada gave a ruling to the effect that Indians could be allo ved to disembark on the soil of Canada only if the ship on which they travelled came dircctly to Canada Now there was no shipping line which directly connect d India with Canada In other words ths ruling was tantamount to proh bition of Indian Immigration in Canada The Indians sent Sardar Nand Singh to represent their case before the Canadian Congress but 10 vain Then they tried other means They chartered a ship the homagata Maru and directly reached Vancouver on the 23rd May 1914 Even then the Canadian Government refused the passengers the perm sion to disembark After (wo months of fruitless negotiations the ship had to return along with its passengers In the meantime some revolu tionaries had joined the crew and the passengers had been mainly converted to the revolutionary mode of thinking The ship reached Budgebudge near Calcutta The Government of India being forcarmed wanted to arrest alt the passengers and send them directly under police surveillance to the Punjab But the passengers refused and there was a gun fight between the police party and the passengers resulting in several deaths Baba Gurdit Singh the leader who had staked all his property to charter the ship and 28 other persons escaped the vigilance of the police and managed to slip to various parts of India Babaji remained in hiding for seven years and it was only in 1921 during the days of the non cooperation movement that he surrendered to the police and was sent to prison for seren years Contact with Germany The history of the members of the Gadar Parts 19 ·03 it oncc Imcrica ronds like a romince It is not po able to go into detail in thc present context This leaders of the Godir Party contacted Ge min agents and strose to forment a lution in India with German arms and moncs ils soon 15 the first world war started many Indian residente in foreign countries 24 the posibilities of linking up the resolucioniry movement of Indit with Germany 15 cirkt 19 1911 Von Bernhardi in lus hool "Gerınıny and the next war nad suggested the possibility of linking up the sciolu tionarı motement in Bengal sith Germin war efforts On the 6th Varch, 1914 the fimous German paper Berliner Tageblate" had published in article entitled "the Indian dinger to England' In this article it is shown that else situation in India was very fluid, and secret LOCICLICS were at wor] It was specially mentioned in the article that in San Francisco 1 huge preparation for an armed rising in India 15 going on Indians sa Europe In September, 1914 a young Tamil named Champak Raman Pillay who was the president of the International Pro-India Committee of Zurich uroic to the German consul in Zurich asking permission to print antı British literature in Germany His petition met with favourablc results and in October of the same year Pillay słufied to Berlin, and there he began to work under the supervision of the forcign department of Germany There hc founded the Indian National Party, which had close contacts with thic Germin general staff Among thc members of the party ic find the name of Hardayal, Taraknath Diss, Barhalullah, Chandra Chakravarty and Heramba Lal Gupta The last named two persons had stood their trial in the San - Francisco conspiracy The First INA With the help of Indian revolutionaries 1 hure amount ·84 of anti British literature was printed in Germany The literature was circulated throughout the world Apart from the production and distribution of revolutionary literature the Indian revolutionaries appointed Barkatulla to contact those Indian soldiers who fell into German hands Thus the nucleus for the first Indian National Army was created Pingle Hanged In November 1914 Pingle and Satyendra Sen arrived in India Pingle went to organise rebellion in Northern India He was arrested within the boundaries of the Meerut cantonment with high explosives and was hanged Arm Plans Bungled The revolutionar es al o smuggled arms in huge quantities with the help of Grman agents Jitendranath Lahırı brought a message to Indian revolutionaries from Lurope that they should get in contact with the German consul in Batavia for arms Accordingly the famous revolu tionary M N Roy was sent to Batavia Another revolutionary Abanı Mukerj e was sent to Japan for the same purpose Narendra met Theodore Holferich who told him that a ship with its cargo of arms was on the way to harachi Narendra said that the ship might be sent to Raimangal 10 the Sundarbans This ship contained 30 000 rifles and there were 400 cartridges for every rifle Raimangal became the centre of various arms smuggling activities He need not go into detail but there is no doubt about it that the Indo- German conspiracy assumed very huge proportions The Enden and the Manerick and some other ships took part in the conspiracy For some time the Emden remained a bogey to the British navy But for certain accidents an arıncd rising in Bengal and other provinces would have become a reality in the course of this conspiracy Indian resolu tionaries showed normous pluck and courage They received the respect of the German general staff At this and mere ·acknowledged to be very good stuff for the militars department in any counlry The Majapur Conspiracy All the resolution rics in Indit were not worl ins in a single pirty There were different parties and organisations among them One such poris was that of l'indit Gonda Int Dikshit of Mainpuri Dilshuntji #16 an ordinary school master, but getting inspiration from the soilings of rcholutionaries he organised 1 party of young inen IIc thought that for his purpo c dacoits could also be useful, 50 he tried to organise dacoits ni o, but in this lie 11s not scry successful, becausc thc dacoits cared for personal gun morc than anything else IIc honcser got some funds from the dacoits which were utiliser for the revolutionary parts Ulumately Gendulniji was arrested with lus ports But hic managed to ccscape from jul, fell ill and died free min Others of his party were consicted to I trious tcrms of rigorous inprisonment They were horcicr lct out on the termination of thc siar in gcncri amnesty Ramprasad Bismil an absconder in the casc could not be arrested till the He was destined to become the lcnder of thic military side in the hakori casc I cry last The Bearres Coospiracy Benares had the honour to become onc of the chic centress of the revolutionaries during the first world war Sachindranath Sanyal the right hand min of Rish Behan was the Icader of this centre The centre succeeded in contacting the army, and providing them with revolutionary literature At the failure of their activities thc chief members were arrested and tried in the Benares conspiracy Among other members of this party was Damodar Swarup Seth of Barcıly Sachindranath Sanyal was given transportation for life casc ·86 Muslim Revolutionaries It will not be out of place here to relate in short the pari which the Muslims played in the revolutionary movement during this period Owing to some reason or other we shall not go into details The Muslims were not so active in this sphere s the Hindus were It is also true that middle class Muslims have been prone to look towards Turkey and other Islamic countries mo c than they looked upon Ind a During the Crimean var the Ind an Muslims sympathised with Turkey During the Italo Turkish war and other subsequent events in the Balkans this feeling became more manifest The Muslims of Ind a also resented that Iran had been divided into British and Russian spheres of Influence without any reference to the wish of the Iranese When in the first world var Turkey jo ned il e German side Brush statesmen understood that there would be d scontent among the Indian Musl ms So they came out with a proclamat on that Batain had no intention of harming Curkey The Nizam obviously under instructions from the British Government published a letter to the same effect Pan Islamism to Nationalism This however did not subside the unrest among Muslims Apart from other manifestations some Maulavis of Dcobund ngaged in a conspiracy to subvert the British Covernment Obcidullah a Maulvi of Dcobund took the lead He was a convert from Sıkhism At first he approached the Maulvis who gave him a good hearing Maulana Vahmud Hu sain the chief Maulvi of Dcobund also joined him The ideas of these Maulvis were not really nationalistic They dreamed of the revival of \uslim rule in India In order to mature the scheme Obeidullah and Mahmud Hussain went out of India. Oberdullah tried to persuade Islamic states to invade Indis His scheme envisaged an invasion of India by some Islamic State outside India and simultaneous S103 ·87 stic to in India Hc, however fuled to inducc int I lamic lindertale hus plan He then concentrated on the ris ng in Irdır A prosinnal foirniment 115 formed in habulin vluch Raj? Vahendra l'rtap, 1 min of unique sacrifices is geen the post of the president Ny exçenen ce Obcidullah and other Vuslim conspirators h id alandoned Pin Islamic ideu He had found out that otlier Indians ucre engised in the simc hind of activities is hic So hr thought of combining with them and working together against the British The results as the Provisional Goiernment of Azad Ilınd Azad Hind Goi crnment Obcıdullah bumself had eaken the port of 1 minister in the Goi crnment Barkalulla was to become the prime minister By the way it might be mentioned that Borånrulla was a resident of Bliopil and had gone to Tokyo 147 professor of Hindustani in the University there At Tokyo hc used to cdit a paper called the "Islamic Trucrnity" Ilus paper was topped by the Japanese Goicrnment on the request of the British Gosernment He was also removed from the post of professorship of the Tokyo University Since then he had been devoting his sholc time to revolutionary work Epistics to the Czar and the Khalifa This provisional government at Kabul sent lcriers to the Czar and other Posers requesting them to end their alliance with British imperialism, and use their energies to bring about a revolution in India These Ictters "crc signed by Raja Mahendra Pratap, the prouisional president The epistle to the Czar was sent in a golden platc Another letter which was meant for the Sultan of Turkey was written on yellow silk This was not done for ornamental purposes but it was done to avoid detection by the police A piece of silk with whatever inscription on it could escape the vigilance of the police casily ·88 SuJk Letter Conspiracy Such letters were sent to centres in India as well These letters contained instructions for the preparatoin of the revolution as well as the report of things donc in other part of the world When ultimately the whole conspiracy cami to the notice of the police it became known as the S11 Letter Conspiracy case The Rowlatt Committee The revolutionary movement in India had assumed suc huge proportions that it had become a constant sources headache to the Government of India Hence the goveri ment appointed a committee presided over by justice Rov latt to investigate and report on the nature and extent the crim nal conspiracies connected wth the revolutionar movement in India and to examine and consider the dif culties that had arisen in dealing with such consp racies 10 advise as to the legislation of any necessary to enabl government to deal cffectively with them ar The Black Report This Committee submitted a big report running in hundreds of pages The report suggested curtailment in th already limited civil liberties of the people The report bo only dealt with the suppression of terroristic organisations but it also wanted to take away the rights of free speech and writing Whatever we in our compartmental method of thinking may confabulate but the committee vicwed the actions of Lokamanya Chapekar Indo German conspirators, Bipin Paul Khudiram in the same manner were equally reprehensible in the eyes of the committee All of them Gandhij Leads The Congress condemned the report and Alshalmi Gandhi came out with the statement that of the bill proposed ·" on the basis of the Roulait report werC prued into lis lic would inaugurale Shemorolie in the clinirs - annat afford to dilate on dir topic as to how Gandhuge lxecame the idol of the people, lecture ?t sich 1 juincture whirn Indus 175 feeling quite helpless he came out with a scopxon thing promi ed hope and soli ntion There were countn mide hortals against the report Ilic Jullnou al7 irigads "15 7 scqucl to this movement Ishull not also relate in detail how from this agitation 747105t thic Rouinel report thic non cooperation movement srch But let me point out here is n dcfinitc case where onc con cc how the resolutionary moscsncnt and th wider national mouement merrponctrated and commingled Pindit Vloti lal Nehru described Rouisit Act in three words To affeal, no I alti, (Adiocute! no D !!! (argument), such w is the iron land of the forcign rules 111 Hindastan Republican Association It is a fact of lustory that, during the sholc course of the non cooperation move : cnt, hich »75 prompicd as an ex periment in non violence the resolutionary movement India was held in abcyance But as soon is the movement was withdrawn by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 after police murders at Chauri Chauri the revolutionarics came out with their modus operandi after their long hibernation The Anushılan and Sachindranath Sinyal staricd organising ret olutionary groups in Northern India Ultimately the Anushilan withdrew from Northern India and the whole of Northern India came under one ret olutionary organisation 112, the Hindustan Republican Association The ultim itc object of the party was to end cıploitation of man by man throughout the world but its immcdiatc object was to found a federated republic of the united states of India by an armcd and organised revolution The Ideal and Object Many leaflets were published in pursuance of this cons ·90 piracy in which the masses were asked to adopt the revolu tionary path as the British could only be brought to the senses by revolution In one of these leaflets it was said tha the Soviet Russia à mong modern states was the ideal of th Tevolutionaries in India It also said that the party was Di one of terrorists but wh n necessary it could enter into vigorous compaign to punish those who harmed the cau: of the country Kakor Train Hold up For funds the party relied on subscriptions but as sut criptions were not sufficient for running the party machin village daco ties were committed to fill the coffers of 11 party In August 1925 a tanu s held up at hikori nc Lucknow and the safe containing the earnings of the railwa was broken open and looted The spectacular manner i which the hold up was executed the political slogans whic were advanced during the commission of the hold up tł high calibre of the person who were subsequently arreste inade it one of the most important episodes of the revolution ary history of India case Four Hanged Others Convicted Pandit Ramprasad Birni! a poet of no mean merit Rajendra Nath Lahir a student of the \ A in Benare Hindu University Roshan Singh Ishfaqe Ullah a Pathar student of Shahjanpore were hanged in the Lakori consp raci Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee who were already in Bengal jail when the Lakon train hold up occurred were brought all the way to Lucknow to stand this trial in the case They were given transporta tion for life Other members of the conspiracy were anard ed various terms of imprisonment The writer of thus article was awarded 14 years R I in the said conspiracy and was scleased after being in jail continually for 12 years by the first Congress Ministry of the UP ·ctivities in Bcogal Bengal did not remun behind On the 3rd Augul, 923 some revolutionaries looted thic Sinkariola Post Omice n Calcutta On the 9th December, 1923 the annis crsary of hc Miartyr Jatin Vulcrjee wazs cclchried with eclit in Cal cutta In December, 1923 resolutionaries in Chingong committed 1 dacoily and decamped with Rs 18 000 Gopi Mohan Sala In 1921, Gopi Mohan Siha shot and killed onc Mr Dean Lnglish merchant In rcality llc * inted to shoot Sir Charles Tegart the notorious police official who had sent niny a evolutionary to the gallows Gopi Mlolan submitted 1 sery Brilliant statement in court, in which after copressing regret or having shot an innocent Englishmın by mistal c, he said hat the way of revolution was the only way of dealing with che British rulers He sud that non volcncc in fuulc 1151 is the Englishman Gopi Mohan Sılır nas n youngster of sixteen The fact that he went to the gallou cry bravely put additional weight to bus statement Indccd 7 rccolution ** 15 passed cxtolling his braicry in the naxt provincial con ference of Bengal held at Serijgunj Gandhiji who had been released from jail by this timc on medical grounds took cxccption to this resolution There was a long and protract cd controversy on this resolution between Gandhiji and CR Das who had taken up the cudgels on behalf of thc revolu tionaries Kaapur Bolshevik Conspiracy Along with conspiracics of a more or less (erroristic and blanquistic nature a new kind of conspiracy had appeared on the scene In 1917 the people of Russia had been emancipated from the Czırist shackles Thus far socialism was only an idca, more or less of in Utopii, ·92 but the realization of socialism in Russia made it int a living historical force Naturally the downtroddes prople of the East began to look towards new Russia fu insp ration and emancipation Narendra Bhattacharys ( late M N Roy ) once a terrorit took a leading pai in linking up India and Russia He had been in cxile long time It was during his exile that the Russia revolution occurred He went to Russia and from the began to contact Indians in India In 1920 some Indig Muslims who had left India in Hijrat movement as prot st met him nd came under the Russian influenc Among Russia returned Mahajirs Shaukar Osmanı al some other Muslims played a great part in brings Russian ideas of revolutionary organisat on and methi n India They returned to Ind 1 and conta ted perso in India They tried to set up organizato among 1sbourer and the petty bourgeoiste Thancurred 1 wrath of the government and after somcumc th hanp conspiracy casc was started S A Dange Shauk Osmanı Muzaffar Ahmad and Nalını yerc sentenced four years RI As VIN Roy was outside India 1 could not be arrested This conspirary focussed t! tention of thic country to a nw method and soa Although the conspiracy was found out the proceed ng of the case made a deep impression on the youth of India > х Х х х Babbar Akali Heroes In the Punjab the Babbar Akals agitation deserien special mention All the movements enumerated in this essay were more or less confined to the educated mid"! class Bur tic Babbar Akalı agitation was a mau * mnent of the Sikhs in the Punjab hishan Singh Garci one of the leaders of this movement was a resident of Jullundur He was a bavildar in the cavalry bue 13 ·mis ncrc sents $7111c CIC Otlicr soldiers he did not confine tumself to lus military dutics Ilc aired to read the daily papers, and had lxcon mosed by the Jallianu 711 and subsequent The incident of innk1n1 on thc 2011 I cbruary 1921 in which innocent Sikhs were butchcred proved the 1750 strax for him He resigned his hauldıralıp and like an inspired person went from Fillage to villanc preaching hymns of Innered 153105t slutc rulers In the manner harm Singh Andi Udal Singh organising the poor peasantri in the district of Iloshir. pur hishan Singh s party " is originally called Chrkri \?rty party is a party of the conquerors of the world but when it 175 amalgamued with oilier pirties of thic simc nature, the resultant org7111711011 11s named the Babbar Abalı " paper named 'Babbar ltal begin to appoir under the editorslup of Karin Singh Gridually the party began to collect stocks of guns, revolucrs, bombs The party also worked to spread disaffection in the army The Icaders of the party came to the conclusion that it was duc to traitors that the previous attempts of revolution had ruled therefore they decided to end the Incs of traitors rcal ind potential Onc of the main nicthods of thc party was that suddenly a spealer would appear in a village assemble the villagers, proach rcı olu tion and disappear before the police could caich list cic On the 14th of February, 1923 the Diwan of Haiyatpur was killed On thc 27th March Hazara Singh of Baibalpur was killed Several other persons were also hilled or maimed as the merit of the case required Dhanna Singh and Banta Singh killed Bishan Singh as he was suspected of having given information to the police on several They also killed Buta 1 village headman for being an informer They billed scveral other such suspicious characters Naturally the occasions ·police was on the lookout for these mea One day haram Singh Udai Singh Kishan Singh and some others of the party were passing near the village Bom ly The pol ce got information and surrounded them Shots were ex changed Uda: Singh and Mahendra Singh died on th spot Karam Singh entered a pool and half immersed in water he continued to fire on the police party But he was shot Bisan Singh was also Lilled This cvent occurred on the Ist December 1923 but these shootings encouraged rather than discouraged the movement Dhanna Singh could not be arrested for a long time On the 25th October 1923 Dhanna Singh was induced by Jwala Singh an informer of the pol ce to go to a certain place where he as surrounded by the pol ce When Dhanna S ngh realised that he had been betrayed he wanted to hip out his revolver but befo e doin so he was overpowered Dhanna Sngh had a lc bomb concealed near his belt After arrest he struck the bomb in such a manner that it exploded with the result that he was killed but along with him five police men including an Englishman named Horton were killed Ultimately the Babbar Akalı conspiracy was suppressed 88 persons were hauled in a case among which 6 persons namely Dharam Singh Santa Singh Dalıp Singh Kishan Singh Gargaj Nand Singh and haram Singh were hanged other accused persons getting other terms of imprisonment X X х Deoghar Conspiracy In Bihar there was a conspiracy called the Deoghar conspiracy This was an offshoot of the hakori conspiracy Birendra and Surendra Bhattacharya of Benares were the chief organisers of the conspiracy In its nature and scope ·95 rics It was similar to its parent conspiracy Ulumutely some persons were arrested ind 71 arded rious terms of imprisonment, the fughest punishment of 10 years RI being gren to Sailendra Chakravarti The four hangings of the hakori conspicy hrd crcntcd 1 stir among young men There were cieral alterapis 10 asonge their deaths Two such attcmpts deserse special mcntion Vanindranath Banerjec of Benares fired 10 Vir Banerjee a DSP who was partly responsible for the success of the hakon cac Wanindra was gnen 10 scars' R I llc dicd in the Central Jail of Fatehgarh as a result of hunger strike which he had undertalen for the amelioration of C class political prisoners The other attempt was made by Ramesh Gupta of hanpur Hc tried to shoot Virbhidra ( at Orai) who had been playing double game with the resolution The immediate cause of Rimesh's wrath 115 that Virbhadra had betrayed Chandra Scklar azad Simon Escapes Twice * The appointment of a Royal Commission presided over by Sir Simon 10 enquirc into and report on the future reforms was greeted with anger and indignation by the pcoplc of India The resolutionaries rccted in their Manmohan Gupta, Varhandaya and Harendra all of Benares conspired between themsches to blow up the train of Sir John Simon As the police serc morc vigilant in the UP they decided to undertake the work in an out of the way place in the province of Bombay Accordingl the conspirators started from Benares with one dynamite, several bombs and pistols for their objective, but the bomb, exploded in the train near Manmad The explosion was so loud that it was heard from a distance of 40 miles The roof of the railway carriage in which the revolutionaries were travelling was blown off, and * In the Assembly, Bhagat Singh wanted to kill Simon but his pistol was jammed own way ·96 the train went off the rails Markandaya died on the spot Harendra became unconscious Some other passenger also died When Harendra gained consciousness in hospital he made a clean breast of everything Ultimate Harendra who retracted his confession and Manmoha were sentenced to 7 years R I each Lalaji s Death Avenged receive The Simon Commission visited Lahore on the 206 October 1928 and there was altogether a different kin of repercussion There I ala Lajpat Rai while leading th boycott demonstration against the commission lathi blo ys from the pol ce These blows ultimatel resulted in his death He as too old to stand the lath bloss and he succurl ed to his njuries on the 1741 Noveraber Hs death was taken as a national calam ty and the whole of India felt enraged before this uncaller for insult of the nation At this juncture the Hindusthar Socialist Republican Association the only revolutiorary party of Northern India decided to avenge the national insult By the say it might be told that this party wa a continuation of the party to which the Lakori group belonged Indeed Chandra Sekhar Azad the chief military leader of this party was one of the absconders in the Kakori conspiracy case and Bhagat Singh wa also one of the members of the hakori group itself Bhagat Singh and Azad decided to kill the off cia? respon ible for the assault of Lala Lajpat Rai Accordi gli they both along with Shiva Ram Rajguru and Jay gopal cre lying in i at for Mr Saunders near his office on the 15th December 1928 Mr Saunders came out of bus office at 4 pm accompanied by his orderly Chanan Sinh As soon as the motor cycle of Mr Saunders as in full speed the revolutionaries spotted him out and shot hon100% ·97 The resolutionarics hod to loot lim although thicy Ind no intention of lillin, kun Ilic (ory of how Bhagat Singh c ciped in Turopcın dress and hos Andecayed 78 the leader of a les llarım party forincil in DAV College hostel is scrs inspiring Ultimately flors inci lent liecinc clic nucleus of 1 conspiracy, and the Laliorc conspiracy 175 the result The persons iccu ed in tlus cic in de mihe on the contemporary hustort of India by their counge, intellect and tact Bhagat Singh was arrested when he along with Batuleshwar Duit trci bomb in the Central As embly on ilıc 8th April, 1929 Assembly Bomb Cisc At that time the Public Safety Bill had been under discussion in thc As cribly Thc Trades Disputes Bill had been pissed by a majority, and President Patel 135 on the point of giving his ruling on the Public Safety Bill The atmosplicrc i 75 tone All the cjes scrc ructed on the face of the President when thic explosion occurred Sır Gcorge Schuster the finance member ind Sır Bomanji Dalal reccued light injuries The throwers of thc bomb could easily talc advantage of the resultant confusion but they stood therc in the visitors gallery houting thc slogan of Inquilab Zindabadoc, Long Live Revolution Ehagat Singh and Bh Dutt were thc originators of this slogan which sub cquently became the battle cry of all militant elcments in the country irrespective of party and creed Dictatorship of The Proletariat In a very They were arrested, and sent up for trial long statement, which since then has become a lustoric document, they said that the immediate aim of the revolutic naiy party was to bring about the dictatorship ·98 of the proletariat and the peasantry in India This statement was hailed as a great contribution to political thought their ideas received particular attention becaus their words did not emanate from the chair of a professor but they came forth from the mouths of the revolutionaries ho were ready to lay down their lives for the fruition of their ideas Heros Fight in Prison Bhagat Singh and Dutt were awarded transportation for life in the assembly bomb case They did not however sit quictly in jail Inside the prison also they gave fighe 10 imperial sm The hakori prisoners had fou ht for special treatment to political prisoners They had won in the f ght but the fruits of their ctory had lasted as long as they were under trials but as soon as they were convicted they were robbed of the special treatment so far allowed to them They put up a suff fight through hunger strike but the leaders mediated and their fight was left half way Bhagat Singh and his collcagues took up the fight from here the Kakori convicts had left it Jatın Das s Martyrdom It was a historic hunger strike The Government was adamant Jatin Das one of the Lahore conspirators died after 64 days of hunger strike His death was mourned by the whole nation His d ad body was taken from Lahore to Calcutta in 7 special carriage At cery station thousands of people came to pay the martyr their last homare Wher his dead body reached Calcutta there was a sca of human heads to show its respects Sıx lacs of peopic accomr shind him to the cremation ground Partial Victory Attained Bhagat Singh and his colleagues carried the fi hit fut the rights of the political prisoners to its logical const __ ·99 quences The writ of the article in at that time n lonr term convict in the Bareilli Centnl jul Hc #15 one of the hundreds of political prisoners throughout India ulio simultaneou ly struck hunger with the Whore commdes Is a consequence of these hunger strikes and the death of Jatin Das the government ind to come down from its Olympic licights, and create the three ſold classification of pri oncrownLO A, B and C classes or course, this 196 not the object for which the political prisoners hid bern fighting, but on the whole it 115 nn adı ancement and o the stric was callcd ofT Three Death Sentences The Lahorc conspiracy dngsed on for a long time, ultimately it ended in the sentences of death pissed on Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdco Others were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment Once again Chandra Shekhar Azad could not be punislırd nlthough he 115 thic chicf accused Attempt to Blow off Lord Irwin ing The Lahore conspiracy was followed by many other conspiracies in the Punjab and Dellu We need not go in to details On the 23rd December, 1929 thc rciolutionaries tricd to blow off the train on which Lord Irvin was travell. This had been done with great ingcnuity, but it failed to kill the Viceroy who cscaped death by a hairs breidth It might be noted that it was on the 23rd December that 1 bomb was thrown on Lord Hardinge seventeen years ago After a long ini estigation a conspiracy cisc was started at Delhi and somc resolutionaries were convicted In 1930 the revolutionaries made an attempt to murder Khan Bahadur Abdul Aziz a police Official who had become notorious in some revolutionary ca es The Gadodia Storcs were looted on 6th June, 1930 Other such ·100 wane incidents of a sporadic nature occurred but it was aby that this kind of revolution ry movement was now on Indian youths of a militant type were gradu real zing that whatever the utility of terrorism at a 1 when the mass movement was non existent at the pre jun ture mass o ganisations 14cre the only m thod of br inor about revolution Azad s Heroic Death The death of Chandra Shehhar Izad while fightin v 1 strong police party single landed as if hcralded the of n epoch which had been so glorious and in its train produced a rich hinest of martyrs and heroes On 27th Februn y 1931 he was s irrounded by 1 pol ce part Alf cd Park at A'lal abad He fought t ll the cry last died riddled with bullet Hs ) fe story was a very el ing one which covered the hole post non coopera revoluntionary epoch IIc was a prince among revolta aries The Chittagong Armoury Rad Now Te shall turn our eses to Bengal where important things were happening and where the revoult ary movement was sull n full ss irg In Bengal the terre movement h d penetrated the masses more decply On 19th orch 1 30 Gandłuje bogan luis famous Dandı Mar He was not arrested for a long time When lic chan his modus operandi and gave notice of taking by storm allt salt depot then only he was wrested Ilis successor Ab! Tayabji s as arrested on the 12th April The country * an electrifid condition At this most psycholo k moment scienty yount inen of Chitty, ong divided ther selves into sc cral parts and simultaneously raded the polit line tel phone exchange and the II Ilead quarter Within 45 minutes tl cycrc masters of the city the ha in ·hasing begun it? 15pm an 1 lining rodel 11 10 30 pm Chittagong sis cut off from Dict? 2011 Calcutta Ruun) lines, telephone connactions and clarup's worrt were cut In thc II Herd quarters the resolution inics tool po sest son of all the firc arins 79 also 1 Ich run inen, and Indian cntring ucrchill Ilir Di frict 11775 trate cim- to fi,lit tha resolution isirs but he was repelled Soinc Ins The Fight 16 Julalabad As it was onlı an incident cnilimudd to Chittagong, icry soon forces from all des cime ind the resolutionaries and to cscipc to the hills of Jililibad The military pursurd them thcrc Al first th military wts rcp lled, but in the ficc of the well equipp i prinics of Philisti imperialism the resolutionaric suffered licity lo ses Nincieen youths were filled on the spot All these young crccplins, onc, scre bclow twenty Madhusudin Duter and laroh Rai hilled on that day were 17, ulicre 7s Ardhcndu Dislıdır and Prazsh Nath Bill scrc 16 Aller tus fi hit which has since becomc fumus 15 the Juzlıbad sight, thc rcnuning revolutionarıcs spread 14 zy in all directions Chittagong Raiders Arrested A group of thcsc pcoplc "75 travelling i Rulis ay on thc 22nd April Ihe Police wanted to arrest them Shots wcrc exchanged ind onc Sub-inspector and two constables dicd On the 21th April Bil ash Distid ır of this group finding himself surrounded by the Police committed suicide sither than become a prisoner Somc important persons of this group were in huding In french Chandan nigar The British police contrary to ill nolions of international law traced them to thcir hiding place on the French territors surrounded them and after 1 sul gun fight arres. ted three persons There was a ſouth revolutionary there, who was shot dead Ganesh Ghose onc of the chicſ Icaders of the Chittagong rud was arrested at Chandan nagır ·102 Ra ders Convicted The Chittagong armoury raid prisoners 1 ere tried by a special tribunal and on the first March 1932 the following were sentenced to transportation for life (1) Anant Singh (2) Lolnath Bal (3) Lal Mohan Sen (4) Phanındra Nandı (5) Sahairam Das ) Subodh Rry (7) Ganesh Ghose (8) Sukhendu Dastidar (9) Anand Gupta (10) Subodh Chaudary (11) Fakir Sen and (12) Ranadhir Das Gupta 16 persons were released for want of sufficient proof but they were immedintely arrested under the Bengal Ordinance The Govt could noc suffer such dingerous persons to be out of prison The Ch ttagong revoultionaries had chosen the parti cular moment with a 1 cw to gre the masses a revolution But the country w s not yet ready to follow in their foot steps ary lend Laxmikanta Shukla and His Wife On the 8th August 1930 Laxmikanta Suklı 7 young man from Kanpur entered the bunglow of Mr Flowers Commissioner of the Jhansi division Mir flowers had made himself notorious by maltreating satyngrahlady prisoners Sukla had gone there to wreck vengeance was arrested redhanded 1 ith 1 pistol and a luc bomb Sulla as known to Chandra Shekhar Azad but he had planned this particular action according to his own free will The insult meted out to lady satvagrahis had inſurated him. He had follos ed the land of none but his conscience Larmikanta Sukla was given transportation for life and sent to the Andamans In the Andamans after a certain time he a7s allowed to be a free prisoner i e for all practical purpo es he became free with certain restrictions inside the island His wife Shrimati Basumat: Sukla joined him in his dreary life in the Andamans Vishnu şi aran ·103 Dublis 1 hzor prisoner (later in VI or UP) mostly lived with this couple as their xurdin 11 *13 after the first Congress ministry in the UP huid talen power that Mr Suklı has released and repaired Virs Suklı reminds of Sit?, who went of lies own accord with Rama to the forests in cxilc Long Inc such licromes Thc Maulaia Dacoity Bihar did not prosc 1 good field for resolutionary activities But in between, coinc revolutionary rucs reached Bihar Jogendra Suyla 175 a member of the Benarcs Gandhi Ahrim Thcrc lic came into contact with Chandra Shchlar Azad and certain other resolutionaries, and he was adınıtıcd in the party After the arrest of the halori group, hc world sccrctly in Bihar lic lowcicr all the time was in touch with Chandra Shchhar Azad When moncy was required for the defence of the I aliorc casc, 1 dacoily was committed in the village of Vaulnız in the district of Champaran The police after long investi gation arrested som persons Out of thesc Phanından Ghose of Beltia turned approver and was later shot dead Jogendra Sukla could not be arrested for a long time Hc was finally arrested with three pistols, tried and sentenced to 22 ycars R I Other unimportant incidents occurred in Bihar Punjab Governor Shot At On thc 23rd December, 1930, a young man named Harikishan shot and wounded the Governor of the Punjab when he was returning after delivering the convocation address Harikishan was a resident of Mardan and had come in touch with the Punjab revolutionaries He was arrested, tried and hanged He faced the gallows like a brave Pathan ·10+ Bengal s BI od Bath The history of the revolutionary movement of Ben al o the perio l s so rich in incidents that we can simply re count here only som important events On the 14th Jun 1930 a bomb factory was detected at Machuabazar I re ulted in a ne vc se and Dr Narayan Banerjee the leade of the group was a varded 10 ye rs RI On the 25t August 1930 again an attempt was made on the life of S leart But ag n he escaped Dinesh Alajumdar w: transpo ted for life but hs collaborator Anuj Gupta wi Lilled on the spot On the 29th Au,ust 1930 the Inspect General of Pol e Ms Los min was shot dead by a your man named B noy hrishna Bose Mir Hudson who w accompany no the I Gwa also hot at but he recoveri althou, h he had recen edt o bullet wou ds On the 30 Augu t a bomb vas thrown on the house of Pabitra Bo Inspector of lolice at Mymen Si gh Sol harani Dutta w: arrested in this connection Inspector Tarını Mukarj c w shot and killed while travelling on train Later on Ra: Krishnı Bis as was hanged and halpada Chakrava ty w given transportation for life for having shot Vukarzec Ths resolutionarics enter d the Writers Building which the Bengal Secretariat was situated It was on th 8th December 1930 They forcibly ent red the office of VI Simpson the IG of Prisons and fired at him Mr Simpso received 9 bullets in all and died on the spot After killin Mr Simp on the youths went to kill Mr Nelson the Jud cia Secretary but failed to kill him In the meantime the polo had surrounded the wait rs Building All the three mer altcmpted to commit sui ide but only Sudhir Gupta stic ceeded The other two were taken to hospital One of the tuo Binoy hri hna Bose died on the 13th December fore dying he made it clear that it was he who had shot \r Lowman Dinesh Gupta the third youth in this case wil hanged ·105 Thc Youagost Hero \fter the Chittagong rud 1 reign of terror prevailed in Chilingong Hindu youths of the Bhadrilok class scrc ordered not to be seen outside their houses after sunsct Pumitic police 75 ako kcpt to harass the people Thc u lages of the district scre not crempted from police atrocities hhan Hahndur Isinullah, the police clue was responsible for perpetrating ?rocitics On thic 30th August, 1930 1 youngster named Haripada Bhattacharyn, who was barely 14 shot and killed him when he was rclurning after sccing 1 football inatch Untold atrocities acre committed on Hari pada, and he was almost reduced 10 n cripple Hc sis given transportation for life He was spired thc ropc bccause of (Afanmath Vath Gupla of katon Fame ) lus agc X X Ram Chandra - Revolutionary Genius Pandıı Ram Chandra of Peshare ar uas a born rerolulionary who fought the ballle of india s freedom in Amenica before and during the first torld war Tirth ins head quarters at Sanfrancisco he maintained a urry successful propaganda compasgn for Indra s freedom in the hospitable columns of the California press He was a prominent member of the glorious Ghaddar party founded by the late Lala llar Djal-father of rezolutionaries Pandit Ram Chandra was in the bad bools of Frontier Police and he inanaged to disappear from Peshawar to Japan and later to America By the conuincing power of his pen and his sacrifice he rose to be the editor of the Ghaddar and secrelary of The parly He was arrested during the Iar in Indo-German conspiracy case along with several Indian compatriols The British agents were able to create communal troubles belween Hindi and Silh members of the Ghaddar parly after Lala Har Djals departure for Lurope Duning the inal a misguided sikh comrade shut and helled the greal revolutionary Pandı! The assailant was also lilled on the spot by Am rican guards The murder caused a gloom in the entire Indian community ·only demanded I am ready with all my soul to do my duty mind you do yours! She donned her usual military uniform rode a nobl steed took out her gem bestudded sword from the sheath and ordered the army under her to march on She mad ready all the posts near hotakı Serai which had been give to her care and when the English army was in sight every where trumpets and pipes drums and na aras rent the 11 If only she had an army equal in courave and darint herself! Even the insubordinate and hesitating felt hero under her influence and with them and her select band hor emen she charged hard the English array! Her ** female friends Mandar and hasht also fought bravely : her side May the sweet memory of these two patriot girls-beautiful in appearance with male attire put o taking pleasure in fi ht - live in history along with that their mistress as long as history lives! A general like Smil was charging the Rances army but to-day the Ranec bravery and daring were a sight to see Likc lightning s! moved about all day The English attacked the ol phalanx a number of times On every occasion she main tained her hold firm Her army occasionally felt enthusiasti and attacked the British and cut down many of them last Smith was forced to retire he gave up the attempt breaking the mass and began to turn to another side Icarin the nest of the cobra alone! A Thus closed the day and thus rose the 18th of the month! This day the English had resolved to make des perate charges Irom all directions they advanced on the fort and tried their utmost General Smith forced to retire the day before was very determined to-day and aided by re inforcements he charged the same Jhansı side he had gone for the day before Sir Hugh Rose thought that bu presence was also absolutely necessary and so he was per sonally present with the force attacking the Jhansi side ·10) 1 The Rance 100 was reids for him with all her forces yhr has rends with all her soul to do her duty That day, slic vore 1 Clander turbin embroidered Vll over clool, and pyjamas Apearl necklace was found hier noch Her fimous siecd being tired that dui ? nes, fresh looking hone was made ready for her, fully coparisoned Whilcher two beautiful maids were alıng shcrbct, news cinc that the English were advancing Lakhshmı iminedinicly diried fors 1rd from her tcnt The arrou Nics not so rapidly, the li hining flashes not forth with such force from the clouds, n lioness lc ves not her lair so quickl, to fill upon the ap proiching clephant ! She rode her horse, lifıcd her suo d, and charged the cnemy with lier army An Inglısh writer says, "Immcdiately, the beautiful Rancc scnt or cr thc ficid ind made 7 firm stand against the array of Sir Hugh Rose She Icd her troops to repeated and ficrcc attacks and, though her ranks were pierced through and were gradually becoming thinn-r and thinner, thc Rance was scen in the foremost rank, rallying her shuttered troops and performing prodigies of valour But all was of no avail Thc camcl corps, pushed up by Sir Hugh Rose in person brolc her last line Sull thc dauntless and heroic Rince held her own" Bharat's "Best and Bravcst" That Rani Lablishmi Bai of Jhansi was the best and bravest daughter of Vother India is evident from the most heroic manner of her facing defcat and sacrificing her life in the cause of restoring Liberty of India This is how Vcer Suvarhar has described her last moments when the enemy had entered Jhansı But while her side was fighting with such unexampled bravery, she saw the English army advancing on her rear - for they had broken through the ranks of Revolutionaries who were holding the posts behind her!

·110 it The artillery dumb the main army routed the victori English army closing on her from all sides with only fift or twenty horsemen with her Rance Lakhshmi accompar by her maids put her horse to a gallop in order to bs through the enemy and to jon her comrades on the of side The Feringhi horsemen of the Hussars who knew so far where she was fired shot after shot on her and purs her like hounds But the Queen vith uncxampled couri cleared her way with her sword and marched on Suddi was heard a cry I am dead B Sahib I am dead! hose is this cry? Lakhshmı turned round and found as her mail Mandar whom a white soldier had shot killed' Angered she attacked the Feringhi and her 1 felled him on the spot She had avenged the death of Ni ndar! She then marched on She came to a small Noi one jump and Jhansi would have been out o Feringhis clutches But her horse would not take jump! If only she had had her old horse! As if the I ne of a magician was round him the horse moved in cir round and round but would not cross Before you could the English horsemen closed on her! Still n ord of su render or fear! Onc sword against their sex s ords-yet she closed on them She crossed sword sword with them all but one of them hit her on thch from behind With that blow the right part of her hi and even her right eye came out just then another D hit hier on the chest Oh Lakhshmi Lakshmi ! the drop of thy sacred blood us dripping and therefore a Mother take this last sacrifice for thcc ! Even at the p of death she killed the British foe who had attacked ? and now the young Queen was breathing her last breal 1 faithful servant Ramchandra Rao Deshmukh was re He took her to a cottage n ar by Ganga Das Bana ga her cold water to dnnk to quench her thirst and a bed to down upon Bathed in blood thu goddess of war reclin on the bed and then her soul quictly flected from her bo one ·to heaven' As soon as she was dead, Ramchandra R 10 in accordance with her ding instructions put pred plo of grass unseen by the enemy, hc put cr on that përcand, Before the touch of slaicry could defilc cscn her derd boly, she was cremated tlc "Oh the pyre, 11 not on the thronc' But I allshini is all with her slicetlicart Liberty! Shc has forced npan iles of death by falling in battle and lors nos cntered the ther world Pursuit can no longer larm hier Wichri ursuit must pass through those roaring flames before it can lo so "Thus fought Lakhshmi Shc Ind achuced lier purpo e ülfilled her ambition, carried out lier resolic' One uch ufc vindicates the whole existence of inition' Slic 1111 he concentrated csscncc of all virturs A marc WWII 111, hardly twenty three yet, beautiful 18 rose, charming in her nanners, purc of conduct, she had a power of org inisition her subjects, cxlubited by cry felt, even imong mere The flame of patriotism was always burning in her heari, and she was proud of her country's honour and pre-eminent in war' It is very rarely that a nation is so fortunalc 2010 be able to claim such an angelic person, as a daughter and a qucen Only a revolutionary hero litc Veer Savarkar could paint this picture of the list moments of Ranı Laklıshmı Bu ending in a heroic sacrifice Chand Bibi Chand Bibs played a historic role in the India of Moghul days By her valiant fight agzinst Akbar's forces she considerably weakened the power of the Moghul ir South India and thus helped the coming success of the Marathas and the Sikhs What was she like, this Qucen who matched her dimi nutive army against the "Shadow of God (Albar)?

·112 As a girl she was undoubtedly a real fairy tale princess who fits vell into the legendary pomp of the Deccan courts A painting which I have seen shows her cantering a white horse across the yellow fields She is out hawking her blac! lair hang ng down to her shoulders a golden scarf blo ir in the breeze Red pyjamas a flowing skirt of gold spotter muslin and heavily embroidered golden sl ppers are he riding kit A red conical pagr with black plume and gol and pearl orniment gres her firure quite a mannish look On her red gauntlet is a grey hawk It is an unexpecte p cture from an age when the daughters of Deccan sultan are very much in purda when their only use is as pawas! the game of dynastic marriag s She is to become such pawn but only for a time! Chand Bibi was the wife of Ali Adi Shah Sultan Bj pur She was lucky to be tutoured in diplomacy "enty years Her husband was killed by a servant b his nephew nine years old Ibrahim became the new Sult: with Aunt Chand Bibi as the Regent She was the vicu of many palace intrigues and was compelled to murder h chief minister hamal Khan hish var khan his exccution confined Chand Bibi in Satara but the Abyssinians servant released her and she got Kishore Khan killed in Golkond: She took over both Ahmadnagar and Bujipur and rul In one battle she defeated Akbar s son Pro Viurad who stormed Ahmadnagar The fort was in gras danger She strapped on a soldiers armour snatched up! sword and rushed into th breach The enemy rush *31 stopped very ably Money Bags for Cansons When her artillery was short of ammunition she sent fer bags of money She used all her copper silver and goko Finally even her jewels were rammed into the canda! mouth Her tough fight forced Irince Vurad to make peast.

·113 Later thc Voglul armies mi dal 757in but there is no Chind Bibi to lju,lucr tlıcm with flyn, pice, ulom Ind dıcd an immortals dentlı Heroiocs of Rajasthan * liomcn Rajput histon us tull of licroism ird sicrifices of brauc But the greatest storics of all are those connected with the threc sacks of Chitore, thosc fcrriblc days which malc thc orth by the sin of tlic ick of Chutore" unulier able to a Rajput Tlic first of thcsc was brought about by the famc of Princess Padmini, whose name still survilcs in conimon parlance as the synonym for fair and virtuous sommhood Her renown as the greatest beauty of lier day had attracted Allah u din, and he ſorued his way to thic barc rock of Chitorc demanding to see her face, cven if it scrc only her facc rcficcted in a mirror He saw it, honourably entertained by Prince Bhim Singh But the sight inflamed his desire still morc, and cocorted 15 honourably back to his camp le scized the Prince as a ransom for the Qucen The Chicfs of Chitore, aghast at the loss of their King, decided that Padmanı must do her duty So seven hundred litters containing the Queen and her attendants set out mournfully to the invader's camp The husband saw his wife for one brief farewell, and then -- then by Padmani's wit, from out of those seven hundred litters Icapt scven hundred armed men, while each of the bearers, throwing off his slight disguise, showed armed to the teeth With such a bodyguard Bhim Singh and Padmanı had time to mount fleet horses and escape * From India by Mempis ·114 But at a bitter cost Surrounded by the Mohammeda army the flower of Chitore died fiard--but died There is scarc ly anything finer in the annals of India than the story of the Rajput wife and widow who standios beside the flaming Pyre cried to the boy who liad bora himselt in battle beside her dead lord Tell me ere I go hence how my lord bore himself? Reap r of the harvest of battle On the bed o honour he has spread a carpet of the slain prince his pillow he sleeps ringed about by his enemies ! 1 barbariar Tell me yet or ce aga n o boy! himself P how my love for O mother! how cn the orld tell of his decds There were none left to far or to parse lım Years passed and Allah u din who had never forgotte! the defet returned The maiden city was held tok impregnable but the gold which he paid for every basketu of carth soon raised a commanding pourt whence he could pour his mis iles into the city 1 So the weary hot days sped on slowly unul onen hing Bhim Singh wok in fear In a lurid 1 ght the tutelar goddess of Chitore stood before hm sayın If my altar and your throne is to be kept lettes 1ho wear the diadem dic for Chitore Now Bhim Singh and Padmanı had twelve sons So one by one in obedience to the goddess s orders to young Princes were set on the throne were hing ard then they went forth to meet the fuca 3 to meet death for three days tårt ·115 Only 4373 Singh remained the dirling of his father's heart Death with Honour Then Bhim Singh called the chief tomcilier "This shall not be', he said "The child ehrll go fcc to recover What is lost, Iill dic for Clutore' "I cst WC will die for Chitore" cclined the chucftzins solemnly “In saffron robes and bridal coroncts we will dic for Chitore' Then throughout the s holc city siem rcsok c tool hape in bridal garments and a funeral pire, rast, my terious, ct in the vaults and caverno woich freich fir 15 , into the carth Thither in solamn procession cime the Rajput i omen singing, in their holiday girments, covered sith tlıcır jos cls Then, when the grec had clo cd upon the 1951ommon Padman--the men s turn had comc Surrounding Prince Ajay Singh with a pici cd bind of de pernic i arriors sworn to see the lid safe they flung open the gates and bridal coroneted, saffron robed, ought the crnlırace of death When the conqueror led his svirtorious troops into Chitore all was still Only 7 W por two of thun molc escaping from the vaults bclou lung carthwards or drifted 1 ywards None have entered the viults sinrc, snyr onc, lcd thither by God, and to day the very entrance to them is fort ottcn, though the "sin of the sack of Chitore" still cchocs from Rajput mouth to Rajput mouth Ranı Karunavati The second sack of Chitore was in the tinc of Ilumiyun, ·ith loop and button and hung with seven tiny little tis.da tursels, red orange yellow green blue india the colours of the spectrum wraat the small breast bodicc vhich custom his choser as the fathe return sent to the Scr adster nissolubly and from that moment he is bound \w harunavat mother to the baby ng saving her * her husband s funeral fre for the child s sake sent o acelet to the Emperor Humayun t th Rani harunavati o 6C ond of the three Great Moehuls and once a ain a momas There an ancient custom in India tricd to save the city not as some have asserted by any means confined to the Rajputs by which a roman may choose what is called a bracelet brother hee defence by sending to any mancmpuryr or dalema silten bracelet called a Ram Rathe is made in rem mbrance of the bracelet which Ram s mother Kavehalra fa and on her son s wrist ere he started on his Fok and 1 a mere cord of silk bounden with tinsel fastened but once bound about thi the twun are brother He is her dear an l revcrcnd brothe she ani virtuous sister Tell him by ed uts her messengers s bracelet bound bro her a and that she is hard '? 1 It u opt onal to recene at rvice (ber A Gerificed Lives 3 with the chula pwed by B hadir Shala JI mayun s every instinct ou pajent If the cong lu cel na xart on Veritable kn of l'engal canic too of vis engaged nd the dicas once Dyreb Thirteenth Rani hers hing beyol HA Then Inporned ·117 mining handful of the garrison, clad in bridal robes and coronated with the bridal crown, ruslied, dealing dorth, upon death Tlirly 11o thoisard men fensi d during this second stege Brave Panna The fate of littlc Udai Singh, the bus hing, deserves somc few words Gwen an asylum by his lialf brotlicr Bihrimajit, hic lived in the pilace with his fo ter mother Pioni Onc night, when he had fallen nslccp, scrcami rose from the women's appartments, and then the death wat Accustomed to tlic life of palaces, Panni's quick bruin Icapt to tlic truth Cons pirators had slain Bilromajit, and the ncit victim would surely be Udr Singh To catch the child up, thrust some sugired opium into his mouth, hıdc lım still sleeping in a fruit bashct, and panc that into thc hands of 1 futhful scrvint, saying, 'Go! to the river bed outside the city - wait for mc', w7s but in instant's quick work The next was not so casy, to throw 1 rich robc over her own slccping child and wait, wait breathlessly It came all too soon that question, 'Thc Prince? Where is the Prince ? » With ? supremc cffort she pointed to the sleeping child When all was over, when she had wept her full, poor soul, and the funeral rites of the supposed young Ising had been duly perforincd, she hid her face in her veil, and stern, dry eyed, resolved, made for the river bed There she found her nursling, and rested not at all till, through wild hill and dale, by precipices ind peaks, she reached the fortress of Komulmer ·118 Guard the life of the king she cried to Acysha Shab the governor and set the child upon his knee Died to save Udaipur There is one more Rajput story a simple little story which yet lingers in the mind as one looks out on the lake at Udaipore-the story of the Princess Kishna Kumari the flower of Rajasthan Fifteen years of age lovely lovable she became the apple of discord between Sindhia Ju gut Singh of Ambar and Raj h of Marwar Distracted by fear lest one or all of these importunate suitors should sack town and pria e he father condemned hr to die She took the poi on offered her smiling saying to her cep ng mother Why grieve? A Rajput maiden often cnters the wo ld but to be sent from it Rather thank my father for giving you me till to day This happened late in the cighteenth century Chose Death to Surrender Durgavati Rani Durgavati cut a dashing figure in 1fc her death was no less distinguished Thou h less well known than Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi and Ran Padmavati of Chittor Ranı Durg vati of Garha Vandla was not a whit less valiant than these two wonen The way this Gond Queen ruled her hingdom endeare! her to her people And the heroic way she fought the vastly superior Moghul forces enshrined her in their affections Shc perished in the attempt to keep her kingdom but she lives for escr in the hearts of freedom lovers a It is proposed to keep her znemory greta by crecling monument in Jabalpur and plans for thus are well under Way The Gonds of whom about two millon are to be found - ·in Madhya Pradesh, xerc 1 royal trile Or thc four incicnt Gond royal families-- Chand, hinni, Dargarh and Girl Mandla--the last nimed to which the Rani belonged, achieved grcit fımc When Albır 15? on the throne 16 Delhi, Dalpit Shal, us during as he was handrom", son of Sangrım Shah held sway at Garha Vandla Brave & Pretty At this same timc, Durg?141, daughter of Shalı alan Chandel, Rajr of Rath, ncar Vahoba su ayed the hearts of men as much by her bryscry 25 by her beauty Some scholars say that Durga71 kas the daughter of Padihar of Uchera This finds mention in the list of Gond hings submitted to the Governor General by 1 Commissioner of Jabalpur in 1825 Mr Cunningham, onc of the British officers, identifies Durgas ati as the daughier of hirit Singh of halinger Abul Fazıl, however, records that she was the daughter of Salıvanın of Chandel Van ? Chroniclcrs may disagree on this point, but they are definite on the other one-of her legendary beauty Nonc but the bravc descries the fair And so 10 11 15 in Durgavati s ca e Her marriage with Dalpat Shah is a thrilling episode clothed in the full flroy of romance and chivalry of mediaeval knights Legend, which lives to this day among the Gonds, says that the flame of love was hindled in them by glorious re ports of each other reaching them regularly As with Nala and Damayıntı, so with Dalpat and Durga According to a story mentioned in the Abhinandan Granth, they mct at a mela at Mahoba and fell in love at first sight The course of true love never did run smooth, said the bard It did not in Durgavati's case The Raj Gonds, though they called themselves Kshatrivas, were looked upon as a lower caste by the true Kshatriyas Durga's father, ·120 proud of his hshatriya blood would not give the hand of his fair daughter to one who is not a Kshatriya disapproved of the alliance with Dalpat and fired up lier wedding with a neighbouring I hatriya youth Things soon came to a head Durga acted with speed She sent a message to Dalpat I will be going for vorshup at Durga s temple on the outskirts of Mahosi on Vasant Panchami day Take me away then opportunity I will be somebody else s If you miss that She was not destined to be somebody el es however Dalpit arrived at the temple of Durga on the appointed day with it is stated t velve thousand soldiers and carried away sweetheart Dalpat and Durga got married according to ancient rites at Singhorgarh about 38 miles from Jabalpur on the Sagar road This was in 1540 A D San,ram Shah died shortly after and Dalpt became ruler in 1541 He lived for about five years morc and died when their only son Vir Narayın was three years old Rani Durgavatı appointed him ruler and took the reins of administration as regent She chose Adhar Kayasth as Chief Minister to help her in ruling the kingdom Her fifteen year rule was a saga of glory More glon ous was her stera resistance to the invading Moghuls It began this way Asaf hhan the Nawab of Manakpur and Sub dar of Ikear viewed the prosperous kingdom of Ranı Durgavati covetously and sought a causc to go to war It is said that on behalf of Emperor Akbar Subedas Asaf Khan sent Durgavati a golden charkba as a present The imphed insinuation was that women are bom not to rule but to spin ·Rani Durgatili sisted no time in giving 1 suitabl reply Shc cnt ? golden "pinjin" an instrument to clean cotton as a present Cause of Var must spin, The implicd insinuation was that if women mcn must process thc cotton It may be noted here that in Hindi "Pinjida' is used to denote 2 useless fellow Thuis Asif Khan thought, was I wanton insult at the Badshah and ordered neach There is another story about thic immediate cause of war Durgau had a white clepliant (literally not ſiguran cly) which Akbar asked for Growing ingry when Durgavati refused to obligc, he ordered inobilisation Accounts at nilable now of that grim battle say that Asaf Khan reached Singhorgarh with 6,000 cavalry men many guns and 12 000 infantrymen Durgavati was taken by surprise but was not intimi. dated At the time she lind, at first, only 500 cavalry men She assembled whatever forces she could and prepared for battle at Garha The pursuing eacmy forces did not permit this Thc Rani then formed the battle line on a maidan between Garha and Mandia She had less than 5,000 soldiers They know the use of gun powder but had no The Gonds relied mainly on bows and arrows and their swords They were, however, meeting vastly guns at all superior forces The first day of the battle scared the Moghul forces Their guns had not yet arrived On the second day the Ranı arriveed on the battle field on elephant-back She would have celebrated an outright victory then and there but for the fact that the Moghul forces had got their guns by that time ·122 Against all rules of the game at that time Asaf Khan made a surprise attack the Ranı gathered her forces and gave battle The Queen rained arrows on the enemy from her seat on the elephant Unfortunately an enemy arrow hit her in the eye She pulled it out but its point broke and remained in the wound Despite this she did not give up fighting The tide of war was now turning against her in the rear of her forces that had been dry had overnight got so swollen that cven thc el phant could not cros With gunfire in front and a river in spate behind th Rani faced a grave crisis The Queens mahout pleaded that he would somehow get the clephant across the river andould take her to safety A rier it But the Queen aid No Litler I win or die here The next moment an arros pierced her neck In ile meantime a report reached her cars that her 18 year old son Vir Narayan 1 ho vas al o in the thick of battle was killed This spread confusion in the ranks A tu lly he was only wounded Soon the Ranı vas surrounded by the enemy forces Kills Herself Rather than fall into enemy hands she decided to erd her life and ordered her trusted licutenant to kill her H would not and suggested they could still make good their escape But Durgavati s as not of the type that flees the field of battic When he said he would not kill her she snatched a sword from her mahout and ended her life with it On the spot where she fell near the village of Barela in Jabalpur district a shrine known as Durgavatı Chabutra has been built ·The son continued fighting until he, too, fell Acar Khan, victorious, proceeded towards the fort The women there, who, ferred filling into Muslim hands preferred burning themselves to death, in 1ccc dincc with Rajput tradition prorayanan in The Times of India MADAM CAMA* She First Unfurled Flag Madamc Cama was India's first womın resolutionary, who unfurled our first national flag in a foreign country is long ago as August 18, 1908 The story of her tcmpestuous life, her revolutionary carcer, long torturous cxile, her service and sacrifice makes thrilling reading But there exists not i single biography of thus brave woman, and the historians of our fight for freedom have sadly neglected her Here then, is the story of a forgotien pioneer, collected from old files, dust laden chronicles and odd sccords, and heard from the mouths of those who had visitcd her at her Parsı boarding house Parsı by religion, Indian by birth, Madamc Cama was born in Bombay Her father, Sorabji Framji Patel, was a well known merchant of Bombay and brought up his favourite child in all the luxuries he could afford She went to Europe for medical treatment but love for Indian freedom turned her a crusader for India * How she helped Indian Revolutionaries is a glorious chapter of her life Full story in second edition ·124 Madame Cama was the first Ind an to agitate for a national flag a flag that would inspire all Indians and help to bring them under one banner And for this alone her memory should always be with us In 1908 Jean Jaures famed leader of the French Social ists invited Madame Cama to the International Socialise Conference at Stuttgart as a fraternal delegate from India the There she gave a fi ry ex tempore speech espousing cause of India s freedom condemning the atrocities of the British bureaucrats and amid thundering she unfirlcd India s first national flas 18 1908 applause August on Her FLAC WAS A TRICOLOUR GREEN SAF TRON AND RED EIGHT LOTUSES WERE EMBROI DERED ON THE GREEN STRIP OV THE SAFFROS STRIP WERE THE WORDS BANDE MATRAM IN HINDI WHILE ON THE RED STRIP WERE TIF IMAGES OF THE SUN AND THE CRESCENT RE- PRESENTING THE HINDUS AND THE VIUSLIVS Imagine a tall but frail Indian woman dressed in a long sleeved blouse and flowing Parsi styled sarı givina stirring speech unfurling our first Tricolour in a foreign country - Germany - proudly and fearlessly way back to 1908 when India was still slumbering under a foreign yoke when Candhi and Schru had not yet appeared on the Indian scene and fought For 35 years she carried on her revolut onary activities She started a journal named Bande Matrim on for India s freedom and refused to return to India on. British passport ·129 But after 35 years of exile, she became homesici Weighed down with age, she desired to return to India But the British Government refused to give her ? passport Though she was scar and aged, hardly ablc to walk or stand or speak or site, the British Government demanded a vatten guarantcc from her that she would not hold any meetings or male speeches Reluctantly, after great persuasion and with tears of humiliation she signed the guirantee and came to Indın not to lisc but to dic Hardly had she landed in Bombay when she sas taken to the Parsi General Hospital, where after an illness of cight months, Madamc Cımı quictly passed away on August 16, 1936, unsung, unwept and unlonoured Though India and Bombzy in particular, did nothing to perpetuate her memory, Paris erected a small and simple tombstone in her memory, in Pere la Chaise comctcry where a corner had been reserved by Madame Cama hersell On it was engraved a simple yet stirring cpitaph that will continue to inspire for all tim, all true lovers of liberty “ Resistance to Tyranny is obedience to God (DPAN SHAW-n The Bombay Chronicle ) Brave Daughters of Bengal On the 24th December, 1931, two girls of the l'arzunisia Girls School namely Shanti Ghose and Suniti Chaudhury acquired interview with Mr B G Stevens the magistrate of Comilla with a ruse, and shot him dead The girls were arrested and sentenced to transportation for life On the 6th February, 1932 another girl Bina Das who went to ·126 recere the B A degree shot at the Governor Sir Sta Jackson She fired five tims but failed to kill Bina Das was arrested tried and sentenced to transport for hfe * In Midnapore one after another three mag, trates killed For a time the district of Midnapore became a of terror for the ICS peopic Being posted there supposed to be tantamount to receiving the senten death On the 29th July 1932 Mr Elson the addıl DM of Tippera was shot dead On the 7th Avgust Alfred Watson the editor of the Statesman was shot at he was coming down from his motor car but he was a The assailant could not be arrested as he at once potassium cyanide Sir Watson was shot because the S man was following an antı Ind an policy On the August Mr Grosby the additonal S P of Dacca was On the 24th September 1939 a bomb was throw the European Club at Chittagong resulting in the dea weveral Europeans At a distance of a hundred yards the club the dead body of Preti Lata a girl revoluti was recovered On the 28th September Sir Alfred W was again shot at from a motor car but he was again s On the 18th November Vir Charlet Luke thc Super: dent of Rajshahi Central Jail was fired upon but he es with some slight injuries On the 8th May 1934 Sir Inderson the governor of Bengal vas shot at but he was by a hair s breadth The brave assailant Bina Das was to Andamans She later became a member of B Assembly at Immortal Preeti Lata Revolutionary Bengal produced many a brave he who laid down their lives to see mother india frtt ! Lata was one of the bravest of this order of Heroines I nie my da ght : fte h in 1932 (Ch 131) ·127 She along with melic revolutionaries including three young heroincs Nirmala Chikari irti kalpina Dutt und Subhaskını Devi, ruded the European Club at Clutigung on the sca coast Bombs and resok crs verc ſrcely wed in the 70110k 15 7 result of which tsche i nglishmen were injured and one is killed The brase Procti Luts was also injured scriously Shie took poison prcfcrring deuth to arrest by clic enemy Her companians howcier escaped to safety Shlutc to the woman hood of Bengal Womca Satyagrahıs*1 All was still But it was a filsc quict, ezut and charged Aith tension Any moment the men crouching on the ground expected thc uncasy silence to crachle and snap into orittle pieces Then it happened, Subhadra flng in hund, stood spright from the armed outpost a few yards in front of lucr, a gun barlcd and a bullet w hizred out The wom in fell, shot in the neck The scene was enacted in Bandı on the Gon border, on August 15, 1955 OCC 1sions Similar scenes heen cnacted before on innumerable Many of them are on record and many hieroines have died unsung Indeed, the response which the women of India have given to the call of freedom constitutes one of the finest chapters in our national history Died With Flag Typical of women s contribution to our national strungle is the story of a 73 year old Bensal woman, Shrimiti ·128 Matangını Hazra who in the August revolution of 1947 led a procession in defiance of Government orders She marched on when she was ordered to stop She i as beaten severely on her aged hands but she still held the national flag A bullet ran right through her forehead and she fell down dead the flag still in her grip + Youngest Heroine Numerous such instances of heroism may be quoted Gandhiji himself in his Satyagraha In South Africa - history of the Passive Resistance movement under his leadership in 1907 14 paid tribute to Valliamma Munuswant a 16 year old girl of Johannesburg who fell serving the cause of freedom Val has a How can I forget her? ! rote the Mahatma I amma s service is imperishable-her glorious image niche even now reserved for it in many a heart Kasturba She was Nor as Gandhiji slow to ackno ledge the debt he owed to hasturba one of the bravest women have ever met He even said he had learnt the technique d satyagraha from her Bay as the first Indian woman to court imprisonment as a civil resister in South Afnca She was jailed seieral times during the struggle for freedom in India also the first woman satyagrabs 10 lay down her ile in prison She as When he visited England in 1909 Candhiji met many leaders of the Womens Franchise Campaign and stud et their movement He often said that he learnt much of the Subhadra ev dth, b cordini Go S ty grah ·156 in During 1906, thic Punjab 175 18107erd duc to the ngrirıın agitation in thc Li alpur Cinzi Colonics Lal Ji took no actisc part in thic Anti canal Colonics Ict agitation, but Ius sympatics were with the sufferers Ilc 70 thus timc vigorously proached patriolism and Sucdcsłu numcrous mectings throughout the province The Government regarded Lali Ji 18 1 dangerous firebrand and decided to deport him to Nandlas This deportation of Lala Ji in 1907 opencd 1 ncs chapter in his lufc It also becomc 7 landmark in the nationalist movement throughout the country The Gxcrament, however, soon realized its mistihc ind Lili Ji 15 allowcd to return to India From now onu ud hic bccnmc thic idol of the nation and all his martyrdom continued to occupy thic top place in the galaxy of national leidership Lala ji travelled extensively in Europe, America and Japan and throughout hcpt in touch with political developments in India Hc was filled with admiration for Gandhiji, who was fast rising on Indian horizon as i Icader with an clevating message for the rejuvenation of not only India but thc whole bumanity Lalı Ji maintained extensive correspondence with Gandhiji and exchanged ideas with him on various problems concerning the country He returned to India in time to preside over the Calcutta Congress (1920) The country "he dcclared' at the present moment in the throes of a momentous struggle The Anglo Indian press has designated it as revolutionary There are many people to whom the word 'revolution" is like a red rag to a bull I am not one of them It is no use blinking the fact that we are passing through a revolutionary period, nay, we are already in the grip of a mighty revolution, a comprehensive and all covering one, religious intellectual, moral, educational, social, economic and political' I first came into contact with Lala Ji on his return IS ·13 Twenty eight year 2,0 he deported from us (on November 17 ) as a result of lathi blows received at the hands of the representativ s of an insolent Imperialist system While he was bein" b aten by the pol ce sergeants on the occasion of a demonstration against the Simon Commission Lala Ji uttered the famous words which proved prophetic Cvery blow hurled at us struck in the coffie of the British Empire is a nail was humble Lala Ji was a self made min and ro e to the highest place 11 our national l fe by virtue of his many sided genius Hs origin like that of many great men He was born in 1865 at a small village called Dhadk ncar Jagraon in Ludhiana distrit his father L Radha huhan being a school master and his grand father a village Patwarı 19 no do bt Lala Ji was a great lover of books and liked in parti cular biograph es of great men who had shaped History He wrote in Urdu the biographies of Mazzını and Garibaldi the Italian patriots and there that his own life was considerably influenced by the cxploits of these great men Lala J si ritings became a source of great inspiration for the youth of the country He had been taking some interest in the Congress move ment for some years and at the Banaras Congress (1905) he was already the recognized leader of the advanced wing Lala Ji found a commo i spuit in Balgan adhar Tilak who tl en occupied a dominating place in the Congres At the Calcutta Session of the Congress held next year Lala Ji cxercised rather myderung influence extremists led by Tilak Gokhale bil nseif admitted that it was Lala La at Rai ho saved the situauon at Calcutta The bubble then burst at Surat in 1907 which led to the cla h beti een the moder tes and the extretoists and resulted in split in the Congress on the ·131 or danger Gandhi presented to this unbelics ing world all that is noblast in the spirit of min He illumuned human dignity by futh in the cternal significance of man's effort He belongs to the type that redeems thc humın ncc. If Gandhi 175 able to rid himself of all rincour and hatred, to desclop that flame of loic which burnt up ail impurities, if he ſcared no esal csen though he walked in the valley ofth hades of death, if he represented to us the eternal soice of hope, it is becau c he belicted in thic heritage of India, thc power of the inward life of spirit When problems maternal and spiritual crowded upon him, when conflicting cmolicns shook him when troubles oppressed him, he retired at will into the setrents of the soul, into the «ccrct corridors of the self to gain strength and refreshment His life has ruled and refreshed our sense of the meaning and value of religion Such men who arc filled with spiritual poisc and yet talc upon themsel cs the burden of suffering humanity arc born into thc world at long intervals We have killed hu boiy, but the spirit in him which is light from abo c will penetratc for into space and time and nspire countles gencrations for nobler living yad yad vibhutimit ttvim srimid urjitam cvr vi tat tad cva'vagacchi ivain mama tcjo msisatılılavun Whatever being there is cndoned with glory and grace ind vigour, know that to have sprung from a fragilient or My splendour --Bhagavadgula Y 41 Dr Ridh kriluunn Lala Lajpat R71-The Lion of the Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai was a tonering figure of his presern His was 1 dynamic personality, which 11818 Ielt les mpression on our social, educational and political life 1on ·133 comprehendeth it not The struggle between light and darkness between love and hate between reason and unreason which is at the heart of the cosmı is shown up by this most mo ing tragedy of our ac We mad Socrates drink death we nailed Jesus to the Cross we lighted faggots that burnt the medieval martyrs We have stoned and killed our prophets Gandhi has not cscaped the fate of being misunderstood and hated He has net his death facing the forces of darkness of ultimate unreason and through it has increased the powers of light love and reason Who knows of Christianity would have developed had Jesus not been crucified ? Years ago Romain Rolland declared that he regarded Gandhi as a Christ who only lacked the Cross We have now given him the Cross also Gandhi s death was a classical ending to his life He died with the name of God on his lips and love in his heart Even as he received the bullet ounds he greeted his murderer and wished him well He lived up to what he preached * Possessed and inspired by the highest ideals of which human nature is capable preaching and pract sing fearlessly the truth revealed to him leading almost alone hat seemed to be a forlorn hope against the impregnable strongholds of greed and fully yet facing tremendous odds ith a calm resolution which yielded nothing to ridicule m 11 1 t - CF G di carstat m Th cir fon 00- m !1 on tim poltth th self cr fce fa mn w that (kil & this I h pet! t there w II be nc 11-co-op gi Ind of whom I w11 be wr tt n they d bllt with t 8 dw th prayr on th I psa & Harjan 1918 Oyuary 20 1918 wh musg d d youth thew Gdt tid th Inspet G er 1 (P) ha a bm y way Thyh 11 try t W hmo d tmt ght this dd 5 G dh W m d h gainst be & gry w th th accused FU ry 1 1918 r 11 F bruary 2 bomb 1 ·CUPIER 1111 MARTYRS OR IIBERTY "Ore armed groom camage resist a mileler, ror one army counl. less logo s, but rat all of art is of all the properes rar rruh Ile sfint of ore Iru mar Ird Ill creman all f17-01/" -Terprise Alfr serros, Grral Insh Narly X Alothes ? a ceft me se nfc I pray to God that I le loir arair ard again of the sarre mother (Irdia) ard die for her orain urtil she re, ains her coin of freedom' Mladan Lal Dhingra X x Narls's blood is the cery life of a nalion * Il is easy for the formira rulers to throw the ashes of martyrs in Sulley nieer, but the laics of nature are elernal The Tyranis still aluars list the dust while the mailsts uill shine bile stars' - Al Zafar Ali Khan X X do nalion can lose its burth right of independence unlıl il completely forgets its martyrs and has been so demoralised through arance, luxury and indolence as to forget the rulues of national firide and selfrespect the decay of the moral calibre of a nalion paves the way for foreign domination ---Lala llar Dajal arc Gandhi's Martyrdom Gandhi has paid the penalty of all who ahead of their timc by meeting violent death "The light shineth darbness and the darkness in * It may be recalled that the bodies of Bhagat Singh Rajguru and Sulhdev were secretly creamated on the bank of Sutluy river and hot ashes were thrown into the water by the vindictive British rulers

·CHAPTER VIII
MARTYRS OF LIBERTY
MAHATMA GANDHI
LALA LAJPAT RAI
NETAJI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
RASH BEHARI BOSE
CHANDRA SHEKHAR AZAD
BHAGAT SINGH
JATI\DRA VATH DAS

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·the daughter of the great martyr Swami Shradhanand nellknown lawyer Hos mnother Shrimatı Ved humari Satyavat inher ted her devotion to duty her courage and her abundant capacity for sacrifice from her maternal 199 value and methods of passive resistance from some of these British women and employed th ir techmque in his political struggles **(DIVA MEHTA- The Indian Express) Kamala Nebra If ever there was a livig martyr in India s freedom struggle it was hamala Nehru the brave comrade of our national hero Jawahar Lal Nehru I was by the side of her sickbed once when she struggled between life and death and I can say withou contradiction that she suffered a thou sand times more than any member of her family she really suffered ic bring towards even to those who never knew sullering for a day She vas an embodiment of sincerity love and sacrifice she lived a martyr and died a martyr No better tribute could have been paid to her than by her husband in his autobiography Delbıs Joan Satyavalı She was one of India s bravest fighters for freedom was the tribute Mahazma Gandhi paid to Shrimatı Satyavat : after whom Satyavati Magar the venue of the 57th session of the Indian National Congress was named in Delhi Şaryavati was born on January 26 1907 in a well to-do family of Ludhiana Her father Lala Dhanırat was a Grandfather Her impresional Atiye nd was ·137 fron America in 1920, afer that since his dorth in 1920 remained clo cly ? ocuried with fum During this period Laila }i dominated thic political lifc of thir prosince it no pots did before or lins donc sincr Ulc colodici in um of the political zoperlions of the l'unjabots and inen of all the schools of thought looked upon fum for gudance ind advice He mi.ht be correctly described 15 combu. ng in himself the religious fire of Vachanda and Dayanında, the moral furiour of Gandhi and Tagorc, thic political vision of Iilik and Aurobindo Glosii, fic practical gemus of Anrojl, Rannde and Gollile lc ireached for the cause of his councry with thic ardour and chgious zoal of a missionary 1r inboured for its poor nd depre seat as only a patriot could, hic sacrificed lus mmcnsc carnings with the readiness of 1 most gencrous carted and willing phulanthropist lic suffered for it uprisonment and cxile with thic conscious and victorious esignation of a great martyr In him thc Hero appears nd shincs as a Nation Builder Long lusc thc Lion of Punjab (Ds Gopi Chand Bhargava ) uhhas Chandrı Bosc "He is gone on mountain, He is lost to the forest, Like a summer dried fountain IV hen our need was the sorest Subhas Chandra combincd the inspiration of Mazzini, he military genius of Garibaldi and the statesmanship of Cavour which worhed for the achicvement of the freedom f Italy A BORN LEADER of men, Subhas Chandra was the nost precious coin struch in the mint of Indian politics for ·138 Subluas Chandra liad no illusions about constitutional agitation in a subject country groaniog under the pressure of a foreign rule Hei as not afraid of danger Indeed hc was one of those from whom in dreadful days radiate cour se confidence and hope SUBH IS CHANDRA S LIFE as one of sacrifice for th servi c of hs country is a stud nt he had rciented a European professor abusing his countrymen and he had tau ht the fT ndını tcach r a lesson which he could never forget When h successfully passed the Indian Civil Service Lxamination he-like Aurobindo Ghosh b fore him-heard call and at once decided to eschew thc plain and pleasant path of the licaven born Service He offered limself for the service of the country With unerring cye he found that the people were ready but a true Icader was wantin Th leaders had erred on er tical occasions and were hes tal ng So he resolved to take upon himsel responsiblity of helping the country by going abroad and organising the INA his country WIEV Subhas Chandra left India the clouds of the Global War were darkening the political liorizon of the world In th sw Subhas Chandra saw the opportunity of India and unlike his comrades ho misunderstood and misinterpreted hs intention worked with fev rish activity tol berate Indo Out of nothing he created an army the fmous I the idea of which had been adumbrated and adianced in th Feast by Rush Bhar: Bosc The enthusiasm h could choke oull be evident from the folloin D w słuch transpired in New Delhus in Oct 1945 11 chen lere shoush w the fund te das Il nt lespue ad te Ind at lot anal i my was raised the Lasse Hark! His O crores Irrath go luis decal 1 So What a D se the free he addressed mer! use. bo 8:14 Jelle scilords unre put up to auction afin for spesh The fil curtica friched rufres en lath, the second ·diamonds on Si Subhas Bosc s head on the latter s birthday British shake off their superiority compler and realise what Rechards had told them about 1 hundred years bacl that tenure and 'soon to nothing brought wlien opposed to the interests, and the will of an enlightened people determined to vindicate its manhood and secure its birth The achievements of IN A, with Subhas Chandra in seismic disturbances 11 Ishith nations leap forward or fall backward by generitions, in a single bound parallel in the history of the world Subhas Chandra had faith in military action 199 ****** sub slitg lalu, ile !!!! ai tron mis lhiele laths and L. last hon fiche relee lolls" "In one of the auctions one Purjabı rertirian freed irlo a hid ca: purchased garlands for all his prop thes Verl day ichen (le garla ds folet aris de took th garlords rear lts heart and torshipped them to "I 1:272t Afr Bose cidressed a reling oft audience nas drare n literly and I venlyfine thaisand lfen, u omen and children clerdetil meetings from far off pla es Rain or the sun did not defter it n and 187 Bose used to speak for three to four hours al e stretch" It has transpired that Sublins Chandra u15 weighed against gold four times by Indians, Milasins and Burmesc The gold sas later on carmuked for the I NA One of the prisoners of war said that the request of 2 Burmesc merchant to place crown bedached $ith Has turned do vn by Sree Bose who said he was not prepared either to accept or wear 3 crown THC ICHICVEVENT of Subhas Chandrn made the 'fleshly rm; and the instruments of war, arc but a fragile -a peuplc right-freedom earthquake, one of those its supreme command, The I NA In Japan he characterised 3 were like an has 10 Het ·140 hıs and Gandhijis political ideas 95 only different roads to the same simple goal orly unlike Gandhyjı he b lieved that military action vould stir the blood and passion of his colleagues as well as the masses and such action was necessary for the ultimate success of the Indian emancipation movement cien if he himself should die miserably in failure Subhas Chandra mysteriously disappcared after he had saved India from devastation by Japancs bombing Ile had shown the way to his countrymen to realise true and full independence ( Hemendra Prasad Ghash) Jatindranath Das We are proud of hundreds of heroic youngmen and womens ho laid down their lives at the altar of freedom during the several centuries by voluntanly suffering deaths or equally agoniz ng persecutions to assert the dignity of truth and to establ sh the right of oncs convictions Many had checsfully embraced the galloss in the cause of In 111 s freedom but Indian h story was still the poorer for an example of a youngman deliberately and volunta ily agreeing to br ng about his own extinction by the hallos ed but agonizing process of self starvation to protest agunst the indignities heaped on lus fellow compatrists and the 1 justices suffered by his colleagues Jatındran th Dis by his glorious martyrdom ennched Indian history by huis unique sacrif ce The orld hus produced many heroes and numerous martyrs 1 orld has eren produced 1 Alacsı iney but neser before in human listory had a youngman of 6 gone through the arony of self sunaton for 63 days staring derth in the face boldly unſlista chin, ly indon itably actually insiting succumbin to se mi ont a word of complaint or cry of pain or a shida offi The Terrence 11 and then ·the British lo declare, "Ve are leaving India' Rash Behari joined the revolutionaries of Bengal in his These young men belieyed in force, in violence, as 141 Young Jatin was bom of inconspicuous parents Ilc Iumself was little i nown before his glorious sacrifice But by his unique martyrdom Jarin oday stands amongst thc small but glorious galast of immortal lcroes of all climes and for all times to como lic lins shown how cucn thc poorest, the humblest and thic youngest amongst lus country men can cuait lum elf to the position of a dcity, by standing implicibly and und untedly for the assertion of a great principle and the rights of the downtrodden on God's carth Pt Jawaharlal Nehru's Tribute Pandit Jau aharlal Nehru, speaking at a mecting held in hanpur on the death of Jhundra Nath Das, suid "Another name has been added to the long and splendid roll of Indian martyrs Another of India's bruse youngmen has willingly mide ultimate sacrifice at the altar of his motherland He has donc kell HC requires no word of praise sorrow from us After luis long and terrible agony, he lins gained ficedom and gone to regions where the British Empire does not hold sway nor British Imperialism oppress and darken the lives of men and women Rash Beharı Bosc-(A forgotten Hero) I will come to India at the helm of an Indian army of freedom through the Jungles of Burma and Assam, "said Rash Behari Bose to the Editor of this book in September, 1933 in Tolgo And he almost rept his promise but alas he before his Indian National Army heroes compelled just about 69 sears ago, teens or died a Born in Chandernagore ·144 He disappeared suddenly and the Japanese Torei n Oflice obligingly told the British that the man they wanted could not be traced Rash Beharı stayed underground for the duration of the war and emerged later as a Japanesc subject 1 I became a Japanese subject so that I may lic to become a subject of Free India he said He also married a Japanese lady the daughter of the patriot who offered him asylum during the term of his disappearance Mrs Bose died years before the outbreak of World War II and his son a Lieutenant in the Japanese army died in the battle of Okinawa All that is left of the Bose family now is a daughter who is staying in Tokyo One feature of his war timc broadcasts to India was a series of personal appeals to the nation leaders Father of our It Nation was he who coincd the term In addressing Mahatma Gandhi No leader in history has ever transferred his authority to another man with the grace dignity and goodwill and total self-effacement that Rash Beharı Bosc displayed when he handed over the mantle of power to Subhas comc to It was Rash Behan who contacted Sublias in Berlin on the radio te ephone and invited hm to Last As a It was he who made all the preliminary arrangements for hus own abdication At the C thay Cinema llall in Singapore the man who throw the bomb at Hardinge the terrorist who set out to blast the British out of India seemed the happ est ·115 man on carth as he cast affectionate glances 11 tlic conering figure of \caji Subhas Chandra Bose ocated next to him "Wow, you may ask me x 1176 procene I hic broughie you Here he is Sublins Chandra Boe, the lender, who will henceforu ard guide and direct our sacred struggle There were icirs in lus cycs-oscars of genuine happiness and pride It is is like a father handing over charge to his beloved son It is as like a Guru blessing his disciple, with pride and liappiness On that day, tliere were louder cheers for Rash Bchii Bose than for Subhas Chandra Bose Nesy Spirit Eighteen monclis packed with momentous events Under Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian Independence movement assumed a new shape It became stronger, more popular, more dynamic The hand of youthful leadership was evident on all sides The Azad Hind Tauj moved into action, hoisted the national tricolour on Indian soul The epic battles of Imphal and Kohima and then the turn of the tide and the retreat of the freedom fighters But, there was victory even in that defeat * While the military campaign on the Indo-Burma fron tier was in full swing, Rash Beharı Bose lay in bed it lius Tokyo home ·146 He kept a radio nearby and followed the developments hourly He was very very sick The doctor had secretly told us that his days were numbered I happ ned to be in Tokyo at the time ass gnment for the Azad Hind Government to call on the good old Bosc every morning on a special And I used He was happy and yet worried The liberation campaign was go ng on well But the trend of the war seemed to have changed The Tokyo blitz had already started American B 295 visited Tokyo day in and day out Bombs I ll an all sides Destruction was mounting and Japanese war leaders had confided to him that the war was going the wrong way Ilis Anxiety Will they be able to get some here in Indır before the vorst happens ? That was Rash Behans concern for the Azad Hind Fauj The only answer as the crashing of bombs in the ne hbourhood And on bleak w ntry morning Rash Bcharı Bose passed away The braadcasts he heard as le breathed his last gave him th assurance that the dawn of India s freedom v at band But the crashing of bombs confused him all the time

·*I must congratulate the writer an his most beautiful and inspiring
I fess days later, the late hou clic had fult in Tolzo's
suburbs went up in flames
As A Man
Rash Bchari the Rebel and Terrorist Rash Behari
the Patriot in Duilc
Rush Bchari tlic leader of the
Independence Movement Rush Bchor thc inan
Which of these aspects of the old war horse huic I
admired most?
\y admiration has 7/1 zlong been for Rash Bchiri the
\fin-the man, who won friends and influenced people
through lose and affection, tlic min, ulio practised the
code of "Anasıhın harma" and did it in his own humble
and silent manner
Has the cult of Anasakta karma abdicated from our
motherland with the demise of Mahatma Gandhi ?
If it has not, let us pay our humble homage to the man
who was the father of India's sccond Great
war of
Independence, the man who raised the Standard of Tree
India all the way from the Chindusın to Yokohama, that
unknown martyr to the cause of Indian freedom, Rash
Beharı Bosc
Can you conjure up a fascinating combination of
Bhagat Singh, Gandhi and a Japanese nobleman ?
If you can, you bave an idea of Rash Beharı Bose
(MS)*
sketch of the great sevolutionary genius
(The Editor)

·148 Bhagat Singh In the long line of martyrs in the cause of India s freedom the name of Bhagat Singh will ever be remembered mith pride and gratitude He literally immolated himself at the altar of his couatry s independence and if today wc are free our freedom is in no small measure due to the sufferings and sacrifices of patriots like him Thou h he discarded the Gandhan way of non violence and became the le der of the revolutionary movement, he carved for himself a niche in the temple of fame Young in years h acquitted himself in life like a seasoned soldier HIUS remarkable courage and caring his unalloyed patriotism hus unshakablc determination and his unflinching faul in the ideal he pursued won for lum even the respect of those who did not approve of his political methods Bhagat Singh s martyrdom on March 23 1931 in the Lahore Central Jail caused a save of indignation seldom racss d before to sueep the country AN sections of the people including the votaries of non violence were stirred to their very depths by the news of the unexpected execution of Bhagat Singh and his two comrades Sukhdev and Raj,uru in the tccth of the unanimous wishes of the people Even the great Mahatma who in delerence to public opinion had taken up the question of commu cation of the death sentence against Bhagat Singh and his companions with the Viceroy in the course of his negotiations for the Gandhi Irwin Pact was deeply struck by Bhagat Singh s sciſless patriotism and spirit of sacrifice and though he never approved of his methods he had 20 admit that his misuse of his extraordinary courage hat been forgotten in the midst of many virtues When the news of the execution of Bhagat Singh was conveyed to the Vaharma who was on his way to Karade where a Congress session was to be held under 6 ·119 7 presidency of Sardar Patel, hc 175 visibly mosed, because inspite of the l'iceroy's hnung mide no dcfimc pro nic to him, he thought the Government would not loc so foolish 7s to fout public opinion Ic nid "The Government have lost a golden opportunity of winning Over the resolutionary parts It was their clear duti, in Fick of the settlement ( Gandhu iruin Settlement ), 70 least to suspend indefinitely the cxecution By their action they have put a severe sirun upon the «ctilement Jawaharlal Nchru expressed his sorrow at India's licipless ness in aung thc life of one "hose magnificent courage and sacrifice had been an inspimtion to the youth of -India " He said morc in a spirit of clation than sorrow that "there will be pride in him who 13 no morc and when England speaks to us and talks of settlement there will be the corpse of Bhagat Singh between us lest we forget These memorablc words, not uttered in the usual onscntional scnsc by CHO of India s foremost sons, le bowed the great love and regard Bhagıt Singh inspired es the hearts of his countrymen The Karchi scssion of the Congress, which came off nithin three or four days of the execution of Bhagat Singh, ras completely overshadowed by his martyrdom, and even The Mahatma felt that the folly of the Government had mperilled the acceptance by the Congress of the Gandhi erwin Pact to which he was a party Thc Congress itself an atmosphere of poignancy, excitement and esentment, and it seemed the spirit of Bhagat Singh was Starhing cverybody to avenge his death by liberating India rom foreign yoke without any delay That spirit dominated She whole proceedings of the Congress, and, but for the would have been Vahatma, the Gandhi Irwin Pact ejected Even the Mahalma had to pull his whole weight and undoubted influence to convince the delegates that they should not repudiate the Pact because of the \blunder committed by the Government ► het in ·A Family of Heroes judgement Sardar Bhagat Singh had thc proud privilege of belongin to a family known for its patriotism and spirit of service His father Sardar hishen Singh his uncle Sardar Ajit Singh his mother as well as his brothers and sisters—10 fact all had dedicated their lives to the service of thele country He drank the spirit of patriotism with the milk of his mother Lien at an early age he descloped stoc indifference to death if it was to come in the cause of his country 1 few days before the pecial Tribunal 1 hich tried Bhagat Singh and others in the Saunders Murder til and vith which the accused completely non cooperated vas to pronounc hishen S ngh moved by fatherly lose made a petition to the Tribunal requesting it to allow him to prove that Bhagat Singh had not been at Lahore on the day Mr Saunders had been murdered When he became a varc of the petition Bhagat Singh protested vchemently against the action of bis fathr In a long letter to him imploring him not to pursue the petition Bhagat Singh wrote This is the ume when everybody's mettle is being tested. Let me say father you have failed I know you are as sincere a patriot as one can be I know you have devoted your life to the cause of independence moment have you displayed such weakness? understand Thiese insp ring words gave onc an idea of the feelings and emotions in the mind of joun Bhagat Sın bu hreat patriot Vo wonder Val atma there never has been within the living meroor 30 m ch romance round any Ire as had surrounded bil of Bhagat Singh But why at this I cannot to use the words of the ( Amolak Ram Shourie in the Advance) ·his nam: 11 Sampurnanand happened to be editor of the Maryada Prasad Gupta This magazine published a full page photo Later on Azad joined the Kashs Vidyapith He had a 151 Pandit Nehru's Tribute Pandit J1 har Lal chru assessing this cient u role in his autobiogrp - "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of luss act of terrorism, but because hic med to indicate the honour of Lili Izpit Rai and through lum of the Nation Hc b came i symbol the act was forgotten, the symbol remuned, and within ? fi months cach town and sillage of the Punjab and 10? lesser extent the whole of Northern Indra resounded with Innumerable legends grck up about him and the popularits that the man ichiced 175 omething amazing Chandra Shckhar Azad Azid symboliscs, if any one person cin symbolise ono who'e mosement, the post non cooperation Revolutionary moscmcnt in India He 175 a student of a sanskrit pathshala, al Banaras when Mahatma Gandhi started the non co operation movement in 1921 Although he 175 mere boy he joined the morcment and was awarded fifteen stripes by the magistrate At cvery stroke of the whip, he shouted "Mahatmı Candha ks Jai” because that had come to be the battle cry of renascent India The Nationalist Press duly lionised him and he was gwen a great ovation after his release from The present Chief Minister of U P Babu Hindi monthly, published by the philanthropist Babu Shuv of the boy hero restless soul the prison He was not satisfied with Gandhiji's calling off of the non co operation movement because of Chauri Chiura ·throi ing bombs along with comrade Bh Dutt Dut A. incideat when some police men were burnt alive This mot fury had made Gandhij call off the entire movement Some called it The Blunder of Bardoli because the decision as made at Bardoli in Gujrat The old revolutionaries who had very patriotically vithdrawn their movement to give Gandhijis experiment a fair chance began to form nuclet which were gradually welded into one big revolutionary party of Northern India under the old revolutionary Shri Sachindranath Sanyal Raje dranath Lahını and some others from Banaras had already joined the party Manmathnach had the singular good fortune of introducing Azad to the revolutionary party Since then he became an asset to the party Whenever the Icader of the violence section Shri Ram Prasad Bismil required brave young men for carrying out hold ups and other such work Azad was there Hei as one of the men who held up the train at hakori a small station near Lucknow description of the Lakori conspiracy would be given in the second edition) Through his born revolutionary geniu his unique heroism and power of organisation Azad became the vrtual leader of Hindustan Socialist Republican Army founded by the great revolutionary Sachindra Nath Sanya! ho had spent several years in the Andamans Sanyal was also responsible for bringing in Bhagat Singh to this band of brave i arriors and to the last day Azad and Bhagat Sin orked like The murder of Saunders (Police officer) at Lahore was the result of their excellent 1630 I ork llow Azad disappeared as leader of a lilgrim Party and Bhagat Singh as a Sah b from sitt in the iron 50 or Lahore Iolice that day will always remain an insp:03 Chapter in the revolutionary annals of India Bhagat S ng? couried arrest in the Assembly Chamber (in 1929) after could not be arrested inspite of the best efforts of the Bread (A detailed a team ·Police Later on he s is surrounded in a pork at Allahabad There 7 revolver fight followed in which led 176 hilled It is said that he was the victim of 1 foul play HC 415 7 great patriot ind hero who lived and dice for his country It is very heartering in the Up Government has set up 1 memonil to Shri Azad at the spot where he died 1 heroe's death I am sure time will soon come ut hen such memorials will become lemples of /alstolism, inspiring the coming gereratrons lo fiche for freserranon of hard uon independence at ile cost of sacrifices of thousands of martyrs Metan Subhash Chardra Bose, Rashi Buhan Bose, Jalındra Nail Das, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Jalin I lookerjee Surya Sen, P'reenluta Mintangni, Bhagat Singh and the I noen and unkno cn heroes of the lid, rearriors of 1057 and I props of Quit India movement, will be the future gods of free India Only those nalions that honour their martyrs can maintain freedom and honour Long like the Alarlyrs of Ind ·156 and police Even now there are 3 000 political prisoners in Indian Jails most of them detained without trial Very few of the actual facts of this campaign of repres sion have been made known The Indian Government has maintained a strict censorship of Indian news and details of police attacks and acts of violence have been suppressed People throughout the world have b en kept in ignorance of the scale on which the campaign was carried out and of the brutality of the methods employed Ihase already mentioned in the Introduction a list of Christian methods used to crush the independence struggle The following pages contain reports and evidence of certain witnesses on events which took place in India in 1930 1931 and 1932 The collection of evidence and the prepara tion of reports were carried out by committees of enquiry In the case of Peshas ar the Committee of Enquiry was appointed by the Working Committee of the Indian National Congress These records show the actual methods of repres sions hich are being used under British rule against the people of India and give some impression of what has been 1 appening in all parts of Ind a over a period of many years from 1930 onward Brave Garhwali Soldiers and troops The repori on Peshawar constantly refers to the non violence of the people who faced the savage attacks of police It records the action of the Garhwali Rifles ho refused to fire on the crowd simply as additional procr that th people were unarmed and were offering no resistance This heroic act of solidarity with the ope ressed peoplemont of the finest in the long history of colonul struggles-was a definite challenge to the power of the British in India The Governments recognition of this was shown by the heavy sentences imposed on these troops Yet the report blares that - ·157 "The sole ground on which there platoons reſued to firc was that the people at hom they were asked to level their milles ucre unirmed and peaccful" Hundreds killed in Pesliwwar Soon after the coul disobedience movement was started, the Government fired its first shot at Peshawar in elic North West I rontier, which gale a unique response to Gandhi's call The brusc Pnthians, cach one of whom could sinash several British hrnds, remained perfectly calm and suffered extreme penaltics Hundreds were killed, thousands uicrc imprisonedi, flogged and tortured, but they did not move a finger The brutal performance commenced on 23rd April and the arrest of prominent leaders The findings of the Congress Inquiry Committee, which kas presided by the late Vr Patel, President of the Indian Parliament, include the following (1) In the situation that hnd arisen at Peshawar on the 23rd April, firing by the armoured cars and the military was wholly unjustifiable (2) The object of firing was not so much to disperse the crowd as to use as much force as the authorities consi dered necessary to strike terror into them Tiring was therefore resorted to recklessly, indiscriminately and for an inordinate length of time And it was not confined merely to the bazuar but was extended to side streets, by-lancs, balconies and other places round about (3) The number of persons actually proved to have been hilled is 125, but we have no doubt that a much larger number must have been killed and a still larger number wounded Proof in respect of this large number killed and wounded it is impossible to secure in the conditions now obtaining in the province Such proof as had been colletced ·by the Congre s Coromittee after the 29th April was seized by the m litary on the 4th May since when further inquiries have become impossible os ing to the continued presence of the military in the city Similar shootings were practised all over India TAGORE CONDEMNS BARBARISM The tra 10 happenings of Dacca and Chittagong are mentioned in the next chapter as a part of the Unchristian Deeds Herc let me refer to the tragedy of Hijlı in the words of the world renowned poct Tagore Shooting of political prisoners in Hijli Camp caused country wide resentment and on Saturday September 26 there was a huge protest meeting of the citizens of Calcutta on the Maidan presided over by Rabindranath Tagore Addre sing this vast gathering the poct commenting on the tragic and cowardly outrage said WHENTI FIND THAT SUCH AN ACT OF TERRORISTI MAY BE PERPETRATED ALMOST CONTEMPTUOUSLY IN UTTER DISREGARD OF PUBLIC OPINIOV I FEEL SURE THAT IT IS BUT OVF VORE OF THE SIGNS OF DETERIORATIOV THAT HAS EVFEEBLED THE MORAL CHARACTER OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA PRESAGING FOR US A TATE THAT IS DARK WITH A TENDENCY TOWARDS AN EASY SUCCESSION OF ENORMITICS WIF HUMILIATION AND surTERING ARE CRIMINATELY INFLICTED UPON THE HELPLESS IT BRINGS ABOUT A DEVORALIZATIOV IN THE AGENTS WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR IT AWD WHO BLINDLY BRING THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BASIS OF CIVILISFD GOVERNMENT INDIS I am here only to gle warning on behalf of the countrymen that no Coseminent hosei es proud it may be ·159 of its enormous resources for repression of freedom, can never afford to losc its dignity--the dignity of justice, unis ni crins honesty cien under pros ocation Our pcoplc may not lrave the physical means for resisting injustice but no power con obstruct them from passing moral judgement and on their judgement must cvery Go cranicni, how cier utterly alion 10 be, depend for its very cristence." SHOOTING UNARMCD YOUTHS "Vhatcicr may be the mouses and the causes of the firing in Hijli Camp, the fact which cannot be denied is that there was shooting down and charges on a body of unırmed young men who were the untrıcd prisoners of Go crnment Thcy had been taken away from their homes, studies or work and imprisoned for an indefinite period of time None of them new that offence they had committed, or when they would be «ct free To open fire on these men, even when there is undoubted provocation for annoyincethc unarmed state of the detenues absolutcly rules out any possibility that there Was provocation for anything gravers not only a crime against humanity, it is also a crime against statecraft" BOMBING GOD TELLS ASHAMED-TAGORE ON AERIAL Only a great poet like Tagore could have ſound appropriate words to condemn the aerial bombing in India by British rulers Villages on the North West Frontier are quite accustomed to annual bombing by airplanes, and it continues while I write these line in the year 1937 Tagore s soul was moved on the occasion of a recent bombing display and he issued the following statement to the press Dr “From the beginnig of our days man has imagined the seat of divinity to be in the upper air from which comes light and blows the breath of life for all creatures on this carth The peace of its dawn, the splendour of its sunset, the voice of eternity in its starry silence have inspired countless generations of men with an ineffable presence of ·160 the infinite urging their minds away from the sordid interests of daily lifc Man has accepted this dust laden tarth for his dwelling place for the enacting of the drama of his tangled life ever walung for a call of perfection from the boundless depth of purits surrounding him in a translucent atmosphere If in the evil moment mans cruel history should spread its black wings to invade that scalm of divine dreams with its cannibalistic greed and fratricidal ferocity than God s curse will certainly descend upon us for that hideous desecration and the last curtain will be runs down upon the world of man for whom God feels ashamed kabindranath Tagore ENGLISH EARLS VERDICT As one who has been in the thick of the struggle for sadependence since 1920 I could give hundreds of stories of the brutality of Gods Chosen Kulers but instead I shall quote only an English carl and plulosopher Bertrand Russell and Miss Madeline Slade (daughter of a British Admiral) on British terroris in Indu BERTRAND RUSSELL WROTE AS FOLLOWS To obtain a true picture of the present state of affairs in India is as important as it is difficult Vany English people content themselves with the remark that India does not interest them If India were independent they would perhaps be justified in this attitude but so long as the British insist upon goserning India they have no right to ignore i hat u done in their name by the Government which tbey have clected There has been no lack of interest in the misdeeds of the Nazis in Germany they have been fully reported in the press and have been commented on with self nighteous indignation Iew people in England (and ta America) realve that misdeeds quite as serious being perpetrated by the British in India Large number of men and women including many of the highest idealisme ·161 have ben imprisoned in tcr horriblc condition, often without any charge having been made against them and without any hope of being brought to fr131 "Thc clementary liberties that inalc luc tolerable 210 beer tal en away from the inhalutants of Indır, for the crimc of desiring «ell gosernment The censor up, coinbined with British apathy, has made it very difficult for the facts 10 become known If they could be widely 1 noun, tlierc is, I am convinced, cnough decent ſceling in England 10 compel tha Governmcut to mend its ways "Widespread oppression, cven when it succeeds for the moment, is both immoral and impolitic It cannot but producc a decp hatred, which may have to bude its time, but will burst out sooner or later In the end, if nothing better than force is used in our relations with India, cruelly will be met by cruelty, atrocitics by counter-atrocities, the finc idealism of the Indian National Congress movement will be sept away by men who will have learnt from us to believe that the only appeal is to force I somc moment of difficulties clsewhere, we shall find ourselves confronted by a movement we shall not be able to repress, and we shall lose To any mın with any human feeling, or with any power of learning from history, such a prospect is painful Who now attempts to justify the period of blackand tan tyranny in Ireland · Who, fifty years hence will have a good word to say for the present tyranny in India ? It is in our power to cause much misery, perhaps much moral deterioration, it is not in our power permanently to hold India by force “Prison is at times unpleasant, and would not serve its purpose were it otherwise but there are some forms of unpleasantness which no tenable theory of punishment can justify The system of promoting criminals to be prison officials, when by their sycophancy they have normed their way into the favour of the authorities, is one which we should India with ignominy No one ·162 not tolerate at home and have no nelit to inllict upon India The regulation that prisoners are to have a fre h towel once every nine months does not err on the side of cleanliness Tlc practice of harding Indian ladies of refinement with prostitutes in ti e last stages of venercal disease is a questiona ble one All these are matters independent of the question whether a system of government can be considered good which pits almost all the best people in prison while oferin good careers to coi ards and informers The cconomic situation of agriculture in India is part of the world wide depresion of agriculture There is an cconomic similarity between the situation of Indian peasants and the American farmers But the political differences are so great as to I ide the cconomic similarity In America the farmers are able to br ng about a ch nge of adminis trauon a se organ zation of the banking system a change in the currency and perhaps a reforn in the cconomic practice of the world In India the peasants arc powerless against the landlords and the Government combined 10 that no econom c lesson is learned from their hardships and they are expected to carve quietly without making a fuss Only people with polii cal power have a ng! 10 make a fuss this is one of the great lessons of history ard less history sł ould rot suffciently impress tie Indians we are teach ng it by the lath (big bamboo stick) and I fear the uiumate result of their folly in Indın must be diaster The Orental Press Are rak BRITISH RY DOO VED daughter say Batush admirals Tres by mouse mis eft mine devri sit coll blanded and unjust fiabl in ile history of nations India has now realued the tru nico Batish Rj (Rul) and scaluation the Raj u doomed Afall ni Slado th the ·J63 The abose resolurionary declaration 1 25 not mide by an "Indian agitator" but by Aliss Nisdelinc Slide, the daughter of an et Admiral in the British Navy Slic srotc in the Young Indir "Dunng these days when authorities in Whitehall and Simla are never tired of crtalling the beligt sour of the police, I thought I would go and see for any self hos thus 'exemplary bhavious' has affected the Satyagrilis 16 DlarısınI Icached Bulsar at mid day on June 6th juist is the sounded were being brought in there from the maid of that morning Afany of them icra being carried on streichers, other could just struggle from tlic molors to hospital sards "The beating and corturing lias been most merciless today I said the doctors and attendants I proceeded around the rooms to visit the Satyagrılıus more closely and to take notes from doctors as to the nature of their sounds Literally I fch my skin creep and my hair to stand on end as I sau these brise men, who but a few hours previously had gone forth absolutely unarmed sosed to non siolence, now lying liere before mc ballered and broken from head (o foot Here 175 1 young man with his shoulders and buttocks so beach he could not lie on luis bach, ser his arms and sides were so damnged that lie did not know how to turn for rest There #25 another gasping for breath with his chest badly buttered, and nearby uns a strong tall Mussclmın lying utterly helpless TVhat are his drmages I asked He has received ferrful blows on the stomach the back and right leg, they replied “Also lus testicles are both swollen, having been badly squcezed by the police "We went upstairs Here my attention was attracted by the wounds of sharp-drawn whistling breathing, intermixed will heart rending groans It has 7 young inan writhing in agony He kept catching his stomach, and at intervals he would suddenly sit up as if he were going to go ·164 mad with pain He has had a deadly blow right in the abdomen they said And he has been vomiting blood He has al o had his testicles severely squeezed which has shattered his nerves They fetched ice and applied it to the head and damaged parts which gradually soothed him And so we went on from this house to another where we found still more and more » ounded Everyone to whom I talked gave the same description of fiendish bcating torturing thrusting and dragg ng and one and all spoke with burning horror of the foul abuse and unspeakable blasphemy which the police and their Indian and English superiors had poured upon them 1 So this is some of the exemplary behaviour of the police What then has become of English honour English justice ? Who could dare to uphold as a means of dispersing a non solent bath ring Lathi blows on the head stomach and joints 2 Thrusts with lathis al genital and abdominal region 3 Stripp ng of men naked before beating 4 Th tearing off of loin cloths and the thrusting of sticks 1 to 1 mins inus 5 Pressing and squeezing a man s testicles until he becomes unconscious 6 Dragging wounded men about by their legs and arms often while they are be ng beaten 7 Throwing wounded men into thorn hicd es or saltater 8 Riding horses over men as they lie or sit on the ground 9 Thrusting pins and thorns into mens bodies sometimes even become unconscious and other ile things tos muy to relate ? The hole affair is one of the most desthash cold blooded and unju tiſiał le in the history of nations Jodia has now real zed il c true nature of the Briti h Raj (rule) and with the scalız t on the Raj is doomed The story will appear in full in my forthcoming bank Tafe and Liberty

·CHAPTER
Herocs of Kashmir
KASHMIR-CROWN OF INDIA
MAQBOOL SHCRIVANI
COLONEL RAI
HEROES or FIRST SIKH REGIMENT
INIMORTAL RAJENDRA SINGH
KHUSHAL CHAND HERO Or LADIH
MAJOR SOMNATH
LT RANE
L/NAIL HARAM SINGH
NAIK JADUNATH SINGH
HAVILDAR MAJOR PIRU SINGH
HAVILDAR LAL BAHADUR
CAPTAIN KISHAN SINGH
MAHAVIRCHAKRA TOR LABOURER
A BRAVC DHOBI
HIEROIC FEET OF GORKHA
GALLANT MAJOR CHOPRA
HERO OF KUMAON
HIS INSPIRING MESSAGE
HERO OF 700 CASUALTIES
BATTLE OF NAUSHCHRA
BRIGADICR Mond USMAN
SALUTE TO BRAVE NUNS
BURNING OF BARAMULA
PAKISTAN'S BLACKEST DECD

·CHAPTER X HEROES OF KASHMIR hashmir is not a mere tourists paradise It is the crown of Mother India and has been so long before the Instigators (who are today creating bad blood between India and Pakistan ) learnt to use bathrooms and pants Today Kashmir s land has been further sanctified by the blood of our national heroes both civilian and military Ten years ago a new history was written on this land of our Rishis in the blood of our martyrs Hindus Muslims and Sikhs who vied with each other to defend the freedom of Kashmir against the hungry and nomad invaders whom the cnemies of Indian fr cdom lured with promises of fairies and gold The glorious part played by our young officers of the Indian army in this struggle for liberty will alway be written in golden letters while "The Rape of Baramula will go do va as the blackest dec of fanatics goaded by mullas pirs and pirate politicians of th Muslim League who had carlier to their credit the blood bath in Calcutta Ra valpindi and a hundred small towns and villages of N W P and the Punjab Maqbool Sherwani To Maqbool Ahmad Sherwant a young lawyer goes credit of saving Srinagar and the valley from loot and rape by raiders He by his unique intelleci courage and deep rooled patriotism rendered ycomen services to hahmir Ile was unanimously elected leader of the people of Baramula who fought to cther for the defence of their town hus wonderful tact misled the raiders in such a manner that their arrival in Srinagar was cons derably delayed and the Acrodrome at Srinagar was sayed for landing of our forces th Ile by ·167 Thc riders nulcd lum ind fortune hun inch by inch but he died brziely shouting, "I ong Inc United Indir" Braic Colonel Rai into Colonel R11 112s the first army hcro slo fcu from Delhi janis of death and attained immortal glory On a hillock betsen Pittin und Bıramulla is a memorni to Col Rai who fell 10 7 sniper's bullet, and to the men of the First Sikh Regiment sho died south lum Going oler the terrain of the fighting before Srinagır one realises hon perilously close were the riders to capturing it But for the miracle of logistics which inspired our rir force to rush troops to thc bclcagucred frontline and the courage and initiative of our soldsers, the whol of Kashmir might have been lost A negative fictor was the folly of the tribal Taiders who dallied at Bıramulla to rapc, burn, loot and pillage Had we on our part delayed the despatch of troops from Palam airport by 24 hours the Valley would have been lost. The road to Uri abounds in memories of that heroic period Brigadier Mohammad Usman was another great patriot who died in defence of Naushchra Immortal Rajendra Singh New Delhi, February 25--The idol of the Jammu and Kashmir State forces Brigadier Rajendra Singh, was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chahra for gallantry in batile during the Kashmir operations The story of the action which won him the award is a remarkable piece in the glorious pattern of the military campaign in Kashmir Already a large amount of folk poetry has sprung up about the brave Brigadier In October 1947 when the randers seemed to carry everything before them, Brigadier Rajendra Singh, wiio ·was then Chief of Staff Jammu and Kashmir State forces was called upon to stem the advance of the tribal hordes of Srinagar was to be saved Domel camp had been attacked heavily from all sides and needed immediate and Brigadier Rajendra Singh collected his men and his voice charged with emotion read out the Maharajas orders to them To arms -the cry went round and not only regular troops but also civil ans cooks mess waiters and orderlies attached to the unit took it up Thus he had at hs disposal an all assorted force of only about 150 men He however decided to march towards Dome) now or never It was Thc Ncar Garhi Brigadier Rajendra Singh s contingent y as heavily engaged and suffered serious los es pressure of the enerny increased and the column was forced to withdraw to a place three or four miles from Garbo The hostiles greatly outnumbered our inttic force and it was impossible to hold out The contingent then withdrew towards Baramula where the Brigadier was able to get some small reinforcements He reorganised the column and pushed tos ards Uru destroyed the Uni Bridge and went into d fensic position fully determined to fight to the last There was a heavy exchange of fire with thc cnemy for four hours and the column was forced to withdraw to Mahura and then 10 Rampur The Brigadier managed to dig in under cover of darkness and gave fight to the enemy for eleven lours When forced to abandon the position because of i cavy losscs, he planned to withdraw to an already reconnored posttion in the rear He had hardly coscred a distance of 200 yards when he was hit in the right arm and right leg Although seriously wounded he continued to urge his men to fight and delay the enemy advance as lar 23 possible. Being one of the last to leave the post on tte ·169 Brigadıcr was rendered helpless and fell into the cncmy's hands He died 1 mırıyr in cncmy's lands The citation innouncing the ward suid, “His personal campie, lendership of Pugh order, indomitable courage and determination to fight against hcary odds, born of a high aon c of duty to scric thc Rulcr and the Statc, inspired the small force to fight to the list, thereby delaying the advance of the hostilc liordcs for three days This was very largely rc ponsiblc for saving the city of SRINAGAR from falling into thic hands of the ruders" Brigadıcr Rajendra Singh belonged to a distinguished line of soldier ancestors He was orphaned when he was four and was brought up by an uncle His early life of rectitudc, simplıcıly and discipline had left a firm impress on his character which made him loved by all, both as a soldier and as a man Major Somnath New Delhi, January 26-Republican India's highest military honour, the Param Vir Chakra, was awarded to Major Som Nath Sharma of the 4th Battalion the Kumaon Regiment and to L/NL Karam Singh, MM, of the last Battalion, the Sikh Regiment The award to Major Som Nath Sharma was posthumous The official citation said 'Major Sharma s leadership gallantry and tenacious defence were such that his men, though outnumbered by 7 to 1, were inspired to fight the enemy for six hours and avert imminent danger to Srinagar and the Aerodrome on the morning of November 3, 1947 Major Sharma, with his Company, was holding an important position near Badgaom Village in the Srinagar Valley when an attach against his position was launched by a vastly superior force Outnumbered and facing withering fire from three sides, he, by his personal example, ·170 made his men stick to their position for six hours--unt reinforcements could arrive During the operation Major Sharma with one art in plaster exposed laimself to the full fury of hostile fire He laid out airstrips to guide aircraft to their targets in full view of the attackers and when casualties scemed to depl te the strength of the already meagre force at hu command he started personally filling the magazin s and I anding them to his gunners At this stage a mortar she! landed amongst his ammunition resulting in an explosio that killed him His last message to Brigade HQ was I shall not withdraw one inch but will fight to the las man and to the last round The official citation added Major Sharma setar example of courage and qualities seldom cqualled in the history of the Indian Army L/Nath haram Singh was awarded the Param Vic Chakra for outstanding courage and resourceſulness in beating back cight attacks despite heavy odds On October 13 1918 he was commanding an outpost in the Tithual area when an attack began after heavy shelling Though outnumbered by 10 to 1 L/Naik haram Singh kept his ground and beat off the attack 35 ferror for There were cight atta ks in all bcf rc the action broken off and L/Naik haram Singh dominated the scene throughout In the words of the official citation He was an inspiration to his comrades and a the enemy Lt Rane New Delhi June 2?--Por consp cuous heroism ad cxcmpl ry leadersłup in the Jammu and Kashmir operat ons R ma Raghuba Rane of the Corps of Ln ineen Licut ·171 was assarded thc Parim Vir Chilon, Republican India's highest gallantry award On April 8, 1910, when our troops were ndvincing on the road from Naushchri 10 Rujuri they found that it w75 thickly strcwn with mincficlds and rondbloris and 115 h suls guarded by hostiles Lt Rinc and lus men ucrc put to the task of clearing it so that our tanks could pass through safely As they started work, they were grected with hcavy mortar fire, with the result that two of them were killed and five, ncluding himself wounded Unperturbed, Lt Ranc rcorganised his party and cleared the road so spccdıly that the movement of our tanks was facilitated The clearing operations howeser lasted until the csening, when the Barwali Ridge was captured Knowing that the hostiles had not been completely clcarcd, Lt Rune started making a divcrsion for the tanks and worked till late in the night The clearing operations, starting on April 9, again continued for the whole day and our column, which carried ammunition and other cssential supplics, advanced without a mishap Determination and Diligence On April 10, Lt Ranc performed a miracle when clcared a huge roadbloch single-handed After going further ahead, the lcading carrier came across a formidable roadbloch of five big pine trees surrounded by mines and covered by machine gun fire Lt Rune got to his work gain inspite of heavy hostile fire, and with the support of one troop of tinks cleared it before dawn, not caring for his personal safety and, at times, without food or rest Lt Rane kept busy for four days ceaselessly until our column could reach Chingas Param Var Chakra' Winner Jadunath Singh New Dulhi December 18–For gallantry and outstanding the Jammu ard Kashmir operations, Naik in heroism ·172 Jadunath ingh of the Rajput Regiment was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, Republican India s highest military honour Nail Jadunath Singh who is the fourth recipient of the award hailed from village Khajuri District Shahjchanpur Uttar Pradesh In February 1918 at a time when the defence of Naushehra was vital and the approaches to the town were guarded by a small force in the face of overwhelming numbers of hostiles Naik Jadunath Singh was in command of a forward post The hostiles numbering about 500 made desperate attempts to break through the defences and surge forward in waves to overs helm the small picquet manned by onc section Di playing admirable qualities of leadership Jadunath employed his meagre force with such skill that the enemy was forced to retire in confusion When a second attack was made Jadunath once again inspired his men some of whom had become casualties to put upa dogged resistance When the hostiles increased in numbers returned to make a final assault Jadunath despite being wounded rose to the occasion to give battle All his men had become casualtics by this tim Sten gu ? in hand Jadunath Singh dashed forward from his trench and opened a devastating fire at the enemy who had come within 15 yards of the defence line His I crous had the desired effects and an impending defcat was turned into victory Jadunath had been n batile continuously for ti o hours since day break When the hostiles were retreat n in disorder a chance bullet fut lum on the head and h succumbed to it on the spot It 1 as discovered later that he had recercd c ght wounds dunng the action Thus chargin" single handed at the advancing enemy Jadunath Singh performed the fu liest act of gallantry and self sacrifice and by so doing saved his pcquet from bran at the prost critical stage in the battle for the Olcr run ·173 deſence of Naushchra"said the citation announcing the award of 'Parim Vir Chakra' Ravıldar Major Pıra Singh Company Hauldar Major Piru Sinch of the Rajputana Rilles was posthumously awarded ihe Prim Vir Chakra for outstanding gallantry in the Kashmir operations On the night of July 17, 1918, 7 Compıny of which Piru Singh s as the Hasldar Major uns detailed 10 attach and capture a lugh hill fenture south of Tithu at Thccncmy had dug himself in well, with IMG's cocring the sicep and narrow trach Icading to the ferture As our Company advanced it encountered heavy machine gun firc ind a hail of grenades from both flanks and more than half the men of the forwardmost section, which Puru Singh was leading, scre cither killed or wounded Undctcrrcd by these losses, Piru Singh rallied the remnants of his small force and pressed his altach forward with unflinching determination Grenade splinters had wounded him in several places and ripped up He miniged, however, to reach the top of the enemy position and taking a desperate leap into the trench in complete disregard of his personal safety, he bayonetted thc enemy gun crew his clothes Piru Singh now realised that he was fighting singlehanded, the rest of the men of his section having been killed or wounded Another grenade wounded him in the face but he crawled out of the trench With blood gushing down from his la cerated face, he turned his attention to the next It enemy position where, too he bayonetted two to death was while attempting to attack the third enerny bunker that he was hit in the head by a bullet and was billed but an explosion in this bunker showed that Poru Singlı s grenade had donc its work here also The citation announcing the award to Piru Singh said ·174 He paid with his life for his singularly brave act He left for the rest of his comrades a unique example of single handed bravery and determined courage WINNER OF TIVO GALLANTRY AWARDS A Brave Gurkha Among those who cre presented gallantry awards at the investiture at Rashtrapati Bhavan on August 15, 1953 was Havıldar Lal Bahadur hhattrı of the Gorkha Rifles who is the first rec pient of two of free India s gallantry awards He won both the Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakra during the hashmir operations 3 The action in which Lal Bahadur was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra took place on the night of May 17 1918 The Havıldar was lcading his platoon in an attack against a strongly held enemy position near Poonch When the enemy launched a heavy counter attack Lal Bahadur s platoon finding themselves hort of ammunition began to fall back but he himself refused to withdraw and continued to hold the position singic handed His courage provided the incentive to the men of his platoon who returned to the fight and the position was held inspite of heavy enemy pressure Dunng the ensuing fighting Hay Lil Bahadur lified one of lus wounded comrades at great personal sik for he was within casy range of enemy guns During ths act of gallantry and self sacrifice Lal Bahadur ) ad to fshe is I ny back to safety hile dragging the wounded soldies with him The citation announcing the award said that If iv Lal Bahadur s was an outstand ng example of gallantry and his act showed sheer cool courge and able leadership ·175 Hai Lu Bahadur hails from the Chir Ilviar Parliat District of Nepal He joined the Army in 1934 and scrved in Milag 1 in 1941 wlicrc lic was in den prisoner of war by the Japanese He served throughout in the Juzslimir operations Captain Kishan Singh For finc Icaderslup, courage and remart able presence of mind during the Jammu and hashmir operations, Licutcnant (nos Captun) hishan Singh Rathore of thc Rajput Regiment was afrarded the Maha Vir Chakra On February 6 1918, Licut Rathore 11s commander of a picquct near Naushchira on wluch the hostiles had directed his main attack With a force morc than a battalion strong the raiders continuously attached Licut Rathore's position which was defended by a weak company of 70 men only Undeterred by the large number of casualties his company suffered, Lieut Rathore rushed continuously from one post to another in utter disregard of his safety, and inspired his men to fight to the last man and last round During the later stages of fighting, Lt Rathore personally carried ammunition on his head and kept the various posts well supplied Seeing this gallant action, his men fought with great z al and determination-and threw the enemy back with heavy casualties By this action, he saved the key position in the defence of Naushchra "This act of gallantry, said the citation, was of the highest order and beyond all praise Maha Var Chakra For Light more awards for acts of gallantry approved by the President of India, were announced in the Gazelle of India on December 10, 1955 Shri M Ismul, a civilian labourer, has been awarded ·176 Maha Vir Chakra for display of a very high degree of bravery devotion to duty and disregard for his personal safety on tuo occasions during the hashmir operations in 1948 inspite of close and On the 23rd Jun 1948 in Zojila Pass arci in Jammu and hashmir hed splayed outstanding shillin negotiating the almost impassable slopes in an effort to recover one of the men of a reconnaissance patrol from a main picquet who w sambushed and severely wounded in the lung By the superb plıysical effort he got to the wounded man bundled him up in h s blanket and brought him to safety Again on the 14th September 1948 at Zopila Pass during an attack on an important hill feature (Chabutra) by 3 JAT Ismail volunteered to accompany that unit as a guide, knou ing full well that it entailed great personal danger Advancing with the leading scouts continuous fre he guided the troops and it was only when a hidden MIMG from about 20 yards distance had wiped out the leading line that he fell into the enemy hands and became a prisoner His cool determination and utter Scarlessne s in leadın, the troops through nearly impassable passage enabled the rest of the troops to get close to the enemy and engage them Vir Chakra decorations have been conferred on Sepoy Mange Ram 3 Battalion The Jat Regiment (Posthumous) and Hau ldar Mokand Singh i Patiala (RS) Infantry for the d play of gallantry courage determination and sacrifice in tief cc of the enemy of a very high order l'our other individuals Jamadar hulbır Thapa and Rin Ganeshbahadur T mang-both of 5 Battalion The 8 Gorkha Rifles wildar S S Bhandari AOC Depot Battalion have also been awarded Ashoka Chakra Class III for showing reence of mind personal courage and sellesse nes in the task of saving others ·A Brave Dhobi New Delhi, January 24, 1931-1t1 ceremonial piride in Delhi Cantonment on January 29 1951, General h M Cariappa, presented the Mahavir Chakrz to cilin dholu Ram Chandra, the first civilinn to rin India's second highest gallantry 14 ard Ram Chandra who was attached to in Engineer ricd Unit in Kashmir, was accompanying a convos 10 Jammu on December 18, 1947 when it was attached by a strong tribal force who had created a road block by removing the decking from a bridge over which the convoy had to pass Ram Chandra helped his Commanding Officer to replace the decking while the bridge was under continuous fire When the Officer Commanding was wounded, he took his rifle and help the enemy at bay with well-directed covering fire, which enabled the officer and his vehicle to get across the bridge Cut off from the rest of the company, the dhobi helped the wounded officer, who was in a state of collapse due to loss of blood, to the nearest post & miles away, acting as an advance scout to ensure that the way was clear for the officer to more The official citation making the award said, “Ram Chandra's devotion to the officer was far beyond the call of duty His coolness under fire and courage were unequalled Heroic Feat of Gorkba For displaying dash land determination of a very high order in the face of overwhelming odds L/Havıldar Ram Parshad Gurung 5 Gorkha Rifles was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra on After the breaking up of the Zojila defence ·178 Tovember 2 1948 a platoon was sent up Badgumbar Nar to round up the raiders The Platoon suddenly came up against heavy and accurate close range enemy fire from a well dug in bunker In order to avoid casualties it was necessary to find two men who would creep up and knock out the bunker Gurung was the first to volunteer himself and rrept forward with grenades and stengun He was followed by a rifleman and both were covering cach other It was the dashing and daring spirst shown by L/Hav Gurung and the way he planned the attack that got us the hostile position Once again during the attack on another feature this NCO was responsible for capturing an enemy position without loss to his section On both occasions he showed a keen sense of duty and daring leadership and was an inspiration to his men Gallant Major Chopra Major Satya Pal Chopra of the 3rd Para Battalion the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for gallantry in the Jammu and hashmir operations The award relates to an action on the formidable hill feature called Por Thil Nikka which tried the I. dian troops nettle to the full Major Chopra was commanding the left forward company during the advance on Jhangar The hostiles lay on the hill feature strongly entrenched with their bunkers ell camouflaged They held their fire until Vajor Chopra s company and another company on the right were in an open space of ground only 200 yards away from their position Both companies came under heavy fire and were pioned to the ground Vapor Chopra immediately rushed forward wsth one platoon to ·179 inoic hc capture an intermediate position During this was wounded in the face but inspite of the injury he, with a handful of men, continued to engigc thc enemy in order to give covering fire to the rest of thc troops Later, Major Chopra turned luis attention to the evacuation of his wounded men to safety tour of his men were still lying on the caposed ground wluch 178 swept by heavy machine gun fire from the enemy Inspite of the hazzards of the situation, lic managed to remove three of his men but while he was going for the fourth he was shot in the head and fell dead The citation announcing thc ward said, "Major Chopra made the supreme sacrifice of his life in the discharge of his duties in order to save the lines of his comrades His leadership and complete Hisregard to personal safety, hus-devotion to duty and gillantry were of the bighest order" A Hero of Kumaon for outstanding gallantry in Jammu and Kashmir State, the posthumous award of Maha Vir Chakra was given to 1 Jamadar from Patiala and a Naik from Almora Commanding 2 platoon in a heavily snow covered area in May 1948 near Machhoi in the Kashmir province Jemadar Hardeva Singh of the 1st Patiala (RS) Infantry (Village Dhan Singh Khana, Tehsil Mansa District Barnalı (Patiala) ) showed great presence of mind when he saved his entire platoon from being annihilated by the enemy Faced by intensely accurate enemy fire from well prer pared and concealed positions, and finding no other way out, Jemadar Hardeva Singh ordered his men to move through a hail of automatic and mortar fire in an attempt to collect ·them near the hillside and keep the enemy engaged from there till further reinforcements arrned He refused to take cover himself until he was s tu fed that all his men had been pulled out The citation says The Jemadar displayed grit and calmness of the highest degree H13 utter fearlessness and quiet demeanour p t heart into his men Though he was mortally wounded he declined to be attended to and insisted on the other wounded being dressed up first KUV401 KE BACHO JAN CHALI JIE LEKIV DUSHMAN KC AJ TUKRE TUKRE A IR DALO PICHF NAHI 114TV (Chıldı n of humaon tear the enemy I lo preces today eren if yori fe is lost Don I withdraw) uere th last words / Vask lar Sinh (tillage Kolult P O T olul Porto Malla Sua District Almora ) of the 4th Kumaon Regiment as Te lay di g in an enemy bunker at a falu e orth of the Jhelum in I ashri O of lis hands was shll cluicht g the Bren gun 8! that le had c plured ſ om the ce sy In May 1918 while his company attached a hill feat nca Clak th strongly fortified by the enemy at ho companys a section of MMGS Sıx LIIGS nfle grenades nd 3 mortar fire Naik Var Singh though sound d by an enemy bullet personally led the action into attack and jumped into an enemy LVG bunker bayoneted two of the & in and captured the gun His bold and swift action routed the enemy and forced h m to quit ti feature leav ng behind onc medium machine gun two light machinc g ins onc 2 mortar one pistol sgnal seven rilles and a large quantit) of ammunition and stores ro The ci tron said Vask lar Surghs example of $ !! sacrifce do onion to duty and determination (o cale saate the crcmy arc : me of the rare d eds of gallant y ·181 Hero of 700 Casualtics For saving a vert vital position and inflicting sell over 700 casualties on the enemy while he was in command of an VIG post in the Naushchra sector in the Jammu aren, Naik Krishna Sonawine of 1 Mſahar MG Rcgiment was awarded the Vlaha Vır Ghakra In rebruary 1948, the enemy mounted a large scale offensive, with more than one battalion against our Naushchra picquets Nail Sonawanc commanded one of our advancrd WIG posts which was subjected to a mass formation attack from all directions His gun started firing at point blank range, but, undaunted, the enemy made several abortive attempts to assault his post The number of enemy dead continued to pile up in front of him At a critical juncture, No 1 of the gun was wounded in the neck and an LMG burst from close range perforated the right hand of Naik Sonawane Pushing away the casualty and unmindful of his own wound, Sonawane continued to fire with his left hand But this was not the end Soon after, the gun itself was damaged beyond repair, and the enemy, encouraged by the stopping of firing, infiltrated to very close quarters Sonawane continued to inspire his gun team and Lept the enemy at bay with the help of hand grenades The attach was finally beaten off The citation said, This NCO displayed personal courage determination, coolness and devotion to duty, and gave outstanding lead to his men for a very trying period of two hours Forwarding off a serious threat to his convoy in the face of overwhelming odds and keeping the enemy engaged for the whole day with the meagre resources at his disposal, Subedar Nadıkerianda Nanjappa Bhecmiah of the 638 Com pany , Army Supply Corps, was awarded the Vir Chakra ·182 Lt Colonel Khushal Chand Lt Colonel Khushal Chand winner of Mahavir Chakra award for exceptional bravery in kashoit operations rc cently died in a plane crash while serving the International Commission for supervision and control 18 Laos Has heroism became the subject of many folk songs in hulu and Ladakh An interesting feature of his sacrifice was that his cousin happened to be the commander and both were cager to sacrifice their life to save the other Hailing from Lahaul in the hangra District of Punjab Khushal Chand was granted his commission in 1940 He served with the 2nd Battalion of the Dogra Regiment which was one of the carliest units to be sent to defend hashmir against the taiders in 1947 In the following year khushal Chand who was then a major volunteered to go to Leh to help in the raising of a Local Militia Force and to conduct the defence of Ladakh Valley For full four months with only a handful of men the young officer delayed the enemy advance toward Leh along the Indus Valley He conducted Guerilla warfare very skilfully and was awarded Mahavir Chakra for his daring and initiative during this campaign Throughout these operat ons despite lack of rations mortar and ammunitions Major Khushal Chand led his small bard of men with vigour and by personal example of exceptional daring he carried out his task successfully maintaining the high traditions of the Indian Army Long Live Brigadier Usmaa In December 1947 a large number of enemy whose morale had been greatly enlianced by the fall of Jhangar gathered round Naushera and virtually laud scige to this important place Brigadier Usman was in command of 50 Para Bagade which was located in Naushera Ву personal example he kept up the morale not only of hu own troops but also of th cil population and organised ·183 properly the defence of this strategic locality, which was 50 coscted by thc chemy, and also of the Line of Communications On February 6, 1948, approximately 10,000 cnemy, mainly tribesmen from the North West Frontier Province, launched ninc determined attacks on his positions from all directions During the height of this grım battle, when situation on one of the most important sectors was extremely critical, Brigadier Usman, who had only very small local reserves in his hand, quickly appreciated the situation and despatched reinforcements to Tain Dhar, a vital featurc, after personally briefing them, when the arca around h19 Herdquarters was being shelled and mortared The men, infused by his spirit and his leadership, drove home the counter-attack Naushera was saved Throughout thuis battle, which lasted for two days and nighls, many were the occasions when Brigadier Usman kimself and at grave risk to his person, visited positions which were hard pressed 200 Enemy Killed His devotion to duty, his leadership, his cool and calculated bravery, his admirable conduct of this battle, were the main reasons of our winning and the enemy repulsed with such heavy losses Approximately, 2000 dead enemy bodies were counted after this battic-a major victory in the history of the Jammu and Kashmir campaign In March 1948, thus officer led his brigade with such skill and determination that in spite of heavy opposition and difficulties of weather and of terrain, Jhangar was recaptured This success was largely due to his leadership and devotion to duty Time and again, this officer, who was adored by one and all and who followed him with implicit faith, led his brigade to victory by dint of matchless courage, outstanding ·184 leadership and skilful planning The successiul defence of Naushehra will live in the history of the Indian Army as one of its great victories when so much was achieved by sa small a force will al vays be connected with Brigadies Usman s name In this battle he gave superb example of inspiring leadership and outstanding courage Lon live Mohammad Usman who died for the unity of India and defence of Kashmir The Burning of Baramulla By Frank Moraes Ten years ago Baramulla shot into world headlines hen the tribal raiders aided and abetted by Pakistan poured into this small township midway between Srinagar and Ur and for nearly a week indulged in an orgy of burning pullage looting rape and murder The tale ha often been told and the testimony is there Yet of the roan strange twists in the tragedy of hashmir none is more pronic than the fact that the Western-dominated Security Council with the horrors of Baramulla staring it in the face should have hesitated to characterise such conduct as agg casion and to name the aggressors If Baramulla was not a victim to tanatıcal hate and aggression no more was Lidice There ere few vestiges of those days of horror left whicn I drove through this sleepy township on my way from Srinagar to the cense fire line beyond Uri By the main highway is a memorial to the youthf ıl Mohammed Vaqbool Sherwani a National Conference worker who was torture and finally done to death by the raiders The m mrt stands on the spot where they crucified him and committing nameless indigoitics on hu writhing tortured! body hacked him to death Sh rwani died I rncly Long Ire hashmit and Indis ·189 "I have plenty more," he said, "if you want more" Looking at the jar the nun recognised it as one of many in the Consent pantry which thc raider had obviously Tooted Other incidents were less humorous and more gruesome A raider who came for medical treatment had the fingers of one of his hands covered with rings "Where did you get these? ? nun inquired "Oh," said the raider blandly, "I killed fiftcen men to get them After some days, said the Italian nun "a stout, round, roly poly of a man arrived before whom the raiders prostrated themselves It was the Pır of Manhi Sharif “The two infant children" of Colonel and Mrs Dykes were brought before him, and the Pır solemnly presented thirty rupees to both of them “Aren't you ashamed," said one of the nuns, "to give thirty rupees to the children whose parents your men have billed pas The Pır said nothing but with his arrival the condition of the nuns and the Convent improved, and the injured and ill among them were taken by convoy to Abbottabad So slowly the nightmare lifted, and in time the Indian troops chased the raiders from Baramulla The nuns are still there, and presumably can be question by any U N representative And yet the Security Council, shutting its eyes to facts such as these, complacently continues refusing to admit that there was any aggression in hashmır! in ·CHAPTER XI THE GREAT NAVAL REVOLT 300 Dead 15000 Wounded no This is the story of the forgotten heroes of the Great Naval Revolt on 19th Feb 1046 that led to freedom On the tenth anniversary of the Great Naval Revolt today we pay silent homage to thc brave patriots who laid down their lives or were wounded and maimed who fought in any manner and at whatever price unarmed the might of the British Empire so that India might be free from foreign oppression There all probably be no formal functions wreath layings nor will bugles and trumpets blow Most Surviving participants of that Revolt are today out of the Navy unrelated to the seats of power and leading the 1 fe of the people colourlessly described as the masses 300 Dead 25 000 Wondded The toll of the Revolt was at least three hundred dead and fifteen thousand wounded in the City of Bombay alone People in Karachi and Calcutta also paid with their Ines and limbs on a smaller scale It is not casy to evaluate precis ly the contribution the Resolt made to our national struggle for lib ration Tor would it be meet or proper to make any aduerse criticism of anyone He would not also tear the Revolt out of its context and hold a post mortem not today any way Occasion is too solemn for working up passions It u however r1 ht to remember certain significant facts objec tively and dispusionately Thc ·191 cient Prime Minister Altlec, spoiling in the British Parlia mont on rebrunry 22, 1946, claimed that "the Congress Party officials hue disclaimed participation" in this cpic The Congress Icaders did, in fact, refrain from commenting on the merits of the case, a very strange thing for them to do, indeed, for, in the matter of issuing stricments to the press and making specches, they had never so far failed to seize the slightest provocative occasion or Indecd, had the Revolt been in Timbuctoo, in which one brown man was involved against one white man, the occasion would have been considered to be of a gravity warranting a special Working Committee Meeting, resolu tions and public pronouncements event Intervention of Indian Leaders Some leaders, however, not wanting to be 'left out' intervened Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad met the Commander in Chief, Gen Sir Claude Auchinlech (later Field Marshal, and declared on February 22, through the Press, that he had secured an assurance from the C in-C that there would be no victimisation of the men who had revolted if they surrendered unconditionally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel endorsed the Maulana Saheb s appeal and sent imperative messages calling upon the men of the Navy to surrender The men surrendered on the 23rd morning On the 25th the Cin C clarified his assurance given through the Maulana Saheb While, he said there would be no victimisation, those tried and found guilty of engineer ing or conducting the "mutiny would be punished If the men found the distinction made here as without a difference they had only themselves to blame On the 27th, in Bombay alone three hundred and ninety six men from the various shore establishments and ships were arrested and whisked away to Mulund Camp ·192 Pandit Nehru later explained to the men when he met thera at a rendezvous arranged by the writer that the C-in Cs interpretation of the word victimisation was the one he himself had put on it when during certain carlier negotiations with Wavell the latter had suggested to Nehru that in the cvent of a transfer of power to Indian hands there should be no victimisation of the services Revolt Led To Freedom It is irrelevant whether the Congress actively assisted the Revolt or not Because of the Congress apathy how cver if there was apathy the Revolt should not loose its significance altogether Posterity has a right to see it in its correct perspective The Labour Government in Britain had nominated a highpower Cabinet Afission to visit India and negotiate a settlement with Indian leaders The Congress was committed to receive and conduct these negotiations with the Mission in an atmosphere conducive to its success Naturally a Revolt on the eve of the Mission s visit was embarrassing And yet the Revolt had undoubtedly popular support Thus the Congress was on the horns of a dilemma That the Vlission came briefed not to make an uncon dit onal gift of freedom to India is patent to all students of history What did happen then between the Afission and the declaration of independence for the people of India to persuade the British to quit India lock stock and barrel so burriedly Undoubtedly the lesson of the Revolt had a great deal to do with this change of mind without a corresponding change of heart The British Labour did not thereby embrace the principle a r ght to govern themselses Large parts of Africa and territories I ke Malaya and West Indies did ·185 Sherwani was onc martyr among many, hashmiri and non hashmiri, including some Europeans who serc butchered la the precincts of the Catholic Consent and hospital run by nuns of the Franciscan Order of Mary Hornfyiog I spent an entire afternoon at Baramulla, for the most part at the Convent and hospital where I heard the horrifying details of those days of terror from three nuns--one an talian, one a German and the third a Spaniard--who were vitnesses to, and fortunate survivors of the looting and Gilling In my day I have seen some violence, particularly s a war correspondent in the last war But there was omething strangely and deeply moving in the accounts of hese three women who ten years after their nightmare xperiences could retail them placıdly to a stranger and some of them with even a trace of whimsical humour ecount “We never thought we would be attacked,' said the Italian nun who has worked 30 years in Kashmir and speals Kashmiri and Urdu fluently “The raiders swarmed into our compound one morning, and suddenly the whole place was full of them They took away cverything-beds, mattresses, door knobs, electrical fittings lamps, chairs, tables, curtains, groceries-oh anything they could move And what they could not take they destroyed They smashed to pieces our X ray equipment and entering our church desecrated it, destroying all the sacred images, the tabernacle vestments and candles' She went on to describe the killings herself she referred continually to the raiders as huge big men—"so tall and fierce, and they carried all sorts of implements-guns, ssvords, knives, axes, spears and bayonets, and the tips of inany of their spears and bayonets dripped with blood A small woman > ·192 Pandit Nehru later explained to the men when he met them at a rendezvous arranged by the writer that the Cin Cs interpretation of the word victimisation was the one he himself had put on it when during certain car) er negotiations with Wavell the latter had suggested to Nehru that in the event of a transfer of power to Indian hands there should be no victimisation of the services Revolt Led To Freedom It is irrelevant whether the Congress actively assisted the Revolt or not Because of the Congress apathy how ever if there was apathy the Revolt should not loose its significance altogether Posterity has a right to sec it in its correct perspective The Labour Government in Britain had nominated a highpower Cabinet Mission to visit India and negotiate a settlement with Indian leaders The Congress was committed to rcceive and conduct these negotiations with the Mission in an atmosphere conducive to its success Naturally a Revolt on the eve of the Mission s visit was embarrassing And yet the Revolt had urdoubtedly popular support Thus the Congress was on the horns of a dilemma - That the Vission came briefed not to make an uncon ditional gift of freedom to India is patent to all students of history What did happen then between the Mission and the declaration of independence for the people of India to persuade the British to quit India lock stock and barrel so hurriedly Undoubtedly the lesson of the Revolt had a great deal 2o do with this change of mind without a corresponding change of heart The British Labour did not thereby embrace the principle a ht to govern themsches Large parts of Africa and territories like Malaya and West Indies did ·Italian nun who has worked 30 years in hashmir and speals hashmiri and Urdu fluently “The raiders swarmed into And what they could not take they destroyed imashed to pieces our & ray cquipment and entering our herself she referred continually to the raiders as huge big nen-"so tall and fierce, and they carried all sorts of implements-guns, sivords, anives, açcs, spears and bayonets, and the tips of inany of their spears and bayonets dripped hurch desecrated it, destroying all the sacred images, the 185 Sheriani was one martyr among many, Kashmırı and ron hashmını, including some Europeans who were butchered la the precincts of the Catholic Convent and hospital run by auns of the Franciscan Order of Mary Horrifying I spent an entire afternoon at Baramulla, for the most part at the Convent and hospital where I heard the horrifying d tails of those days of terror from three nuns--one an Italian, onc a German and the third a Spaniard--who were witnesses to, and fortunate survivors of the looting and killing In my day I have seen some violence, particularly 15 a war correspondent in the last war But there was something strangely and deeply mosing in the accounts of these three women who ten years after their nightmare experiences could retail them placidly to a stranger and recount some of them with even a crace of whimsical humour "Ive never thought we would be attacked," said the Jur compound one morning, and suddenly the whole place was full of them They took away everything--beds, nattresses, door knob , clectrical fittings, lamps, chairs, ables , curtains, groceries-oh, anything they could move They A small woman abernacle, vestments and candles " She went on to describe the billings Ale with blood ·186 The raiders came in demanding money Sopa sona they clamoured flouri hing their guns and knives The Gold Teeth We had no gold said the young Spanish nun and we carry no money I told them so All of a sudder one of the raiders saw I had two gold teeth in my mouth They demanded them but I said I could not take them off as they were fitted in They threw me against a tree held me and tried to hack the gold teeth out with knives They were not human beings but brutes Here said the Spanish nun pointing to a spot not lar from the door of the church 1$ where they killed Colonel Dykes Col Dykes who was only 33 was attached to the Sikh Regiment and his wife who had recently had a child in the hospital was also in the Convent grounds The raiders took away the Colonel s money his wrist watch fountain pen and other knick knacks as also his coat The Colonel said the nun was standing there in his shirt when another party of raiders came along and demanded money from him He told them he had none whercupon one of thern drew his gun and shot him was also stabbed He By that time the content and hospital grounds were a shambles and there was pandemonium everywhere As they footed and attacked tis the raiders kept shouting Pakistan fras come said the Italian nun only know that the devil had come j In their lust and ſury the raiders did not discriminate Leti cen men and women They shot the Mother Superior wounded another gun and killed Virs Dykes whose naked ·187 body was later discovered in a well Colonel Dyles and his wife left behind them tko infant children, both of whom MerC at that time in the convent grounds A Spanish woman patient in the hospital as also a Hindu roman patient userc killed in their beds "The ruders ran about the compound screeching and shouting like mad men,' said the Italian nun "I was in a verandah when a raider approached me with an axe, removed the nun's cof covering my head, and seizing mc by my hair flourished his are I thought I was going to die, but suddenly another raider who had come upon a locked chest shouted something, and my raider threw me aside I Think he thought there was treasure or mobcy in the chest, I ran away 27 The Italian nun was to face death a second timc There Here at the time twelve nuns in the convent, and the raiders later scized nine of them, including the Italian, Spanish and German nuns with whom I spoke and dered then to stand in a line before a firing party The mother Superior who accompanied me around the convent described the scene They were made to line up there," he said indicating a path along a lawn "The German nun with whom you spoke was one of them She's She's a very calin phlegmatic sort of person been here 24 years working in the hospital She was one of the last to be brought in by the raiders, and when they directed her to stand in the line she didn't know why She asked the aun next to her the reason "They re going to sboot us, was the reply Oh, is that so said the German qun and folding her arms behind her back and squaring her shoulders ske fell into hide" ·100 IVhat sased them? I asked A miracle said the Mother Superior They were about to be shot and the raiders had actually levelled their guns at them when a Pakistanı officer rushed through the gate there shouting stop stop The nuns along with a couple of Catholic priests some patients and a number of Sıkh and Hindu refugees who had escaped the raiders scrutmy were then bundled into a wing of the Convent where they stayed for some days O and on the rarders returned at times for medical aid at other times to demand that the women be surrendered to them a dernand which the priests resolutely refused Firm Resistance 'You may kill all of us but you cannot take them they declared And the raiders warned by their leaders to leave the Convent staff alone desisted from proceeding beyond threats one I saw the grases of Colonel Dykes and his wife buried side by side bencath a simple : hite cross We had nothing with which to dig their grases of the nuns remarked The raiders had taken everything It took hours to dig their graves with sticks and other crude implements The brutality of the raiders was seen even among those who came to the hospital for medical treatment them after having his wounds dressed and stitched coo'l pocketed thc scissors and forceps which were used for his benefit Occasionally they relented in their cruelty One day a raider secing one of the nuns who was distressed and overwhelmed by the happenings arourd her weeping offered her a jar of jam One of ·not receive freedom Also, as long as the British that all pcoplc cverywhere liave Labour Cabinci felt confident that the Indian personnel of the armed forces could be relied upon to be willing tools for containing Indian nuionalism, the furthest concessions they would have mide would have been a schemc of subsidiary position for Indı amongst the British dominions The Revolt shattered that confidence Let us look at the facts of the Mutiny On February 19, 1946, the people of Bombay saw the unusual spectacle of large numbers of boys in naval uniform demonstrating near Castle Barracks, the Naval depot within the historic Bombay Fort, shouting patriotic slogans and having nationalist and revolutionary flags Events then developed fast Bombay In State of Siege This was officially termed a "Mutiny" and orders went out for the arrest of the demonstrators the next day and the Army was called in for the purpose The men of the Navy, in self defence, captured Castle Barracks and all the Navy's ships in port, about thirty in number, including the rlag Ship of Vice Admiral Godfrey, the rlag officer Commanding, R IN On the refusal of the Indian troops to open fire on the men hold up in Castle Barracks which was surrounded, British reinforcements were called in by mid day and the bombardment commenced The men had possession of the arsenal in the establishment and fought back, shot for shot When Vice Admiral Godfrey demanded the conditional surrender of all men in the ships and in Castlc Barracks on threat that otherwise they would be "blasted out and, as a further threat, caused bomber aircraft to fly over the port, the Flag Ship "Narbada" signalled all ships to train their guns on the Chowpatty un ·194 Seaface and the Marine Drive a strategy that paid off by bringing out mortified Con Tess men to appeal to the authorities not to provoke the destruction of thc beautiful and costly mansions Nationwide Revolt > On the 21st reports poured in from all principal ports and cities where there were naval establishments of sympathetic strikes and demonstrations The HMIS Hindustan a mine sweeping sloop of 1190 tons mounting No 4 guns with 1 ght armaments had been captured by the men but was being bombarded from the shore by British troops Similarly the shore establishments HMIS Chamak Himalaya and Bahadur in Karach, the HMIS Adyar in Madras the HMIS Cırcars in Vizagapatam and the HMIS Hooghly in Calcutta were all reported to be on sympathetic strike Indian Navy ships in Colombo waters played a ruse on Royal Naval ships in the vicinity lest they should rush to Bombay to help bombard the revolting ships. They ent out false alarms and sent the Royal Naval ships scurtying to the help of ghost vessels in distress in Akyab and Maunius In Bombay all shore establishments and navy vessels were on strike and were joined by men of the RIAF and some Indian troops The people of Bombay also rose as one man and in a hero c cndcasour to save the massacre of the innocents planned by the Brith created cordil ors in which mobility for their forces was next 10 impossible AJ i nes of communications were either cut or barricaded "There #23 a virtual ar ·195 The Bombay Government imposed 1 dus! to dawn curſes, which made no difference to thic ferocity of the Alarmed at the turn of cvents and feeling that the purpose of the revolt was fully scried the Central Strike Committee, which met at 2 o'clock in the early hours of the 23rd at Churchill Chambers in Colaba, decided upon a surrender of the men at day break In Karachi the HMIS "Hindustan" fell, after a heroic stand in which sa lives werc lost and thirty three mon scriously wounded The origin of the Revolt goes back to an incident a fort night prior to that On February 22, 1916, Vice- Admiral Godfrey was due to visit the HMIS "Talwar', the Royal Indian Navy's Signal School in Bombay In the early hours of that morning the walls of the establishment found plastered with the slogans were The QUIT INDIA I and JAI HINDI One Leading Telegraphist, P C Datta, was placed under close arrest by the authorities on the suspicion of his participation in the poster campaign He was subsequently reduced to the rank of Telegraphist and dismissed Datta incident caused some unrest among the 'Talwary men who had great affection for this fine, young man from Bengal On the 17th evening the dinner served in the “Talwar consisted of the usual rice with the customary sprinkling of stones, but to the men, sullen for over a fortnight over the Dattr incident, this was the last show They declined to eat that meal which they said was not fit for pigs That atself constituted "Aſutiny" for the Navy When the complaint was laid before the Commanding Officer, Commander Bird the next morning, his blood pres ·194 Seaface and the Marine Drive a strategy that paid off by bringing out mortified Con ress men to appeal to the authorities not to provoke the destruction of the beautiful and costly mansions Nationwide Revolt On the 21st reports poured in from all principal ports and cities where there were naval cstablishments of sympathetic strikes and demonstrations The HMIS Hindustan a mine sweeping sloop of 1190 tons mounting two 4 guns with light armaments had been captured by the men but was being bombarded from the shore by British troops Similarly the shore establishments HMIS Chamak Himalaya and Bahadur inharachi the HMIS Adyar in Madras the HMIS Circars in Vizagapatam and the HMIS Hooghly in Calcutta were all reported to be on sympathetic strike Indian Navy ships in Colombo waters played a ruse on Royal Naval ships in the vicinity lest they should rush to Bombay to help bombard the resolting ships. They ent out false alarms and sent the Royal Naval ships scurrying to the help of ghost vessels in distress in Akyab and Mauritius In Bombay all shore establishments and navy vessels were on strike and were joined by men of the RIAF and some Indian troops Tle people of Bombay also rose as one man and in a heroic endeavour to save the massacre of the innocent planned by the Britisi Created corditors in shich mobily for their forces s as nert 10 communications were either cut or barncaded There was a sirtual Mar inpo sible All Inc of

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