·No text on this page.

·No text on this page.

·No text on this page.

·No. 1.
Dates of the Votive Inscriptions on the
Stupas at Sanchi
RAMPRASAD CHIA.YDA, B.A.
ISDOLOGICAL BOOK CORTORATION

·INDOLOGICAL BOOK CORPORATION
217 Ansari Road Darayaganj NEW DELHI. 110002
1

·MEMOIRS OF THE
ARCHÆOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
No.
1.
Dates of the Votive Inscriptions on the
Stupas at Sanchi
BY
RAMAPRASAD CHANDA, B. A
cuci TTS
St I'EIXTESTEST GONDIXXENT INX7136. IDII
1212

·No text on this page.

·DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE STŪPAS AT SANCHĪ. Fon ascertaining the age of the stopas, railings, and gateways at Salell that have been aptly described as " the noblest of all the monuments which earls Buddbisnı has beqjucathel to India,' one of our nusin guides is the chror.o. logical indications of the forms of letters employed in the rolile nixriptions This fact as fully recognised by Cunningham who disceral an carlier acil a later varicty of Brihmi alphabet in these epigraphs. lle inter almue ele inscriptions on the railing. "The datc of the colourade of railing might be de:erminal approximately to belong to the age of Adols, lig the alphabetical characters of the inscriptions, which are exactly similar to those of the pollo edlicts." About the inscriptions on the gateway of stop 1 Cunungan ante. "The fact that the gateways are of later date than the coloniale ne nur is conGrmel by the more recent charactei of the inscnption, tluch appreci.me that of the Sili coins of Gujrat." Cunningham identifira till sin talanı incntioned in an incription on the south gateway with tl.c thunt line of the Andhra dynasty vrhom hic places better 10 and 37 .1.D Iuller oxir. itlu Cunningham in distinguislsin; an earlier and a later variety of alphabet in the votire inscrip:ions, in avigning the earlier inscriptions to si culs a lexual a. the alicis of Anka, and in identifying Siri Sitalaţi of the Kiichi palan di will the third king of the Andhr dynasir, But Buller nacimos llir 11.-11jet: 0510 141 the gateway to the accond century BC. and clasifet tl.co millo ihr :77} tion on the gatenay of Bharliul and the Sinichit inscriptint wlin! l.reploma in 1 B.C. in his Table II'.' While the older asul the later fraps of the Bridal sim 113 4.0 thic mouunients at Sjuchi are cserly distinguisislile, the further arumunatrioi!! of stOpus I a II, nes the pavement slabit of Nu I, on the indukci 810 II, and on the phillita uneintlırl na tle bife of Tearpie een!! latter on the four magnificent gateways of apo I, on the a!!:*rul 4:1.no attached to the kuthi, car! ane! Ittha paleaayy, mil va the itt 11.30 alt! "The All for Loku INI II. Vit T ***. In all, you'lu', t T 11 111 arl XVIII XAT.

·2 DATES OF THE POTITE INSCRIPTIOXS ON THE STŪPAS IT SÁSCOI. ground railing of stūpa III.--the views of hoth Cunningham and Bühler regarding the dates of these groups seem to be open to objections. 1. To begin with the older group, ther appear to be later in date not only than the edicts of Asoka, but also than the Nāgārjuní hill care ioscriptions of dšoka's grandson Dasaratha (Pl. I, Nos. 1-3), and, perhaps somewhat later also thun the Besnagar pillar inscription of Heliodoros, Ambassador of Antialkidas (PI. II). A comparison of the four test letters a, bha, ra and la points to this conclusion. 1. According to Bühler and other authorities Brahmi a is but the oldest Phoenician Aleph (K) turned from right to left with transposition of the rertical to the end of the angle (X). This angle formed by the thro arms of a meeting at a point on the vertical line is the characteristic of almost all theas and as in the edicts of Asoka, and as and as with arms that do not meet, but leare a little intervening space on the vertical line (as in line 5 of the Sanchi pillar edict, Ep. Ind., Vol. II, Plate facing p. 369) are exceptional. As a or ā with an 'angle occurs side by side with or å with a space bettreen the arms on the rertical line in the Asoka edicts, neither type can be considered a local rariety; but the latter may be recognised as an irregular form of the former. In the Nägārjuni hill care inscriptions of Asoka's grandson Dasaratba (Dashalatba) the arms of all the as (x) and as make a sharp angle on the vertical line. All the as in the Besnagar pillar inscriptions have considerable space between the arms (H). In the older rotire inscriptions of Sánchi a rith space between the arms is the rule and a with an angle made by the arms is the esception. If the theory that the Brāhmi ais but the old Phoenician Aleph turned from right to left with the vertical line removed to the end of the angle is right, o with angle should be recognised as earlier in form, and epigraphs in thich a with space between the arms predominates should be considered later in date than those like the edicts of Asoka and the inscriptions of Dasaratha in which the earlier form predominates 2. Vost of the bha: (M) of the Asoka edicts consist of two lorer verticals with a horizontal line above them extending a little beyond the top of the right vertical, and with an upper vertical line attached to its right end. But here and there we meet with bhas of two other types in thich the horizontal line is not extended beyond the right lower vertical, and the right lower and upper Vertical lines meet and either make an angle or form one straight line. In the edicts of Asoka these last two types of bla (ro) are so rare and often OCCUT so near bhas of the first type with extended horizontal line, that they appear to be but irregular forms due to the negligence of the engraver. In the Nägarjuni hill care inscriptions of Daścratha all three types of bha are met with, In the bhag (+) of the Besnagar pillar inscription of Heliodoros the right lower and upper verticals meet and make an angle. In the older Brabmi votire 1.4. S. R., !$110, P. II, PR 133-19, and PL XLVI. • Bildes, Inlior Palæography (Eos tz.), 12 ·DATE OF THE VOTITT IXSCRITTO'S ON THE As It I'CHI. 1.17 Inscriptions of Sanchí the regular Ablan lhe () with extended forestal line is practically absent, and almost all the mos have ore ringle 1997 right vertical line. As a regular monumental form this Issies ift of We, which is found also in all decidedly later inscriptions, indicates that the oldes rolite intip tions of Eañchí arc somewhat later in date than the Bernafar pillas inscription 3. Art occurs only in the Cimar, Exldapur, and other Snuth Indian SINON: of the rock edicts of dioka. In the North Indian edicte, whether on mock of pillar, engravel in the Bidhni bript, and in the inscriptions of Dilimits, ls is aubstituted for ra. As the Brihini na is traced to the oljert Pbornician 1-5 (4) with the triangular heat opened and the vertical attached to the line of the triangle, the primary for of ra is a straight line with a brank ml the top as in mori (85) in the Girnar Edice I, line 11 (Ep Ind, Vol Jl. Phasr boring p. 446). But other types of ra are also met with in the shoka ndiche, such as the ornamental cork-Acrew tyre (1), and an irregular type appmaching a straight linn (1) The cork-screw type is the most common one in the clicts of Cimar Anel Sxldapur In the Besnagar pillar inscriptions most of the rar are curk.ncre* liha (1) the older volire inscriptions of Safichi ra is represented by a straight vertical lite (11. This straight-linel ra is alus mct sith in all decidelly later Brakril inscriptions including those of the Kabatrapas and the Kushan. the dra!: lined na of the older votive inscriptions of Sluchi alun points to this concluso that these are later in date than the Besniger pillar in option of Helicalona 4. Two types of ha are met with in the alicts of linka, often exle tip ole. The more common type has the small horizontal lor Altacliat in the 113!. (shorter) nom a little belom its top (b1 in the gronul spe this shrit loss. zontal line is attached to the top of the shorter arm (L). As els amoril top is also found almost exclusively in some of the pillar elicts, much as think of Radbia, Matbia, and Rinupurra (Ep. Ind., Vol II, p 213 f), lh the issue of da niay be recognised as regular monumental forms. But if he i denimi from the Aramaic He () turned upride down and from right in hulle tm £:: type of ha (6) should be considered as the more artist. la tor Stroja1 hill care inscriptions of Daisratha all the has are of this archais espor. So the tra! absence of this form of ha in the older votive in criplun of SILL1, R. other decidells poslollauryan incriptions, is not without chronological campo A comparison of the typical incriptions on the railing of Ora 1 *:! those on the railings of arpa Il reprowluced in Meles III na IV our ! the latter may be somewhat later than the former. Round or maxl..5 g (n. Invariably met with, as we shall prevails or, in the later in ziplin, u ricoverom tional in the inscriptions or the rails of hopI and 11. No: RX : the plates (lll and I will show that rouadul os is me with the lower !! in the inscriptions of stöps II than in the inscripcions on the tail to: 1 Adranord forms of two other letters are ! Ac? with in the 1945;':-« L. 14 febantenint yua (reserje Form NIL Wenndarle Xueente Nos 3 12 11 mitu tuuletti (A. A TL15334 MIUI.) Derwisu w lottoth the train Wrt, Delmente in tutte et there in tis. UR. 1911 > ·4 DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS OX TILE STUPAS AT SĀScul. stūpa II, - chha tending towards the later butterfly type with two loops in place of a circle bisected by a vertical line (Pl. IV, Nos. 2 and 4), und bha with the right vertical line elongated (Pl. IV, Nos. 7 and 9) below the level of the lower end of the left vertical line. Bühler's inscription No. 18 of stūpa I, rccordivg the gift of the monk Arahaguta, a Sāsūdaka, and No. 27 of stūpa II recording the gift of Balaka, a pupil of evidently the same Arahaguta Sasādaka, may point to the conclusion that there is a distance of a generation between the erection of the railing of the two stūpas, for neither is Arahaguta Säsīdaka named in any of the inscriptions of stūpa II as a donor, nor docs his pupil Balaka find mention in any of the inscriptions of stūpa I. Besides the supposed full resemblance between the letters of the inscriptions of ståpa II and those of Asoka's edicts, another argument adduced by Cunningham and Bühler for concluding " that portions of, or perhaps the whole, railing were crected somewhat later than Asoka's time,” is that stūpa II contained the relics of two contemporaries of Asoka,ʻof Moggaliputta who presided over the third Buddhist council, and of Majjhima," the teacher of the whole Himavata:" We arc noć in possession of mechanical copies of the inscriptions on the four steatite boxes found inside the stone relic-box unearthed by Cunningham and Mniscy from stūpa II. But an impression of the inscription on the stone relic-box has been lately published by Mr. Pargiter in Ep. Ind., Vol. XII. Two out of our four test letters, ( and ra, occur (each twice) in this record. Both the as have considerable space between the arms, and both the ras are represented by straight lines. The relics of Moggaliputta and Majjhima might as well have been deposited in stupa II seven or eight decades after their denise as immediately after, and the ten saints whose relics were enshrined in the stūpa could not have died simultaneously. Biihler could not agree with Cunningham in believing that the ten saints were all conteniporaries of Asoka. The railing of Bharhut, the inscriptions (Pl. V., Nos. 1-19) on which, though mainly resembling those on the railings of Sāñchi stūpas I and II, shot a considerable number of advanced forms of ga and bha, was probably erected at about the same time as the railing of Sāñchi stūpa II or sometrhat later. The inscriptions on the renınants of the old railing of Bodh-Gayā (Cunningham, Mahā-Bodhi Pl. X, Nos. 2-10), assigned to the middle of the second century B.C. by Bloch, offer a complicated problem. Ra is screw-like and ga is angular archaic. But ka is advanced in form with the vertical prolonged, and ma, pa, and va with their nearly angular forms appear still more advanced. These inscriptions are probably older than the Bharhut torara inscription which is later than the Bharhut relievos, but not as old as the middle of the second century B.G. Bloch's view that these Bodh- Gaya ' remnants once .formed part of the railing round the Bodhi tree which is represented in a well-known relievo of Bharhut, is not supported by palæography, as these relievo epigraphs show forms older than those on the railing of Bodh-Gaya. Probably these inscribed bars, pillars, and coping stones at Bodh-Gaya were added somewhat later than the erection of the Bharhut rail, by Kurangi, wife of Indrāgnimitra, who caused the original railing to be repaired. "Ep. Ind.. Vol. II, p. 39. • A. S. R., 1908-00, p. 147. 1 ·DITE, OT TIIE TOTTIE IXNCRIPTIONS OX TRE KTCYAL AT RISCHI. 3 II. The inscription on the top architrave of the South Gate of stapa I (Pl. II., No. 1) recording the gift of Anarhula, the foreman of the artiuni (drerin) ol kiez Siri-Satakani, may be taken as typical of the later sotise inscription of Sinchi. The main characteristics that differentiate thee epigraphs imm the older rotire inscriptions are, (a) partial or complete mualisation of the verticale of mat (U). yn (L), m (L), ha (L) and la (V): (l) invariably ruuralel you (n) and lower part of la (2); (c) chha of the butterfly type with tno loops (co) in place of å circle bisected by a sertical line (o); (d) the thickening nf the top of opper verticals (the use of the sc-callel sp; (e) prolongation of the lower part of he verticale of a (x) In (+) and of the lower part of the right vertical of bha (). The votive inscriptions on the east, south and test rates of otápa I alcate that they were all crected within the same generation. The mouthern pillar of the rest gate and the middle architmse of the south gate are the pilte eridentir of the minie donor, Balamitra, pupil of Aya Chala. The southern pillar of the east gate is the gift of the Achhavale Sethi Nigapiga ol korra (or Kuran) and the northern pillar of the rest gate is the gift of the same person ingriber mith his son Sagha (Samgha). The inscription on the eastern pillar of the north gate (TI. VI. No. 3) is mutilated, and that on the western pillar bas paelad n.1. but the part of the imprecatory in cription skill visible above the capital ! the castern pillar shows that the prochainagalnya baraluna, "the of the five cities, namel also in the imprecatory in cnption whicla ferment on the southern panel below the capital of the northern pillar of the most faer and ends on the analogous panel of the pillar opposite, were the caretalen of the railings and the gates.' The votive and imprecators inscriptions on these four fates abow what great caution is necessary in attempting to determinr dates from palopaphic cores. derations. Three different types of alphabet are used in the cataphs.- archaic, regular contemporary monumental, and irregular arancel forms, calla! * cursive by Bubler. The inscription on the middle pillar of the fillinna rail attached to the east fate is engraved in archaic script Battle fombrague tion of the lower part of the right hand vertical of lits and found gun 1.94 and partls round ta in line ., show that the hand that enptare? 18 vue ret quite used to the old form of writing. The importator tription og de rare gatet, also engraved in archaic characters, contains copelmall. almiitost cl Irlal, TOLII, 371, Ya 3.1 and Mata rather pent to test time latest before the marine tymbol with ih hornireina the bath posurer un when thello mremblat no corredingo grobally get your boyu 112 12 lal ne bormal per le varr se teprocesory inacristion na the can ploile , vd, 11. a 27. 8. in pan. Limoge nismo potipily should make bad momento poses, College to me, domed pole - la poes le cherp of "Won to the event. rema's all us to be andise watence paybe u trav!!! ("Tomorbonnan amnistkerwa to the Ero debes The set Kulseira podat! werd - the art of the trang web that the late 1 minute mi w tla prop. . Ex 12. TIL Sen, ist date artian + ·6 DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIOXS OX THE STŪPAS AT SĀSchi. advanced forms such as ta and ka in line 1, da and cha in line 2, etc. All the votire inscriptions on the south gate are uniformly engraved in what may be termed the regular monumental characters. But two forms of characters are employed in the inscriptions of the two pillars of the west gate. In front of the southern pillar of this gate, above the first panel, the name of the donor Balamitra is engraved in regular monumental characters, while the inscriptions containing the names of the donors of the northern pillar, and, particularly, the imprecatory epigraph that follows, contain a large admixture of irregular advanced forms. Bühler in his Indian Palaography, as already stated, classifies the later votive inscriptions of the stūpas at Sāñchi with Dhanabhuti's inscription on the toraņa of Bharhut and the Pablosa cave inscriptions, and designates the alphabet "the Sunga type of the ancient Brāhmi.” Bühler assigns Dhanabhuti's inscription to about 150 B.C. (Tafel II, XVIII). But in the Besnagar pillar inscription of Heliodoros, Ambassador from King Antialkidas, we have now an epigraph that may be assigned to about the middle of the second century B.C. on surer grounds than mere palæographic evidence. So Bühler's views regarding the date of the Bharhut tõraņa inscription must be reconsidered in the light of this record. A comparison of the alphabet of the Besnagar pillar inscription with that of the Bharhut töraña inscription reveals in the latter rounded ga (n) in place of angular ga (1), bha with a long straight vertical line on the right (t) in place of a tha with the right vertical line making an angle with the line above (+), mostly straight-linedra () in place of screw-like Ta (? ), and some of the letters with upper verticals having seril or somewhat thickened tops--all advanced forms indicating that Dhanabhuti erected the törana of the Bharhut stūpa some decades after Heliodoros set up the Garuda pillar at Vidišā. Some of these characteristics, again, such as invariably rounded ga, pa with the verticals nearly cqualised, and letters with upper verticals having thickened tops, indicate that Dhanabhuti's inscription is later in date than the inscriptions on the great railings at Sūñchi and Bharhut. - Now a comparison of the alphabet of the Bharhut förana inscription with that mostly employed in the inscriptions of the töraņas at Sāūchi shows that the toranas at Săſchi must be assigned to a later period than the tõrana of the Bharhut stūpa. All the tas (10 in number) of the Bharhut tõrana inscription, like the tas in the Besnagar pillar and Maurya inscriptions, have an angular lower part d), whereas 'the tas of the Sáñchi torana inscriptions have a - rounded lower part (2). The solitary chha (do) of the Bharhut tòrana inscription seems to be older in form than the chhas (ob) of the Sāñchi tõrana inscriptions. The use of the serif and the equalisation of the verticals are commoner in the latter than in the former. The Bharhut toraña inscription may be assigned to about the same time as the Besnagar Garuda pillar inscription of "the twelfth year after the installation of Mahārāja Bhagavata (dvādasa-vasābhsiite Bhāgavate maharaje.) ” In this record we come across both rounded and angular ga, ta with angular lower part, and some pas The Ind. Ani., Vol. XXXIII, App., pp. 32 and 39. * Journal B. P. R. A. S., Vol. XXII, p. 144; A. E. R. 1913-14, Part II, p. 100. This inscription isdiscussed and a facsimile of it published in Memoirs A. S. I., No. 6.

·DITES OF TjIf YOTIVE INSCRIPTIO\S OY THE ATC7A AT Sceni. 7 and us with the top of the rertical thickened Professor Bhandarkar nightly ijesti. fies this Maharaja Bhagarata, with Baigorata, the ninth king of the Suggs dff2317, trho reigned for 32 years according to tho l'urinng'. The twelfth rear after the installation of Bhagavata probably fell about 100 R C. So it appears resursusble to asign the Sjicht töranus to the first rather than to the Ancond century BC. Elsewhere (Ep. Ind., Vol. II, pp. 85-89) Bubler girs other reasons for asupn. ing the inscriptions or the töranas of Sinchi stöpa I to the first ball of the second century B.C. Whilc recognising that bis Kor. 83 and 201 of stops I (PI. VI, No. 2 and 4) "are in the later characters," ond hus No. 7 of siOra il (PI. IW, No. 2 "sbons the same characters as alloka's inscripinas." Doble identifies Seth Nagapiya of the Lattes inscription with Sith Sigapiya of ide two former records, and endeavours to explain away the difference in the cas. racters by stating,." Such a vacillation is easily explicable, if Nigapigs lire in the second century B.C." In all these three epigraphs Nagapisa u called " Accli. radle Sighi," and this has evidently lad Buhler to identifs the three komonymous donors. But in the inscription on the frestern galeras (PIVI, Yo ). the donor Nagapira is called Kterardyt, "of kurara," and in the inscription on (l.c castern gateway (Pl. VI., No. 4), he is called höraraso, "of Koran," meresa no such epithet is used with the name of Sash Nagapixa of the railing of spüps II ()'. IV, No. 9), though five other donors of the sanie failing tane amlar cpitheto attachel to their names (Bahler's Sos. 8.0. 28, 33 and 57) le puy therefore conclude that Sath Nagapiss of stapa II was very probably not a full of Kuror or Korra and not identical mith the Aebbival Stik Sigara whose name is engrased on two of the föranas of stap I. Another reason that has led Buller to Avign the inscriptions on the Sicht Baterrays to such an carly date is that in his opinion the characters of the #!? Rcription on the south gateway mberrin mio siri Ruslani na naam! (I'l. VI No. 1; Cunningham, No. 100) and those of the other inscription" are weite! identical with those of the Manighnt inscriptions." But a conilation clorur Plate VI. Nos. 1-4, mith the facsimiles of the Maniglåt inscriptiuas ( ... 1. I., Vol. V, MI. LI, Sos. 1-8) shows that this statement 136.11 leading. The characters of the Yanaghst inscriptiuns of the walot of time 11111 Anelàm king Siri Satakari and also of the Vatik inscription of kwa hata (Krishna) of the Sularalanakula (Senart. Ep. Ind. Vol. VIII, I PJ, I'L VOS 2) differ from those of the inscriptions on the fine'il gatawaniu IMU CAXI 18.1 features :-(1) latters with the so-callel mail or thick beadal rertical ent qu:. conspicuous by their al coco in theco reenals. (9) In place of ise with this intarialily round lower part of the Euricht guteway iskriptiras, *e Luse, tie thiesc carlient Indhra inscriptions, and in the run of Ling Siti S!!' fro!!! identifial mitls Siri Sitakani al Xingfast), 11• with outls angular leurs fuit. Il te fua characteristics count for anythisit wvull la mur num.celle bu ilentily Siri Sitahani ob thie Sicchi gitewas incription with Blaksi lt, 1!. ferli forty nillader . Pyeri invite telling the LILINI ·S DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE STUPAS AT ŞĀSCHÌ. sixth Andhra king of the Paurāņik list, whose long reign of 56 years may be assigned to the second and the third quarters of the first century B.C. The date of this Siri-Sātakani, and consequently that of the south gateway of stūpa I at Sāñchi, may also be approximated by working out the date of the Udayagiri (Hāthigumphā) inscription of Khārarēja in which a Satakani is also mentioned. Bhagavanlal Indraji. who has published what may be called the editio princeps of the Hāthigumplā inscription, read and interpreted a sentence in its 16th line to mean that the 13tlı year of Klāravēla's reign corresponds to the year 165 current and 164 expired of the time of the Maurya Kings. Bhagavanlal was inclined to believe that the era begins with the eighth year of Asoka, the year in which Asoka conquered Kalinga, and taking 263 B.C. as the vear of Asoka's accession, placed the accession of Khāravēla in 103 B.C. While accepting Bhagavanlal's reading and interpretation of the sentence, Bühler pushed back the initial year of the Maurya era to the rear of Chandragupta's accession. This theory held the field till Fleet questioned the reading and interpretation of Bhagavanlal and declared, herein followed by Lüders, that "there is no date in the inscription.”3 But recently Messrs. Jayaswal and R. D. Banerji have published a revised version of the Häthigumphã inscription with facsimiles and revived the theory of the Vaurya era. As the sentence has given rise to so much controversy I shall reproduce the different versions :- Bhagavanlal : Prāksit text.--Panaitariya sathi-vasa-satē rāja-Muriya-kālē vöchhinē cha choyatha agasatikutariyoan chrupādayati. Sanskrit.-Pañchottarashashthivarshaśatē Dauryarājyakālē vichchhinnē cha chatuḥsha-shthyagrasatakottarē chotpadayati. English.-—“(He) does (this) in the one hundred and sixty-fifth year of the time of Maurya kings after one hundred and sixty-four years had passed away." Fleet reads sacha for sathi and takes panatariyasacha in the sense of paínatt-ariyasachcha, Sanskrit prajñāptāryasatya, and referring to texts propounding some Jain ariyasachchūni, sublime truths, After rāja-lluriya-kālē Fleet reads and translates :-vochhine cha chöyatha a (or ? añ) gasatikatariya ch=upādayati. Vöchhinē (vyavachchhinnāni) chāyatham anga-sattik-aſtariyaṁ ch=uppādayati : "and he produces, causes to come forth (i.c., revives), the sixty-fourth chapter (or other division) of the collection of seven Angas.” Mr. R. D. Banerji practically follows Bhagavanlal in his reading and rendering of the sentence. He rejects Fleet's interpretation for two reasons : (1) " The original has agasutikuturiya and not agasatikaturiyam as supposed by Dr. Fleet The u mark is very distinct at the right lower extremity of ta. This mark is not so very distinct at the end of the vertical line of ka but the chisel mark is plain enough."" But in Pl. IV, attached to Mr. Jayaswal's article, the u i l'o-gitcr, The Purūņa Tecl the Dynaslies of the Kali Age, p. 71. ? cicles du Sizième congrès international des orientalisles, Ille, pp. 147, 177. * Sic Lüders' Liel, No. 1345. 4 The Journal of the Bihur and Orissa Research Sociely, Vol. III, pp. 425-605, Plates I, II and IV .. R. A. S., 10:0, pp. 826-27. J. B. O. R. S., Vol. II, pp. 492-93.

·DITES OF THE VOTIVT ITECRIMIOYX OX Tur tris T SCHI mark after 1 is not at all distinct, but looks more like a detail. I do, and the # mark of the lot of lumtim in line 14 is longer than the u mush ! Jr. Banerji's Luluriin. Tie ii Inark of In anul ta is not regneel logo Jr. Parazzi's colleague, Jr. Jagasani, aliorcade lauronun. (3) Flert object to l'anno santalix renlering of rellini An richehhuni fricichlinnivi) aid terror ng lire il as the Jain technical term richchhinne-- rymmchehkundni applical to the main texts which have been "cut off, interrupted," of, in other terms, herh lire licen neglected anel lont right of. Jr. Blinetji vrnitex,' The stond milchhuni treil not lie taken in that technical sense in hluch it is lisel m malem Jain litrrs. ture" and thint nu rijalluriyn-Laili "ahors that a date has luren copie niet the sanc ime, "the only jms.ble translation of the trond (nälchkinud): "I. pircil," n nicaning er vel necaudanly from its pairy menu "out" (p. 302) Thic correct Sunshrit remlering of the l'rint nicklu (nich. chhinna) is dynamichchhinna, thic dictionary meaning of which are, "(1) cut o.9, rent Agunler, ton oft; (?) reparatel, endlel. (3) guirticuloril. Apreifal. (61 niarkel, distinguislıcıl; (5) interrupted. (Apte)" In a Jain true, itir Kolgrilm of Bhadrabahu', the wond is thus used:- (1) Näyne pijjalandhand nichchhınnc (Jinachantra, 197) Sindrit omnir. tary :- Jintay tri Jaltrirarishayi prinninndhanam tyraclickboneri. " Lomnirs cut asunder the tic of friendship which he hail for the M16.11 of il-Jilin clan' (2) l'échchhinm-dihali (Jonacharitra, 05) "pregnan! Motilan limme mere lave been fulfilled." (3) deasesa ganahard rimichchhi richchhandi (Silincinimli, 2) * Thir fr.: of the Ganadhoras died leaving no deoreniiants." Sach examples of the use of richchhinna as tl.ee do not martint us 11: Lolors thint ewchhina (ryawachchhinna) may also be used in the newer of a yearlvira ess! In Indinn epigraphic records gata or nila is used to denete the expuse rest. I ryarchchhinna is nowhere elec used in this sense. In the ratly Mislinji Asal Klipilis inscriptions of Northern India the date is expireerd loy namalsari ci onlargasi or briefly by som or #, and in the Brahmi vrsniptions of poron Amil Soros India by case, mrshe, sammachchhard or its variants, lut seseo lit ang irerelle rdjo-Aluriya-ldls. The mention again of both the exprimi arr! Ir current gran c! the same cra side by side in both unique and properllunud. Irrently in are !!!.. difficults and to provide the verb upidayah (uipacid redi) mith Arnljoe, J Jarzen ,1 propones to read and transistr the intend part o! the wrong!'! -, child-yili Argin Ii loriarium uji!!.: "The care(lontari, landara), osur poles, called thrarlan (sit. c1•).!! But Plate IV attached to dls. Jasareal: Amreli treys 112: tha Fra? ; chle-yathi (or cheyatig is imposible. Astrian's the rest .11 an, in a fri krit inscription the largest of which is » taroch al:n to l'ali. Primer phonetically imposible, and the mark on the l!! !!! : a)': Jatana, Plate cannot be mistaken for the upy: 4. T.- tv! » As.. risible in the facsimile, in Buggrar! And N1???fulminir.169:!.98 Als u Lije. Ir (Ahmet du finde des modelit tell! In 112 ·1 10 DATES OF THE TOTIVE INSCPIFTIONS ON THE STOP.AS AT SĂ Schl. The reading of the first part of the sentence is even more uncertain. The word between panalariya' and raja-Muriya-kâle is enigmatical. In the facsimile the letter after sa looks rather like che of chi and the next letter is evidently, ta and not va, for the lower part of it consists of a semi-circle opening below instead of a circle. The three letters that follow to looks like satato. But what ever may be the correct reading or meaning of sachi (cha) la sa ta 10, no date can be denoted by this group of letters. Mr. V. A. Smith works out the date of Khāravēla in & difierent way. In line 6 of the Hāthigumphā inscription occurs this sentence. Panchamē cha dāni vasē Nam)da-tāja-tivasasala-õlghā ?)țitam Tanasuliyavāļā panādin nagarar pavēsa... Dr. Lüders translates this sentence thus :-“Iu the fifth year he had an aqueduct (panādi) that had not been used for 103 years since king (rajan) Namda (or since the Namda Kings ?) conducted into the city.” Mr. V. A. Smith writes, “If we assume 322 B.C. as the end of the Nanda dynasty, the fifth year of Khāravēla would be 103 years later, namely 219 B.C., and his accession should be placed about 223 B.C.". But the side difference in form between the alphabet of the edicts of Asoka on the one hand and that of the Hathigumphā inscription on the other, already noted by Bhagavanlal, renders this estimate of Kbāra ēla's date quite untenable. The most notable characteristics of the Häthigumphā alphabet are :-(1) A considerable number of letters with thick-headed vertical or serif; (2) ka with the lower part of the vertical prolonged ; (3) invariably rounded ga; (4) chha of the butterfly type with two loops ; (5) tas having in most cases rounded lower part. These characteristics that the Hāthigumphā inscription shares, to a considerable extent, with the inscriptions on the Säñchi gateways, indicate that this epigraph is later in date not only than Asoka's edicts and the Besnagar Garuda pillar inscriptions, but also later than the Bharhut tõrana inscription, and the Nīnāghāt inscriptions of the time of the Andhra King Siri Satakaại I. Therefore Sātakaņi mentioned in the Häthi- Since the above was in type Nr. Jayaswal has published in J. B. O. R. S., Vol. IV, Part IV, a second article entitled Hathigumphā Inscription revised from the Rock (pp. 304-403), wherein, in place of thathbhe palighapayali [] Pan-amariya-sūļhi-vasa-sale Rāja- Afuriya-Kale rachhinecha chheyathi Argasi li kamlariyam upadiyali in line 10, he. now proposes to read, thanibhe paliſhāpayali ( , ) pānalariya sala-sahasehi [ , ) Auriya Kalam tochhinarii (neth ?) cha choyalhi-agasalikamlariyari upūdāyali [ 1 ] [p. 402). (a) The substitution of sala-rahaschi for sathi-rase-sale. Räja sheria that the old reading is very doubtful. But it is also difficult to accept Dr. Joyaswal's new reading, particularly he instead of raja, as against th essions published by himself with his first article and against the reading of B vanlal and Mr. R. DA of whom cxamined the rock. The elimination of the term raja rend, of this soli Duriya-Käla as a royal era still more difficult. () Mr. Jayagwa expression Muriya:Käla is also open to objection. He translates it, " He J[uriyat and being of an interval of sixty-four with a century hhine even more far-fetched than expirod.' The particle cha It tor g the substantive Muriya kalari. Even if we ppears ting a date. Still more unusual is the state. nt achi is how dir. Jayastal takes it to be by treat. Bfr. Jayastal proposes to derivo upidāyali of upadayati as 'completes ' is also very signi otes the Muriya time (era)”, Khāravela Che as Cheta princes are mentioned in the uld complete the era of another line. 4 9 0 to upū ay, di 3 ·DITES OF THE VOTITE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE Crisstatecul. gumpha inscription, without taking bevel of whom Khirarile scat a large army to the rest in the second year of his reign, should also be identical mid Gla. karpi II whose reign may be tentatively dated between BC. 13-20. The rise of Satakarpi II and Khararela probably synchronised with the fall of the Sutra dynasty and the consequent neakening of the power of Haguda. Silalards II evidently claimed some sort of suzeraints over the states that lar to the west of Kalinga and consequently Khårnvöla's expeditions to the mest uoliel defiance of the Andhra pomer. Khararela probably never agam did no after the econd year of his reign. His later expeditions mere lal to the north. In the cighth year Kharavela raided Magadha and compelled the king of Rijagaba (Raja grita) to retire to Mathuri. In the twelfth year he ngain miradel slagsdha animado tbe Jagadba king bom at kis leet, One grave objection to this calculation of the date of Kharasila lised on palmographic considerations is ti•enisa-sata in the clause Saudanlyn literasaka o.fitam., Bhagaranlal reads it as timsa-salai and Mr. Jayaswal as to-rosa-tals(7) and evidently Dr. Lüders also does tlie some and translates it as "107 yeare' Stems salu (hundred) and sahara (1,000) inhe plural suffixes in the elicts of Aboka as well as in the IIathigumphi inscnption when denoting plurality of lundada of thousands. In the Rock Exlict I ne lave mahuna sinasalasihasini, "many hundred thousand animals;" in the Ruck Erlict IV, mkm null, "muany hundrels of years." Hatbigumpha inscription : L 4. panaliedhi salamahaschi, "by 3,500,000." L. 7. andlini salasaharini, "niany hundreds of thousands," L. 10. afhalisa salamahaschi, "by 3,800,000." II the reading is li-rasa-molant, it luist lenete 103 and not 200. But, as the facsimile shows, there is no ansvarar right citler alene or liviele tbr final la uf lirasamia. The absence of ribhialti (suffis) nfter limmalla is due w the fact that it fomis part of a conipound worl, aidanim-linisialus» (hati) fitoso qualse fying panddon (aqualuet). An objetion that may lie tule to much a construir tion is that timsala nikl oghelftast att sit cubinal anunling to the rule of Saudi. But this is not the only inet.nee in shield the writer of this cpipragola has ignoral the rules of Sulli in niting a countri nend. In the first linc nc have chaluminlala-fkoma-ajat Yillim) Ilutpat.ual aml Jayasual renul gunojngalines. But in the facuimiie the letter after lemods mure like put than mo, and the two letters after an art wm nmd om getips. bere fas an u have not been anbinaal Tio non-clieius of as of great alul duit mty lx lue to the fact tl.15 in both cum* it i« follow alloy worlu lagiming with a vowel. Tirasasols as a furt of the communi nuty metu citler 300 or 10 years. If we take it in the six of "the fedle TruļKWENI desting. " mule luy hir Mahla 30 nes belum," the historital cualeur email henint ngnya mell with the innlatanus of paslaugraphy. Mr. llineji pija* bu klentily flix Samlarsja with Saixlivanlkins, llic ninth ding of the districte dytuly. There is mihing in the Putim, nur wily Nirent of information for Kasulivanllim, in alter that lip eitt bal muything to do with Kling. On the cuntry mince Jistinctly inkl in the furiems that when 44 900 year, ·300 years 12 DATES OF TILE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIOXS OS TILE STOP.ls .17 8. Sen. of the Siśunāga dynasty and their predecessors were reigning in lngadha, 32 Kalingas, that is to say, 32 kings, reigned in Kalinga in succession synchronously. It is not Nandirardhana but Mahīpadma Nanda, son of Nandirardhana's son Mahanandin hy a sídra woman, who is said to have brought "all under his sole sway and uprooted all Kshatriyas” or the old reigning families. So re should identify Nandnrāja of the Hathigumphū inscription who held possession of Kalinga either with the all-conquering Mahūpadma Nanda or one of his sons. According to the Purīņas Mahāpnclma Nanda lived or reigned for 88 years and his 8 sons in all reigned 12 years. A total reign of 12 years for ciglit sons indicates confusion, So it appears more reasonable to identify the Nandarāja of the Hāthigumplü inscription with Valūpadma Nanda than with any of his sons. The last Nanda was overthrown by Chandragupta the Daurya in nbout 321 B.C. Assuming that Dalīpacima Nanda reigned for 50 years--not an inordinately long period for a monarch who reduced all the ancient kingdoms of Northern India to subjection, --ire have 321+12+50=383 B.C. as the year of his accession ; and, further, assuming that the author of the Hāthigumphũ inscription, in putting down as the interval between Nanda's rule in Knliriga and the fifth year of Khāra vēla has inscd a rouud number, we may put down the accession of Klāravīla to about 70 B.C. and that of Satakarņi II a few years earlier. A similar conclusion regarding the date of the Sāñchi lörrina inscriptions may also be arrived at by working backward from the alphabet of the Sāñchi image inscription of the year 28 of Shāhi-Vāsishka (Ep. Ind., Vol. II, p. 389 and Plnte; A. S. R., 1910-11, Pt. II, p. 42), and inscriptions of the time of Kanishka and of the great satrap Śūçāsa. All records of the time of Vāsishka and other Kushan kings are evidently dated in the cra of Kanishka. There is a great divergence of opinion among scholars regardling the initial year of this cra. Most authorities tentatively put it down at 78 A.D. But according to Fleet, "Kanishka certainly founded the Mālava-Vikrama cra, cominencing B.C. 58," while Sir John Marshall places the accession of Kanishka in about 125 A.D.: If the question of the age of Kanishka, like that of Klāravēla, aclmits of such wide differences of opinion fluctuating within a range of about two centuries, intlications of palæography must be considered valueless for settling chronological problems. Palæography will not enable one to discriminate between sueli narrow limits as 78 and 125 A.D., but it certainly proves that lilcet's view is based on uli erroneous arrangement of the order and clates of the different varieties of thic Brāhmi alphabct. A comparison of the alphabet of the Ruslan inscriptions (Pl. VI, Nos. 7 and 8) on the one hand, and that of the Mora and the Mathurā inscriptions of the time of sūrlīsa (Pl. VI, Nos. 5 and 6) on the other, with the alphabet of the Girnar inscription of Ruclradāman of A.D. 150," indicates that Sūdāsa's inscriptions' must be assigned to an carlier age than the inscriptions of Kanishka. 1 Pargiter's Prriņu i'rrle, p. 619. ? A Quillc to Tazilu, Chloutta, 1918, p. 22. * Ep. Inil., Vol. VIII, l'inte. liye copion only of the Muthurn (Sivil Muunil) stono-slub, inscription of the timo of Suamin dah i kshalrapa SŪTAIL are now avuilublu. Tho whorenhout of the stonu in tiot kuwa. los reforonco 300 Ludor's List, 82.

·DITES or THE TOTITE INSCRITOS OS TE STCP IT IS! 13 - 1. The base-line of no is straight (L) is the insonp}$ of the fune Sodast as in decidedly earlier incriptions. In the inscriptions of h3:48 1'a..... Iurishkn and Vispdero (Ep. Ind., Vol. 1, Jatbur Inscriptions, it I'lates, cie) As well as in the Gimnar inscription of Rudrasliman (Eg lurt.. lol. VIII, I've facing p. 44) e come across a new type of no with currat baseline (2) .. The ya of the inscriptions of the time of Godisa differs from the gens vi the oldest Brahmi inscriptions in having aqualised verticals. But in the trackigt tions of Kanishka and his successors, in the Gimar inscriptions of Ruimadandiis and in the carly Gupta inscriptions, the yn has a book or a circle on the left limb (Lau) and an angular right tub. Su the Slathur) inscription of Sulla should be assigned to a date carlier than the beguning of the era of Kamila Sir John Marshall places the reign of Essliss between A.D. 10 and Fiect, .on the contrary, places the datal Bralinil tusriptunt of the leto Scytkinn periai in tác folloring orler,linuhta, (axuda), Alariskt, Glic And l'Asudeva.' flis reasons for doing so mly be endered from the fulluni! extract from his contribution to the lacusciou on the date of hanushi "The fact is, palaoginphic inquines orc a rather complicatol busipa Tlry require not only a knowledge and recent tlic publislıcal fulles, but al.o a ringe scrutiny of the reconls tlacnisclues. In the disculticy attenling them, and the ncccssity of not accepting appurent results to quickly, arc wel sustraiei lyg the point that Mr. R. D. Banerji, ulio went into this launch of vur study subseulent docpis, could not account for thic diariaurà uisription of the year 1, cartjie by referring its datc citler to n Maurya cra nich nesrr caustal, as else to the Sciucidan cra, which was tener uxl in India, or clar tus sime other or nur specified log him) Leginning in the third or fourth century B.C. But I must not be understood as desging the value of Nc. Bruerzi: mquirirs: while there are various points in which are cunnut at all accepit Ius sesults, le bas dune mine very urful work in this line; crially in bringing unt tlic paint flint thio Jais Brüks inscriptions of the Killac facriot, as cultural with the Wildbist and Bmhmanical fuscriptions, alone decially advancni furmue, which sem due, as suggested by him, to the mercantile habits of the Jains, creating a tendency to abunday asrlisic freut sul writing and adopt a more cursive style." The inductime cruinnlet in any present paper are nel not on the "probe lished tables." fint on "memutiny of the treonds thebelves," and the accompanying places are interlal t licip students to draw tbeir own conciuions for lollowing the knie uctie. The complicated character of polzographic inquiries is due to the fact that in inqriplávna on metal or stone ensured log the land est la re are likely to meet mith lath regulse wiringuinental and intular forma of clifferent letters, and anseong the impulsr letter forms somr may appmırh thir more nrchaic trx aml other the current Advancel furtas used in the transitiinna of every dar lilc. Walker traites "la arron pulmographic mothe the epigraphic afpilinbets and mintir more arrhvia then Owe Tarih 1. Ath. Ya XXXn, ne, wat Xurry 3 !A. S. 1912 nix ·14 DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE STÚPAS ATS...scil. those used in daily life, as the very natural desire to employ monumental forms prevents the adoption of modern letters, and as, in the case of coins, the imitation of older specimens not rarely makes the alphabet retrograde.” In palæo. graphic inquiry, therefore, the most difficult part is the selection not only of the test letters, but of the test forms,--the regular contemporary monumental forms, For ascertniuing the relative chronological position of the Sāñchi gateway inscriptions, inscriptions of the time of the Saka satraps, and the Kushan inscriptions, I have chosen two test letters, na and ya. The peculiarly Kushan forms of such letters,-na with a curved base-line and ya with a hook or a circle on the left limb and an angular or nearly angular right limbare met with not only in the Aathura Jaina inscriptions of the time of Kanishka and his successors, but also in the Buddhist and Brahmanic inscriptions of the time of Kanishka and Väsíshka, such as the British Museum stone inscription of the 10th year of Kanishka (En. Ind., Vol. IX, p. 240 and Pl.), Saheth Maheth image inscription of the year 19 of the reign of Kanishka (Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, p. 181 and Pl.), and the Isãpur sacrificial post inscription of the year 24 (A. S. R., 1910-11, Pt. II, P. 41, and Pl. XXIV), and Sāñchi inscription of the year 28 of the reign of Väsishka. In the Sarnath inscription of the year 3 of Kanishka also all the yas and some of the nas are of the regular Kushan monumental types (Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, p. 176 and Plate). Judged by these tests the Mathura inscription of the year 299 (Ind. Ant., Vol. XXXVII, p. 33, Pl. III) baring as with curved base-live but was of the pre-Kushau .type may be assigned to the time of some predecessor of Kanishka who was called Mahārāja and rājālitāja but not dēvapulra like Kanishka and his successors. May this mahārāja rājālirāja be Kadplises II, who, as his coin legends show, had assumed these titles ? As the forms of na and ya show that the Brāhmi inscriptions of the time of Süçlīsa arc earlier than the inscriptions of the time of Kanishka, other test forms, such as the angular forms of gha, pa, ma, va, la, and ha, and broadened form of bha, met with in both these classes of epigraphs, but not in the records of the Maurya and Sunga periods, as well as in the inscriptions on the Sanchi tūrunus, indicate that the latter (the Sāñchi lorana inscriptions) are considerably older than the inscriptions of the time of Södāsa. To sum up, the Brāhmi inscriptions from the third century B.C. to the second century A.D., may lie chronologically arranged in the followivg order :- 1, Edicts of Asoka. 2. Nágūrjuni Hill cave inscriptions of · Asoka's grandson Dasaratha. 3. Beshagar Garuda pillar inscriptions. 4. (a) Inscriptions on the railings of Stūpa I at Siñchi. (6) inscriptions on the railings of Stipa II at Sãñchi. (c) Bharhut railing inscriptions. (d) Inscriptions on the remnants of the old Bodh-Gayū railing. 5. (a) Beanugar Geruda pillar inscription of the year 12 after the installation of mahirūju Bhagavatil. 1 In·licin Plo.grap.phy, p. 30 (dec. 14).

·DATES OF TUE TOTIVZ 183CRIPTIOXS ON THE OPAL AT ICCKT. (6) Inscription of Niyaniki, widor of the Andhra liog Silalaqil in the Nánågbåt care. (c) Bharhut fórang (gateway) inscription. 8. Hathigumphi inscription of Khirtela, Ling of Kalinga 7. Sinchi torana inscriptions 8. Inscriptions of the time of Sülds. 8. Inscriptions of the time of Kanushka. The conclusions arrived at above as to the relative ages of these carly monuments rould perhaps carry conviction enough if they were based on considerations of palæograply alone; but when tre find that they are borne out by another and tholly independent line of evulence, then the conviction of their correctness beconies almuost a certainty. It was Sir Johs Blanball who first essayed : serious critical nnalysis of the sculptures canval upon these monu. ments, and used their style and technique as criteria to determine their date. Sir John Marshall's results irere embodied in an essay entitled "A Fletch of Indian Antiquities" destined for the forthcoming Camundye ilsstory of India, Vol. I, which was in proof in 1014 but the publication of which has been posto poped by the war. From the primitive image of Parhlian (now in the Mathura Buscum) and the " memory reliels of Bharhut the author traces tho hustory of early Indian art step by step through the first four centuries of iu erolution. Tlo sculptures on the railing of the Bharhut släpa he assigna to the middle of the second century B.C., and those on the gatesray to later dale; the original sculptures on the ground rail of ErQpa Il at Sakhi to about the same time; the railing of Bodh Gaså to the carlier scars of the first century B.C.; the sculptures in tho Jaichapuri Carc at lidayagiri, in the upper storey of which the inscription of Kháravela's queen is incised, to a date considerabily prontering to the sculptures of Bharhut; tho reliefs on the four gateways of Sivchi to the latter hall of the first century B.C.; and the sculptures of the tinie of the Saka Satraps of Blatburå to about the beginning of, or a little before, t.e Chris. tian era. It is very gratifying to note that these conclusions of Sir John Marshall, who initiated the present inquiry and unpressed upon the author the necessity of working out the dates of the ancient monuments of India from palangraphic indications afresh and without preconceired Dotions in the light of otherrise dateable documents that have become known since Bahler wrote his Indian Palcography are in substantial agreement with those at forth in this demoir. It is to be hoped that the use of the style and technique of xalplures as criteria for determining the dates of the Indian monuments of the Latet perinde will yield u good results and help us to place Jodisa monumental distory of firmer basis.

·16 DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON TIE STUTAS AT BÅSCH). APPENDIX. PLATE I. Nāgārjuni Hill Cave Inscriptions of Daśoratha. (Bühler, Ind, ant., Vol. XX. 189), pp. 364-305.) 1. 1. Vahiak [a] Kubhū Daslialathena' devānampiyona 2. anamtaliyam abhishitēnī (Ajivikēhi). 3. bhadantēhi vāsha nishidiyūyē nishithë 4. a-chamdama-shūliyan 11. 1. Gõpikī Kubhā Dashalathēna dēva (na) mpi- 2. yēnā anantnliyain abhishitēnī Aji- 3. vikë (hi bhadam] tēhi vishn ni (sli] diviya 4. nisithā a-chandama-shūliyam III. 1. Vadathika Kubhā Dashnlathènā dēvánari 2. piyēnā inamtaliyai abhishitēnā 3. [Ajivi] kēhi bhadartēbi va (sha-ni] shidiyayi 4. nishithā a-chamdama-shūliyai PLATE II. Besnagar Pillar Inscription of Heliodoros. (For the latest version sec Rapson's Ancient India, Cambridge, 1914, p. 157.) I. 1. Dēvadēvasa Vā [sudē] vasa Garufladbajē ayar 2. Kāritē i[a] Hēliðdörēņa bhāga- 3. vatēna Diyasa putrīņa Takhkhasilākēna? 4. Yöna-dutēna ägatēna mahārājasa 5. Antalikitasa upă[m]tā sakūsam raño 6. Kāsiput[r]asa Bhāgabhadrasa trūtīrasa 7. Vasēna (chatu] dasēruna rūjēna vadhamanasa PLATE III. Typical Inscriptions from the ground railing of Stūpa I at Sañchi. No. 1. (Bühler, Ep. Ind., Vol. II, p. 104, No. 66.) L. 1. Děvagirino pachanékayikasa L. 2. bhichuno sa atēvāsika sa Khaņu · The double consonant, khkha, is remarkable. In literacy Prakritz on aspirato is doubled by profixing the non-aspirated sound : as kkh.

·DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE STOPA AT IRCH!. 11 (Ibid, p. No 2. 376, No. 184.) sya-Dhanakosa bhichibuno dinam No. 3. (ibid, p. 104, No. 60.) Ujeniyê Agisimaye danam No. 4. (Ibid, p. 99, No. 18.) Arahagutasa Sistdaknsa bhichhund danach No. 5 (Ibid, p. 385. No. 200.) therasa aya-Nagasa bhichhund Ujenakast dinam No. 6. (Ibid. p. 113, No. 31.) L. 1. ginianērasa Abéya. 1. 2. krsa sethind danam Mr. 7. [Ibid, p. 98, No. 10.) Athasa kutimikasa danath No. 8.. (Ibid, p. 100, No. 112.) L. l. Yakhilasa bhichbuno apa-Divagirind nie. L. 2. väsino danarit No. 0. (Ibid, p. 103, No. 83.) Nadigutasa din bhiichhuno Yo, (ibid, p. 105, No. 159.) Joulakası bhichbunu dapati No. 11. (Ibid, p. 378, No. 508.) Aya Vētasa blíchhund dicam lọ, 12 (Ibid, p. 109, No. 103.) Pusaye bhicllanisë Nailingparikayê dinaris ·18 DATES OF THE VOTIVE. IXSCRIPTIONS ON THE STŪPAS ATSAKCHI. PLATE IV. Typical Inscriptions from the Railings of Stūpa II at Sāñchí. No. 1, (Ibid, p. 112, No. 13.) Agilasa dānaſ Adhapõrikasa No. 2 (Ibid, p. 111, No. 7.) L. 1. N[a]gapiyasa Achhā[v]. L. 2. sa sethisa dāna No. 3. (Ibid, p. 397, No. 27.) L. 1. Balakasa ayasa Araliagutasa Sāsā- L. 2. dakasa atēvasino dānam No. 4. (Ibid, p. 398, No. 39.) L. I. Sagbarakhitasa bhichhuno dānam Kórara- L. 2. sa No. 5. (Ibid, p. 398, No. 36.) Arahakasa bhichhunö bhānakasa dānam No. 6. (Ibid, p. 112, No. 14.) Yasögirino dānam bhichhuno No. 7. (Ibid, p. 111, No. 4.) Isila sa bhikluno dānam No. 8. (Ibid, p. lll, No. 10.) Vāgapälitaya dāna thabho No. 9. (Ibid, p. 400, No. 53.) L. 1. Nadinagarā .L. 2. Asad[e]vaya bhikhuya dara ·DATES OF TIE FOTIT E INSCRIPTIOX3 ON TUE sTOr is it stcu. 19 No. 10. (Ibid, p. 398, No. 38.) Nagarakhitaga bhichhuno Pokhaceyakasa dinarii PLATE V. Typical Inscriptions from the Railing of Blarhut No. 1. (Hultzsch, Ind. Ant., Vol. XXII, pp. 237-242, No 122) sya-Apikivakasa dinarit No. 2. (Ibid, No. 25.) aya-Gorakhitasa thabho dánari No. 3. (Ibid, No. 111.) Avisanaga dānarit No. 4. (Ibid, No. 81.) L, 1. Joragiritha Nügilayā bhikhuniya dinâm thabbo L. 2. Bhagavató Vipasino bodki No. 5. (Ibid, No. 85.) *L. 1. Vēdisi Anurādhiya dinam L. 2. Chhadaratiya jätakam No. 6. (Ibid, No. 07.) L. J. Mabarasa niterăsind aya-Sima- 1.2. kasa thabho danam No. 7. (Ibid, No. 133.) Jēthabhadrasa dånam No. 8. (Ibid, No. 30.) Bhagavató Kondgamēnasa bodhi No. D. (Ibid, No. 133) Badhara kbitasa rupakärakasa danam ·20 DATES OF TUE TOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE STUIAS AT SÄRCHI. No. 10. (Ibid. No. 00.) L.. 1. Erapato Nñgarāja L. 2. Bhagavató vadată No. 11 (Ibid, No. 69.) bhadata-Mohiiasa thabhi divnem No. 12. (Ibid, No. 27.) L. 1. Dabhinikaya Mahnmukhisn dhitu Badhika- L. 2. ya bhichhuniya dînari No. 13. (Ibid, No. 98.) Bhagavató ükranti No. 14. (Ibid, No. 45.) aya-Isadinasa bbanakasa dūnam No. 15. (ibid, No. 10.) Karabakața-nigamasa No. 10. (Ibil, No. 38) Jētavana Anadhapēdiko dēti kötisamthatēna kētā No. 17. (ibid, No. 84.) Bhagavató Kakusadhasa bodhi No. 18. (Cunningham, Stupa of Bharhut, p. 141, No. 46. Agirakhitasa Bhūjakatakasa suchi dānati No. 19. (Hultzsch, Ind. Ant., Vol. XXII, pp. 227-242, No. 101.) Kākandiya Somāya bhichhuniya dånani ·LITES OF E VOTIVE 1X&CRIPTIQXS QX TEE ST PAS at riscal. 1 No. 20. (Ibid, No. 1.) Bharhut Torana Inscription. L. 1. Swanalit raje rano Gigiputaxa l'isadevast L. 2. puntēna Coti-putas Agaraju a putēna L. 3. Vachiputēna Dhanabhțitini küritan toranam I.. 4. sils-kathmatnio chin upar na No. 21. Sanclii Stupa 1, Western Cate. (Buhler. E. I., Yol II, p. 100, No. 88 aya-Chudasa atòrisino Balamitrasa dina thabbo No. 22. Sanchi Stupa I, South Gate. (Ibid, p. 378, No. 200.) Vedisakehi derit.skärēhi rupakarinnara katarit PLATT. VI. No, I. Sinchi 3tūgrad 1, South Gate, (Lider's List, No 316.) LI. råfo siri-Satakanisa 1. 2. Avēsınisa Vasithiputras L. 3. Anardana danar No. 2 Sanchi Stoje I, West Gate. (Bahler, Ep. Inil., Vol. II, p. 378, No. 21.) Kuraràys Nagapiyasa Achliavado ketbisa putasi cha Saphosa (dinsin) ibabzo Ll. .. Plo, 3. Sinchi Stups I, North Gate. ...kapalakarisa vemalapadi (f)....... ...riga kirakaas cha gati-gachhiya yo ito L 2. Ho. 4. Sarichi Stops ], East Ogie. (Ep. fot. Yob II, p 106, No. 83.) Korstasa Nagapiyass Achhivade sethiss Jass thsbho ·22 DATES OF THE VOTIVE INSCRIPTIONS ON TUE STŪP.1S. AT SÅscui No. o. Mörā stone-slab inscription. (Vogel's Calclogue of the Archeological Museum at Mathura, p. 184.1 L. 1. Mala[kslia]t(rapasa Rūjūvulasa putra)... L. 2. Bhagavatā Vțiish)ņe(na paricha Vīrūnării pratimă śailatſivagra). L. 3. yastoslayī ś(ai)le (śrimadgrahamatula muda-dhasa).... L. 4. archā daśau śailani pachajvala(ta iva parama vapusha).... No. 6. Dlathurā (Kankāli Tilī, now Lucknow Provincial Museum.) Inscription of the time of Sūdāsa of the year 12. (Bühler, Ep. Ind., Vol. II, p. 109 ; Ep. Ind. Vol. IV, p. 55.) L. I. najua arahato Vardhamānasa L. 2. sv[ū]misa mahakshattrapasa sodāsasa savatsarë 70 2 hēmanitamūsē 2 divasē 9 Haritiputrasa Pūlasa bhayāyī samasīvikäyē L. 3. Kochliyê Amohiniyē saha putrēhi Palaghoslēna Pothaghoshēna Dhanaghoshēna Ayavati pratitbipiti prāya-[bhal- L. 4. Ayavati arahatapujūvē No. 7. Mathurā (Kankāli Tilā, now Lucknow Provincial Museum) Jaina image inscription of the time of Kanishka of sai 5 (Lüders, Ind. Ant., Vol. XXXIII, p. 35/.) AL. I. Dīvaputrasya Ka[niļslikasya sa[11] 5 ho i di i ētasya pūrvv[@]yam Kottiyāto gaņāto Balmadīsikāto [ku)- L. 2. lātā[U]chēnāgarito śākhűtő Sēthiſniha)..sya śiśślini Sēnasya sadhachari Khudīyē nirva[r]ta[nū] B. L. 1. Pālasya dhita, ............... L. 2. Vādbamanasya prati[mā).. No. 8. Matburã (Karkali Tilā, now Mathurā Museum) Jaina image inscription of the time of Kaņisbka of sam 7. (Bühler, Ep. Ind., Vol. I, p. 391.) L. 1. (siddham l] mahūrājasya rūjūtirājasya dévaputrasya shāhi-Kaņishkasya sai 7 hê 1 di 105 ētasya pūrvvāyām Aryyodēhikiyātū L. 2. gaņāto Aryya-Nāgabhutikiyāto kulāto gaņisya Aryya-Buddhaśirisya śislyó vāchako Aryya-Sa[ndhi]kasya bhagini Aryya-Jayā, Aryya Göshtha...

·Memoirs of the Archæological Survoy of India, No. l.
ERRATA.
1
Page 7, Jipe 10,for be read the
» liucs 3-1 from lottovi,- for ("These sales and the mailing are ontruded to
the care of thic artiains of the fire citie)", read "(Tue 1tr
and the railing are) entrustel to the mare of the artizins of the
fire cities",
7, line 1,--for sas road sa g.
10, Note 1, liue 3,—for cachhinecho read rocihinecha.
-for Lanlariyam nud karitariyath
5.--for choyathi read choyathi.
7,- for he read Ai.
2 from bottom. --for (No.0) read (No. 017)
12, last line, --for Somsa road Soraina
11, line 11,- for Saheth Dinheth rrad Saheth Jinlich.
35
3
It
BS
11
3
>
9
19
1
من 19. المنال A ي ا گری[ .۵

·No text on this page.

·NAGARJUN FIILL CATE IN YOXS or DataLYRL
Ortovo 26113
HR 6+
MO 1
102

·No text on this page.

·Tincu Incron na motocro Martins o Pre
BERFL Diet
No. 1,
ELLA
No. 8.
540
No. 7,
TAXI
No.
AUTEUR 225

·LLRGS OF STUPA II AT SANCHI.
No. 2,
UN EFL:
No. 6.
NO. 9.

·Tcal I***:77721 net 1.
CTEtusi AJ TIEAVOAEL
NO 1.
Triurets1
ви 100 ДЕЯ8
bEXU&lt
HOME
No 5.
QUITKE ALFILLED
DIULIA
No o.
wgh
No 10
1485 به م ::للا
Anottt
10
NO 13.
ChotoLDO
xafhentet cted
8 19
No. 17
& SU FIAT FOR
Xa 511CH STOPA I SOSTH Qarr
ESITTEL
e 21 Seyc21. SEPT**is dit