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·PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
IRRIGATION IN INDIA
REVIEW
for
1917-1918
SIJILA:
PRLSTED AT THE GOYCRNUCIT HONOTYPE PD.ESS.
1919.

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·CONTENTS. . . 12_29 Laats. Frontispiece.-Burdeoye view, Uppor Swat Canal. PART I.--OPERATIONS DURING 1917-18:- CELAPTER L-Introductory 1-6 Diagram showing Financial Rosults of Productivo Irrigation Works (to face rage) 4 CHAPTER II.--Results of irrigation operations during 1917-18 -10 PART IL-PROGRESS OF IBRIQATION IN THE VARIOUS PROVINCES AND ADMINISTI ATIONS: CHAPTER IILadras 11-10 Skotch map of canals in Madras. 10 Places Dowlaishweram Anicut, Eastern Godavari System (facing) 11 Dowl.shin erat Lock, Godavari Delta System (fucing) 12 Enging House, Dışı Island Pumping System (facing) 15 CHAPTEI IV.--Bombay:-- Skotcb map of Canals, Deccan and Gujarat 16 (1) Deccan and Cujarat 17-23 Plates - Wasto scr, Lako Fifo, Jotha Canal (facing) 17 Nandur Jladhmeshwar Weir, Godavarı Canals (facing) 18 (11) Sind, 20-23 Sbctcli map of Canals, Sind 20 Pules -- Under bluces, Jamrao Canal (facing) 22 CHATEG V.-Dengal 21-31 Sketch map of Canals, Dangal 21 Plales — Dredger " Foyers" at work in the Mansur Ebil Houts (fcing) 20 CHALTER VI - Unito l'rovinces 31-42 Shetch map of (inal, Unteel I'rosincet 32 Palcs- Solini Aqueduct, Urrrr Cangre Canal (facing) 33 Under places and head tugulstor, Louer Ganges Conilincing) 34 Corneli, Dhulsan Wait (facing) 37 t'nurr prices, l'ermintat llcadwork, Ging Canal (ring) OMTD . * ·ü . PAGES CHAFTLE 111.Punjab 43-51 Eketch map of Canal, Punjab 42 Plales -- Nandina Trifurcation Regulator, Lotter Chenab Csozl(Jacing) 45 Suketar level crossing, Upper Jhelum Canal (facing) Typical views of a Colony tract, before and alter irngation (facing) CHAPTER VII.-Burma 6-57 Sketch map of Canals, Upper Burma 59 Plates Ucad eluice, Mandalay Canal (facing), Sketch mapot Navigatron Canals and Embank ments, Lower Burma 56 CWATTER IX.-Biharand Orissa 560. Sketch map of Canals, Bihar and Orissa 38 Plates - Head sluice, Tribeni Cinal(facing) 69 CHAPTER X-Central Povinocs 61-63 Sketch map of Cinals and Taoks, Central Pro vinces and Berar CO Plales Ileadworks, Waingia Canal (facing) 61 Tandula Canal (facing) CHAPTER XI.-North-Test Frontier Province 64-66 Sketcla map of Canals, X-X. F. Province Plares Upper Saat Canal, ficbai Branch between tunneis 3 and 4 (foting) 03 Janda Aqueduct, Lower Swat Canal (facing). CENTER XIL-D'aluchistan 07-08 Paris - Down stream ier, Yar Yulia dam (facing) G8 STATEMENTS ETOWING THE FINANCIAL RESCETS OF IRRIGATION WORKS NIXDIA, FOC, ASD CT TO THIC EXP or, 1917-18 - STATENEST --1roductire l'ublic Works 70-81 11.-Protective lingition Works 62-2 III - Jiinor Works and Sasicion $_01 15-rotney made in the Irvanpornt of Major Wurks during the luty in. . .

·BIRDS EYE VIEW, UPPER SWAT CANAL.

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·IRRIGATION IN INDIA. Review for the year 1917-18. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. Irrigation works, the object of which is the artificial applica- preliminary. countries, from time immomorial. This is a natural result of tho conditions of climato. India contains largo tracts, such as the deserts of Sind and tho south-western Punjab, which aro practically rainless, and in which cultivation without irrigation is impossiblo. There are others, such as the Deccan plateau and tho Bundelkhand districts of the United Provinces, whero cultivation is ostromoly prccarous, owing to the great irregularity of the rainfall and tho long intervals during which crops may be exposed to the fierca host of the sun, end to dry and scorching winds. In such regions thoro may bo an almost completo failuro of crops in a year of short or bcdly distributed rainfall, and a succession of two or moro unicrourablo scasons may rcsult in feminc. Thoro aro also districts Thich ordinerily rccrivo so copious & rainfall that rico is elmost tho only crop grown, but crcn for this, water is roquired at cortain criticel periods, as when a break accurs in tho rains, cad a full hervest con in such casos only be secured by irrigation. In goaeral it mcy to said that the security of the hervcst depends on the cristcnco of some form of irrigation in almost all parts of India, cxcept in tracts such as Ecstern Bengal, Assam and Lower Barma, Thero tho evcrcgo rainfall docs not fell short of 70 inchci per annum. Irrigation Forks may be conveniently divided into thrco grat Diferent types of tres, namely, luft, storage, and river works, which aro represented Irrigation works by ells, tonks or reservoirs, and canals. In lift-irrigation, the water is rcised from a lower level to that which will command the arca to bo irrignted, the raising being cffected cither by manual labour or by animal or mechanical power. The source of supplyis usualy tho sub-soil Fater into shich mells have beca sunk, but he OPWD ·2 applicaces are often crected on the banks of rivers or pools ft Ti hich winter is raised to the lands to be irrigated. Storago vo 210 rescrvoirs, formed by the construction of dams across drain lincs, for the purpose of storing the supply which passes down at Every licery fall of rain, for cubsequent use during long brceks ...17 coecs they includo a wir, which is constructed across tho Lei ttc nirer immediately Lelow the off-talc of tec canol, for thc pi 11 Well Irrigation, Lifting appliances, for crample, are sometimes required to rai matcr from canals to ground on a higher level. Large stora Torks are incomplete without a network of distributing channel and corals taking off from rivers in wluch the supply is uncerta and intermittent require storage works which may be construct either at como distance up-stream from the head works, in ti valley of the main river or of a tributary, or 29 "tail tanks" suitable points on the line of the canal itself. This review docs not purport to deal in any way with the sul ject of well irrigation, trhuch does not fall within the scope of th operations of the Public Works Department. Well irrigation i Inda is usually left entirely to private cnterprise, although of lat years the Agricultural Department of Government has done great deal torrards the improvement of such irrigation, and th introduction of mechanical methods of raising Fater to the surfac of the land. Tanks or storage Torks are of all sizes, ranging from great Iskc formed by the construction of high dams across tho beds of lerg but irregularly flowing rivers, such as certain of the monumento Vorks now under construction in the Western Ghats where dam up to 270 feet in height are being built, and lakes formed thereby capable of holding up to 24,000 million cubic feet of water, to th Emell village tanks to be found throughout Southern India, men of thich irrigate less than 10 acrcs. The importance of storag Forks in Indta is steadily increasing, since the water in the gres majority of those rivers capable of providing perennial irrigatio is already utilised for the purpose, and the main prospects expansion lie in the construction of Forks of this kind. Thus, i S1CT2Cc works.

·the Punjab, the cold Feather supply of the Sutlej being already hypothecated to existing canals, it is now proposed to provido further volunes during this season by impounding water during the rains. This will be effected by means of a colossal reservoir, wh.ch will store large quantities of the monsoon supply which at present runs to waste. The dam which will form the proposed reservoir will be ths Lighest in the world Similar works are also under consideration in other provinces, especially in Madras. Canal systems are of one of two kinds, either perennial or in- River works. undation. Strictly speaking, a perennial canal is one which has an assured supply of water all the year round, but this generally involves the construction of a Feir or, as it is ca!led in Southern India, an anicut across the bed of the river to hold up the low supply and divert the whole or as much as may be needed into the canal As a general rule, a canal which takes off from above a properly constructed reir 13 assured of a fairly continuous supply during the season when water is required, and it is possible by this means to utilise the whole of the water that comes down, however low the state of the river. The term "perennial" is thcrcforc generally cpplicd both to canals which can crew off a constant supply withcut the assistance of a weir, ard those which aro provided with weirs which render the supply to the canal dependent only on the quantity of water in the river and not on its surfoco level. Inundation canals are simply channels taking off from the banks of a river at a level which is generally considerably higher than the ordinary low water level of the stream. Water flows into thcse cuts during the flood season, and they Tom in in flow until the river falls below the level of their beds, which is generally two or three feet higher at the end than ot tho bogining of tho senson owing to sılt derosits which have to ba cleared out during the period when the river is low. The most important inunlotion cenals are to be found in the Punjabend Snd, ie, in the valley of the Indus end its tributarics. Toey cre in flow gencrally from the beginning of May until tho cua of September, clthough tho supplies Aucturto greatly during theo months with tho surface levels in the river. Cultivation, tyhich is practically impossible witlout irrigation in the rainless tracts they serve, las adipte.1 itself to these conditions. It will, Lotorer, readily bo unlerstood that irrigation from inundation channels is suhject to strict liicitations and can never bo es sccurs c.s that depcnelent upon perennial canals, and consequently several projects cro rit prrsent under consideration, chicf cmong which in.y bo mentioned the Sutlej Valley Project in the Punjab and the Enkkur Barrigo Project in Sind, which contemplate the substitution of perennial inigation for the present insecure inundatioa supplies.

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·700 PRODUCTIVE IRRIGATION WORKS DIAGRAM SHOWING FINANCIAL RLGULTS 600 FROM A66-68 TO 1917-16 500- 400 GRO&S REVENUE 300 MET REVENUE LAKHS OF RUPEE & 200- 100 SOD WORKING EXPENSES 400 300 LAKMS OF RUPEE 4 NET REVENUE NET PROFIT 200 INTEREST 100 - YEAR 6-10 POT 06-40 10.05 2-16 -10

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·The con- Protective irrigation works are those which, although not Protective directly remunerative to the extent which trould justify their in- works. clusion in the class of productive works, are constructed with a view to the protection of precarious tracts and to guard against tho necessity for periodical expenditure on the relief of the popu. lation in times of famine. The cost of these works is a chargo cgainst the current revenues of India, and is generelly met from the annuel grant for Famine Relief and Insurance, striction of each such work is separat.ly justificd by a comparison of the value of cach acre protected (based upon such factors as tho probeblo cost of famine relief, the population, the crea clrcady protected and the minimum arca which should be protected in order to tide over a period of severe drought) with the cost of such protection. Among the larger works of this class already in operation may be mentioned the Godavarı Canal in Bombay, constructed ct a cost of a crore of rupees, the Betta Canal in the United Pro- Finces costing Rs. 83 lakhs and the Tribeni Canal in Bihar end Orissa costing Rs 77 lakhs. Amongst projects of this class under construction the most important are the Nira Right Bank Canal in Bombay estimated to cost Rs. 258 lakhs, tho Pravara Cenal, also in Bombay, estimated to cost Rs. 117 lakhs and the Tardula Canal in tho Central Provinces estimated to cost crore of rupees. Minor torks comprise those irrigation and navigation trorks Minor works not classcd as productive or protective, and agricultural trorks which are undertaken for the general improvement of the country. Tho outlay upon them is met from current revenues. Some of them aro old sorks constructed by the former rulers of the country and extended or restored by the British Government, some havo been constructed by the British Government, and others are villago ... the condisputes b. ntein tho works in an efficiont state of repair. Capital and revenue accounts oro kopt of these works where they cost more than Rs. 50,000 and whero it is anticipated that the expendituro derived from them will suffice to cover the working expenses. Tho so-called agricultural works which are included in the cate- Agricultural gory of minor rorks consist mainly of protective cmbankrents works. 1.] L-- t - L at 1.1. the purposo of irrigating these lands.

·CHAPTER II. RESULTS or ICPICATION OPERATIONS DURING TIC YEAR: 1917-18. Cilmallc condi As already statcd in Chapter I, tho purpose of artificial irrigaflons cnd demacd tion is to supplouent tho ramfall on which the welfaro and for Irrigation, pros. Icrty of India so largely depends, and consequently the demand for canal irrigation fluctuates considerably with the naturs of the monsoon and tho intensity of tho winter rains When the rainfall is copious and well distributed there is little demand for artificial irrigation, but, in the event of a falure either of the monsoon or of tho winter rains, tho canals are taxed to their utmost capacity cnd tho officers responsible aro then faced with the difficult task of clotting the availablo supplies in the most cjuitable manner, £0 Ls to provide for the irrigation of as largo an area as possible. Thoso difficultics had not, however, to bo faced during the year 1917-18, for the monsoon of 1917 was most propitious and the rainfoll abundant, csperially during the month of September sbich 13 the most critical period of the agricultural year During the mon- Eoon period from June to September 1917, the total rainfall in tha plains of India was, as a whole, some 17 per cent, in excc33 of normal, this being the highest cxcess over recorded. In tło Punjab and north-west of the United Provinces, tho rains broko in the first cok of Juno During July, the monsoon, although of Arcrage strongth, trag unsteady, and frequent partial breaks occurred, but an appreciable improvement took place in Aug: ust, in which month precipitation over the whole country was in excess of the normal. There was a well-marked break during tho first fortnight of this month in tho interior of the Peninsula, but in Northern India tho rainfall was almost continuous. The mon- 5000 currcnt during September tras exceptionally strong and giro abundant rain Gyer ncarly the wholo of India, no long breaks cccurr od in cny part of the country, and the rainfall during the month, averaged over the plains of India, exceeded the normal by moro than to per cent., this being the largest excess recorded in Sep. tember since 1875. The monsoon rainfall of 1917 yas thus remarkable for its unusual abundancc, cspecially in north-west and central India, and for the absence of any extensive break, and consequently tho srcas irrigated by the Government capels were considerably restricted, the heavy and late rainfall permitting the winter crops to bo sotto Largely without the aid of canal water.

·7 During the year under roviot the total area irrigated by all Total ares irri classes of works in India, excluding the areas irrigated in the Native gated. States, amounted to nearly 26 million acres or about 40,625 square miles. Towards this area the Productivo Works contributed 10,922,000 acrcs, the Protcotivo Works 497,000 acres, and the Minor Works 8,477,000 aCIC3. The arce irrigated by Productivo Torks has greatest in the Areas Irrigated Punjab, where over 74 million c.cres oro rosordoi. The lladras and returns realized by Productivo Presidency came next with an arca of 31 million acres, whilo in Works. the United Provinccs and Sind, the areas irrigate by the Productiro Canals amounted to 2,871,000 acres and 1,361,000 acrc3, 103- fectively. Brher and Orissa contributed 798,000 acres, the North- West Frontier Province 362,000 acres, and Burma 261,000 acres. The total capital outlay, direct and indirect, to the cad of the Foer on Productive Irrigation Works, including those under construction, amounted to ncarly 57 crorcs The gross revenue for the year amounted to 7011 lakhs and tho working expenses to ncerly 2161 lakhs Tho not revenue was therefore a little over 485 lalhs which represents a return of 8-40 per cent on the total capital outlay. This figure indicates the remunerative character of the Productive Irrigation Works of India, especially when it is con. sidered that this percentago represents only receipts from water rates and a sharo of onhanced land revenuo, and that no credit is giren for the large additional rovenucs, duo directly to the opening up of now tracts by irrigation, which aro obtained by the railways and under such heads as stamps, postage, silt, ctc. In the setoral Presidencies and Provinces the return on capital outlay.was highest in the Punjab, wlicre the canals yieklcd 11.93 per cent. In Madras, inrluding schemes which have proved unremuneratiro, tho porcentero of return tos 9 95, hile in the United Provinces and Sind returns of 8 62 and G03 per cent. respectively rero rcalizo:). Tho total area irrigato? by the thirts-six Protectire Torks in Protestive Works, oporation during the year under review amountc) to 197,000 ecrcs. Towards this the Unitel Provinces contributci prirls 200,00 acres and Jindras ncirly 107,000 acres. In the L'ean and Gujrat nearly 70.000 acres woro irrigated In the two other provinces triere I'rotective Works are in operation, 65,000 acres were irrigatci in Bihar and Orissa aud 51,000 acres in the Central Provinccs. The total capital outlay on works of this clues amounted to orer 1012 lakhs at the end of the yeir under foriem. The nos revenue for the year was only a little over one lakh, rhich is cquirje lent to 0 10 per cent. on the total capital outlay. This lot retura ·8 Is partly due to the fact that the capital account is at present swellcd by oxpenditure on Forks under construction which hare not yet commenced to earn revenue. Many useful and important Forks of this nature aro under construction in Bombay, the United Provinces and the Central Prorinces, whilo in the last named proviDcc eoren tank schemes, aggregating over 40 lakhs, aro in pro- Stoss. Details of these works will be found in the chapters in Part il of this Rcries relating to the progress of irrigation in the Provinco or Administration concerned. Minor Works, Mlinor Forks are of two kinds, as described in Chapter I of this Review. These works are, for purposes of accounting, Bubdivided into thrco classes as described beloir Class 1.Works for which Capital end Rerenuo Accounts aro kopt. These are works the estimated capital cost of which oscccds Rs. 50,000 and the revenue from which is espected to cover the total working expenses. Class 11.-Works for thich only Revenue Accounts are kept. These are generally works costing less than Rs. 50,000. Class III.Works for which neither Capital nor Rerenuo Accounts are kept. Tho works of this class consist mainly of small tanks and field embankments or small drainage schemes to prevent deterioration of land or to efect improvement of land rith a view to rendering it fit for cultivation. 121 Minor torks of the first class described aborc verc in oporation at the closc of the year 1917-18, 113 being irrigation works cod 8 navigation trorks, the arca irrigated by the former amounting to 2,262,000 acres. Tho total capital outley on irrigction works of this class at the close of tho Fcar was nearly 448 lakhs, and the net revenue amounted to Rs. 35,29,030, representing a roturd of 7-8 per cent. on capital. On tho cight purely navigation Forks rcfcrred to abore, the total capital outlay at the cad of 1917-18 amounted to nearly 231 lakhs, a return of 0:42 per cent. bciog realized. The net revenue realized during 1917-18 from Class I Irrigation and Navigation Works as a whole yielded a return of 5:34 for cent. on a total capital outlay of about 6781 lakhs. An area of 2,796,000 acres was irrigated by Dlinor works of Class II while the Class III Forks eflected irrigation to the extent of 3,419,000 acres. The total area irrigated by Minor works of all classes thus amounted to 8,477,000, or just one-third of the total area irrigated during the Jear by Government canals.

·9 A comparison of the acreage of crops matured during 1917-18 Comparison ol by means of Government irrigation systems, with the total area total cropped area under cultivation in the soveral provinces is given below = with the area Irrigated, Province Net area cropped, Area tree gated by Government Irrigation Works, Capital cost Estimated Percentare of value of of litigated Government crops raised &fea to irrigation on areas total works to receiving cropped end of State Itt area, 1917-18 18 gation in Lakhs of Lakhs of rupees. rupees. Acret. Acres. RS B. Darm 9.9 278 O 5 219 67 14,668,000 24,452,000 8,131,000 85,803,000 1,419,00 113,00 800,000 3,200,000 10.6 629 30$ 90 1,259 1,769 Bengal Bhar Add Orlos4 United Provinces of ALDd Oodh Ajmer Merwana Poddub North-Wert rooller Pro Ynco. 05.000 29,253,000 2,058,000 ... 24 29,000 2,800,000 302,000 85. 2,239 12 30 8,937 180 8707 829 ES3 306 249 Biod Bombay Decenn Central Province (ex. eloding Berar). Madra 202 0.8 327 60 4,000,000 25,705,000 19,290,000 89,221,000 257,000 202,708,000 9,607,000 805,000 165,000 7,950,000 17,000 25,950,000 .. 1,114 .. 1,106 10.0 0.0 . 42 8 Balacbutan.. Total 12.8 7,279 0,797 It will be seen that nearly 13 per cent of the cropped area is irrigated by Government irrigation works, and that the estimated value of the corp9 80 irrigated in a single year oxceeds by 35 per cent. the total capital expended on these works. 9PYD ·10 Comparison with The follon ing tablo compares the area irrigated by Government the results of pre- Forks during the year under revier with the average area so irrivious trleanlama, gated during the previous triennium. YAODOCTITE I'ROTECTITE USOR. TOTAL Trotinco. 1014-15 fo 1916 17. 1917-13, 1914 15 to 1910-17 1917-19 191425 to 1916 17 1917-19 1016-13 to 1918-17 1917-19 Actes . . 107,112 78,751 Madras Dombay Deccan Sind .. Een United Frovlaces Punjab Ethat and Ori959 Acre ACT 3,434,519' 3,330,831 31,8701 43,091 1.121,15 1,303,789 2,533 40,790 2,815,215 2,871,087 7,523,509 7,531,310 815,311 799,048 268,982 203,65 29,542 74,794 205,879 362,000 172,250 Arres Acre Acres, Acrcs. Acte 100,0RD 3,717,5213,795,134 7,279,193 7,358,822 09.970 173,068 190,99 232,239 304,623 2,230,131 4.113,399 8,631,238 8.507,118 25,233 28,192 1117,800 113,25 107,331 153,012 139,507 3,141,216 3,200,433 987,6391,069,812 8,510,149 8,600,159 2,447 1,797 9n6,665 865,709 3,029,093 1,184,211,299,835 1,417,906 17,001 10,333 73,709 115,152 2,500 204,170 362,000 89,007 85,071 בחסון 32,076 84,824 Central Provinces North-West Frontier Province, Rasputada. Dalachitan 25.255 .12.189 25,255 *0.550 19,100 16,810 8,310 . 10,810 Tota! .. (10,787,395 10,922,018 449,104 498,962 $.970.625 8,531,194 -5,580,114 25,950,474

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·10 Comparison with Tho following tablo con pare; the area irrigated by Government the results of pre- rorks during the rear under review with the average arca so irrivlous triennlum. gated during the prorious triennium. Propritz PROTECTITE MISOB. TOTE Trovince. 1914-15 to 1914-17. 1917-19 1914 25 to 1916 17 2017-19 1914-15 ta 1910 17 1937-13 2011 15 to 1916-17. 1917-13. Arres 107,111 Madras Dombay Deccan Sind 70,751 69,900 .. . ACTES ATT08 2,154,519, 3,528,831 81,870 43,092 1,433,195 3,363,789 B2,335 88,728 2,815,215,871,087 7,5-2,509 7.631,310 813,311 799,083 202,002 283,856 90,541 71,794 295,670 309,000 Dengal Valted I'ror loces tuna har aod Ortesa 172,259 Acres Acca Acres Acres Attes, 108,8889,717,524 2,725,1327,279,1837,358,327 173,888 120,862 209,282 304,623 2,030,331 3,113,323 3,653,0589,507,118 25,235 28,433 107,830 139,295 133,833 353,012 139,5 17 9,111,130 9.203,123 487,6391,609,812 4,510,143 8,000,159 85,67) 3,727 308,695 865,766 3,029,9233,181,218 1,219,893) 1,447,004 51,321 17,031 10,332 78,708 115,453 2,500 299,179 802,000 . 89,007 32,078 Dorms Central Provinces North-West Frontier Provluce Kaptans Balashstan 19.10 25,255 0,540 25,255 0,540 19.290 18,856 10,810 Total ► 20,707,895 10,022,018 418,104 498,9634.970,893 8,531,493 25,886,121 -5,950,47%

·mi
VE
S
R
MADRAS
POINET, PALAR & CNEYAR ANICUT SYSTEMS
TIROXXOYILUR ANICUT SYSTEM
CUDDALORE
o
DTACAN UND
CALICUT
TIRUCNE NOODU.
YRIDDNACKALLAM, SHATIATOPE,
PELANDORAI & LOWER COLEROON
AMICVT SYSTEM
NESAPATAM
TK1CMINDVOLY
PALGHAT
CAUVERY DELTA GYETEM
PERIYAR SYSTEM
MARUDUN SRIVAIXUNTAM
XANICUT &ratim
TAMENALARNI R.
REFERENCES
River...
Exiating canals
Area commanded..
Provincial boundary.
Railways -
CAPE COMDRIN

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·. DOWLAISHWERAM ANICUT, EASTERN GODAVARI SYSTEM.

·Part II. --Progress of Irrigation in the various Provinces and Administrations. CHAPTER III. MADRAS. Prior to the advent of Rritish rule, irrigation froin tanks and Irrigation prior to inundation channels had for many centuries been extensively the advent of British rule. practised in Madras. Only a few permanent works for the diversion of river supplies existed, however, and the only attempt to control a largo river for the purpose of irrigation as the weir on the Cauvery, known as the Grand Anicut, a work of considerable antiquity dating from the time of the Chola logs. The carliest improvements undertaken by the British Govern- The Cauvery ment aiter the cession of Tanjore in 1800 were directed towards System, 1800-1836. the extension of the area irrigated by the Cautery. In 1830, scouring sluices were constructed in the Grand Anient and six years later the Coleroon, a branch of the Cauvery, iras spanned by two great rreirs, the Upper Anicut, 1 hich regulates the supply drawn off by the Coleroon from the Cauvery and the Loter Anicut, slich scrves the area irrigated from the Colcroon. These works remeined substantially as constructed until the beginning of the present century, when they were entirely remodelled; the area of 667,000 acres dependent on the ancient system has nou expanded to over a million acres. There was a lull in the construction of irrigation forke during Progress from thie ten years following the building of the works on the Cauvery the gods and in 1836, lut seteral schemes were evolvei during this period and System. between 1817 and 1857 works were carncil out, which have resulted in an extension of irrigation to about 1,100,000 acres of land. Chief ornongst them is the Golasari anicut system. In 1814 the condition of the Godavan district attracted serious attention. For ten or twelve years the district had suffered from a scnes of feasonal cultips and tlic difficulties of the raigat population had ben accentuated by the harsh treatincnt accorded to it by the ramundars. The jopilation, which was reported in 1821-22 to be scarly 730,000, 1cji by 1812 13 ton little over 530,00. It is difficult to compare these figures with the population of the present day, aving to the various change which have occurred in the limite of the district, but it is fairly certain that the highest figure here quoted is less than half of the population at the cenews of 187l. 11 ·12 It is howerer possible to estimate that the density of the popula. tion in 1842-43 was approsimately 75 to the square mile; it is not 266 for the whole district, but in the delta taluks it rises to close on 600 to the square mile, There had been a certain amount of artificial irrigation in the delta but, owing to the nature of the channels, the supplies were unreliable and it was estimated, when the inquiries were set on foot with regard to the construction of the Godaveri anicut, that the cultivated irrigable area was a little over 156,000 acres. As a result of these inquiries, the construction of the apicut was sanctioned at the end of 1816 and the work was completed about five years later. By 1866-67 the irrigated area had, increased to 408,000 acres, and, owing to improvements subsequently carried out, igation under this system is still being extended and 1,026,000 acres sere supplied in 1917-18. In addition to the benefit of irrigation, the lands have been protected from floods by embankments, and relief has been given by cutting drainage channels. Failure of crops has been practically unknown since the construction of the project, and the main canais, which are navigable for about 500 miles, fumish also an excellent means of communication by boat. The annual land revenue of the district was formerly less than 15 lakhs and was collected with difficulty. The annual revenue from the delta taluks alone in now Rs. 48 lakhs and is collected Trith ense. Tho estimated value of the cargoes transported annually by the canals is nearly 830 lakhs of rupees, and about 500,000 passengers are carried yearly. Land, which was previously practically unsaleable, nor fetches about Rs. 600 an acre on an average. The deita, which was formerly one of the areas most liable to fominc, is not an expanse of paddy fields broken by gardens of fruit trees The area non irrigated by the Kistna anicut system suffered set crely from famine in 1832 like the adjoining Godarari district. The famine was followed by a severe outbreak of ſever, and in 3833-54 it is found that the population had fallen from 512,000 to 250,000. The aniont and head trorks Tere commenced in 1852 and completed in 1803 but the system of main canals, distributaries, cmtankments and drainage has not completed until sotie min later. Nefore this the population bad begun to recover but the densite juer square mile was less than 140; it is not sell over 300. Thrana of old irrimation, which was about 71,000 acres, ling increased more than tenfold, and 720,000 acres were irrigated fmm the system in 1017-18 stus -

·DOWLAISHWERAM
GODAVARI DELTA SYSTEM.
'
AS

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·13 350 miles of the main canals are navigable and form an extra means of communication for half the year, cargoes valued at over & crore of rupees being carried annually by boats. Land which was practically valueless before the system was constructed now fetches 600 rupees an acre or more. The delta is not so rich as the Godavari delta because the Kistna cannot give water for more than & single crop in the year, and the landscape is not broken in the same way as that of the Godavari delta by innunerable gardens of fruit trees. Famine is, however, now unknown; the disastrous widespread floods have been generally controlled, and the country shows every sign of wealth and prosperity. Other works built during this period were the two anicuts on General replew of the Gadilam, the Shatiatope anicut on the Vellar, and the aorcuts the period. on the Penner, Poiney, Cheyyar and Palar rivers. This period was throughout one of unprecedented activity and the results have proved satisfactory in the extreme, the two largest systeros, the Godavari and Kistna, having in the past year produced net Tevenues amounting to 22 per cent. and 18 per cent. respectively on their capital outlay. The main credit for these works is due to the late Sir Arthur Cotton, the famous Madras engineer, who also built the two great unicuts on the Cauvery referred to in the previvus paragraph. In 1861 a company known as the Madras Irrigation Company, Kurnool-Cuddapata began the construction of an Canal, 1861-1882 i canal therefrom, 190 miles in rnool-Cuddapah Canal, formed, with tho Unissa Canal then under construction in Bengal, part of a colossal series of works that was to connect eventually such distant ports as Calcutta, Cuttack and Madras on the east, with Bhatkaland Mangaloro on tho west coast; some 150,000 square miles of country tvcro to be opened up by navigation and over a million acres irrigated. By 1866 tho Company had exbaustod its funds, but-work was continued on a loan of £600,000 from the Secretary of State. Irrisation commonced in 1864 with an arca of 200 acres which slowly . 17 - ..romer....... 1.11.- 10-0 reason for tho failuro of tho Trork lies in the fact that, in ordinary years, the rainfall is sufficient for unirrigated crops while the soil is generally unsuitablo for irrigated crops. Extensions in the Cuddapah district, whero theso objcctions to irrigation do not hold, are now under construction, and the area irrigated is atcadily increas ing. Tho srras supplied in years of scarcity have, boneres, demonstrated the great value of tho canal as a faming protective fork, Wibough it is not at present classed as such.

·Yorks constructed from loart fustds, 1866-1876. Early storage works in Madras, 1876-1896. In 1860 an inportant change in policy took place, the Gorernment of India intimating their intention of carrying out large irrigation works of a remuneratiro natura from loan funds Tvo anicuts, on the Gadılam and Ponniar respectively, bad just been completed when the change was announced, and in the following decade four more such works were constructed, one each on the Tapibrapari and Velar and two on the Vanmuktanadhi. In the case of all the works constructed up to this time, the natural supply in the rivers was diverted citlici directly on to the fields or into existing tanks, which serc in some cases enlarged. With the completion of the Vellar anicut in 1876 this class of work was exhausted, and it became evident that further extensions of imgation would necesitate the construction of her storage systems. l'our such projects were carried out in tho eighties on the recommendation of the Fanme Commission luch toured lodia in 1878-80 under Sir Joho Strachey. These four projects comprised the Sangam system, the Barur tank system, the Rusukulya system and the l'eriyar system The Ruslukulva system was the first famino protective work to be constructed in the Madras presidency and it bascutence new irrigation to some 18.000 acres besides protecting 58,090 notes of old irrigation. The Periyar lake is perhaps the boldest and most mteresting Leservoir scheme in India and deserves special niention The Periyar river has its source in the Western Ghats bence it flows westwards through Travancore, the Madras engineers constructed an immense masonry dam, 175 feet in hetght (no light task in an almost inuccessible gorge 3,000 feet above the sea), u lich created a reservoir of 9,690 uullion cubic feet capacity, the water froin wluch is carried through the range by means of a 11 walnuts prre irrigated from it, as compared with 66,000 acres supplied from other sources in the same area before the reservoir was built With the completion of the Periyar project the construction of A.1. lettprovements to existing works, 1896-1904. Vellar being converted during this period from solid weirs into regulators with large-span lft shutters operated from a bridge overhead. Developments slace 1905. Since 1905 five projects of considerable magnitude have been taken in hand. The Nagavalli River system, a productive work, came into operation in 1910, and the Toludur project, also a work of the same category, which is designed to irrigate 25,000 acres from a

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·15 reservoir of 2,400 million cubic feet capacity, is approaching completion. Two famine protective projects, the Mopad reservoir and the Bhavanasi tank, were commenced in 1903 and 1906 respectively, but on its becoming apparent that the sanctioned estimates would be largely exceeded, the works were closed down in 1907. Revised estimates were sanctioned in 1911 and the works re-started; the former project will, it is anticipated, irrigate a small area in 1919 and the latter has come into operation in 1918. The fifth project is that known as the Divi pumping system. Divi Pumping The scheme provides for the irrigation of 50,000 acres in Diy Ísland, System. a tract of land about 150 square miles in extent situated at the mouth of the Kistna river, by means of centrifugal pumps driven by crude oil Diesel engines. Construction work commenced in 1906 and pumping for irrigation started in 1907. The pumping plant, consisting of 8 double-cylinder 160 B. H P. Diesel engincs, each driving a 39-inch centnfugal pump, has been remarkably free from breakdowns and its efficicncy has been well maintained. The poet of numainn innoin the nast of natohlichmont war Na 1.9.9 ration to Divi Island and tho resident ryots bad as much land as their dependents could cultivato. Owing to the war and the consequent dificulty in getting spare parts for the pumping plant, further extension of irrigation in 1918 has been discouraged. It is under consideration to supplement the power por developed at Diri by hydro-electric power to be generatod at certain canal falls in tho Kistna Eastern delta. A similar pumping scheme for the irrigation of 10,000 acres in the Guntur district, by pumping from the Kistna river at Pratur, 4 miles below the Bezwada anicut and about 3G mnileg above the head of Divi Island, is under investigation, and it is proposed in this case to obtain the necessary power from a canal fall in the histna Western delta. During the past half century the area irrigated by productivo Increase in and protective works las more than double The steady increase frrigated area during put belt "luch has taken place is shown by the follomng figures century. Ara ugated Year. 1567.63 1,513.000 1877-18 1.799,000 1657-89 2.111.03 1697 99 2,700,00 1107.13 3,339.00) 1911.19 3,031,000 in acne.

·勝多的 ·15 reservoir of 2,400 million cubic feet capacity, is approaching completion. Tiro famine protective projects, the Mopad reservoir and the Bhavanası tank, were commenced in 1905 and 1906 respectively, but on its becoming apparent that the sanctioned estimates would be largely oxceeded, the works were closed down in 1907. Revised estimates were sanctioned in 1911 and the works re-started; the former project will, it is anticipated, irrigate a small area in 1919 and the latter has come into operation in 1918. The fifth project is that known as the Divi pumping system. Dlxi Pumploz The scheme provides for the imgation of 50,000 acres in Divi Ísland, Systein. a tract of land about 150 square miles in extent situated at the mouth of the Kastna river, by means of centrifugal pumps driven by crude oil Diesel engincs. Construction work commenced in 1906 and pumping for irrigation started in 1907. The pumping plant, consisting of 8 double-cylinder 160 B H P Diesel engines, each driving a 39-inch centnfugal pump, has been remarkably free from breakdowns and its efficiency has been rell maintained. The their dependents could cultivato. Owing to the war and the con- 8cquent dificulty in getting spare parts for tho pumpiog plant, further extension of irrigation in 1918 has been discouraged. It is under consideration to supplement the potser nor developed at Diri by hydro-electric power to be generatod at cortain canal falls in tho Kistna Eastern delta. A similar pumping schomo for the irrigation of 10,000 acres in the Guntur district, by pumping from the Kistna river at Pratur, 4 miles below the Bezwada anicut and about 36 miles above the head of Divi Island, is under inrestigation, and it is proposed in this caso to obtain the uccessary protect from a canal fall in the Kistna Westorn delta. During the past hall century the arca irrigated by productivo Increase la nnd protective work has moro than doubled. The stcady increaso in gated arca during past halt svluci Las taken place is shown by the following figurs: - : century. Arra irrigated Year. 1507.03 1,319,00) 1577 78 1,7-3,00 ISORY 2,116,00 .,701,00 1007 ( 3,339,000 1917.18 3,531,009 in nrs. 17.09 ·10 Scopt for further extensions of Irrigstlon in Madras- Major projects, As a result of the recommendations of the Irrigation Commis. sion of 1903, three large projects on the Tungabhadra, Kistna and Cauvery rivers were investigated in detail. The Tungabhadra project had, however, to be abandoned on account of its prohibitiº cost. The Kistna project, which involves the construction of a dam 154 feet high, storing 163,586 million cubic feet of water, has been estimated in detail, the anticipated cost amounting to 834 lakha of rupees; but its further consideration has been postponed, as the Cauvery schere is the more promising of the two, and it is realsed that it would be impossible to undertake both simultaneously. The latter project provides for a dan at hfetur on the Cauvery about 36 miles above Erode, to store 80,000 million cubic feet of water, for a canal 78 miles long, with a connected distributary system, taking off from the right bank of the Cauvery at the Grand Anicut; and for the improvement and extension of the existing Vadavar canal. The project is estimated to cost 4 crores of rupees, and to give a return of over 5 per cent on the capital cost; it provides for the complete control of the present fluctuating supplies to the Delta and for an area of 371,000 acres of new irrigation. In addition to the investigation of these important and lormidable works, practically every possible irrigation scheme of any maga mitude was examined by a special staff during the quisquenuisson 1902-06. In all 86 projects were investigated, of which 17, estimated to cost 120 lakhs, have either been completed or are under execution. Of the remainder, 5 have been sanctioned as farine relef projects, 26 bave been abandoned as impracticable, 14 are either being further investigated or are under the consideration of the local Government, 26 are in abeyance either pending the verification of the water sapplies available or awaiting the orders to be passed on other projects, while the remaining 8 will be carried out if the water-rata Decessary to render them productive can be guaranteed The table below shows the extensions of irrigated area which are Anticipated when the principal worke recently completed, under construction or under consideration are in full working order: Minor prolecie. Progress anticipated. Stage of work, Name of work. Area ia ares. Recently completed . Nagavalli system Dit pamping system Venkatapuram tank system Bkaranasi tark system Toludur Project Mopsd project Cauvery Reservoir projet Tota} 23,814 50,000 1,705 841 28,851 12,500 371,000 Vader construction Snbpoltted for fasction 486,711

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·*MSZW INDORE DMOLKA BARODA MAHA KHANDWA NARSADA RIVER LAPTI RIVER TALVADA TANK MMAS WA TANK KANKRA KNARI CHANAKAPUR TANK GIRNA MANNAD CODAVARI CANALS AURANGABAD GODAVARI LAKE BEALE PRAVANA LAKE A MILLO R. PRAVANA CANALS JA MEDNAGAR BOMBAY BMIMA VISAPUR TANK POON MUTHAN PI PATMA1 TANK LAKE BNOR, NIRA CANALS ASNTI TANK EXRUX TANK SATARA TRS TANK KRISMNA CANAL DECCAN & GUJARAT SKETCH MAP OF CANALS LO AATNAGIRI BIJAPUR KRISHNA RxTENSION KOLHAPUR CANAL Scale-linch = 80 miles GOKAK CARALS ROVER DKARMA CANAL, REFERENCES Rivers.. Existing canals. Projected canals - Area commanded- Railways Provincial boundary - Tanks - TUNGAN VERONAR MADAG TANK

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·qABLAADIG 029 WASTE WEIR, LAKE FIFE, MUTHA CANAL.

·CHAPTER IV. BOJIBAY. reser UITS (1) Deccan and Gujarat Is the Deccan and Gujarat the cultivation depends chieſls General conditions urun rainfall, and the tanks and canals are mzinly useful for the in the Deccan and' Gujarat. purpose of growing the more valuable crops or to counteract, then required, the evil ellects of years of drought or of prolonged breaks 11 the nionsoon There are not many streums in the Deccan from sluch it is possible to obtam much water, creept during the nonsoon, and hence the necessity for the construction of costly storego Morcover, the Deccan pilams are most irregular and a canal cut through them has to overcomie numerous dilculties in regard to slope, oil nnd alignnent. The oldest of the Government irrigation worla in the Deccan Panjhra River are the l'anglıra R ver wouls in Khandesh. Ther date from 1851. Horhs, 1851. 52, und were constructed at a cost of about 5 lalhs of rupees for the irrigation of about 13,001 acres After 1872 there was a consulerable interval during which no Progrers from further projects were taken in bund, but het reen 1867 and 1870 a 1852-1370. number of small vorhe contra into operation, of which the Kadwa merr work in uile and the liralıma Canalin Satara were the mos: imitant Sinohor -070ls works al came into cristerve in Seriou destricts, tenim from Khandesh in the north to Dharwar in the south, Between 1870 nnd 1850 twelva MOTc works tiercadel, of which the Care's by far the most inportant was the lutha Canal, built at n cost of 1876 BIER 79 Izhlıs of rusore, with a large stocare se croir (if 1,004) mullim culiiclect capacity of Life File in tle l'oona de tric!. The system nou liss in a gro- retenue of nxise than 11th of rupere i annum, but ncirls trolls of the arrostumal from the supily of drinking rates in P'ona (un and Contrent. Proposlali thir palmill of the necounts of the lions Water Supris 110 those of the Muthi Canal arc non unor the convention of the Gominent of India, 19.-(W actez Are inn illc from thirr of nich 3,00 Acer a rernu rath-11220 tr, thr sirliloft!! bring aluclat:11. in of nirerespira'1179. TLF II pails! thie lathumatinn 11.1Cht (annls; *47931, el core.se A conto13 Ialhe, alolrlo to the der. T. II-!.. Has this isnd 18 s:all the 1'7mYA' Wolin (. 911 1:

·18. Nira Lelt Bank Canal, 1889-1890. A considerable impetus to the construction of irrigation works great famine of 1876 and in the 1890, 12 new works came into res of irrigable area to the previous total of 147,000 acres. The tuo largest works, the Nira Left Bank Canal and the Mhaswad Tank, were classifier as protective Forks, the remainder falling in the category of minor works. The Nim Toft Panl Panol whinh ronnivoy ite annnlu nantins from the of G5 lakhs of rupees and has proved a remarkably successful work, the net revenue having recently been as much as 6! per cent. on the capital outlay. The Gokak Canal, a small canal taking off direct from the Ghataprabha river without a storage reservoir, was opened in 1884. During the decade from 1890 to 1900 no further advance Tas made. Most of the schemes constructed had not yielded the retums anticipated and the working expenses proved in many cases very much heavier than had been expected. The average area actually irrigated was less than one-third of the area considered as No progress mado In 1890-1900. 117 111 1 1 1 - Progress since 1900. The Cirna Left Bank and Godavari Canals. century ended with & famino of exceptional severity and duration, which gave rise to a very earnest reconsideration of the measures necessary to improve the condition of the people and to combat scarcity and famine. The Irrigation Commission of 1903 gave much excellent advice as to these measures and this was promptly acted upon ; since that time very great progress has been made with large and useful irrigation works. The Girna Left Bank Canal, fed from the Chankapur tank, and constructed at a cost of 19 lakhs of rupees, has been completed except for an extension of the canal, which is now in progress. The irrigable area till erentually be 9,000 acres. The Godavari Left anil Right Bank Canals, with storage at Lake Beale, have been practically completed at a cost of a crore of rupees. The dam is 92 feet high and 4,400 feet long and impounds nearly 9,000 million cubic feet of water. The canals are 117 miles in length and command an area of 220,000 acres in the Nasik and Ahmed. Dagar Collectorates. This tract has always been liable to frequent periods of drought and suffered severely in the faminés of 1876-77, 1896-97 and 1899-1900. The area irrigated and the net revenue earned by the Godavari canals during 1917-18 amounted to 22,000 acres and 70,000 rupees, respectively, but it is anticipated that ultimately an area of 42,000 acres will be irrigated yielding a net

·Tibi PMT).
w
NANDUR MADHMESHWAR WEIR, GODAVARI CANALS

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·19 retenue of 5 laklıs of rupees. In addition to the Godavari canals, five large tanks, the Dharma Canal and qumerous small tanks came into operation during this period. Two largo protective forks are under construction in the Deccan, Warks under viz., (1) the Prarara River Works and (2) the Nura Right Bank Pravara and Nira Canal. The former consists of a right and left bank canal with Right Bank 2 masonry dam on the Pravara river in the ghats at Bhandardara. Canals, The right bank canal bas been completed and is in operation. The earthwork on the left bank canal has also been completed and the masonry works are in full sting. Tho dam has been camed up to a height of 165 feet and will be, when completed, 270 feet high be carried out within the acxt five years at a cost of 127 lakhs of rupecs. The canals, 85 milcs long, will eventually be capable of irrigating 75,000 acres in the district of Ahmednagar which is very liablo to famine, and a nej revenue of 6 lakhs of rupees is expectod. 14 T. that ultimately 114,000 acres will be irrigated from it. The total quantity of masonry laid during the year was over 14 million cubio feet and the progress on carthwork was equally satisfactory, con. Bidening the labour difficulties owing to tho prevalence of plaguo and cholera. A rovised estimato for the work is under preparation. The project, which is designed to serve largo portions of the Poona, Satara and Sholapur districts and the Phaltan State, will confor widespread benofts on a tract of country which stands in urgent need of protection against the ravages of famine. The work is likely to be completed in 1923. ! 01 Torks in contemplation it is only necessary to mention the work under Gokak Canal extension, as no others can be taken op in the near consideration futuro. This project bas received the sanction of tho Secretary cztenslot of Statc, but as the cost of the Prarati and Niru projects proved to be much unler-estimated the Government of India harc asked that tho Gokak Scheme should be again examino very carefully and rubmitted. Tho project consists of a reservoir et Dadli on the Cilatapnbha, and a canal 73 miles lon, to irrigate 132,000 A re: revenue of Ra 6,33,00 is anticipated and the cost (to lo rysed) is estimated at 197 likes of rujns. Tho cnmetrisc:ion of larm protectiro imiption works wih & Inerruse la roger. pereanul:"rris of water bas gives a great insis to ing3 128, act.

·20 cultivation in the Deccan. The total area soin with this crop during the Fear under review was about 23,000 acres and the yield therefrom was ralucd at 114) lakhs of rupees. The sugarcana industry, in addition to giving large profits to the cultivators, has a high protective value, inasmuch as it affords cniployment for a large number of persons from neighbouring villages, in times of scarcity. There is undoubtedly a great future for an indigenous sugar industry in a country in which the demand is far in excess of the local supply. The formation of sugar refining companies controlling large areas of irrigated land would appear to be one of the means of ensuring the further development of the industry and the Government of Bombay have, at present, under their consideration experimental proposals of this nature. (11) Sind. Description of works in Sind. The canal systems in Sind are entirely diffrent from those in the Deccan They are mostly very large and carry their supplies dunng the inundation season only; Many of them are canals which existed before the advent of British rule and which have since been improved; some of these, although classed as minor works, are among the largest in existence, as for example the Fuleli canal, rearly 1,000 miles in length with a head discharge of 12,000 cubic feet per second, and the Ghar Canal, 306 mules in length with a discharge of nearly 11,000 cubic fect per second. The general averago neturn on the canals in Sind is 29 per cent, on minor and 7 per cent. on major works. The Easterni Nara System and the Begari and Ghar Cadals, 1850-1860. The first system to come into operation was the Eastern Nara, consisting of the Mithrao, Thar, Hiral and Klipro Canals. Over 70 lakhs of rupees hare, up-to-date, been expended upon this system, which was opened in 1831, although its principal canal, the Withrao, was not constructed until some years later. The system depends for its supply upon the water of the Nara river, which is fed from *858-59, known rigated by the · returns a net revenus of orer 4 lakhs of rupees. The Began Canal and the Ghar Canal also came into operation during this decade. The former is the most important system north of Sulkur and on the right bank of the Indus; it irrigates normally over a quarter of million acres and produces a net revenue of about 5 lakhs of rupees on a capital outlay of 241 lakhs. The Ghar Canal, to which reference has already been made, irrigates an equal area. Betteen 1860 and 1870 the Futeli Canal, the largest of all the Sind Canals, tras opened at a cost of 20 lakhs of rupees. Nearly 425,000 acres are irrigated from this canal; owing to the position Pulell Canal, 1360-1870.

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·20 Description of wurks la Sind. cultivation in the Deccan. The total area sown with this crop during the year under review was about 25,000 acres and tho yield therefrom Fras valued at 1141 lakhs of rupees. The sugarcane industry, in addition to giving large profits to the cultivators, has a high protective value, inasmuch as it affords employment for a large number of persons from neighbouring villages, in times of scarcity There is undoubtedly a great future for an indigenous sugar industry in a country in which the demand is far in excess of the local supply. The formation of sugar refining companies controlling large areas of irrigated land would appear to be one of the means of ensuring the further development of the industry and the Government of Bombay have, at present, under their consideration experimental proposals of this nature, (11) Sind, The canal systems in Sind are entirely different from those in the Deccan They are mostly very large and carry their supplies during the inundation season only. Many of them are canals which existed before the advent of British rule and which have since been improved; some of these, although classed as minor works, are among the largest in existence, as for example the Tuleli canal, rearly 1,000 miles in length with a head dischargo of 12,000 cubic feet per second, and the Ghar Canal, 306 miles in length with a discharge of nearly 11,000 cubic feet per second The general average neturn on the canals in Sind is 29 per cent. on minor and 7 per cent. on major works. The first system to como into operation was the Eastern Nara, consisting of the thrao, Thar, Hiral and Klipro Canals. Over 70 lakhs of rupees have, up-to-date, been expended upon this system, which was opened in 1831, although its principal canal, the Mithrao, was not constructed until some years later. The system depends for its supply upon the water of the Nara river, which is fed from *838-59, known rigated by the returns a net révenue of over 4 lakhs of rupees The Begari Canal and the Ghar Canal also came into operation during this decade. The former is the most important system north of Sakkur and on the right bank of the Indus; it irrigates normally over a quarter of & million acres and produces a net revenue of about 5 lakhs of rupees on & capital outlay of 241 lakhs. The Ghar Canal, to which referenco has already been made, irrigates an equal area. Between 1860 and 1870 the Fuleli Canal, the largest of all the Sind Canals, was opened at a cost of 20 lakhs of rupees. Nearly 125,000 acres are irrigated from this canal; owing to the position The Eastern Nara System and the Begarl and Ghar Canals, 1850-1860. Fulell Canal, 1860-1870.

·SARGROW
.
NAMAHU
&HAMDAOYUN
MAN JWAND
MANRAD CL.
KNIPRO CL
ANULL ANAN
XOTRI
EKOT
HAR CL
CNALU W
MINRUN NMAS
WYOL RAIAD
JUGA TARPIA
LAST
NABIR SCM.
LARRAZ W
INDUS RIVER
JUNG SHANI
ut U CANAL
KARAC
RASTYS
REFERENCES
Cris'ins seres...
pivo
Erincis boundary

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·21 of the headworks the annual variations in the quantity of water obtainable are small and it is one of the few Sind Canals which carries an appreciable suprly all the year round. Fire more canals were added during the ten years from 1870 Desert and Suhkur to 1880. Of these the two most important are the Desert Canal, Canals, 1870-1880. costing 27 lakhs and irrigating over 200,000 acres in tho northern. most part of Sind, and the Sukkur Canal, just above Sukkur, which serves a further 80,000 acres The remaining three are small canals, lying in the Hyderabad district on the left bank of the Indus. A period of comparative inactu ity followed during the 20 Period of years from 1880 to 1900, the only work to be opened berag the Un- 1880-1906. barwah Canal between the Descrt and Begarı Canals, with 85,000 acres of irrigation. Towards the end of the period, however, a start was made upon three new canals, the Jamrao, Mahiwah and Dad, which came into operation in the first years of the new century. In 1900, the Jamrao Canal came into being. This was an en- Developments tirely new cinal tal ing oft from the Eastern Nara river above the since 1900. Mithrao Canal, alıeady mentioned, and, like that canal, it is assured partly upon the Nara Channel. The cost 1250,000 acres, and produces a net revenue of 4} lal:hs. Between 1901 and 1901 the Mahiwah, Dad nnd Nasrat Canals tierc also opened. Built at & cost of al out 60 lakhs of rupees, ther have added about 270,000 acres to the irrigated area in Sınd. Two Emall canals belos Kotri on the Indus, the Sattah and Hassanali Canals, also came into operation since 1900 The Jamrao Canal commands an area of nearly 800,000 acres in Results obtained the Thar ond Parkar and Nawabshah collectomtes, a tract which from Jamrao Canal. wae lurmerly inadequately served by the tails of canals taking off tlie Fullli and tlıc Indus. The area of occupied land at the date of constriction was 275,000 acres out of which about 71,000 nere cultivated annually; the area annually irrigated is now, as stated alone, 250,000 acres. When the canal was constricted the value of the occupied land was ebout Rs. 20 per acre and that of bo non-occupied land was practically nıl, while to-day the averago value of the land is alout Rs. 45 per acre. The total increaco in tlic value of land duc to the cdrcnt of the cong) is estimated at ntout?! cmes of rupees. The Did nnd Nasrat Canals, which irrigate portions of the Results obtained Nawalslah collectorate, are old canals rcmodelled. In 1902, the from the Board and former tortuous course of tbe Dad miestmightened, r model. Icd nud «terdçi forn length of 87 miles, and regulators were ·22 built at four places. Later on, a dev head to the canal es excavate ed. These improvements have raised the level of water in the tract, 1 11 and of land irrigated previonsly from Rs. 10 to Rs. 35 per acre on an average. On the Ren distributary from the Dad canal, which was excavated in 1915, the value of land has risen by 50 per cent. in three years. In the Nasrat tract, where similar improvements have been carried out, much of the land was formerly valueless, while dnnking water was bad and only obtainable at a depth of from 60 to 70 feet. Tha water supply is pow fairly good and the average value of land ranges from Rs. 20 to Rs. 50 per acrc. Since 1850 the total irrigation from Government works in Sind has increased from 11 to 32 million acres, and the net revenue Progress of Srrigation la Sind. The Sukkur Barrage project. acres of land. The only large work in contemplation in Sind is the Sukkur. Barrage. It is realized that the development of Sind by inundatron canals is now approaching its limit, and the Sukkur Barrago project, which provides for a weir across the Indus with two large perennial canals, one on each bank, has for its object the substitution, for the present rather uncertain supply of water, of a perfectly assured and ample supply, not only in the flood season, but all the year round. The problem of producing a remunerative project is a difficult one, as the works can only take credit for the increase of revenue which they produce, and the existing canals have been so much improved that the margin is somewhat small when compared with the capital outlay involved, estimated at about 1,100 lakhs of rupees; there is however no possible doubt as to the 1 I.AL .. 1 Increase in Irrigated area during the past 40 years, -- on special duty to make a thorough investigation of the questions involved and it is hoped that a satisfactory project will result. During the past 40 years the area irrigated by productive and protective works in the Bombay Presidency has nearly sextupled. The steady increase which has taken pluce is shown by the following figures : Arca irrigated Year. 1877.78 260,000 1887-88 475,000 1897-98 871,000 1907-08 1,275,000 1917-18 1,577,000 in acres..

·We A- ED UNDER SLUICES, JAMRAO CANAL

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·25 The table tclot shona the extensions of impated arra mlich Aaterale Arc Anticipated when the patrisal no:herrently complaie!, under en ons ollitigallos. construction or urder consideration are in full works, order. Stage of work. Mesochork . 61,00 Reseady conde plotod Flood direim lan] to foolectido fans barnly changel. Cloi branch of the trouri cara Pea disinbatary from Dxf62) Deeran. Godavari Canals 31,999 11,00 (2,000 145.000 0.00 Onder construc. Sim, Mahiwab canal Kew Khipo canal and starts witrile tarics. Deccan. Nina Right Bank canal Prarara cadala Dharma canal Budbibal tank Gimo lait Bank canal extension tion. 114,000 73,000 12.000 8,700 3,109 Estimate* 100- tioned 14,900 Sind, Nend distribulars Niral canal and 31 and 7th mile Dutributaries, Ther canal. Deccan, Gokak Canal extension 132,000 Sind. 2,324,000 (37,200 88,000 60.600 Under considera. Rohrl canal, Sakkor Barrage and widen. Ing tho Esstern Nara Supply channel, Nasirabad canal Sebar canal Remodelling tho lower portion of the Dad canal, Sultan aber 10th milo Begari canal Gaja improvement. Remodelling the branches and extending Dosorsk er utbrno canal. Deccan. Mutha Right Bank capal extension 81.000 48.000 0,800 340,000 Total 3,004,800

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·BENGAL SKETCH MAP OF CANALS. Scale inch=16 miles. BANDA M-AUD KMARA SONANUKAI JWUTY SURDWAN TOILPUR NARIGRAM KAMCNANNAGAL VIEMNOPUR RAINA JAMALPUN NOTALPUR COGNAT o TANAXLAWAN GARRICTA CNAMPADARGA &LANMPONK CHANDRAXONA SAMUDAR &NATAL KL SNPUR o DAIPUR AMTA COASYL ULVILAIA SUDOE OVOAC MIDNAVA MNSNURA KOKAPUR HOOGHLY FALTA TUMLUK MABLANDPUR DUMOND MARIOUR REFERENCES. Rivers - Existing conals --- Arta commanded Proposed canals Railway C.

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·24,000 acres, but a new channel, with a sluice and stop dam, is now under construction with a view to improving these conditions It is also anticipated that the proposed Damodar Canal, now under 'consideration, will, if constructed, materially improve the financial prospects of the Eden Canal. The areas irrigated by these two canals are shown in the follom- Progress of ing statement :- Irrigation Year. Midnapore Canal, Eden Canal. Acres. Acres. 1871-72 1877-78 1887-88 1889-90 1897-98 1907-08 1917-18 6,029 19,819 85,854 68,810 72,206 62,010 86,786 9,693 21,487 22,116 26,439 The results of crop experiments carried out by the officers of Value of Canal Irrigation la the Department on average crops show that the average value of Bengal. canal water to cultivators using the water from the Midnapore Canal is Rs. 11) per acre, whilst the water rate charged is Rs. 2 per acre only. On the Eden Canal system the value has been calculated at Rs. 174 per acre, whilst the water rato charged is Rs. 1-8-0 per acre only. The Calcutta and Eastern Canals system provides for steamer Navigation Systems and boat communication between Calcutta and Eastern Bengal The Calcuita and through the Sunderbans area. The Calcutta Canals include Toly's Eastern Canals, Nala, the Circular and New Cut Canals, the Kristopur Canal and the canalized Bangore Khal. The Eastern Canals extend from Dhappa to Barisal and consist of a series of cross tidal creeks and artificial cuts, running from west to cast and connecting the natural drainage lines of the Ganges Delta which run north and south. Trom 1855 to 1886 the management of the Calcutta Canals vested in the Commissioner of the Presidency Division, but it was transferred, in the latter year, to the Public Works Department. The system, which is not covered by any complete sanctioned estimate, comprisc a total length of channel of 1,181 miles. A sum of Rs. 2,11,722 vas espended during the year as debit. Work done during able to the capital account of these canals. This espendituro ras Calcotta lod Euiem mainly incurred on the improrement by widening and deepening Canals. PUD ·28 Madaripur B11 Canal. of the Gabkhan Bharani Khal from Chowkeegatta to Jhalakati. This khal is on the main steamet route from Khulna to Barisal and serves as an alternatire route to the Angeria Creek. Khulna and Bansal are the headquarter stations of the districts of Khulna and Backerganj, and, as there is no railway communication with Backerganj, tho maintenance of a suitable navigable channel for steamers on this main line of communications is essential. The Ingeria Creek, although periodically dredged, silts up again very quickly; it is anticipated that this new Bharani khal will maintain itself free of silt. The work was taken up in 1914-15 and will be completed in the year 1918-19 to a bed width of 175 feet An extraordinary feature of this khal is the nature of the subsoil underlying its bed. The soil is of a black peaty nature, and the roots of forest trees and bard peat are frequently met vith, choking the suction head of the dredger and thus causing numerous delays and some break-downs of machinery. The expenditure on this work up to end of March 1918 amounted to Rs 6,26,431 and it is anticipated that the total cost for works only will be Rs 7,48,739. It will be necessary to widen the khal et a future date to a bed width of 250 feet. The Madaripur Bil Canal, thich connects the Madhumati and Kumar rivers in the district of Faridpur, iras originally a part of the Calcutta and Eastern Canals system. In the year 1893-96 its improvement by decpening and widening was taken in hand with a view to shorten the distance for inland steamer traffic, and it has now the status of a separate project, upon which 40 lakhs of rupecs lad been expended up to the end of 1917-18 The canal is 21 miles long and passes through the centre of the great Madaripur Bil in a north-easterly direction; when the Ganges and Brahmaputra rise in flood, a general spill takes place into the bil from the Madhumati and Kumar rivers. The water entering the bil from the former river through the western entrance caused a beavy deposit of silt in the mouth, due to the velocity being checked, and large sums, which in the year 1914-15 amounted to 21 lakhs of rupees, hare been spent in an endeavour to keep opon a navigable channel trith powerful suction dredgers. Enquiries proved that river levels in the Kumar are always above those in the Madhumati and it was tberefore decided to control the water levels in the 1" south bank, si induced which would canal; these works were completed in the year 1916-17 and have proved a complete success. The Kumar deposits its eilt in the bil and a stream of clear water now issues into the Madhumati, with the result that po further silt trouble has been experienced; the tollage receipts bave in consequence risen from 07,000 rupecs in 1914-15 s on the

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man
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DREDGER 'FOYERS' AT WORK IN THE MADARIPUR BHIL ROUTE.

·26 Mladaripur BI! Canal, of the Gobkhan Bharani Khal from Chowkeeratta to Jhalakati. This khal 13 on the main steamer route from Khulna to Barisal and serves as an alternative route to the Angeria Creek. Khulna and Bansal are the leadquarter stations of the districts of Khulna and Backerganj, and, as there is no railway communication with Backergan), the maintenance of a suitabla navigable . channel for steamers on this main bne of communications is essential The Angeria Creck, although periodically dredged, silts up again very quichly, it is anticipated that this new Bharani khal will maintain itself free of silt. The work was taken up in 1914-15 and will be completed in the year 1918-19 to a bed width of 175 feet An extraordinary feature of this khal is the nature of the subsoil underlying its bed The soil is of a black peaty nature, and the roots of forest trees and hard peat are frequently met with, choling the suction head of the dredger anh thus causing numerous delays and some break-downs of machinery. The expenditure on this work up to end of March 1918 amounted to Rs 0,26,431 and it is anticipated that the total cost for works only will be Rs 7,18,739 It will be necessary to widen the khal at a future date to a bed widtb of 230 feet. Tho Madaripur Bil Canal, which connects the Madhumati and Kumar rivers in the district of Fandpur, was originally a part of the Calcutta and Eastern Canals system. In the year 1895-96 its improvement by deepening and widening isas taken in hand with a view to shorten the distance for inland steamer traffic, and it has now the status of a separate project, upon which 10 Jakhs of rupees had been expended up to tlic end of 1917-18. The canal is 21 miles long and passes through the centre of the great Madaripur Bil in a north-easterly direction; when the Ganges and Brahmaputra rise in flood, a general spill takes place into the bil from the ladhumati and Kumar rivers. The water entering the bil from the former riser the western entrance caused a beavy deposit of silt in the mouth, due to the velocity being checked, and large sums, which in the year 1914-15 amounted to 24 lakhs of rupees, have been spent in an endeavour to keep open a navigable channel with powerful suction dredgers, Enquiries proved that river levels in the Kumar arc alags abors those in the Madhumati and it was therefore decided to control the water lcrels in the bil by means of an embankment and regulators on the south bank, so that a through resterly current would be induced thich tould prevent the Sadhumati water entering the canal; these works rere completed in the year 1916-17 and have proved a complete success. The Kumar deposits its cilt in the bil and & stream of clear water no issues into the Madhumati, with the result that no further silt trouble has been experienced; the tollage receipts have in consequence risen from 67,000 rupees in 1914-15 ·27 to over 31 lakhs of rupees in 1917-18 and maintenance charges have boon reduced to about 90,000 rupees. These works paid a return of 7 per cent. In 1916-17 and 64 per cent. in 1917-18. Tire canal forms a short route to Eastern Bengal and Assam, the distance being 115 miles less than hy the Barisal route to the south, in the ycar under review, 5,634 stormers and flats used this routo transporting 390 lakhs of maunds of cargo. The Hijil Tidal Canal, in conjunction with the Orissa Coast Hili! Tidal Canal. Canal, affords inland boat communication between Bengal and Orissa. It was commenced in 1868 and completed in 1873, and, previous to the opening of the Bengal Nagpur Railway, was the only inland route by which supplıcs of food could be conveyed into Oussa in time of famine In addition to the maintenance of these canals a considerable General Improvement amount of work is done by the Bengal Public Ilorks Department of Inland in connection with the improvement of inland waterways to waterways. provido better facilities for inland steamer and boat traffic, an! two suction dredgers are kept constantly at work, the combinol output of which amounts to 75,000 c ft. per hour, these dredgers are engaged in removing shoals and spits on the steamer routes, widening and deepening existing channels and providing shortec nyer to rirer connections. The amount of work offoring for this class of excavator is more than the present plant can cope with, and the want of a larger fleet is much felt. In addition to this class of work a navigable channel of 200 miles in length on the Ganges 19 maintained. This rirer, betwoen Rajmahal and Goalundo, presents many difficulties to navigation owing to tho formation of shoals, and it not unfrequently happens that a flat or steamer runs aground and has to be lightened by removal of cargo before she can bc floated off, which not only entails delay but may mean an entire wreck. Government consequently wertakes to keop open each year a navigable channel for steamers and fats of six feet draft, and very careful watching and immediate action are necessary, as unless shoal formation is rapidly checkod the subsequent difficulties are considerably incroased, The Joint Steamer Companies (India General Navigation and Railway Company and the River Steam Navigation Company) carried out this work on behalf of Government during the year under roview, owing to thic dearth of oficers of tho Department on account of the war. Tbo Bengal Public Works Department aro further responsible Flood Embad' mente for the maintenance of about 1,370 nules of embackments, which protect some 6.000 squarn miles of country from inundition during foods and high tides, They date from the very earliest times ·28 Projects under consideration, The Damodar Canal, in the history of Bengal and bare been maintained by Goremment since the Permanent Settlenient. The only irrigation project not under consideration is that for the Damodar Canal. It is proposed to utilize the water of the Damudar for the irrigation of certain tracts in the Burdwan district and it is anticipated that about 105,000 acres will be irrigated. The rough estimated cost of the project is c0 lakhs of rupees. The scheme also provides for an increased supply for the irrigation of the area commanded by the Eden Canal, where the area under irri. gation will be increased to 15,000 acres, while that Canal will be restored to its original scope of sanitary improvement and the supply of good drinking water. The table below sho's the prospects of extending irrigation in the Presidency as compared with the areas already irrigated.. Prospects of extension of irrigation la Bengal. Name of Canal. Arca. Areas already irrigated Midnapur Eden 86,800 26,400 Total 113,200 Additional areas from projects under consideration. Damodar Eden 105,000 17,600 Total 122,600 The Grand Trunk Canal, The Inrgest navigation project under consideration is that for the construction of the Grand Trunk Canal, to connect Calcutta with the main river system of Eastern Bengal for the purposes of inland steamer traffic. The southern steanier toute across the Sunderbuns is thrcutened with closure on account of deterioration at the western end and many of the old rivers have been permanently ni rupees. The canal will consist of a locked length of 221 miles between the Ilooghli at Calcutta and the Kulti Gong, and will give access to a group of rivers at the head of the Sunderbans area at present unused by inland steamers, shortering the distance between Calcutta and Khulng by 136 miles, or niore than half that of tho present Sunderhans steamer route In the vicinity of Calcutta, inland herlours will be provided so that yessels can be ·29 Žurned round quickly and facilities for the espeditious handling of cargo will be supplied both the canal and harbours will be excavated by suction dredgers which will raise the land and thereby render it fit for occupation for the purpose of industries and resi. dences. The detailed scheme was under the consideration of the local Government during the year, and public bodies interested tvere consulted and asked to put forward their views on the alignment and scope of the canai, The question of widening the Madaripur Lil Canal, which has Widening of been described above, has been under consideration for some Madaripur Bn Canal. time past. The present width of the canal varies between 150 and 170 fect, but it is periodically constricted to 120 feet at the two ends owing to the formation of spits. It is proposed to give the canal a uniform width of 320 feet in order to allow two steamers, each with two flats in tow, to pass abreast. The cost of such widening would amount to 17 lakhs of rupees. The traffic through the Bil route has increased enormously since the construction of the embankment and sluices previously referred to, and congestion and delay in navigation have become nuanifest. In the matter of general improvement of inland waterways General improve much yet remains to be done. The Nadia rivers, comprising the ment of Inland water ways. Bhagirathi, the Jalangi and the Mathabhanga rivers, were, in the rast, main routes of navigation during the monsoon, but owing to their rapid deterioration they have been partially abandoned. 711 LT --- considerable decrease in the fresh water supply to thó Hughlı. On certain other rivers, the Dhaleswarı, the Buriganga and the Gorai; deterioration has taken place to such an extent that navigation has become impossible during the dry months, except for steamers and boats of very shallow draft, and this deterioration Laving now been retarded by means of dredging and other operations, it is the hope of the local Government to restore eventually navigable conditions during the greater part of the year. Tho deterioration which has taken place in these direct river connections between Calcutta and the Ganges is a matter of grave concern, not only from the point of view of ravigation but from that of sanitation also. In October 1917 an Executive Engineer as placed on special duty to enquire into the possibility of the improvement of ravigation and drinage conditions in the area enclosed by the Padma on the south, tho Jamuna on the rest, tho Dhaleswari on Hueco north, and the Moghna on the cast. Jſuch valuable information ·CHAPTER VI. Eastern Juma Canal, 1830. The Oanges Canal, 183, UNITED PROVINCES. THE introduction of state irrigation into the United Province may be said to have been established in 1630 when the Easter Jumna Canal, at that time known as the Doab Canal, was opened The origin of the canal 13 lost in the must of history, but it is believe to have been built by one of the Emperors of the Moghul dynasty In 1822 a survey of the canal way raade with a viets to re-opening it construction has commenced at the close of that year and it wa opened for irrigation in 1830 The Eastern Juning is still the mos remunerature canal in the United Provinces, it irrigated an are of 355,000 acres in 1913-14, ths kuglest on record, and gives : steady return of over 23 per cent on a capatal outlay of 52 lakks. The first grest landmark in the history of the irrigation of th province was the opening of the Ganges Canal in 1854. Bo boldness of conception, breadth of imagination and completenes: 12 detail Sir Proby Cautley's monumental work is still almost unrivalled in India. Without any previous experience of irrigation works on anything like the same scale to guide him, ke designed and constructed a canal systeza which is still one of the largest in the world, and in such the light of subscquent experience has disclosed but few faults. Irrigation commenced in 1855, although the distmbutary systems were very incomplete, and operations were greatly hampered by the Mutiny ; nevertheless it steadily developed and in the famine of 1861-62 the full supply for which the canal was slesigned was admitted for the first time. It was then discovered that the bed-slope was excessive, the resulting high velocity of Bow causing considerable crosion of the bed and banks of the canal, and serious scour below the falls, to remedy which defect an estimate amountag to 363 laklıs of rupees was sanctioned and the work taken in hand in 1865. The total capital expenditure on the Ganges Canal now stands at 392 lakhs upon which a net return of about 10 per cent. is realized ; in 1915-16, A year of high demand, it irrigated 1,262,000 acres, the highest un record. The increase in prosperity which has been experienced in the Ganges-Jumna Doab owing to the introduction of irrigation has been very marked. Taking the Muzaffarnagar district, which is irrigated by the Deoband Branch of the Ganges Canal constructed is 1837-38, as an example, the Settlement officer in 1874 reported that the most striking feature of the tract was the want of means 32 Results of tictraduction of Irrigation letto Oanzts-Juma Dosb,

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·OUN CANALS ANPUR BIJNOR CLS. SARDA-XICKKA FR CL SARDA ROHLRHAND CLI. MORADABAD BAREILLY HONYHA Learniaan CHANDAUS SNAHJAHANPUR DELHI AUNADPUR GANOLS MAT RIVE CAWNPORE OCH BCH. BNOGNIPUR ach, CHAMBAL MAVONA att JMANS CL. 1 REFERENCES Rivers .. Existing canals Proposed canals Area commanded Railways Provincial boundary. PAMAMI DAM DHUK WAN DAM 1

·H.
UNITED PROVINCES
SKETCH MAP OF CANALS
Scale I inch = 64 miles
GORAKHPUR
GONDA
BWAT NI
FYZABAD
AVEN
GUNTI
INLARA
SWANGAN
RIVEN
VAUNPUR
RAT BARELY
CHILLILA
ZAPARABAD
WPORT
BERANES
ALLAHABAD
GARA) CL.
SOK
RANC
GMAGAR SL
JUNNA
R
IS
land
NEN EL
GAIGAO DAM

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·AW
yet
SOLANI AQUEDUCT, UPPER GANGES CANAL.

·33 of irrigation and the prevalence of sand, and he went on to romark that, in a year of drought, the fertility of the river valleys formed a pleasant relief to the eye wearied with the view of scanty crops in an unirrigated upland. All this is now changed, for many years the upland villages have been supplied with canal irrigation, and year by year fresh estates are added to the list until now only a few remain which are not watered from this source The cultirated area in the district has increased by 42,500 acres or 19 per cent since the settlement of 1874, while the irngated area has increased by over 100,000 acres or 167 per cent. The effect which the substitution of canal for well irrigation has had in improving the standard of cultivation tends to make the change wrought in the conditions of the parganas, previously irrigated from wells, as great as in those in which irrigation was formerly unknown; for the substitution of canal how irrigation for irrigation from wells has set frec an amount of labour equivalent to a substantial addition to the population, and a large accession to the number of cattle employed in agricultural operations. In the Khatauli pargana of the Muzaffarnagar district, for example, the opening of the canal has led to the substitution of canal dow irrigation for the more laborious watering from wells in the case of 6,930 acres. It may be assumed that the average nunber of Waterings is two, so that the labour of men and cattle required to irrigate 6,950 acres twice has been saved in this pargana alone by the substitution of flow irrigation from the canal for that fron wells. The bullock labour thus saved has been suthcient to provide for the cultivation of larger areas of sugarcane and for the ploughing of the greater part of the increased cultivation. The value of land has also risen greatly throughout the tract. A reference to the old land acquisition records shows that the price paid for land when the Deobani Branch as constructed in 1877- 78 nas from Rs 30 to Rs. 80 per acre, whilst when remodelling the branch in 1903 the price paid was from Rs 83 to Rs. 146 peracre, the value of the land having thus incrcased to 212 per cent. of its form:r valuc. In addition to the practical prevention of famine in seasons of drought, the canal has had a marhed influence in promoting arboriculture Valuable trees flourish along the canal and the erainplo so successfully słown has been followed by the poprietary cultivating bodies througliout thic irrigitcıl tract. Thic canal Lasatso liad a mrked influence for good on the character of the population. The inslustrious classes linic been enabled to impmre heir style of cultivation aud to estend the arcus of the best cmps, 9PID ·while certain idle and less respectable tribes have discovered that cultivation can be made to pay. The extension of cultivation, the increasing certainty of a fair retum in agriculture and the reclama. tion of many idle classes thus figure prominently &mang the benefits due to the canal, Dun, Robsikband and Bijnor Casals, 1810-1870. Agra And Lower Datges Canals, 1870-1980. A Between 1810 and 1863 a number of small canala tere either built or taken over by Government. The Dun canals, in the Debra Dun district, were opened for irrigation during this period; they comprise six small canals which irrigate about 20,000 acres. The two Bijnor canals sere constructed between 1810 and 1850 to irrigate 31,000 acres in the Bijnor district, and in 1843 the State took over the Robulkhand canals, consisting of four systems in the submontane Tarai, which irrigate to-day upwards of 200,000 acres. The decade commencing in 1870 is noteworthy for the opening of two major productive works, the Agta Canal coming into operation in 1874 and the Lover Ganges Canal in 1878. The former canal takes off from the Jumna near Delhi, it has cost up to date 123 lakhs of rupees, and irrigates over & quarter of a million acres in the trans-Jumna tract. T'he development of irrigation has, how. ever, taken place somewhat slowly and its arrears of interest were not cleared oti until 1915-16. The Lower Ganges Canal has its headworks at Narora, 140 miles below those of the Ganges Canal at Hardwar, and was designed to irrigate the lower portion of the tratershed between the Ganges and the Jumna. A great set-back to irrigation from tlus canal was experienced in 1884, when the aqueduct, 33 miles from its head, which carries the canal over th3 Kali Nadi, was breached. It was temporarily repaird but in the folloring year a flood of unprecedented magnitude, estimated at 140,000 cubic feet per second, due to a fall of rain of 20 inches in 24 hours, completely destroyed the work. It was replaced by the present aqueduct, wluch is one of the finest works in India and is the largest aqueduct in the morld. The total cost of the Lower Ganges system amounts to 417 lakhs. It is a sound productive work and irrigates up to 1,200,000 acrcs. Benefits accruing 10m construction of Lower Oanges Caual. As in the case of the Upper Canges Canal, the introduction of irrigation from tho Lower Ganges Canal has brought rast bene. fits in its train. The cultivated area has increased, moro valuable crops have, to a large extent, ousted the inferior oncs previously gromn, and districts wluch formerly suffered scrercly in every year of drought are now protected and secure. The change which bas taken place is well described by the Settlement officer in the Last Settlement report of the Capopore district. "1," he wrote, ·פגומחזאיזט זייייייייייווו! UNDER SLUICES AND HEAD REGULATOR, LOWER GANGES CANAL.

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·35 "the Goremment felt inclined to defend either its policy in digging canals or its reputation against those who charge it with being the Buthor of famine, it could not havo accomplished both its objects more easily or more emplatically than by sending its critics on a short tour through the Sengar Jumna Doab during the cold treather of 1903-04. This tract was divided more or less into two strips, one consisting of dry estates unchanged from time immemorial and the other of estates provided with canal water for the first time Within the last two decades In both cases the rainfall had failed entirely, with the result that, in the former, mile upon maile of good arable land lay baro of any vestige of a crop, whereas iv the latter an exuberant harvest met the eye in every direction; pet 20 years from Rs. 13 to Rs. 68 per acre, since the branch was constructed. In 1885 the first protective work in the United Provinces, the Betwa Canal, 1880-1885. Betwa Canal, was opened. The tract of country commanded consists ol a triangular space of about 1,500 square mules between the Betwa, Pahuj and Jumna rivers, tho greater portion lying in the Jalaun district. The beadworks of the canal are situated at Parichi, about 17 miles from Jhansi, here a massive masonry weir extends across the rocky bed of the river and forms a reservoir of 3,000 million cubic ſeot capacity. As a protective work the system has proved -- 1nnn .!. 10in1. - 1 . The complotion tho Ta Canal was followed by a period of frora nearly 20 years during mbich little new construction tras undertakon, the only works of importance being tho Fatehpur branch of tho Loter Ganges Canal, which was completed in 1902 at a cost of 39 lakhs of rupees, and tho extension of the Mat branch of tho Ganges Canal, which was completed in 1903 The Irrigation Commission during the ially in the Only ono new productive canal, the Garai Canal in Mirzapur, Productive works has been constructed since the lower Ganges Canal came into lace 1935. oporation, but numerous additions in tv boca made to the distributary systems of the existing canals. The most important extensions which bave been executed since 1903 and the Fatehpur-Sikri.

·36 Protective works since 1905. The Kea Canal. distributary extension, the remodelling and extension of the Aring distributary system and the construction of the Bukbrari distributary, all on the Agra Canal,anıl th: Hathras branch of the Ganges Canal which 1129 opened in 1912 The cost of construction of the last named amounted to 16 lakhs of rupees, and it is estimated that an area of 110,000 acres will eventually be irrigated from it. The GaraCanal fras completed during the year under review. It consists of an upper storage reservoir to hold 1,000 million cubic Icet of water and canals taking ont from either side of a pick-up damu lower down These canals command an area of 51,500 acres of which 20,000 will be irrigated yearly, It is, however, m the construction of protective works that tho greatest advance has been made. In 1916 the Kon Canal, with its headworks at Bariarpur, was opened for the Irrigation of the Landa district The weir, which is built of large blocks of geiss, has a length of 1,680 feet and a maximum height of 26 fect above the solid rock on which it is founded, and its crest 19 fitted with steel backstrut gates, 10 feet long and 3 feet high, which can be dropped from the crest or, in case of emergency, from a subway which runs throughout the length of the weir The canal head takes off at right argles to the weit In the head reach, for a length of seven furlongs, the canal crosses a rock ridge through thich it was at first proposod to construct a tunnel, but an open cutting was even tually adopted This prored a tedious and difficult work, the rock being very hard in many places, and the depth of the cutting as much as 60 feet Labour was difficult to obtaid, especially after two outbreaks of cholera which frightened the labourers away. Down to milo 19 the canal pacces through very rough broken country interspersed wth rocky hills, and crosses all the drainages leading to the Ken river; the alignment through this reach was particularly difficult, but it tras most successfully negotiated. The main canal is designed to carry & maximum supply of 1,000 cubic feet per second trith 7 feet sater depth, the bed being 55 foot uzde. Soon after the opening of the canal it became apparent that the reservoir at Bariarpur was insufficient for its needs, and in 1910 work was commenced on a dam huguer up the river at Gangao, Thero a supplementary reservoir of 4,000 million cubic feet caracity has been cor:structed. The work was completed at the end of the year 1916-17, the total capital cost of the Ken canal system T*.th the autem ne Dow: Duri bad early stages of the work it was very disheartening to find the people The assigne dan. BOW - 4 1

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·. GENERAL VIEW, DHUKWAN WEIR, BETWA RIVER.

·37 for whose benefit the work was being constructed refusing to assist A succession of excellent harvests had been reaped in Bundelkhand from the commencement of the work till the monsoon of 1913 The people were well ofi, had good stocks of grain, and consequently refused to work. Labour had to be imported with liberal advances, and not infrequently the men absconded after working a few days. Progress was thus retarded, but by dint of perseverance the dam has been successfully completed. The necessity for additional storage on the Betwa Canal had The Dhukwan Weralso made itself felt, and a subsidiary reservoir 27 miles ahore Paricha, at Dhukwan, was completed in 1911 at a cost of 22 lakhs of rupees, to store nearly 4,000 million cubic feet of water, or suflicient to increase the irrigating capacity of the canal by 90,000 acres in a year of drought. The dam, which is three quarters of a mile long, is 57 feet high, and the crest is fitted with 8 feet ſallıng shutters. As a natural sequence to the provision of extra storagm the question of remodelling the channels was taken up. Tho Hamirpur Branch, which is 83 miles long, and a large distributary from it, the Jalaun distributary, were remodelled Several minors were also remodolled to cnable them to carry larger supplies, and further minors were built to carry irrigation into new tracts, the efficiency of the Betwa canal system being thus considerably increased. Tho Dhasan Canal, which provides irrigation in the Hamirpur The Devasario district, was opened in 1910. It is fod from two reservoirs on the and Chorl Canals- Dunsan river, has cost half a croro of rupees up to date and is de. signed to irrigato 75,000 acies in a normal year, and 100,000 acres in a year of drought. The Pabuj and Garhmau canals, two small canals constructed to irrigate 18,500 acres in the northorn portion of tho Jhansı district, came into operation in 1911, and the small Gbori canal in Mirzapur in 1916. Tho Chaggar Canal in the Mirzapur district was complete The Ghaxs ir Canalduring the year under review. A masonry dam, 63 fect high, with a massive earthen embankment over 3 miles long, forms reacrvoir to contain 5,000 million cubic feat of water. This reservoir is filled partly from the Chinggar river, and partly by means of a cut from the Koramnasa river. Tho main canal, with a discharge of 570 cubic feet per eccond, commande an area of 233,00 acres, of which 60,000 will be irrigated yearls. In qidition to this, o canal taking out of the Karamnasa Iceder cut will inigte comc 7,000 acres. The total cost of tlus scheme has been nearly 40 laklis. Tiir torks Fero cominanced in tho cold weather of 1912-13, and construction has been carried on in the face of great difficulties, and free quently under the most trying circumstance. The Changer dan nud karanassa meir in situated some 60 to 70 miles fron the ·38 The Majhgawan Tarth and Canal, naarest railtras, in a most inaccessible part of the country whicro there were no communications, where local labour was impossible to obtain, and, eren when labour mas imported, the unhealthinese and sild natuic of the place caused the labourers to abscond. Thera were no metalled roads and carts were unknown in that part of the country when construction began. Drinking water in many places Tras very hard to procure, especially during the hot scather months when it often had to be carried for miles. In addition to these difficulties, a sudden big flood in the Karamnasa river in 191", beforo the rains had broken, outflanked the weir and scoured a large holo in the bank. To overcome this scarcity of Labour, a steam navvy and other labour-saving appliances were utilized. The cost of er. cavation with the steam na ryy proved higher than was anticipateil, as it was impossible to maintain the full steam pressure rith wood fuel, but the navvy proved useful as the work could not have been carried through Mathout pechanical power. There was also great difficulty in obtaining contractors In spite of all these disabilities, however, construction was steadily advanced, and a sınall quantity of water was available for irrigation in the cold feather of 1916-17, when about 4,000 acres frere irrigated. The Majhga wan Tank and canal, a small but useful tork in pargana Kulpahar, Hampur district, tras completed in 1917-18 This scheme provided for the restoration of an old bund. The reservoir thus formed stores 944 million cubic feet of water and 5,000 acres will be irrigated from the small canal system, In addition to the above, the construction of tanks and embankments in Bundelkhand has been receiving the constant attention of Government since 1905. A special tanks division was formed in that year, but by 1910 the works had spread over so wide an area that it was impossible for one division to look after them and they Tere divided among five existing divisions. The total expenditure incurred oa tanks and embankments, quite outside any of the canal systems, exceeds 20 lakhs of rupees. In addition to these tanks a small canal, the Sukhra canal in Mirzapur, financed by the local Government, has recently been opened. Since the introduction of canal irrigation into Bundelkhand tho value of land has risen considerably. There are other influences at trork apart from the canals, but the latter are by far the most im. portant factor in this increase. It may be said that since the introduction of canal irrigation, land values of all classes of soil haro risen by 75 per cent. On the Majhgawan Tank system values have gone up 127 per cent. The increase of rent on land submerged by the Kumharija bund is 144 per cent., and by the Coondi þund 200 Miror works since 1903. Enhancement of land values due to Irrigation work in Bundelkhand,

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·UNDER SLUICES, PERMANENT HEADWORKS, GANGES CANAL (UNDER CONSTDRIA- ·39 per cent., while in many villages watered by the Dhasan canal values have gone up 100 per cent, and in cno case 300 per cente The only productive work under construction at the end of the New headworks for year was the new permanent headworks for the Ganges Canal at Upper Ganges Canal. Hardwar. Hitherto the diversion of the river to the canal head has been effected by means of temporary weirs which are built annually when the river is low and are vashed away when it rises in the monsoon. This method of control has long proved unsatisfactory, since the canal supply is generally inadequate when there 188 long break in the rains or in case of an early winter demand. The new headworks, which are estimated to cost about 40 lakhs of rupees, will give complete control over the river supply at all seasons of the year. The work is also interesting as being the first great irrigation work in the United Provinces where labour saving machinery has been used on a large scal. A hydro-electric power station was built on the Ganges canal at Bahadrabad, 10 miles from the sito of the headworks, where a fall of 19 feet is available, and whenco current is conveyed to the weir site; stone crushers, concrete mixers, mortar mills, cranes and pumps are among the various forms of machinery operated by the power thus obtained. Construction was in progress upon one small protective work, Protective worhs the Barwar lake and canal. This scheme provides protection for under construction. a large portion of the Garotha pargana of the Jhansı district, by mcans of irrigation from a large reservoir formed by a dam across the Lidia nadi The commanded area is nearly 26,000 acres, of which about 7,000 acres will be irrigated. Numerous projects liave been prepared for canals from the Sarda The Sarda Canal. river, dating from 1870, but until recently the taluqdars, the large landholders of Oudh, lave strenuously opposed the introduction of canal irrigntion. Conscqucntly the Irrigation Commission, Thule refusing to recognise that any objections had beed urged against thic canal which could not with equal force have been urged against the Ganges Cannis, suggested an alternative method of utilizing tho Sarda water by divcrting it across the drainage of the country, supplementing the supplics of the Rohilkhand Canals and picking up a considerable area of new irrigation on the way, and discharging the surplus into the Ganges above the liead of tho Lower Ganges Cinal. At present the latter receives part of its supply direct from the river and part through the Ganges Canal ; the Sarda nater would not only have permittal crtensions of irrigation on the lower canal but woull huo rendered it independent of the upps, a prition of the water thus freed being utilized on the Ginging Canal iterlf, a portinn being presel into the Agra Canal, while a third portico nas to le paused by means of a secoa'l (eeder channel ·40 into the Eastern Jumna Canal The result yould have been that a smaller share of the water in the Jumna would have been requirer? for the latter and the surplus Frus to be used on the Il'estero Jumna Cenal in the Punjab, to extend irrigation in Rohtak and Hissar, The project, irhich yras estimated in detail to cost C crorcs of rupees, and to give a return of 7 per cent., tras one of extraordinuy engineering dificulty. The main feeder line, 159 mues long, crossed 65 rivers and dramages, and in flood time more than a mullion cubic feet of water per second had to be passed over, under or acro9g the canal The scheme involved negotiations with the Punjab and with the Rampur State, and while these were in progress a change of attitude became evident among the land holders of Oudh, which resulted in a memorial being presented to the local Government praying that the Surd water might not be diverted, but might be utilized in the tract to which it belonged geographically. At the same time it was found that the Bhakra Dam project in the Punjab nas likely to prove feasible and to provide a better supply of water for the Western Jumpa tract than could be obtained from the Sarda scheme As a result an alternative estimate has been prepared for a Sarola Canal for Oudh. One branch wll run westward across the Tarai to supplement the supply in and admit of exten- ' will wy. the western branch Difurcaces worlu Ol 112Tqui, lile nu poruons terminating at the boundary of the Allahabad and Jaunpur districts. The whole system entails the construction of 5,000 miles of channels, is designed to irugate nearly 2 million acres and is expected to yield eventually a return of 83 per cent. on a capital expenditure of 857 lakhs of rupees. Projects for A large number of projects for protective corks have bero protective works under consideration, prepared or are under consideration. Four large tank projecte, for the Aunjhar and Bhatkhara and Jaitanti Tanks in the Banda district, and for the Raipura Tank in the Ilamirpur district, have Icon sanctioned, but they are held in abeyance pending allotment of funds. It is boped that the construction of these works will be commenced next year. * The Pachara Lake system has been sanc- Inmina milint tenet Amongst projects 27,000 acres of 'ost of 153 lakhs of rupees, the Paisuni Canal, with a reservoir of 3,400 million cubic feet, estimated to cost 29 lakhs of rupees and to irrigate 38,000 acrcs in Banda, the Urmal Canal to irrigate 77,000 acres in Hamirpur and Bands at a cost of 25 lakhs of rupees, and the Ohan Canal also in the Banda distriet, mtb an estimated cost of 12 lakhs of rurces and an anticipated srea of 15,000 acres. Projects have also ·41 been framed for a third reservoir on the Dhasan, to storo n’arly 8,000 million cubic ſect of water, and for an extension of the Dhasan Canal, the cost of the works amounting to 63 lakhs of rupees and the additional area anticipated being 60,000 acres. an estimato has also been prepared for a thurd reservoir on the }}ctwa river some 15 miles above the Dbukwan weir An excellent site has been found where 11,200 million cubic fect of water can be stored, A large amount of work still remains to be done in regard to Mirtor works under consideration. the protection of precarious areas by small tanks. 18 estimates, totalling 16 lakhs of rupers, have been sanctioned for such works in the Agra, Hamirpur, Jhansi and Allahabad districts, which will be constructed when funds are available, and 51 estimates llavo been prepared for tanks and terracing in Azamgarh, Jaunpur and Partabgarh. During the last fifty years the area irrigated by the Productivo Increase in Irrigated Canals in the United Provinces has been more than quadrupled; area during the past and the Protective Canals also show a steady development of tho area irrigated from them. The incrcase is shown in the tablo below: Year. Protective Iroductive. Totale 1867-68 716,005 716,000 1877-78 1,415,378 1,415,378 1887-88 - 21,135 1,373,616 1,397.781 1897-08 48,991 2,290,492 2,315,486 1907-08 162,930 3,187,864 3,350,331 1917-18 199,831 2,371,087 3,070,918 The apparent falling off in the last decade is due to the fact that the year 1907-08 was one of exceptional drought during wkich tho demand for canal water was most intense throughout, the area irrigated in kharif being the highest on tccord and that irrigated in rali baving been only twice exceeded. The table below shows the extensions of irrigated area which Progress anticipata 1. are anticipated when the principal works recently completed 9PID ·under construction or under consideration are in fall forking order: Stage of work. Name of work, Arca in acres. Completed Gangao dam Sukhra Canal Ghori Canal Garai Canal Ghagar Canal Ganges canal headsorks Barvarlake and cabal 1,95,200 3,500 8,250 25,000 C7,000 86,106 7,200 Under construction Sanctioned 2,100 5,789 4,500 3,100 2,145,224 27,000 59,750 Aunjhar tank Bhatkhara tank Jaswantitark Raipura tank Sarda Canal Belan Canal. Kurra reservoir and Trans-Barma extension of Dhasan Canal Paisuni Canal Urmel Canal Ohan Canal Bela Sagar Tank Third reservor on Betwa river at Kaprar. TOTAL Onder consideration 38,010 76,700 15,183 20,07 49,100 . 9,759,145 The total arca irrigated in 1913-14 in the United Provinces was 3,450,000 acres and the above figures show that an increase in this area of about 80 per cent. is contemplated.

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·42 under construction or under covsideration are in full Forking order :- Stage of Tork Name of work, Area in acres. Completed Gangao dam Sukhra Canal Ghori Canal Garai Canal. Ghagar Cana) Ganges canal headworks Barrar lake and canal 1,95,200 3,500 8,250 25,000 67,000 86,166 7,200 Under construction Sanctioned . Aun har tank Bbatkhara tank Jalwantı tank Raipura tank Sarda Canal . Belan Canal 2,100 5,788 4,500 3,100 2,145,224 27,000 59,750 Under consideration Uhan Canal Bela Sagar Tank Third reservoir on Betra river at Kaprar. TOTAL 38,010 76,700 15,183 10,074 49,400 2,750,145 The total area irrigated in 1913-14 in the United Provinces was 3,450,000 acrcs and the above figures show that an increase in this area of about 80 per cent. is contemplated.

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·Upper Bati Doab Canal, 1816-1861. геytey Remodelling of Western Jurna Canal, 1870-1900. After the annexation of the Punjab in 1846 the need to provide occupation for the disbanded Sikh soldicry caused Lieutenant Colonel Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of Magdala), then Chef Ingincer, Punjab, to take up the question of extending irrigation into the upper portion of the Bari Doab, between the Ravi and Beas rirers. The project was prepared by Lieutenant Dras of the Royal Engineers, but the Multan var delayed the commencement of the scheme until 1831, so that irrigation did not begin until 1861 The old canal of Nawab Ali Dardan Khan was absorbed in the now feat of water more than a date, a capital outlay of 218 lakhs, upon which it returns froñi 19 to 17 per cent, irrigating over one million acres in the year under The question of the extension of irrigation from inundation canals was also taken in hand at about thus time, the Indus system being reopened in 1850 and the Upper Sutlej systein brought into operation in 1835. The Western Jumna Canal came oter to the Punjab in 1838. As alıcady mentioned, it was aligned for the most part, along drainage lines and continued to irrigate in this state until 1870, with tho result that large tracts of land were converted into malarious stamps In the year 1813, a Commission, consisting, of Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Buker of the Engineers and Surgeon Dempster, enquired into the connection between blocked draiuage, water-logging and malaria. In 1871, Colonel Crofton, Chief Engineer, Irrigation Branch, prepared a project, estrated to cost Rs. 1,29,31,900, for the remodelling of the entire canal system, for its cutension towards Sirsa, and for the construction of a dam across the river at its head at Tajawala. The Gov. cnncnt of India recommended the whole of this project for sanc. tion except the Sirsa Branch extension and the realignment of the main canal from Dadupur to Irdri, these two portions being de ferred for later consideration, The Secretary of State sanctioned the estimates sent up by the Government of India which amounted to Rs. 72,19,210, and later in sanctioned revised estimates amounting to Rs. 73,78,039, a figure which was swelled by indirect charges to Re. 1,01,88,202. The Sira Branch estension 1183 sanctioned in 1888 at an estimated cost of Rs. 11,92,561. Its construction tras legun in 1889 an] completed in 1893, but the realignment of the main canal from Dadupur to Indrı has not yet been carried out. The Western Jumna Canal has, up to date, cost conie 177 lakhs of rupees and it irrigated alout 72.1,000 acres in the scar under review, returning rct profit of Acurly 11 per cent.

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·LU NANUANA TRIFURCATION REGULATOR, LOWER CHENAB CANAL.

·45 Tlule the Upper Bari Doab Canai tas still under construction, Sirhind Canal, 1870-1834 a scheme for the irrigation of the country on the left bank of the Sutlej was broached, but this did not materialize until 1870, when the estimate for the Suhind Cinal was sanctioned. Irrigation commenced in 1881, and in the year under review an area of over 900,000 acres sas irrigated from it. Tlie capital cost of the system exceeds 256 laklıs of rupees, upon which the returns vary from fi to 11 per cent, the variations depending on the rainfall, to wluch this canal is very sensitive. Hitherto canal construction had been confined to the more Carly colonizationta populous parts of the Punjal, but in the early cighties the drier The Lower Chenab districts and waste lands began to receive attention. The Lower Canal, 1887-1900. Sohag and Para Canals, n lich take out from the right bank of the Sutlej oprosite Fazilka, and the Sidhnar on the left bank of the Ravi above its junction with the Chenah, were constructed between 1883 and 1887 and, besides being immediately successful, they afforded valuable experience in colonization. The Sadhnai Canal, to which the supply is ensured by a needle dam across the river, irrigates some 350,000 acres annually and gives a net return of between 30 and 10 per cent. upon a capital outlay of rather inoro than 13 lakhs of rupces. The Lower Chenab Canal, for the irrigation of the lower portion of the tract lying between the Chenab and the Ravı rivers, was opened as an inundation canal in 1887, but from the outset it suffered from deposits of silt, and it was realized that without a weir across the river at its head, to ensure its supply, it would be a complete failure. The construction of the Kbanki weir was sanctioned in 1889 and completed within two years, notable achievement much to tlie credit of Mr. Maclean, tlic Executive Engineer, and the staff under him. As soon as the supply was assured by the wcir, Colonel Jacob, R. E., pressed for tlic extension of the canal into the large areas of crown wasto which were till then lying practically valucless. This catension was sanctioned in 1891 and the colonization of the waste lands then commenced. The Lower Chenab Canal is easily the most productive work in India. It irrigates about 2 million acrcs annually and in the year under review produced a net revenue of 128 labls of rupecs on a capital outlay of 323 laklıs, a return of nearly 40 per cent. The accumulated surplus revenues of this canal, after paying interest charges, amount to no less than 1,388 lakhs of fupecs. The Loter Jhelum Canal project was fanctioned in 1888, but Lower Jelum work on it was postponed for want of funds till the Lower Chennl, Canal, 1898-1902 Canal had made considerable progress and it was not until 1898 that the work was taken up in carnest. It was opened for inriga. licu iu 1902, although construction was not quite completed, ·46 The Triple Canal Project, 1905-1915. In the case of both the Lower Chenab and Lover Jhelum Canals, construction and irrigation trent on side by side, since, the tract being dry and inhospitable, the canals had themselves to bring Tater for the construction of the masonry works. The canal commands the lower portion of the tract between the Chenab and the Jhelum, and is another extremely lucrative work, irrigating about 800,000 acres annually, and returning over 20 per cent, on an outlay of 162 lakhs of rupees. The Triple Canal Project was commenced in 1905; of its three component parts, the Upper Chenab Canal was opened in 1912, the Lower Bari Doab Canal in 1913, and the Upper Jhelum Canal in 1915. A reference to the map will show that the four rivers, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej, flow convergingly in a southwesterly direction, the first named being the most northerly. The particular problem confronting the Punjab engineers was the irrigation of the tract betrreen the Sutlej and the Rari, and since the supply of the latter river was required in its entirety for the existing Upper Barı Doab and Sidhnai canals, a canal from the Sutlej naturally offered the casiest solution. A project for the irrigation of the Lower Barı Doab from the Sutlej was prepared, but, as the result of representations made by Colonel Jacob and Sir J. Wilson, the Irrigation Commission of 1901-02 advised the consideration, in preference to it, of a project to irrigate the doab by water brought from the river Jhelum across the rivers Chenab and Ravi. Two considerations led to the adoption of the latter scheme, vrz., firstly, that there were large supplies in the Jhelum, much larger than could possibly be used in the Jhelum-Chenab watershed, and that the irrigation of the Ravi-Sutlej tract was the only possible means udarondly, that there was uter rould eventually on the left bank of the id in consequence the Triple Canal project was prepared by Alt. (now Sir John) Benton, Chief Engineer, Irrigation Works, Punjab. Under this project water is carried by the Upper Jhelum Canal from Mangla on the river Jhelum to a point above Khanki, the headworks of the existing Lower Chenab Canal, on the Chenab. This renders it possible, without interference with existing irrigation, to draw of water from the Chenab at Merala, forty miles above Khanki, and to convey it by the Upper Chenab canal to the Ravi at Balloki, crossing the latter river by means of the Balloki level crossing. The water is thus delivered on to the Ravi-Sutlej tract for irrigation by the Lower Bari Doab Canal. The Upper Jhelum and Upper Chepab canal throw off branches as they traverse the tracts between the rirers, and so irrigate the remaining portions of the Jhelum-Chenab

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SUKETAR LEVEL CROSSING, UPPER JHELUM CANAL.

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·47 and Chenab-Ravi watersheds. The total cost of the project, the construction estimate of which was closed at the end of 1916-17, has amounted to nearly 1,033 lakhs of rupees and it is anticipated that 1,900,000 acres will eventually be irrigated by the system. Although the most important link in the series, the Upper Jhelum Canal, was only opened in December 1915, nearly 1,200,000 acres were irrigated in the year under review. The construction of the Upper Jhelum Canal was besat with engineering difficulties, owing to the large number of kill torrents that it had to pass across in high embankments, the heavy excavation in its upper reaches, and the location of the head regulator at Mangla. The Upper Chenab Canal, with a bed width of 240 feet, a full supply depth of 12 feet and a capacity of 11,700 cubic feet per second is one of the largest perennial irrigating canals in the world, The progress that has been made in the Punjab is demonstrat- Progress made in ed by the following figures which show the arcas irrigated by Gov- the Punjab in last halt century. ernment irrigation works at the end of each interval of ten years since 1867-1868: Acres. 1867-68 1,025,166 1877-78 1,324,480 1887-88 2,341,103 1897-98 5,211,619 1007-08 6,039,944 1917-18 9,063,901 These progressire figures show the vast irrigated area added to the province in the last half century, but the Punjab Canals are responsible for a great deal more. The expansion of railways and the rapid growth of their earnings, the improvement in communications, the increase in the financial stability of the province, the large exports of surplus agricultural produce and the relief to congested districts by the colonization of crown Taste are all deve. lopments in which the Punjab canals have had a leading share, Moreover, the canals are not only very profitable investments to Government but a source of increased profit to the cultivator. The average yield from an acre of Fheat in the Upper Bari Doab tract, which is comparatively well favoured with rainfall, is estimated to have a gross value of about Rs 31 or Rs. 21, according to whether it is matured with the aid of canal water or not; the occupiers' rato levied for the use of the canal rater is, however, only Rs. 3-12-6 per acre, 60 that the increased outtumn is greatly in excess of the rate charged. ..

·48 Colonization Before the advent of the Lorer Chcnab, Loter Jhelum and Lover Barı Doab Canals, the tracts which they not serve wero practically waste land The soil was good in most parts, but owing to the scanty rainfall and low water table, crops could be cultivated only in drainage depressions and the rest of the country was covered with scrub jungle. The inhabitants were few and depended for their existence on their camels and cattle, whilst they did a fairly brisk business in cattle-stealing. The absence of railways and other communications in the Jech and Rechna Doabs made the land practically valueless, and it could be bought for nominal sums of a few annas per acre by anyone who was willing to pay tho land revenue : the crown waste brought in little or no revenue to Government In the Lower Barı Doab the existence of railways gave some slight value to the land and crown waste was valued at Rs. 1-9-0 per acre. Canal water has transformed these unfruitful areas into highly cultivated tracts containing well built villages and large towns and markets The enormous output of grain has led to a rapid extension of the railway system, and roads have been provided for in the system of land demarcation adopted as a preliminary to successful colonization and distribution of water The original colonists drawn from the congested districts of the Punjab have supplied the necessary cultivators for the greater part of the crown waste land, whilst even the original nomads of the tract have taken to agriculture and honest livelihood. In the first experiment in colonization (the Rechna Doab), the crown waste was allotted in threc ways. Peasant grants consisted of a half to two squarcs each, ie, 11 to 56 acres cach and the rccipient, after fulfilling certain conditions, received occupancy rights after five years. Yeoman grantees who received four to five squares had to pay "nazarana " at Rs. 6 per acre on entry. Capitalists who took up larger arcas had to pay as many Tupees per acre as there were squares in their grants with a minimum of Rs. 10. At a later date the reasant grantees were allowed to acquire proprietary rights on the moderato payment of Rs. 12-8-0 per acre, and other grantecs at & rato che average of which is about Ns. 20-100 per acro Somo of the land, but not much, tras allotted on service conditions for camel and mule brecding. In the Jech Doab, crown Traste tras usually allotted on horso breeding conditions to provide army remounts. In the Lower Ban Doab Colony, proprietary nghts are obtained on & paynient of Rs. 70 to Rs 100 por acre, and a large arca is reserved for grants for var services, ·TYPICAL VIEWS OF A COLONY TRACT BEFORE IRRIGATION.

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·49 In all the colonies, small areas have been sold by public auction from time to time to test values and for other reasons. The average price bas varied from about Rs. 200 to Rs. 300 per acre, and is A good indication of the advance in the value of the land which, before the advent of the canal systems, was almost worthless. In special cases, such as in large towns or near markets, the price paid has been as much as one rupec a square foot. Five important schemes are at present under consideration. Works under The Sutlej Valley Canals Project is the direct outcome of the consideration: forethought of the originators of the Triple Canal Scheme, the The Sutlej Valley Canals. Sutlej.Beas water, freed from the claims of the Ravi-Sutlej tract, being utilized to improve the inundation canals on both banks of the river and to protect a considerable area of land, which is at present unirrigated. The land on the right bank is entirely in British territory, while that on the left lies mainly in the States of Bahawalpur and Bikanır. The project provides for two weirs on the Sutlej and four canals, two on each bank, the estimated cost is Rs. 990 lakhs of rupees and over 1} million acres of new irrigation should be effected annually. The scheme is at present under the consideration of the Government of India. The Bhakra dam scheme is intended, in addition to providing The Bhakra Dasar irrigation to parts of Bıkanir State, to fulfil the object which was acheme. l aimed at by the Sarda-Ganges Jumna Feeder Project, namely to extend irrigation into the arıd and frequently famine stricken tracta of Rohtak and Hissar districts. The proposal to store the excess 'summer supply of the Jumna by means of a dam at Koch having been given up on account of the unsuitability of the site, a project is now being investigated involving a dam on the Sutlej at Bhakra, about 40 miles above Rupar, the herd works of the Sirhind Canal, where water is to be stored to a depth of 360 feet above river bed. About 110,000 million cubic feet of water will thus be impounded lduring the monsoon, without prejudice cither to the existing irrigation on the Sirhind Canal or to that projected in the Sutlej Valley scheme. The project will include a barrage on the Sutlej below Phillour and a considerable remodelling of some of the channels of the Sirhind Canal, which will be linked up with the Sirsa Branch of the Western Jumna canal. The cost of the project, which is a difficult and complicated one, is eitimated at Approximately 10 crores of rupecs, and about 1.4 million acres of he irrigation will be secured; the Bhakra dam, iſ built ag designed, will be higher than any dam now in existence. | Tho TInveli project has been prepared to counteract the large Th: Harel Project variations in the supply of the Ravi for the Sıdhnai canal and to provide better supplies for the Sultan scries of inundation ·50 canals, the insecurity of which has been increased by the opening of the Triple project. The essential feature is a barrage across the Chenab below its confluence with the Jhelum, with canals on either bank. The project has been returned by the Government of India for reconsideration, but beyond collecting more data as to the river discharges likely to prevail when the Triple Canals are in fall working order, nothing has been done in the way of revising the project, pending & settlement of certain outstanding matters at issue with Bahawalpur State. The That Project. A project is under preparation for the irrigation of the Sind Sagar Doab, wluch lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers. The project will secure more than 12 million acres of irngation annually out of a gross area of 5 million acres, a large portion of which at present affords only precarious grazing. Nearly half of this gross area will be available for colonization after local requirements have been met. A return of about 8 per cent. is anticipated on the estimated capital expenditure of about 8! crores of rupees. Woolar Last The Woolar Lake Barrage has for its object the storing of water Barrage. in the Woolar Lake on the Jhelum in Kashmir during the monsoon period for use in the Punjab Canals in the winter. The barrage is estimated to cost 15 lakhs of rupees and negotiations for its construction are being carried on with the Kashmir Durbar. Progress anticipated. The statement below shows the cxtensions of irrigated area which are anticipated when the principal works under considera. tion are in full working order ... Stage of work. Name of work, Arca in acres. Under considera. tion. Sutlej Valley Canals Bhakra Dam Haveli Project Siod Sagar Casal Woolar Lake Barrage 1,660,000 1,400,000 200,000 1,750,000 Total .. 5,010,000 The Aconomical use of water... A considerable amount of experimental sork, with a view to effecting economies in the amount of trater utilized, has been carried out in the Punjab, but with no very definite results as yet. One direction in which such investigations have been mado is tbat of the lining or Fater-proofing of canals, whereby the largo percolation losses which now take place might be obviated. Tue process of lining channels on a large scale would, however, be expensivo and one difficult to adopt on running canals. A ·second line of investigation has lain in experiments with modules, which are devices for ensuring that the cultivator receives a constant supply of water independent of the level of the supply in the distributing channel and the amount of clearance the cultivator may do to his watercourse. To this end experiments bave been undertaken with the Gibb Module and the Stoddard-Harvey Alodule, whilst the Kennedy Gauge Outlet is largely used on the colony canals by reason of the discharge through it being independent of the level of the water in the watercourse, though not of the level in the distributing channel The third enquiry relates to the practicability of selling canal trator by volumetric measurement. Experiments made departmentally and by the Agricultural Department tend to show that some crops, especially wheat, can be matured, and even benefited, by the use of a much less quantity of water than is now generally used by the cultivator. It is, therefore, considered that a change from payment for water per acre irrigated at rates varying with different crops, to payment at a rate per unit of volume of water supplied, might result both in economy in the use of water and in an extended area under irrigation. A contract has been entered into with a landowner in the Lover Barı Doab for the supply of water to him for irrigation at bulk rates, the water being measured and delivered to bim at the head of a minor distributary. The question of the conservation of water 19 related to that of water.logging. water-logging of the soil. Tho steady rise of the spring level in the colonies together with the appearance of water-logging in extensive areas has led to an examination of the problem, to the excavation of surface drains on the upper reaches of the Lower Chenab Canal and to the formation of a special drainage division on the Upper Barı Doab, from hich important improvements in the surface drainage of that tract may be looked for. An interesting experiment is being carried out on this canal at Amritsar, there a hydro-electric installation operates pumps which pump up the subsoil water in a tract which has becomo partially watcr. logged and, by returning it to the surface of the land, to replaco canal irrigation. Of the fifteen tube wells sunk for the purpose some have unfortunately proved defective, with the result that it bas not yet been possible to cut off the canal supply entirely. The inefficient wells are being resunk, and when this is done and the installation has been steadily at work, it will be possible to pay definitely how far tho anticipated results have been obtained. There is a very large quantity of water-power atailable on the Water.portr. Tunjab Canals Somo of this power is used for industrial purposes, chiefly for flour and Foollen mills, but the fact that the for is unavoidably intermittent is a stumbling block to its adoption as a motive power in most industries ·CHAPTER VIII. Ueneral conditions in Burma. Productivo Irrigation works. The Shwebo Canal. BURDA. The configuration of Burma does pot admit of very large irrigation schemes. The climate and soil favour the cultivation of rice, which is the main staple of the country. This crop requires an excessive amount of water, the canals are therefore considerably larger in proportion to the area irrigated than is usually the case in India and are more costly, especially as all rates in Burma are high. The largest area commanded by any one work is that commanded by the Shwebo Canal This canal, which has its head on the diu river, was opened in 1906 It was constructed at a cost of about 60 lakhs of rupecs and irrigates about 100,000 acres, returning 81 per cent on its capital outlay. The area commanded is about 72 miles in length, with a width varying up to a maximum of 16 mulos. This tract, which is now a practically unbroken succession of rice fields, was before the construction of the canal mostly covered with scrub jungle with scattered areas under miscellaneous dry crops and in favoured localıtres small arcas of rice lands dependent on local drainages In the northeast corner of the area there was formerly an old Burmese onebank canal, which intercepted the local drainage and stored a certain amount of water in two or three depressions. The resulting irrigation was naturally precarious and dependent on good rainfall. In general, rice crops were successfully matured in one year out of five or six; in other years the crop was deficient or failed. Tho whole area covered by the Shwebo Canal is no:v secured and the average outturn per acro has very largely improved, the increase varying from 9 baskets of 40 lbs. per acre from 3rd class lands to 35 and 40 baskets from 1st class areas, In the years before the construction of the Shwebo Canal, a large proportion of the inhabitants of the Shwebo district annually migrated to Lower Burma for the cold scason to help in reaping the enormous area under rice. By this means and in various other ways they supplemented the scanty living made from their fields in Upper Burma, and in the course of time a good many families abandoned their holdings in Upper Burma and settled in Lover Burma. The construction of the Shwebo Canal has stopped this annual migration from the canal area, and all who had abandoned their fields bave since returned and settled dosta 62

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·UPPER BURMA SKETCH MAP OF CANALS Scale. I Inch=32 miles, REFERENCES Rivers Existing canola Ares commanded - Railways TWINNGE KYWtYWMA o GAGADAUNG MEZALI MUR, OTANTADIN IRRAWADDY A MOGOK O INGYE MINGIN LUDI KIKA KINU MARE NA-NON O NAYAGANO SYR SWESOMALAINS TANK WLADAW LANE OBUDALIN KWEZIN WL AIRGY TANK LARL ALAUNLOAH KOTHARA SMWETACKAUNO CL. CC.

·. CHINSYIT o *EU OKTAW SALINGY MAHDALAT g AGAIKO MINTE CL OSALE OTMAINCH PAKOKKU YAMAN PWAUNGLYIN KITHIRDWL tt. NWADET CL. SANA CLV OMTINGYAN STNE o Norday MYIN DE O DROYA Pot KANTON SEIKPYVO NA ZA TANK PANG-ANA KYAUKPADAVNS FINALI MEIN YIL MLIXTILA LANG MYAUMOVAN WINKLA TA** SALIN Ch. VAN SAUNOSDN YAKALWS KYAUKA preranoyako TAUNALA YANETKIK KYAN TARR GYDA ON Mohou MAGWE VAUNOWOY)

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·$3 contentedly. Other families from the adjoining dry districts havo come in and occupied the new lands opened out, and a marked increase in prosperity is evidenced in the many new villages established, in the improvement in the type of village houses and in the construction and improvement of monasteries and travellers' rest houses erected by the people. There has been a general increase of trade throughout the district, thriving shops have been opened up in wayside places and everywhere there has been a marked improvement in the standard of living New roads have been opened and a service of motor cars has been inaugurated on the only two metalled roads in the district. The general increase in population in the canal area between the years 1909-10 and 1917-18 may be taken as about 4,000 households or roughly about 16,000 people; the figures for earlier years are not available but these would indicate a still larger increase, as the great influx of people occurred on the opening of the canal in 1906 to 1908. The rise in land value all round has also been considerable. Excluding waste lands, wbich have since been brought under the plough, lands previously son trith winter rice, now the most valuable crop, sold at from Rs 17 to Rs. 21 per acre, while they are now valued at rates varying from Rs. 25 per acre for fourth class lands to an average of Rs. 55 per acre for first class soils. The Mandalay Canal, which takes off the Madaya river, 32 miles The Mandi from Mandalay, was opened for irrigation in 1902, and 61,000 Canal. acres were secured in the year under review. The capital cost of 57 lakhs of rupees has been considerably enhanced by the outlay consequent upon a serious accident to the headworks which occurred in 1913, when an unprecedented flood, carrying huge masses of uprooted trees and logs, destroyed the under-sluices and damaged the head regulator. The four original under-sluices, each 32 feet been replaced by and with a clear gate in existence. In the Mandalay Canal area the general variety of rice planter, brought frumu TUTUT Barties and called " ngasem," has increased both in size and quality in the canal tract and is now lccally known 28 " ngasein-gri" or the large" ngasein." The mean sale value of pon-state land has increased from Rs. 37 per acte to Rs. 69 per acre, and in the case of state land from Rs.8 to Rs. 35 per acre. The Mon Canal, in the Binbu district, which was opencd in Tho Mon 1911, has involred up to date an outlay of 57 lakhs of rupees, and it is anticipated that, when fully dereloped, 68,000 acres will be irrigated Lom it. In the Mon Canal tract, since the canal as ·opened in 1910-11, the population has increased from 12,329 house." holds to 16,43%, which corresponds approximately to ahout 17,000 Bouls The value of land in the Minhu district is higher than that elsewhere. Before the Jou Canal was opened in 1910 the sale value of non-state land varied from Rs. 25 to Rs, 50 per acre. According to sale registration in the local courts the value now ranges between Rs 80 and Rs 150 per acre. The mean increase may be taken as varying from Rs 35 to Rs. 130. The quality of paddy grown on the Mon area before the construction of the canal was inferior to that now grown, and the former total outturn of rice and miscellaneous dry crops in a good year has been estimated at only Rs 8,27,000. The value of the crop grown last season, as estimated by the Deputy Commissioner, was Rs. 28,66,000. Owing to lack of esport facilities due to the war the sale prices of paddy were below those ordinarily obtaining in years prior to the war. Mlinor works. On the annexation of Upper Burma in 1883, the numerous indigenous irrigation canals and reservoirs were found to be in a very bad state of repair, owing to the unsettled state of the country, and attention was immedutely directed to their ima provement; in almost all cases the head works have been remodelled and the canals regraded. Further improvement is contemplated by the linking up of certain of the systems and by the checking of the present indigenous, but wasteful, methods of distribution. Owing to the care expended on these works since the annexation, the arca irrigated by them has extended from 200,000 acres to doulle that amount. Embankments in The rainfall in Lower Burma is sufficieat for the cultivation of the Irrawaddy delta. rice, the staple crop of the country, without artificial irrigation, but the periodical flocding, due to spill water from the Irrawady, of large tracts of country in the delta suitable for the crop, necesgitated measures for their protection. The question began to receive attention on the termination of the second Burmese war, and in 1861 certain small protective embankments, constructed by villagers, were taken over. By the end of 1888 the length of these embankments had been increased to 300 miles, and a further length of 50 miles was added in the following ten years, since Which time no moro work of this nature was undertaken until tho "year 1916-17, when work was commenced on the Yandoon Island embankment, which is referred to in a later paragraph The total arca protected by such cmbankments, excluding small embankments on the Sittang river, now amounts to 800,000 acres. Navigation workt. There are only two important navigation works in Burms, the Pegu-Sittang Canal and the Trante Canal. The former, which ·HEAD SLUICE, MANDALAY CANAL

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·55 connects the Pegu and Sittang rivers, Tes completed in 1878; it is 38 miles long and consists partly of original creeks and partly of new cuts joining up the existing channels. The cuts havo been given a bed width of 50 fect, and locks have been provided at both ends of the canal, a branch, 6 miles long, connects the main lino with the town of Pegu. The canal represents a total outlay of 80 lakhs of rupees, and in the year under review 14 lakhs were received from tolls Work on the improved Twante Canal was commenced in 1913 and completed in March 1917. The scheme provides for the widening and deepening of the previously existing waterway, comprising the Twanto Canal and the Kanaungto and Twante Creeks, and the oxcavation of a chord cut to shorten the distance from the Twante Creek to the Rangoon river. Tho canal as constructed connects the western delta of the Irrawaddy with Rangoon; the channel bas a bed width of 300 feet and a depth of 6 feet (except in the chord cut where the bed width is reduced to 180 feet), and is open to the free flow of the tides. Excluding arrears of interest the capital cost of the canal amounts to 53 lakhs of rupees and it is expected to return 7 per cent on this outlay. The net revenuo realized from tolls during 1917-18 amounted to 3 lakhs of rupees, wluch compares favourably with the project forecast for the year. The only major irrigation work under construction is the Ye-U Works under canal. This canal takes off from the Mu river at the same point as construction : the Shwebo canal but on the opposite bank, and is designed to irrigate about 110,000 acrcs. There has been somc delay in completing thus work, partly owing to the troublesome nature of the drainage system and partly owing to tho depletion of tho irrigation staff during tho mar. The sites of all cross drainages havo The Ye-U Canal. the cost of construction. It is hoped that construction will be sufficiently advanced to enable the greater part of the canal to be opened for irrigation during the ensuing cultivating season. Serious trouble bas also been met with in frecing the headworks of the Ye-U canal from river sand. Training works have greatly improved conditions, but it will probably take some years beforo completo success is attained. A project for the embankment of the Yancloon Island, a trian. Yandoon Joland fular arra in the castern delts of the Irrawaddy, was sanctioned embankment. during the year 1916-17 and fair progress was made in tho ycar under review. In the upper reach of the island the depth of flood water held up ly the embankment is considerable, especially whero of lato years the liranaddy las made increasing eliosts to break ·66 across the island. The soil met with in the upper sections of this embankment is poor and the bank is bable to become saturated with water and slip. Several breaches have already occurred and, as it is absolutely essential to safeguard cultivators taking up land within the protected area, it is intended to strengthen and raise the bank sections at considerable cost. The area protected by the embankments is being reserved for members of the Village Co-operative Credit Societies. These Societies have already made great progress in Burma and it is desirable to mako every effort to encourage them. The area protected by the Yandoon embankment is roughly estimated at 93,000 acres, and the project may be expected to pay from 23 to 25 per cent. The largest project at present under consideration in Burma is that for embanking the left bank of the Irrawaddy river in the upper delta for 120 miles, from Tullokmaw to Yandoon. A preliminary estimate, amounting to 62 lakhs of rupees, has been prepared, and it is anticipated that over half a million acres of land will be protected, and that the scheme will return 20 per cent. upon tho capital cost. The war has, however, greatly depleted the irrigation staff in Burma and this project is being kept in abeyance for the present until sufficient establishment is available to carry out the large survey necessary. The final estimate for the kinda project is now ready and work will be taken up when funds permit. Detailed Projects under consideration, 41 Summary of progress of Irrigation. During the past 25 years the area irrigated by State works and protected by State constructed embankments has more than doubled, as is shown by the table below : Year. Major works. Minor Yorks. Embank thent. Total. Acres. Acres. Acrcs. Acre.. 1891-92 Nil. 196,331 416,369 012,700 2901-02 Nii. 250,130 592,138 812,268 1909.10 205,076 313,852 645,671 1,164,59 D 1917-18 . 263,656 373,603 778,268 1,415,527

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·66 across the island. The soil met with in the upper sections of this cmbankment is poor and the bank is liable to become saturated with water and slip. Several breaches have already occurred and, as it is absolutely essential to safeguard cultivators taking up land within the protected area, it is intended to strengthen and raiso the bank sections at considerable cost. The area protected. by the embankments is being reserved for members of the Villago Co-operative Credit Societies These Societies have alrcady made great progress in Burma and it is desirable to make every effort »y the Yandoon embank. and the project may be Projects under consideration. The largest project at present under consideration in Burma is that for embanking the left bank of the Irrawaddy river in the upper delta for 120 miles, from Tullokmaw to Yandoon A preliminary estimate, amounting to 62 lakhs of rupees, has been prepared, and it is anticipated that over half a million acres of land will be protected, and that the scheme will return 20 per cent. upon the capital cost. The war has, however, greatly depleted the irrigation staff in Burma and this project is being kept in abeyance for the present until sufficient establishment is available to carry out the large survey necessary. The final estimate for the Kinda project is now ready and work will be taken up when funds permit. Detailed surveys are still in progress for the Salin Canals in Mınbu; the final project will however take two or three years to get out. Hydraulic data are being collected with a view to improving the canal system from the Yın, Yabe and Sadon streams in the Magwe district. During the past 25 years the area irrigated by Stato works and protected by State constructed embankments has more than doubled, as is shown by the table below : Summary of progress of Irrigation Year. Major works. Minor Yorks. Embank ment. Total. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. 1891-92 Nil. 196,331 416,369 612,700 1901-02 Nil. 250,130 592,138 812,268 . 1909-10 205,076 313,852 645,671 1,161,550 1917-18 263,650 373,603 778,269 1,415,527 ·IRRAWADDY BUND AYUNU ARDOON NTANA ALANGOR KANGOON LIHI VAOSIN ilm KYAIKLAT GULF OF MAKTADAN RANGOON A. DYA GYI PYAPON DONYAN R. THAWDER KYON KADUR PYAYON A. o YWCA PYANAL AW R. ame.com PAINSALU R. IMRAWADOY R. DALAN. REFERENCES Rivers .... Navigation canals ....... Embankments ......... Area protected -------- Proposed emboxhment Area proposed to be protected S Railways MOVIN THE w

·LOWER BURMA
SKETCH MAP OF NAVIGATION CANALS & EMBANKMENTS.
Scale-linch. 32 miles
ICNAEON
MYANNUN
OKYAUMKY
ZIGON
PLINZALOK
OKPO
OSLTHLLDAUNQ
OX SMILKON
MYANL-TL
Tomyament
LETPADAN
THARRAWADDY
MY

·PEGU KYAIKTO RAIKTU CL. T PANALANG CUTI KANKADUT PEGU te WANL NAD BUNS A LUNA PANTAMA ALANGON o TWww RANGOON BASKIN VYBIN O KYAIKLAT GULF OF MARTADAN RANGOON A NA TU PYAPOK PYAPON N. DONYAN R. THANDER KYONKADUR WEL PYANALA PAINSALU "ARAWADOY R. DALAR. REFERENCES Rivers ....... Navigation canals ....... Embankments ........ Area protected ------- Proposed embankment. Area proposed to be protected Railways MOVIN TML

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·87
The following table shows the extensions of irrigated and pro- Progress anticipated.
tected area anticipated when the principal yorks now under
construction and under consideration are completed :-
Acres.
Under
Ye-U Canal
110,000
oonstruction. Yandoon Island embankment
93,000
Remodelling Man Canal
7,000
Remodelling Salın Canal
25,000
Remodelling Kinda Canal
14,000
Under
Remodelling Mu Canal
40,000
consideration, Extension Shwebo Canal
12,000
Double banking Irrawaddy
500,000
Magwe system of Canals
70,000
Yamethin Canal
16,000
Total
887,000
.

·The Orissa Canals. 2 CHAPTER IX. BIHAR AND ORISSA. THEFE are three irrigation Forks of considerable magnitudc Bihar and Orissa, namely, the Orissa and the Son systems of cat and the Tribeni Canal. The two first mentioned are parts of great, but ill-fated, project of the East India Irrigation and Ca Company already mentioned The Orssa Canals form a somew] con plicated system, consisting of a sorics of navigation can: with irrigation branches, radiating from the Mahanadi at Cutta down the islands of the delta of tliat river, and a high level navı tion canal, running in a north-easterly direction almost toi Salındı river at Bhadrak. The latter ras originally intended provide through inland communication between Cuttack Calcutta, but was never completed; it now serves the purposes bo of navigation and irrigation, but neither very successfully, as t supply is poor and grading designed for navigation does not si irrigation canals The capital outlay on the system up to da amounts to over 270 lakhs of rupees, it was opened for irrigation 1866 and by Octob:r 1867 the Company was prepared to supp water for over 130,000 acres, but up to 1876-77 it did not irriga more than 30,000 acres out of the 570,000 actes commanded, wlu it was not till 1902 that its revenue excceded its working expense It now irrigates 280,000 acres annually, bringing in, with the hel of navigation and other receipts, a gross revenue of over 5} lak of rupees. These canals not only provide the country with wate for irrigation and open up communications, but servo also as noo embankments. The added security and prosperity in the delt is largely due to them, and though it has not been found possibl to show any direct profit to Government from their construction they are a very distinct asset to the province. The Son Canals were originally commenced, also by the Eas India Ingation and Canal Company, as part of an ambitious projec to provide navigable canals running trom Deåri-on-Son to benare and Monghyt with branches, also navigable, down the main water sheds. The supply was, however, found to be quite inadequatı for so extensive a scheme, and it ras cut down to its present dimen Eions; it now consists of three main canals from Debri-on-Scut Buxur, Arral and Digha (ncar Patna), with numerous branches fo Irrigatioa only. 269 lakhs of rupees have been expended upoi them up to date and the annual gross crenue from all source: 53 The Sou Canals.

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·N TEUR CANAL DHAKA CANAL TIAM GORAKHPUR NOTIKARI SITAMANI PRATAPGANJ DARBHANGA 200mg CHAPAA KATINAN BAKKIPUR PAT NA ja MOYANG JeuxAnd BINAR KUGMAL SARAI TNCE. UNTUK PHALGU BANKA DENR) GAYA AURANGABAD MADHUPUR CRATRA MAZANIBAGH ALAMAT DAMODA RANIGANJ to ·TANERI KAUMATI BIHAR & ORISSA SKETCH MAP OF CANALS. SURNAS Scale-I inch= 64 miles. ANG R. JAINTGARH DARIPADA BAITARAN DEOGANM BALASORE CHANDIPUR SAMLALPUR ARAMMAN HIGH LEVEL CL. WALLAT PATAMUNDI CL. MAKANADI CUTTACK KENONAPARA CL. RLIERENCES. ANGUL KUARLA TANDAKOA CL. MACHGAON CL. Rivard ... Existing canals Arne commanded Railways Provincial boundary*** VON 10 DAYA CHILKA LAKE

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·HEAD SLUICE, TRIBENI CANAL.

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·59 amounts to about 19 lakhs and is gradually increasing After de. ducting working expenses the return on capital is about 1 per cent, and the accuinulated arrears of interest are not being slowly but steadily worked off. Prior to the opening of the canals the tract traversed by them was chiefly a rabz growing area ; & considerable rico crop is now grown and somo 470,000 acres of rice and from 60,000 to 215,000 acres of rubi are irrigated annually. The Tribeni Canal was commenced as a famine relief work in The Tribent Cano -1897 for the purpose of bringing water from the Gandak to the rice growing area north of the Sıktana river in Champaran To reach thus area thc drainage of the outer range of hills had to be crossed for a distance of 60 miles, and the difficulties involved were considerably under-estimated. The cost of the project was originally anticipated as 38 lakhs of rupecs; the last revised estimate amounted to double this sum The tract traversed lies in the Tarai and, owing to the unhealthy nature of the country, progress was slow and irrigation did not commence till 1911, while ono distributary is still incomplete The area irrigated annually is now usually between 50,000 and C0,000 acres, and has in one year risen to 76,000; when fully devcloped the canal is likely to irrigate about 90,000 acres out of a commanded area of 271,000, but an extension 18 possible which may improve the financial prospects of the work to somo extent, though it is never hkely to pay more than two per cent. The tract is liable to very heavy bursts of rainfall, though usually local in extent; in 1915 a most exceptional extended burst of heavy rain occurred and did considerable daniage, breaching the canal in no less than 67 places The masonry works, with two 1 9,836 The area irrigated from Government canals has more than Scope for further cloubled in the last tlurty years, the figures at intervals of ten years extensions. bring as follows: Acres. 1867-CS 1877-78 312,285 1987-89 .. 424,836 1997-98 629,017 1907-08 031,074 1917-1S 861,039 Tlie drop in the last periol is due to liuctuation in the rabi arca on the Son Canal; in 1917-18 only 63,101 acrae were ingutrel owing to pool rain for sosin, lule in 1907-08 the Arna was 23,166 ncrce, a figure only exceeded in the faining year 1894-07. Except for ·60 casonal fluctuations of this sort there is not much extension of irrigation to look forward to on existing canals, beyond the area noted above against the Trbeni Canal. There are lowever certain possibilities, the investigation of thich has been checked by the depletion of establishment owing to the war. The preliminary reconnaissances for reservoirs for the Son Canal have shown that tha Koel and its tributaries provide one or morc fair storage sites, and thnt it may be feasible to supplement the October supply by this means sufficiently to allor of some extension of the canal system, but po details of cost are yet available. Similarly it can bo hard that the area irrigated now by range III of the High Lorel Canal in Orissa could be better served from a weir bigher up the river and that as much area again could be obtained therefrom on land now uncommanded, but in this case also figures of cost ara as yet unavailable Further investigation of the project propared for the irrigation of part of south dionghyr from the Kui river has proved that the original proposals involved too bigh an expenditure; a rather less ambitious scheme mar perhaps be possible at a reasonable cost, and this question has now to be investigated Thero appears to be some possibility of irrigation from storage resorvoirs in the Government estates in Singhbhum and the matter is being investigated by the local statt. Though there is not at present any great prospect of extending the irrigated area, the crop esperiments point to the possibility of further income from enhanced water rates, though any enhance ment has to bo very gradual, especially in Orissa. , In most parts of the from On the Tribeni Canal, where the rate is as yet only Rs. 2, the profit from Rs. VAS Jess. the regular long lease system has been established it will probably be possible to enhance the rates fairly soon after its introduction, men

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·60 zcasonal fluctuations of this sort there is not much extension of irrigation to look forward to on existing canals, beyond the area noted above against the Tribeni Canal. There are bowever certain possibilities, the investigation of wluch lias been checked by the depletion of establishment oming to the war. The preliminary reconnaissances for reservoirs for the Son Canal have shoun that tho Kal and its tnbutaries provide one or more fair storage sites, and that it may be feasible to supplement the October supply by this means sufficiently to allow of some extension of the canal system, but no details of cost are yet available. Similarly it can bo said that the arca irrigated now by range III of the High Level Canal in Orissa could be better served from & teir higher up the river and that as much ares again could bo obtained therefrom on land now uncommanded, but in this caso also figures of cost are og yet unavailable. Further investigation of the project prepared for the irrigation of part of south Monghyr from the Kul river has proved that the original proposals involved too high an expendi. ture; a rather less ambitious schemc may perhaps be possible at & reasonable cost, and the appears to be some Voirs in the Governme being investigated by the local staff. Though there is not at present any great prospect of extending the irrigated area, the crop experiments point to the possibility of further income from enhanced water rates, though any enhancoment has to be very gradual, especially ip Onssa.. In most parts of the province irrigation brings tbe rice grosser an extra gross profit of from Rs. 10 to Rs. 11 per acre according to departmental experiments, while the rato for water varies from Rs 2 to Rs. 3-8-0 only. On the Tribenı Canal, where the rate is as yet only Rs. 2, the profit from Rs. was Jess. the regular long Icase system has been established at will probably be possible to enhance the rates fairly soon after its introduction, al

·-241
KATNI
JULBULPUR
MANDLA
Leon
WAINGANGA CANAL
BALAGMAT
MAHANADI
2
A
SRUC
JANDARA
oL
MAMANADI CANAL
KARKARA
Y NOULA
1
TANDULA CANAL
WAGANGAR
malam SILL METZ AVOIR

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·11:3
NT
HEAD WORKS, WAINGANGA CANAL.

·CHAPTER X. . Government CENTRAL PROVINCES. The introduction of Government irrigation works into the Cen. Necessity for tral Provinces is of very recent date. During the years from 1871 irrigation works to 1896 there was never a failure of the monsoon, on the contrary, a long wet cycle, within that period, caused serious injury to the crops in many parts of the province. It is not surprising, therefore, that the succeeding dry cycle, from 1897-1907 caused much bewilderment and found the cultivators unprepared; indeed in 1901- 03, when the Irrigation Commission sat, they found that, in a normal year, only 7 per cent. of the area under crops was irrigated from private tanks, wells or by means of field embankments, and that is a dry year this percentage fell to 1}. Consequently it happened that during the famine of 1899-1900 from 14 to 22 per cent of the population of the proviące was in receipt of relief, 168 lakhs of rupees being spent in gratuitous relief and 269 lakhs on famine works The necessity for State-controlled irrigation works for the protection of the province vas hence apparent, and a considerable amount of work has since been undertakon to meet this need. Three productive works are not in course of construction and, Productive works. although none of them are yet complete, they have all been opened for irrigation The largest is the Mahanadi Canal, which has its ofi-take on the Mahanadı river fifty-two miles south of Raipur, the supply being supplemented by means of a storage reservoir of 8,230 million cubic feet capacity upon one of the tributaries of the river ot Maramsilli The canal, which is estimated to cost 116 Jakhs of rupees, is designed to irrigate 400,000 acres, and the rate at sthich this irrigation is developing is most hopeful ; in the year under moview Gan nag tanlod Leanl the third rear • en. . ne, res per annum and is estimated to cost 48 lakhs of rupees. The canal is fortunately situated, as not only is there a catchment area of 2,000 square miles above the site of the head, but a reservoir of 570 milion cubic feet capacity has been provided on the Sarathi nnla to stabilize the supply. It was opened for irrigation in 1916, and 1,172 acres were irrigated in the scar under review. The thini productive work is the Asola Vendha tank in the Chanda district, a comparatively small work costing 18 lakhs and designed to irrigata 61 ·62 Protective and minor works. 60,000 acres. The last mentioned tank is situated in a jungle area, where there is a good deal of forest to be cleared and where the population is limited. As might be expected in such circumstances development is slow but is nevertheless surely taking place, and gradually the forest is disappearing to make way for sugar cane and nice. Still greater progress has been made in the construction of protective works, and new systems lare conie into operation in almost cvery year since 1901. T'hc Khola tank tras the first to be opened, in 1901-03, and by 1916-17, 21 such projects were actually doing irrigation, of which 15 had been completed at an aggregato cost of 67 lakhs of rupees. Of these the Ramtek tank in the Nagpur district, which was completed in 1913-14, is by far the largest ; it has involved a capital outlas of 29 lahls of rupees, provides storage for over 4,000 million cubic feet of ruter, and is designed to irrigate 48,000 acres It 19 struggling under two difficulties at present ; owing probably to the configuration of the hill ranges, the catchment receives less rainfall than the surrounding country, and hence the reservoir does not fill well, while the soil, which consists of black cotton soil, underlain by a water-tight subsoil, does not lend itself readily to irrigation. The latter dificulty is, horrerer, being gradualis overcome, and it will probably be possible to enlarge the catchment, should the development of irrigation Tarrant such a course. In addition to these works, nine further schemes, estimated to cost 153 lakhs of rupees, ara under construction These include the Tandula Canal, a project of considerable magnitude, to cost a crore of rupees, which will irrigate a tract west of, and adjacent to, that commanded by the Mahanadi Canal The storage reservoir consists of two large lakes, formed by massive earthen embankments connected by means of a cutting, which will impound 9,000 million cubic feet of water, and it is anticipated that nearly 200,000 acres will be irrigated. The system will probably be completed in 1920. Seventeen minor irrigation works, estimated to cost 25 lakhs of Tupees, are also in course of construction in the Central Provinces. The only large project under investigation at the end of the year tinder review was the Kharung tank scheme, of which the survey had just been completed. It is proposed to irrigate about 80,000 acres from this tank and thus to place the Bilaspur district, which at present possesses only four small tanks, in a better position to meet years of scarcity. A scheme for a right and left bank canal, with discharges aggregating over 3,000 cusecs, from the Hasdeo river, one of the finest rivers in the province, is also under investigation. It will, if constructed, be the largest scheme yet attempted in the Central Provinces and, the river having a flood discharge of some 510,000 cusecs, there is ample scope for the expansion of sugar cane, cotton, orchards and other choice crops, while rice will also be Projects under consideration.

·TANDULA CANAL.

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·63 irrigated, a total area of 360,000 acres of irrigation being anticipated. A gcologist has recently examined the site for the masonry dam at the off-take of the two canals, and borings to show the detailed character of the rock are in progress. The scheme has already been worked out in sufficient detail to show that it is feasible, and the preliminary project is now being modified and re-cast. The surveys of several smallar schemes were also in progress during the year under revioy. The table below shows the estimated areas to bo irrigated by Progress anticipated, the principal projects which have been completed, are under construction, or under consideration in the Central Provinces Stage of work Name of work. Area in acres to be Istigated by complete project Recently completed Acrey. 49,000 17.000 16,000 60,000 Under construction (1) Ramtek Reservoir (2) Khalrbands (3) Cbandpur (1) Axoli sendha (1) Chorkhamara (2) Bodalkaes (3) Ghorahert (4) Nadrshwar (5) Tandul canal (6) Wainganga canal (7) Maliana di canal (8) Bahori baada 20.028 18,378 15,000 12,0 00 263,112 83,000 400 1100 10,000 N1?. 300,000 75.000 73,000 61,000 23,800 Intimates sanctioned tader consideration (1) Hasdeo river (2) Khuran: river (3) Khor river (4) Son canal (5) Obul ghul ·CHAPTER XI. NORTI-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE. The Lower Swat Stato irrigation commenced in this province with the opening Canal, of the Lower Swat Canal, which has its head regulator on the left bank of the Rirer Sirat close to the Border and about two miles abova the Abazai Fort. The leading idea in its construction was the pacification and settlement of the Border, and it was commenced at the end of 1876 as a famine protective work, as it was not beliered that it would prorc financially productive. It was completed in 1883, the work of construction having been delayed by the Afghan llar, but has since that timo been somewhat further extended. The canal now irrigates orer 150,000 acres, returning about 11 per cent. on a capital outlay of 43 lakhs of rupees, and has thus become a financial success as well as fulálling the original political expectations. Results obtained Tho introduction of irrigation by the Lower Srrat Canal has from the changed completely the character of the tract served. Before th: construction of the Lower Swat Canal, adrent of the canal it tras uninhabited and practically uninhabitable, covered with thom bushes and not a tree to be seen. It is ROT, and was eren in 1891, when the completion report tras written, dotted throughout ntb villages occupied by a law-abiding and contented peasantry, and the wilderness of thorn has given place tos vast sheet of cultivation, while avenues of trees have sprung up along the roads as well as along the canal and its distributing channels The state of the tract is in every way & vast contrast to what it tras when the surveys for the capal mere in progress, at wbuch time no officer was allowed to leave cantonments without himself being armed and being attended by an armed escort. The Kabul River The Kabul River Canal, wth its head on the right bank of the Canal. Kabul river, a short distance abora Michni Fort, was constructed originally as & District Board work in 1891. Ip 1899, an additional branch was built to command the area between the canal and the Cherat range of hills, and in tho year under review the remodelling of the canal above the off-take of this branch was carried out. The Trooden aqueducts provided in the original work are being replaced by masonry structures and the question of providing further drainaga crossings is also receiving attention. The canal irrigates nearly 50,000 acros, and gives a return of 5 per cent on a capital outlay of 12 lakhs of rupees. The Paharpur Canal The Paharpur Canal is of the inundation type and takes out of the Indus nirer belor Bilot Fort, terminating tso miles porth of 61 ·N. W. E PROVINCE SKETCH MAP OF CANALS Scale-1 inch =32 miles MALAKAND OU ONAT CANAL ALA ТААТ ОN KALPANI OMARDAN ANDA PESMANAR VOUS ARACMINAR AMANI NOW SMERA ATTOCK DARGAI CAMBELLPUA CANT SADDA LAKYOTA UOO 1 PJMALAR BADSNAMOYI KNUŠNALEXAN OLACMI O MIAJI KHEL MALANG o CNN. - DANADUR KNEL ANOU LAMAA ANNU RAURANG SAKAL QAUD ANEL AKEL CANILAR MAALI UN DIAN OTAR PAKARPUR ALTERENCES ANAN ALAS OLLA 114AIL TUAN Rivers Existing canals. Projected canole. Arca commended... Railwaya.... Provincial boundaryo-

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·UPPER SWAT CANAL. MACLIA ·65 Dehra Ismail Khan. The canal was opened in 1907 and commands & Darrow strip of land, about five pules vide, between itself and the river. The working of the system is prejudiced by two factors, the insecurity of the water supply (the Bilot creek, from which this supply is drawn, being extremely liable to silt) and the excessiva cross drainage which has not only prevented the development of irrigation but which periodically breaches the canal itself" Consebe granted and 10,000 acres ; by kely to be in a rovenue, The Upper Swat Canal was declared completed at the end of the The Upper Swat year under review. This canal derives its supply from the Swat River at Amandara between the Malakand Fort and Chakdara, and the water is conveyed by means of a tunnel, two miles long, through the Malakand Hill to the commanded area in the south. The scheme is especially interesting in its political aspect as offering the inhabitants of these frontier tracts an inducement to settle down to peaceful and prosperous methods of living The capital cost of the canal is estimated at 206 lakhs of rupees, and it is anticipated that 277,000 acres will eventually be irrigated : irrigation commenced in 1914 and 18 progressing satisfactorily, 7,500 acres being secured in the first year, 75,000 in the second, 96,000 in the third and 120,800 acres in the year under review. The Abazai Weir 19 a portion of this project, having bcen built below the head of the Lower Swat Canal to safeguard the cold weather Bupply to the district canals. Work upon it was interrupted for a time in 1915 owing to the disturbed state of the Border, but it tras re-started in 1916 and is now complete cxcept for the provision of Stoncy gates, which are awaited from England. Pending their arrival suitable temporary arrangements bave been made to ensure the supply. There can be no doubt as to the political advantages mlich Porcenter of 15: Lyu Svet al UJ ty alueless country into a fertile agricultural land, the line 9TD ·60 are coming in large numbers to try to secure holdings and tenancies on the canal, and the adjoining tribes come in as labourers at the time of harvest. The folloring table shorts the progress made in irrigated crea in the North-West Frontier Province since 1887-88- Progress made la rrigation sincc 887-83. Lover Swat. kabul гігеr. Pabarpur. Upper Total. Snat. 1697-89 1897--93 1907-08 1917-18 96,6S6 138,537 149,331 163,413 37,632 47,677 15,354 21,960 06,086 138,537 202,317 361,902 120,811 The total area ultimately anticipated is 501,000 acres,

·NAUTIX
Loo
JINDA AQUEDUCT, LOWER SWAT CANAL.

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·CHAPTER XII. BALUCHSTAN. STATE irrigation was introduced into Baluchistan in the late The Khushdil eighties, when the Khushdil Khan Teserroir scheme and the Shebo reservoir. Canal were opened, and there are now four Forks in operation. The Khushdil Khan project was opened in 1889; the reservoir is formed by an earthen dam across the Timrak Nullah, about thres quarters of a mile long, which was built originally with a maximum height of 60 feet. The supply obtainable from the nullah being small, the project provided for diverting water into it from the Bar shore torrents by means of a boulder embankment across the latter and & feeder cut between the two streams In 1901, a second feeder was constructed from the Tor Durgha torrent into the reservoir, and in 1915 the dam was raised seven feet, thereby doubling the capacity, and a feeder channel was built so as to enable surplus water to be passed into the Sbebo Canal when available in the reservoir. The maximum eres irrigated from the canal is 6,600 acres, the average to date being 3,600. The Shebo Canal system consists of four tanks, with a feeder The Shebo Car channel from the Kakar Lora and a distributary system. These tanks are peculiar in that they are not natural depressions, but aro formed upon the surface of the land by enclosing the area with ombankments; the smallest is of 22 million cubic feet capacity, and the largest 55 million. The system irrigates a maximum area of 3,000 acres and an average of 2,000. Tho Nar Nullalt project as planned with the primary object The Nar Nulla! of improving Reservoir immediato n in a narrow of the outlet ation. The Maruanilseu nas u catennent urea ui only bir squaro miles, and the supply for the reservoir is principally obtained #honunk fanlar fanm *ho odliosant Suin Toror nad itonnn ... 1 r never bills; tho canal came into operation in 1913 and the only portion of the system for which water has so far been arailable is tho channel which supplies tho Cantonments, tlic marimum arca imigated being 630 acres. Designs are under preparation for the ·88 The Nar Canal. cnlargement of the feeder channels so as to enable the entire floods of the nullahs to be taken into the reservoir, and the possibility of direrting water from other catehments is also under consideration. The Nari Canal as completed in 1888, the river supplies being diverted into the canal by means of boulder Weirs erected by the local labour after every flood. In 1913 work was commenccdona permanent Teir with steel shutters, at an estimated cost of nearly two lakhs of rupees, but completion has been retarded by the frequency of the floods, The Nari is the largest strcam in Baluchistan and has a perennial supply of water; it is anticipated that improved results will be obtained on the canal when the new weir comes into operation. A project bas been prepared for the construction of an earth embankment in the Surkhab valley, with a maximum height of 105 feet and a length of half a mile. 4,000 acres will be irrigated annually from the distributaries, which, to economize the small Bupply available, will be lined with concrete. Owing to the financial stringency, work on the scheme has been suspended for the present. A scheme has also been drawn up for the improvement of the Nari Canal, involving the construction of two new branches to replace the existing system of zamindari channels. New works proposed.

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·Statements showing the Financial Results
of Irrigation Works for and up
to the end of 1917-18.
69

·no indirutllay ( diroct 72 STATEMENT GLYTBAL FESTANCIAL RESULTS so LXD 0f 1917-18 Mileage in operation Namo ot works. Main canals ond branches Accumolated areant of Interont Accumulated surplus royo. Ducy. Total auto-at-charge(column Distributarica ( Canos +7 1 6 Mules Miles Rs. Rs R. Brought forward 3,8498,268 8,72,37,856 3,07,80,011 19,83,90,114 11.80,17,887 IRRIGATION contd. BOMBAY (SIN). Desert Capa! 267 69 27,21,157 25,00,383 Unharwah 116 7,88,830 . 21,59,308 27.2L,157 7,88,850 24,39,729 192 Begari Canai 52 21,39,729 81,18,930 Mahawab. 293 14,39,681 4,48,335 18,86,019 . U. Eatern Nara forts. 578 70,40,869 $2,81,278 70,40,869 .. Jamrao Canal 180 457 89,07,194 8,79,497 89,07,19+ Dad Canal 279 91 26,63,628 5,96,847 32,65,475 Nasrat Canal 215 69 18,66,071 86,784 19,82,855 Naulakhi Canal. 6,145 2,816 7.761 . Bukku Barrage works . 284 Total Sind 2,117 743 2,78,77,023 11,12,539 1,80,29,398 2,89,89,31 Cerried over +1.69, 10,858 5,986 9,011 11,51,14,879 3,18,92,549 21,6419,810 14,70,07,433 ·73 NO. I-contd. FIXASCIAL PESULTS OP THE YEAR 1917-18. Grous receipts (direct and Working expacks (direct aud indirect) on Capital Percentage outlay, column 4. Interest at 3 1750 per cent. on c'uect Capital outlay to end of previous year, plus half the outlay of the year (nanput Net retenua ü Net profit Net lots ñ Area utigateche 8 1 10 11 12 14 Rs Re Rs Per cnnt. R Rs. Г. Acres. 1,15,22,007 29,42,95 86,70,653 .. 23,39,007 60,59,008 R, 17,380 2,179,873 4,62,192 1,19,979 3,32,310 12 21 31,729 2,40.592 103,595 207,607 72.624 1,37,243 17 10 28,074 1,10,500 P. 85,731 0,14,410 1,51,657 4.59.732 13.81 52,073 3,77,519 270,250 60,347 03.01 05,037 -1,793 47,901 .. 13.731 0 11,517 55,75 3,50,212 2,33,003 1,2,339 205,133 8,24,370 8,19,633 3,07,716 2,93,251 10,422 .. 233,933 2,91.-73 1,02,455 89,055 $ 33 57,431 GCS 111,870 1,18 kg -2,357 02.90 05.117 76.339 118 179 . .. . -10 : .. . . . 8,49,431 1.14003 3121:07 11.10,49 14,79 719 6 934,102 + (33.3 1.-62_n 1.** 16,071 4.57.100 101,2,3/1 3.7917 73,1:..5 9.33 313 3,417.27 01.13 ·STATEDIENT CitStBl II stojalt sufTS TO EVD or to 7-IS. Jitrate in operation Name of works 2 3 6 7 SLles Stiles Brought forward 5,968 9,011 (11,51,14,879 3.18,92,519 121,01,19,810 14,70,07,423 LOYDAY (DECLAN IN GUJARAT Tathmanlıcasal clading Khan 67 13,11,873 0,60,701 22,18,674 cut Canni, Lower l'anjara River Works 45 4,68,621 4,31,393 9.01,014 Kadra Tures Works 24 14 10,34,191 50.30,380 20,70,771 Travars luiper Works, Lakh Canal 23 10 3,71,891 9,12,212 12,94,103 Mutha Canal including Matoba 89 84 70,15,499 39,25.492 1,18,40,900 Ank Ekruk Tank 43 13,40,388 15,70,142 29,10,528 Krishna Canol. 64 9,44,453 4,01,310 16,45,767 . CE Total Denean and Gujarat 307 212 2,33,01,019 04.47,830 2,28,38,640 Total Bombay 91,47.630 4.12,63,042 2,05,80,268 3.621,2,393 935 8.18.03,910 70 253 84,97,672 +74.61,423 1.35,75.819 2.73.527 70 233 84.37,672 1.33,75.819 2,20.73.521 BroAL. MI Anapur Canal Total Bengal UNITED 'ROVINLE. Cangrs Canal Lover Gange Canal Agta Canal 568 3,432 3.31,85,731 1,35 75.849 5,10 48,1543.91,55,771 662 3,124 4,16,02,637 83,9.821 4,16,92,537 100 002 1.42,76,750 6,67,403 1,12,76,750 Eastern Juma Canal 199 796 52,30,745 3,93,01,627 E2.37,745 Tun Canals 83 13,93,492 4,31,358 13,93 492 Bunor Candle 78 . 3,42,064 5,08, 491 3,42,062 Coral Canal 39 8.05,699 71.709 8,77.399 Total Upted Pror Des 1,449 8.314 10 09,27.94 32,703 10.02,76,84*10.09.29,657 Carted OTAT +10.02.03,133 2,802 17,792 23,79,31,818 ) 8.49,87,731 31,66,96,65+ 29,20,19,255 ·75 NO. I-contd. FINANCIAL BESCLTS OP THE YEAR 1917 18 Capital Gross, receipta (direct and • indirectj. Working espenscs (direct Intercat nt 3 4730 per cent on dirert Capital outlay to end of previous yeur,,dus half tho outlay of tho your and andareci). l'ercentage on outlıy, column 4 Yet revenue, Vet profit. Net logg Arca irrigatoda 10 12 15 T'er cegt Is 1,46,16,971 R$ 42,57,803 1,03,59,311 Ra 37,75,109 Acrca 3,41,277 75,17,537 9 33,365 33.191 48,019 -12,855 43 039 85,931 18.6450 15,505 0,827 8,723 1 92 15,463 9,710 3,814 27 362 13,764 8,593 0 63 33,749 25,151 4,309 1,803 1,612 -833 12 940 13.079 $11 4,20,351 1,87,101 2,39,163 3 02 2,61,015 25,352 13,953 1,00,005 17,316 89,319 6 67 42,653 2,394 16,696 3,410 81.971 17.518 31,453 3 63 31 013 3 GO 1,99,276 0,02,006 2,99,307 3,83,597 2 72 4,42,737 20,136 79,140 41,884 9.01,667 2,45,231 37,57,971 17,13,950 20,43,315 4 03 13,78,923 1,307,763 +064 386 2.18,8m 137,133 01.634 2,84.633 1,90,979 .. 2,18,809 1,07,165 91,651 1 ng 2,84,833 I RA 973 .. 81,13,33% -1,93,973 27,00 2.5 13.47,933 10 33 12.73 387 1:15.735 40,0.5,592 20,29,453 34,60,210 10,31,760 & 30 13,45,178 12.79.073 920.483 3,73,610 8,69 (87 397,681 1,70.056 .. 8.61.686 10 81.539 13.10.20 15 5 1,03,07 11,40.613 323,158 3,70,738 61.618 1,49.6.1 83,050 6:0 34,00 0, 0.703 31,110 32,623 11 33 3.5 103 PS1 01: AINS 11:3 121.4 1.1K3,113 31 GIS 50:: 88 49 517 153 +1177 :*** Hin|1951:41 * $1 ir 1131141 1:46:13 ·76 STATEJEST GERRI FIYASLL BE CLTS TO LXD OY 1917 19. Viteaza in Operation. Aftents of Name of works, Wnin canals and branches. Distributarics. Total Camtal outlay (Jurect and acct), Accurrulated purplus role DULA Tutal eum-at-charge (col. 272 4 + culot./12 31 Accumulated interest 2 . 5 8 1 Miles. Sizles. Rs. Ra. Is. Ng 323 11,577 Druaght forward.. 7,804 23,792 23,79,31,518 5,49,87,737 31,66.96,63429,29,19,233 IRRIGATION --Cond. TOYJAR Western Jamna Canal including 294 1,735 1,76,92 529 5,42,00,460 ( 1,76.92,50 $Isa Branch Upper Ban Doab Canal 2,18,32.233 4,85,04,9799,15,32,283 Eurhind Canal 318 1,591 2,56,31,390 1,92,42,141 2,56,31,390 Lover Chenab Canal . 427 2,229 3,25,19,571 13,65,49,183 3.03,19,571 Upper Sutlej Capal 345 395 19,17,323 34,49,459 19,17,323 Sidhtai Canal. 69 252 13,32,227 69,19,562 13,32,227 Lower Jhelum Cangl. 195 997 1,62,45,129 2,00,S6,8791,62,25,197 Indug Capal 445 303 9,80,753 7,61,929 37,45,692 Upper Chebab Canal. 172 1,143 3,57,75,606 61,41,779 4,19,17,395 Prør Jhelum Canal. 129 585 4,50,37,813 | 1,03,20,608 5,53,64,121 Lower Ban Doab Canal 182 1,103 2,24,61,650 33,60,970 2,60,22,590 Total Punjab 2,832 (11,893 22,33,03,16+ 2,07,94,296 29,11,64,603 21,10,99,4501 NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE. +27,03,70,377 Lower Swat Iturer Canal 187 42,99,031 52,93,927 42.99,031 Kabul River Canal 69 17 12,11,6074 9,35,817 19,11,607 Paharpur Canal 42 15 9,20,719 14,67.561 Uppe Bwat P.iver Canal 146 312 2,08,46,174 42,81,517 9,51,96,691 Total North-West Frontier Province 209 5319,72,77,561 49,27,329 62.09,741 3,21,01,8% +11,102,415 22 . 5,48,312 Carried over 10,903 137,219 18,85,14,243 8.06.09,352 61,40,91,081 58,91.23,695.

·NO. I-contd. INNANCIAL RESULTS OF THE YEAR 1917-18 Grost receipta (direct opd Indirect). Working exproses (direct and indirect) Percentage on Capital outlay, columui 4 Interest at 3 4730 per cent on direct Capital outlay to end of prev1011% car, plus half tho outlay of the year Not revenue. Net profit. Net loss. Area irrigated. 9 10 11 12 15. Rs. Rs Rs Per cent Rs Rs Ts. Acrc 2,73,82,611 78,69,760 1,95,12,894 77,81,437 1,30,18,220 12,84,773 8,358,728 33.14.058 13,70,046 19,43,112 10 08 5,86,314 13,56,768 es 725,325 1,141,621 19,42,130 13,34,133 36,07,997 16.62 7,32 700 28,75,291 31,35,010 12,64,102 8 51 8,47,497 13,33.100 10,99,593 2,17,03,241 21,80,527 1,99,09,685 3,67,920 931,894 2,277,195 2,82,83,153 21,60,521 3,82.314 39 37 7,50,031 20 21 59.650 3,09,270 437.837 7,01,620 1,68,770 3,42,856 40 75 41,923 4,97,028 14.04.139 2,15 765 33,13,394 2165 319,142 765,456 8,44,816 29,69,518 4,41,000 3,0,18? 4 509 3 42 $9,219 • 204,213 1.0.757 12 00,612 *3.43,009 10.86 612 12,39,436 3 32 87,314 392,935 6,37.223 8.47,495 -2,83,602 .. 18,03,165 15,13,663 7,59,805 177.00g 0.13,857 7.490 21,418 091.cno 1,43,347 3.79.13 am 1.11.04 077) 7,60,7, 422 11 03 7.950.372 71,81,332 2,11,00, SEO 28,8J, 030 +1,92, 15,030 0,41,094 1.98,616 4,62,450 10 78 1,44,502 3,11,913 • 1es.419 1,43.320 04.815 10.473 7. 46 60.213 . 47,077 10,202 31,416 33,782 $1,15 -1,473 CA 919 21.064 34143 3** 314 69 110 . 1.111 12.3.CCT 3.13 000 8.23,601 102 0.11.669 36,10 3G1.201 6,142,801 1.97,16,7 4.05.35, 1.61,77,426 141,53:11 . 14.02.g ·20 STATEMENT GENERALITATILE EZSELTS TO EYD OZ 1917-19. TO Ulaze in oportis Arsa Xame of works ԻԱ» Total Cagutal outlwy (derect Accumulated surplus rever nuta. Tutal rum *t-harge (Bumn Main Aals branches Distributores. (par pag Accumulatoul interest íg awona + 3 4 6 7 Mles, Siles fis Rs. Pas Brought forward 10,003 30.21319,85,14,213 8,01,07,352 61,40,91,061 56,91,93,505 В и 40 122 - 57,03,159 8,43,827 83,57,086 Mandalay Canal. Burebo Canal 76 293 63,77.623 Mon Cana's 6+ 114 88,66,739 Yeu Canal 42,40,209 19,99,574 59.77,623 12,36,758 69,03,557 6,10,201 49,30,470 25,75, 7-6 19,99,574 2.41,69,611 --5,76,212 Ictal Burma 170 529 2,15,93,955 BITAB AYD ORIS.. Orsa Project 7,17,45,508 Sono Iroject 327 1.291 2,70,63,899 4.46,76,919 367 | 1,233 2,68,92,472 | 2,04,20,921 691 2,526 5,39,51,381 6,50,92,810 4,73,03 393 Total Bihar and Orissa 11.00.49,201 -6,50, 97,840 CrveAL PROVINCES .. . Asola Bendha Tank 134 17,23,553 4,61,547 21,85,100 Waingangs Cana! 28 129 40,30,765 4,82,43 45,13,193 Blahanadi Canal. 105 300 74,99.494 7,44,932 $2,36,720 Total Central Provinces 133 556 1,32, 46,81% 16,58,207 1,49,35,019 -18,489,207 Total Productivo Irrigation Torks 11.900 33,823' 57,73,06,271 11,93,71,185 61,60,90,635 72,72,77,456 + 48,B1, 19,450 Carried over j11,90013,843, 57,73,06,271 14,99.71,165 (62,60,90 635 (72,72,77,456 ·1 tett NO. I.--contd. TSU amplini Grone receipts (duet end in direct). CELONA (birort Palett. 4700 ron ac m10 www.boll (hin tlak allies - No re۷۴۴۱۱۱ I'm.... 8 9 -19 11 id * I. Rs. EL LA 8,65,52 804 1,97,16,597 49137 24.:: 232,964 10,123 6,83,633 2.-6.964 1.47.511 LE L! 116 12210 11,43,707 601,53 6,42,13 7,17. 2.1.4 3,74 391 4,66,412 87,979 32 9,13,013 €213 10,10,400 8,31.010 401 9.01.421 10,78,734 11,68,763 1,013 1,71 :1,81791 13,18,023 2 16 13.29,407 11,810 E.MI 147 -1,835 -37.227 4309 13,675 41,533 47,193 1,63,153 1.-3,481 221239 2.-3,571 1,471 63,114 10,661 0 14 4,41,735 1,07,183 -30 351 4,20,736 14.774 7.01.18,591 2.16,41,676 4.83,13,%A 15,543.A 11,737 8.49 1,21,34,651 3.4.2.39 $ 51,3149 +2.03, 77,252 1.21.39 3.€4,49,3 64.91,063 7,01,43,496 2:16,0,676 4.55,15.05 15,543,90 ·80 STATEMENT GENEREL FIXAXCAL RESCIT TO ESD OF 1917-18 5 operatin Artcors Xaale ol works Slain anala and Total Capital ontlay (direct and idrets Lranches, Total Am at.charge (column Dutrybutane s mylios tocaulay Accumulated interest uurs 1 3 3 & or 7 310cs Jilca Rs Tis, Rs R Brought forward 11,900 33,829 57,73,06,971 14,99,71,195 61,80,90,835 72,72,77,4%8 XVIGATION BENGAL Tidal Cinal 29 20,14,319 37,47,658 63,01,074 Total Bengal 29 28,14,319 37,47,858 83,61,974 BETIK. Twante Caal 2 83,20,715 7,19,08 65,34,779 Total Burma 23 69,20,715 7,18,061 65,33,779 . Total Productive Navigation Worke $1 84,35,033 41,65,720 1,23,009,753 14, 65,730 GAAND TOTAL, TROPICTY TOR69|11,951 133,829 258,57,41,304 15,44,36,905 181,60,90,635 174,01,78,-09 +46,16,153,730 ·81 NO. I-contd. FINANCIAL RESULTS OF THE YEAR 1917-18. Capital Gros receipts (diroct and indirect) Forhing expenses (direct and undarect). Internet at 3.4730 per cent on direct Capital outlay to end of previous year, plus halt the outlay of the year. Tercentago outlay, column 4. Net revende. Net profit Net loes. Area irrigated. D 10 11 12 13 Ru. R: Rs. Per cent Rs. Rs. Rs. Acres. bol.co 7,01,65,68 2,16,41,078 4,85,13,009 $ 401,31,38,656 3.48.68,320 84,91,009 15,843,520 80,155 63,446 8,703 22 89,689 .. 82,850 : 69,155 63,418 6.709 88,387 82,890 3,87.640 88,450 2,39,100 5 14 2,10.632 89,658 .. 3,87,010 $9,450 2,09,190 2,10,632 88,568 .. .. 4,46,795 1.41,806 3,01,899 3.0) 2 99,231 89,558 82,650 +8.673 500,02,379 2,17.83.57 4,85,19,807 8.- 31.91,33,877 3,49,50,873 68,73.969 13 813,050 +2,03,82,130 OMD ·82 STATE PROTECTIVE IRRI Financial results of Protective Irrigation l'ork GEXERAL DISASCAL RESULTS TO ESD OF 1917-19. Jsleaze is Operat? Artears of Nauna of works Main canals and Lranches Total Captal outlay (direct and indirect) Accumulated surplas rere. Distributaries Anm-at-charse (coluinn 4+ colume 5) Total Accuenclata interest c8גם 2 3 6 7 IRRIGATION lules Vies Rs Na R. Re DAVRAS 50 151 30,35,333 20,64,563 80,57,896 2,32,227 21,385 2,53,912 Roshekulyo system Blavanas Project Ifopad I'roject Venhatapuram Tank. 19,23,203 3,33,041 22,87,147 3.79,202 71.315 4,50,517 TOTAL MADRAS 80 151 76,91,965 33,91,407 1,10,21,372 BOMBAY Deccan and Gujarat Prasar Canals 33 13 75,81,240 10,61,440 88,45,649 13 10 19,17,079 7,53,263 26,72,312 Chankarur Tank Godavan Canals 119 57 1,00,50,909 20,07,551 1,20,58,453 107 139 65,27,599 29,47,829 87,75,417 Xira Canal including Shetphal Tech Bhaswad Tank 68 44,36,854 20,90,016 4,12,600 3,11,929 23,40,838 5,48,070 Gohel Causl, 1st Section 0,38,736 Baladesi 'Tank. 9,11,339 8,23,287 Budhibal Tonk. 5,09,575 2,17,551 7,27,132 1,20,00,821 1,57,39,056 12,58,765 Nira Right Bank Canal TOTAL DOBJE 333 232 4,91,39,063 1,06, 49,613 5,27,83,711 Carried orc 418 413 4,97,69,023 1,40,41,053 8,39,10,083 ·83 MENT NO. II. GATION WORKS. in India for, and up to the end of, 1917-18. XAYLIAL RESULTS OF THE YEAR 1917-18 Grors receiptı (durect and Worl ing expeasca (direct and indirect). Screvenue.. Percentago on Capital out. Jay, column 4 loterest at 3 4730 per cent on direct Capital outlay to crid of previous year, plus hall the outluy of the year (1млрат Net prost Net loss. Arca irrigated 8 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 R.. Ra R, TL Rs Ter cent. Iis Acrer 1.03,421 69,071 1,31,330 2 04 1.2, 176 :9,120 49,776 . 6 389 .. 6,00 60,400 10.489 .. 12 379 12,370 1.03,421 80,071 1,31,334) 110 24*3 1.07 913 48,770 -1,07,913 13,533 29.019 -13.414 2.41.159 2,31,573 3,031, .600 0.169 -10,309 .. €1,191 60,761 3,173 2.14,77 65,80 070 3,31,372 2,61,687 2,393 1,44,910 1.39,34 4,20 097 1.90,713 2,13 01 73,613 31 451 ( 39 1 07 39.133 2.501 47,15 4,036 13,023 1395 . 10,11 .. 17.074 12.09 Inns . I. 7,00.110 3.34 013 3.6.0r Us: 13,61,id 23.02 17,0:1 12.07 --in 16.01) 8,21,591 191,447 16.03.97 :3 GI: 11,99,16 114..19 ·84 STATEMENT GENERAL TRACTUL BESTLTS TO ID or 1917-19 el Jitrate 10 operation arrears | Name of words. Total Capital cuilay fulmnet Main canals and Branches. ** Aceamulated surplus Top nu Distributarice Totalrum-nt chargo (colu + colun n 5). ur ptrיוונטגן) Arrumulated interest. . 3 4 5 6 7 IN Jice, R$ Rs. R9 P. Drought forward 418 413 4 97.69,029 1,40,41,055 0,33,10.083 TRI:IGATION UNITED LAYERS Letwa Canal 167 873 83,32AS6 67,24,81 1,50,55,123 Ken Canal 80 258 €0,57,432 22,94 240 82.51.732 Dhafsso Canal. 107 187 49,60.293 19.77.4.3 69,37,872 37 6.249733 3.62,413 10 $7.145 4,00.450 1,41,93 5,42,302 L'abst & Gard Caus! Ghon Nadi Scheme Ghaggar Canal. Hajganan Tank Barwar Loke and Capat 63 63 39,58,935 3,61,298 43,17,429 29 3,92,793 64,920 4,17.713 2,73,191 23,073 2,96,284 Batuba Tons 58,339 0,748 Jarazt. Tank 1,219 103 64,087 1,32 46,818 Belo Capal 36,155 10,661 Total UNITED PROFIXCES 4322,148 9,52,03,502 1,17,54 397 3,70,77,899 LISAR AS Orussa. Tt, benı Canal 8 IGI . 76,73,033 23,20,834 1,05,09,917 Dbaba Catal 13 24 3,84,379 . 9,25,505 TOTAL DIR ASD OSISSA $1 183 82,63 412 . 32,63,410 1,15,26 822 Carried over 951 1,746 8,33,25,54 2,90,83,869 11,24,14,834 .

·NO. II-contd. FONAXCIAL RESOLTS OF TIE YEAR 1917-19. Gross receipts (direct sud Jadirect). Working expenses (direct apul direct) on Capital Percentago outlay, column 4 Interest at 3 4730 per cent. on direct Capital outlay to ind of previous year, plus halt the outlay of the year 7 Net revence. Not profit. Net loss. a Areo urgatoch 8 0 11 12 13 T'. R. R: Per cent Rs. Ria. Actes. 8,96,561 4,15,114 4,81,417 16 03,099 73,612 11,98,194 118,719 2.07.213 2,19,303 - 12,030 2,77,803 2,89,693 101,950 1,01,534 1,35,453 -39919 2,03,219 2,31 164 49.896 71,757 7,03,832 1,21,835 1,6 1,805 .. 2.51,760 30.129 13,089 5,623 0-38 27,163 22,310 4.071 7,460 31,33 91 -31.764 18 319 13,555 1,21,600 733 1,24,660 11.17 8.633 8,113 -*.205 13,039 13,217 2.887 8,387 * 397 1,970 1,970 1.157 1,137 4.02 010 6,05,00 -1.60,233 8,34,490 192,831 19.123.113 -193470! 1,13 413 2,81,216 -1.65501 tru 2,113 133 19 cm 13! 7,170 14,510 1.-0031 3,10 361 -1.79.13 64,071 11.30,141 IL: 977 1.03.254 . WW76 3,61:1 441,75 ·$0 ST.ITEMENT OVERAL Furci SXSELTS TO TYD OM 1917-13. 3furaje ta gera's artears Name of works Main canade and Arealet Total Capaal outlay (dazat 800 andre. 1) Accubulatak durylus pero bucs. Tatal fument charge column 4+ coluisits 3). Doktri&orate 1cumulated iterunt 3 + 0 7 R Pus 3des Blades ILK Rs. 951 1.746 8,33,43,949 2,99,49,862 11,24,14,894 Brought forward IRRIGATIOX-ncand CENTRAL. Tron hapn arande Tank Chsedpur Tak 11 xords Tartu 23 78,147 4,32,091 3,53,834 0,64,546 1,62,202 8,39.013 6,39,978 23 2,03,073 1,41,003 Itbols Tack 94,037 45,033 1,41,723 Khayr Tank 1,0),386 31,495 1.95,625 8 2, 4,081 51,413 7,79,437 Karang Tank Xbordatna Tank 91.657 33,854 1,31,322 Gborahert Tank 82 9.55,354 2,81,193 13,07,137 hukerdeur Taos a 1,03,763 41.334 3,45,637 2,62,464 14khen und 10 1,85,333 70,235 13 3,31,733 39,319 1,09,931 War Thun Tank Pudroy Tank 3,59 518 $0.938 2.0,852 huisbund, Taak 53 7.69,183 2.23,301 9,51,493 Kuntal Tank 16 3,04,902 90,433 4,03,237 Rastek leseryer NOG 23,72,453 7,91,789 38,61,235 Tara Tsak 17 1,99,133 2.39, 120 Borers Kalas Tank 59,037 36,910 9,69,147 2.45,344 Pendula Cacat, 78 77,01,314 86,60,462 5.88,70,5.57 Carretoret 667 1,55,19,233 31.51,089 1.011 13 1139,89 41210 3,22,34,921 13,10,97 18 ·Forrents 87 XO. II-contd. ACJI LESELTS OY TISTA1817-19. Capital (Iron meripta fillroet and Working rennes (direct Auch mire t). Interest at 3 1730 per mont. on dumt (pital outlay to cnil of preylous year.lua hall tho Outlny of the year. (19J.LITT Netrecnun outlay. Net profit. Net loot a Arca irrigate.. to 2 19 11 12 13 14 Pe. Pe Pa Per cent Ris Ng R. Acres 14,51.151 2224,370 1,05,761 27,20,027 73,612 20 87,00) 381,550 5.515 8,014 27 3,572 7,127 7.183 0 43 19,440 8,580 2,909 1,303 3,109 033 11,016 22,355 13,000 3,180 5,466 1,699 €03 1,036 1 13 863 1.550 807 1,010 0 61 11,751 2,084 4,426 1,013 2,643 652 3,658 1,473 2,213 1 72 4,120 1,740 2,173 797 370 042 3,019 161 7,125 -SS! 31,153 .. 3,833 2,112 --R13 3,400 . 32,312 4,219 16,092 218 3,571 13,510 -0,9.397 . 6,146 1,410 4,863 4,127 130 0.65 4,430 3,694 2,139 4,099 2,739 2,400 1 18 6,027 3,777 2,091 10,616 8,897 2,010 0 20 23,392 23,303 73.165 5,233 10,303 2,043 17,398 -3,450 1,651 13,749 O 05 03,141 01,493 19.8.13 3:10 2311 875 0 13 0,656 3,811 3,789 2,0117 OR 7.0ng .. 1,722 1,615 B.:50 2.49.431 *.41.070 .. $70. DE 60 67,020 6,719 B.C2817 3:** 913 4,09,14 31140:1 2.75 14:40 161..; 1 17.NG 31.

·88 STATESIENT GEYESAL FIXAYCIAL RESULTS TO EYD OF 1917 18. tage 1 operasion pos Nowool works Total Capital outlay (direct and indirect). Accumulata purplus en DUCE. Total sum-nt-charge (column 4 + colupan 5) dfain canals branches. Accomulated arteara Interest Distributarica. 1 ch 4 5 8 7 lics Mules Its, RA, Ps. R$ 1,011 2,413 0.89,45,2103,20,39,021 13,10,85,161 Prought forward CO 667 2,65,19,298 31,51,009 3,86,50,357 . IRRIGATION CEXTRAL TROPICS --concu. Neleshwar Tank Jamidia Tank. 8,70,433 69,759 8,48,192 37 4,37,407 72,394 3,C3,801 21 2,83,543 24,770 2,14,313 Kattanzberi Tank Chorkbamara Tank Bodulkaba Tank 5,82,149 49,092 SO 6,37,192 8,09,181 15 4,72,071 37,113 Tariat Tack .. 87,077 1,945 89,916 TOTAL CEXTEJL TROFICES 60 762 1,79,93,972 34,04,982 2,13,25,954 113,37,43,759 GeaxD TOTA L'EOTECTIVE 102s (1,011 (2,509 10,12,40,914 ) 3,21,93,814 -3,21,93,84 ·89 NO. II --concld. FINANCIAL RESULTS OT TAL YRAR 1917-18 Grnes receipta (direct and ardirect. Working expenses (direct and o indirect) Tercentage on Capital outlay. column 4 outlay to end Interest at 3 4730 pr cent on of prescous ear, Fluo half Capital the outlay of the year direct of presso Net revenue Net profit Net loos. Area irrigatod. 8 11 12 13 14 16 10 Rua I... Ra Per cent Rs. Ps. RE Aorce. 16,21,803 14,12,207 1,12,603 .. 32,22,915 73,613 31,81,031 435,535 94,062 87,920 6,712 3,02,883 .. 4,06,116 50,995 • 1,112 9,783 19,778 97,449 321 -8,871 -1,613 1,989 3.632 10,507 19,150 1,053 771 3,733 2,500 -787 0,257 32 27,385 .. 17,385 691 1,840 320 90 O 14,570 14,241 1,617 1,817 : . 01,603 1,03,075 010'r 8,78,092 .. 5,92,012 84.324 -0,82,012 14,31,800 14,30,05 1,01,731 Oto 298,059 73,647 32,69,917 435,976 31,90205 ·STATEMENT MINOR YORKS AND NAVIGATION FOR THICH Financial results of Minor Works and Naviga GZSEBAL FITCIAL BESCLT3 TO 2ND OF 1917 18 8 Islaje 11 operations recand arroara surplus Numa ot ortu. Total Captal outlay (direct and vedroct) Total san at-charge (columo Maw CADALA brgacbes. Dutnbutaries Accumulated Ieterest ธรรมกอง sanu (g utanins + 3 4 8 . 7 Mules lies R Pus. Ra. Ra. IRRIGATION Wade 609 634 1,09,22,03 € : 1.09.22,034 49,49,350 1,905 19,03,324 41,035 3,30.83,353 Bombay- Sad. Bombay--Deccan and Cojarat United Provinces 208 238 00,71,172 2,00,12,116 43,958 2,00,83,298 680 10,81,709 40,84,709 .. Punjab in 106 5,92,071 11,00,411 11,99,235 10,92,482 Burma 48,20,164 46,20,184 Bihar and Oriss 11 12 7,24,806 7,14,808 22,39,817 Central Province 110 22,33,817 34,62,154 34,62,154 Taratana Bahuchistan Total Irrigation 37 91 41,97,230 19,09,178 61,01,400 2,979 1,729 4,45,81,480 1,30,87,7383,43,31,644 5.78,39,218 +2.12,73,806 NAVIGATION Madran 304 93,31,722 03,31,722 Bengal 1,37,43,104 Total Navigation 304 2,30,74,828 GRAND TOTAL, VISON IVORKS AND 3,283 1,729 78,56,308 Kaviaartoe. 1,37,43,105 2,30,74,828 1,30,67,739 3.43,31,544 8,09,14044 +2,12,73,808 ·91 NO. III. BOTH CAPITAL AND REVENUE ACCOUNTS ARE KEPT, tion in India for, and up to the end of, 1917-18. FIXAKCIAL BESULTS OP TIX YZ1E 1917-19 (direct Cross receipt. (direct and indirect). Working otpedas and indirect) Derrentaço os Capital outlay. coluinn 4. Interest at 3 2730 per cent on direct Camtal ontlay to end of provious year, plun half the outlag of the year. Net roscou.. Net prosta Net loss Aroa Irrigated 0 10 12 13 14 15 To Re. Ro. Per cent! Tia Rs. Acres 6 12 2,12,390 3,33,050 6,58,095 14.05,500 3,43,359 1,62,198 2,03,637 12,43,003 152,807 892.107 99 63 8.01,376 19,39,580 1,70,803 3,32,475 1,21,963 B4,810 Oes 2,02,004 2,37,938 30,33 1,37,474 1,95,001 4 81 3,30,960 81,741 139,COT 1,68,133 03,212 10-83 10,840 43,091 4,43% 82,921 11,83,830 13.73,707 1,83,827 R3 S 11,89,880 419,141 1.no 603 195 493 Casalecer 6.913 15,321 8,409 8, ang . 1.17.610 13,899 17 1.15.955 71.856 73,717 6 81 394 24,103 0 62 1.20,997 1,07,133 * 10,249 1.7.196 49,61.000 14.31.275 7.88 11.05.CO2 27,50,838 4,17,:13 +3.33,3 70.539 1,51,011 304,663 3.78,016 -71,513 1.09,:10 715 907 $17.685 3.67:19 2,00 in 0.42 3.04,5m 07.656 34:3,001 27,59,465 :133,511 IS, Ias 1.09,:12 179,01 2, 2013 7.24,99 +:1:1.799 1.,195 ·Showing the progress made in the development of major works (productive and protective) during the last 30 years. Feizi 2.383 Foll **52 165 02 STATEMENT NO. IV. XIALESOROT CEIXSELS Capital Capital outlay of outisy to Ares Biain Canal Distriba. ead of year t revenub. ingatal taries. Yies. Lashs of Lakhs of Lakhs of Thounds rupees fupees rupees of acres 3893 89. 8312 10,000 3 899 302 1849.) 0,655 6,850 20,309 36 2,675 100 1930 91 7,011 6,165 21,393 89 2.733 131 7,177 1891-93 1000 6.23: 22,315 12 2,911 7,080 5,820 3,002 132 1893-94 & es? 3,030 1891-95 125 6.745 23 800 3,149 1805-90 123 6.753 21,313 3,220 1.26 1498-07 23 175 3,309 20% 1897-98 28,019 3,337 10.218 1995.00 7.188 28,971 9,858 7.LGS 27,431 01 3,531 10,919 23,337 93 1901-03 3,652 250 7,830 10,92% 23,463 89 3,744 11,849 1903-03 8,019 .710 1901-01 274 9,137 3,952 84 13,009 1901-05 0,29 4,031 293 22,011 IM5-08 9,40 320 4,163 14,678 19045-07 9,458 168 4,338 351 13,637 1907-08 10,430 183 4,533 327 14,990 10 635 203 AK 4,795 1903-10 10,843 30,511 229 5,030 339 400 11,099 30,877 232 1911-19 11,393 30,584 296 6,563 373 18 15,239 1912.13 11,763 273 5.810 438 14,619 1913.14 TO 1,273 6,089 475 1 25,213 1914-15 34,155 ORY 6,333 460 18,057 1915-16 31,800 459 16,614 1918 17 12.782 35,635 124 603 17,439 2017 18 19,012 38,337 8,388 430 17,418 22:55 23,977 7,038 0,053 6,292 was 10,173 6.839 6,857 238 3.457 1999.1900 1900) 02 231 3,919 11,832 1903.02 11,469 278 12,360 12,674 6,635 6,688 105 • Direct expenditure only. t Direct and sadurect expendituro, Q.1, Atas, Sml.NO, O R.ST.D-16.18-1,300-5.0.X.

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