·First Edition, 1970
Prico
Elght Rupres

·MEWAR"
THROUGH THE AGES
Editor
D L. Paliwal
ՆԱ Ի Ի
Sahitya Sarshan
RAJASTHAN VIDYAPEETH UDAIPUR
RAJASTHAN INDIA

·Prired by
Swadeshi Printers
Udalpur (Raj)

·Contents Profaco Pro and Proto Historic Mowat Early sculptural ort of Mawar 10 Society and culture in medieval Mowar 18 Dr D L Pallyel Dr VN Muara RC Agrawal Dr G N Sharma 30 परमामा बोयस AV omniani Dr K. S Gupta DY D L. Paluval Dr RS Durda Forts of Mowar 38 Mowar and the Marathas 44 Mowar under the British (1818 1921) 3 Struggle for the democratlo government in Mower 74 Some aspects us foudel system In Memar 79 मैनाटकात साहित्य राजस्थान प्राभ्प पिचा प्रविष्यम संपदामम, स्वयमुर 91 साहित्य संस्थान संपहावय 98 Udalpur panorama of a city of lakes 105 Tho Geography of Historical Mrwar 108 SC. Manarla । पराशर पास्थी ग बमोहन पापिया रकोखरी J S Singhyl C.GGoswand ·Contributors 0 VNAtar. nomentriarhurin College roong nc Adriwal Dimpi Mihren Trui jisthen OC ON Gharma fiol 110% Orottment of History Univerity of Ralisthan. Jalow JS Sindhvi Chalmen Hoanco Corporation Relasthan Dr D L. Pallwal Director Sahitya Sonathan Richen Vidyoycoth Udaipur Dr K 6 Gupto Department of fittor University of Udolour Dr AS Darda Department of Political Scionco University of Udalpur Parmanand Chayat Department of Droming and Palning University of Udapur C. G Goswami Rovanu. Olicar Municipal Counct Udalpur R, V Somon! Department of Archaeology and Museum Rajotthon, Jalour Dr BM Jovallo Rajathan Onental Resesch Institute Uaaipur Or Chandra Shokher Shontel Research Scholar Udaipur Dev Kother! Rotearch Office Suhltha Sansthan AV Udsipur 8 C. Monarla Amanich Scholte University of Udaipur ·Preface The ancient land comprising the territory of the entwilo Mewor Stato has always attracted the attention of the scholars and historians Diverso social and cultural phenomenon viablo In thl land load on. to troco Ita orlain in the mort enclent tints of human history The pro historia stone tools found at various places of Mowar particularly on tho banks of tho svars Gambhiri Wagan, Kedmall Borech and Banas show that the man had occupled this land at least a hundred thousand years back. The archeological explorations at Bogor and Amar have proved that the mort andont culturot of mankind have flourbhed in this part of the country Thus the land of Mowa onco a part of Siv Janped (ropublio) and known as Modpats has been uninterruptedly a base for human occupation and flounshing of human chwilization from tho earliest time Undoubtedly the geographical factors played i decisive part in the immigration of man to the land ord five aronto and frowish thor Almost all tho social and cultural revolutions which took placo in northern India anveloped it. Madhyamika (Nogar) Aphatpur (Ahor) Nagadiah (Nagda) and Chitrakut (Chitor) hovo been the centros of ancient culture and their rulou and sull standing monuments peak of their orstwhile glory Archzoological and litorary Toroaches have proved that those placas had been major centres of leaming of contemporary tumor and the great masten of literature, art and arohitecturo ltved and worked thero. Crutor (Chiuskut) particularly has been in morenasly fascinating place for the scholars not withstanding the ranges commtted by the time during the span of hundreds of year. Soveral tomos palaces and other monumento sul Hand them to tell the story of wocoalve roligtou, cultural and poll ral revolution that took place in the Kitetory of the county The Inhabitation of primitivo man in this land the succorstvo immigrations to the pen of various tribot from time immemorial and social, cultural and political revolution that took place during the fong course of history all hovo gone to make diversity ot this land mrcialty socially roligloualy and cultunly Inspite of thla diversity ·the uniquo conse of onono33 In thi pooplo hubun nola nyih/ This son.. of ononess and unity of purposo have had tholt undolible Impact on tho milonal history Tho undaunting and chivalrous peoplo al Mowar lod by tho horolc ruting classes of this land hovo produced unsurpassablo exemplos ol dauntios valionco and wallco that are rare in tho entire human history Sinco the middlo of the olghteonth century the Institution of feudalistic monarchy begin dogonerating and tho wall and bio kingdom of India beann crumb ling. the conditions In Mowar were no orcoption and tho horoic land is at onco found smerting and chaling undor tho yoko of the Bnush Imperialism. The present work has been an attempt to prosent a very brol history of boclat cultural and political Institutions of Mowerth at developos during tho coutro of sovorel hundred yours. As tho roadors would find tho attempt hrvo boon only partly succosslut Tho oditor is highly indebted to the scholars who hovo vory kindly contributod thoir Journed articlos for this pubication D L. Pallwat ·pre-and proto-historic mewar The glorlous role which Mowar han ployed during the more recent period of Indian history is well known to every Indian. Much loss Is known about the ourlior history of Mowar expocially before the period when written documents wtrothor os Inscriptions or coins first began to appear But any student who knows tomething of the divoraity of communities and cultural patters oxeting in Mewar today will agroo that wileten records alone cannot explain this cuttural mosala. its origins, at least in part have to be sought in the prohistoric poriod which is being brought to light by the patient work of wchoroologists From the point of view of human history Mervar la one of the oldest regions of India. It has been occupled by man at least for hundrod thousand yoord it not moro And duning this poriod a number of cultures have flourished in this region. Some of them become totally extinct and are now represented only in the archaeological record Others the relatively recent-loft trucht wtuch stilt turvive in some of the communities of Mowar Though all history belore the appearance of written records is sulctly speaking pre-history in India and scme other counines iwillight period called proto hustcry 16 tocogr Rto totween ple-hisrary and history Theoretically proto history is that panod when pre-hinory of on area begins to be onlightened-largoly Indirectly by writton outcos In the ano or neighbouring tomtones Yat in practice in india the tarm has come to be opplied to all these culturor whose economy was ·2 MEWAR THROUGH TIE AONS based on food production (agricultura and stock raising) and which flourished before the appearance of historical titos propor Pro history is thoreloro left to moan tho stone ages whon man lived by hunting and foodgathoring The pre-hlstory and proto history of Mower known to it may be dividod Into following cultural periodo counting from the top 1 Tho Lowor Palaoohthio (or Early Stono Ago) 2 The Middle Palacolithic (or Middle Stono Ago) 3 The Moolithic (or Lalo Stone Ago) 4 Tho Chalcolithic. 6. The Iron Age. The Earty Stone Age By their very naturo the pre hlatorke peoples ofe anonymous because no records axdst to tell us by what namo they called themselves or ware known to tholr oontemporarios. Pro historic pooples are often known by tho place where ther archaeological and physical romains were first found or by the nature of those rollca themselves. Tho carlost pooples of Mower can be called the Achoulan people tho namo by which the pooplo of comparablo stage of culture are known all over the old world. This namo 13 dorivod from the French locality of St. Achoul where tools similar to those found in Mowar were first recognbod moro thon hundred you ago Those Acheulian people were essontially hunters and food-oathorors. Their only turviving rollos are the stone tools made and used and discarded by thom No doubt man must hevo always made tools of wood and othor organic material. but those survive long period under only the most excoptional circumstances. (Incidentally the form rool here to used to mean all objects made by mon) Thoso tools are known as chopper chopping tools scrapers. fokos, handaxes and corven. They were made by chipping one or both faces of pobblers of quartoite quartz Of sandstone picked up from the livor beds and word used for a variety of purposes such as skinnmg and outchoring dond animals digoing roots and tubers from the earth and working wood was probably done by wooden 1093rs and by stalking gamo Though we have no romains of animal which these earty Mowanan killed and ate we can have some idea of their food and the wild ute vround them from the contemporary conditions in the Narmada and Godavari valleys whore fossils of animals of this porod have been found. Thoso animals include now oxunct species of cattle, olephant hippopotomus, door and plo These early people in Mowar else where cortainly had great prodilection for meal Thor hunting ·MEWAR THROUGH THE AON 3 That none tools are found in thick bouldery depcaits at the bottom of the chiffo along rivor banks. Climate at this period is likely to have been wetter to that ttvers could carry thick loads of coonte sediment from the fulls over long stretches Those Lower Palssolithic tools Occur most abundantly in the river Gambhin, Wagon Kadmo4 and the Borach and thor tributarlos In the vicinity of and around Chitorgath The hill at Chhorgar now Cowed by the famous fort, must have sheltered some of the earliest stone ope communities. For it was trom the slopes of that hill that stond tools Were washed down and incorporated In the yediments of the Gambhir Eost ward this only cultura la known from the dopont of the river Chamber and its tributaries in Kota and Jhalawar districte and north ward from the Bands river at many places. But the worllest settlers of Mowat boom to have avoided the foot hills of the Aravans for our foarch for this culturo in the river Boroch Udaipur district yoldod only few tools near the villages of Deravli and Khori md on noor Dabok, od nono wost of the last mon. thonod ploco. In the Banas also only two or three tooh are known from nosi Nathawura and have been found betwoon this place and Herningath near Bhilware Our tearch in tho Chandrabhaga from Anot to Potta was also fruitless. This culture is likely to have flourished about a hundred thousand years ago The Middle Stono Age The early storo ago culund was replaced probably fonty of Tifty thousand Vogn ogo by another culture Tho toote of this culture aro ako mado of stono but they are of different typut and smaller and thinner Those tools are made of omall flakos romoved from bygger stonot known in orcheological terminology 1 carot. Many of these fiokos were elaborately prepared by technique known Lovato's after the near Parls in France Such took are know sopos and points. Tho lotter of the woro probably hatted on wooden shafts to mako pourt while for Dort were used for skinning gone and working wood. Thoso tooit mo mode of fire-grained minerata Mke chart md Jesper They are found In finor grivols which lte over the cooror grovebs deposited earller The there word now flowing at a higher level and had sluggish currents Toots of the second of Middle Stono Ago cu o wo lound mainly in the Wagan tror neu the villano of Hazukheri and in the mor Kadma ner Nimbohon, both m Chitorgar olsuick A few of them are also known from the river Boruch ner Chitargarh and from the Chambol now Kotz The change from Early Siono Ago to Middlo Stone Ago is not abrupt. hut sicw med mooth It is possible that for people het con. Into the area and roplaced the older onds after co pisting whh the older pocplas for kme tarie ·4 MEWA THROUGH rits 189 Alternately the older people themselves had learnt now ways of making stone tools and adjusting themselves to a changing environment. Europo and Woss Asia pooplo who mado oumllar tools belonged to the human species known as Naandorthal man This spoclos became extinct about 35 000 yuhs ago Tho Leto Stono Ago Wo do not exaotly know when the culturo mo to an ord ond what followed it immediately The threk uilt deposit wilch cover the gravels Holding Middle Stono Ago too's oro devold of ony orchwoological matonals. On the surface of those shts and on rocky outcrops dro however found. romains ot a Third Stone Age culture which the archaeologists call Mosolithio or Late Stone Ago we know march more about this culture because () A flourishod quite recently probably from 10.000 BC to 2000 BC and (n) doposits bearing ita rornalres have not been disturbod at least not significantly by river action. The authors of this now culturo were the men of the species Homouplon the spoches to which all living races of man belong. The tools of those Mesolithic peoples are known as microllith because they were wallbarely more than four contmeters made out of thm parallo ildod flakes (tochnically colod blædos) which wore detached from small proparod coros. These blades or sections of them wore bluntod on one or more aldos to provide blunt sidos for hang w.d had a sharp odgo on one side for use A series of such bido tools of microliths wore hatod togather in a slotted wood or bone stick to provide compouho tools liko knivou nom. harpoons etc. In this age for the first time bow md arow came into use and ma thorofore acqulrod greator mastery on hunting skils. Those matoliths occur tar more widely than tool of any of the preceding two stone ogou. They are found scattored on numerous rocky dlevation in Mawar Actually on these ich outcrops nw matons, orptdolly chor. wore onsity available. Hunung bands squatted on these rock outcrops dunng their expeditions and takino savantajo of the cosoly available now matorla manufactured the tools They took the finsted tools with them and tolt the wasto material on the site. For thrs 1903on mo fond very low hinshod 1001 on these factory sites but lot of manufaculng detxs Such factory ata po to be found overy vero in Mo Nar thoy no most nummous distact Udaipur The W (4 ms colocad large quantue of such tools near the yillas of Bchni md Dabok en further north ngu Gotipa and Bolathal rotta from Vallabh nagar A go pi tuo of the chu y of this paid is provided by the ·Pottery from Bogor

·Early Palasolithic Tools from river
Ombhirl
Middle Palaeolithle Tools from river
Wapen

·Pottery from Ahar ·Early Palwollth o Tools from river ·MYWAR THROUGH THE AOS 01 excavations conducted jointly by the University of Poons and tho State Department of Archanology Rajasthan at Bagor in district Bhilwara The stone age people hore vetded on & sand dune overlooking the river Kothari Their stone tools are found scattered on the surface of the duno tuoll But witat is more that tools, pottery animal bones and burias occur to a depth of 1 76 m. botox tho solace of the dune showing that man had lived here for a very long ume. Thoy lived on stone povod floors made from schist slaks quarried from rocks cToss tho itvor and from pabblar picked up from the rivor bed Thoy also raisod circular huts which wore lined on the periphery with stones to protect them from winds On those floors are to be found quantities of microfiths a4 alto bonds of animals which the pooplo ato Thor. bonos aro always broken and split open for the extraction of marrow and they aro often charred showing that most was regularly roasted on fire Stono hammers found on thouo floors boor toll tale marks of uso on them Thoy were used for breaking bones as well as for making storio tools. The animals killed and eaten by those people were all wild they include wild cattle the hog door the spotted door the barasingha tho Indien wild bow the Indian jackal the tiver turtlo and the monitor lizard Although these people did not know agriculturo and animal husbandry they were goodhunton and had quite a soouo food supply which made a permanont settlement at one place possiblo They burled their dord within the sottiamont in an extended position with head to tho north west and face to tho north-6061 Chunks of meat woro kopt near tha dead as food for thom theso now survive as baro bonos. There are quito a fow such habitation shos In Mewar and their excavation will throw further light on this cutturo Theso Lato Stone Ago hunters soem to hovo como Into Mowar from ourado for there is no ovidence of a link between their culture and the procoding Middle Stone Age Similantios of this culturo exast in north Gujarat. It k posable thut the Bhik, Minas and other tribal people of Mowar ara descondant of those hunting pooplos of the Lato Stone Ago Tho First Farmers Around 2000 B C or a little earlier the first ogricultural comunides appeared in Mewar Theso peoplo practised farming and animal husbandry They foundod the first villages many of which have been occupled by man tror cince The food producing sconomy of these villages made in Ume the goneration of surplus poolble Thio surplus coud support podallst gallsten bike metalsmus, cupontors, etc. Thus slowty sconomy bocina moro diversified

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·METAR THROUGH THE AGES 7 These later Bogoreans Biso buried their dead within their settlement But they kept the bodies in a flexed position with logs and arms folded os in ovleeping posture. The oriontation of the dead was either south east north wort or oast west. They kept along with the dead body a variety of offerings Those Include groups of clay pots (originally obviously containing food and wator) matal tools, ornamonts of stone and bone and also largo chunks of meat now BuTyrving as bare bonos In one come a completo necklace of thirty five boods was found on the neck of the skeleton. Another find with the same bulal wat. totracotta spindle whorl of plano-convex shape with a frozo of punctured triangles on the flat surface. This chaiconthlc (copptr and stone walno culturo) come to an end around the middle of tho first millonnlum 8 C. with the introduction of Iron But another and more truly farming culture had abo come into existence in Mewar towards tho beginning of the second millennium BC This culturo to kown to us largely from excavations on tho mound of Dhul kot near Ahor Villago a suburb of Udaipur and to some extent from the site of Gllund on the river Bangs in datrict Chitorgarh This culture which we call Ahar culture from the etto of that name is known from nearly fifty sites in Mowar Most of them are concentrated on the Berach and Banu ntvers In Udalpur and Chiltorgarh districts but they extond castward Into Bhllwara Almor and Tonk districts along the Banas and her tributaria Thero people room to have come into Mawar from Matwo where there is evidenco of farming sottieronts at slightly burllor date The Aharian villages were of substantial sizos. occupying roveral actos of ground The houses wore made of mud walls on stone foundation. There is evidence also of the use of mud and kiln burnt bricks and of largo, complex structures at Gilund. Thoso pooplo cultivated rico and at a later stage also milier they domesticated cattle goat shoop dog and pig. Thoy supplemented their food by hunting fishing and fowling # there is ovidence of the bonet of door fish and bird from Ahar Ono respect in which the early fuming culture of Ahar differ from the chalcolithic culture of Bogor u yoll os from other chalcolhnic cultures of Indien the complete absence of a blade tool Industry Since stone blados supplied the components of most of the cutting reaping and hunting tools In chalcolith c culturn their ebrence at Ahor and related to implin that Aharland had adequate supply of metal toole Thoroba ovlden.co for this Inference In the form of several copper xom and a few bit of copper and moro particularly In tho discovery of a furnace with msh and metal nog at Ahx Tho Ahonens ·8 MIWAR THROUOI THIE ADES thoroforo 100m to have proctisod coppot morallutay from tho ston Indo o the ovailability of coppor oros in tho Alavallis is likely 10 have been the main attrocuon for oarly colonisers of the togion Tho ceramic industry of the Aharians was wolf devolopod and varied Ono of thoir warosh known as black and rod ware because the vessois in it oro fred in such a way that thoy are black imido and on the top of outsido and sof over the rest of the outside The typos in this ware sro 1 dinty boms of many shapos and stzon and occasionally fota irko Votsols and dishes the lattor tomouros on stand. In the rod hipped vanoty ugain thero Bovoro suo.waids one of which boats a close similarity to the Haroppan pottory in its fino day composition. uniform and good firing fine finish and sturdinestThe rango ol vessels in the red ware includos bowis and lota likn vessels. Cooking Vosgels and dishes and many kinds of storing vostol. in the woy warto the range of typos 1 woller but largely conforming to thot met mth in red words. Ono featuro o Aha pattory which distinguishes it from the pottory of other contemporary cultures to rolatlvpoverty of painted decoration in it On the othor hand there is a prost diversity and profusion of incised and applique designs on Ahar pottory Radiocarbon dolor suggest a poriod of about 1800 BC to 1200 B C for this culturo Excavation and dating of other sites may probably reveal that this culturro lostod til o later dat. Somo of the pottory shapes and terracorta spindlo whorts show clouo alilarity to wth in Iran and other countnos of Western Asla Hola theroforo posible that these catty agricultural colonisers might havo bean originally immigrants from Iran A companon of the chalcolithio culturas of Bagor and Ahat provides intotoring conclusions Tha Ahianany were tun tadgad farmers and had knowledgo of motallurgy They werd oolonising a new teritory and rotting on virgin ground At Bugor on the other hand an sonually hunung and lood gathering people maro kdopuns through a cultun conixia good producing sconorty on mall scale and some other matonal train of a food producing our turo, it is an archaeological example of the process whereby I wmple togety is slowty camilated by a lochnalogically more advanced society The appearance of Iron and the beginnings of historioa) times At Ahor the copper wing faming culturo Bovarlain by another culturo in whiloh Iron tools were in usa Soals bouring Brahl script and punch maksed colns data thta occupation to 2nd 3rd century before the Christian Ha The Iron Aga sorusment room to have come into existence stvaral centurios after the ·MEWAR THROUGE TH AGO 9 and of the previous settlement. At Bogor on the other hand, the chalcolithic culture slowly gave way to an Iron using ono. Mlaroliths horo continuod to be wod ovan after the introduction of Iron. thus demonstrating how primitive cortimunitlos tand to be comoristivo ovan in matters of tochnology Iron tools found inoludo ono socketed arrowtoad and one tanged towhead Pottory of this period is all wheelmado and some of its form ore closely comparablo to those occurring at many northem otes from 4th cent B C onward, The Iron might thorofore have been introduced at Bagot around 600 B C By this time settled village life was wall orteblished in Mewar In the 30th century B Co the town of Madhyamika (modern Nagari near Chitor) was in oxistence and in the following contury we find colns of Sibl Janopad being Incised hero Inacriptlona spouk of Asvamodha and Vapoya sacrifices boing porformod hore about the same time By second century BC therefore Mawar had dovalopod stable political unity and from here on the cultural story of Mowar belongs to the domain of history propar + V lum ·early sculptural art of mewar The antiquity of fino arts in Mowar can be pushed back towards the beginning of Alar Culture datable to about 2000 B C. Excava tions at ahar (near Udaipur) havo thrown a flood of light on ancient corernic Industry and ort of painting on sarthon pots at such an borty date The ontro material is now preserved in the Archaeological Moum ai tho kto Itsalt Its vory such regrettod that no stone or olay human figurino worth reference but for a few hand mado plecos of the proto historio forlod hus ull now boon discovorod or excavatod at Anar Bunga Period wo do oqually in darknow about tho plastic art of Mower all tho Sungo period, though a number of punch-marked copper coins. datable to the Mauyan period, have been picked up from Ahar and Nogari Modiyomo (16 present Nogardistant about 8 miles from Chitor) was the seat of Bibl republic during this pond curtonoy husvod from this place refers to 81bl Janapada. Tho famous Brahmi Inscriptions from Nagani bear testimony to the existency of a mousiva structure dadiogted to Samkanthana Vasudeva for which an enclosure was but there by Sarvatata towards the second first contury BC Some scholars tool that the carvings of Krishna and Bala devo worshipped of Nugan were in the fom of wooden statuss which got destroyed in due counts of time or they word engraved on Itono slabs tuoh as the Ayagapatas found in Mathura rogion But thus doos not appear to be very reasonable because that was the age whon tilo-size stone mape of Yakshes and ovon Baladova woro chlselled in the vanity of Mathura and its naruty MOTBOY stond a ·MEWAR THROUGH THI ADIS 11 was available in sufficient quantity of Nagari Itself It la then no wonder that stones images of the above Vaishnm divinites were carvod for worship in the Narayanavatika of Madhyamika It appears that all the contemporary mages at this place got damaged because of the investon during the Mughal period or even badler Excavations at Nagarl also brought to light a few Sunga terracotta figurines, including somo moulded plaquer of goddese Vasudhara holding two fish in one of her outstratchod hando os also in the contemporary finds from Mathura and Raimh (near Tonk) Kushana Porlod Vory Nitle la known about the sculptural art of Mewar during the party conturios of Christian Era Excavations st Ahar ylelded a fow fragmentary torrocotus plaques such a potbolllod Kubers or Ganapath femalo dance femalo torso and votivo tank plocos, now exhibited In Aher Museum Qupta parlod The Yupo Piller Inscription of V S 282 (265 66 AD) from Nandasa (noor Gangapur Bhilwara) boors tottlmony to the performanco of Vodic rituals In the region. It refers to the worship of a number of Brahmanic delties though contemporary statues thereof have not been discovered so far Nagard of course continued to romain a contro of Valshnavlam during the post Kushana period, The frih oentury Inscription from thia place and now in Amer Musoum, rofons to the construction of a structuro dodicated to the Foot of Vishnu while • later oplgraph testifies to toy construction of a Tempio dedicated to Marontha Svami A Brahmanlo structure with an early form of stone Bikhara appears to have boon constructed at Nagar during the 66th century AD A fow fragments including tho flutted amalaka can still be soon at Nagart Tho tomple was provided with a crocodilo shapod Pranala for the outlot of barod water from the main ahdine A numbor of sculptural placet, carved in the art of 6-8th contury and preserved at the aito box dost affinity with contempo sary Torana piecos from the nolghbouring noglon of Dogapura (Mandator) Tho Nagari tonne pillars presont carvings of mithuna figuron the horizontal stono fintol . dlvidad Into toveral penal and present numeroun detalls of the Kiratarjuna theme. These are quito precious sculouros in the realm of Indlan art It is on this lintel that we come across one of the earliest ropreronta tions of donong Blva thus bearing connections with contemporary Gupta sculptures from Bhumara Nachana Kutharo Doogarh oto This le tho earliest 'Nataraja In the plastic art of Rajasthan More than 60 years ago Dr DR Bhandarkar had oxcavatud a brick templo ·12 MEWAR THROUOil TUE ADES at Nagari A number of Gupu jerracotta plaques studded on the extortor of this structure have been recovered The same an of 3 types. (6) Moulded bricks with hunian busts (b) animals in profilo (c) floral decorations Some of the human haurines delineated therein may bo idenuired with characters in the satrical play. (Chaturbhani) In fact thoy have nothing to do with Grook art. Such clory plaques were manufactured at a number of Gupto sitos in India, including the ones in the famout region of Suratgarh Honumanguh In Bikaner division of Rajasthan. A few Gupts terracottas from Nagari are now proverved in the Doccan College at Poona whllo the major collection may be studied in the Roputana Museum at Almer Sculptural traditions toom to have been protundly encouraged in the thus regions of Udalpur and Dungapur during the 5-6th centuries AD boaring closo affinity in style with contemporary poolmens from Samalall and Dovantmori in idar Stato My exploratory toute In the vicinity of Jagat. Tanesar and Kalyanpur In Udalpur duurlot have confirmed the truth of the statomont. Slva-Sekti cult was at ila height during thla penod and a number of independent Mutriku statuos wero carved out of tho local groon sh blue schist popularly known a Pareva Aindn and headlosa Ambika statues from Jagat are now preserved in Pratop Musoum at Udaipur The collections of MB Collogo. Udalpur are oqually nich in contemporary sculptures from Kalyanpure they include two statuor of standing Siva and Naga Nagi couple But most important wo tho schist ratuor which I happened to study of Tanowar dirant about 3 miles from Pathad, In datrict Udalpur Botides an oorty Ganapat bust the group Inoludon an image of two armed Skande holding a sport in his right hand and I cock in the left The other Images are those of mother cach accompanied by a child and provided with a halo bohind her head. The child by depicted on the arm. near the leg of the mother in varioun playful posos ond ovon sucklod by the mother with both her hands. The utter absence of any vehicle (vahena) is worthy of noto In this group Thes onables us to suggest with multidont justification that here we carved the entin group in the form of Skando nutrounded by the Krittikus who nouthuhed him since hits very birth All these images west chlalled for rogule worship all of thern have got prominent podostal toy were probebly Installed together on a platform in some contemporary temple of Skanda Kartokeys at Tantuar This has therefore got an important bouring on the cult of Skanda Kunor in ·Moon God Chandra on the exterior of Hunctum Sun Temple at Chitor Bth century

·Ainda as a Mothor from Jagat groenlah
blue sekrst Udalpur Musoumn 6 Oth
century
Qanung Ganesh in Chatura pore 10th century
Ambika Temple at Jager

·Almakanya (Sua Sunda 1)
Ambika Temple at Jagat
10th Century

·207
Narttanda Bhairava composite form of Siva
and Sun exterior ut miniatwo shrino (SI
Cahu Tomple at Nagda) 10th century
A Unique Image
The Headed Sakti of Vaikuntha Dirolian
Elwara District 12th century

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·14 MEWAR TUROLOil 14 JOS the Imago of two atmod and standing Lokuliso is quito animepiting tharo Wo find him actually carrying a stall (lakula) in his honj This trpool Siva Lokullsh Images ato v ry low in ogrly Indian art and ono of the tout armad varloty is prosot vod in the circle orice of DGA at Ctitor fort tiot Most Imposing of oll tho osty medio-val to mpl . of Min var 11 tho Kallka Mota Tortolo ot Chitor for! in lact a stictro dodimated to Sun It was constructed as oarly as tho 8th contury AD This is very unicon Timed by its sculptural Health also Tho fomplo hus pot e provision of cir cumambulatory path to go round the main sanctum. Tho principal oximo nichos of the sanctum pro serve Surya toliofa wherein tho main dorty is snatod on a chariot drtvon by Arun and yoked with savon horsor. This reproon ution to be soon rust abovo the door linial of the sanctum as wall The Images at honno hooded Arving. on both udos wo equally imposing and so aho that of Chandra (Mocn) on tho roht exterior niche Hero Chandra figures of one of the Dikpalas in strict iccordance with carly traditione croscont mark behind his back to vory very prominont In fact such indepondant carvings of Moon God are not very froquent in Indian sculpturo Tho images on tho outor extorlax niches of the Sun Tompio at Chitor mo loirty won prosorved notoworthy behind the ono doplcting churning of Ocoan and studded on the lott side. a All 17010 A few your back I noticed an ily modivoval saltof under worship at Dhod, dlatant about 8 miles f om Johazpur in Bhilwara 0151 MI He Baladeva and Krishna appear os soated at ondants of goddou Gaja Lakshmi as also in the contemporary statun discovered by me at Amjhore near Dungarpur specimons depict the Ekonomso npect of Lakshmi an mightly different manner They boar claro affinity with sculowtos from Ellora in the Deccan, wtroro the attondent diviniuos ao shown standing on both side of goddess Lalushirt Modlsoval Perlod Mewn is equally rich in moduoval sculpturos datable from 10th to 14th contund A.D At Ahar Itsoit we can study I number of Brahmanic and Jan timplos, detable to 10-11th centuries AD The Gangodbhada Yunda of Ahor wa probably bunt during the rogimo cf Bhartlbhatta, the Guhita rulor of Mowar A number of sculpturor studded Into various nicht of this tank po Quito charming The Chamunda nearby carries a toh in one of her hands as in the Paraman nt of Arthuta and Chandravat Aby this ploring to Tantric traits in More The so-called Mira Temple bound the Police post at Ahar my ·MEWAR TITRQUOI TUTE AOS 16 bo d led to tho 10th century the back portion preserves Interosdng rollets such us stealing of butter by Krishno black mths at work and shopkeepot (procor) wolghing with scale All these stone tohots have got an important boxing on the social and mito1181 lile of Mowar during the 10th contury Equally imposing is the Sun Tomple at Tusa (near Dorou) and Vishnu Templo of Panchovantana varroty at Iswal on way to goqunde both in district Vdo put The mediaeval and lalo mediaoval tomplos at Nagda distant about 14 miles from Udriput oto also worthy of note the famous twin temples of Susu and Bahu presorve very clegant uchitectural and iconographic datus of lato 10th and catty 11th contunos AD On tho plllars of sabhamandopa of Sosa templo at Napda 80 catrod Ramayana sconos the door lombs preserve three tested vishru (Vaikuntha) a rimlar relief appears on tho left exterior niche while tho noht exreror nicho of sabhamandapo progorvos an alegant carving or Gajendra moksha Tho back nictio of a miniature thring at the back has got a lovely raliol depicting the Marttadda Bhairava formie bionding of Surya & Slvo in ono form the seated dorty is provided with a crown on the head and & coat of mail al Surye on the chest, the weapons carried in four hands include two lotun flowers of Sun while the uldent and the skull crowned maco sro Saiva ombloms. It should be considered as one of tho most Intorenting myncretia Imago In Indian art Tho Pratap Musoum at Udalput has also acquired a statue wherein the standing dorty depicts the blandmo of more than two divinition of the Brahmante penthoon. The mediaeval temples of Chauhan art at Monal and Bibollen in district Bhilwara still preserve imminenza sculptural wealth of Mewar and datable to the 12th One fornale statut from Blolian ts of cours quito unique Indian iconography bocauto it represents the three-headed fomalo counter part of Valkuntha Vishnu the contral faco of the Goddess is that of a honto while tho sido loco are those of a boor and a lion. A malo status of four Bimad varoty is of counto preserved in the chclo office of chitor fort but no other femalo rotlot or carving of the goddess in this particular for brilablo at the prosent moment, What thalil to have a look at the Ambika Tomplo at Jagot--tho Khajuraho of Rajasthan ! The temple distant about 27 miles from Udalpur appoor to have been built towards the only part of 10th century one of its pillar bearing dato VS 1017 probably rotoros to omo renovadon work in the temple The Ortonon of the templo at Jagat e profusely studded with clegant relief comprising of Durga-Ambkan varied aspects. Dikpolo and a number of female figures in different moods and poset. From the point of ·16 MEWAR THROVOII TIL AON vlow of workmanship tholt orustic quglity og ng high, thy 03101.front sculptural matonal tho thormos oro of course quito traliuonalan in most of the modiaevel temples at Khn ufalo and other placos. from point of vion of iconograptry also como of tho roliofs at Jagat are quito imponant such (1) Mahishamardini Durga in tho ortenior nichos of the mun onctum ord the pranata mandopa Tho roliot now in the main back riuhe o! Hanctum even doplets o patrol perchod to the left of godere Ilahi sho viardini and thus recalls tho Sukaprlys Aniblko aipect of the devi (b) Narayani Durga 10 Valshnavi sealed over a hurton corpso relict on the exterior lower part of the main sanctum The goddos camos all the emblems of Vishnu but for a human corpos nor vehicle Thla is quite unusual In Indian Iconography tho latior 13 shown (c) Mahlshamurdint fighting with the Bull domon In full human form and that is very unusual (d) Varahl on the doorjomb of onurance porch Heo she camins a fish in ono of her hands rocalling the Tantrika aspect of the goddess. This tralt in alto to be reon in dancing Varm on Prauhara Matrika Intal from Abanort, datable to the lato 8th century (6) Dancing Ganoue in Chatura pose in tho sabhamandap of Ambika Templo at Jagat u one of the fow alogant statues of this porbcular doity The Chatura para vary mpcting and unusual fos Gorosa though we do como across thus in core of dancing Virabhadra Siva on Abanel panel now in Jaipur Musoum. The sculptural traditions of Mewar kept alive during the subsequent porlods n well. Tho rogue of Maharana Kumbha wiinoised great actity in the realm of pointing sculpture and archutecture A number of skilled sthapotis and mnons word given stoto-patronage at this stage. Notoworthy vo two fornillonono of Jalta and his tons who were Inchorgo of construction works at Chitot Including the famour Towor of Futra i e. Kirttistombha at Chitor It tull stands u « store-house of contemporery sculptures of this region Sutridhern Mindana and his follower's appear to have been ginto active in Udalpur and Kumbhalgarh A was probably under their instructions that some roliglows edilicas at Ekalingar and Kumbhalgarhi came into existence in Mowar Mandana s succoston oppuu to han participated from time to time in sculpturat and architectural actrvities in Mower Including the building of Nouchauki ond ·MEYA TINROUG11 MIT 100 17 Ralasamudra dam. near Kontroli All this is confirmed by contemporary cploraphs and soulptural romains as woll The Jagdish templo at Udalpur preservos for us a rich variety of 17th contury sculptures of tho region and so la the case with carved pillars and collings of Nouchauki at Rajasomand. In fact Mlowar has to contnbuto a lot to tho growth of fino arts In India Including the sculpturos and torracottas of different periods. Tho rich tradition of proparing mouldod torracotta plaquos is still preserved by the pottors of viogo Molola, noor Khamnor In Udaipu district R.C Astanal ·society and culture in medieval mewar The history of the society and culturo in medieval Mowar is of Toator interest and importance than the political events. full of Intriguet, murders and military compaigns For us to-day the people s history has a groat cham and uullty But the task to construot such history is not an ossy One Tho sources for analysing it ora indood moogte Somo Incidental referoncor from chromolas Inscriptions archival moti, sculptures and palntings aro of some value to wrivo at the face of the matter Boclal struotur. The Moharanes of Mewar word at the apex of the social organi Lotion Bollet in the sublime punty of their doscent from Sun and Roma, and in the missions they were called upon to tulfil gave to the rulers sense of self respect Thoy enjoyed a groat falth among tholi pooplo The words they uttored, woto taken to have descanded from Shree Mukh, the pious mouth and tholr porton was dignified a Shrooll a great being Bapa. Khutman, Kumbha Sango Pratap and Rom Singh were rules of excopuonal qualities horols and strength of chuoctor The adrtona of sach marked on oro af strength and dignity They were so humble in their behaviour that they always regarded then the dowanl of God Eklingas the fully delty the real rulor of tho state This presupposes an absence of egoism, arbitration ind absolutism The rulan lợnd tim soluts us szents at the Almighty They wt the chiof executive, the military and the judiciary authority of the stata.

·NEWAR THROUGH THE 40BS 19 The Maharanas loved to have almolo dwollings congbung of a lew sets of rooms of the most ordinary dimension, tres from show and superfluity Maharana Kumpha who happened to be a great conqueror of his age had a mansion at Kumbhalgarh free from ostentations and decoration of oriontal typo Whila as a meat architect ho constructed gigantc forts, towns, the public works unrivalled in the hbtory of the world Even the palaces of Rana Amar Singh and Raj Singh though influonced by the Mughal architectural designs and stylo, aro loss anlstic and decorative than the Ambor polacos of tho samo porlod The basic simplicity and charity of the dwelling places was a speciauty of the Sisodlas of medieval dimos. We notice tho samo stanadard of simplicity In dress and dat of the Maha fanus. though it was of a standard suited to thott offices Of course, on tortivo occasions and royal darbers thor food and dress were rich and costly Aftar tto Mughal Impact the celebration of festival took to the Delhi pattern Next In Tank to the Maharana wore the noblos who on joyed special honour and prtvillegas, which never fou to the lot of the common pooplo. Within their logins they were minlature Maharanas attended upon by all the docorums power and prettige enjoyed by the ruler of the Stato. But the oxistence of an organised foudalism was a boon to the aga. The patriotto noblos were always ready to lay down their lives for the glory of the ruling dynasty and the country This Institution, though a negation of political authority alsowhoro was one of the most powerful Institution in Mowar Tho powerful nobility was an ovor flowing straun of strongth and could supply the nood of war at a minutes call Both the kingship and the nobility had suglio of hundrods of womon. supervised by a spodal staff of fomalo officers and attended upon by mald sorvents attached to this offico. The nobla in Mewe wore poworful factor to be counted in all matters political and milltary The guarding of the fort af Chitor by Udal Singh, during Akber Invoslon, was in accordance with the goneral opinion of the main Sardars of Mewar The dathrometent of Jamal and the Installations of Pratap an the examples of the offoctivo authority of the noblor wishor. But these conditions could not hold good under 6ll chrcunstanoot. The flower of Aajput chivalry which was ongapod in war for about soveral hundred yours could not go on fighting for over and betrrydd one of decoy tvon In the time of Pratap Somo notable desertions tuch a thoto of Sakta, Jagmal ·20 HIWAN TAOUCI 1011 Saghand Mogn Singh provet bonplul 17 its ciuto the droom wilt. also lod to thy dalurinol the able warnyard hair 1931 rtit adversely alloctid tho tuling class in the 0909131 Duni.. All Italy Singh we notico a kind of gonorat de onoration in the lighting class of HONV which ultimately could not oltar ilin desired onnonton to the wanton amiin of tho Marathas who frcoly (svazed that country ord drained the to ource of the stata The weaknost of the latar Agn11 A110 enable the cutit vo sals 10 establish polty de poutin. In the later days depening the passant proprietors in whorn Mowar aboundod, of their horeditary rights in the land. Thn ont to structuro bogan to show signs of losing its go honoured valuinous Canspi nacles bogan to be hedged in the minds of those who used to be regided as the trusted plllons of tho Stoto Gradually in Mowat as olswohelo thote prin liels of all kinds and of all or dos from the Bolos 1o Battist and Pattayats to Bhomiyas in their own way they all within thote rogion, exordsed powers of a pracucoty indepodont princos Even one who had a bit of land cultivated by possants, coud' provide horso which he todo to oxercito has authority Below the nobles thorn was, or middle class mainly consisting of the morchants They lod simple and temperato Ilves Only during fasthro occasion they took pride in showing off their wealth and impressing upon those who woro mound them of their rich and luxurious style of Irving This was tho class which amod on extensive trade and commerce and if noodod financed tho tato Their main profession was also money lending Several famulies of Nandwana Mahajans camed trade and agnculture side by side in Mowar As tho merchants happened to be rich, thoy became mon of drunction They occupied loremost place in the Social hierarchy and displayed intelligence and zoal in promoting the interest of their familiar ago to from ago They mmportod a great stimulou to the cause of their religion by subscribing thole woulth for construction of temples and organising oongrogation of follow rollaronisti to be held at vanou contrat As they wors reputed to be Industrioun Intelligent and thrretty their services were also uulzed in the din Indstation of the stato and managing the financos Though volour was not theft special trait, they marked out thole CareT 110 as generals Maharana Sanga appointed Bhermal as the commandor of the fort of Ranthambhoro His two sont Bhana Shah and Torrchand distinguished themselves as prost warriors and administratori Both of them fought side by alde with Mahanna Pratap Bhama Shah and Ton chand soon roso to the position of Pradhan and district officer of Godwad respectively Bhoto Shah continued to remain Pradhan ·LAR THROUGH tại 103 21 of Maharana Amar Singh I all he was removed from the position by death on January 26 1800 Bhama Shahs son Jiwa Shah and Ns son Akhaya Roj hold the hereditary office of Pradhan in the rolan ot Amar Singh and Karan Singh rospectively In tho Social hierarchy the Brahmans played a vital Talo Thoy were divided into a number of subractions such as Shrimalis Nagar Bhattmewaras Sikhwal Gaur Sanadhyar. Dadhich Dashon Paltwali otc Thoro Brahmans wore ongagod in both secular and religlous pursults Those Brahmans who calmod moral and roligious loadorship engagod themselves in helping pooplo In portorming roliglous sacrifices and domestic coremonios Jhoung, Dhaneshwar Bhatt and Dakshinamuru wore renowned for their learning and skill in officiating at sacrifices and rollglous coromonlas. Attending to tho dally sorvlogs of worship at tomplot of doltos had abo grown into o profession. Some of the leading Pallwat word the family prosto to the chlofs of the stato The Brahmins hrvo boon chief astrologers and Katha rectors of the Maharanas Some of them hold important office of the Master of ceremony kltchon superintendent and office in charge of royal wordrobe The Acharya fornity was reputed for ita proficiency In medicine for which it was adequately honoured Ax war condition was punarul foaturo in medieval Rajathan, some of tho Brahmans also took to military caroor Purohit Garbadan was a great military general of Maharana Pal Singh Ono Madhusclan Bhatt wm sont along with Ram Singh Jhalo to wait upon Sadullah Khan and dissuade him from his dastructive designs against Chitor As thoso Brahmans onloyed considerobla local prestigo owing to the fact of their birth and also they were landowners, they regarded thornsalves as the custodians of Hindu culturo They abhonod contamination with foroton blood and maintalned coremonial purity The Brahmans of this category now found among the Nagan, Bhattrowara Avadichys) and Srimalie who do not have food cookod by a Brahmon other than their own caste A cortoin vot of Brahmana angaged themselves in agriculture The Srimali Paliwal Monara Nagda and Khandelwal Brahmins were mostly agirculturiste In the socio-political hierarchy Kayasthan had Important and Indopondont role in Mowar Bhatthagon Pancholls and Mathurs have been vory prominent in offering their servicos administrators and worrion. Pancholl Bihardas ancorton occupied high potition in Mewar vorvice from the 14th contury onward Pancholt Bhagchand was daring general of Jagat Singh. The ·22 MWAK THROUGII THE 100 members of the Saniwala family which had the privilego to allox thale signs In the form of Sahl wore the traditional loyal officers of mo stato. The service of this clous was most urolul in drafting and Interpreting lotters guing to and coming from the Mughal court In between the social order of the Reputa and the Brahmang there is a custo of tho charant which exOTC sed great respectibility and influence in Mower As an equal partner in war and peace his place wts anviablo Mony a chorana fought to their last in the docistve battles of Mowat Some of them happened to be composers of poems and songs of hororO volour of tho motor in the trolds of battlo The Bhatt different from the Charan, rcted as genoalogists and concerned themselves about tho padigree of families belonging to various costos. The life of the dosset ongaged in crafts and agriculture was harder compared with the cossos montioned abovo. Thoy usually tolled for the uppor clauses and had bero necosntles for their there. They had to undergo forcod labour and had to boar tho burdon of taxos imposed time and again Of course they had not to suffer from want of ordinary food and clothing under normal drcumstance Their fate in times of lumina scarcity and war was not free from misones and rufforinga As rogards possants, they were not very happy clots of people Their living conditions and standard of living woro low They were gonerally the victims of tho oppression of the State officer, usually on touring duties Social habits and practicos Samakarus occupled a significant position in the socio-religious lito of Mowar In honour of the birth of a child great rojavangs were observed which included songs and aguibution of coconuts and other articles. The dwvlja odserved tho nito of Initiation. Mamage was also rospected as a social obligation Those days the manlagts were expening on account of the dowory and nog system, and woo burden on the parents Consequently the birth of a female child was takon as an undesirable event Our period has mylo evidence of the fact that the king, courtion Sudras and members of woalthior class were polygamous. Though marriago has all its atraction the fate of the women, who lost her husband Wos pathetic A Hindu widows lle long docendence on the mols membris, ond her subordinate position under young Wivos, naturally subjected her to a hard lot A number of documonts also thon sulhasnt nght upon practico known divorce ·MORAR THROUGH THL VON 23 which wos so common Prostitution oxisted side by side with potyparty and widowhood during the period under review Wo havo numerous examples during this period of the practice of Sott through which from the princeses down to the common women ladies mado an ond of their lives. The multiplicity of Sati-slabs and palm improntlons of modloval tmes which can be seen in almost all the villages and towns of Mowor show that the regular Wort which Mewas had to wage gavo a sort of sumulous to this ryotem. Awoclated with the practice of Goti there was another rite which is called Jauhar through which the ladier made an ond of themselves without waiting for the douth of their husband When Bahadur Shch Invaded Chlict in 1635 AD Rani Karmot committed lauhor alongwith several ladies of the royal household and of nobles. During the Invasion of Chitor In 1568 AD by Akbar Jauhar was performed at open poco and now the houses in the fort. The amusemonts sports and comes also played an important part in the lite of both the rich and the poor people of Morrar Among Indoor games gambling with dico was popular during our period Thero is a roferonco in tho Sarnath Inscription of Ahor to gablers who were toquired to offor o bagtul of money of thoir stokos for the maintonance of tho templo of Varoho. Mandan in his Raj Vallabh hou recommended the construction of a pambling hall atta ched to the king. palaco Pictorial and classical source of the period under reviow rofor to a board game callod chods of Shatran) Chaupar is anotheri mpor tant indoor game which was usually played by two portons at the qulot hours of the night. Other Indoor gemes Chorbhar Narchorl Govind Prema, otc. W. havo amplo depiction of wosting and boxing in polnung and sculpturod art, which shows that these pastimes were cultivated as phytoal culturo duning the period under review There are also references to anmul tights between elephant toere, leopards boarn and bulls as favourite sports at the courts in Mowar Mahane Amar Singh and Ral Singh onjoyod fights between thoro animal. In sculptured art at fa Samrudia there aro depiction of vartous birds and animals and their fights Hunting was a favourito amusement of Kings and nobles of our period The art of music formed a part of entertainment both for the rich and the poor during the period under review Maharana Kumbha was a great approclator of the musical art. His commentatory of the Gita Govind and the work of Sangitrol an outstanding Instance of his proficiency in that branch The themes of music and dance depicted In poveral panels of Kiristambhu Jogadish tomolo and other thow that night from the court down to the villages pooplo could find time to onjoy and participate in singing and dancing ·24 NEWAR TIROUOJI THE 10 Tho observance of lostrvals in Monat was e rolinou I will I SOC1T1 obligation The sight of the promossion of Ganggro hd ainin ben trong imposing and oxhilarating ught at Udaipur In 10 var Dashora usod 13 b colebrated in a magnificiont style by holding darbors receiving nazars and contamino ranks and honour on dosarving otitors On this occas on hot as and dophonu were brought for display They word duly washey und Droomed and docked Decorstod olophants and homes wito duly worshipped and wote paraded in Ino for review According to an old tradition the Maha anus used to move out from their palaces to organise on the day of Dashora campaign agains their neighbours on the pretext of tho Aherit hunt. The fontial of dowall had a special wanilicance for all classos and communibos 01 all the fontival of genety Holl may bo mccounted as the most popular of the tournals in Mowat 83 elowtrare Everybody big of small old or young parncipated in merry making Rollclous Ufo The epigraphic and Illorary sourca, tostily that the manliostation of religious life was embodied in Vodtc balraft and practices Aans Kshetra Singh and Maharana Kurt bho wore reputed performers of Vodio sacrifices Thoy wero In voguo among the richer louons of society 1180. The worship of Shiva has been the faith of the Maharanas and the people from tlmo wamemonial From the Inscriptional literary and archival records it appears that Lakullsha sect was Imrly popular Other sects *180ciated with Shalveam vero those of Samneyusins khakis sidde and naga. They had the monastnos of akharus at vero ut places in Mower Towards Shrvaswn the Mahoranas waro so dovoted that they took ondo in designating themsolos os diwanji and looked upon the delty & the real ruler of Mawar From both archHoological and op grophic odenco it in cloor that the mother goddess was worshupped in Mower in one form or another The Bana Mata wus worshippod of a famly deity The worship of Vishnu in various forms and under vorral nomo doras back to como centutlos before the birth of Christ Tho Exlinga Inscription refers to tho construction of temple in honour of Dwarkadhisha by Mokal Krishna tomplot at Kadiyan, Chitor and Ekling were built dunng the 16th cuntury Aant Kumbhe also constructed temple of Kumbho Shyam at Kumbhalgarh The coming of Snrathi to Nathdwwa and Dwarkadhish Kankroll marred o tuming point in the development of Vanhar al Pushimarge order in Mowat The rulers and the rulad i Mawar word by no ·MERAR TAROUGH THS AGO 26 moans less anthuslastic In the CAUSo of Vaishnavism Tho namo of Mira hos become immortal for the devotion to Krishna Pilgrimage also played an important role in tho religious life of the Hindus of Mowar Paying homage and visiting pilgrim places has been regarded M an act of rollglous duty and morit Thousands of Mowatts performod pilgrimage to Goya Gomt! Dwarka Haridwar Mathura Badrinath Onkamath during the period of our reviowy In Mowar Itself there ware pllgrim contres at Godbor Dhulov Bigod. Sinhad Konkroli and Mati Kundiyan where thousands of people from Mewar and outside offered their home go to the thrine located at those control-overy your Education From the Inscnptions and literary works of our parlod we notice that Mowor never loooed behind in the progress of learning during this period Tho porlod under review Hw the routval of Sanskrit Ilterature in Mowar in the Nath Inscription there is roforonca to Kushika and other Munls who pomoned a vast knowledge of several shortras Amer Kavt was a composor of into Inscription The Chirvi inscription of 1273 records tho namot of sovoral Jaln Acharyas who Wore great scholars among whom Paraghwachandra was tho chlof composer of the text. The writer of the Chlor and tho Achaleshwor Inscriptions was Voda Sharma of great Intolligence. The tradition of the past was uphold by soveral authors of our period of whom Maharana Kumbha was a great scholar and poot Ho was woll vorrod in the Voda Smriti Mimama, Naya, Rajnit Upanishada. Tarka and Sahitya. Ho was famillar with Karnataki Mahanati and other language His commentary on the Olta Govinda is testimony to the wide command that he had ovor Sanskrit proso and poetry Soveral works on muuto like the Sangitra) the Sanglt Mimamun, tho Sudprabandha, the Rulkprtyn and the Songlta Ratnakar have been ascribed to him Manden, Govind, Atland Mohosh wao tho reputed writer of Kumbha s ago Maharana Rahmal who we also a patron of fourning honoured Maheshwara the composor of the Eklinga Prashasti by offering him the title of poet laureate of his court From the rolgon of Amar Singh u distinct blas in favour of tho study of Sambult is notkcoable The Amanhar of Pandit Jiwadhar Is an admirable exposition on the art of wihulng poetry and I blonded with the historical facts. The Amar Bhushun • toatisoon Astronomy shows that study of this ·26 M.WAR THIROUOI TUIS AOBS branch was not noglocted During the rolon of Jagat Singh I Sanskrit languago teams to have been widely studlod Among the numerous works produced during Jagat Singh s reign the most note worthy are the Jagat Simhastoka by Mohan Bhatt tho Jagat Simhakavyo by Raghunsth and the Jagannath Ral Prathart by Lakshmi Nath which though primarlly meant as literary plocos of excellent methical device are useful for furnishing historical details of tho Aona , tlmo This bias grow topidly unul the reign of Raj Singh govo It further momentumn with the result that the age witnod sons of the finast production of Sanskrit The greatott name amongst the poets of the age of Raj Singh is that of Ranchhoda Bhatt, the celebrated witor of the Amar Kavya and tha Rajpra sharti Mahakavya as an independont ond corroborauve authority on the history of Mewar Both those works are romarkable historical Kavyas posso soing blegance and superbinoss of style. Next to him is Sada Shiva an in habltant of Banaros who came to Mowu whero according to him the Muslim power had not yet overwhelmod the Hindu culturo and where there was froo scope for his talent to shine. His work, tho Ralrathaluar la distinguished historical work and though written in an exaogorated mannor Is a fino specimon of gracatul style in Sanskrit Another work. tho Rajratnakar by Dhundi Ral deals with the methods of costing procuous stonos. The Ral 8lmhattaka by Mukand anothor literary pioco reveals the perloction of Oraco of diction and moue attainod by thet ago Among the poets of Hindl Rajasthani school the first name is that of Man Kavi who wroto the Raj Vin, o postojl work in the flowory stylo alving the story of the oxplofts and adventum of Aaj Singh s ime It was during this period of poact that public intorost was divorted towards local songs pertaining to the war liko glory of the heroor of Mower Shyam Gopal Das Dudovat, Rama Ashry. Jogodas Achaldas, Joto Mahiyare Sedumal. Man Singh Ashrya. Joth Rom Dadhivadia and Koru wore the poets who possessod a nch and flowery style and doorve to be roud with great interest From the point of view of history thoy afford an inexhaus tible store of tacts, which though mixed up with a lot of unhistorical legendary matte havo an indlroct value of their own The development of Vmheall literaturo in Mrvari prose dur 70 this period deserves a brief notico Wo como ACTORS a large number of Vamshavallt of works on gerealogie compiled dunng the period Thoy are, yot preserve Hoveral traditional songs of the history of generally forlat ·MLAR THROUGH TH AGO 27 Trwarikh Mowar The most important of them are tho Suryavamsh Vamshavali Vamshovall Aanalini Blood Vamshavall otcom Whilo Sanskrit and Mowary had monopolitod literature Persian language flourishod in official correspondenco volumnioun contemporary correspondance of tho period shows how the elegant and ornato style of the Mughals Was adopted in the letters that were sont to the Mughal courts The Introduction of Persian in stato correspondence Influenced the court vocabulary in which mamy Parslen words became common and aro In oxstence to thn day Art of Palnting and Architecturo During thus poriod Mowar doveloped its own ort of painting In the evolution of Mowari palnting the Join minlature paintings of Illustrated manuscripts of the 13th to 16th conturios exercised a wide and profound influence By the end of the 10th contury the school ontored a new phase during the timo of Rana Pratap and Rana Amar Singh. Somo Ragini and Bhagrwat palnting, were executed at Chavand In or about 1005 AD Tho Mughal contact also influenced the Mewari Kalam A new impotus was given to tho art by Karan Singh I who erectod the Chhoti Chitra Shall at Udaipur palace decorated with secular and religious pictures and portraits in which the art, though essentally Hindu in charcolor rivools assimilation of the Mughal stylo Gradually tho vigorous and spontaneous Rajput Kalam yielded to tho fantasuc colouring of Shah Jahan & time and the Badi Chitra Shall of Sangtan Singh II in full of spomen of the florid painung This period bound by the forces of roliglon and personal taste lod to the growth of a style of architecture distinct in Mewar It appropriated to tho boautltul Gufrati style which yielded some of the finest bulldings of Modieval Mawar The best specment of this style to offered by the Kirtistambha Ranakpur temple and Mira 8 tornplo marked by suport sculptural decorations Next stage shows the Indomitablo influence of the Mughal style. The contact betwoon tho two races influenced the Rajput architecturo to a great oxtent. The earliest trace of such influencobs to be found in somo of the palacot built by Amar Singh Ilko Amor Mahal and Badipol Of course In these polacos the influence of the Mughal mchinoctural ideas it noticeable only In matton of detail and not in the conception of wchitectural techniques. The modified archos profuse decoration and amamentation of pillars and stono Laticou distinguish these constructions from the dmple structure of Udal Singh at Moti Magri and tho gigantic odifica of Pratap at Chovand. Hoa Succorror Karan Singh who had many occasions to observe the Mughal ·26 HEWAR THROUGH THE AGE architecture bullt Mou Mahal Manki Chowk, Zanane Mahal and Dilkhush Mahal inalde the main palacos Bt Udalpur The fine workmanship and the use of bollshod marblo approximate them to the Mughal art. The palaces and gardont lall out by Jagat Singh and Raj Singh with a full display of fountains and domod chambers are brilliant specimens of the assimilated stylo But this fusion of the Reput and the Mughal art in the royal brchitectura did not mean the displacement of the indigonous art The templo of Jagannath Aal at Udofput built by Aono Jagat Singh in 1861 AD at the cost of fifteen lakhs of rupees for instance is a remarkable structure of vigorous Indigenous Architectural and well designed soulpture It is a living monument of unsurpassed ongineering skill Similarly tho Nowchauki constructed by Rana Raj Singh between 1682 and 1676 at Ralnagar is o fue odifice breathing pasco and olegance Tho portoction of its proportion homony of its designs and minuto carving of lo fiqures makes it almost sval to the Delwara templo of Abu or the Sus Bahu ternplo of Nagda Economic Condition On the wholo In Mowar thore prevailed prorpority and plenty Wmilo describing the land of Modpat (Mower) with hilly surroundings tho bulho of tho Achleshawta Inscrip uon rys that it is an abode of ovory thing that is boaulitul in the world. The winter of the Eklinga Ineoription Consoboratos this view by stating that it excals paradiso itself and that is splendour has deprived all other aros and cons of the prido of their glory Its true that the description given by those wiitors suffers from hyperbolical dalinosilon the location of Mowar within the veryttern of the Banos Khori Bodach Kothon GIC.. mado it the chief nuclous of annuon A me number of towns, situatod within the alluval zone of these rivers became the contro of population and prosperous mart of the region. Though the roads loading to the intertor of the country were not co encouraging Mewar never auffered from tho want of communication Chitor Bhulwua, Ahar Dolwan, ota were on main routes of trodo ond trval Thong were clearly delined innrs in which travellors and merchants could pers that nights in comfort tred from the feeling of Insecunty The food bulding and inn bolding a vivities which were traditional to the Hindus worn followed by iba tulong and the chantable people of the land. A bridge which was built at Chliar by Aladin Khild of course to sort hot military and proved beneficial to the people si istog for Dansport and comTHAICROon for Conordions ·VW THROUGH THE 40 29 The agricultural product of Mowar 8 a whole did not differ from what is to-day except for the newly introduced stuff and vegitables Wheet, gram, maize pulses, nice and homo Woro sown in Mowar The method employed in agriculture was nearly tho some as we find to day The cultivators condition, as inned from the number of taxes and cases they had to pay was subjected to opprorsive exaction. Similarly the Bahukara led to the accumulation of possants Indebtedness. The position of the landless cultivators was no loss awkward. This was not a novelty in Mowar It was the abject state from which the bllove of voll everywhere in Indlo suffered In Mowar ou alsowhere croftuanship was hereditary Cloth-moking was a widely tpread and important Industry The people liv In reglon of Chitor Ahar and Akola were expert in printing whilo Bhilwara Blood Arni region was well known for metal work. Wood work was a speciality of Kherad wea On OCCOunt of the growth of the capital town iron work, leather work, gun work, became specullty at Udalpur Reflood work in motala and stonon in poneral and In gold and silver In particular doveloped in towns of importanco. However the normal tond of the poacolul Ilfo enjoyed by tho people of Mowar was greatly distrubed on socount of war and faminos which woro 80 common during the days of devastation The repeated Invasions of the Turka, the Mughals and the Marathas affected the economio vitality of Mowas The campaigns against them wore very costly During tho Akbar a Invasion of chitor 30 000 Ilves ware lost. The Mughale the Maratha and the Pindarles, all had mposed on the princes and the peoplo tho obligadon to contributo regularly to their coffer The frequency of faminos also caused great distress to the publio at large GN Sharma ·मेवाड की चित्रकला गयपुर की पुमापवार सकसी उमर पी पोर पाटी पटपटी गमियों में से पार कारकर किसी भी वर्षे पुगनी होती में बसे पाये- -~यातोपापो द्वार पर ही निारदोनों दमों पर पिषित एकरएक निवम पर मारे गरम पा भार रिये दूसरे पैर का जुमाष रिपे हाथ में मौरमन जिये दो मुरिमा स्वागत करती मित्री प्रबना पानाम या किसी काम में पुराने पर दीवार निषो भाप में चारों पोर पोरवी हाधियों की ममि विखाई देगी। हमकी रेबापों का बेग भातियों का पादर्य सहन ही मापको मोह मैया-10ना कि मेवाए की कमा परम्परा बानों की पाकीदा स्थानीयमबती हो पठेगी। इसमें परेह नहीं कि मैवारी चित्रकला महा की वीरता के सापडी पाक रही है। ऐतिहासिक बोर ने मेवान की कमा को को पों में से होता पण रिमापा है। रामनिक ग्वन पुपन एवं सम्मवा के पाराम प्रधान से यहां की किमी में समय-समम पर पर्याप्त परिवर्तन होता प्रापा । मष्टि से सी पविश्य को प्यान में रखकर हम मेवारी पत्रकमा के इतिहास को निम्न में बिमहर समते है (१) पूर्व प्रस्तर काम। (२) पारपर्तनों पर भी प्रायों का का। (१) पूर्वर प्रभाव काम। (1 मैवार का निगम कात। (१) मुमन प्रभाव काम। पिपमे दुष पो मन्वेपणी मे विममें गटर सत्यप्रकार का सपनीय गोमरान या ! मेरा की न पुरानो सपों में रिक्त प्राचीन बट्टानों पर उत्तीर्ण ·MEWAR THROUGH THE AON 31 पूर्व प्रस्वर मुगीन भाकारों को ए निकासा है। इनके निर्माण में मादिमबासी की वही प्रवृति रिवाईती है जो मिण के प्रम्प प्रस्तर सुमीन कमाकार की बान पाती है। इस प्रकार की कमा का मून श्रोत पमिम्पति को प्राकोमा में निहित होता है। पाहा-परखनन में प्राप्त २.... पूर्व है ईसा की पहमी सती तक के पाप-भागों मैं-तरह तप की प्रादेवल रचना रिसाई पाती है। इनमें पुष में दोहरी बोनी का प्रकरण तो कहीं उपनियों के उमरे निपान मौर कही महरपार रेखाएं औरती हुई प्टिमत होती है। इन रचनामों में म्यामिवी का मापार लिया गया। इतिहास बताता । कि कमा में ज्यामिती ५ मरिश्रत का प्रयोग वासीन समान की रोटिक पाति का घोतक है। यह बात प्राचीन एवं मबीनतम दोनों ही पना के लिये सत्य नगर पाती है। पाक के मेसानियन काम के बर्तनों में व पम्प परपर्ती पापागों की तरहों में ज्यामिती का पूर्ण प्रयोग हुपा है। इसके बाव हेमेनिम्टिक' काम तक म्यामिति व गणित दीक की पसा के मुस्प मापार बने थे। मेसोपोटामिया सीरिया मिय की प्रातियों के परोष में भी ज्यामिठीक गणमा का महरा हाप है। २०ी सरी की मास में तो यह प्रवृति इतनी पापी कि प्राव की मगमम १० प्रतिषत रचना इस पर पापारित है। पतएव माहा में हजारों वर्ष पूर्व प्रयुक्त ग्यामितिक पापों से हम इस भूमि के पौरिफ पारति के स्तर को पहचान सकते है। रायसान की प्रामीण कमा का भी मुनापार नहीं प्रपत्ति पही- पापन के मागणे हागों की मददी व बीमार के भरण प्रादि इसके पन्चे बासा बाहरण है। मेवार की मम्पकालीम पारुतियों की कोणारमाला के परोम में रचना की भावना हो है दो कलाकार की बोरिक जाति की प्रतीक है। खेर है कि प्रभी इस पोर उन विद्वानों का ध्यान नहीं पया बो इतिहास में केवल परिवर्तित स्मों की तिषिया ही पोर रहे है। मपातीन माकृतियों में ज्यामिति का काफी प्रयोप मा t। मुप्तकान में या प्रवृति मही रिचाई रवी। हो पारुतियां मोर मसित एवं यपाल की पोर अली हुई है पैसी कि पाप प ममता में दिखाई देती है। धीरे २ इनमें परिवर्तन होने मगा। एनोरा की प्राकृतियों में मोमाई न कोण का उमम्मय हो पपा। मुनि भी मिनिमययस बी ने सहमेर के शान-मंगरों मनौर मी तट पर श्रीमानों में रत्तीर्स प्राकृतिया बिनका समप मममग एकनास वर्ष पा होपा। सौ पचर भरतपुर र पान में पैर से गलियों पारा मंत्रित मानहतियां एग चंबल के तट पर मोरी गराबर सिंहमपा बनाना र सीतारही प्रारि में प्रस्तर कालीन का विषारोष प्राप्त हए है। ये पान प्राचीन समप में मेवा की ग्रीमा में ऐ होंगे। मय बार-सोने पिर परमिक बीवन से संबंधित बनाए मिनके गम में पमिप्यक्तिको अपेमा अधिक होती है। बनिस्पात किसी प्रकार के जिस कौशल समान की। मममू माहरणालय में देखने को मिल सकते है।

·32 MAWAR THROUGH THE AGBS में से चैन सेमी को पाठ दस ऐसी तस्वियो निकामी है जो रामस्पानी प्रवा-एनौप के बीच की कड़ी पोरती है। यहाँ कलाकार का पेय प्राकृतिक मो हट कर निर्माणात्मक मारुतियों की बोग करमा हा है। यही वृत्ति राजस्थानी कलाकार की भी रही है। इस प्रकार की कला में अपमान होने का रोप मगाना मनुरित रिसाई रेता है। लिसा की पहली पताम्वी से मेकर ११वी पती तक कोई हमें ऐसे ठोस नमूमे ना मिलते मो मेबार के विष तिहास को बागतिक पदे सके। बर्णन प्रमाण मिलता है जिसके पापार पर हम जानते किस समय कमाकार संपपर सिम्प-कौसम के लिये एवं मुहिम राबा पितारिस्प कला प्रियता के लिये प्रसिद्ध। घायर चित्र का बराहत पत्पर, रीमार या मादी रहा होगा मो कान पर रामनतिक परिस्थितियों के कारण नव प्रय हो गया हो । ११वीं पीती कागज निर्माण होने के पूर्व पपिकवर पिण पाइपों पर मिम ।। सचित्र पुस्तको के लिये इनकी रचना हर है। इस समय पपिचमी भारत में एक निश्चित मी करन होते है जिसका कुछ विद्वानों ने मुगपती, बैग प्रपा पपप कहा है। उत्तर में बोनपुर में भी महो समी प्रचमित पी दक्षिण मम्य प्रदेश में भी पैनी समानता है। सस्तनती राग्यकामीन मा पर घरस का प्रभाव पड़ा है प्रत इस समय रेसम्यापी पैनी में फारसी पमा तत्वों का पाया पाना स्माविकी। ग्रयामुहीम लिमयो मिसे निर्मित निमामठनामा इसी प्रकार की पुस्तक है। निशानों का मत है कि इस मैनी के निर्माण का मून न मुगराव या है। पुपगत व रायस्पान रामनैतिक प्टि से मध्यकाल मे एक ही देरे में पे पव राजस्थान में भी इस सीन हीमाना पस्थामाविक नही है। मममेर के भान भगर व प्रम्य स्पलों पर इसमी मषित पुनः प्राप्त हुए उनका राषाम निर्मित होना सत्य प्रतीत होता है। म निर्माण बार एक प्यापारियों के पोपण के बार तो इस प्रकार की सचित्र पुस्तौदी बार सीमागई। एम ही पुस्तक की कई २ प्रतियाँ पारन हुई है वो उपर्युक्त कपन की पुष्टि परती। पापुनिक मोगरा ने पह मिस र रिया है कि मेगा भी पप्पाकालीन मि का मुख्य पिप निर्माण पप रहा। १९१ .का पायक प्रतिज्ञमणि नाम विनित पंप मा पामा हरण प्रस्तुत करता है । १४२॥ मयारे में रवित' मुसाममापापम की पाठियां गुबती मुमा। १२००२ उम्पपुर सरस्वती महार पाते पस्पष में भी इसकी मोठा १ी गठी तर म गपी विधा का पूर्णम्पेग पटन हो पुहा पायो मामी २५. निर्मातालगातार मापार बनी रही। म प्रेमी की कुछ विशेषताएं नाम देना पारामतीम भोगाई पेहरे पण मी नापी माफ कड़ी मी पटी पनि निम real बहरेसमी मे बाहर पार में मोहु मावार मम्मी प्रमुनियो पटककार मीमित (मान A HAI) ण प्राति सालों का पचारिक प्रमारणारमक चित्रपौण विपरित - रामेन भूमिका हमामा पाप तृतीय प्रप्याप प ५१४ • Imपरदेश १ मा ११ ·MEWAR TEROBOH THT 108 33 - कोणात्मक मातिमा दाया ब प्रकार का पूर्ण बहिसार निधारमा तमे नाटकीय योजन प्रावि मागि। इस सैनी को पता से मिरर ही पोरने को मोह किया जा रहा है। बाम्तर में इस मैची का अपना एक निगी सम्म है गिमके निर्माण में प्रबन्ता का उतना सम्पर्क नहीं दिखाई देता जितना फारम का। विष में मिलावट परम्परा भी प्रमारतीय है-फारस से माई बाम परती है। इन दिनों के संयोजन मारुति निर्माण में मी प्रयम्मा के पपा 'टेकनिक की प्रमहेनना की पर है। भवन्ता की रेखाएं अमावार तोर जाती र शारीरिक प्ररयों के पनुरूप यचा की पोर इंगित करती एपी गई है कि मम्ममानीन चित्र प्रेमी की रेखाएं एक समाम मोया की बेगमयी तीवी प्राकृतियों को मिटित करती हुई पपना निवस्य उमारती हो विनाई देती है।' साहित्य के प्रापार पर प्राकृतियों में (प्राकृतिक स्पों मे) विषटन किया गया है जैसे प्रारमी का पर पिसान टिपेर के समान मीण बनाई गई है-मारियों की भरी हुई गोम प्रातियों वीसी नाप छोटी ठी। इमारतों मकान में स्पूनवा बर्ती गई है। एम का कम से कम प्रयोप छिया गया है। पचारममता के लिये विपरावम को प्रमग प्रमय व में बांट सिया गया है। समार की पारस्यकता पूरी करने के सिमे कलाकारों ने सरम से सरम १ मिम तौर तरीके अपनाए हपि बिससे इन त्रिों में पौर भी मति पत्पान हो गई है। १६वी पवी के पंत में इस ममी में परिवर्तन पाने समा।' यह समप गवस्पानी कमा का भरमय काम है। मेगा इसका मुस्म केरा। प्रय बीरे धीरे पहरे एक परम होने लमे फटी २ मात्र मीनामि हो गई। पथर में नटसी पोज गुप्त हो मई रंगों में मिमिकता पा गई। एनाटामो'का परित्याप किया ममा पारियों का मापारमक पापार पर सतरण किमा मया। मुदापों में मति मा गई पंगुनिया नोमी पापाम हो पई पोर पार्ने मचमी सी फाल्ने मगी। इन चिों में पेट पोगों का प्रासैबम पकरस स्वरूप प्रा है। पाम र तास परम्परागत ढेप के है। बानगर पमियों की प्राकृतियाँ प्रयबा माई मई है। पारमी की देखभूपा में टसमे तक पोती पे पर उत्तरीय पाप में पाररक पार पामा भिषा पायजामा कुहार टोपी परवा पटपटी पमड़ी रिवाई देती है। मौतें पापरा पारीक कमवार मोड़मी मामी के पर एक पी गई विपकी पोती कर्णफूम गले में हार हापों में भूड़ियां भुगवान से मटमले फरक पोटियों में पुरे मोती प न मानावे प्रारि पहने हुए चित्रित की पई। गरी बम साठी रेखामों की पाति द्वारा बनाईमा जिनमें कहीनी मनियो या कमन से हए विनाये ममे ।। माच रप की पृष्ठिमा में मीते पाले हरेक काले रप की स्पाविमा प्रभारी गई है। रेखा पर पाबत विनामून तत्व है प्रत wि सॉरर्य के लिये इन तत्वों का स्वतंत्र अस्तित्व अपेकालोप है। प्रबंता में खाए प्रारति पामित विभिप्यातील चित्रों को रेखाए अपना अस्तित्व प्राप बनाये हुए हैं। हारण इनसा मूस्य प्रचंता सेयोलम भाये। ' परिपे मेरा देख-भोप पत्रिका, बनबरो प्रल १९६९ पुषतांक।

·34 MIWAK THROUQIT TIE IOD । मोसाभार बनाये गये इ-कही की गोन का प्रयास भी पा जो पारगी प्रभार के कारण पापा है। सारा पिम पीपन से पोर प्रोत रिलाता है। १ पनी भी प्रभाग में रषित पी एम.सी. मेहता ग्रहमी बोषिगा मेपार बीमामामार्ग नमूना गिमा मा सम्ता है। १०ी पवी में परपति राममति म पुपम रे बापर भी मेवामी मानी मी बन सीबी सिसे परस्पानी मा की उतामि है। श्री कमोहिया का राममाया मैट १५.१. मे बार में रचा गया था। इसमें पात्यन्त परकरार रमों का प्रयोग हुपा है। हमारी कोगनुमा मारुतियो मुरी धोसी की पार विनाती है। १६.१ मे १९१२ मा मेवा, सिम्मा पागल पान रहा। ११४. मगमम ममममममहासयमापकमापिका भैरपि म गमप भेष्ट पदाहराम है। श्री पती क प्रत में मुगुम कसा : पथिक सम्पा के कारण मेपार चिों की उत्तेजना में कमनीयता पाई है। ममतसिंह काल (१९२४-११५५) बिल मेगा के पिम्प-दोन तर प्रमाण है। मम्पकाम पे मारे भारत में सांपतिक पेतमा पाने मगी थी। जयदेव पिच पति बगीराप मूर तुमसी मीरा कबीर नामक मठिराम रेप बिहारी पारि काम्प बन-चीपन में भक्ति प्रमकोभापबहारी पी। इस काल के चित्र इन भावनापी वि रापा-पिण भित्र केन विपन गये । नागर की १२ प्रतियां रची गई। मेबार की १४८ की साहबदी बारा रची गई मागवत् की प्रम्ब पतियां सरस्वती मगर बोरा बमोबार मण्हालय में है। पुष पठ हिल विष नेना म्यूशियम सिती में। पमायण मी मेशा का प्रिय विपप रहा है। १६१९ की मनोहर भी चित्रित रामायण की प्रति प्रिंस माफ म्पनियम बंबई में है। इसकी रचना बित्तार में हुई थी। इसी प्रकार की एक प्रदि को १९५१ की। इस समय परम्पती महार उपयपुर में है। मेघनन म्यूरियम की मानेस राममाना इस काम की महत्वपूर्ण इति है। बमबपी रसिक प्रिया बिस मायन-मारिका की मानसिक पवस्वानों का मार्मिक प्रकन किया गया। मेमार ही नही सारे रायम्मान का पाक विषय रहा है। बीकानेर की रसिक प्रिया का रचना स्वस मैगार हो पीत बौगिर पर मौ मेवाड़ में चित्र रचे मये? १५५ की पीठ पोबिर की प्रति इस समय प्रिंस पॉफ बेस म्यूबियम बबई में है। सूर सागर म पित नौड़िया संग्रह में है। पपतसिंह काम की विश्पताएं है कामे योमर्या पीमे मात व मारपद' रंगों का बटमार प्रयोग समतम एकरंगीप पृष्ठिका में विविध शिरोपातक रंगो से उपरती स्माइतिमा पोरते और प्रारमियों को भारी नाक परकार रहयेमपसी की तपती प्रा रिमनी पौरते मोहा मानव स्थितिमा (poem) दोस्ती मुद्राए प्रमाणारम पे पौधे जिनमे बार में प्रापर यहाँगीर की - - • १ मामी को रचना है। मा एक प्रचारमनीमा रब है बो भारत में भारत प्रापा है।

·HTWAR THROVOH TIN AO 35 पपाता का पारोप, पहारियां चट्टाने मुगों सी सम्मों की मबहेनमा चित्र तम का कपारमकता अनुप विभाजन, मुख्य मावि पर ग्रीमता पम्प मातियों का गोण तलों में स्पापन, प्रकृति संयोजन में नाटकीयता चिड़िया बानबर जैन सैमी से धोरे पदापी शाहयहाँ-कामनुमा पनि का चित्रम्म मारी अधिमाई पृष्ठभूमि पर चार तारे दर्शाकर पौरतों , पादमियों की पमतों में परराव सारा धाया का प्रयोग वैसा अकबर-यहाँगीर काम में हपा है भावमी का ध्यामिविक पैटर्न से प्रसस्त सारा योन पेरणार बामा पौरतों के इस टों से सरिया धीट के महगे कसी हुई बोटी पोलियो पारवर्षक विपकी प्रोडनियां झूमते बारा, प्रकवर-वहाँगीर काम सी गुम्बरनुमा इमारतें प्रादि-मादि। राधा कृष्ण पषित चित्रों में एक विशेप की समारिकता पवाय झलकती है पर उनमें तलासीन समाब के गर्भन मही होते। परन्तु मामरद पुण्ण रामायण में कलाकार को निस्मण का विस्तृत मा मिम सका। फलस्वरूप इनमें राजपूतों के रीति-रिवाज की सही माफिया रिसाई देती है। पामील बीवन, परपारी रस्म, सवारी पारी के रस्म मृत्य-मान माहनों व मनाई भाषि करमों में राजस्थान बभूगी ममकता है। पोट्रेट (पक्तिचित्रण की इस काम में प्रत्यन्त कमी रिसाई देती है। मुगलों पैसा दम चिों में पिम्प पीडम भी मही बन पड़ा पर पसारमक भामेसन रचनात्मक प्रक्रिया में ये मुगनों से दो करम पाये है। घटकार रम पनामूलक प्राइवियाँ बरयों का बनात्मक मामेसन एक अपना प्रसग ही सौर्य रमता है। मुवन कमा में परमारी तरफ भाकर पर कि मेवारी पित्रों में बन-बीवन केय की पाकन सुनाई देती है। मेगार की कमा हाकिम कार्मो से मेकर बम साधारण तक की कला है। १९९२-१५९८ तक (पपतसिंह की मृत्यूपरत) कला में कोई पर नहीं पाया। रागसिंह समय में कहा को कोई पोषण नही मिल पाया। १०ी पती के अंत में मेरा की बरिमामई मैली की साफ पाई। १०ी बाती के बाद पिषों की तो मार मार्ग पर सौर्य महिमा पटने मगी । भक्ति- चित्र परगारी पप रम की झांकियां, समारी पिकार के मबारे पब मेबार कसम के विषय रह गये। भोगें, होषियों पर कुत्तों को हुबहू चित्रण होने वगे जिनमें मुपम एवं यूरोपीय सना का प्रभाव पाता मया। मत रलावमी पुर्मा महारमा पप्पीराब रासो प्रारि की नगी विष प्रतिमा रची गई। बाप मासा पग पगलियां बनायक नायिका मेज पर काविषबमे पर अब उनमें मोरयरमों की चमक बाती रही। १८बी र ११ पती की रचना में मिला कौसम पथिक रकमारमा साँवर्ष भीड होपया बो इसकी मृत्यु की चोपणा कर पा है। माधुनिक युग में मेगा में प साकार बनात्मक मार्य कर रहे है कि इन पहियों के मेबा श्री गोपनिनाम बोमो एवं श्री एन एम प्रमीम पारि मपणी | यह पो मरिष्म ही बताएगा किना-समाब में उनकी क्या रेग होगी। परमामम्द पोयम ·forts of mewar Mowar the heroic land of Rajput chivalry has a number of forto The history of these la full of romantlo deeds. Among theo Chlor Mandalgarh and Kumbhalgarh aro vory famous The fort of Chitor is in fact, a standing monument of the Rajput hoolsmand sacrifice for freedom It la altuated 67 miles away from Udaipur The recent archaeologloal researches have gone to show that the bank of the river Gambhirl over which the colobratod fort of Chitor stands had been the abode of tho ourly man of Rajasthan. During Epic porlod Nagari tho placa 7 miles away from Chitor had been a seat of loarning Nagon was also Invadod by the Grook invador Dometrus History It is very difficult to acertain the exact date whion the fort was originally built. According to the raditions provailing in the area Pandavas visited Chutor and Bhun construoted sonipaits of the fort. But the odsting construction was completod by Maurya king Chitrangando in order to check the Inroads of Huns Mors otc Bappa Royal was the fint Gahlot ruler who acquired the fort from Mauryas. During the reign of Khumen I it wus Invaded by the Rosarakuta King Govind II and the same was occupied by some king Dharni Varaha for some ume Lator on Gahlots of Mowar regained it For some yours it also remained under the suzoranty of the parmens of Malwa Chalukyas of Gujrat and Sonagaray of Jalore. The breve Gahlot rulers like Jotra Singh, Tej Singh and ·MEWAR THROUGH THE AGN 37 Sumar Singh successfully related the various invasions. During this time Chitor bocomo a capital and contre of art learning etc During the rolon of Raath Singh the successor of Samar Singh Sultan Alauddin Khilji Invaded Chitor Rajputa resisted but woro dofoated Sevoral women ftung into the fire and conducted Johar Sultan conquered and occupled tho fort and ravaged the country by plundering It end massacring the people During Tughlaq period it remained under Mallk Asaduddin. Hamit regained It about V S. 1392. Maharana Hamir s ponosion of Chitor is, in fact, a beginning of now epoch In the history of Mowat Thoreattor o galaxy of powerful rulers amorgo in the history of Mewar as Maharana Khota, Kumbha Raimal and Sanga who are found waging sucootsful wors against the Sultan of Malwa and Gujrat. Bahadur Shah of Gujrat Invaded Chitor in V S 1692 during the relan of Maharana Vikramaditya when Mowar was engulfed in ctvil war and disorder Once again tho Rajput lodlea flung into the holy flre and conducted Johar Bahadur Shah could not retain it long, as he was soon dofosted by Humayun The third and the last Invasion of Chitor took place during the roign of Maharana Udal Singh Sensing the imponding defeat, the Rajput ladios again committed Johar the third sake of chitor and the ontire garrison of Rajputs fell fighting. The fort was returned to Mananana Amar Singh after the Mughal Mewar alliance This ovent marks the oclipse of stratogio and political Impor tance of Chitor as the capital of Mowar was now transtorted to Udalpur city founded by Maharana Udal Singh In the thick part of tho Artevalis. Architocturo Whllo going to the fort the first object of the historical Interest is a massive old bridgo of grey limestono built toss the rtvor Gambhirt It be nearly 450 ft long and 30 ft. broad having1 O archer Thore are numeroun Inacnbod etonos of 13th century available, which were removed from the fort Among those the Inscription of Quoon Joystal Dovi, mothor of Samar Singh Inscriptions of VS 1303 1324 and of pertalning to Jain Man bondho and Chakrabandha aro worth quoting There is an old temple of Shankargatta containing on Inscription of V S. 770 Whilo going to the fort, the chabuture of Roryat Bagha and conotaphs of Jaymil and Kalla which were constructed to commemorate their herolo desds ·38 MSWAR THROUGH THE 401 drow our attention to the ancient history of the fort Ram Pote the main entrands of the fort is a beautiful gateway decorated with govoral Imaggs Outside this gate tharo aro 10 Inscriptions ranging from V. S 1693 to 1835 Besides one Inscripton of V S. 1638 insarlbod on a pillar labo availablo in a hall situated in the front ot this gato Inside Ram polo there is a Patta's memorial conotaph From this place & road gots to routh. On this road a temple of Tulza Bhawanl containing • mall shrine and pillored mandapa construoted by Maharana Banvir la wtuated while coing further south the main objects of historical Interest aro Shringar Chewart Pataloshwor termple and Digambar Jain templo Tho Pataloshwar tomple facing wegt oantalns 3 Bhrings and a common corridor In front of them, supporting on 4 row of pillars. It hus an inscription of V.S 1622 The Shringar Chawan is one of the beautiful tomplos ot not only Mawar but Northorn India It was onginally construotod before VS 1358 3 a fragmontary Inscription is available on it. It was repaired dunng tho roign of Mohorina Kumbha by Bhandar and other Icons of the templo wore consecrated in theyears 1512 and 1513 This was • Kharatargachha Jain omple on the outside walls. Vangus scands of Gods and Goddess etc. aro dosply and beautifully carved. Onginally thore was a Ashta pada arrangomont having 24 wagas soated in diflorent numbers on an elevated oguaro platform The gates are fino specimen of deeply carved frocory work In tho wall of Banvit there are 3 Inscriptions two aro datod VS 1834 and the third is of 15th century Tho temple almost touching shringar Chawan facing arst is a small shrine of Digambar Jain soct It was having an image of VS 1232 vhich has now been removed In front of the wall of Banvir the remnants of the palere of Maharana Kumbh are visiblo It seems that these were constructed originally in the 13th century v nich opparent from the style of the carving and construction of pillars but the immense odditions and altorations wore made by Kumbha It is a matter of great interest that the king who had constructed bosutful klal Starr bho and had satronised the great Ranakpur temple showed little care for hil om feridontial matter This palaso has got a domosuç style of Rajput archi ector hanng Trpalia Audience Hall Ganesh Tample seperate Zonana that girni pilares According to Handan famous architect of Kumhbe thoa 1 2 931 0176177 hol tvailable in the palace which was also used during

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·40 MEWAR THROUGH THE 408 Hindu Gods and Godossos as the names have also soon Inscribed at tho foot of each. The chlol architects who built this woro Jata and his song Thoro art Jovoral frag Tentary Inscriptions from V S 1499 to 1616 available on various storeys of this offering obeisance to ford Samadhi shwar etc Anothor fine postmon of temple mchitecture is a temple of Mokal or Samedhishwar It was constructed in 12th century It consists of shine mandap and 3 porticos In the main shrine there la o colossal image of Tri murti It is full of doeply carved trocory own better than the tomolo con structed during Kumbhads tlme in Northa thoro are some roliots containing Jain icono Boulder there are sculptures of some Join Goddossos In It Thoroforo romo scholars have opined that it is a Jain temple but it teams to bo busoles View because in Jain templos liko Shinagar chawath Mohavoor temple of Chitor we can too & number of Hindu sculpturat It consists of tow inscriptions. On the walls of mandop the are two Insch ptiom of VS 1288 Smilarly in no western wall of the Mandap thore a two Inscription of VS 1207 and 1486 Inscnbed on the black stones of the tlme of Kumarpol Chalukya and Maharana Mokal rospoctively An Inscription of VS 1368 now available in Udalpur Museum, contains the account of the ropainng of this comple. in the northern part of this tomple there is a group of small Lamples and gate of Mahasat One broken toplo lying in tho eastern sido of Kurti Starbha containing an inscription of V S 1327 was demolishod during the time of some Johar Simllerty there is an inscription of VS 1331 in the poto Mahasat contalning o dotallod but incontact gondology of the rulers of Mowar composed by Vedo sharman The original name of Comukh tuated on the southern Ude of Mokals tartolo was Mandakini It wou originally constructed in the oth or 10th century als apparont from the remnants of pillons in the civo situated abovo It thoro gre 2 Inscriptions one of V S 1515 and other of VS 1643 both are connected with Jainism After pausing through the house of Patta and Jaimal the temple of Kall kamata one of the important historical objects is visible Originally it was a dedicated to Surya Dora who has also been displayed riding on homos This is also one of the best specimen of only style of ornamentapon. It is full ol dooply cand tricarios. From this tatto the modernised palaces of Padmini aro viable Those ·HIERAR THROUOH THE AGN 41 were renewed and repaired in the 18th century Other objects of the historical Intorest are Adbhuta temple Nilkantha templo Jaln Vijaya Stambha. Mahavto Jain Templo and Kukadeshwar group of temples Adbhuta templo was constru cted during the reign of Maharana Ralmal Nilkantha temple was one of tho oldest temples, which was demolished during the Invasion of Alauddin Khilju Jain Vijaya Stambha was comploted during the reign of Maharana Hamir Kukado shwar goup of temples are also old temples but artistically not very fine In this way thło tort is a standing monument of art and architecture. Cultural contra Chitor remained contre of art and learning from the earliest times Sidhosena Diwakar Haribhadra run Jin Vallabh Sol, Elacharya Harisona etc. are the oxrliest Jaln scholars who flourished here Mohuka Was one of ttro dorcondants of the great poot Maghe who retted at Chitor Sutradhar Mandan, one of the writers of 16th century was patroniso by Kumbha Mirabal also flourished here Kumbhalgart It had boon Kumbhalgart is altuated about 60 miles from Udalpur one of the Invinciblo forts of Mowar History It is known from Jaln traditions that king Samprat Maurya constructed some temples on the sito whero the provont fort of Kumbhalgarh standa. Although the presont fort w constructed by Kumbha but thero odsted an enclont cuadot the name of which was Mahor or Moohhindarpur It was necorary for the protection of Godowar (which was unler Mowar ot that time to have a strong hold there Maharana Kumbha on the plan of the architoct Mandan constructod it. Several times the Sultan of Malwa and Gujrat, valnly attacked it, during that there It was however captured by Akbar In VS 1634-35 but was soon after taken back by Pratap Thereafter except during the chvil war pertaining to Rotan Singh It always remained an abode of posce Architecture This fort la datended by the series of remparts with battlements and bution built upon the hope of the hill upon which the onemy could not be able to scale om by the means of ladda. Honco It has a strategical Impor tance Whilo going from Kslwara the first object of historical Interost volblo is ·42 MEWAR TIROUGH THE 100 Hanuman pole whore Maharana Kumbha Installed the image of Hanuman brought from Mondor In the fort the Yajnavedi Mamedevas tornple Samrvosharanteriplo Neolkantha templa otra, ao worth song. Yalnovedi is a 3 storeyed building constructed when the consecration of the fort was performed by Kumbha got architectural merlts, Ito bach tler is decorated with numerous massive low columns resting on a sculptured panneled parapet It has Mamadova s temple was according to scholars, formerly a chomukha Jain temple Maharana Kumbhs simply renovated it and bullt o largo rosorvol of wator Numerous inscribed Images of vanout Gods and Goddoses were found from this place. Boldos two large inscriptions one of 5 slabs and other of 2 alaba of VS 1617 wwo found hero Kumbho was trancherously stabbod by his son Uda hore at the odge of the sold Kundo The Jain templo known as Protallya Dova contain vory attractive bmagos of Agni Brahma Indra Yuma Varuna Voyu Kuber oto It has an inscription of V S. 1612. Another important Jain tomplo known a Bawan Jinolaya hos noorly 40 Dove Kullkas, It has an Inscription of V S 1621 The Badal Mahal Tara Burja Top Khano Novohokl palaco ota. are also worth soolng The fino panoramic view of the wild and rugged scenery of hills aro also visible from noro Mandalgarh Mandalgarh is an important koy fort of the Eastern tablo land of Mowar Its history chequertod ono Originally It was constructed by Nikumbha Rajput. Later on it was taken by the Chauhans of Amer Hadas of Bund and Quhllots of Mewar For long it remained under the faglr of Balanota Solanki, who rebuilt it. The fort was invadod by varlous Muslim, Sultans, According to Shringiniani Inscription. Alauddin Khlih made on unsuccessful attorpt to get it. During the reign of Maharana Kumbha It was invaded soveral times by the rulon of Malwa For Some tine Mahmud Khilji the Sultan of Malwa wil successful in getting It In his possesslon. He dermoll shed covaral tompies. Therefore there are no garder Inserto done now avallable. Akbar annouod it in his ompito which was subsequently ratuned to the ruler of Mewar at the time of Treaty In the reign of Aurangzeb it wi takon by him in Oru of Jarya. The Emperor granted It to Rathor Chief of plunguna namely Duda Maharana Amar Singh spelled the Rothon, The Mughal Emperor ·HOWAL THOUGH TH AON 43 during tho reign of Maharana Sangram Singh I donated it to Indra Singh of Nagaur but he deolined to accopt it Architecture The following places and Inscriptions are the objects of historical study - 1 Guptoshwar templo consists of Inscriptions of V & 1669 and V S 1671 of the time ol Maharana Ratmal and Moharana Sanga respectively Those records condlats the of account of the oonstruction of a Mathe 2 Jaleshwar templo consists of two inscriptions of VS 1617 and 1661 of como Solank chlots. During those years the temple was repaired. 3 Jaln templo Rikhabdova was completed In V S. 1718. A fragmontary Inscription of the sald your consisting of the name of architect Deva la ovallable. 4 Two Surah Lokhas of the time of Maharana Bhim Singh contain the account a mublo of the prohibidon of the slaughter of onlmala for roligloub purposes Col. Tod has referred about two big Inscriptions which ho collected from Bewed containing the podigreo of Solanks which are now untraceable. In this way in shaping the hbarory of Mowar those forta hevo playod an important part. R. Y Samard ·mewar and the marathas The oarliest opportunity for Mongs Maratha solabongho presontod Itsalt when Prince Akbar aftor hils abortivo revolt against his latha Aurangzeb fod to Doccon from Rapulang under the Raput o cort ind by Durgados The alforts for Rajput-Maratha allianco against tho Mughals did not succuod howevor By tho boginning of the 18th century the Marathe bands bogan appearing on the political scone of tho northern India Honcolorin Ralputana toralnod for about a century an ony and unobstructivo liold of their ravaging operations. The very first contacts of the Marathos with Mowar and other Raput Stator were markod by the Maratha dopradauons in this torntory and loving of unbosrablo tributo by the former Tho Marathos bocomo a monanco to Mowar os early as 1724 4. D as evidencod KHARITA dated 24th November 1724 sent by Maharana Sangram Singh of Udalpur to Sewal Jai Singh of Amber (Jaiput) The Maharana wrote that the Doccants ware causing disturbancos in hbs tomory and thot he conaldered them to be thuevos neoding proper chat Usmont Since tho Maratha doprodalom continuet a dolonstvo alliance was made by tho threo Raput Suatos-Mowar Amber ond Kota against the Marathes, But stretol factors, oo thour traditonal vairy motives of solf aggrundiso nient and naron outlook prevented them to comprehend the Maratha monaco objectively and take the delongivo alllanco seriously In the meantime the Maratho continued to increase thole hold over Mon. This hold become almost completo by defoading Mughal ·him to concentrato his attention on fosistanco and the faput rules could not confedoracy was again formodunder the leadership of Jagat Singh the Maharana MAWAR THROUGH THE AGRS 46 Governor Sawai Jal Singh in tne battle of Mandsaur (Feb. 1733) This created a very seriour altuguon for the States of Rajasthan compelling Raput princes to tako prompt action Tha Rajpuus resorted to what is known as the policy of DAM and SAM (money and concllation) First money was used to parwade then to evacuate the occupied territory of Matwe. A promise of five-lakhs of ruptes was made by Dhabhai Nagjar on February 27 1733 and tho ume was paid by Mry in full, the Marathas did not evacuate Malw. Thus the attornpt of the Rolput rulons mistired and money could not socure the dosired rosults. On the other hand, the Bundl affair invitod and prompted the Marathas to antor Into Rajasthan itself Bundl aflat and Hurda conforonco In 1734 A, D Sawal Jal Singh of Jarpur in order to onhanco has influenco oxpolod Budh Singh from Bund and placed his own son in low Dalet Singh on the throne The gross Interference in the internal affairs of Bundi Stato gevo riso to a compllcated situation and the dethroned famlly sought the support of external power i . tho Marathos Pratap Singh Hada the oldor brother of Dale Singh was sent to Poona to mort the Peshws and other promunent Sardan for onliating threate military support for Budh Singh. The assistance was given and on 23rd April 1734 Holkar rorored the autho ity of Budh Singh over Bundi It was thus the first dirert Maratha Interforence in the domesuo affairs of a Stato In Rajasthan It greatly alarmed the Raputs. Thinking minds in Rajasthon bogon to apprehend donger from the Marathas against the pafoty of their own Sutes. They now realized that they could not survive with honour without pooling those afforts against a common dange In order to decida the futuro course of actlon o conference of the Raput rulers was called at Hurde. It was attended by almost all the important rulons of Rajasthan This over by Maharana Jaost Singh of Mowar Deliberations at the conference resulted into the treaty of 17th July 1734 moving plan to just no Marathes from Malwa Thus for the first time since the battle of Khanua In 1627 . Raput conference was presei of Mower But this unity remained only on paper It could not be put into práctico because overy Rajput ruler had his own personal ambitions and none was wlong to give them up for anything vitally essential for the common cause man of luxurious habito Incapable of issummo the corrmand of the united forces. Moreover internal dissension did not allow Tho Maharana was s ·46 MIWAR TIIROUOI TUR AO sccept any other culor as their loader So they neither le emol da Rumours nor took the fiold agolnst tho Marathos altor thin 1ding at watch. The Rajputs thus lost a tore opportunity of thwarting the latha In 1991 in 2 Rajasthan The Hurda cantoronco produced highly disastrous rogults for 119411 because the Maharano v ho had so far posed as friend of the laro seme out in open houding a conforonto which contemplated united mil Lory act on against them. The subsequent putod miso sou the lulloug fara nos entenro Into Mewar Imposing unbearablo demand, on the fans and resorting to 13/19ing opotaulant Ballrao s visit to Udalpur d The matters camo to o head when Bunroo carro to Aajasthan with a magle bag of diplomacy to persuado the rulers of vanous Stotes to como to political sottlement with him Tho funt major Stato which ha approached was Mowar Accompanied by Sindhio Hotkar ond Anand ROO Panwar ho reached Udaipurt in the first wook of February 1736 Ho was occordod a very warm rocoption and was oncampod at Champadog noar Anar The Immodiato object of hus vist was to HCUTO a Sanad from the Rana ackno wlodging his tight to receivo Chauth for which hus agant Soda Shiva Ballal We trying for about a yoor Ho offorts brought about a sottromont by which Manaf agrood to pay a sum of Rs. 12 25 000 in eight years commonang from the Yoar 1736 to 1742-43 and set spart the revenue of the Pargana of Banora for the abovo payment. From Udalpur Bajino proceeded towards Jarpur to meet Sowi Jai Singh On the way ho visited Nothdwara where he and his wilo had darshan of the Dalty They reached Bhanbhole noar Kishangarh where on the 8th March a mosting botween him and Sawal Jal Singh took placo Bayrao visit to Rajputona and oupocially to Mowar had very far toaching political repurcussions Barno vort complotoly exposed tie vulnerability of the Rajput states Strugglo for Jaipur throno Though Bolrao had adopted hershei poclure in Imposing exacung torms on the Aone yet he maintained friendly selations with the latter On herring the news of Nadirshah e Invason of Delhi ho appealed to the Maharana for a joint action gainst the Invader But Maharana was busy in trying to get the Jaipur throne to his nephew Madho Singh, after the death of Jal Singh who had grown too weak and unila and was not likdy to survive long ·neth Rao and Holkar again camo into Mewar tentory carly in the year 1767 MENU THROUGH TH, AG 47 Madho Singh was the younger son of Sawai Jai Singh born to the princess of Mowy who was given in marriage to him in 1708 on an express condition that the son born to how would succeed Jai Singh even if he wore younou in age However on the death of Jai Singh his elder son Ishwari Singh succeded to the gadi of Jalpur Madho Singh prossed his claim to the throne and his cauto was naturally supported by the Maharana of Mowes Ho secured help of the Marathas to further the cause of Madho Singh Tho struggle between lahwar Singh and Madho Singh became one of the major CAUSO which dlaturbed the peace in Rajasthan for the next eight years Ultimately in 1761 Madho Singh succeeded in socuring the throne For its price he gave pargina of Tonk and Malpura bosides the pargana of Rampura ( which actually belonged to Mowar ) and a largo nount of money to the Marathon Madho Singh affair rosulted not only in low of mon and money to Mowar but it had ruinous effects on the internal administration and political stability of the State also The nobility of Mewar got split and rostivo on account of the weaknons of tho Rans and took to deflanco and disorderly actlenity On the other hand the Maratho agents at Udaipur howover wont on protsing for the payment of trbuto Not only Mowar but athor State of Rajasthan also warted under tortuous prossure of the Marathes Howover Individually they were powerloss to rosiet the Maratha demands Dutjan Sal of Kota and Madho Singh of Jalpur took the Inttiatlve in organising the united front of tho Rajput rulons against the Marathas While the talks for an enti Maratha coalition were going on Mahanına Jagat Singh died on tho 8th June Kia doath was a great blow to this cause However the rulers continund their furthor plant against the Marathon and tried to persuado Pratop Singh II the now Maharana to join the coalition But these consultations proved of no avall on the Intomal disturbances of Mowar demanded all the attendon of the Aftor only three years of reign Pratap Singh diod on 10th January 1754 and was succeeded by his ten years old son Rel Singh. 1751 Maharana Merethe nlde Into Mower Invasion nath came to Mowar The short rolgn of Maharana Aal Singh II was marked by many Maratho In the beginning of year 1766 AD Malhar Rao Holker and Raghu In the same year Vithal Roo also ravegod Mewar and Sadathtv Rao Govind Rao and Kanhall Jadhav levied wer contributions Raghuand look rondom of one lakh or rupees from Javed. The period between 1765 and 1768 proved highly disastrous for Mowar The Maharani had no other ·46 MEMAR TIIROUOH TIL AO alternative but to buy off tho Maratho Sudars The next throo years from 1759 to 1761 Mowar was wighlly rollovod of the Mar ha prossure becauso that attention was considerably dlnaitod on count of Abdal s invasions Battio of Fanipat and its affects on Rajasthan The third battle of Panipat took place on January 14 1761 In which Afgham infilctod a crushing doloat upon tho Morothos ics by Sadashiv Bhou In Agjasthan roaction of the Maratha doleat was that of rojoicing. Tho Rajput pnncm stopped paymont of tributos. Sawai Madho Singh inluated a move and tried his best to form an anti Maratha longue But again tho old joslausles and prejudices blocked the path of unity whon united action could not be undertaken Mowar and other Rasput Suotos mado giroy individual attonats to dislodge the Marathas from their previous position In the meantime tho soven toon yoar old Maharano Ao Singh died on the 3rd Apul 1781 Boing itsuoless, ho was succeeded to the throno by his uncle Ari Singh botter known as Maharana Arul His succession was the sonol far successivo Cini suiles in the country Civil war in Mawar and the Maratlas Mahama Ansi, being all tormpored by naturo incurred displeasure of a number of noblos, who decided to dethrono him. In the meantimo posthumous son was bom to the lato Maharana Raj Singh It and he wat placed under the charge of Joswant Singh the maternal unclo of the child Tho now of the birth of the prince cite like a bolt from the bluo to Rana Argi Ho resorted to the policy of fuppronalon This further exasporatod number of nobles who openly proached ravolt. In order to dothrone Arsi they proclalmod Ratan Singh the posthumous prince of the Maharana of Mowar in 1764 at Kumbhalgoth, in this manner the Civil war bogan. Jaswant Singh of Dooguh was the leader of the robol group Ho was joined by the feudal chlols of Sadri Delware. Begun Kothana and Bhindar On tho othor hand Maharana Ani won over the Raja of Shanpuia. Ho alto pained an unexpected alty Jhala Zsiim Singh of kota Similarly attempts to seek the holp of tho Murathas wore made by both Ani and Ratan Singh. The robel group fuccooded in purning the mupport of Yashwant Rao Bable and Sadashiv Gangadhar by the promise of throg lakhs of rupoon Simultanosouły Yashwant Rao Bable to wote to the Peshwa odvising hum 10 HpoO the cause of Ratan Singh for an amount of rupees thirty six lakhs Bosidor the Marathas the Jodhpur ruler Vijay Singh also como forward to extend his support to Rantan Singh for the promol fifteen lakhs ·March, 1773. Howtt succeedod by his nine your old son Hamir Singh, during 13th January the crostion of the hostintor. He was murdered by Allt Singh of Bond on 8th THAI THOUGH THU 10 49 In the meantime Maharana Arel was busy contacting poveral other Maratha Sardars and ultimately succorded in gaining the support of Man Daulo. He also won over Bahsili Takpa and Raghoran to his side. This ardated a dangerous situation for the supporters of Ratan Singh so they took the young princo to Mahadji s compat Ujjain. In the shrine of Mahakaleshwor an agrooment was roachod according to which Sindhis was to be pold thirty Lokha of rupon If he succeded In securing the throne of Mewar for Ratan Singh Thuto alaming developronio naturally perturbod Rana Arsh Ho made serious effort to devade Sindhla against champloning the cause of his adversary but falled to win him over to his sido Consequently a battle was fought on 1789 on the banks of the river Shpra in whiloh Anil's forces woro completely routed Sindhla beslagos Udalpur Some wooks ofter the battlo of Sipro Sindhia in Morch, 1709 marchod sputnst Udelpur This march created great panic in the Capital At thb hour of nood the ex minister Amarchand was utgod to rotum and direct defonco propuston Ho accoptod the offer and hurleyly organised the detonco of the Mahodil bestogod the city of Udaipur in the socond work of April The slogo drogood on for more than four months without any result. The spirit of dotormination which prevallod among the bestogod disquietanod Sindhlo. Ho thought It prudent to end the hostilities Henco pesco nogotiations were started and an agreomont was arrived at by which Mower agrood to pay abaty three and a half lakht of rupees to Sindhia Aitor the agreement Sindhla loft Mower Battlo botween the rival parties and the attitude of the Marathas But tto sottoment with Sindhla established no prato in Mowar Astan Singh was still at Kumbhalgarh and the refractory noblos continued to support him. They were sloo recarving support of Sawal Prith Singh the Ruccotsor of Sawai Madho Singh of Jolour The Pattia did not vlow with favour the military ald provided by Jalpur and reproached Prithyl Singh strongly But he continued to support the cause of roboli in Mower and secured the support of General Santu for them. However the successivo victories of and over Ratan Singh crippled the strength of his rival and he energed stronger But Are was not lucky enough to enjoy repito after Capital for his unbecoming action whose reign the patgangs of Singoll Bhichore Jol, Kherlot was given away to the Marathos. After the short roton of mearly five yours Maharana Hands Singh did on 6th June, 1778 ·BO MEWAR THROUOI TIIU AON Anu Maratha mova in Rajasthan and the battle of Tunga Once again Mowar had a young Mshirana won Bhim Singh (young: brother of Hamir Singh) Iscandod the gaddi During the curly yo 313 of his relon ho got raspite for some time from tho Maratha attacks at tho lator woro busy in the Anglo-Maratha war Mowar uulzod thi tmg in lorging unity anong hortlio groups of nobility specially Chundawats 873 Snacionats This ph119 of uity was, however too short hvod 10 give any substanual advantag 10 the State. The old rivalries bewoon tho Chunda rats and Shmawats again broko out Meanwhile the Anglo Maratha war came to an end and Mahadi omorged moto powerful than before The Mughal Emporor after the death of Mirza Najaf Khan appointed him Vakil Mutlaq. As ho grow stronger his intriforanca In Rajasthan also incensed considerably The rulers of thoso Statos particularly of Mowar Marwar and Jaipur thorofore tried to form o cortemon front against the Marathnt. Daulatram Haldia an ox Diwan of Jaipur was sent to Lucknow to hire an English brigado against the Marathos Owino to tho declared non Interferonce policy of the then Governor General ho did not succood in his mlusion But Jaipur and Marwar fomed defensivo alllanco and payment of tribute to the Marathon wu stopped when Mahadil himselt marched against Jalpur with a large force to realise it. urgent ordon woro sont by the rulor to the chlafs to asornble at Jalpur with tholt contingents and Kharitas were sent to Jodhpur Bikaner Bundi and other Stetos to tond their forces to fight against tho Marathin, At the samo time arrangements were made to ostroy tho Maratho out posts In Mewar while they word ongaged with the Rajputs at Jalpur Mahadhi, attack on Julpur was no longer the concern of Jaipur alone Practically the whole of Rojasthan wol with her After the skirmishes for overal days the bottle of Tunga was fought on 28th July 1787 in which the Anputs amorood victorious The defeat and susoquent retreat of Mahadji croatod a sor and gave great Impotun to the anti Muratha movement in Aajasthan In Moww an army of about ton thouunds was sent to destroy the Maranha out-port. Thoy captured Nimbahon. Nakump Jinn and Javad bat the ground regained was soon komt when the Maratha forcos under the londonship of Ambali inglis and Shiva Nana grvo a crushing deleat to Mowar forces at the battle of Harkartya Bala (1788 AD) Sindhla Imultod In the meantime the 16-oruption of conflict between Shaktowats and Chendawats created a very ugly stunton In Mewar Rawat Bhim Singh, tho Leader of the Chundowats captured Chitor fort and made it his head-quarter ·of the topic dotests and humillation for the Rana Krishna Kumari wa clour pointer In that broodon HEWAX THROUGH TH. 40 51 for Chitor The Moharons decided to take a strong action but his govomment being too Wook.could not accomplish It External assistance was nooded and naturally the Marathes were ipproached On Invitation from the Maharana, Mahadi prood to extend assistance and for that pupoto met him at Naharmogla on 6th September 1791 In this mesting they discussed the mothods of expelling Chemdewata from Chitor Consequently the Mower and Maratha forcoi sot out The siege of the fort of Chltor commenced on 23rd October and bestod for nearly three wooks. Finding difficult to roulst those forces for long Rawat Bhim Singh storted posce nogollations with Mahadji through Ambon I eventually led to a settlemont by which Rawat Bhim Singh vacated the fort on 17th November oth Boforo Mahadiis departure frorn Mowar on January 1792. he made Ambajj his Viceroy for carrying on the administration Thus the reim of administration of Mowar wont now virtually in the hands of Amball, the Maharana wm now just a dolure soverdan. Mewur practically becamo a depondency of Sindhia of Mower Mutual rivalry of Maratha Sardare on Mowar soll Ambas oxploited the political situation in Mowar to his own advantage to the the fullest posible extent Meanwhile on the 12th February 1794 Mahadi broathed his last and was nuorooded by his nophen Doulat Rao Ho appointed Amball the Subodar of Jhensl and eastern provinces to take up his * topłntment Ambali loft Monar kopping Nano Ganosh as his representativo tho aftalrs of the Suate Ganesh lot 1000 araign of terror and plundered and devastated the territory of Mowar in general and of the Chundawat Sorders in particular to look after lotlalled with Daulat Rao Thus the Subodart of Mower became a przed post and every Maratha Serder wanted to have it for himself Mower boca ne field of dispure Among the Sindhla : gonorals Lakhna doolared himself the supremno Commander in north India In the name of the widows of Mahadl who were not Thlu situation coated two Subodan In Mowar both claiming the rightful position but nolther of them was powerful enough to expol to other from Nawar During the decade of the dual Viceroyalty of Ambeli Ind Lakhera Mower was the bottle ground of the stual Maratho loaders which shuttered it sconomy and destroyed its administration Sull further ruin was yot to come the history of the following sixteen yoon of Mewor was o record The oplodo concerning