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·(Vegetable Szoduct Series, No. 95.)
THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER
1906-No. 3.
ACACIA CATECHU.
(CUTCH.)
| DICTIONARY OF ECONOUIC PRODUCTS, Vol. I., A., 135-199.)
Composition and Trade Forms of Indian Cutch, by DAVID HOOPER, F.C.S.
Other Agricultural Ledgers that may be consulted.
No. I of 1895; Nos 2 and 35 of 1896; Nos. I and 2 of 1902.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

·The objects of the AGRICULTURAL LEDGER are - (t) To provide information connected with agriculture or with economic products in a form which will admit of its ready transfer to ledgers, (2) To secure the maintenance of uniform ledgers (on the plan of the Dictionary) in all offices concerned in agricultural subjects throughout India, so that references to ledger entries made in any report or publication may be readily utilised in all offices where ledgers are kept, (3) To admit of the circulation, in convenient form, of information on any subject connected with agriculture or economic products to officials or other persons interested therein, u) To secure a connection between all papers of interest published on sur,ects relating to economic products and the official Dictionary of Economic Products With this object the information published in these Ledgers will uniformly be given under the name and number of the Dictionary article which they more especially amplify When the subject dealt with has not been taken up in the Dictionary, the position it very possibly would occupy in future issues of that work will be ass gned to it To facilitate the preparation of an index to The AGRICULTURAL LEUGER, the following arrangements have been made, commencing with 1900 All papers published will be paged, irrespective of subjects, into an annual volume The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit of a cortinuation of the classification into the various series hitherto observed, a further folio will be shown at the bottom of the pages. This will be pre served throughout each series and be continued for several years, unul in fact sufficient material in each series has been accumulated to constitute a fair sucd volume At the end of the year a printed index and title-page be 193ued for the annual volume and after a period of, say, five years an under and title-page will be issued for each series. It has been found that many persons gub Karibe for a certain series only and do not care to receive the others. The mew arrangement, while permitting of the formation of an annual volume, wall at the same time return the serial classification

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 3.

·AGENTS IN BRITAIT Mr. E. Arnold, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, |. Mr. Bernard Quiritch, 15, Piccadilly Bond Street, London, London Nessrs. Constable & Co, 16, James Mr. B ! Dlachnell, 50 & St, Broad Street Haymarket, London Street, Oxford Messrs. P. S. King and Son, 2 & 4, Great Messrs Deighton Bell & Co., Cambridge Smith Street, Westminister Messrs Henry s. King & Co, 05. Messrs, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubace Cornhut and 9. Pall Mall, 1.ondon. & Co. 43 Gerrard Street, Soho, London Messrs Guindlay & Co, 54, Parliament Street, London S. IV. O THE CONTINENT. Messrs R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Ms Ernest Leroux, 23, Rue Bonaparte, N. W. Carlstrasse, 11. Paris. Mr. Ollo Harrassowitz, Leipzig. Mr, Martinus Nijhoff, Hague, Holland Mr. Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig. Mr. Rudolf Haupt, Halle A.S, Germany. IX IXDIA. Messrs. Sicssrs. Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta and Simla. Superintendent, American Baptist Newman & Co, Calculla. Mission Press, Rangoon. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh & Sons, Mufid -Am Press, Lahore. n . Sundur l'andurang, Bombay. A.M. & J. Ferguson, Ceylon.

·(Vegetable Siodset Series, No. 95.) THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906-No. 3. ACACIA CATECHIU (CUTCH.) (Dictionary of Economie Produits, Vol I, A. 135 199.) Composition and Trade Forms of Indian Cutch, by DAVID HOOPER, FO 8 INTRODUC TION Introduction The present Agricultural Ledger is written with the object of bringing together information on the manufacture, trade forms and composition of Indian and Burmese cutch Reference is made to the distribution of the Acacia Catechu and the centres of the cotch markers, which lutherto have but been the subjects of scattered notes in periodicals Analytical tables are given of the composition of most of the available trade varieties of cutch and these will enable an estimate to be made of their comparative values For medicinal Purposes it 13 inportant to know the amount of astringency, and the presence and nature of impurities to be met with in the Indian samples, in order to compare them with Gambier of the Straits Settlements which is appreciated as a substitute in this country and 13 being recognised in the Pharmacopeias of other nations The trade in cutch has been declining of late years, and it is hoped that the publicalion of these results will give an impetus to an important indigenous industry The cutch tree of India is known as the Khair and the extract is called Kal, Rath or Katha The Acacia Catechu, Willa, was regarded as a distinct species by Dr Roxburgh, and the allied species, A catechuoides and A, Sundra, were recognised as being used with the first in the preparation of the commercial extract. In 1897, however, Lieutenant Colonel D Prain, LLD, FRS, regarded these three trees as varielies of one species, and in a paper entitled "Some Additional Leguminosä" (Journal Asiatic Soczely of Bengal, Vol LXVI, PI II, PP 508 9) he established the characteristics and respective areas of distribution of the three forras of the plant. (73) TREBS WRICH YIELD CUTCH ·The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3* CUTCH YIELDING TREES Colonel Praia's conclusions may thus be summarised (a) A. Catechu, Pilld (proper) This is the most Northern form having been recorded as met with in Hazára Kashmir, Sımla, Kangra, Garhwal, Nussoone, Cen!ral India, Bihar and south 10 Ganjam It has never been found in the Eastern Himalayas nor in Assim, and it has only once been reported as met with In Barms, Dis, at Pegu, where according to Kurz it is called sha This is therefore the kath-yielding form of Kumaon or paprı khair as it is sometimes called (6) A, catechuoides Benith, is met with in Bengal from Monghyr and Patna to Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Though quite common in Pegu and Prome it has not as yet been collected in the Shan Hills nor in Upper Barms to the north of Ava This is therefore the catch-fielding form of Burma; and Pego or Rangoon cutch is the chief commercial form of the extract ( ) A Sundra, DC. Colonel Prain distinguisbes this as the Southem and Western plant which affords the cutch of Madras and Bombay Presidencies It is very common from Coimbatore northwards to the Deccan, Kangra and the Konkan, and has been recorded as far towards the north-west at Katha war and in Rajputana, also to the north-east in Burma, at Segain, Mandalay and the Shan Hills It is the lál thair or Red Catechu How far these varieties of the trec influence the composition of the extracts made from them will be noticed in discussing the chemical composition of trade samples B-fore dealing with that subject it will be convenient to refer to the districts in India where cutch s manufactured and to describe the peculiaritics of manufac. sure that regulate the trade forms Bengal. One of the earlier titers on the industries of tlus province is Dr Buchanan-llamilton whose diarics mere cdited by Montgomery Martin Ilc described in 1838 the manufacture of Xhair from Acacia Catechu in Dinajpur. The trec is common in the woods of Perusa, Jagadol and Ghoraghat; but it is only in the Arst that any of the drug is prepared The number of people cmplosed in this manufacture is small Trees are selected that isc at least two ſect in circumference and th-se are old; for In this district the tree does not grow to a large size The bark and white word are removed and then the boart.rood is cut into small pieces and beaten into a kind of stringy sobstance by means of an instro. ment called a dhenk Fqual quantiles of this an 1 of water are put Into earthen pols, each holding from 10 to 30 90013 (20-5 lbs to At Ibs ) and are bo led lor about the hours Fach file contains two or three pois The decoction is then decanted into a pol and is formed into two kirds of calecho, hair and pusri lAslr, the fat dark and the second light coloured The first is made by simple allows the catract to dry in the pot without atticm. the second is made by putting some ashes of cow-dong ( 74 ) WRERE MADE, Bangal ·Composition and Trade Forms of Indian Cutch (D Hooper) 25 CUTCH WHERE MADE Maldab Chutia Nagpur in the bottom of the cooler The ashes are covered with a fold of maslin, over which the warm extract is poured It is sold to the merchants in these pots and by them is formed into balls and dned in the sun The season for manufacturing cutch is from November to March , non can be made in these districts in the rainy season A small quanuity is made in Maldah, but the Maldah Khair is not reckoned of best quality, and the tree is rather scarce in the neighbourhood The industry is more or less resened in Palamau in Chutia Nag pur by an ia ferror caste called Ballahs, who extract dath from November to March They do not cut sery small trees, which have little or no heart tood, and they never touch old trees Trees from z' to 4' in gırh are generally cat for the purpose The sapwood 19 removed and the heart wood 19 split up into thin chips with axes The chips are then boiled in earthen vessels for 10 or 12 hours and the solution obtained is poured in separate vessels and boiled over again, and this goes on till the liquor acquires the consistency of a thick syrup, which is then lept in big bamboo baskets lined outside with earth and cow dung After a few days, when the thick syrup becomes paste-like it is poured over chaldis (mats) strewn over with ashes, and made into any forms the manufacturers like The kath or cutch obtained by first boiling the chips 15 of best quality, and that obtained by second boiling is of second quality, and some times a third boiling is made when a third class extract results In other parts of Chutia Nagpur kath is prepared and sold in the Manbhum and Jhalda pergannahs The annual production in Manbhum is estimated at 40 or 50 maunds (29 38 cwt. or 36 73 cwt ). and the rate of sale is about four seers (8 22 lbs ) a rupee (Is 4d) when dry In Jhalda the outturn is smaller, as the neighbouring jungles contain fewer trees Dr McCann in his "Dyes and Tans of Bengal" (1883) reported that about 1 ooo maunds (734 69 cwt ) of catechu was annually consigned from Hazanbagh in Chutia Nagpur to Calcutta where it sold at from R8 to R12 (105 8d to 16s) per maund (827 lbs) Patna is the emporium of Janakpuri cutch and of that made near Garhwa in Palamau Chetra in Hazaribagh, Ahraura in Mirza pur and Bas Bareilly, Pilibhit and Katni Marwar Janakpuri cutch 18 prepared in Nepal and the Nepal Terai and 1s brought to Patna through the frontier stations of Tirhoot, Cham paran and Bhagalpur It receives ils name from the town of Janakpur (Pupn) in Muzaffarpur It is manufactured at Raksal and Katkapwa in Champaran Bairagania Birganj and Janakpur in Muzaffarpur, Bhimnahar and Bhaptiahı in Bhagalpur, and Madhuapar in Darbhanga Janakpuri cutch 19 made from the wood of the khair tree by boiling the chips in an iron pan and stra!ning the liquor through cloth It is again boiled until it becomes thick, when the extract 'is (75) Nepal Tirhoot Janakpurl catch, ·26 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No. 3 CUTCH WHERE MADE, 22 20 Orista spread over a cloth or guany placed on sand and dried in the shade It is supposed that drying in the sun has a deleterious effect and produces a black cutch of inferior quality The orly restriction on the manutacture is the payment to the Forest Department of A4 (5$ 4d) for each mauad (= 82} lbs) of extract prepared The catch obtained in the Patna market is of the Janakpuri variety and is divided into threc classes according to its quality Per maand. = 82} lbs. R 1. Pakra or hatipaun (203 40) 2 Kachru. (273 8d) 3 Talia, pakri or kala: (215 4d ) 16 The first has an earthy pinkish fractare, and is full of catechin, the second is darker with a moderate amount of catechin, while the third quality is black in colour, having a brittle, shtning fracture In 1893 the Secretary of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce srole to the Reporter on Economic Products, suggesting an enquiry into the origin of the cutch made in Orissa and the Orissa 1 States Armenian and Jewish traders are aware that before Burma cutch took possession of the market, Orissa cutch was well known in Calcutta The Secretary of the Chamber had purchased cutch at Chandbalı where it was called Black Ileart." It was badly prepared and was sold in hard dark coloured cakes The enquiry was passed on to the Conservator of Forests, Bengal, and the following notes regarding the trade carried on in cutch in the Onssa Troutary Slates were supplied by the Officialıng Saperintendent, Cuttack The article is not considered a icre paying concern in the Tributary Mahals and the trade is confined only to the following six of the seventeen States --Athmallik, Dod, Daspalla, Mohurbhan), Pal Lahers and Talcher The Tubulary Mal als forests do not abound in catechu plants, and where they do the manufacture of cutch is carried on to a very limited extent It is manufactured by a professional class of abongines called Khairas or culch manufacturers the tract of the jungle being first leased either by traders from the plains of the Alairai themielies The quanuty manufactured finds ready sale in the Garjut local markets and in Cattack The quantity turned out is not large In Athmallit the Maharaja repons the salue of the manulactured article to be not more than 1,000 (C66 138 Ad) during 1893 In Bod and Daspal's, the annual oattorn is estimated to be 300 mionds ( = 110 4 Cwt ) and so maandai= 3673 L.), respect vely in Nohurbhani Pal Lahers and Talcher the quantity manulactured is not more than aicient for local consumpuon, though sometimes in the two latter the surplos is exported to Cotuck ( 76 ) ·Composiuon Rad Trade Forms of Indian Catch. (D Hooger) CUTCH WHERR MADE Buza 10 Northern Bengal. the country In the Busa Forest Division, the trees are of the ordinary kind that grow plenufully along old nser beds and on waste land all over All trees yield more or less extract but there seems to be a great diccrence in the quantities obtained from the wood It appears that those most gnarled and crevice I and generally badly used matured trees give the largest yield this opinion is supported by the fact that the crystalline catechin may be picked out of the cracts and carines in the heart rood If a khair tree be cut down in the rains a crystalline substance oozes out from the centre of the stump as well as from the log A specimen of this was separated by boiling the chips cut as small as possible in a kerosinc tin of water for half an hour, the decochon was then strained into shallow wooden bores and set to cool In froin two to four days the catechin crystallised out and adhered to the sides and bottom of the box. Most of the dark brown liquid was then poured off and the balance was stirred up and turned into a filter press and squeezed into a cale The cale was then dried in the sun, after which it had a brown appearance from & portion of the tannın drying on the surface This process aimed in getting catechin, and this could be obtained almost pure by washing with sufficient water Cutch may be made from the bark as well as from the heartwood of the tree, but in the former case the extract is very black and, as sbown by analysis, contains no catechin Assam - The khair tree is distributed in this province and is abundant in the districts of Goalpara Kamrup and Darrang, but no cutch has ever been made there on a large scale The product 13 almost unknown among native manufacturers and in a commercial sense is almost non existent Central Provinces --Regarding the trade in cutch in certain feudatories attached to the Sambalpur district, the following inform alion has been communicated Sonpur is a Native State lying to the south of Sambalpur district and the Mahanadı traverses it from north west to south east, so tha: watever cutch is produced there is carried away by river to Cuttack and docs not pass through Sambalpur There is very little forest in the State, it is a plain country and has been to a great degree brought under cultivation and it is not probable that there can be any considerable trade in cutch in this State Patna Native State les to the south-west of Sonpur and only touches the Bargarh Tahsıl of the district in the extreme south west It is reported that Patna is a well wooded State and it is probable that a fair amount of cutch is produced ther. Everything not needed for home consumption is exported to Sonpur and thence down the Mahanadi to Cuttack The production of cutch in Patna State is about equal to the production in Bamra Bamra State lies to the east of this district It is covered with dense forest and yields a good supply of catch In Bamra the ( 77 ) Assam Central Provinces. Eastorn parts ·The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No. 3 CUTCH WHERE MADE Contrat Provideos Eastern Darts. Feudatory Chief is the principal merchant and nearly all the cutch produced in the State is carried to his depôts and delivered to his agents at a fixed rate The Chief's agents sell it to traders who carry it away by rail or river The Feudatory Chief of Bamra has kindly furnished the following information regarding this subject - Cutch is produced in the Atpara, Naihool and Gourpalı parganas of the Bamra State The annual production does not exceed 250 maunds No merchant purchases directly from the producers All the cutch produced is purchased by the Chief at from 4 to 5 rupees (5$ 4d to 6s 8d) per maand (=827 lbs ) and is sold again at his depôts to merchants at from 7 to 8 rupees (98 4d to ros 8d) per maund It is also probable that a small quantity is smuggled out of the State by traders without passing through the Chiefs depôts Radakole is a State with more jungle than cultivation and the production of catch there must be equal to the production in Bamra State Some of the cutch produced in the western part of the State is carried by men or on pack bullocks to Simbalpur for sale, but the major portion goes down to the river to Cuttack or by road through Angul to Cuttack, All the cutch exported from the feudatories of this district is usually in the form of soft cutch The Conservator of Forests reports that in Sambalpur earthen pots are used for boiling down the liquor. The thick liquid, when solfi. ciently concentrated, is poured into small cups made of palmyra or other leaves and exposed to the sun for 10 to 15 days, when the cutch becomes hard and dry It 19 sold locally at 4 annis (40) per lo or Rio (138 4d) per maund (823 lbs) The Deputy Conservator of Forests, Seoni describes the process of making the square-shaped catch at horas When the extract is of the consistence of a thick paste it is poured into moulds made of fine The sand absorbs what little moisture 13 still left in the paste and the Katha remains. This is cut into small blocks about two inches square by half an inch in thickness These are sold by contractors in the Kamptı market In Damoh, another district in the Central Provinces, the cutch boiling industry has been carried on for many years by professional Khairaas. The quantity of Katha manufactured in 1903-04 was about 400 maunds (=293 87 cut ), the market value of which at R11 (145 8d) per maund (821 lbs) was R4,400 (4293 65 8d.) United Provinces.—Major Madden danng his tour in 1847 through "The Toraee and other mountains of Kumaun" ( Journal Asiatic Sortely, Bengal, XVII, 565) describes the manufactare of kath or catechu by a class of Doms called Ahainas, after the name of the tree Trees with an abundance of red heart wood are most esteemed, and these are reduced to thin slices and boiled in Kedgree pots Madden speaks of the bath in the concentrated liquor crystallising on leaves and trigs thrown into the pots for this ( 78 ) Central Provinces, Central parts Band Central Provinces Northern parts United Provincat ·Compos.bos und Trade Forms of Indian Catch (D Hoofer) 29 CUTCH WHERR MADE Bombay Presidency, North Kadar Possibilities of Nasik purpose Liter obeerrers state that trigs are not not used to assist crystall sation and that the eraporating liquor is stirred with suchs dipped in castor ol to preiert froihing TI ere is a fait local demand for humaun kath but the manufacture and trade are in the hands of poor unenterprising people and there does not seem to be any promise of much espans on Another chil threatening the once flourishing industry is the gradual extermination of the hair tree by annual avannah fres, and Government propose to remedy this by reserving 12 000 to 15 COO acres of lhair forest and arranging for their protection against fire and frizing Bombay-Dr Buchanan Hamilton describes the making of cul or calechu near Aglola in lonth hanara during his tour in 1801 The trees grew spontaneously on the bills of the honlan and were obs-red nowhere else in the peninsula The extract was made by boiling the chips of the heart rood in the usual way, and when it was sufficiently hard it was poured on to the ground covered with rice busks and made into balls about the size of oranges and dried in the sun seven days These were sold to merchants residing at Dharmar and Stanore who supplied the greater part of the penin sala with this article which among the natives was in universal use The greatest supply came from that part of the Konkan which was subject to the Marathas and was cons dered of very good quality In a recent Forest Report it is said that in the Nasık division of Bombay, hhair trees will never yield valuable timber and the extraction of catechu in these forests would produce a revenue which could not otherwise be tapped People employed in Gujarat in the manufacture of kath or catechu are called hathodias an aborginal tribe much resembling Bheels The men bring in the khair Food from the jungle and cut it into chips, the women boil the chips and extract the kath The tree best suited for the purpose is one of from 25 to 30 years of age and the more thin white lines visible in the heart wood the greater is the quantity of kath it contains The hatbodia tests whether the tree will pay to fell by cutting a small notch into the heart wood After the tree is cut the Kathodia removes all the sap-wood, and a little of the heart wood with it from the bole, and takes it home to cut into chips which he does with a small axe of a peculiar shape The chips are about the thickness of wood used for match boxes and about a square inch in surface The chips are boiled in small eartben pots with rather more than two quarts of water, the chips are renewed three or four times a day three or four handfuls being put in each time The water 18 poured off from time to time when considered sufficiently impregnated wilh Lath into two pots kept on purpose and allowed to go on boiling, fresh water is ut into the pots from which the liquid has been poured off Guferat (79) ·30 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 COTCA WHERE MADE Gularat At the end of the day the infasion in the two pots is poured into a tooden trough, about a yard long and eighteen inches broad, and goes through a peculiar process of straining A woman takes a piece of blanket about a foot square, dips it into the infusion, stirs it about and then wrings it out again into the trough holding it as high up as she can from a sitting position This process goes on for about two hours, after which the trough is covered up with a lid made of split-bamboos, and the infusion allowed to throw down a sediment which is kath, all the water is poured off and the kath is made into small pats and allowed to dry Kath ready made, is sometimes found in the centre of some trees This kind of kath is the most valuable, and is called Khersal The Kathodias are employed in large gangs from 50 to 75 families (each family represents a lath furnace) by contractors who obtain permits from the Forest Department for the manufacture of kath and make their encampment near a river in the jungle 80 15 to have a large supply of water at hand, a hath furnace has from eight to twelve pots placed in a double row The two central ones are used to receive the liquid from the other pots Kath manufacture is very destructive and should never be per mitted in jung'es where the khair grows straight or is accessible If allowed only such trees should be marked as are not fit for timber, by reason of their crookedness or other defect In the Bombay Forests, where manufacture of kath is allowed none but crooked trees unfitted for timber uses are felled and every tree 18 previously marked for the are by an officer of the Forest Depart ment [ Macrae, Indian Forester, Volume I. (1875) 282] Madras.-In this Presidency cutch is most extensively manu factured in the Kanara district The method of preparation in South Kanara is given in the District Manual, from which the following extract is taken - “The catechu trees are felled, and their branches and sap wood re Madras, South Kabara. 1 TI น from the chips, the decoction is strained into a trough placed at the foot of the still and immed ately transferred to another vessel of which about hall a dozen are placed on the ovens in a line The chips once boued are again mixed wth the same quantity of water and again boiled The process of boil ng and straining is repeated six times and at every time the decoction obtained 15 strained and transferred to the pot con taining the former decoct on The decoction is itself boiled again for about six or seven hours unt lit attains a dark brown colour and becomes gummy It is then discharged into an open, shallow vessel and stirred by a ladle unul it becomes sem sold by oxidation, which it does in about five or six hours It is made into balls, each of it inches in diameter, and the balls are rolled in ashes The above preparation is said to produce 45 balls weighing to lbs Here ends the work of the people-males ( 80 ) ·31 Cc:possca 2.21 Trade Ferrs et locus Ctes (D. Hirrere) DIOR and females of the Kudasi cattengaged let the porroer Alice WATI recensing the balls from the liudu! 11e artisar Has to gothic a fonder process of rutbirgthen fit of 313 times for (w) of the days Katan bezpng them upon ana e tight cmengd Ashg, 19 xh halt stry are kept for three or four days and then giving them another rebkung, after fich they are spread out in the stadelo dry, atended the a'crc 45 balls weigh about 9 lbs. The balls thus prepared are de'iitid cury by the cor tractor to the Teret Deparimst, which pagi hinsite pire agreed upon, sus., Root) per caniy olabijo balle • The marufacture o catechu is carried on Iron About the end of December to the criddle o! March It is confined to a jungle tnbe, calcul hudubis, who speak a dialect of horkans and are ia d totale grated mto the d strict from Goa when t care under the way of the l'aluguru in the sixteerth century When ite hudub is engaged in the tranufac turt of catechu, te makes the site of the boilern his horre, the hudubi * oman being as truch essential to the wakaulte hudubi man. The work of the male ends when he has led the trees and cut the Heart oo1 onto chips, all the rest of the process until the calechu balls are del reted 10 the contractor falling to the share of the female The kudubi gefa from R1 to R14 (ts to Is td) to every 100 balls manufactured os Koto Ko (L2 13. 46 10 436 88 ) for every 4.000, bals which openerally the unt of account between the contractur and it huduti During the three years end ng with the 31st March 1894, about 4) tons of catechu »erc manolactured at a cost of R11,630 ([7756 84) and the sale of these real sed R2, 837 (5:723 163 ), leasing a total profit of R14727 (L:49 9s Ad) or R4712 (2316 25 8J) per annum to the lorest Department The manufacture of caicchu gives employment to nearly filty or sixty families of Kudubis and the zierage monthly incatae of a family amounts to about R8 (10s ed) "The catechu manuſactured in South kanara Appears to command a higher price than the product of Myrore on account of the careful and neat method employed by the Forest Department in ill preparation; the former fetches R 135 (+3) per candy, while the latter scarcely realizes more than R100 (16 13$ 4d ) The catechu manufactured in South Kanara is chiefly sold in Mysore where it is eaten sith pan (belel lea) and adminige tered as a medicine to women immediately after confinement" In 1903 04, 1,561 maupds (Madras maund = 25 lbs) or 18 8 tons Markot of of catechu were made in South Kanara and sold for R13 953 eutsbution (6930 45) The departmental cost of the extract na R172 (41195 KADUTA 4d) per ton and it realised R80 (653 8s) per ton A few tons were sold to the Harness and Saddlery Factory at Cawapore, and the Alysore State took the remainder for consumption. In 1904-05, 1,466 maunds (16 tons) were made and sold for R11,431 (6763 ir 4d.). The cost price being R160 (610135 4d) per ton and the selling price R700 (446 131 1d) An interesting account of catccha and catechu boiling in South Canasa, written by Mr II. A. Latham, appeared in th Indian Tornlır, May 1906 Burma -In Lower Burma the manufacture of catch is carried on in such the same way as in other parts of India. Il trces are plenufol the manufacturer makes an incision into the heart-wood before ſellinz, to determine whether or no the nood is si ( 81 ) Burma ·The agriculturel Ledger, 1925, No. 3. TOE SHIRE XADE Luke E As ezgi (the Bare for kera!). The Frecce of such as adictes cicks and usare the con cf a hard cc'ch h.ch is cffe race bad soft TŁ:fece ck ter occ! ET is there cec MTIHICE Ed trees vites' spots are Intert re, cod 2018 is 1 Scene c tres vistes. Accordiasto H.H Ssre (Ctech JI-eiactare 23 Bull Frer, 1992) cc:cb lciens recortese four 727-9°C Acacia Catecho dsta Embed by the ta the colonic the Lord. These are Sh2-ci cred cc:ch, S527-82 C ye 07 :ch, Sb3-bra Kruger or blce cate, and Sh.cet o black catch Of these fucr rretes red catch us cordered the bes, be catchincfic for the b're cich wild care: st br rise'', $# is alrys mised wo the amsat fcoce cf th: c:beraneres. The selced trees are depared of the best and sy reed azd the legs are ce pro ccaecio: lepels of abc 7 feet. These legs are cereri de zbor: as ech szaroa:107 of aich the res Tzelce cette cho viib wit son cacted in several erkea 720 pc3 each com.ag 250 tbste Endors, and the cat is tansferred to a large ron fa cth: cazos cf tre're gs. TheLoud is brca Cota etil :: , wth consact STIC, 2 riscos coas secco. The auldroa is the calea cttc Ere azd to fiere the exact Ec- sol.deeze: top before u does soz: to bom, 1 * costaz'! red wh a 21: He wond shaped 11: a face cu 4 cc'! escaglio be Lind'ed. It is thea pocred and a brick shaped cost, gecer!! Esed rih lezres, a to cool. The rest va pass of dark Coco r.-3 1-ccasiseace accord c3 to the quicsty cf kersa! Comedia the rood sed. La Uppe: Behend the process of the us &CN che same as 13 the Love Pretace. Io Egr-gr cich was born - fictmedelbe fomoros seres fores: crisons, Tag the larges: osi bezazpisced £!:-1, Paim, Yir, Us, Mardalay, Kthe 203 CZ.drs Lathe Yar Fores: cf th: Ma derson 2 scevka: derec: com ci coich us rade obetar that of the ConTech The rich is boiled the cod 2200:, 2) The Dabboo basit. 3 a vil Een it becoses bed it us go tack is:o the calfra 1cd re-we':ed. A good quay cf 1:(Terminalia Olren) burk is adied to erte 1: A Eost cclou uitades. It w tea bota 1:0 -1!1 coal soal's made by pressing z bem!-po.'el sect 10 ebe giCE2d 1-d borg the roles bus cade wh leares of Cass.a Fistula c7 a speces a Bauhinia. Was abe cicá las sos_5.4 belez! cos''s 2e s.5pped oikeales. kutud This co chu de specu'ly for the Sha erke: ed us co'y cet for chever. I: udz: 510 at R3: to Rj? per art. The 136 fodaced os comare's sl. Este ese cach is des sol! the shape of blocks TE (82) Zarxes ·Compontics ad Trade Forecs el lacizo Cotch (D linjer) 33 CUTCH WHERE NADE Minbu Is accomplished bs benz a mou'd mith the dimensions of 3'x 8'x1,' and before the colch is throughls set it is cut into strips about 3 or 4 icches mide the cutch then acelmes the form of slabs found in the rarket, the dimensions of which are 3** S'x1' From the Sinbruggun forests of the Vinbu division of Upper Ecrma ran-ties of cutch are known as b'ack, yellow and red The colours are said to be truch more appirent where the cutch is fresh from the boilers A forest oficial sales that they are all manunc. tared by the ordinary Burrese process the only d fference being in the shape of the mould cmplored The yellow cutch of Pegu occurs in toondish cates about two inches in diameter and half an inch in thuckiess The colour citernally is yellowish brown and internally reddish brown There is nothing in the analysis to account for the colour In the Padaung township of the Prome district a few boilers adopt a somewhat different process and form the product into balls Only earthenware pans are used for boiling and evaporaling the liquor The thick extract is poured into a wooden trough and agitated by a long stirrer anul it commences ao solidify It is then rolled into balls about the size of marbles The balls are dried on palm leaves near a fire As soon as they begin to swell slightly they are removed and are ready for market where they sell for R30 (£2) per cwt Prome wood. Experiments in India Experiments have been made in India to elucidate some of the MANT FAC TURE obscure points connected with the native methods of manufacturing IMPROVE cutch MENT OF Dr Warth in 1890 tested the quality of the wood of the Catechu tree by taking several samples showing a large and small proportion of spots in the heart wood to verify the statement of Kath Recognition of good makers that the white spotted wood yielded a superior extract than that made from black heart wood The result of the experiments showed that spotied wood gave more extract as well as more catechn Authenthic specimens were collected in Oudh and Burma and were of the following description Oudh No I- Reported unfit for making Kattah i in 1,000 of white pores QuhNa 2-Bepotted god far. Katlak 6. mies Burma A -No white spots, but thersal present Burma B-Exhibiting white spots, 1 in 20 Burma C - White spots I in 3 Matimum per cent ext act. Mean per cent Catech Catech a pe cent in wood, 36 14 24 17 16 20 14 31 28 (83) ·34 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3. CUTCH MANUFAC TURE, IMPROVE MENT OF Cutting up wood Amount of water for bolling Time required for extraction As might be expected these results show that deposits of catechin exhibited in the food contnbute to form an extract of good quality, on the other hand, there is evidence of good cutch being manufactured from wood reported by professional boilers to be unfit for use Dr Leather next dealt with the best methods of cutting up the trinber, with the effect of different kinds of water, the quantity of water required and the time which was essential to boil the wood i With regard to the form in which the wood should be used Fxperimenting with wood in the form of chips, sawdust and shavings and treating them with boiling water under similar conditions, st was shown that the chips yielded 3 8 per cent of extract the sawdust 12 per cent and the shavings 151 per cent The conclusion is thus casily drawn that the finer the state of division of the wood the greater quantity of extract 18 obtained . The second point was the amount of water to be used in er. tracting the wood Experiments in this direction proved that ten parts or less of water to one of wood was ample for exhausting the soluble contents In this connection it was shown to be immaterial to the process whether the water used was hard or soft 3 The time required for extraction The native cutch-makers boil the wood for several hours, but it appears that half an hour is quite sufficient to exhaust the wood The prolonged boiling 19 conducted by the cutch maker as the second part of the process, 01%, the concentration of the extract The Yleid. The amount of extract obtained from the heart-wood of the khair tree varies considerably an individual samples Dr Warth obtained 6 to 14 per cent in unspotted heart wood and 4 to 24 per cent in spotted heart wood from the United Provinces, and in samples from Burma 12 to 17 per cent in unspotted wood and 14 10 20 per cent in spotted trood In Pegu, where the manufacture is on a large scale, it is calculated that 250 to 300 pounds of cutch is yielded by i ton of wood This is equivalent to 111 to 133 per cent A sample of the chips used in the Burma factory was estimated by me in 1990 and was found to contain 14 3 per cent of total dry extract a very fair proportion of the soluble contents is therefore extracted by the factory process In the South Canara District, Afadras, the field of extract from heart-wood chips us about 11 per cent. Trade Forms of Cutch. Pegu Cutch.-.-Thus foro enters Commerce through Rangoon or Calcutta. It occurs in large solid masses, sometimes weighing one hundredweight, or 15 made up of lat quadrangular cakes about 6 inches long and I inch in thickness Both forms are usually wrap ped in leaves or base leaf impressions on the outside The leares employed for this purpose are those of Dipterocarpus tubercu. latus, Stepbegyne diversifolia and the scabrid leaves of ( 84 ) Yield TRADE FORKS Pert cotch ·Compositioa ead Trade Forms of Indian Catch (n. 1101for) CUTII TRADE FORMS. Jaakpur Tela Thair Tectona hamiltoniana This cotch is dark reddish hrown and breaks with a shining tracure into angular and irregular fragments showing a compact or porops s ructorc according to the heat employed 19 drying Scratched with a knife light reddish brown markings are exposed in the Calcutta market this form is known as Pegu, Rangooni or Blogai Khair, and is sold at R16 (14r 82) per maand (87} lbs) Janal punt l.hair.–This is the pale catechu of Bengal trade as already siated, in Gra, Chata and Ilszanbagh, and brought into Calcutta trom Patna It is used extensively by llc Kabirajs in m-dicine and br Marmaris and Bengalis for chewing purposes. It occurs in large masses or flattened cakes or balls and is of various qualsies ranging from Rss to R23 (£1178 4d to f1 101 61) per maund (82; lbs) The luger blocks are called hitht pu (elephant's foot) from their resemblance to the shape and colour of an elephants foot Smaller forms are made into square cakes or rounded balls, boib showing a laminated structure due to the presence of crechin Tela or tele l.hair. --This is the dath or black cutch of Bengal brought from Patna to Calcutta and sold in various shapes It occurs in masses of a black or pi ch like appearance having a shining fracture It is probably a by product in the manufaclure of the light catechu There are two principal varieties of this catch the name Ila generally being applied to the crude article as it is imported and mansaramı a refined cutch or better quality In the refining process the catechu is first dissolved in boiling water the liquid strained from impuritics and then esaporated by boiling The residue before it hardeng ik then cast into two shapes (a) round or belguh (from bel the fruit of Ægle Marmelos which it resembles) and (6) square, called chauk chaukhabı or kalagaran Tela cutch 13 the cheapest kind sold costing only R12(165) per maund (8231b3 ) It is this bind which is used with concrete in preparing the roofs of houses as it is supposed to enter into combination with the lime and render the composition more durable Iela khair is also moulded into vanous ornamental articles and made as presents offered at wedding ceremonies. It is on account of 11s low price used by the poorer classes for edible purposes Pale cutch of the United Provinces and Kilmaon-Is lighter in colour than that of Bengal and contains abundance of catechin Catonpurt cutch-Is a vanety of Kumion cutch and occurs in irregular or rectangular cakes about 2 inches square dull pinkish fawn inside, and breaking with a tough earthy fracture showing a laminated structure The price is R32 (£2 25 8d) per maund (823lbs ), and as its name implies is exported from Cawnpur . See * Some Instances of Vegetable Pottery Yournal of the Assadıc Society of Bengal, Vol 11, Pt 3 (1906) page 65 (85) Pale cute Cawn purl cutch ·36 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No. 3. CUTCH TRADE FORMS Chada makhan khair Gambler Prepared or metod cutch. KAYA khalr Chana mahhan khair-Literally "curd and butter cutch," is a pure form of Kumaon cutch used largely in the Benares district It occurs in rectangular blocks, somewhat smaller in size than the Cawnpur kind, and is of a more uniform consistence and paler colour It is the dearest cutch in the market as it sells for R35 to R40 (£2 6s 8d to 62 138 4d) per maand (824 lbs ), and is used almost exclusively for chesing purposes Gambier-This well-known article is imported from Singapore and is employed in dyeing as well as for chewing by Bengalis It is the pale or (from its shape) cube catechu of commerce, but its most approximate term is gambrer, which distinguishes its origin from that of the numerous Indian varieties of cotch Gambier is called papri, gała or goor khair in the Calcutta market where it sells for R17 (21 2s 8d) per maond (82; lbs) Prepared or mixed cutch In addition to the simple extracts various preparations are locally sold in the market A peculiar mixture named gora khair is made in Calcutta from gambier, Janakpuri cutch and lal mat: (red earth) This appears as a tough extract of a reddish colour and is invariably wrapped in leaves of the sál tree (Shorea robusta) It is also called sálfatawala from the fact of these leaves being used as a covering The soft extract is sold at R12 (165) per maund (82; lbs ), it ultimately dries to a hard cake Kaya Khair-This is another preparation of cutch made by mixing together gamber and tels cutch, coriander, caravat, anise, cloves, cinnamon and cardamom with the flowers of the kaya or screw pine-Pandanus fascicularis (Syn P. odoratissimus). The moist mixture is wrapped in leaves of pandanus and allowed to dry at first for four or five days in the shade and finally in the sun It is prepared by the middle and upper classes of Hindus for domestic use and is not sold in the bazar The sticks of kaja khair are about 6 inches long by one inch in diameter Bombay cutch.-Catechu in balls This form consists of balls about as large as an orange, very hard and heavy, of a ferruginous aspect externally, brittle and blach internally Another form occurs in a lattened condition, the cakes originally, in alt probability, globular, and of about the same dimensions, but pressed out of shape before being perfectly dried The globular form is made in Kanara and, according to Dr thamilton and Major Mackintosh, on the Malabar coast of which Bombay is the entrepot. Sir George Birdwood in "Bombay Products" describes four kinds of Bombay cutch- (1) Kanchu or Dharwar, flat, round cales, two inches in diameter and one inch thick, dark brown in colour, and presened in bs}nı husks (1) South Konkan, corered with paddy husls (3) Khandesh, in angular grains, pale earthy brown internally, darker externally ( 86 ) Bombay catch ·Corpos 50 es! Thale Fort el 1ctu Chich in sitp) Dito (4) Srzi, perlat la pielulist from gratis try the 31* 10183 I da 1a.erot toTal . is the las 212, :Se fa'e or atic calechacinas Taz (clica 175 15 abren defcriptisan c!e tasret 3.9miles al cech ethibied vaibe Indian Nasionandumedinatalni 33 Caich, romest Orcs, Small Isers sati ime Art Surat, Bambay. fat te cm, 14 strony. C 'l faut : 86405€ taitny. Ingre tris 347. Cuch For Vito dig 2.k, Berubas E27 Prepared cutch, Fereri Drikk storials, dengue Irapunen Oficer, Tartady Division, Peru Circle Burma 893 Dito ditto early 110k, hirfracture 857 Shil duito dito, dito en Cucchi ditto dito Simdar to Elly 1436. Cusch, Forest Officer, Dark broui ou'side fogta brunn humaon, North Wet within; fracture Cyrily with lami Pravinces. nale strutture 2344, Soft cutch, Conservador Dno duto of Torests, Tharta wady Division, Pegu Circle, Burms. 2345 Hard cutch, ditta ditto Black regular massing wuh shining fracture and air sp3ces 3346 Ditto. Conservator of Ditto ditto. Forests, Va# Division, Pegu Circle, BUT3 2347 Soft cutch, dito ditto Very dark brown shin ng masses will reddish dus! 1348. Black cutch, Conserva. Similar to 5435 in appearance Ler of Foresta, Minbu Divison, Pegu Cocle, Burma 7349 Yellow cutch, ditto Dark reddish brown of chocolate cakes 3350, Red catch, ditto, Reddish brown, dense, Irregular and dait fracture 3361. Cutche Assistant Con Black and seddish brown, irregular Bryator of Porests, fracture Kamrup, Assam, ditto Black shining misses with porous 3391. Cutch, Pega No 1, Brownish 12ck, shining fractures Burma, from Caleutta covered with smooth leaves market, 3532 Ditto No 7, Borina, Duli brows, like 'chinkers,' containfrom Calcutta market ing Visible impurities 3393 Cutch Nut dar Tela Dull earthy brown, containing visible (Blansaramı), from impurities Calcutta market. 3362 Dtto structure ·38 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 CUTCH TRADE FORMS Specimons exatninod gar). 301 Cutch 3394 Cutch No 1, Janakpuri, Stratified masses showing black, from Calcutta market chocolate and light brown layers 3395 Cutch No 2, Janakpuri, Ditto ditto from Calcutta market 3396 Cutch No. 3, Janakpuri, Ditto ditto frorn Calcutta market. 3397 Cutch var Tela (Telen Black coloured masses with whitish from Calcutta earthy covering, and lustrous market fracture 3400 Cutch var (Chaukhabı), Brown sh black dense lumps with from Calcutta market leaf impressions (Salpatawala), Rectangular slabs 6 x 3 inches dark from Calcutta market reddish brown or chocolate in colour with lenf impressions 3413 Black cutch, Conservator Blackish cone shaped pieces; fracture Forests Pegu Jastrous Circle, Burma 3428. Yellow Cutch, ditto Fiat cakes of about 14 inch diameter, light yellowish brown outside and reddish brown within, fracture brittle, lustrous and porous 5029 Cutch, Conservator of Blackish brown cakes 2" Square by Forests, Seoni Circle, thick One side with earth Central Provinces impurities, as it dried on to 5805 Cutch from Calcutta Dark reddish brown; fracture shining market 6143 Cutch, Deputy Conser. Square or oblong cakes, 2" x 2" or vator of Forests Pala. 2X3, shining dark brown mau Division Bengal stratified in de with light brown Ditto ditto Dull blackish masses 6145 Ditto ditto Shning black masses, porous : im purities present 7806 Extract prepared in Coal black extract, shining fracture Glasgow by vacuum process 9065 Catechu tannin from Con Black extract with conchoidal fracture servator of Forests School Circle, Dehra Dun 2006 Catechin, ditto ditto Light pinkish brown masses with earthy Iriable fracture 10084 Extract, Tezpur, Assam. Brownish black cakes, uniform, and shining fracture 10330 Ditto, Inspector General of Brownish black porous shining pieces Forests 10580, Ditto Deputy Conservator, Dull brownish black : fracture S Circle Cent Provs. strat fied 11036 Ditto, Conservator of Reddish black untform fracture Forests, W. Circle, conchoidal Upper Burma 11844 Ditto Divisional Forest Balls with ashy white surface, blackish Off cer, Kanary, W. brown within Dirion ( 881 6144 .

·Composition and Trade Foros of Indian Cutch (D Hooper) 39 CUTCH TRADE FORMS Specimens examined Sions 11979 Blach cutch Director, Brownish black shining, somewhat Land Records and porous wrapped in leaves Agriculture Burma 13033 Kumaon Director, Land Small oblong cake, light brown, Records and Agri fructure stratified culture, Unted Provs 13753 Madras through Board Bronnish black, porous, leaf impres of Revenue 1.4405 Bomba: Burma Trading Oblong cahes 2X 6'xi', brownish Corporation La black, porous reddish brown when scratched 16951 Hard cutch, Deputy Reddish brown to blackish brown, Conservator Depot, enveloped leaves Agency Division, Ran goon 16959 Solt rutch, Deputy Brownish black uniform, slightly Conservator Palokku porous Burma 16960 Hard Cutch ditto ditto Bronish black uniform dense 16961 Superior cutch ditto Dark reddish brown 170,8 Deputy Conservator Dark reddish brown lumps of about 1 Bahraich pound in weight 17933 Yellow cutch Pegu Redd sh bro in cakes Circle Burma 19794 Ditto Mandalay Burma Brownish black, porous shining 19942 Ditto Angul Division Dense chocolate like masses 21383 No 1, Deputy Conserva Con cal lumps like pastiles inch tor Southern Shan long light reddish broun States Burma 21383 « No ditto ditto Square or oblong cakes 1 x *', light reddish bronn CHEMICAL COMPOSI TION Davy 1803 Chemical Composition - The active astringent principles of cutch are a tannin formerly known as catechu tannic acid and a crystalline body named catechin The value of cutch as a dyeing and tanning agent depends upon the amount of these two substances, while at the same time they are a measure of its suitability as a medicine Sır Humphry Davy in 1803 was one of the first to investigate the chemical properties of catechu and his results were communicated to the Royal Society of London in a paper, entitled "An account of some experiments and observations on the constituent parts of certain astringent vegetables and on their operation in tanning By Humphry Davy Esq, Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Inste tution The paper was communicated by the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, KCB, PRS and was read February 24th, 1803 (Philosophical Transactions, Volume 93 252 ) In the third section of his paper he discusses his experiments and observas tions on Catechu or Terra Japonica. The material was rightly described as an extract from the wood of a species of Mimosa (the ( 89 ) ·40 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 COTCH CHEMISTRY OF former name for Acacia) found in India There were two kinds of extract known in England at that time, one from Bombay of a uniform texture and of a red brown tint, and the other from Bengal of a paler and more friable character and with a fracture presenting strata of chocolate and red brown colours It may be of interest to quote Davy's analyses of these tno samples Tannin Extractive matter Mucilage Res due chiefly sand Bombay 545 340 65 Bengal 48 5 365 80 50 70 TOTAL 100 00 100 00 The tannin was estimated by precipitating the infusion with a solution of gelatin and weighing the compound In the extractive matter' was recognised what we now know as catechin by its sweet and astringent taste, its greater solubility in boiling than in cold water, and the colour of its solution turning red on exposure to the air Davy observes that the pale catechu is that most sought after in India and the peculiar sweetssh taste of the extractive matter (catechin) which it contained probably rendered it so agreeable to the Hindus for the purpose of chewing with betel nut Napler 1875 Manual of Dyeing James Napier (1875) there are given analyses of samples of catechu in the European marhet derived from Bombay Bengal and Malabar The Bombay sample yielded 57 per cent of tannin Bengal 49 S and Malabar 45 8 per cent The balance is returned as gum extractive and colouring matter and impunities Analyses by To ascertain if there was any uniformity in the composition of Prof Proctóre culch 1 applied to Professor H R Proctor of Leeds and he obligingly placed at may disposal the following analyses of extracts from Acacia Catechu In Taon og Neo tanning Insoluble matter matter Water Dark Cutch 582 10 191 170 White cutch of kath 722 58 68 14 2 Yellow cutch Pegu Burma €93 104 124 (20) ·Compos ljon aed Trade Formy of Indian Catch (D Hooper) 41 Professor Proctor also forwarded some figures of recent analyses CUTCH of extracts which were supposed to be denied from Acacia Catechu CHEMISTRY 08 Non tant Analysos by Mark Icsoluble Water on dred Prof Proctor matter matter extract Tann og Tann 15 Dog 256 246 558 Drysdale Salatiga B B Flag 1 B B Leurel II 422 30 8 626 596 76 2 ? 100 76 491 373 154 173 B Star 3 297 120 15 5 232 176 188 354 149 41 42 Pegu Assam Ame 41 5 29 300 464 457 46 311 07 27 153 739 720 549 65 1 373 399 363 205 249 166 187 556 562 The following tables give the result of the analyses of several samples of catch exhibited in the Ind an Museum ances hase been described on pages 37 to 39 Analyses mado in Calcutt & Their appear Indian Cwich Tan Non tan soll Insol org Spurt extract 1 Ash 25 140 134 116 120 370 3794 398 260 156 39 33 0 408 239 26 8 34 7 32 16 29 55 63 49 778 785 €097 673 141 429 391 25 788 ices 97 173 17 298 140 27 $ 370 Inces 130 407 58 240 28 27 68 9 696 135 368 17 3 284 35 15 125 80 388 303 276 172 264 20 29-6 45 228 33 46 go 18 25 7 263 751 490 458 335 Surat Bombay 142 Nask 1184 Kanara, Bombay 1435 Kumaon Un ted Prov aces 13033 3393 Tela, Mansaram v ted Prov 3394 Janakpuri Nor Un ted Proy 3395 Janakpuri No ? Un ted Prov 3395 Janakpur No. 3 Un ted Prov 3397 Telange Voted Proy aces 3400 Chauktabi, Un ted Provinces 3401 Salpatawala No 3 Un ted Pro vinces 3055 Catechu-taon cacd Vo ted Provores 9066 Catech a Un ted Proy aces 17058 Babra ch 5042 South Crcle "Central Proy aces 6141 Palamau Bengal 0144 19847 Angul Bengal 3361 Kamrup Assam 10084 Tezpur 13783 Madras 89781 Kurdoo! Madras 8. 152 40 52 93 383 320 433 25 32 S 117 133 115 36 8109 51 999 49 204 11 52 68 55 364 6145 128 10 104 107 121 TO 107 40 2 NO 303 297 no 295 33 i 460 SOO 152 4245 455 134 29 123 337 120 350 183 193 12 361 45 311 94 731 28 116 260 56 296 35 318 37 15 3361 110 * 16 135 130 39 45 660 779 693 G20 348 • Estimated by another method tand by h de powder (91) ·7 42 7 ne Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 Burma Culch CUTCH CHEMISTRY OF Analyses made in Calcutta Tann n. Water Catecho Sprit extract Insol org Ash 18 119 461 486 123 120 109 540 445 502 491 404 46 $ ONONO LOS oonas NO osoaneo 40 28 101 16.NNOUNN -oyatohuud 24 AIS 104 JO 3 7 112 14 WWW 94 lo 1 417 400 37 2 too 382 33 + 327 5S 51 . 115 483 837 Tharrataddy SS3 899 Sba 896 3344 Soft 2345 Ha d 2346 law Dry Son Had 2347 Soft 2343 Mabu, Black 2349 Yellow 2350 Red 3391 Pegu No1 339 No. 2 Blach Yellow (Calcutta Bazar) 7806 Vacuum made 1964 Old sample 10330 Fegu Culch 11035 W Cree Upper Bara a wlack Cutch Rangoon 14103 141OSD 95 109 04 $a 130 35 Bu ma 45'5 101 403 426 143 459 141 42 47'S 40'1 162 . 306 63 25 107 109 81 JOS TOS 106 198 IIS 106 116 110 170 18 114 142 231 24 + 13 1935 19 34 120 38 36 35 16 16 33 13 29 30 28 20 38 66 13 17 28 880S REWS081338 457 40 59 43 437 414 313 33 Hard 42 413 72 522 548 16959 Pakolku Soft 160 Hard 16361 Superior 1979: Mandalay 7 383 Shan States 21383 35337 Rangoon (vacuum made) Average of 31 good samples 2 18 34 48 94 $9 132 107 50 "! 7-6 1 113 11S 130 14 2 13 28 o 11 335 410 30 199 29 AS 6795 721 700 340 14 Methods of ausis. The methods employed in examining these samples may be briefly stated The tannic acid or tannın nas estimated by hide powder The prepared hide powder was digested with chrome alam and washed till free from sulphates and strained The moist hide was then mixed with a measured quantity of tannin liquor previously prepared by hot water, and shaken together until the tannin was absorbed from solution The weight of total solids of an aliquot part of the liquor compared with that of the orginal extract gave the amount of tannin It was noticed that catechin although not precipitated by gelatine 13 absorbed by the surface of hide It is somewhat misleading to regard the tannın recorded in the above tables as pure as in scycral cases thcy include some, if not all, of the catechin The catechin was estimated by powdering a weighed quantity of the cutch with pumice and digesting in acetic ether for irents four hons The extract 25 evaporaled to dryness a small quality of hot witcr added and crystals left to form After standing for onc ( 93 ) ·Composuco asd Trade Forms of Indian Catch (D Hesper) 43 CUITÇI! or two hours the crystals are collected on a filter, washed and CUCNISTRY meighed This method adopted by Greshot in calinating gambier 07 fare cxcellent results when onlr cnc cr iwo por cent of catechin Xethod os analysis was present, and ensured the minimum amount of decomposition The orgiric matter incolable in hot water, the ash and moistare were de er mind in the usual The figures for non-lanning soluble matter were calculated by diflcrcoce As might be expected there is a greater sanation in the composi uon of samples obtained from different toutcct in India than there is in trade cumples of cuich imponed into Englind. The tannın in these tables tapkes from 14 1 0 548 per cent, and the catechin from noilung to 40 S The lower valuations are due to the impurities Variation in present either added through carelessness or fraud or to il proper amount of 1 tunnin, manufactore When ite mineral maller constitutes onc quarter, onc htechn 3 Minorul, third and one half of the extract there is evident adulteration and malier such extracts can hasc little value either as a die, medicine Or A masticators There is no rule respecting the relation between the tannic acid and catechin In the Burma samples there is an average ratio of Ratio of 91, while in the Indian xan ples the ratio exten is from 1 t in the tannic acid to catcchin, Kumaun samples to 28 I 10 a Rangoon cutch The variations that may be expected in manufacture may be conveniently studied in observing the composiuon of the "Catechu tannic acid and “Catechin (9065, 9-66) prepared by separating the crystalline and Pon-crystalline portions of a batch of ordinary Dudh cuich There is a remarkable similarity of composition in ten of these samples, where a rather high amount of catechin is associated with a low amount of tannin These include specimens from Surat and Nasih in Bombay, the Janakpuri cutches Baluaich in the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Palainau in Bengal, Tezpur in Assam and the Shan States in Burma Although so widely distributed they exhibit an average of 37 per cent of tannin and 15 per cent oi catechin or a ratio of 241 Ihey hold therefore an intermediale position between the ordinary commercial cutch of Burma and the crystalline cutch of Kumaon and are probably yielded by the trees botanically referred to as A. Catechu and A Sundra Under the head of 'non tanning solublc matter" nast be Mucllage. included mucilage or gum of the arabin class This was detected by examining the residue left after exhausting the cutch with alcohol The residue soluble in water nas precipitated with alcohol two or three times until free from colouring matter, when it gave the renctions for gurn arabic with the usual tests In some samples of cutch giving much non-tanning matter caramelised products due to decomposition of the tannic acid were regarded as the ingredients Allen records the presence of 5 per cent of sugar in a safnple of cutch In one of the Janakpuri specimens I obtained as inuch as 12 per cent (93) ·44 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No. 3. COTCH ADULTERA- TION OF By mixing bucks Romelting in Rangoon Adulterants of cutch - In dealing with the composition of cutch it is necessary to allude to the various substances which are occasionally added to adulterate it Mr Branthwaite of the Forest Department mentions the decoction of the bark or wood of the following trees which are sometimes used in Burma to mix with it. (Indian Forester, 1892) Than (Terminalia Oliveri), lauk. kyan (Termipalia tomentosa), lan (Terminalia bialata), hyangah (Terminalia Chebula), and to a less extent pyinkado (Xylia dolabriformis) and pyinma (Lagerstræmla Flosregina) Also ngabo (Odina Woodier), according to Mr Corbet All of these barks are more or less astringent and according to our present knowledge would be considered substitutes rather than useless adulterants of a tannin extract For instance, the extract of the bark of Terminalia Oliveri has been shown to be very rich in tannin Professor Dunstan obtained 68.27 per cent tan in the dned extract, and Professor Proctor of Leeds found the tannın to agrce in its reactions with that from the wood of Acacia Catechu. Professor Hummel, however, reported that the colouring matter was inferior and when submitted to the test of calico printing it gave very poor results It 15, therefore, more suitable as a tan than a dge Where the tree is plentiful along the Irrawaddı below Zigyang, the fishermen employ the extract to colour their nets Chinese brokers in Rangoon who have nearly all the trade in their hands, do not own to this adulteration, but they confess that they remelt soft cutch mixing it with hard catch, and re pack it in boxes This is probably the time at which adulteration takes place, as it is extremely easy to incorporate all manner of impurities into a soft black extract It has been reported that for three years an individual in Burma carried on a lucrative trade by purchasing pure cutch in the district and boiling it up again with 25 per cent of godown sweepings This was said to fetch as high & rate in the home market as the best cutch shipped from Burma Allen states that cutch is not infrequently adulterated with starch sand and blood among other materials, and Jessart reports that he has met with an admixture of 60 to 70 per cent of ferrous carbonate The sdlpatau ala cutch, however, contains red carth as a recognised ingredient In the foregoing tables of analyses a large amount of mineral matter preponderates in a few of the specimens In the Indian samples 6 in the 24 or 25 per cent would be rejected for this reason alone, but in the Burmese samples only 3 in 34 or 88 per cent were undaly loaded with ashes Tests Asery simple test, besides the estimation of tannin and catechin, is the solability of atechu in gs per cent, alcohol This is readily performed by digesting one or two grams of the linely ( 94 ) Rubbish mixed in To test for dufter Att.

·Comper 04 13 Trade Perid Inlio Cru (3.1 pp! 1 perdeed dtgh orteraliilor le rainy TX is then f ered the ris atkelia Iocl { errict erapoy el toc, ce charita 1'C11 through the talles ( dolin: icle''!!'.$ryne alcohdic ertrict 1570 je ct* - Dutweea 6o and - pet cer, cortza les ha tore: CCE latte Geri Tharmacopzza ile 3500 401 udp ! talo applied in a c.Cerent minde 1 rites that there for 161 • *; after extracting catecho #th a'cchelscoll: 16119 11 c. This figure allor og for 15 per celor tire 1,0111'c11niu Per cert, cl dnei crtras ich Deenh is 191 framle! *** that this regt.semert is 100 rnagel 10 des per cent, as the li..! of insoluble icode 1lc diconCIC! 19:! the residue from six ramp'es of Tegu calccla rared from 24;110 115 par cert llis op' 0109 therefore it is catechu coole; & 10 11 present oficial requierert was rarely found in ile ule: In the light of the crimiralion of diet pinig samen cl 11429 catechu it is clear that the limit on cuind an as I la 1 Addendum of the Bn 1sh Plarmacorria : E parco (I cittact is 100 hugb and ibat ibere gucs m gl: le alicred 10 baixech ( and 70 per cent Wah regard 10 the ash limit of calechu the Indian ard Colo mua! Addendum ſses the maximum al 6 per cent and the Unted States Pharmacopera at 5 per cent Snce the cranc percentage of the ash of a large number of samples of Burmese cuich was found to be only 29, there should be no difficulty in obtaining commercial cutch with less than 5 per cent of mineral matter The relation betueen catechu and gambier-So far WC CATECHU VERSUS have been dealing with catechu or cutch, an astringent extract made DAKBiti from the wood of Acacia Catechu Chemical In the Malay Suates and din rebeos Borneo there is manufactured an extract from a plant called Uncaria Gambir Thus has similar properties and it has often been reported that the chemical composition of the ** substances is identical as they both contain tannic acid and the crystalline principle catechin The catechos separated from these two plants were for many years considered the same, but A G Perkin (Journal of the Chemical Society, XXIII, 1994, 746), after studying their deri vatives, bas observed certain diferences Hc points out that gambier catechu contains a catechin Cis H, og melling at 175°-177°, the pentabenzoyl derivative of which mells at 151-153?, while the catechin of Acacia Catechu C, 11., Og melting at 204°—2050 gives a benzoyl compound melting at 1819-183° these minor differences the researches of Perkin and Yoshitake, and Notwithstanding Kostanack; Tambir and hembs show that there is an extremely close chemical relationship between the catechins derived from Attention should be drawn to the interesting fact in vegetable physiology that the extract of the wood of a leguminous (95) different sources ·46 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No. 3 CATECHU VERSUS GAMBIER Analyses of Gambler To distinguish the two Similar uses in the East tree has such a remarkable resemblance to the extract made from the twigs of a rubiaceous shrub Analyses of gambier according to Proctor shew a tanun content of 36 to 40 per cent Allen records a percentage of 47 18 M Greshoff, Haarlem has recently (1905) given the following results of an analysis of an unadulterated gambier Tanpin 24, crude catechin 46, crystalline catechin 30-35, insolable 76, water about 15 ash not more than 5 per cent The following to analyses are given of pale cube gambier as sold in Indian bazars and they are comparable with the tables of analyses of cutch given on page 41 Water Tannin Catechia Non la sol Ash Alcoholic tan sol extract. Calculta . 11+ 277 300 199 71 39 79 9 Bombay 135 324 182 229 94 37 774 They therefore approach in composition the Kumaon and Janakpuri cutches of Northern India As a means of distinguishing between catechu and gambier, Dieterich in 1896 recommended the following fluorescent test 3 grams of gambler are dissolved in 25 cc normal caustic potash and 103 cc of water, 50 cc benzene (700) are then added and the whole agitated in 1 separating funnel On allowing it to stand the upper benzene layer shows a green fluorescence Acacia catechu does not show this reaction Notwithstanding the minor differences between the two cxtracts as a practical manner cutch and gambier are used for similar purposes in the arts and in medicine Fvidence of tłus is traced in the history of gambler manufacture in Malaya For several years the Malayas used cale or cotch the product of the Indian A. Catechu, to chew with betel nut but this became too expensive and they had to resort to various substitutes Before 1750 they discovered the way of making cakes of the extract of the gambier plant, and this extract has now almost entirely displaced Indian cutch in the Straits Settlements and elsewhere in the Far East In the Calcutta bazars Jinalpuri khuir (cuich) and papr khair (gambier) are sold side by side in all the grocers and drugstais sinops The first is somewhat darker and is considered more bitter than the imported gambier, and the retail price is somen hat higher The preference which is shown for one kind would seem to be merely a matter of taste for the consumer and a question of cost for the buyer Calechin is sometimes prepared locally from catch and gambier for edible purposes mixed with betel nut In Calcutta the moist crystals are sold as gala thir This is prepared br taking tho parts of Papri and one pint of Sanal puri, bothing them in water and strain. ing through a cloth when cold The residue on the cloth after pressing is kept for sale The caters of fun thus somctimes prcler in article almost entirely free from tannic and (96) Prepared catechio ·Compositica Lad Trade Forus of Indian Catch (D Hooper) +7 Catechus in medicine CATECHU Catechu from Acacia Catechu was recognised as an official VERSUS GAMBIER drug in the London Pharmacopeia of 1721 The first British Pharmacopeia of 1864 included both catechu and gambler, the former being called Catechu nigrum and the latter Catechu pallidum The inclusion of the two drugs was considered unsatisfactory as In medicine pharmacists were left to use whichever they pleased in making the infusion, tincture and compound powder Professor Bentley pointed out that the infusion and tincture would vary, especially in colour, according to the kind of catechu employed, and this would lead the patent to the belief that his medicines had been wrongly prepared With deference to this opinion Black catechu was discarded in subse. quent edilions of the Brush Pharmacopeia, and the Pale catechu was retained In the Pharmacopeia of India, 1868, Blach catechu is described and is prescribed for the preparation of the infusion, uncture and compound powder In this work Pale catechu is descbed to be used for making catechu lozenges and is said to possess the advantage of being more coluble than Black catechu though the properties are similar In the Indian and Coloaial Addendum (1600) to the British Pnarmacopoeia Blach catechu or Catechu nigrum is again promoted to an oficial position and is directed to be employed in making all the preparations In the United States Black catechu until recently has been preferred to Pale catechu In the 16th edition (1889) of the Dis. pensatory of the United States the extract of the heart-wood of Acacia Catechu is referred to as' proper catechu, and gambier as placed among the catechus not recognised by the United States Pharmacopoeia The editor then proceeds to describe in detail the varieties of the official catechus to be found in the market of Philadelphia and designated as Plano-convex catechu or cake catechu Pegu catechu catechu in quadrangular cakes, Pale catechu and catechu in balls In the United States Pharmacopoeia for 1900 gambier or as it is called gambir, replaces catechu of the Pharmacopeia of 1890 The authors of the National Standard Dispensatory state that catechu is official ın nearly all pharmacopoeias though all do not agree in specify. ing thus substance The name catechu is telained for it In America we are informed that very little catechu from Acacia Catechu is now to be found in the market, showing that an entire change of opinion with regard to Black cutch has established itself Areca Catechu. Former writers on Indian cutch have occasionally referred to an extract made from the nuts of Areca Catechu and used as a masticatory, but there is very little evidence to show that this extract (97) EXTRACT OF ARRCA NUTS ·The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 EXTRACT OF ARECA- NUTS Made In Mysore Made in the Punjab is a marketable article at the present time Ainsle (Plateria Medica, Vol 1, 65) describes two sobstances said to be prepared from the betelaut palm the first was of a light brown colour called culla. camboo and brought from Pegu, the second was of inferior quality, almost black in colour, called cushcuttie and imported from Acheen These were no doubt confounded with Pegu cutch and gambier B Heyne (Tracts Historical and Slahıslıcal on India, 1814) gives a circumstantial description of the manufacture of an extract from Areca Catechu in Mysore Two products were obtained, one with a yellowish-brown colour and earthy fracture and the other, called hassu, of a black colour and mixed with impurities Pereira (Vol II, Part II, 341) gives Heyne s account of the origin of kassu and speaks of it as a product of Ceylon In a letter from an Assistant Surgeon i Colombo in the year 1838, kassu is more properly Supposed to be derived from Acacia Catechu and prodaced in India Mohideen Sheriff made an unfounded assertion when he suggested that the cutch of South India was made from areca nuts On the other hand, Blume who had a wider erperience denies (Rumphia II, 67) that an extract such as catechu is procured from the nuts Baden-Powell in "Punjab Products alludes to an extract called kossa made from areca, and it is said that a sticky extract used for varnishing wood is sometimes prepared in Bombay, but there 19 no definite information now existing regarding the manufacture There is no doubt that in former times much confusion existed with regard to the so-called extract of areca and among some the confusion still exists About a year ago a sample of cutch labelled Areca Catechu was sent from Madras to the Reporter on Economic Products for valestion, and from its appearance and composition, especially in 113 yield of catechin it possessed all the characters of catch from Burma From other descriptions of cusch sold in Madras, It appears that Burmese catch is now largely supplied in the shops A sample of extract of Areca Catechu in the Indian Muscum, designated as Pakku, was obtained from Triandrum, Travancore It has the dark brown appearance of ordinary cutch, affords 40 per cent of tennin, but no catechin and yields only 492 per cent of alcoholic cxtract It, therefore, differed in some respects from ordinary catch and its origin is being enquired into highly improbable that these nuts could be used for the purpose of making an extract, considenng the price of betelnuts in the market, and the demand that always exists for them in the raw and prepared state They are habitually eaten with ordinary forms of catch and gambier, and sometimes they are prepared by steeping them in a decoction of the catch and allowed to dry, bot at present FC know little about the relative composition of the numerous trade samples of arcca, and ihe whole subject is worthy of inrestigation (98) Burmese eutch in Madras Areca extract mada la Xadres It seems ·Co-port03 103 Trade Fors of todas Cate ( lle yur.) Trade Statistics A fex teferences to the product01 ) coa cf citha Farmbier mz!l bror coch 15" or the fire olihrir teica sc markets Gamber Lolds a son pns 20% ad uscipit nimic the credt o cich, while the 12: er is fillr; 1970 1:23 trade with fore on cortes. Indien tu'ch is mindlicared pinapal's in Ilarraga dabas: 97 per cers, of the cxports from B:1..sh Indisare il prom Raw Foo Danng the years from 1999 to 1872 the follow.my ancorume* exported to the United Kingdom:- 1962 1170 1571 7,237 $ 752 +335 5:49 ng In 1869-70, 19,73tons were csported from Bursa usted at 193,691 In 1872 the ralce of the cu'ch imporc Jinto the Vrucs Kingdom was estimated 2! 4124,453 Sualtıcı ol more recent times show that for the be year end ng 1995.95 the 210518c esports from Bril.sh India were 199,15961119 (7,522 tons), alced 20 R34,12,841 (4227.502 165) For the fire your ending 1994-c5 the everage annasl exports were redaced 10 8; 6) Wis. (4,139 tons), salaed at R1477,132 (298.475 9' ) The price per hundredweight 1 R1712 (61 38 8) lan year the Unued Kingdom took one-hall and France one-sixth of the exports, while Germany, the United States, tlolland, China ans Ceylon took smaller quantities The trade in gambier is much larger than that of cutch 1 his article has been exported from Singapore for several years in 1839 we find that over 5.000 tons were sent to England from this port In 1872 the imports into England reached 31,000 tons valued £451,737 Singapore exported in 1877 no less than 34,248 tons of gambier In 1876 the amount rose to 50,000 tons and in 1877 16 fell to 39 000 ions Recent statistics show that in 1993 32,033 tons of block and 2,823 tons of cube gambier were sold at Singapore In 1904, 12 246 tons of block and 2,563 tons of cube were sold and 19 1995, 29 921 tons of block and 3,445 tons of cube tons of gamabier from the Straits is imported annually into India, chiefly at Calcutta, at Ri7o8 61 36 4d) per cwt or R356 (473 147 84) per ton This arount is almost entirely consumed in the country. Indo Gentler. About 130 CON- CLUSIONS Conclusion: The foregoing notes deal with two products differing in bovini. cal and geographical origin, yet having in many scapecis similar properties They have long enjoyed a reputation in medicine and have rivalled one another in their claims for admission into the Pharmacopoeias of western nations, the pale catechu or gambier is, however, now taking the lead 28 the favourite drug ( 99 ) ·50 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 3 CON- CLUSIONS The reasons for this are not far to seek The khair tree (Acacia catechu) occupies reserved areas under the Forest Department 10 Iwo or three centres in Burma, Kumapp in Northern India, and perhaps Bombay, and the manufacture is restricted owing to the limited number of trees available for felliug On the other hand, gambier is obtained from a crop the cultivation of which can be Teadıly extended as the demand for the manufactured article increases, and the uniformity of composition and greater outtura of the product appeal favourably to purchasers Indian cutch, cspecially that of Burma has a standard of its own, and will continue to command a market on account of the high quality of the extract in tannin By & system of natural reproduction in the forests in localities indicated in the above notes and by careful attention to the manufacture, cutch of India should long remain a rival of the gambier of the Straits in dyeing and tanning industries and in medicine (100) GICPO-lo 719 REP-21-9-1906-> 500 -1.D ·All comunications regarding THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should De addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, Calcutta. The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of lodian Agricultural and Economic 9 Cations Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome, series In order to preserve a secessary relation to the various Department of Government, contnbutions will be classified and numbered under certain Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series, those on Forestry in the Forest Series Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series. Th s sheet and the title-page may be removed when the subject matter is bled in its proper place, accordsog to the letter zod aumber shows at the bottom of each page

·No text on this page.

·(Vegetable Sroduct Series, 90. 96.)
THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 4.
PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS
(GOA BEAN.)
GOA BEANS IN INDIA.
Byl. H BUAXILL, Officiating Reporter on Economic Products to the Government
of India
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTI"-
1906.

·Tlie objects of The AGRICULTURAL LEDGER are (1) To provide information connected with agriculture or with economic products in a form which will admit of its ready transfer to ledgers ; (2) To secure the maintenance of uniform ledgers (on the plan of the Dictionary) in all offices concerned in agricultural subjects throughout India, so that references to ledger entries made in any report or publication may be readily utilised in all offices where ledgers are kept, (3) To admit of the circulation, in convenient form, of information on any subject Connected with agriculture or economic products to officials or other persons interested therein (4) To secure a connection between all papers of interest published on subjects relating to economic products and the official Dictionary of Economic Products. With this object the information published in these Ledgers will uniformly be giảen under the name and number of the Dictionary article which they more especially amplify When the subject dealt with has not been taken up in the Dutionary, the position it very possibly would occupy w future issues of that work will be assigned to it. To facilitate the preparation of an index to THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER the following arrangements have beea made, conimenciog with 1900- All papers published will be paged, irrespecuve of subjects into an annual volume The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit ol a continuation of the classification into the various series hitherto observed, a further fol o will be shown at the bottom of the pages. This will be pre served throughout each series and be conunued for several years, unul in fact sufficient material in each series has been accumulated to constitute a fair sed solumen At the end of the year a printed index and utle-page will be issued for the annual volume, and after a period of, say, five years an index and title page will be issued for each series. It has been found that many persons subscribe for a certain senes only and do not care to receive the cthers. The new arrangemert, while permitting of the formation of an annual volume, will at the same time retan the serial classification

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 4.

·AGENTS IN BRITAIN Mr E Arnold, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, Mr Bernard Quarıtch, 15 Piccadilly Bond Street, London London Messrs Constable & Co, 16, James Street, Mr BH Blackwell, 50 & 51, Broad Street Oxford Tm. don ON THE CONTINENT. Messrs R Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Mir, Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte, N. W. Carlstrasse, II Paris Mr Otto Harrassowils, Leipzig Mr Martinus Nijhoff, Hague, Holland Mr Karl W Hiersemann, Leipzig Mr Rudolf Haupt, Halle A.S. Germany. IN INDIA Messrs Messrs Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta and Rai Sahib M Gulab Singh & Song, Simla. Newman & Co, Calcutta R. Cambray & Co, Calcutta SK Lahir & Co Calcutta way Thacker Co., Ld, Bombay V. Kalyanarama Aisar & Co, Madras Higginbotham & Co, Madras G A Natesan & Co, Madras S Murthy & Co, Madras dul 11100 Tress ANAJI w.lu Thompson & Co, Madras Sundur Pandurang Bombay Superintendent, Ainerican Baptist Mission Gopal Narayan & Co, Dombay Press, Rangoon. AN & J Ferguson, Ceylon 21- ·(Vegetable Stoðuct Series, Olo. 96.) THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906-NO 4. PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS (GOA BEAN) GOA BEANS IN INDIA By I H BURKILL, Officiating Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India spectes In the genus Psophocarpus, Agriculture or Horticulture finds THE GENOS PSOPHOtwo serviceable plants, the one is Psophocarpus palustris, a CARPUS plant widely cultivated in Africa and introduced into South America, Its useful the other is Psopliocarpus tetragonolobus, which is cultivated from Mauritius to New Guinea Possibly the whole genus is to be reduced to these two widely growo beans wh ch d ffer thus Flowers on short stalklets several-P. palustris Flowers on long stalklets fer larger-P tetragonolobus Both have been grown in Ind a but P. palustris is not gro yn now P. tetragonolobus was the first of the two to come to Furopean First report on P tetra knowledge Rumpf who lued in Amboyna from 1653 to 1702 drew gonglobus it and described it • This Phaseolus gives' he says (Herbaru Amboinensis liber 1x сар xxi Amsterdam 1750 tab cxxv 11 ) tuberous roots as well as ed ble beans Its flowers are the largest of all the Phaseol within pale blue w thout duncoloured they are few and only open before midday and do not produce much fruit The beans are quadrangular about a hand span long or sometimes a foot long hardly a finger breadth broad, with membranous frilled wings at the margins pale green at first-then smoke colour and hard \Vhen oid the pods have narrowed yngs quadrate and at maturity they open in the sun with much crackling The root bas the form of an oblong (101) ·52 The Agrice ltural Ledger, 1906, No. 4 ... Linnaeus DADO namo for China First records for India MSTORY OF turnip In Latin the plant is called Lobus quadrangularis, in Malay PSOPHO CARPUS and the Javan language Botor, ... In the language of Banda Culede, in that of Bali Caloncan Botor is denied from the Arabian Balr which means a lobe. The bean is produced in Amboyni ard elsewhere apparently, in Jaya and Bales 1, but is rarely cultivated Its tender green pods, before they harden into the beans, are cooked, cut into short segments, like other such beans The nipe beans can hardly be eaten as they are said to male the head heavy, The root is eaten boiled and for the purpose is dag before the bean ripeas, after which it is less pulp and dry Rumpfs plant, which is figured, is undoubtedly Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Linnaeus, when he came to range and catalogue all things known to have life, called it Dolichos tetragonolobus. Necher, who still had no more information than old Rumpf afforded, Original in 1790 changed the name to Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, accepted which name we now adopt Flrst record In 1790 Loureiro stated that it is grown in South China It 13 not aplikely that he meant the neighbourhood of Canton (Flora Cochinchinensis, P 437) In 1799 according to Roxburgh it was introduced into the then twelve years old Botanic Garden of Shibpur, Calcutta, and it continued to be grown there for the Superintendent's table for some time (orde Roxburgh's Horlus Bengalensis, 1914 P 55) Roxburgh did not Inow the native country of the bean, 1 circumstance which india'cs sarely that it had beep grown in India before his time Most likely Roxburgh obtained his seed in the first instance from local It can also be proved to have been in cultivation at Madras about the time; for Wallich who in 1828, disinbated herbarium specimens from the Calcutta Botanic Gardens collected by Buchanan-Hamilton (in charge 1814-15) and by limsell, also distributed specimens collected for from Madras In 1820 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus was in culination for ROURIOD. in the French island of Réanion (Breon, Catalogue des plantes culordes aux jardins bolanigut el de naturalisalon de Pile Bourbon, P51) Brcon did not know its origin, and this indicates that it hsd beca in Réanion before th- loandauon of an crperimental garden there Had Breon recenied it from the Calcutts gardens, with which an erchange had been established, it could have been acknowledged In 1826 Wallich found the plant to be caltivated (or sun wild) in Lower Barma In 1825 Sennge, who wrote the account of the pea family in DeCandolles Prodromas, described Rumpls plaat, and remarked that Do Tett Thouan had obtaired a similt, but smaller plant Frittatntion from stream sides in Madagascar This remark would seem to be of puus the first menuion of Psophocarpus palustris. ( 103 ) sources First rodard Found JA Baru ·Goa Beans ia Iodia (I 4 Burk:ll ) 53 tion from India them In 1826 Destaci, stimulated by the work of Seringe to publish his HISTORY OF PSOPHO observations on Leguminosz, descnbed Psophocarpus palustris CARPUS from dimp places in Senegal, West Africa (Annales des Sciences Second men Nalurelles, Series 1, 11, P 420) The same plant was again described by Guillemnia, Perottet and Richard in 1830 as Psophocarpus Third met palmettorum (Flore Senegambic Tentamen, p 222) from specimens which they had obtained climbing up palm stems Dear Cape Verde, West Afnca Mention has been made of Wallich's distribution in 1828 on Wallch had both species behalf of the East India Company of the large herbarium then formed Graham, the Professor of Botany at Glasgow, named Wallich's Leguminose and found both Psophocarpus tetragono lobus and Psophocarpus palustris among the specimens , but Graham ald not recognise he did not at first recognise either, and named the one Dolichos ovatus and the other Dolichos suffultus Dolichos ovatus was however, almost immediately recognised to be Psophocarpus tetragonolobus The first important work after this date is Roxburghs Flora Indlan references Indica, in which (1 1832 p 305) he contents himself by saying 1832-1839 • Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 13 reared in gardens for the table, where indigenous I cannot say We have an herbaceous variety from Pegu with esculent roots It is astonishing that he does not give any vernacular name for the plant as though he had not known one In 1834 Arnott and Wights Prodromus Flore Peninsula India Orientalis pas published They describe the plant which was evidently familiar (to Wight at least) from gardens at Madras, but without giving any other information In Grahams catalogue of the plants of Bombay published after his death at Khandala in 1839 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus is said to be cultivated in gardens and used lıke French beans' in the Bombay Presidency- a native of Mauritius It is impossible to find out if Graham had any evidence before him when he said that the plant had come from Mauntius He gives no vernacular na me In 1837 Blanco (Flora de Filipinas p 576) wrote that the In the Philip plant is grown round Manilla and eaten pines (837 The first Indian vernacular name recorded is Charakoni Sem the familiar Bengali name it was recorded in 1845 in Voigts Catalogue of the Plants cultvated at Serampore and Shiopur Voigt runs wide of the mark when he suggests South America as its original home In 1842 Hasskarl sludied these beans in Java His work Hasskarl's (Flora, XXV, Beiblaller, P 75) is a new landroark He found account of the form in Java that there were present both P tetragonolobus found in and P. palustris, and that the latter had 199 varieties Bot Psophocarpus palustris was not recogrized by him as ( 103 ) Jave. a ·54 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No HISTORY OF PSOPRO- CARPUS Пету name in JAVA descrbed plant and consequently got the of Psophocarpus longepedunculatus It, he records, tas Forms found called by the natives "Djaat monjet" (monkey djaat); while the two varieties of P. tetragonolobus were called respeclively " Djaat' and "Djaat Putoi (Parkta like Djaat, because its pods were thought to be lihe those of the Parkia tree) Djaat is the long podded Psophocarpus tetragonolobus : Djaat Putor is narrow vinged hence Hassh orl s name of rar micropterus le brought all into cultivation in the Buitenzorg gardens (orde his Tweede Catalogus der in slants Plantentuin te Burlenzorg geturelle gewassen, Batavia 1844, P 281) Hasskarl wrote of the variability in colour of the seeds in his Planle jatanica Raroires, 1848, P 388 Miquel saccount in 1855 (Flora ran Nederlandsch Indie, 1, p 181) is only a putting together of Rumpis and Hasskarl s accounts The name Djaat Putoi appears in Teijsmann and Binnendijk's Catalogue of the plants grown at Buitenzorg (Calalogus plantarum quae in Horlo Bolanico Bogoriensa coluntur Batav1, 1866, p 363) as Djaāt peteur , and of both Djaat and djaat peteu, we have three races named which der in the colour of the secds Djart poelie-hite seeds Djaat setam-black seeds Djaat koenieng-yellow seeds Djaat petcui poetie-hite seeds Djaat peteui ietan—black seeds Djaat peleui hoenieng--yellow seeds That most unfortunate plant Psophocarpus palustris, already amor of P. with four names, obtained a fifth in 1858-P Mabala—from the raluutris. African traveller Weluitsch (Apontamientos sobre a Flora de Angola, p 589) and later it swems again to have obtained another in Psophocarpus comorensis (Pierre in Bulletin de la Socrdid Inndinne de Paris, i, 1883 p 380, and in Grandidier, Ilustoire physique, nalurelle et politique de Madagascar, 11, 1886, plate 34). We can now dismiss it with a few further remarks It has been found to be cultivated rery widely in Tropical Africa Welwitsch found it Finat generalis calisated in Angola at a mle distance from the coast, its remarks rokardin P seeds caten ſnied in oil under the name of "Mabala' (Ilern, Calalogue of the African Plants collected by Flufsch, I, 1896, p. 26). Speke and Grant found H in Mozambique, Sir John Kirk found it on the Zambesi, others have found it In Calabar, at Nupe, and on the Congo (ride Daker in Oler: Floral Trep Africa, 11, 1871. P 203) Baron saja (Jeuen Luan Sos Bol xxx, 1889. P361) ibat it is common in bein East and fest Madagascar Bertham in Alorfus, Flora Granhensi, ry, pt i, 1859-67, p 197. plate 5) shows that the plant has bern taken to Soalh America wliere • has long been cstablished near the port of Bah! Ito (104 Farther eon- Tauton in palusinta ·Gox Btans is lodis (1 H Burkill) 53 DISTRIBU. TION OF P TETRAGONO- LOBUS, (Tenlamea Flora Iulchuinsis) says that it is cultuated in the Luchu Islands Possibly it is a nine of Madagascar carned thence testtards through Ainca and to South America and eastwards to Malaya, but the erzdence is slender as far as it goes at present, and the less said the better We have seen that it ras once tried in Calcutta, but did not persist Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, the plant that we are more nearly concerned with, is not to be found on the continent of Alnica We have seen that before 1850 it had been noted to be in Réanion, India with Burma, Java and the neighbouring Islands of Balt and Banda also in the Philippines and Ambosna Since 1850 It has been shown to occur in Mauritius, towards the western end of its distribution (Baler, Flora of the Mauritius, 1877, p 79), and in New Guinea at the eastern (K Schumann Flora von Kaiser Wilhelms Land, p 99, Schumann und Lauterbach, Flora Deutsch Schürzgeberl, 1901, P 372, Warburg, Pflansenkleid und Nutzpflanzen Neu Guinear, 1899 P 65) Safford records it from Guam 1 200 miles east of the Philippines, and peopled by & stock of Philippine origin (Useful plants of Guam in Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, ix, 1905, P 281 ) Usteri (Beobachtungen aber tropische Märkte, 1905, P 419) says that the bean is found in the markets of Java In 1862 Sir George Birdwood (Calalogue of the Economic Pro ducts of Bombay, p 123) mentioned the plant as a Bombay product, fixing wrongly its home'as Sicily upon an incorrect identification He gives the Bombay names as Chandaree, and Charputtee, and the Cinghalese name as Dara Dambala Lisboa in volume xxy of the Bombay Gazetteer, names the plant as Chowdan or Chevaux de frize of the French, describes it, and says loosely that "it is cultivated through Bombay and India' As Psophocarpus tetragonoiobus lites a considerable quantity of moisture it is most abundant in the damper parts of India From the Panjáb it is almost absent, if not quite so. In the United Provinces it can only be got to ripen seed with some difficulty The late Mr William Gollan informed me that at Saharanpur it would make good growth during the rains, but would hardly bear more than a pod or two, and that it was lost to his garden some 15 years ago by not seeding In the Central Provinces and Berat it is a little more at home, and can be found, but very rarely, in the village gardens. Su George Watt collected it at Anjangaon in Berar in December 1894 and noted that it was only grown in a few villages A little later Mr F, G Sly, Commissioner of Settlements, Central Provinces who had it cultivated in the Government Garden, Nagpur, distributed it to the villages near ( 105 ) WHERE GROWN IN INDIA United Provinces Deccan Plateau ·56 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 4 PSOPIO- CARPUS WHERE GROWN IN INDIA Bombay Bengal Madras Nagpar, and in 1993 its cultivation had extended beyond the district of Nagpur In other parts of the Deccan plateau it is grown freely, as 1t Poona «here large quantities come into the market and where with imgation it is made to produce pods in the height of the hot weather (ride Woodrow, Gardening in India, ed. 3, 1899, p 267) In Mysore according to information kindly supplied by Mr J Cameron, it is largely cultivated Under the Western Ghats the plant is abundant. Mr RP. Achta, formerly Deputy Director of Agriculture, Poona, Inlormed me that it is not uncommon in Gujarat It is common in the Bombay market being grown near Bombay It is also common around Ratni. giri, and common near Goa On the Eastern side of India, occurs not very frequently in Bengal, bat commonly enough near Calcutta to be a well known vegetable The secds are regularly sold by some of the native seeds men of the city and every now and then pods are offered for sale in the New Market. Il grown at all in the valleys of Assam, the fact 13 anknown to me It is grown at Chittagong (see Prain, Bengal Plants, 1903, p 391) I have not seen it under the Eastern Ghats, nor obtained any information regarding it from districts north of Madras About Madras it is cultivated. On the east coast of the Bay of Bengal it is to be found throughout Arakan It is culuvated almost everywhere in Burma and very widely in the Shan States which supply the seed to Central Burma Only in Burma it 13 a field crop elsewhere it is always a garden crop The districts of Burma* in which the plmt 13 most largely cultivated arc -Kyauksè, Mandalay, Aleikula Yamèthin, Prome and llenza da There is & very little of it in the Mong mit Shin State which administered division of the Ruby Mines District and a little in the Upper Chindwin Division and a little in Katha In Hanthawaddy there is a little In Tharrawaddy it is almost absent Chinamen cultivate it on a small scale close to Rangoon It is cultivated in tiny garden patches in Bassein In Pegu it is found in gardens only In Thaion, it is more extensirely grown by Karenis on the banks of the Salween It is found in every village of the Hsipay State (Northern Shan States) and on a fairly considerable scale in Hsumhsa: Sub Slate Int north and south Hsenyi it is fairly plentiful It 19 grown in the large hengtung State The sources of the seed supply in the Shin States are chiefs the villages of Kyauk Khwet and hy het na the bor the turma Land • The credit of getting together almost !! Lelongs to Me A Gaitskell ICS, formerly Agriculture Burma ( 106 ·PSOPKO- Den ng Chesty name is Mou oukouyarccody which yr CA Barber assures se mnost Test is Mor su aya d m sunderstood or eise isrukku ara a mean ng sped Gos Beans La locha (1 H Burkill ) 57 lelistic of Kraakıl and Aseris, alco Maşmyo mbich is in the 1920shird strict tho sh on the Shan p'sicau Vetron jost cast TETRACÓ NO- LOBUS ITS of Vareso srd Eltilha 15 tathe 113 Cute (selaed steel Southern KARES. Shin Clies) Vanr of the Times appr*d to Psophocarpus have an obriots I greth-n below as far as it is in my power In Maart -5 and Réunion Pos Carré or Squirc pra In Indu. Amers the Englsh Goa bean Amor: the Portuguese at Goz Fara de Carillo or llorsc Bean Bombas Chandari (lopt minged) Charsottee (four leues) Gherda (meaning bean at times meaning Dolichos Lablab only) Ben1 Chara koni sem (four cornered bean) Lakar «cm (suck besn) Madras Moris3 syaras (Var ! u Bean). Cerion Dira dimbala (four minged bean) Borma Pe siung 3 (bcani ke Arerrhoa Carambola) Pe myit (bean rool) is the root haren Hills har Bemra (Burmese bcan) Stan h ils lito pong (11 the long bean pong may mein happy) the root po ng lol to pong In the Strais Cettlements hachang Botol or haching Botos (hachang means a bean but Botol or Botor is not Eati factonly crp'a ned The theory tl at Ridley quotes in Journ Royal As atic Soc Straits Branc! XIX 1897 P114 lat i comes from bot is untenabe Rumpfs speculat on that it comes from !! c Arab c Bair seems far In Java Botor haching and Djat In Bali Calonc39 In Bank: Cul bet In Amboyna Bofor Camaluson In the P i Pp nes and Guam Calamismnis Pallam or Palling The eudence of language is aga est the bean beng nauve any where will n the Indian Impire For none of the names g ven to t except IIto pong (Stan) lave any impress of age they are all Achard in his 1500 Plantes d'ince 1905 P 366 says that the Pondi The be due to some m sconcept on The terminal on cody means climber fetci ed) Sequ d llas No Indian names aro old (107) ·58 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 4 ORIGIN OF oncorrupted expressions of the modern language in which they are POPHO- CARPUS used That it should be found wild in Burma proves nothing; for TETRAGONO- LOBUS when wild it is certainly an escape from cultivation If it be agreed that the plant is not Indian, then how did it reach India? Possibly by to ways (1) through Goz from Mauritius or more likely from Rodrguez, the island near Mauritius of which the Portuguese made much use, and (2) almost certainly from the Alalay Islands by the Malay Peninsula just as Manioc did (sce the Agricultural Ledger No 10 of 1904 P 124) Economic products establish themselves in new countries more easily than their names Certalnly not the Goa bean lost its Malayan names on reaching Burma and became the pea like a Carambola and the pea with a tuberous root, names which, however, it took with it to Arakan, where the long cultivated plants do not generally pass by common Burmese names The Karens call it simply Burmese bean Only the Shảns apply to it a name hard to explain Now the Sháns say that it came from Burma and the Burmese sometimes say that it came from the Sháns; but it is per fectly certain that neither the one nor the other know whence it came to their country Possibly its field cultivation is more recent than its introduction into the country One may freely speculate as to whether Psophocarpus reached Mauritius or Rodriguez from Malaya, or Malaya from Mauritius or Rodriguez There is only one point known to me that is useful for evidence, and that point is in the very probable African or Mascarede origin of Psophocarpus palustris For of Psophocarpus palustris took its origin in Africa or the Mascarene islands or Madagascar, then probably the very similar P. tetragonolobus had an origin in the same part of the world DESCRIPTION Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 19 an annual, of 8–9 months OF PLANT duration, after fruiting it dies The tuberous root swells up very carly; and when fruits are ripe it is already stringy and insipid The common plant in India has yellow-brown seeds In Burma together v th yellow brown seeded plants, are white seeded plants White seeded plants extend to Arakan but do not reach Bengal. I have also obtained white seeded plants from Hsipaw in the Shán States Very dark brown seeds have been seen from Nagpur. The Burmese distinguish two races, long podded and short podded There is no great difference between them The long podded in Burma is generally 6—8 inches long (Rumpf says that in Amboyna it may be a foot long), and the short podded in 4-5 inches long Short podded specimens have been seen by me from Prome, in the Pegu bazaar und near the Sittang river at Minywa Cultivation CULTIVA In the Shan States the seeds are planted in the beginning of June or when the rains begin, three inches deep in village gardens Rich (108) Can It be Mascarene? TION ·Gos Beans in India. (1 !! Burkill) 59 CARPUS LOBUS wet soil is chosen, or if the soil is not very rich plentiful walenng is COLTIVATION resorted to. In some of the Southern Shan Stales such as Kentung, TETRAGONOone finds two or three plants in the corner of a garden here and there. But in puts of the Northern Shin Slates the plants are much Shan States more plentfully sown There they are to be seen in Taung sas or forest clearings, generally where bonfires have been made round the dying trunk of a tree too large to have been cut out, 14, where the buming of rubbish, branch wood, etc, has manured the soil If the plant be sown in a garden, ndging 13 often resorted to The seedling is left to take care of itself as soon as established, having been provided with something up which to climb It grows to 10-12 feet high Sometimes the Shins dig the root up and eat at, but more generally they leave it to produce beans which are gathered young except those intended to set seed The crop is gathered in December and January The tuber is said to be much larger than is produced in Burma The cultivator sales his own seed, but in the Hsum hsa: Sub State, which is west of Hsipaw, the Shans prodace seed for sale to Burma, and so also is done in the near parts of the Maymyo sub division of the Mandalay district This seed produced is carried down to the plains and grown in the Central parts of Burma, and it sells in Kyauksè at R7-8 and sometimes Rio (10s and 138 4d ) per basket (if bushel) or double the price of local seed Through the Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Burma 1 have recented the follow ang interebling information got together by Mig Shwe Zan Aung, Superintendent of Land Records, Kyaukse Kyaukso "While much of the quality depends upon the care bestowed on Cautes or the selection of seeds the difference belween plants grown from Shán seed and locally saved seed may still further be ascribed to the fact that in spite of the more abundant rainfall in the Shán States the hilly country is not exactly waterlogged as the plains are, for it will be noticed later on that the excess of moisture in the ground matenally affects the yield “This is the reason why the fields slightly higher than the rest in a hold ng have been selected with better results than the low grounds "Goa beans thrive very well on clayey soils or non myenu, but the tubers are too big to be prized by the people Sandy loam or sane. mye is said to be best suited for the cultivation The crop has algo been known to grow on clayey loam or phutchai mye, About the months of May or June (re Kason or Nayon) water Ploughing 15 let onto the selected fields from the irrigation channels and the land is lengthwise, crosswise and diagonally ploughed "In July or August (Waso or Wagaung) as the casc may be, the itarrowing land is harrowed and hoed into furrows between which ridges or "baungs' 2 feet broad and I foot high are prepared with a spade, 11 feet apart in order not only to admit air and water freely and to drain off water elecuvely (109) variation bolts and hoelng ·бо The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 4 CULTIVATION OF PSOPHO CARPUS TETRAGONO LOBUS Sowlog Irrigation Weeding " Then the seeds are buried in small holes, about 3 by 6 inches apart, specially prepared for the purpose on the ridges “Two baskets of seeds go to an acre If the local seeds popularly styled. Pegale' (little bean) in contradistinction to Pegyi' (large bean) the parent seed be used, the operations are generally a month later "Immediately after sowing the field is flooded from the Irgation channels, but the water is withdrawn at once "The land is again subjected to alternate flood and drainage until the harvest It is done at least three times every two months or according to the amount of the rain fall Great care should be taken not to allow the water to remain long on the fields except when the plants have flowered or fruited, for as slated elsewhere, the ercess of moisture tends to reduce the number of tubers "Weeds are penodically removedsay twice or thrice during the season as the case requires-chiefly by women who are paid at a annas each with free meals provided by the cultivator for the day The superfluous growth among the creepers has to be plucked out by hand Thus the work of weeding is a tedious process and is expensive Stakes are not used, the plants are left to lie along the ground From January to March, :e, (Pyatho to Tabaung) when the land is fairly dry the tubers are dug up by men and gathered by women Each labourer is paid either by the contract, or by daily wages when the out-turn is bad The contract is i anna per 10 viss of tubers collected The daily rate is Ro-6 o (64) for each man and R0-40 (40) for each woman . In either case in addition to these rates a bag or a load of tubers 13 appropriated by cach labourer as his lawful wages The digging operation serves a double purpose, ist, for the harvest, zndly, as a preliminary loosening of the ground for the following crop, vif , sugarca in the Singaing township and early sesamum elsewhere * Farm yard manure is known to have been used with advantage Cart loads of cow dung are scattered in small heaps and distributed by water at the time of ploughing "No insect pests are said to have injured the crop But if not preceded by a crop especially paddy, se, if grown on fallow land or virgin soil, the tubers become covered with excrescences Although not exactly & disease, it is a failure from the popular point of view "The average cost per acre of the cultivation may be tabulated as follows - Manuring Diseases or the crop Average cost. Ra Ploughing Harrowing Preparing ridges Weed ng (twice) Cost of seed Sowing Harvesting 2 0 0 I 0 0 2 8 0 8 12 0 14 00 3 00 9 60 (2$ 8d) (1840) (35 40 ) (115 81) (18s 8d) (125 60.) 40 to O TOTAL ( 110 ) ·61 Gor Bezos is lesz. (1 11. Burhıll) Yaluo cano Seed add 10 this RS (105. 81) or R7 (9: +), the Government Revenuc, CULTICATION The aboic CARPLS including the water tale as the land is state or non-state TETRACOVO LOBV is a consolidated revenue of which RB-4 (11 81) in the case of state lands and R0-14 (15 :d) in that of non state lands have been fixed as land reats The total ouilay therefore amounts to R48-10-0 Or R47 10 (645 ind of 636 61). "The aserage yield per acre 13 1,505 YISS (48 ct 99 163 ) of tubers ArePARO ootturn and valued at R67-8 (901) at the wholesale pnce of R45 (6or) per 1,000 s (33 cm, 66 Ib ) and the net profit amounts to R19-4 or R18-4 (258 81 or 241 4+ ) per acre "As with other crops, so with this there are 'middlc men popularly called " Ye who sell the tubers to 'Letka' at the retail price of R65 (865 8d) per 1,000 VISS (32 CWt. 66 lb) "The margin left to the bond fide cultivators after trouble and lis rotation to nuk expenses would by itself not be encouraging, but the cultivators in Singaing township generally grow a bumper crop of sugar-cane in the year after Goa beans It 18 said that the cane crop, if preceded by Go1 beans, Fields half as much again as usual "If any plants are left to seed the souris pods may be picked and Pods and used as a segetable No use is made of the ripe seed unless it be that now and then in the Ve Yaman tract, some mischievous person saves it and sends it up to the Shin hills for the purpose of adulteraling good Shán seed, or it is locally sown for two generations yielding a less and less valuable crop each time "As far as can be ascertained there is no record of its introduction into the province Some time after the receipt of the above seport Mr H B Powell, who had succeeded Ng Shwe Zan Aung as Superintendent of Land Records, Kyaulsé, supplied information that the area under the crop had undergone a slight decrease owing to want of water for irrigation, several irrigation works being under repair- 1893 975 acres 1899 737 1900 807 As he anticipated the acreage rose again and was 2172 in 1901-03, though less again since Mr T C Wilson, Settlement Commissioner and Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Burma las kindly supplied to me the figures which may be found on p 63 The districts that adjoin Kyauksè are Mandalay Sagaing, Myingyan and Meiktila In Mandalay the cultivation is apparently of more recent origin than in Kyauksè The method and the cost is the same as in Mandalay Kyauksè The market for local produce as well as very much produced in Kyauksè 19 in Mandalay, where 100 viss (365 lbs ) sell for RIO (131 4d) in December and less sums down to R5 (65 82 ) in (111) . Acroago ·02 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 4 LOBUS Pe myit 18 CULTIVATION January, the immature pods sell in Mandalay at about Rs (65 84 ) OF PSOPHO CARPUS per 100 v153 (365 lbs) Seed in Mandalay sells at R5 (6s 82) per TETRAGONO basket, and a basket of seed gives at the most 700 VISS (22 cwt gr lb) of roots or 1 400 VISS (45 cwt 70 lb) per acre not grown in the district of Sagaing and Myingyan Melktila In Merkuila there is not much cultivated what little there 19 13 in the Njaungyan circle The outturn is about 600 viss (19 cwt 62 Ib ) per acre Yamethin South of Meiktila is the district of Yamethin where a small acreage has been grown on the border of a large swamp in the vicinity of Pyinmana since 1878 The seed is sown 2 inches apart on ridges 8-10 inches high and 13 inches apart, at the end of June or beginning of July, and the tubers are in the market in January and February Cost The cost of cultivation for an acre 19 as follows Half basket of seed at Rio (13$ 4d ) per basket Mak ng ridges Weeding Dgging up of tubers Yearly interest on a yoke of plough cattle SO o (6s 8d) 90 o (125) 14 o (15 8d) 16 0 0 (215 40 ) II2 o (25 40) TOTAL 33 oo (445) Yield Prome and Dolgb bour tog districts. The yield per acre varies from 800 to 1,200 viss (26 cwt 8 lb to 39 cwt 12 lb ) of tubers It is cultivated chiefly for its tubers Pods or beans are not allowed to go to seed but are plucked when tender and sold as a vegetable the value of tender beans per acre is about R7 (9$ 4d) Not being cultivated for its seed, it is not trained on sticks Plants grow to a height of one foot and are allowed to creep or overhang the raised ridges on which they are grown The price of the tubers is R6 (8s ) per 100 viss (365 lb) The area under Goa bean cultivation in the district is insignificant In the districts of Prome Henzada Hanthawaddy and Tharra waddy we have rather & different cultivation, for here the land periodically flooded by the river Irrawaddy is used and we have also a little garden cultivation on soils not so sandy as the river souls The tuber grows larger in the sandy than in the clay soils but has not such a good flavour The seed is sown on manured ground and is given bamboos to climb up The crop is said to be dug in Henza da in November and December Culuvation is estimated to cost R40 (538 4d) per acre and the yield to be 1,200 VISS (39 CW 12 lb) The tubers sell at about R12 8 (165 8d) per 100 viss (365 lb) We find coltivation very similar to this to the Thaton (112) Thatod ·Goz Beans in India (1 11 Burkail) 63 distnct, where the banks of the Salicen arc uscd, and traders dispose CULTIVATION OF PSOPHUof the produce in Moolmein The seed is there sown in small CARPUS furtong 8 inches ride and 2 inches deep It seems that in Thaton TETRAGONO LOBUS certain islands in the Salmeen are allowed to prodace sced for the local стор- Northern Burm In the north of Burma for Pe-myit we find garden cultisation and a little Tauns ya culuration as in the Shan hills, also a very little about Katha on islands in the mer Irrawaddy La the Upper Chindrin district it is, for instance, always given sticks for support In Aksab it is grown a litile on Taung jas or hill cleanings The same is apparently the case east of Chittagong Extent of culltanon in Burma in acres $ Arakan Mandalay Meikt la Kyaukse (Yamcthin Ti aton 1897-98 1898 99 1699-00 1900-01 1901-02 1902 03 1903-04 1904 OS 1905-06 20 20 20 1111! 975 737 Suz 1 243 2 122 998 720 26 44 60 150 38 23 75 71 20 42 130 170 133 130 140 253 297 291 803 819 I have grown Bongal Poona USES About Calcutta it is only to be found in gardens at myself for several years sowing the seed early in the runs, and getting a crop of young beans in November and December Over the rest of India it is grown in the same way, but Woodrow recommends sowing it on irrigated ground about Poona at the end of the rains in order to get a crop of young beans in the height of the hot weather when vegetables are scarce (Woodrow Gardening in India 3rd Edn, 1899 p 267 ) The root 19 eaten by Burmese between meal times as a delicacy, and there is an established standard size for it which seils according to season at i anna to 7% anna (id to Yd) The trade in the roots is a large one and they are sent in considerable quantities more than 200 miles by rail or river hyaukse supplies Bhamo on the north with large quant lies through Mandalay and Pegu (almost certainly also Rangoon) on the south The root 19 eaten without cooking and is slightly sweet firm like an apple and by no means unpleasant The unripe beans are mostly eaten locally and are not a large article of trade They are inferior to French beans in flavour, but stand near them I have myself caten them many times ( 113 ) ·64 The Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 4. PSOPHO- CARPUS TETRAGONO LOBUS Analysis of root Dned roots from Kyauks were found to have the following constituents (Hooper in Report of the Indian Museum, Industrial Sections for 1901 02, page 30) Water. 905 O.1 98 Albuminoids 2162 Carbohydrates (Starch and some sugar) 56 07 Fibre 538 Ash 390 TOTAL • 100 00 Analysis or seed The seed, not eaten in India, has the following composition (Hooper in Report of the Indian Museum, Industrial Schon for 1902-03, page 26) Water 9 50 DI 1546 Albuminoids 37 43 Carbohydrates 28 38 Fibre 498 4 25 Ash TOTAL 1OO OQ 3) Containing Phosphoric acid . 135 Nitrogen 599 They are however eaten in Java, roasted in an iron pot until the shell cracks off In Kentung the root is said to be used as material for making a poultice for the head and neck in cases of vertigo Two fungus pests have been found on it in Java, the one Woroninella Psophocarpi described by Raciborski in Zeitschrift für Krankheiten, 1898, P 98, the other an Uromyces described by Sydow in 1903 PESTS. ( 114 ) GIC.O-No 1157 REP-30 11.06.2,500-P N.M ·All communications regarding The AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Re rter oa Economic Products to the Government of India, Calcutta The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of Indian Agricultural and Economic questions. Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome la order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contributions will be classified and numbered under certain series. Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series , those on Forestry in the Forest Series. Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom la a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series.

·No text on this page.

·(Vegetable Sroduct Series, No. 97.)
THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 5.
COCHLOSPERMUM GOSSYPIUM.
(SEEDS & OIL)
(DICTIONARIOF ECONOMIC PRODUCTS, l'ol. II., C. 1512-1519
A short Account of the seeds and oil of Cochlospermum Gossypium, by
BABU SURENDRA NATH DEY, B A., Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory
of the Indian Museum, Industrial Section,
CALCUTTA
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906.
Price 1 anna or Il.

·The objects of The AGRICULTURAL LEDGER are (1) To provide information connected with agriculture or with economic products in a form which will admit of its ready transfer to ledgers, (a) To secure the maintenance of uniform ledgers (on the plan of the Dictionary) in all offices concerned in agricultural subjects throughout India, so that references to ledger entries made in any report or publication may be readily utilised in all offices where ledgers are kept, (3) To admit of the circulation, in convenient form, of information on any subject connected with agriculture or economic products to officials or other persons interested therein, 4) To secure a connection between all papers of interest published on subjects relating to economic products and the official Dictionary of Economic Products With this object the information published in these Ledgers will uniformly be given under the name and number of the Dictionary article which they more especially amplify When the subject dealt with has not been taken up in the Dictionary, the position it very possibly would occupy in future issues of that work will be assigned to it To facilitate the preparation of an index to THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER, the following arrangements have been made, commencing with 1900 All papers published will be paged, errespective of subjects, into an annual volume. The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit of a continuation of the classification into the various series hitherto observed, a further folio will be shown at the bottom of the pages This will be preserved throughout cach series and be continued for several years, unul in fact sufficient material in each series has been accumulated to constitute a fair sized volume At the end of the year a printed index and title page will be issued for the annual volume, and after a period of, say, five years an index and title page will be issued for each series It has been found that many persons subscribe for a certain series only and do not care to receive the others The new arrangement, while permitting of the formation of an annual volume, Will at the same time retain the serial classification

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 5.

·No text on this page.

·(Vegetable Sroduct Series, No. 97.) THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906-No. 5. COCHLOSPERMUM GOSSYPIUM. (SEEDS & OIL) (Dictionary of Economic Products, Vol II, C. 1512-1519 ] A short Account of the seeds and oil nf Cochlospermum Gossypium, by BABU SURENDRA NATH DEY, BA, Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory of the Indian Museum, Industrial Section There are several trees in India which have again and again been COCHLOS PERMUM suggested as sources of silk-cotion or "kapoh' cotton, now exported GOSSYPIUM. from Java in considerable quantities chiefly for upholstery purposes In Java the tree yielding this material is Eriodendron anfractuosumma tree which is planted more for ornament than for use in Burma and on the West coast of India, but in India has never been Yields Kapok exploited as a source of kapok cotton On the other hand, considerable effort has at various times been employed to introduce two other similar Lapohs' to the trade one obtained from Bombax malabaricum, a common tree throughout the country and the other from Cochlospermum Gossypium, which occurs commonly in the drier parts of North India This tree, according 10 Gamble, is characteristic of the hottest, driest, stoniest slopes, and it would obviously be of great value if its productions in the shape of silk cotton or of seeds or of both could be turned to account The Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India has lately issued, as Commercial Circular No 2 of 1905, a report made by Professor Wyndham R Dunstan on the relative value of the flos or silk cotton produced by this tree in the present report it is proposed merely to give an account of the seeds and the oil produced from them Up to the present, even in the districts where the tree occurs, Use of the little use has been made of the seeds They have been used for food in Celebes (Pharmacographia Indica, p 151) where they are roasted before being eaten. In India, however, no record seems to ( 115 ) seeds as food ·66 Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 5. COCHLOS- PERUM GOSSY PIUM Analysis of seeds. exist of their ever having been so emplosed There seems, however, no reason why in cases of necessiti they should not be used in this way. The seeds themselves are kidney shaped or cochleate with a hard shell, about to it inch long about 400 going to one ounce They have a pleasant ssseetish somewhat almond-like flavour when tasted, followed by a slight bitterness which can hardly be called objection- On analysis they gave the following figures - Per cent Moisture 925 Ou 14 25 • Albuminoids 20 94 Carbohydrates 35 78 Crude Fibre 14 63 Ash 515 able . . 100 00 • Containing Nitrogen. + Containing Phosphonic Acid Per cent 335 096 . . The seeds contained no alkaloids, and were free from tannın Very small traces of starch were found A non reducing sugar of the saccharose type was present in some quantity, and a considerable quanuty of dextrins No evil effect followed the eating of a fair number of the seeds As a further test, a quantity of the pressed oil cake was given to a calf and a goat Neither of them ate it with relish, but both did so after a short time This was followed by no evil result in either case It may be taken, therefore that the seeds of Cochlospermum Gossypium form a fairly nutritious food, and in case of necessity would be quite adapted for this purpose both for animal and man The analysis of the cake is given below Per cent 990 # Albuminoids 21 5o 810 Carbohydrates Fibre 15 17 + Ash 545 Analysis of oll cake Mo sture Oil 39 88 100 00 + Containios Phosphoric acid : Pa ceat 3 44 098 It will thus be seen that the oil-cake is fairly rich in nitrogen and phosphoric acid and there seems to be no reason why it should not be used either as a manure or cattle food Up to the present very little notice seems to have been taken of the oil yielded by the seeds regarding its nature and use « The (116) ·The seeds and oil of Cochlospermom Gossyp um (S N Dey) 67 tho oi! COCHLOS Reid A Campbell of Chota Nagpur descnbes a bright red PERMUM oil which by hot erpression he extracted in abundance from the GOSSYPIUM seeds He adds although this property of the seeds is well known to the Santals they never extract the oil Cook in his Orls and Oil. seeds alludes to this circumstance, but remarks that beyond the fact Nature of of the seeds affording an oil, nothing further is known' ('att Dict Econ Prod C 1516) Mr J S Gamble is content to remark in his Manual of Indian Timbers (edition 1902) that the seeds give an oil which is little used' He gives no further information nor 18 there aor information available as to the oil ever being used as an edible oil The oil, which was present in our simples of seed to the extent of 14 to 15 per cent was expressed with a screw press and filtered before examinat on The filtered oil was rather thick, of brown colour, the colour getting lighter after several days exposure to the diffused day light ult mately assuming a sellow colour, while the oil got quite bleached in 24 hours when exposed in thin layers But at may be mention-d here that the oil when extracted with ether was almost co ourless, having a slight yellowish linge It had a pecu. liar smell and taste of its own was a liquid at the ordinary tempera ture solidifying at 1°C and having 922 for its specific gravity at On analysis it gave the following results 15°C Acid value Saponi ficat on value. Hehner value (Insoluble lod ne value fatty acids ) Rechert Me ssd value 1424 Mgrms 186 29 Mgrms KHO KHO 95 19% 93 97% 19 cc с кно Not a quick drylas oll Maumené test or the rise of temperature of 50 grammes of the oil with 10 ° C of pure concentrated sulphuric acid was observed to be 54°5C On the addition of sulphuric acid the oil turned blue black first and black afterwards the melting pont of the fatty acids was 35 5C I he iodine value and the Maumené test suggested that the oil might occupy an intermediate position between a sem: drying oil and a non drying oil, since a drying oil is characterised by its greater absorption of oxygen and rodine and by its higher rise of temperature on mixing with strong sulphuric acid than a non drying oil To test jis drying property a clean glass plate was coated with it on one part and with fresh raw linseed oil on another part and was exposed at the temperature of the Laboratory At the expiration of 98 hours the linseed oil got quite dry wh le the other only became sticky zinc pastes of the tio oils were compared and similarly those ( 117 ) ·68 Agricultural Ledger, 1906, No 5. ÇOCALOS- PERMUM GOSSYPIUM. OIL the lead paste of lead pastes Five grammes of oxide of zinc and 2 cc of the oil composed the zinc paste and 5 grammes of white lead and i cc of the ol A glass plate was coated with the two zinc pastes and similarly another with the two lead pastes They were then exposed in the Laboratory Ia 22 hours the zinc paste of the linseed oil dned completely and that of the other oil became very sticky In 72 hoors the latter was tacky and got very tacky in 96 hours, re, on the 5th day and remained so till in 146 hours, 1 e., on the 7th day it got almost dry and continued to remain in this conditior even for a month. The white lead paste of the linseed oil dred completely in 26 hours, 16. on the 2nd day, whereas the lead paste of the other oil became only tacky on the 8th day and never got dry even after a month. Its power of absorbing oxygen was also compared with that of fresh raw linseed oil by heating equal quantities of each for 6 hours daily up to the temperature of the steam oven One hundred parts of the linseed oil thickened in the first 24 hours and increased to 1027, the next day a skin began to forin over its surface, the weight was 104 52 and remained constant until the 5th day when the oil had been converted into a firm jelly While, on the other hand, 100 parts of C Gossypium oil did not show any increase in weight even after & week when it simply thickened From these above facts it was proved that the C. Gossypium oil was not a drying oil possessing drying qualities to a very limited extent, as was proved by the experiment of zinc oxide paste Samples of this oil were shown at the late Colonial and Indian Exhibition and these are now deposited in the Kew Museum According to Sir George Watt, this oil can be produced cheap and in large quantities, and it may be hoped that at some future time it may be uulised if not for any other technical purpose than for the manufacture of soat ( 118 ) GICP 0,-10 1236 R EP,-27 10-1900-7500N D.

·All communications regarding THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of lodia, Calcutta. The objects of this publication (23 already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of lodian Agricultural and Economic questions Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome. In order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contributions will be classified and numbered under certain series. Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series, those on Forestry in the Forest Series Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom. In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series.

·No text on this page.

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 6.
BEADS.
[ DICTIONARY or ECOXOUIC PRODUCTS, Vol. I., B. 372-387.)
Materials used in making Bead Chains and Rosaries in India By E F. VIEUX,
Assistant Curator, Indian Museum, Industrial Section
CALCUTTA
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING,
1906.
Price 2 annas or 2.

·The objects of THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER are (1) To provide information connected with agnculture or with coonomic pi in a form which will admit of its ready transfer to ledgers (a. To secure the maintenance of unform ledgers (on the plan of the Dicti in all offices concerned in agricultural subjects throughout }ndie, : references to ledger entries made in any report or publication may be i utilised in all offices where ledgers are hept. (3) To admit of the circulation, in convenient form, of information on any a connected with agriculture or economic products to officials or other p interested therein. (4) To secure a connection between all papers of interest published on su relating to economic products and the official Dictionary of Eco Products. Vith this object the information published in thesc Ledge uniformly be gwen under the name and number of the Dictionary article they morc especially amplıfy When the subject dealt with has nol taken up in the Dictionary, the position it very possibly would occul future issues of that work will be assigned to it. To facilitate the preparation of an index to THC AGRICULTURAL Ler the following arrangements have been made, commencing 1900 All papers published will be paged, irrespective of subjects into an annual vol The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit continuation of the classification into the various scries hitherto obse a further folio will be shown at the bottom of the pages. This will be served throughout cach series and be continued for acveral years, un fact sufficient material in each scrics has been accumulated to constu fair sized solume At the end of the year a printed index and title-page will be issued ka annual volume, and alter a period of, say, five scars an index and trile will be issued for each scries. It has been found that many persons sub for a certain senes only and do not care to receive the others Th. arrangement, whilo permitting of the formation of an annual volume, at the same time retain the serial classification, .

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 6,

·--vitary article which vject dealt with has not been . position it very possibly would occupy in wd work will be assigned to it To facilitate the preparation of an index to THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER the following arrangements have been made, conimencing with 1900 Ali nanpes rublished will he ngad.ccce grestira ni sw este..into an annual volume The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit of a continuation of the classification into the various series hitherto observed, a further folio will be shown at the bottom of the pages This will be pre served throughout each series and be continued for several years, unul in fact sufficient material in each series has been accumulated to constitute a fair sized volume At the end of the year a printed index and title-page will be issued for the annual volume, and after a period of, saj, five years an index and title page will be issued for each series. It has been found that many persons subscribe for a certain senes only and do not care to receive the others The new arrangement, while permitting of the formation of an annual volume, will at the same time retain the serial classification, .

·(Vegetable Sroduct Series, No. 98.) THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906-No. 6. BEADS. [ Dictionary of Economic Products Vol 1,8 372-3873 Materials used in making Bead Chains and Rosaries in India. By E F VIEUX Assistant Curator, Indian Museum, Industrial Section FOR BEADS precatorlus Bead chains are made in India from many materials and worn MATERLALS by almost all classes of people out of religious or superstitious motives The following pages are an alphabetical catalogue of the materials used with reference to specimens exhibited in the Indus tnal Section of the Indian Museum, Calcutta Abrus precatorius - Linn — The Crab s eye or ralt seeds - Abrus A climber met with all along the Himalayas and spreading through the plains of India to Ceylon and Siam The seeds are found in three different colours (1) Red seed with black eye (2) Black seed with white eye (3) White seed often dirty white The first and commonest is alone used for bead chains As far back as 1592 mention was made by Prosper Alpinus of the use of these seeds as beads Its extensive use for necklaces and in rosaries suggested the latın name' precatorius" Adenanthera pavonina-Linn The red wood or rakla Adonanthera kanchan - A tree of very general distribution throughout India with bright scarlet or more rarely yellow brown seeds The scarlet seeds are made into bead chains worn about the neck Adhatoda Vasica --Nes - The Baxas of Bengal -A small Adhatod Vasica bush often gregarious found rery widely in India from the Sab- Himalaya tracts to Ceylon The Nagas use the stems of this shrub for divining and for foretelling omens A superstition prevails that the fruit of this tree if hung round the necks of children keeps them free from coids The food is made into small beads (119) Pavonina ·AGENTS Is ERITY. M? Ex Arnold, 47 & 43. Hadees Strap Mr. Bernard Quartch, 1 Preçadilly, Bond Street, London. Londente Meesus Constable Cong 16, Jares1 Mr. F !! Flackwell, 50 % 51, Braad Street, Hay Market London. Street, Os fuck Messrs, P S King ard Son, 2 & 4, Grear, Messrs. Deighton Belt & (Cambridge. Smith Street, Westmir.ster. Messrs. Henry Skog fon 65 Massey Kegan Paul, Trersch, Trübrer Cornhal, and 9. l'all Mall, tandon Co, 43, Gercard Street, Soho, lan Messrs. Grundlax & Co. 51. Parlament dory Street, London, .si. Terlin, ON THE CONTINENT. Mr. Ernest Irroux, , Rua Ronaparte, Paris Mr Martinus Nijtuff tragile, lielland Mr. Rudolf llaust, 11alle A, h, Gurmany IN INDIA Meere, 1 lacher, Spink & Co Calcutta a Simia Newman Cu, Calcutta. R. Can ya CClect3 R. Latri On. Calen 11 che Byber Wk*********** Aras com ! V. & Co. Maiz. SOGO, W. homboot Co., N. Site intender., Eus accion Iss, Kangoor, ·(Vegetable Sroduct Series, No. 98.) THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906-No. 6. BEADS. [ Diettomary of Fconomic Pro luets Vol. 1, B. 377-387) Race Materials used in making Bead Chains and Rosaries in India. By E F VIEUX, Assistant Curator, Indian Museum, Industrial Section. MATERIALS Bead chains are made in India from many materials and worn PON DEADS by almost all classes of people out of religious or superstitious motives The following pages are in alphabetical catalogue of the materials used with reference to specimens cxhibited in the Indus trial Section of the Indian Muscum, Calcutta Abrus precatorius - 1199 The Crab s cyc or ralı seeds -- Abrus procatorius A climber met with all along the Himalayas and spreading througlı the plains of India to Ceylon and Slam The seeds are found in three different colours -- (1) Red sced with black cyc (2) Black seed with white ege (3) White seed, often dirty white The frst and commonest 18 alone used for bead chains As far back as 1592 mention was made by Prosper Alpinus of the usc of these secds as beads its extensive use for necklaces and in rosarics suggested the lalin name' precitorug' Adenanthera pavonina - - The red wood or raklı Adonanthera lanchon -A trec of very general distribution throughout India with bright scarlet or more rarely yellow brown seeds The scarlet seeds are made into bead chains worn about the neck Adhatoda Vasica - Nu --The Baxas of Bengal -A small Adhatoda buch often gregarious found very widely in India from the Sub- Himalaya tracts to Ceylon The Nagas use the stems of this shrub for divining and for foretelling omens A superstition prevails thal the fruit of this tree if hung round the necks of children kecps them free from colds The wood is made into small beads (119) bayonina Vaalea ·70 The Agricultural Leager, 1906, No 6 malos yum Catocha BEADS Ægle Marmelos,--Corr -The Bael ar Bel fruit tree - This Æglo Mar tree is found in cultivation all over India and wild in the Sub Himalayan forests from the Jbelam eastwards, in Central and South India and in Burma It is sacred amongst the Hindus and fre quently alladed to in ancient Sanskrit poems as an emblem of increase and fertility having sprung from the milk of Shri the goddess of abundance Its leaves are used in the worship of Siva and of Parvati The beads made from this are strung with the fibre of Agave and are worn by the Sudras to denote that they are not Muhamedans Æschyno Æschynomene aspera -Linn The Sola --A small sub meno aspora. floating bush frequently found in marshes and growing mostly during the season of inundation in Bengal, Assam Burma and South India It is used for decorating Idols during certain festivities Allium sati Allium sativum-Linn -The Garlic --Cultivated all over India In Poona it is stated that a necklet of the bulbs is worn by children suffering from whooping cough Aqullarla Aquilaria Agallocha -Roxb -The Eagle wood -A large Agaliocha evergreen tree of Sylhet and Tenasserım extending through Manipur, Chittagong Arakan to Mergui and Sumatra The wood is largely used for rosary beads Araca Areca Catechu - Linn - The betel nut palm -A cultivated plant found throughout tropical India The nut is used in many religious ceremonies and in beads Casalpinia Casalpina Bonducella -Fleming -The fever nut--Found Bonducella all over India especially in Bengal Burma and Southern India bearing seeds or nuts It is stated in Bombay that necklaces of the seeds strung upon red silk are worn by pregnant women as a charm to prevent abortion They are also hung upon trees to prevent their fruit falling off In Egypt the nuts are strong as necklaces and worn by women as amulets against sorcery Canoa lodica Canna indica -Zinn-The Indian shot ---This plant 13 common all over India and Ceylon, chiefly in gardens where it is grown for ornament It flowers all the year round, and has a black ung as necklaces Caryota palm ---A beautiful eastern moist zones It is common in Bengal Burma and Orissa The seeds are used by Muhamedans as beads Col. Lachry. Coix Lachryma-Job-Linn - Jobs tears - A tall erect grass met with on the plains of India and on the warm slopes of the hills from the Panjab to Burma The three varieties--V18, typica monilifer and stenocarpa-are very extensively used as rosaries The first variety is used by the Chins for their roseries It may also be used in Hoshangabad and Bhandara by the Gonds and búrkus where boys are made to wear the grains in the form of necklaces The second variety is also worn by Burmans and more especially (120) L TL UTODS td A Jobt ·Matenals used in making Bead Chalas and Rosants in India (E, F Vier) 71 BEADS Cocos nucifera Corypha obracallfera Tlaeocarpus Ganitrus those of North Arakan and the Kachin Hills It is the third vinety slenocarpa which is the general ornament of a Kachin garment The rut is rery much elongated, generally being acarly of an inch long The Chins rear it strong into necklaces Cocos nucifera - Linn-The Cocoa nut palm -A palm colurated throughout India and Barms. It is in some measure held sacred Beads made from the shell are said to be very common in Burma It is darkened by steeping in oil Hindu women wear necklaces of the dned kernel The coco2-nut itself is largely employed as offenngs to the gods by the Hindas, and cocoa nut day (the fall moon in August) is celebrated throughout the country. Corypha umbraculifera -Linn --The fan palm of South India - A large coltivated tree in Bengal and Barma Flowers at the beginning of tha hot season The fruit or nut is hard like ivory and is carred into beads that resemble the Rudraksha' seeds Tre beads are worn by Hindu devotees Elæocarpus Ganitrus-Roxb-The utrasum bead tree or Rudraksha - This is a large tree found in Nepal, many of the sub divisions in Assam (vis, Lakhimpur, Mangaldai and Golaghat) and in the Concan ghals It is also sery common in Singapur from where it is said the nuts are largely imported Some few years ago-10 1899—when it was reported that a trade in these nats would be advantageous, it was ascertained from Assam that the sale price per maund (24) of the nuts would be R10 (138 4d) at Dibrugarh and R12 8 (165 8d) at Calcutta, but no dealers in that province came forward to establish the trade In Bombay an experiment was tried by a local gentleman on the other uses to which the seed. could be put, and hat pins, coat buttons and the like were the results А further experiment was made by coating the Rudraksha" with copper and silver after removing the seed by burning and the effect was said to be very satisfactors The followers of Sıva make it a religious duty to wear a necklace of these seeds in order to obtain the heaven wherein Sıva resides and sometimes also in the belief that it wards off pains It is believed by some that these seeds bear marks resembling the human face and others maintain that the Rudraksha necklace ss the symbol of the Eyes of Mahadev' The seeds are either of a deep stray colour or dark brown but if the latter and too dark they can be whitened by immersing them in a solution of chlorine for about 12 hours and then washing and drying The chlorine is generated from a mixture of nitric acid and chlorate of potash, two parts of strong nitric acid being dılated with four parts of water and one part of chlorate of potash added The puts are then immersed in the liquid and the glass vessel is placed in a warm situation until they are suficiently bleached The acid is then poured off and the nuts washed well with hot water and dried ( 121 )

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·. All communications regarding THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, Calcutta. The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of Indian Agricultural and Economic questions, Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome. la order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contributions will be classified and numbered under certain series. Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series ; those og Forestry in the Forest Series. Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom. In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series.

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·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
No. 8 of 1906.
(INDEX.)
EDITED BY
THE REPORTER ON ECONOMIC PRODUCTS TO THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA
CALCUTTA
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,
1907
fire anna. or Al

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·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
No 8 of 1906.
(INDEX.)
EDITED BY
THE REPORTER ON ECONOMIC PRODUCTS TO THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA,
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF TRE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1907

·The objects of The AGRICULTURAL LEDGER are - (1) To provide information connected with agriculture or with economic pro on a form whick will admit of its ready transfer to ledgers, (2) To secure the maintenance of uniform ledgers (on the plan of the Diction in all offices concerned in agricultural subjects throughout India, so references to ledger entries made in any report or publication may be rea utilised in all offices where ledgers are kept , (3) To admit of the circulation, in conveniert form, of information on any sub connected with agriculture or economic products to officials or other per interested therein (4) To secure a connection between all papers of interest published on sub relating to economic products and the official Dctionary of Econ Products With this object the information published in these Ledgers uniformly be given under the name and number of the Dictionary article w they more espe ially amplify When the subject dealt with has not taken up in the Dictionary, the position it very possibly would occup future issues of that work will be assigned to it. To facilitate the preparation of an index to THE AGRICULTURAL LED the following arrangements have been made, commencing w 1900 All papers published will be paged, irrespective of subjects, into an annual volum The annual paging will be given on the top of the pages But to permit continuation of the classification into the various series hitherto obser a further folto will be shown at the bottom of the pages This will be served throughout each series and be continued for several years, until hoe haar Arumulator to monetit

·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906-No. 8.

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·THE
AGRICULTURAL LEDGER.
1906.
(BEING VOL. XIII.)
EDITED BY
THE REPORTER OV ECONOMIC PRODUCTS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1907

·ERRATUM
5 (1906) Cochlospermum Gossypium-A Short Account of the Seeds and
Oil page 67, line 4, for Cook read Cooke

·273 THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER. 1906. INDEX. India, 147 3 2 A Agave, and Furcraea, 116 a small leaved species, planted Abaca 158, 267; see dlusa texulis on mud walls in Southern Abacaxi, 158, see Ananas sativa Abdul Khalil 91 cider (Pulque), the national Abecedairs 158, see Agave americana beverage of Mexico, 98 Abros precatonus, 69 cloth woven from the "floss", Acacia Catechu, 23, 24, 40, 43 97 -, analyses of cutch made colour of flower, 81 in Calcutta leaves, 82 41, 42 de Miel, 160, see Agave atrovi of extracts rens (and other species ?) from by Professor H R description of capsule, 8a; of Proctor 40, 41 flowers, 78, of inforescence, catechuoides 23, 24. set A 79, of leaves, 79, 80 Catechu. embryo and germination, 83 which yields Pego extraction of fibre from the root or Rangoon Cutch, 24 not confirmed, 138 Sundra, 23, 24, 43 fibre, binder twine made from, Acebar, 159, see Aloe Perry 175 5,158 187, 2,31 sec Aloe vera floss or tow obtained from, 97. Acetre, 158 see Aloe vera formation of suckers, 81 Achard, A D 57 , frequency of flowers, 80 Acıbar, 158, 159, see Aloe vera in Hakluyt s Voyages stated to Acopole a long gourd used for draw yield wine, vinegar, honey ing off Agave sap, 181 and black sugar, 110 Acosta, 110 231 in India, literature on, 129 130 Adam & Needle 175 its discovery in Mysore, 131 >(1), 158, 195, leases and roots as detergents Yucca gloriosa 97 (2), 158, 199, feaves, paper parchment pre- Agave sp pared from, 97, 109 (3) 158, see Yucca naturalisation in Africa, 131 filamentosa Adenanthera pavonina, 69 place in plant classification, 78 Adhatoda Vasica 69 plants medical uses of, 97 Aechmea sp 183 sometimes divided into Aegle Marmelos, 35, 70, 74 caulescent and stemless, 102 Aeschynomene aspera, 70 production of bulbils, 81, 82 Alnican Bowstring Hemp, 159 177, , ropes made with the roots, 138 see Sansevieria sp scape or flowering stem, 247 Alnican Hemp 158, see Sansevieria sp - species at Saharanpur, 131, African Hemp, African Bowstring 133 Hem 177, see Sansevieria sp spint (Aguardiente or Agave, 323, 125. 237, 245, 266 stater), 08 see offsets 239 Fi

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·INDEX. 275 agare procumbens, 133. Agale Vera Cruz, the common grey revoluta, 143. Aloe of India, 86. rigida, 94, 103-105, 123, 128, Virginia,123, 124. 134, 135137, 139, 141, virginica, 78, 108, 121, 123. 142, 143, 146, 147, 193, vindts, ros, rgg, 229, 141 ; sce 209, 259, 260 Furcraea sp far, 170 183, 196, 110 vivipara, 78 02, 96, 100-105, longifolia, 252 109, 120-127, 131-138, sisalana, 103 147, 147, 162, 163 170-177, Ca 1 alion 182, 183. 188, 189, and Experiment to3-1c5 194 200 212 226, 230, Romphu, 88, 133-135 137 168 210, 244, 250, 251, ~, species doobifal, 88 236, 262, 263 Salmiana, 98, 140, 224, 245, of Wight, 265. 247, se a. atrovirens vivipesa (sc) of Linnaeus, 136 Saponaria, 260, 261 Vitipara, 88 Sh, 233 Wiglus, 79, 80, 88, 91, 100, 105, si alana, šo, 81, 89 99. 103-105, 123, 128, 139, 140, 147, 112, 1 7, 128, 135, 163, 167, 171-177, 195, 141-147, 165, 167, 202, 216, 217, 223, 225, 179 181, 189, 191, 234, 238, 248, 249, 254, 197, 202, 207, 223, 264, 265, 334, 235, 238, 243, may develop a stem, 702. 2-3, 258 254, 268 -, the small Aloe cf India, iniroduction Into 91 Mysore, 103 104, 105 widespread in India, 10%. largely grown near Wislizeni, 3c6 Bombay Cry, 177 - zuccælolia, 126 197, see A rigida. Agaveae, 117, 243, 256, 267. also Aloe Yuccaelolus - as detergents, 267 true sisal, 89 *, fibre-yrelding, not ret suficar, 143 cientis identified, 98 var longifolia, 143 glossary of names and terms, , Soap 250, see agave eaponaria 1-5, 156 sobolifera, 125 127, 131, 133, .., juice from cut leaves as a $p. 77, 124 128, 119 358, 60, delesgert, 771. 164, 167, 168, 170 178 nr PA Amer mar 101 183 184, 198, 202, 206, Suce 208, 254, 259 268 products and vernacular urine names of America, 97. -, soap, obtained from, 109 in Algeria, 2012 spicata, 126 key to Indian species, 83. Tbeometel, 118, 127, 134, 265 -, native soil and climate, 106 tuberos?, 123, 128, 130, 132; of Bombay, 138 sre Furcraea tuberos2 summary of those known & variegata, 170. century ago, 126. l'era Crucis, 86, 139 the cabbage, 221; see Tampico Vera Cruz, 79, 80 82, 85-87, fibre 99-101, 106, Ily, yielding Amencan aloe bible in 173.136, 139, India, 167. 147, 159, 768, 171, scouring material, 167. 176, 192, 198. 308, Agua de Miel, 161, 33!; se Agare 218, 226, 228, 234, atrovirens, etc 236, 240, 247, 248 Miel, 160, set Agave amencana, 254, 260, 266-271. Aguardiente, a pint obta ned from -, distribution in India, Pulque which see, 99, 160, 161, s. Cane, 161 600p, 167. 00 ·122 II Aloe, 229 cana 276 INDEX Aguardiente, in Mexico, & spirit nov Aloe, probable derivation of the wor distilled from cane, IOI, 161 231 Small, of India, 91, see Agay de Maguay, 160, 189, see Wightiz Agave americana. americana ex Vera Cruce, 119 --, 160, see Saccharum folio viridi, 241 ; S officinarum Furcraea Ainslie, Dr, W, 48, 183, 219, 221, 231, minor, 115, 117, 122 251 muricata, 119 Aiton, W, 86, 87, 92, 119, 122, 123, polygona, 117, 121 130, 139 140, 147 Spinifera 116 Aizoon, 255, see Aloe and Agave sobolifera, 115, SPP Aletris, 228, 229, 234, see Sansevieria tuberosa, 119 128 Zeylanica barbadensis, 122, 200 Algeria, estimated number of Date palm Boemica, 162, see Agave am trees in, 3 ricana Alkalı soil, growth of date palm in, 7. -brasiliensis = (caraguata), Allaguey, 160, 161, see Agavez sp 118 Allen, 43, 44, 46 Dioscoridis 116 Alligator Pineapple, 237, see Agave ex America of Dodoens, 107, s Cantala Agare americana Allium sativum, 70 vera cruce, 123 ferox, 115 159, see Aloe Perryi Florentina, 162, see Agave amer 255, see Aloe vera (1) 160, see Aloe sp foliis lanceolatis integerrimi (2), 160, 239 241, see Nannor. 119 hops Ritchieana folio in oblongum aculeum abeu (3) americana flore luteo, 109, see of Tournefort=Agave america Agave sp 107 americana, 95 indica, 161-163 197, 220. - III-115, 119 I 22, littoralis, 163, 188, 215, 219 25 126, 127, 130, 132, 137, 162, 165, 256, 258 194, 195, see Agave americana maculata, 252 Country, (1) and (2), 193, 215, officinalis, 252, 253 see Aloe sp palustris anglicana = Stratiot fibre, 190, see Agave sp aloides, 116 -, 175, see Agave americana perfoliata, 191, 196, 210, 21 fibre, 77, 95, 96 219, 250, 267, 268 99, 179, 221, set Agave sp perrara, 115 , 177, see Agave vivipara perrara Andalusiz, 116 , 249, St Aloe and Agave sp Perryı, 159 163 Bombay, 138, see Agave sp polygona, 126 (1), 162, su Aloe indica purpurea lævis, 115, 116, 118 (2), 163, see Agave americana, secunda, 119 188, 189, 276 vivipara Furcraea seu folio in oblongu gigantea, Yucca gloriosa aculeum abeunte, 116 (3), 162, 179 233, see serrata major umbellifera, 11 Agave americana 116 fibres, as classed by Indian writers, -, small, 219, 253, 258, 259; 5 95 Aloc littoralis folio in oblongam aculeum abeunte, of India, 91; se Aga 116, 119 Wightu Lesser Amencan, 199, se Agare sobolifera, 123) 124. 12 SP 127 of Dioscorides (or Bitter Aloe), , Spanish, 260, see Agase ame 107. cana, ·INDEX. 277 scens, 116 Aloe sp, 107, 118, 160, 162, 170, 172- | Anolilla, 167; see Prochnyanthes 174, 184, 186, 190, 192, 196, Amri, sariety of Dates, in Egypt, 16 208, 216, 215, 218, 220, 221, Anai, 269, 215, see Agave americana 229, 236, 246, 261 Anai Kainalai, 166, 167, 215, see Agave 88, see Agare Cantala Vera Cruz Thcometel, 116 Katialay, 168, see Agave ameriicra, 159, 163, 175, 195, 193, 196, cana 209, 210, 237, 251 X'attale, 193, see Agase Vera Cruz vicci in modum arboribus inna K'attaley, 167, 168, 169, see Agave americana vulgaris, 113 Kuttale, 168, see Agare Wild, 199, see Furcraea cubensis americana , 239, 241, 266, see Nannor. Anaik, 167, see Agave Vera Cruz hops Ritchieana Katraghal, 166, see Agave Vera Yuccae folus, 116, 168, 186, 187, Cruz 196, 200, 201, 203, -., Kalrathai, 166, 239, see Agave 220 240, 245, 246, Vera Cruz 256, 262, 264 Anak, 167, see Agave Vera Cruz of Sloane = Hone Kattalar, 168, see Agave Vera quen of Oviedo, Cruz 128 Kattalt, 168, see Agave Vera = Patı seu Cruz Metl lenissimum of Hernandez, 128 Anakjitha, 168, 219, 239, see Agave Aloes (1), 162; see Aloe sp Vera Cruz (2) 162, see Agave americana Anana de Agulha, 195 ; set Ananas -a petites feuilles, 162, see Agave bracteatus angustifolia Pite, 163, 168, 177, 201, --, Country, 187, 191, 193, see 221, 247, 255, see Aloe Yuccae folus 199. Furcraea Ananas 168, see Apenas salva cubensis bilatee, 175, see Agave Cantala (1), 190, see Aloe sp Boara, 368, 175, see Agave (2), 190, see Aloe sp Cantala d Amerique, 162, see Agave bracteatus, 193, 195, americana Bromelia Sagenaria Pite, 164, see Agave americana bravo, 168, see Pandanus sp Putta, 164, see Agave Vera Cruz Costa, 168, 175, see Agave Pitte, 164, see Agave americana Rumphu -, Socotra, 253, see Aloe officinalis Manso, 168, see Ananas sativa Vert, 164, 199, 229, 241, see sativa, 168, 192, 257 Farcra ez sp. sp, 205 Alog, 164, see Agave americana sylvestris Brasiliana, 212 Alpinus, Prosper 69 titan 168, see Agave Cantale Amaguey, 161, 164, 223, see Agate sp Ananassa sativa, 158 Amaryllideze, 77, 78 Anannas, bılalı, 175, see Agave Can- American Aloe, 99 112, 115, 135, 161, tala 163, 165, 166, 179, Antropogon sp 251 see Agale americana Ane, 169, su Agave imenicana (1). 164, see Agare kattale, 169, see Agave ameriarnericana, (2), 166, see Agave Aonas (Pineapple), 251, americana aonas fibre, 166 Apaches, North American Indian tribe Aloes, 159, see Agave sp of Northern Mexico, 109, 233 Amhal, variety of Dates in Egipt, 16, 17 Apalba sp. 205 Amole, 166, 261, see Agaveae spp Aquilaria Agallocha, 70. 167, see Agaves used as deter Arabia, estimated number of Date palm gents. trees in, 3 Aloe sp cana see Reda ·160, 122 II 276 INDEX Aguardiente, in Mexico, a spint now | Aloe, probable derivation of the wor distilled from cane, 101, 161 231 Small, of India, 91, see Agav de Maguay, 160, 189, see Wightui Agave americana amencana ex Vera Cruce, 119 see Saccharum folio viridi, 241 ; $ officinarum Furcraea Ainslie, Dr W, 48, 183, 219, 221, 231, minor, 115, 117 122 250 muricata, 119 Aiton, w, 86, 87, 92, 119, 122, 123, polygona, 117, 121 130, 139 140, 147 spinifera 116 * Aizoan,' 255, see Aloe and Agave sobolifera, 115, TY SPP Aletris, 228, 229, 234, see Sansevieria tuberosa, 119 128 Zeylanıca barbadensis, 122, 200 Algeria estimated number of Date palm Boemica, 162, see Agaie am trees in 3 ricana Alkalı soul growth of date palm in, 7 brasiliensis = (caraguata) Allague), 160, 161, see Agaveæ sp 118 Allen, 43, 44, 46 Dioscoridis, 116 Alligator Pineapple, 237, see Agave ex America of Dodoens, 107,5 Cantala Agare americana Allium sativum 70 vera cruce, 123 Aloe, 229 ferox, 115 -, 159, see Aloe Perrs! Florentina, 162, see Agave amer , 255, see Aloe vera cana (1) 160, see Aloe sp folus Janceolatis integerrimi (2), 160 239 241, see Nannor. 119 hops Ritchieana folio in oblongum aculeum abeu (3) americana flore luteo, 109, see of Tournefort=Agare america Agave sp 107 , americana, 95 indica 161 163 197, 220 * III-115 119 I 22, Iittoralis 163 188 215, 219 25 126, 127, 130, 132, 137, 162 165, 256 258 194, 195, see Agave americana maculata 252 Country, (1) and (2), 193 215, officinalis, 252, 253 see Aloe sp palustris anglicana = Stratrot fibre, 190, see Agave sp aloides, 116 175 , see Agave americana perfoliata 191 196 210, 21 fibre, 77, 95 96 219 250 267, 268 - 99, 179, 221, see Agave sp perrara 115 177, see Agave vivipara perrara Andalusize 116 249, see Aloe and Agave sp Perry, 159 763 Bombay, 138, see Agave sp polygona, 126 (1), 162, see Aloe indica purpurea lävis, 115, 116, 118 (2), 162; see Agave americana secunda, 119 188, 189, 216 A vivipara Furcraea seu folio in oblongu gigantea, Yucca glonosa aculeum abeunte, 116 (3), 162, 179 233, 122 serrata major umbellifera, 11 Agave americana 116 fibres, as classed by Indian writers, small, 219, 253, 258, 259, 95 Aloe httoralis folio in oblongum aculeum abeunte, of India, 91, see Aga 116, ITO Wight Lesser American, 199, see Agave sobolilera, 123, 124, SP 127 of Dioscorides (or Bitter Aloe), Spanish, 260, se Agasc arne cani 2 12 107 ·INDEX. 277 - 168, ; sce Craz. Aloe sp, 107, 118, 160, 162, 170, 172 Amolilla, 167; see Prochnyanthes 174, 184, 186, 199, 192, 196, Amri, variety of Dates, in Egypt, 16 208, 215, 215, 218, 220, 221, Anai, 169, 215, see Agave amencana 229, 236, 246, 261 Anai Kathalai, 166, 167, 215; see Agave 88 ; see Agave Cantala Vera Cruz Theometel, 176 Kalialay, 168, see Agave amerisera, 158, 163, 175, 185, 193, 196, cana 208, 210, 237, 251. K'attale, 193, see Agave Vera Cruz vicci in modom arboribus inna kallaley, 167, 168, 169, see Agave scene, 116. americana vulgaris, 113 Kuttalei, Agave Wild, 199; s e Furctaea cubensis amencana , 239, 241, 266; see Nannor. Anaik, 167; see Agare Vera Cruz hops Ritchieana. , Kalraghai, 166, see Agave Vera Yuccae folus, 116, 168, 186, 187, Cruz 396, 200, 201, 203, Katrazhai, 166, 239; see Agave 220, 240, 245, 246, Vera Cruz. 56, 262, 264, Anak, 167; see Agave Vera Cruz of Sloane = Hone Kaltalai, 168; see Agave Vera quen of Oviedo, Cruz 128 Kallali, 168; see Agave Vera Pati ser Meil lenissimum of Hernandez, 128. Anakyılha, 168, 219, 239; see Agave Aloes (1), 162 ; see Aloe sp Vera Cruz. (2), 162; see Agave americana Anana de Agulha, 195 ; sec Ananas à pelites feuilles, 162; see Agave bracteatus. angustifolia, Pite, 163, 168, 177, 201, -, Country, 187, 191, 193; see 221, 247, 255; see Aloe Yuccae folus 199; Furcraea Ananas, 168 ; see Ananas sativa. cubensis. bilatee, 175; see Agave Cantala, (1), 190; see Aloe sp -, Boara, 168, 175; sc Agave (2), 190; see Aloe sp Cantala d Amerique, 162; see Agave bracteatus, 193, 195 ; americana Bromelia Sagenaria Pite, 164 ; see Agave americana. bravo, 168 ; see Pandanus sp. Pitta, 164; see Agave Vera Cruz. Costa, 168, 175, see Agave Pitte, 164 ; se Agave americana. Rumphii Socotra, 253 ; see Aloe officinalis Manso, 168; see Ananas sativa. Vert, 164, 199, 229, 241, see sativa, 168, 192, 257. sp, 205 Alog, 164; see Agave americana sylvestris Brasiliana, 212. Alpines, Prosper, 69 utan, 268; 74. Agele Cantals Amaguey, 163, 164, 223; sel Agave sp. Ananassa sativa, 158. Amaryllideæ, 77, 78 Anannas, dilatı, 175, set Agave Can- American Aloe, 99, 112, 115, 135, 161, tala 163, 165, 166, 179; Antropogon sp, 251 $12 Agave americana. Ane, 169; see Agave americana (1), 164; set Agave kallale, 169; see Agave ameriamericana, cana, (2), 166, see Agave Aonas (Pineapple), 251; sc Reda americana, aonas fibre, 166 Apaches, North American Indian tri Aloes, 159; see Agave sp of Northern Mexico, 109, 233 Amhal, variety of Dates in Egypt, 16, 17 Apaib3 sp, 205 Amole, 166, 261; see Agaveae spP Aquilana Agallocha, 70. 167; see Agaves used as deter- Arabia, estimated number gents. trees in, 3. Aloe sp. 3 Furcraea sp:

·160, 276 INDEX Aguardienlt, in Mexico, a spirit nov | Aloe, probable derivation of the word, distilled from cane, 161, 16r 231 Small, of India, 91, stt Agave de Maguay, 160, 189, see Wight Agave americana. americana ex Vera Cruce, 119 see Saccharum folio vırdı, 241 ; sle officinarum Furcraea Ainslie, Dr. W, 48, 283, 219, 221, 231, minor, 115, 117, 122 251. muricata, 119 Aiton, w, 86, 87, 92, 119, 122, 123, polygona, 117, 121. 130, 139 140, 147 spinifera 116 Aizoon, 255, see Aloe and Agave sobolifera, 115, 116, SPP 122 Aletris, 228, 229 234, see Sansevieria tuberosa, 119, 128 Zeşlanıca barbadensis, 122, 200 Algeria, estimated number of Date palm Boemica, 162, see Agave ametrees in, 3 ricana Alkalı soil, growth of date palm in, 7. brasiliensis = (caraguata). 1151 Allaguey, 160, 161, see Agavese sp 118 Allen, 43, 44, 46 Dioscoridis, 216 Alligator Pineapple, 237, Ste Agave ex America of Dodoens, 107; sel Cantala Agaie americana Allium sativum, 70 era cruce, 123 Aloe, 229 ferox, 115 159, see Aloe Perrs: Florentina, 162, su Agave ameri. ,255, see Aloe vera cana (1) 160, see Aloe sp folus lanceolatis Integerrimis, (2), 160 239 241, see Nannor- 119 hops Ritchieana -folio in oblongum acaleum abeunte (3) americana flore luteo, 109, see of Tournefort=Agave americana, Agave sp TO7 -, americana, 95 Sindica 161 163, 197, 220. -, 111-115, 119, 122, littoralis, 163, 183, 215, 219, 252, 126, 137, 130, 132, 137, 162, 163, 256, 258 194, 195, see Agave americana maculata, 252 County, (1) and (2), 193, 215, officinalis, 252, 253 see Aloe sp palustris anglicana = Stratiotes ----, fibre, 190; see agaie sp aloides, 116 -, 175, see Agave americana perfoliata, 191, 196, 210, 214, fibre, 77, 95, 96 219 250, 267, 268 99, 179, 221, see Agave sp perrara, 115 --, 377; see Agave vivipara perrara Andalusia, 116 249, see Aloe and Agave sp Perry, 159, 163 Bombay, 138, sie Agate sp polygona, 126 (O), 162, see Aloe indica purpurea lävis, 115, 116, 118 (2), 162; Agave americana, secunda, 119 188, 189 216 A vivipara Furcraea seu folio in oblongum gigantea, Yucca glonosa aculeum abeunic, 116 (3), 162, 179, 233, sit serrata major umbellifera, 115, Agare americana 116 fibres, as classed by Indian writers, small, 219, 253, 258, 259; see 95 Aloc littoralis foluo in oblongum aculean abeunte, of Jadia, gr; se Agaie 116, 119 Wightni Lesser Amenon, 199, M Ag2re - soboliferi, 124 125, sp 127. of Dioscorides (or Bilter Aloe), Sparush, 260; rAgaie ameri- 107 2n3 123 ·INDEX, 277 scens, 116 . seu Aloe sp, 107, 118, 160, 162, 170 172 Amolilla, 167, see Prochnjanthes 174, 184, 186, 190, 192 196, amri, sanety of Dates, in Egypt, 16 205, 216, 215 218 220 221, Anat, 169 215 see Agave americana 229, 236, 246, 261 inai kathalai, 166, 167, 215, see Agaie 8S, 14 Agare Cantala Vera Cruz Theometel, 116 Katialay 168, see Agave amerisera, 158, 163 175, 185, 193, 196, cana 209, 210, 237, 251 K'allale, 193, se Agave Vera Cruz TISCI in modum arboribus inna. K’allaley, 167, 168, 169, see Agave americana vulgans, 113 Kuttala, 168, see Agave Wild, 199, see Forcraea cubensis americana 239, 241, 266, see Nannor- Anaik, 167, see Agaie Vera Cruz hops Rutchieana , Katraghai, 166, see Agave Vera Yoccae folus, 116, 168, 186, 187, Cruz 196, 200, 201, 203, Katrachar, 166, 239, sec Agave 220, 340, 246, Vera Cruz 256, 262, 264 Anak, 167; see Agave Vera Cruz of Sloane = Hme Kaltalai, 168, see Agave Vera quen of Oviedo, Cruz 128 Kaltalı, 168, see Agave Vera s Pati Cruz Meti lenissimum of Hemandez, 128 Anakjitha, 168, 219 239, see Agave Aloes (1), 162; see Aloe sp Vera Cruz (2), 162, see Agave americana Anana de Agulha, 195, see Ananas à pelites feuilles, 162, see Agave bracteatus angustifolia Pite, 163, 168, 177, 201, -, Country, 187, 191, 193, sit 221, 247, 255, see Aloe Yuccae foliis 199, see Furcraea Ananas, 168 ; see Apenas sativa cubensis bilatee, 175; see Agare Cantala (1), 190, see Aloe sp Boara, 168, 175, sce Agave (2), 190, see Aloe sp Cantala d Amerique, 162, see Agave bracteatus, 193, 195, americana Bromelia Sagenaria Pite, 164, see Agave americana bravo, 168, see Pandanus sp Pitta, 164, sce Agave Vera Cruz Costa, 168, 175, see Agase Pilte, 164, see Agave americana. Rumphii -, Socolra, 253, see Aloe officinalis Manso, 168, sce Ananas sativa Verl, 164, 199, 229, 241, see sativa, 168 192, 257 sp, 205 Alog, 164, see Agave americana sylvestris Brasiliana, 212 Alpinos, Prosper, 69 utan, 168, see Agaie Cantala Amaguay, 161, 164, 223, see agave sp Ananassa sativa, 158. Amaryllidez, 77, 78 Anannas, bıları, 175, 54 Agave Can- American Aloe, 99, 112, 115, 135, 161, tala 163, 165, 166, 179, Antropogon sp, 251 see Agaie americana Ane, 169, set Agave americana (1), 264, see Agave kattale, 169, see Agave ameri. americana, cana (2), 166, see Agave Aonas (Pineapple), 251, see Reda americana 2001$ fibre, 166 Apaches North American Indian tribe Aloes, 159, see Agave sp of Northern Mexico, 109, 233 Amhal, variety of Dates in Egipt, 16, 17 Apaiba sp, 205 Amole, 166, 261, see Agaveae spP Aquilaria Agallocha, 70 167, see Agaves used as deter Arabia, estimated number of gents, trees in, 3 Aloe sp Furcraea sp.

·168; 47, 48 see 278 INDEX. Arbol de las Maravıllas, 168; SIL Bałkul, 170, 171; see Agave americana Agave sp. Balfour, Bailey, 113. Arbol Maguey, set Agave Balfour, F.G., 171. sp. Balu rakkusa, 170; Agave Arbor de las Maravillas, 231 , Sle americana Agave sp Baluchistan, estimated number of Date Area, 170 ; see Aloe, Agave or Panda. palm trees 10 3 nus sp Bamboo, divine (wild), 251, see Ram Areca Catechu, 47, 48, 70. bans in Mysore, 48 Banada, Kallala, 170; see Agave -, supposed extract of, variegata Banians (Hindu traders), 217. nuts, extract of, 47, 48, see Banks, Sir Joseph, 39 Areca Catechu. Bans (Bamboo), 171, 173 Aristida spp, brooms made from in Bansteora, 217, 251, see Agave xp America, 235 -, 96, 132 ; see Agave vivipara Aristolochia sp, 269 , 171; see Agaie Wight Arnott, G A W. 53. (1), Agave vivipara, Arruda da Camarı, 193 ; see Bromelia 170 Saxenaria (2). See Agave americana Artocarpus integrifolia, 210, 214, 215. 170. spp, 215, 264 Bara Kanur, 172, 265; see Crinum Asclepras tenacissima, 177, 124 asialicum, dar. toxicaria Marsdenta tenacissita Kanwar, 172, 109, 39 261, As-stbar, 159, see Acibar see Agave americans Aublet, J B CF, 94, 175 Kunvar, 197, see Agave sp Auckland Lord, 100, 131 Barba de l'alo, 172, 183 ; see Tillandsia Auchlandia Costus, 21, usneoides. Aung, Mg Shwe Zan, 59, 61 Vello, 183; Sc Tillandsia Averrhoa Carambola, 57. spp. Aseure, 253. see Aloe sp. Barbadocs Aloes, 172, she Aloc sp Aztecs of Mexico, 271 Barber, C.A, 57, 86, 88, 91, 92, 147, Azul, 171, see Agave and Aloe spp 155. 263 , 170, 187, 253, se Aloe sp. Barnard, Major, 207. Champahra, 159, 170, 187; see Barnardın, 201. Agave americana Baron, R, 54. Bartram, 90 Bas kiiri, 173; see Agave sp. Bast), common sweet scented, 73 ; see B Babci, 144, 145 ; see Agave sp. Bacula, epithet of trees or herbs with Baskin, 173, 2613 Ice Agave sp. fragrant flowers, 17.. Bastard Aloe, 172, 173 ; ret Agave Baden-Powell, see Powell, B H Baden, Wighlu 48. Tequila, 172, 173, 203, 165. Bael or Bel fruit tree, 70 ; see Aegle se Agave sp. Marmelos Basu, 68 94. Baesie goddan, 19; see Costus specio- Bates, 225 Bauhin, Kaspar, 113, 115, 117, 124, Bahamie Hemp, 170, 359; 50 Agave 187 rigida, rar. Baillon, H, F, 126 Baxas, 69; see adhatoda Vasica. Balal, Himalayan blich-bark, 171. Bead trec, 72, see Melia Azedarach. Baker, Mr. J. 6, 8, 8, 88, 89 91-93. Beads 69 $5 106,118, 137, 131-134, 138.145, Bears. Goi, 51 ; $te Psophocarpus 146, 307, 319. tetragopolobus. SUS Bauhinia sp. 32.

·INDEX 279 SP 212 ste Bear grass, 172, 173, se Dası dırıon Blanco, M, 53, 221, 239. and Yucca SPP Blacquez Ignauio, 247 Bedrashe, variety of Dates, in Mesopo- Blume C L, 48, 175 famia, 17 Boar tushs used in making religious Bel, 35; ste segle Marmelos nechlaces 73 Beları pdl, 253, se Anale americana Boch (1ragus) 112. Belguh round, app ied to a grade of | Bochmena nivea, 188 Bengal Curch, 35 Beni C, 225 Boerhaase, H, 113, 118, 119, 127, Beniham and Hooler, on Agare and 241, 243 Furcae. 78 Bois Chandelle, 174, see Agave Bentham, G, 54 fceii la Bentley, Professor R, 47. Bois de Méche 174. 185. 265, see Berger, M Al,00 Agave op, 163 Fourcroya cubensis Berhi, ranety of Dares, in Mesopotrader or Match free, tatria, 16 175 Bertolopi, A, 107. Méche, 174, see Agave faenida Betel nut Falm, 70, Areca "Boistubs, worshippers of Vishnu, 74 Catechu Bojer, w, 163 Bheels, an aboriginal tnbe of Gojirat, Bodul, 171, see Nimusops Elengi 26. see Kaihodias Bombax ceiba, 268 Bhonrlha Phorangi, 174, see Agave mulabaricum, 65 Cantala , SP, 205 Bhuri, 175 i see Agare Cantala Bombay Aloe, Fibre, 133, 138, 175, Bhullala, 174, see Agaie americana 176, 177; see Agave sp. Bilangra, 72 Flacourtia Cutch 36, sel Acacia Catechu Ramontchi said to consist of four Bilale ananas, 17), see Agave Cantala hinds, 36 Bilathe ananas, 174, see Agave Hemp, 176, see Agave vivia Cantula, 174 Bilah ananas 130, see Agave sp Bomma kachika, 19, see Costus spec! 267 ; Fourcrosa Cantula Bones, human, used in making religious anannas, 174, 175, se Agave necklaces, 73 Cantala Bontha Kuhanara, 176, see Agave pol, 197, sce Agave americana Vera Cruz. Bilalle Nanas, 174, Agave Booth, Mr, 195, 199, 233, 239 Canſula Borel, P, 112, 187 Bilaya kand, 19, see Costus specio Bolor, 52, 57, see Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Billborgra sp. 183, 185, see Bromi tachang, 57, see Psophocarpus liacea tetragonolobus speciosa, 187. Bourgeau, E, 126. variegata 186 Bouton, L , 169 Binder tw ne for harvesting, 174, 175; Bowstring creer er, 196, 2-3, see Mars. see Agave sp denta tenacissima. Binnendijh, S, 54. -Hemp, 77, 177, 221, 229, Birch bark, 171, see Badal. Birdwood, Sir George 36, 55 vieria sp "Bırn," 179, see Agave americans (1), 176, 189, see Bison horn used in making religious Sansevieria Zeyla necklaces, 73 Dica. Bitter Aloe, Agaves, formerly classed (2), 176, 54 Agave with, 107 sp Aloes, 174, se Aloe spp. (3) 1-6, 247, see Sa Black Heart Cutch of Chåndball, sevieria lanuginos Orissa, 26 African, 177,96€ Black sugar, 110, JH Agaie op sevieria SP para. see asus 803 235 253, see Sanse ·280 DEX "Brab..." 179; ' Azare axencari. Babu's ci agire said to STITE OK Broz aralasta', 178, 249, 14. Agare SOS IA 503-wa'e, 195 p. Burkill, I H, on Goa Beans in Iad., Branha ralin, 173; 14 Agare amen. 51. car2 on vee of Agate nam leaf Branthwarte, F. J. 44 for tyny, 175. Breon, J 1,52 Bermann, 1, 114, 127, 136 Bromelia acanza, 185, se Bromelia Burmese co'ch, 33; 3) Acc. Cale- Pinguin chu. argentina, 182 Burn, rirety of Dates, in Mesopotschrysantha, 231 m.3, 17 Karatas, 186, 187, 198, 243, Bartoa, R., 253 243 Butler, Ds E ), 86, 91. 93. Karatis, 255 Batt, 120, skAgareae spp laciniosa, 222, 223 Pinguin, 184, 185, 188, 199, 205, 213. 235 с pita, 178, 179, 213, 233, see Bromelia sylvestris , 179, see Pita Bromel13 Cabbage, Agare, 179, 233, see Agaie Pite, 255, see B sylvestns SP Sagenana, 192, 198 Cabous a, 181; sec Furcraea gigantea. sp, 183-185, 204, 205, 243 Cabu,a, 180, 227, 243, 245, set Fur. sylvestris, 93, 178, 204-206, craea gigantea 213, 242, 256, 257 Cabulla, 181, she Furcraex tuberosa. Bromeliaceae, 97, 99, 108, 117, 127, (1), 180, 185; see Furcraea 184, 192, 197, 204, 230, 234, 242, tuberosa 243, 245, 249, 256, 265-207. (2), 180; see Agase sisalana Bromeliaceae, fibre-Fielding, not jet Cabuya, 181; see Furcraca gigantea and suffictently identified, 98 F, tuberosa Broom corn, 179, see Sorghum sp 180, 221, 229; see Fourcrora root, 178, 179 207, 249 267, tuberosa see Epicampes macroura Cactus, 285, see Agave spp sticks, grasses in Madras from Caesalpinia Bondacella, 70 which brushes are made, Cæsalpinias, see Casalpino 179 Czesalpino, A, 111, 112,117; see Casal- " Broom sticks" of Madras Presidency, pinius 235 Cajete or cavity, 161, 180, 181, 191, 223, Brotero, F, de A, 120 251, see Agave spp Brown, R. N 253 Cajun, 180, 229. 257, se Furcraca Browne, Dr Patricb, 124, 125, 191 cubensis Brush fibre, 179, 207, 221, 249, 263, Calamismis, 57 see Peophocarpus 36 Agaie sp tetragonolobus (1), 178, see Agase Can California, Loter, estimated number of tola, 178 Date palms 1a, 3 (1 and 3), 263, see Caloncan, 57 Caloncow, 52; Set Psophocarpus tetra- (2), 178; set Agave spp gonolobus from Agaveae, 163 Calotropis sp, 269 Buch, L ron, 110 Camaluson, 57, see Psophocarpus tetra- Buchanan llamilton, Dr. F, 34, 29 53, gopolobus 107, 131, 183, 219 263, see Hamil. Camerarios, J IF, 112, 113, 119 ton, Dr, 1. Buchanan Cameron, J. 56, 94, 103, 106, 315, Buddu Kattale Naru, 16o ; ste Agale 245 @crican Campbell, 88 Bulb:l, 180, 203, 54 Agavcic spp -Rey A, 67 - Joung plant sprouting from a ) Cane, Aguardiente distilled from fower shoot, 247; see Agaie sp molasses, 16!, see Saccharom Agave 3PP < ·INDE. 2S: 213 me Alon Canno indai, Cur.: 1; 1C5 193 16- 199, 95, Cerula, 131, 13:,:19, 1. Agare Caza 3 se fosse a hazai , 11; s Aloe verz. .1:10 T 195 The Fourcrosa (1), 192, re izare cigar nad F ctbeges (2), 182, tre 1825€ 71. Car, Ch 8., 91 Carh, 317, 3 Pelota Icecie in L Canton Hemp, 199, the Veri tertis Cuyc'i crea 70 182, 13c" tozlo's. Case Firc'a, 32 tarum testo 12. (25*3! cilrati Cantolz, 139, 135, 135, 137,3" Acire Cicala Ca'r ce coch, 46, m Acac a Cacho Caraca, 117, 11t Agere sp Carctn 27, 12e Acacia Catechu Caragala guru, 11, ale Fc:crioa from Gamb Ca-cha 45 tuberos... Urcar a Gabr Caragala bera, 183; 5'e Bromela sp1 ci Acac a Catecho 43, 45 Caragale, 182, see Ti laude 3. * prepared locally. 46 Caraguata, 115, 117, 118, 18, 213 Czecho ard Gimlar, tb- relation 317. 243, Me Agaie sp brivera, 45 , 98, she Forcraei tcberca, - Ilack, 47 (1), 182, 187, 191, 193, in odcine, 47 ne Acacia 197, 293, :13, 255; Sel Catch Bron'la a'ges.ca • P trun, đi (?), 182, see Foarerosa -,0 Terra japonica, 39 ccbps -, Pala, 47 (1), 184, 185, sc Brocha palidom, 17. Puogcin -, l'e, 24;1 Acacia Sundra (II), 184; Farcr2t3 , 48; Ice Accu Caicchu tuburova. Colucchier, 186, 187, 219, sex Aloc sp (IIL.), 184; ? Aloe sp Catrala, 169, me agaic americana (IV), 184, 197, 245, sce -, 173; se Aloo and Agave spp Bromelia sp -, 186, 187, 193 209 211, 219, (V.), 184, 255, see Karatas see aloe sp sp Cathaulay, 186, 215, 219, ste Aloe ajanga, 116, 118, 184, 185, sp 213; se Bromelia Pino Cawnpuri cutch, 35; su Acacia Cate- 8010 chu. de agua, 183 185; see Bro Cebar, 253, see Aloe officinalis melia sp 186, the Aloc spp guaçu, 116, 118, 119, 184, Cebu Hemp, 186, see Alusa textiles 187, see Furcraea tuberosa Ceiba, 240, 241, de Ceiba pentandra 187 pentandra, 240, 241 Carambola, 58, see Averrhoa Carambola Celosia argentea 221 Cardi, 213, see Boehmeri sp cristala 220, 221, Carata, 184, ale Agaveae and Brome Cement, gilder's or size, said to be llaceae made from Mysore Aloes, 237. Caratas, 184 ; see Furcraca cubensis Century Plant, 186, 241, see Agave Caraua, 184, see Bromelia sp americana Caravata de Rede, 192, see Brome Certo, name of true oaks in Panama, liaceae ? 187 Cardon, a word applied to certain Chamaerops humilis, Inn, see Nannor. Euagaves as well as to plants bops Ritchieana of the Cactus kind, 110, 184- Ritchieana, 161, ale Nan- 186, see Agave norhops Ritchieana 184, 186, see Agave spp Chana makhan khair, 36, see Acacia (thistle), 211 Catechu, Carey, W, 175 Chandarde, 55 57, see Caroa, 185, 186, 187, 193, 340. Bill. tetragonotobus. bergia variegata Chaparay, 186, see Psophocupun ·282 INDEX use - var, - Chaparra, a kind of oak, 171; see Cochlospermum Gossypium oil, ratu Agave americana of, 67. Charakoni-Sem, 53, 57; see Psophocar seeds, the pus tetragonolubus Charputee, 55, 37; see Psophocarpus te. food, 65 tragonolobus, Cocoa-nut palm, 71; see Cocos auciſer Chaldz (inats), 25, see Acacia Catechu Cocos nucifera, 71, 74 Chauga mara, 186, see Sansevieria Cocuy, 199, see Agaveae sp Zeylanica Cocuyxa, 197; Furcraca gigantea Chank, square, applied to a grade Cocuysa, 190, 191, see Agaveae sp ot Cutch sold in Bengal, 35. Cogollo, 140 241; see Agave sp Chaukhabı or kalagaran, squire, applied the central cone of leave to a grade of Cutch sold in Bengal, in certain Agaves, 191. 35 Coir, a word which signifies simpl Chelem, 143, 145. 188, 195, Ice Agave sp 'fibre,' 221, see Cocos uncifera Chenna Neyakam, 189, see Aloe Coix Lachryma Jobi, 70, 74 littoralis var. monilifer, 70 Chichimerae, 145, see Agave sp stenocarpa Chilton, John, 109 70, 71, 74 China grass, 196, 189, see Boehmerja -, tar ) pic3, 70 nivea Colebrooke, H T, 213 (1) 188, Sec Sansevieria Commelin Jan and Kaspar, 117, 119 Zerlanica 121, 122, 123, 125, 126 (2), 188 see Boehmeria Comelico, 190; see Agarc sp niea Cooke, M C, 21, 07. Chingar, 201, see Agave vivipara Coquis, 223, see Agave sp Chinguirito, 161, 188, Nee Agave Cogatse, 190 191, see Agaveae spp americane Corato or Curaça, 124; see Agave sp Chini Kalabunda, 188, 209; see Aloe Coratoe, 183, see Bromelia spp. littoralis 19"; see Agave opp Chirasagð1, 19, set Costus speciosus Corallo, 190, 193 ; see Agave amert. Chom, 188, 189, see Bromelia Pinguin cana Chata Kanuar ka Palla, 183, see Coraxon, 241; sue Agase spp Aloe littoralis Cordyline sp, 177, 247 Chouca, 188, see Agave vivipara Cottuso 111. Crocduri, 55. see Peophocarpus Corypha umbraculifera, 71, 74 tetragonolobus Cosson, E St C, 126. Chrysopogon Gryllus, 266 Costus, 20, 21, sec Costus speciosus Chucau, 188; see Aloe secunda , Arabian, 21; Costus Chucumci, 144, 145, 188, 189; set speciosus. Agave sp arabicus, Costus Chulud qut, 145 i see Agave sp speciosus. - 199, 19; set Fourcroya argyrophyllus, 19; 36 Costus cubensis speciosas Cilamet, 144, 145; set Agave sp sericeus, 19; Costus Clarke. C B., 11, Speciosus. Clay, beacs of white, 73. Speciosus, 19 Cleghom, H. r. C, 199 , root, chemical c13- Clifford, 107. Dination of, 20 Clusius, c, 117, 117-119, 126, 127, Country Aloe (1) and (a), 193. 215; 139 me Aloe spP Cobblers' thread, 129; su Forcraea sp fibre, 190, sue Agasc sp Cochlospermum Gossypium, 6, 65, 68 Aloes, 187, 191, 293 i see Aloe .-, analysis of SP oil-cake, 199; Forcraea 66 cubensis (1), and (2), 199, ! 16€ 19 54! , analysis of seeds, 66 Aloc sp ·INDEX. 283 Cour, 231, set Pandanus and Agaic Culch, chemistry of, 39-43 SPP commercial grades of, 40, 41, Cowell, Mr, 124 src Acaci Catechu Coztic Aleil, 192, 203, 1:3 231, see made in Asiam, 27, in Bengal, Agare sp 24 25, in Bombas, 1930, in Crabs ese, 69, 56 Abrus preca. Hurmi 31, in Centri Mo. tonus vinces 27 28 in Chutia Cra-ata, 183, 192, s Aglicae and Magur 25, in Madras, 30 Biomeliaceae EPP 3!, in Nepal 25, in C 11551, de Rede, 194 251, 5 Brome- 36, in Unicu Provinces, 28, Jia Sagenaria. 12 Acacia Catechu Crin Vegetal (Vegetable Har) 159, manulacture in Gujerat, dc5. 183, see Spanish Moss and Tilland. Iructive nature of 30 $a fccurvata ., manufacture of, 33, 34 Cnnum, Anthers of Agave compared markets in Burma, 32 33 with there of, 78 pale, of the United Provinces & aucum, ter toxicar13 172, and Kumaon, 39, see Acacia 261 Catechu laulolium, 261 Pegu, 34; set Acacia Cateche 173; me Agare ameri. trad. in, 49, 14 Acacia Catecanı chu Cropemeyer, G, 131 trees wluch yield, 23, 24 Crotalana, 177. , Fellow, of Pegu, 35; see Acacia - fibre, 253 Catechu. Cro ora, 192, 193; se Aninas salina , yield of, 34, scc Acacia Cate- Cuba Hemp, 192, see Forcraca giganchu tea, 192 Cuthala nar, a little known Madras Culebel, 52. 57; see Psophocorpus letra. fibre 191, 193, 247 sonolobus Culla-camboo, 43, se Areca Catechu Cumana, 197 Cullalay, 193, see Agave sp Comari, 192; $ce Aloe #p 255 ; *ce I ourcroya gigan- -, 209 219; ne Aloe sp ica, Curaça, 124 192; me Agave sp nar, 192, see Agave sp. -,99; see furcraea taberosa Cymbals, Turhish or Kettledrum, 109, Curbalou, 183, 192, 193, 199, 355. sce Zambur. 1 sp, 261 - D trict, 339 ate. chu Coicb, 23 49. te Acacia Catechu. Cutch, adulteration of, 44; see Acacia Catechu Cutch, analyses by Professor Proctor, 40 balls of Padaung, Prome Dis. boilers of Burma recognise four varieties of Acacia Catechu, 32. Bombay, 36, tee Acacia Cate: chu Burma, varieties of, blach, yellow, red, 33 Cawnpurl, 35, $ce Acacia Catecha chana makhan khair, 36 , des Acacia Cateche Dagger plant, 197, 261, ter Yucca gloriosa Dilzell, N A, 88 92, 137 Danielli), 109, 111, 112, 121, 261, 271 Dara Dambala, 55, 57, see Psophocar. pus tetragonolobus, Dasylition, sp. 98 173. 237 Date grow ng, regions, liumidity and rainfall D 4 pala,, te Phoenix dacty! best varielics, 15 ic conditions ·seed, 5. 253 284 INDEX. Date palm cultivation, germination of Divine (wild) bamboo, 251; see Ram bans irrigation re- Dodge, CR, 93, 142, 146, 156, 181, quired, 5, 10-12 201, 207, 217, 235, 241, 247, 249, of, 2. soil required, Dodoens, R, 107. 5, 6 Dolichos Lablab, 57 distribution of, 2 Dolichos ovatus, 53 ; see Psophocarpus experimental cultivation tetragonolobus. of, 3 suffultus, 53, fertilisation of, 7, 12-14 tetragonolobus, 52, growth in Alkal soil, 2 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus how propagated, 7 Drummond, J R, 92 in relation to sunshine and and Colonel D Prain temperature, 5 on Agave and Furcraea in India, 77. pollenation of, 7, 12-14 Drury, Colonel 11, 138 sex of flowers in, 2 Dunstan, Professor Wyndham R, 44, --- tolerance of salınıty of, 5 65 palms in existence (exclusie of Du Petit-Thouars, I, M, A., 52. India), 3 Du Tertre, 117, 245 Date producing regions, temperature Duthie, J F, 92 of, 6 Dates, varieties of, Dry, Medium, Soft, 15 Datura sp, 98 E Datura Stramonium, 98, 239 Davy, Sir Humphry, 39, 40 DeCandolle, A, 52, 95, 99. Eagle wood, 70, Aquilana De Flacourt, 247, Agallocha Deglet Noor, variety of Dates, in Edwards, 165, 227, 239. Algeria, 16 on Philippine Agares grown De Lae, 115, 187 189, 239, 263 for fibre, 165 De Lecluse, C (Clustus), III, on tying of Tobacco with 159. 195 Agase leaf in the Philippines, 175, Áloe spp., 159, Egypt, estimated number of Date palm 195 trees in, 3 Deppe, 100, 129, sce Schede and Elacocarpus Ganitrus, 71, 72, 74. Deppe lanceolatus, 72. Descoarulz, M E 125 tuberculatus, 72. Desfontaines, R, L, 126 Elephant Agave, 192; see Agare Vera Desi, nauve, applied to certain Agave Craz plants, toz. Aloe, ste Agave Desvaux, A.N, 53 americana. Dey, Surendra Nath, on the seeds and luss used in making Oil of Cochlospermum Gossypium, religious necklaces, 73. 65. El Jaguos, 161, 1651 se Allagues, Dhenkt, 24; su Acacia Catechu. also Agave sp Djoal, 54. 57, se Psophocarpus tetra- | Cmbira, 205 ; see Tanifera sp gonolobus Enequen, 194; set Agase of Turcraca monje, 54; $Psophocarpus &r Ictragonolobus Engelmann, G. 78, 83, 94, 99, 141- Pulor, 54, se Psophocarpas 143, 145, 146, 189, 199, tetragonolobus. 203. 207, 209 259. Dietench, K., 45, 46 - se Schou and Engelmann, Dietrich, r G. 267 90. Dillago, L W., 117 Entada sandcas, 71 Dipterocarpas tuberculatos,- icare Enuga. lalabandi, 269; see a more ed for wrapping culch, 34 Vera Cruz.. On 169, ·FC 19 6p, 265 INDI :5 Erzsa Lisheril, 194, Agile | Fi's Airs, 161, me Agite l'ens Vera Cre Cror. 1: :2, 194, hgire Igo!!., 191, i l'ori Ieri Crcz. cata 2:1:1.3, 198 11 Apule Fique IG 11 Fccara Fatra l'en Cruz Fie-2.c: c! !! 99, 161 Ep copes catroon, 179,234 25 Agcarla! Epicopes sp. 179 Fiil g'art 11, marron; Enlatalı, 194, sh Agare i tipura Ch 011 Enoder dron a fractcoren, 65 Etest, Dr. A., 197, 199 Hlacouri (Orece c! Vadinlarin Erra babo-a, 197, me Alontera 17th Cericit 721 197, ! Susenieru sp Fiscar a l'amortch: -2 Esprille, perhaps a fersion of the Flax comm07 ; * 1 Lirimi':'15 Mercan Irtle, shchi, 195 Flrich 1.cn a csalm culina img i 194, 195, see Agare tip? " Fcss" cicliom fare lames Etagare, 77 82, 93, 94, 9-102, 113, 9 117 Silk frais 115 118, 11: :23, 133, Food, lanzir, an sie Agave up 143, 231, 319-233 347, 7 All Castus 249, 265 spacious. 171 ; s'e Agile a...ericari. "Foreign pineapi'e: 237, me Agave and Farcraea, 80, 90 Romphi. tutt of the plant, 181. Forskohi, P, 217, 253 fibre, 179 Fortescte, Dr A Irvire, 94, 100 Fourcroya , se also Furcata , varieties, 167 Fourcroya Cantala, 88. Euazaves, 90, 97, 122, 132, 133, 139, 256 Euonymus grandiflorus, 72 cubensis, 174, 182, 186, 190, Eve's thread, 195, see Yucca fila 191, 198 mentosa. foetida, 240, 241. gigantea, 186, 198, 254 tuberosa, 130, 180 Fragoso, J, 161 F French beans, substitute for, 53; se Psophocarpus tetragonolobos Falconer, Dr H, 21, False Eisal, 77, 78, 93, 106, 141, 146, pes sp Fries T M, 107 194; sue Agave decipiens Funifera sp, 204, 205 Famine foods, 19, 20, see Costus Furcraca, 105, 117, 137, 146, 147, 165, Fan palm of South India, 71; the 167, 245, 266 Corypha umbraculifer? 175, see Agave foelda Commelynii, 95 147 Fard, variety of Dates, in Arabia, 16 Faringi, 175, ree Agave Cantala Fasio, m 1, 201 Faya de Cavallo, 57, see Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Fajal Lace, 194, su Agave americana Fever nut, The, 70, see Cæsalpinia Bondacella Fibre Aloe, 99 Ficus glomerata, 72 128 Fiddles made from the central shoot of foetida, 137 Agave plant, 109 -, general description Filo de pila, 194, see Agaye ameri 82 Cantola 130, 174, 252, 253, 147, 261 whisk fibre, 179, see Epicamspeciosus, root Aloe americana tuberosa minor, 128 cubensis, 125, 180-187, 191, 193, 220, 125 716, 229 231, 238, 239 256, 257, 262, 264 = Agave cubens ,merican cana ·259 265 286 INDEX Furcraea gigantea, 95, 116, 171, 118, Ghorpat, 196, se Yucca glonosa. 131, 147, 102, Ghars variety of Dates in Algeria, 180-183, 192, 16 196, 197, 200, Ghayman, 196, see Agase vivipara 201, 229, 241, Ghee Koomar, 1,6, ser Aloe spp 244, 254, 256. Gherdz 57, sel Psophocarpus terra. 175) set Agave gonolobus also Dolichos Lablab foenda Chi s'undir, 195, set Aloe Vera of De Candolle, Ghitonar, 217, see Aloe vera Ghik.rar 196, 32€ Aloe perlohata 92 Ghnila Kumari, 196, 197, see Aloe longaeva, ro2 SPP madagascariensis, 247 Giant fibre lily, 196, see Forcraea odorata, 125 Sciloa, 94 gigantea sp, 27. 99 124-134, 160, Gibson :37; set Dalzell and Gibson 164 163, 175, 181, Gmelin PF, 267 185, 794 199, 202, Goa bean, 51, see Psophocarpus tetra 213 217, 223, 225 gonolobus 231, 239 347, 254, om, analysis of root, 64 seed, 64 (1) 9 9 », cost of cultivation in Burma (2) 99 бо (?), 169, See Aloe Yuccae .ettent of cultivaliony falus also Bromelia sp Burma 63 tuberosa, 98, '18 129 131, God 19 , see Costus spaciosus 180 187, 191, 199, Gollan W, 5, 101, 132, 133 236 Gonara, F Lopez de 110 u! Agave tuberosa, Gondaria, kariety of Dales in Egypt, 128 17 , 175, see Agave Gool 36, see Gambier foenda Gorakhair, 36, see Acacia Calecha Furcraeas go, 97, Ica, 219 Graham. I 53, 139, 132, 133, 137, 138 Professor R, 53 Grandidier, A 54 G Grant, Captain A, 54 Grass Hemp, 196, Ice Agte rigida Gautskell, A, 56 shoes, 161, * Nagnorhops Gala Khair, 46 , see Acacia Catechu Ritchieana Galeoti, 88 sułk 196, 201, 257, 122 Aloc Galuano, A., 110, 113 Yaccae folies Gamb er, analyses of, 45, ste Uncaria Gambir Gr and Catechu, the relation G belneen, 45 Gru the cube Catechu of com. merce, 36 Granatha 199, 255; se Dromele trade in 49, 1 Uncaria Sigenaria Gambir -, 183. He Bromera spp Gamble, J S, 65 67, 8), 133 137, 233 Great Aloe, 198 159, de rourcrost 265 g'ganica Garcia early pitcr. 231 American Alocs 191; ne Four. Garlic 79, 3 Alium sattum croya cubensis Garsen.dll (The) 163, (1) 199, Ki Agave Gal khan 36, 12 Gambier americana Gawler ) , 86 87, 117, 139 140 (1) 199, see Fourcroya Gde Torop. 165, se Agave hugsileri Cubensis 1 . 3 ·INDEX 787 1 ccca pp 1 lina *, Опе Green 1106, 164, 195, 14 Agare Hemp Canton. 18), mun frstills viripara llenecten, 150, in Alxe Yuccae fons 237 ; Furerea sp llencqien, 63 167, 301, 303, 309 -- Aloes, 199, see Alces 231, Me Agasc and Yucci Greshoff, I., 43, 46 IPP Gres Aloe 168, se Agare Vera Cruz! 195. 1 Agare, Aloe and 19-, ! Forctaca coben is Grubith, IV 161 -, 179 197 2015 103. 1491 m Gurs-bach, A HR, 124, 125, 147 Agile i salana Gruth kuman, 209, see Aloe Epp 97 117. 144 145 343, 171, Guadua Tagoura, 713 Aloe Agalc sp Yucc e folus. 245 265, me Aloe Yuccae Gurfila, 198 ; see Agive falcita folus, Guama, 199, see Lonchocarpus sp (1) 200 221, 255; 11 Aloc Guamara, 198; 316 Karatas Plamieri Yuccac lo ing Guilfoyle, Dr W.R, 197, 235 (2) 200, 303, 111, $! Guillemin, A. 53 Agavcic spp. Gul Shabo, 19; sce Ague Cantala (3), 203 : « Agirc sisalana Gular, The, 77 ; su Ficus glomerata ,200, se Agave slalina, Gulshabbo, 199; see Polianthes laberos: L'ertine, and connected! Gyrocarpus Jacquini, 72. PP (). 202; se Yucca alamen tos Her P, 202 ; 15 Agave 1112. H of the fibra.ylelling plants of the West Indica, Haemodoracea“, 77. 109; su Acase ip Hamilton, Dr F. Buchanan., 24, 29 wild, 145; se Agive ap 35. Hennequen, 202; 116 Agave and Hampe, flowering stem of Agaveae, Furcsera sp. 198 Hennequin, 303; tư: Ag1vc elsana, -, 247, see Agave sp Hennequinitos, 202 ; ! Agave alsulani. Hanbury Sir Thomas, 119 134, 135. Herba spiralis hirinta, 191 16 Costus Hane-a-Cane, 198, see Agave and Fur. speciosus craea spp. Hermann, Prof P, 115, 116, 118, 121. Hariot, 197. 125, 127, 203, 213, 143 Harver, Mr J C, 93. Hern, Dr, 135 Hathi chingar, 200; see Agave vivipara sengar, 200, see Agave americana 203, 213, 223, 233, 237, 234, 149. Haskes 101, 110, 131, 1/1, 257 263, 265, 271 Hajani, variety of Dates in Egypt, 17. Hevesi, varicty of Dates, In Mesopota. Haytı Hemp, 181, 200 201, 229, 245, mia, 16 see Furcraea gigantea Heyne, B, 48 Hedge Alce, 237, Jet Agave sp, also Hibiscus, 177. Aloe. , 199, see Furcraea cubensis (1), 200, 267, see Agave Hi!! .. 33 sp (2), 200, 267, See Aloe barbadensis Helut, variety of Dates, in Mesopotamia, Hofmann, H, 100 Hemsley, Mr. W.B, 108, 129, 345. Hemp, Aincan Bowstring. 159, 177; la sylvestris # Sansevieria Hasskarl, J. $3?$4, 134. 135. 237. Hernandez, 19, 99 108, 109, 115, 116, 118, 172, 127, 138, 143, 145, 197, cinnabina, 247, fibre, 253 Hill Aloe, 202 ; see Agave Wight 19), see lucrata cubensit palma, 70, see Caryola ureng Hog plum. 73; sce Spondias mangifera Honduras Si Grass, 179; 17e lrome Honey, 110; } Agaie op ·200 INDEX, Honey, Tree, 331; st Agave sp Ixhellt, 205, 206, 207, 209 241, set , Metl, 110, see Agave sp Agave sp Hooker, Sir W, 100, 140 1xlle, 179; set Agaie and Bromelia -, on Agave and Furcraea, 78 SPP Hooper, D on composition and trade 205, 207, 209; See Agave Bromelia forms of Indian Cutch, and Nidularium sp 23 195; see Agase sp on composition of Goa Beans, 64 on the root of Costus spe. closus as a food stuff, 19 Hope C G, 201 Hlö-pong, 57. see Psophocarpus tetra. gopolobus Huci Hell, 202, see Agave sp (1), 179, 205, 206, set Agave sp Mescal 206, see Agave WVıslızeni Huila, 173, 202, 263 265, see Agave of British Honduras, 263, see SP Bromelia sp Humboldt TH A Baron ron, 208, Ixtlı, 135, 144; me Agare Ixth 109 111, 140, 205, 223 -> 189, 249, su Karatas Plumeri Hummel Prof J J 44 , 98, 99, see Tampico fibre Hunter, Dr, 211 (1), 255, see Bromela sylvestris Hyangah, 44, see Terminalia Chebula (1), 206, see Karatas Plamieri -(2), 206, see Agave Ixtle Ixtly, or axtle, 208 141 ; see Agave ixtis tris I Ibera, 183, 287, 201, 243 , see Bromelia J SP 205, see Funifera sp Ibrimi, variety of Dates, in Egypt, 17 Jack fruit, 215, see Artocarpus integri- Im Thurn, EF, 193 folia Imbira branch 204, 205, see Funifera Jacobi GA, 141, 144, 259 SP Jacquin, N J Baron von, 87, 95, 122, Incense, 21; see Costus 126, 127, 139, 140, 147.723, 239 Indian Shot, 70, see Canna indica Jafirabad Aloes, 208; sce Aloc sp. Irvine, Dr RH, 20 Jamaica Keralto, 209, ste Agile Istale, 204, see Bromelia sylsestris Mornisi Islle, 144 145, see Agave Istle ambho, 8, ore Eruca sativa -, 179, 233, 263, 269; st Bromelia Jameson, Dr W, 132 Bp Janakpuri Curch, 35, 36, 38, 46, ste , 183, 187, 199 205, see Bromelia Acacia Catechu spliestris khair, 35, 46, see Acacia 749; see Karatas Plumier Calechu 9$, see Tampico fibre Jangli ananas, 208, see Agaie ame. (1), 143, ace Bromela sp ticana 204, 209 229, set Bromelia ands, 203, sek Agave amerisylvestris 13 and (?), 223, 255, se Brome. halds, 19; sc Costus speciosus Ha slicstas Kunuara, 208; se Agaic ame. (2), 204, He Bromelsa sylvestris fica na 110, T, 54 Jant Katholar, 208, se Agare Vera Inele 305, the Bromelia sp. Cruz, Mill Ixtilioides, 135. 141; see Agave fiti allalat, 189, s Agare Vera lioides, Cruiz.

·INDEX. 289 Jobi JIU Jeaequen, 144, see Agare sp Kantala (2), 212, see Agave vivipara 208, 209, see Agave sp 212, sce agave Vera Jessart, 44 Cruz dee, 177, see Marsdenia tenacissima anur, 217, see Agave sp Jul, 177, see Marsilenia tenacissima hanuar, 173, see Agave americana bast, 229, ste Marsdenia sp --, 189, set Aloe sp, also Agale Job's Tears 70, see Cos Lachryma. SP Kopojokko 215, su Ananas sativa Johnson Miss GE, 142 Kapok, from Cochlospermum Gossypium, Jones, Su Y.,_183 213 701, 73, see Putranjiva Roxburghu Karao 312, see Boehmeria sp ungli, 208, she Agale amencana Karaoals 212, 255, see Ananas sylananas, 209, ree Agave ameri vestris Brasiliana cana. Karata, 212, ree Ananas sylvestris Brasiliana 183 , see Bromelia spp. Sauvage, 212, see Aloe Yuccae folus K Karatas, 183, see Bromelia sp Plumien 185, 187 198 205, Kachang Botol or Kachang Bolor, 57, 206, 213, 223 243, 249 255 Hee Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 257 Kadanaku, 167, 187, 208, 211, see Aloe SP, 183 184 sp. Aarato, 98, see Forcraea tuberosa Karens, in Burma grow Psophocarpus, 58 Karinghota, 73, See Samadera indica dud, y, Jet Cuslus speciosus Karoon Kutlalay Nar, 214, see Agave Kala Kantala, 210, see Agare ameri. sp Karun Kanhali, 214, see Agave Vera Kalabanda, 219, see Agave sp Cruz (1) 208, Hee Aloe vera Kallalar, 214, see Agave Vera (2) 208, se Agaie Vera Cruz Cruz Karvinski, Baron, 82, 93 98, 100, Kalabantha, 208, see Agave americana 106, 139 141, 142, 144, 146, 189 Kalabonda, 208, see Agave Vera Cruz, 199, 207 MA1 K'Ass4, 48, vec Acacia Catechu Kalabunda, 210, ste Aloe sp 48, see Areca Catechu Kalabuntha, #77, 210, 211, 241, see | Kat, 23 , see Acacia Catechu Aloe perfoliata Kalar, 214, 215, see Artocarpus integri. Kalamanda, 219 235, ree Agave sp folia Kalbanda, 209 210, 211 , SU Aloe per L'ath, 23, 25 28-30, see Acacia foliata Catechu Kalkalı, 210 211, see Aloe perfolata 215, Ile Artocarpus integrifolia Kalnas, 210, Ice Agave sp Katha 23 28, see Acacia Catechu Kalnar, 210, Ice Agave sp suffard, 37, see Acacia Cate. Kan, 210, sh Agave rigida chu Kand, 239, see Agave sp Kathail 215, set Artocarpus integri- Kanora, 217, see Agave sp folia Kanta, 239, see Agare sp Kathair, 215, see Artocarpus integr --- (thorn), 251, see Ramkanta folia Kanlal, 183, 210 215 265, 84 Arto Kathal, 183, 211, 214 carpus integrifolia Szi Artocarpus integrifolia Kantala, 130, si Agave Cantala Kathalas 214; Set Agave americana , 169, 173, set Agave spp Kolhalas 214, 217, 219, se A , 213, see Agave vivipara vivipara 183, 210, 219, ice Aloe vera Kalkali, 214 215, 211, se Agave (1), 212, set Agave Kuntala Cruz cana 215, 265 ·290 INDEX - dark Kathodias, an aboriginal tnbe of | Keura, 231, see Pandanus and Agave Gujarat who manufacture hath or spp Catechu, 29 30, Acacia Keara odonlera, 208 Catechu Keurdanla 216, see Pandanus odora Kallal, 214, see Kathal tissimas Kaltala, 214, 215, she Agave Vera Cruz Kewa, 19, see Costus speciosus Kaltalay, 214, 215, 217, see Aloe per-| Kesa, 217, see Pandanus odoratis foliata sinus Nar, 229, see Aloe perfoliata Khadrawr variety of Dates in Mesopo , 229, see Sansevieria sp tamia 16 Rallale, 169, see Agate amerirana Khair, 23 29 50, see Acacu Catechu 193, see Agave sp , chana makhan, 36, see Acacia - (Aloe), 181, see Agase ameri- Catechu cana coloured Catechu of Kallalt, 191, 193 214, 215, 221, Bengal, 24 sex Agave americana - gala 46, ste Acacia Catechu - 219 221 257, see Agave-sp gala or goolt, 36, see Gambier fibre 216, see Agave sp gora 36, see Acacia Catechu Kallaly 216, see Agase sp Janakpuri, 35 46, see Acacia Kaw Bemya 57, see Psophocarpus Catechu kaja 36, see Acacia Catechu papre 36, see Gamb er atis 46, see Pipri Khair smus tela or lele, 35, see Acac a - Kanta 216, see Pandanus foetidus Catechu Kedanaku 189, see Aloe sp. Khairas aborigines who manufacture Kekel, 217, see Pandanus odoratissimus Cutch 26, 28 Keker 117 see Pandanus odoratissimus Khairtas, a class of Doms in the Aemuda, 19, see Costus speciosus United Provinces who manufachenda 173, 209 216 239, see Panda ture huth or Cutch 28 nus odoratissimus Khairuas, professional cutch boilers Kucolt 19, sue Costus speciosus of Damoh, CP, 28 Keoo landa 19, s'e Costus speciosus Khalası variety of Dates in Arabia 16 Keora, 173, see Agaie americana Ahassad variety of Dates in Arabia, 17 -,721 me Pandanus odoratissimus Kheld: 216, ste Agave vivipara scienpine 171, see Pacdanus Kia 215, see Pandanus odoratissimas Keordania, 217, see Pandanus foelidus -landia 19, sec Costus speciosus Kerallo 117, 183 191, 193 209 216, Krokanta, 173, see Agave americana 261, see Agave sp Kihanora Natha, 216, M Agave Vera - 183, se Bromelia spp Cruz Ka kand, 19, tee Costus speciosus king, Sir George. 96 Kdakı 216, 217, see Pandanus odora Kirk, Sur John, 54 ussimus Kithal Nara llalha, 218, 54 Agave Kelgi, 317, #ce Pandanus odoratissimus Cantals. (1), 116, see Pandanas odoratis Kithanara 177, 218, 219, 56 Agave $1mus Cantala (2) 216, see Agave ancricana Kulli, 218, see Agase Cantala Kell 319, 54e Agale Camalı Aitia nar, 218, see Agale sp , 316, 317, 34e Pandanus odora. kullanara 218, Sue Agave Cantala tissimus Mallalu, 218, sex Agave Vera Kettledron Or Turkish Cymbals, Cruz Zambur 109 Kitlauke Mar, 318, me Agase sp. edukce, 216, 217, the Paodinus odona. Alananda 309 311,34 Agare sp, also tismos Aloe perloliata Ker 19, in Costus speciosas Klamonds, 218, see Agave up Xrso, 216, 217, 231, 142 Pandanus Wlotzsch, j f , 143 odoranssimas Koch, KHE, 141 ·INDEX 291 4 L'oomaru, 218; see Aloe spp Lal malı (red earth), 36 Kool, 19, see Costus speciosus Lal murga, 220, 221, see Celosia kossa 48, sre Areca Catechu cristata hostanacki Tambir, 45 Lamarch, J BA PM, 101, 125 127, Aoyan 217, 218, see Agave americana 147 747 Krembs 45 Lane, E W, 253 Kroca 193, see Ananas satua Langue Boeuf 220 See Furcræ L'uar Gantal 220, se Aloe indica cuber sis Kudukis, & jungle inibe of Goa origin Large Aloe, 259, see Agave sp who manufacture cafechu in the fibre, 220, see Agave sp south hanara District, 31 Latham, Mr HA 31 Kumaon Cutch, 24, 46, see Acacia Leather, Dr. J Walter, Experiments Catechu with cutch, 34 Kumara 219, see Agave Cantala Lechegulla, or Cabbage Aguves, the Kumarı, 219, see Agave sp main source of Tampico Auntala 183 211, 218, see Agave fibre, 179 Cantala 220, 221, su Agaie sp Kunth, C S, 84, 93, 127, 128, 141, Lecluse, Charles de, 111, 112, 122 143, 223 Lecythis sp, 205 Kundar, 209, 217, 218, su Aloe sp Lan, 44 , See Terminalia bralata Kunwar, 173, 187, 197, 221; set Aloe Lemaire, C, 205 SP Leopold, 94 hurz Dr W, 88 Leries, Father 94 Kust, 21, see Costus speciosos Letka, or retail dealers in Burma, 61 Kuslari, Variety of Dales, in Mesopo Lida Boaya (Crocodile s tongue) 220, tamia, 17. 221, see Aloe ep Kut 21 sec Costus speciosus Lidah Boaya, 114, 130, see Aloe vera Kullalay, 219, 5 Alce perfoliata Lidang boaya, 221, Su Aloe sp 218, 257, ree Aloe sp Lilac, Persian, 72, see Melia Azeda Kullhalai 220, see Aloe sp rach Kuvara, 219, see Agave Cantala Lilium, Anthers of Agave compared Kwar Gandal, 197, see Aloe perfoliata, with those of, 78 197 Lily fibre, 220, 233, see Agave Kyre 169 220, 221, 231, see Agave americana vivipara Lindgreen 88 231, see Pandanus and Agave | Linnaeus 52, 88 92, 99 107, 118 124, spp 147 Kjola 19, see Costus speciosus Linné cvon, see Linnaeus Linschoten JH van, 113, 187. Linum usitatissimum, 72 Ljotard, L 171, 173 Lisboa, J C, 55 Littaea geminiora, 132 L - group of Agaves, 167 section of Agave, 221. Lobus, quadrangularis, 52, see Psopho- Labat L 175 carpus tetragonolobus La Caluja one of the fibre yielding Lolosaragida, 215, see Aloe littoralis plants of the West Indies, 109, see Long Aloe, 255, see Agaye app Agave sp 191, see Agave vivipara Laeru19 135, see Agave laevis -, 199, tee Forcraea cubensis, Laffa, 169 177, 120, 247, se! Aloe (1), 222, see Agave sp. Yoccae folus (?), 222, she Agaye Lagerstroemia Flos reginae as an adul Longuolia 143, see Agave terant of cutch 44 Lotus, sacred 72, see Lakar sem 57, see Peophocarpus telra ciosum gonolobus Loureiro, ), 52 Lal khair, 24, see Acacia Sundra Lumholtz C 98 ·292 INDEX mia, 16 ON Maguey, wild, 225; see Agave americana M Magueyes, an Indian tribe of Central America 225 Nabala, $4; Set Psophocarpus tellafarms and plantations in gonolobus 1 Mexico, 223 McCann, Dr H W, 25 (1), Indian tribe of Central Mecembira, 205, 222, tee Bromelia America, 224, 225, 249 laciniosa (2), farms or plantations of Mackintosh, Major, 36 maguey, 226, 227 MI Leod, Generaí, H, on American Aloe Magui, 223, 226, see Agave americana Abre for brushes, 163 Magure, 223, see Agave sp Macozhic Mall, 193 222 , see Agave sp Plagweiz, 226, see Agave sp Macrae 1.30 Maklum, variety of Dates, in Mesopota Madden, Major, E, 28 Madre Pulque, 222, see Agave atro Malai, 227, su Agave Vera Cruz virens Kathalai, 226, see Agare Vera Magay, 222, see Agave sp Cruz Maguay, 222, see Agave americana Malay, Kutlalay Nar, 226, see Agave de Cocus, 191 222 , see Yucca Vivipara a caulis Malıno, 226, see Furcraea spp. Maguay de Cocus 2 22, see Yucca Mallahs, an inferior caste in Palamau a caulis who extract kath, 25. Dague, 222, see Agave spp Manchi Kalabanda, 226, 237, 235, sec Maguer, 222, see Agave cubensis Agaie Vera Cruz > or maguey, 109, set Agave sp Mandala, 235, see Aloe vera or Manguar, 97, see Agave sp Manfreda, 108, 193, 241, Agave sp Moguers, 110 222, 227, see Agave sp. Manfreda group of Agaves, 167 Mogucis, 110, see Agave sp Mlanguni, 226, see Agave spp. Maguey, 108, 118, 125, 169 189 223- Mangue, a civilised race of Central 233 239 247, see Agaie sp America, 225 (1) 224, see Agave vivipara. Manguei, 226, see Agave spp (2), 224 249, see Agave ame. Mlangurie, 226, see Aloc secunda. ricana Manila, 226, see Furcraea cubensis (3), 224 , see Agave sp - Aloe fibre, 159 226, see Agave (4) 374, 245, Sue Agave mexivivipara cata Hemp, 159, 267, see Musa tex- Dlando, 224, 16 Agaye Sal. tilis Diana Manje, 235 see Agave sp. called Honey Tree, 331, Manje, 236, su Agave sp Agaye sp Manjina Nar, 317, see Sansevieria cimarron, 129, see Agaic sp Zeylanica Agare Noru, 316, 3 Sansevjera americana Zelanica de Tequila, 224, $Agave Mansaromi, a sefined cutch, 35, 54 americana Acacia Catechu dirinum, 132 1 ne Agasc sp Na qui, 379, 14 Agave 3PP Wanro, 214, see Agave Maximi. Naques, 278, see Agave spp 1190ca Marcgraf de Liebstad, G , 115, 116, 143 fins, 324 325, Ke Agave 185, 187, 239 Marool, 228, 229, the Sanseviers one of the fibre-yielding plants Leylanica. of the West Indies, 109; fed Marsden 12, sp, 319 Agile sp -, tenacissima, 176, 177, 335. Tres, 111, se Agile sp 253 used as a famine food, 343, Martin, Montgomery, 34. In Agile sp Martins, i Charles, 111, 111. #mericani ·INDEX. 293 - סנI pic2 Vartias, C FP on, 85, 86, 97, 108- Metl, 230, 235, 249, see Agareae spp, 110, 117, 129 145, 146, 161, 169 also Bromeliaceae 175, 177, 181 195, 199 201, 205 (a generic term), 97, 98, see 323, 225 237, 243 247, 253 259 Agave sp 271 Colli 230see Agave sp Martyn, Thom3, 123 124 Coulli, 193, see Agate sp Martyr, Peter, 97, 109 231, 243 lenissimum 116 117, 239, $ Narul, 229, sc Sansevieria Zeylanica Agaie sisalana (1), 228, sc Sansevieria Zeyl? or Honey Tree se Agare ер (2), 228, see Agave Vera Cruz or Alanguet 117, see Agave sp Masl, 228, 231, 247, see Agare spp Patae (Thread Agave), 249, see Malamoras fibre, 233; 344 Agave heter&- Agave sp cantha Tree, 111, see Agare sp Matha, 217, see Agave spp V angustifolia = Nequametl 143, Mat-making, 161, see Napnorhops Rit see Agave sp chicana Metroxylon sp, 253 Malla, 217, see Agave spp Mexcal, 98, see Agaie sp Mattioli, PA, 112 Mell 232, sie Agave sp Mauritius hemp, 94, 95, 105, 131, 165, Mexical or Mescal, a spirit made from 175 181, 185, 197, certain Euagaves, 231 201, 221, 228, 229, Mexican Aloe, 232, 261, see Agave 245, 237, see Furcraea SPP SP (1), 245, see Agave xp fibre, Machine for ibre, 232, see Agave sp scutching, 197 fibre, 163, 183, 187, 195 199 of S India, 229 207, see Agave spp Maurti, 177, 228, 235, see Aletris sp , 232, 249, see Agave Maya, 230, see Agaveae spp heteracantha -, 231, see Bromelia chrysantha - 239, tre Agale sp, also Mayas, cultivators of Agave spp, 146. Nodularium Karatas -, a civilized nation of Mexico, (1) 179 221, 232 235, 259 see Agave sp Maypole, 230, 247; See Furcraea 232, 255 cabensis Nidularium ha atas Mazrai, 161, see Nannorhops Ritchie Grass, 234, see Agave sısa ana, 161 lang Mehta RP, 56 Hemp, 234, see Agave sisa- Melia Azedarach, 72 lana Mellis, 231, see Agave sp Whisk fibre, 179, 233, 234, Cour, 169, 231; see Agave vivi 249 265, see Epicampes macoura para Mexico, daie palm in, 2 kyre, 217, 221, 230, see Agave | Mexocoll, 118, 234, see Bromelia sp vivipara Meyer, Crnst, 107 Mellore, 231, see Pandanas sp Mezcal (1) 234; see Agave potatorum Mell, 231, see Agave sp (2), 234, see Agave americana Mescal, 207, 230, 233, 235, see Agave Miller, P, 86, 87, 89 92, 99, 100, 103, sp 123, 124 128, 131, 139, 140, 141, de Maguey, a spirit, 231 142, 143 147, 209, 259, 267 distilled spint, 247, see Agave Mimusops F engi, 171 8p Miquel, F A, VÝ 54 237 or Mlexical a spint made from Moarba, 229, 235, il Sansevieria certain Euagaves, 231. Zeylanica or ligula spuit obtained from Mogas khair, a grade of Cutch Agave, 98 Caicotla market, 35 Mesopotamia, estimated number of Mohideen Shenil, 48 Date palm trees in, 3 Monakhir, variety of Dates, in Well, 108, 109, 113, 223; s Agave sp 16 sce ·29+ INDEX Moon, A , 131 Mysore Aloes, 236, see Aloe sp Moore, T, 89 101, 225, 265 , 237, see Agave sp Moorgale, 177, 235, see Sansevieria Zeylanıcı Moorda, 221, see Celosia cristata 177, see Sansevieria Zeylanica N Mordha, 234, 237; see Agaie Vera Cruz Naeldendraet, 127, 195, see Agave sp Morison, R, 109 • Nagal, variety of Dates, in Arabia, 17. Morisu avarar, 57, see Psophocarpus Nágas, a hill tribe of Assim, 69 teiragonolobos Nanas Boaya, 114, 169, see Agaie Morocco, estimated number of Date Cantala palm trees in, 3 (Crocodile pineapple) Morren, E., 205, 255, 257 221, see Agase Can Morris, Sir D, 91, 193, 205, 257 tula Morva, 177, see Sansevieria Zeylanica 236; see Agase Cantala Molla, 217, see Agave spp costa, 237, see Agave Rumphru Munjee Nar , 227, 234, 235, 237, - sabrang, 169, see Ananis sativa See Agave sp utan, 114, 109, 209, 236; ree Mouroukouavarecody, 57, see Psopho Agave sp carpus tetragonolobus Nannas Sadrang, 236, see Agate Rum. Mozali, variety of Dates, in Baluchistan, phu 17 Nannorhops Ritchieana, 160, 238, 240, Mubsalt variety of Dates, in Arabia, 266. 17 Nanut (pine apple ?), 265; see Agave Mukerji, Babu T N , 138 americana Mulford, Miss 81, 142, 207 Napier, James, 40 Mfunda, 219 234, see Agave Wightu Nar, 211, 236, see Agave sp Munjee Nar, 234 235, see Agave sp fibre, in South India, 193, 1€ Munting, A, 117, 118 122 Agave sp Muraga, 234, 237, see Aletris -, 181, see Agave americana Murba 235, see Sansevieria sp Nara, 219, see Agave Cantala Murdasıng, varie y of Dates, in Persia, Necker, NJ de, 52 17 Necklaces, religious, materials used in Murga, 177, 221, see Agale sp making, 69 73 -, 235, see Aletris sp Nelson Mr 265 237, su Agave americana Nelumbium speciosum, 7? 235, SL Vera Cruz Neguamell, 143, see Agave sp. (1), 236, see Agasc americana - 187, see Turcrea gigantea (2), 236, see Agave Vera Cruz and I. cubensis Murgabi, 235, see Sanseviena sp >> 237, see Agave and Dasy- Murgahve, 235, se Sansevieria sp Murgha, 237; see Agave app 239, se Furcraca cubensis, Alurukku avurur, 57, Ke Psophocarpus - (1), 236, see l'urcraea tubetetragonolobus TOS Muruou dul, 177, the Sansevieria (a), 238, 263; see Furcraca Zeylanica cubensis of Ceylon 229; see Nequent, 301; see Agave sp Marsdenia sp Ngabo, 44; se Odina Wodier 235, Afarsdenia Nidulanam Caratas, 93, 205, 206, 232, tepacissima 243, 254 Afurta, 379; sse Sansevieria Zeylanica Karatas, 205 - 235 237, su Sansevieria sp Musa texuls 158 183 186, 267 Musa troglodytarum leitoria 181 Masami ra, 236, 237, 271, se Aloe sp Nulla Sagw, 236, at Agare Vera Cruz lirion SFP 8p 185 X 4 ·INDEX 295 11 Pan (betel leaf) 31 preparation of an article nearly free from tannic acid 46 Panam Kalrashi, 238, see Agave Obsidian use of in Mexico before dis americana covery of metals, 271 Pancratium sp 261 Ocimum basılıcum 73 Pandanus 114 169 sanctan 73 74 1ho, see Agave Cantala Ocpath, 238, see Agate 171, 524 Agave sp an herb used in Menco for , 173, see Agave americana f210unog Agale cider, 93 SP Odll, 233, 271, see Agave sop , 171, ser Aloe sp fermented liquor denied from fascicularis 219 Syn P odoratis- Agave sp. 97 239 Odina Wodier, an adulterant of cutch, simus 36 -foetidus, 216, 217 Lerim 231 Offsel, or sacker, 238, 261; see Agave odoratissimus 216, 262, 264 SP * Onsboots" or "sackers, 2, 7, see sp, 168 10 217, 221, 231, Date palm 263, 265 Oil of Cochlospermum Gossyprum, 66 SPP, 217 Orop, 19, see Costus speciosus Paper parchment from Agave leaves, Oroxylum indicum, 73 97 109 Orte blanche, 189, see Boehmeria nivea Paprı khair, 24, see Acacia Catechu Outo, 98, 140, 225 36, sec Gambier Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Femandez of Calcutta bazars, 46, de, iog 181, 189, 201, 203, 313, see Uncana Gamber 225, 343 , light coloured catechu of Bengal, 24 Parkand, 238, 239, see Agave americana Patha, 241. P --, 238, see Nannorhops Ritchieana Pati, 117, see Agave sp Pagodite or pagoda stone, rosary made --, 197, 201, 213, 238, see Agave of, 75 sisalana Pakku, 48, see Areca Catecha produced the finest fibre or tow, Pa lan loung Ilde, 19, see Costas 98, see Metl and henequen speciosus Paliha, 161, see Nannorhops Ritchieana Palkande, 217, 238, 239, see Agave sp Pavon, J, 108, 124 Pallam, 57; see Psophocarpus tetrago Pedda kalabanda Nara, 240, polobus Agave vivipara Pallang, 57; see Peophocarpus tetrago Peemar, Kathalar, 240, see Agave sp polobus Peetha Kalabanda 240 241, 245, see Palma, 19,, 238, Ke Agave spP Agave Vera Cruz barela, 239; SL6 Agave and Kalabantha (1), 240, tee Agave Viviрага loca, 195, see Palma (3), 240; see Agare 199; rec Agave striata americana 3339; sue Agave and Yacca Kalabunda, 245, SCL Agave SPP SP Palma real, 230, see Agave and Yucca Pe-gale, 60, set Psophocarpus tetrago- SPP polobus Palmae spP, 243, Pogu cutch, 34, su Acacia Palmello, 161, see Nannorhaps Ritchie. , 24, see Acacia Khair, a grade of Palms, 343, see Agave sp Calcatta market, 35 Yucca SPP ana, 161 ·- n-3 kenninh 296 INDEX Pagy!,, (Phaseolus lunatus) 60, set Pila Bromelir, 205, 242, 255, 257, 259 267, St Agave rigida var sisalana 179, see Bromelia syl estris Pe myri, 57, 63, ste Psophocarpus de corogo (a Palm), 243, see Agave tetragonolobus *р Penca, 240, see Agave sp Zapaleros 229, 241, 242, 255, Penguin, 213, see Ananas sylvestris see Bromelia karatas --, 208, see Bromelia Penguin fibre, 244, see Agave mexicana Penda, 19, see Costus speciosus flax, 244, see Agave mexicana Perkın, A G, 45 floja, 244, see Furcraea gigantea Perottet, J BA, 53 Hemp, 244, SCC Yucca and Perrine, Dr H, 135, 142 145, 189 Forcraea SPP 195, 203 207, 253 259 Kalabantha, 244, see Agave Persis, estimated number of Date palm SP trees in 3 pinuella, 243, see Agave and Pe saung sa, 57, see Psophocatpus other SPP tetragonolobus 207; see Bromelia Pesh, 161, 239, 240, 267, ste Nannor sylvestris hops Ritchieana. -thread, 138; see Agase sp Petha Kalabantha, 240, see Agaie (tobacco pipe), 243, see Agave and americana Furcraea SPP Petre, 340, see Vacca gloriosa Pile, 201, 245, see Agave and Farcraça Phoenix dactylifera, i spp sylvestris, 2 175, 244, see Agave, Furcraea Pierre, L, 54 and Tillandsia spp. Prel, 165, 175, 243, 245, see Furcraea , 213, see Agave sisalan: SP 241, Sce Fourcroya foetida (1), 240, see Foorcroya foetida - Haill, 201, 229 233, 344, sce (?) 240, ree Furcraea sp Furcraea sp, 201 Pena, 243, see Agave and Furcrea Prlaila 243 244, see Agave ameri. SPP can , 205, see Ananas sativa 205 Pitha, 243, see Pita - pineapple 20), see Aninas sativa Kalatanda, 244, se Agac vivi- Pineapple, 159 169 193 215, see pura Ananas sativa. Kalabuntha see Agave 351; sre Redi aonas americana Alligator Pineapple, 237, Patta 244, see Agaie americana Foreign Pincapple, 1771 hels, 177, 246, se Aloc Yuccie 337, Wild Pineapple, 237, folus 143, see Agave spp Pitte, 246, see Agave focuda cultivated, 169, set Ananas thels, 169 371, set Aloe Yuccie sativa foluis Pinon, 212, se Agave or Tarcraca spp Plinic de cent anni, 340, see Agave Pinurlla, 305. 247, 255, su Bromelia americana sylvestris Platcarius M, 107 213, se Karatas Plamicti Pukenet 1... 95, 115 119 175 -, 205, see Pita Bromelia Pois Carré or Square pea, 57. Sie Piso, W, 115 116 181, 187 Psophocirpus tetragonolobus AI, 141, 142, 243, se Furcraea Pole, 331, 346, s A211¢ spp or Pita 116, see Agave sp Polc plant, 246 s Agaycac Mul, 263, 242, 243, # Azare ameri Polanthes tuberos: 199 Poling of Aguc branches 123 ---, 97, 99, 116, 117, 144, If 323 in different countries 341.243 245 255, see 85 Arire, Bromelia, Forcracs and Polygona, 172, Alor americans Poely nuagem, 193, 346; 154 Aloc sp. cana 331, Palmic SPP ·INDEX 297 See in Pool nunje, 247, see Hib scus canng. bioa Q Powell, B H Bader-, 48 61 Pottery, Sone Instances of Vegelable Poller), 35 Quera 221, see Agave sp Prain, Col D, 23, 24, 56 77, 88, 92 Quercus spp, 187 103 Quetzalychllı 248, sce Agave Wightu Pnckly pear 5 Qurura 231, see Pandanus and Agave Prochoyanthes 167 SPP Proctor, Professor HR 40 41 44 46 Qui, 248 249 253, see Agaveae spp on analyses of Gambier, 46 - or Quil 145 see Agaie sp Procumbens = vivipara 132, see Agale Quil, 249, see Agaveae spP vivipara. Psophocarpus comorensis, 54 longepedunculatus, 54, see P tetragono R lobus tar micropterus 54, see P Rachidi, variety of Dates, in Egypt 17 tetragonolobus Raciborski, 64 Mabala, 54 Railway Aloe, 163 248 249, see Agave palmettorum, 53 Vera Cruz palustris, 51, 58 Rail Kattalai, 248, see Agave Vera tetragonolobus, 51 Cruz ana- Rarg, 249, see Epicampes macoura lysis of roots and of de Zacalon 248, 251 seeds, 64 Epicampes macoura (roots), 249, see Epicampes Manilla (Philippines) 53 macoura Pulco, 98, 247, see Pulque Rajsarpa sankınce, 75, see Snake -, a wine said to have been made Rakas, 179 248, see Agave americana from Agave, 110 • palta, 250, see Agave americana Pulcre, 247, see Pulque Rakashi Ma'lalu, 248, 249 255, see Pulque, 223 233, 235, 239 246, 271, Agave americana see Agave spp Rakast Malla, 248, see Agave Vera Pulque Agave, 246, see Agave mexi Cruz Mallalu, 250, see Agave Vera 251, see Agave sp Cruz only in cultivation, 129 Rakis paltah, 251, see Rakas patta - Agaves, 223, 225, see Agave Rakshasha an evil demon, 249, see SPP Rakas how prepared, 181, see Agave Rakshasha Bali, 250, see Agave Vera americana Cruz. Pulgue, native cider of Alexico, 161 Rakla kanchan, 69, see Adenanthere plants, 140, see Agave sp pavonina producing Agaves, 80 Rakus 171, su Agave amenana the national beverage of Mexico, Ram Bant, 250, see Agave Cantala 98, 247 trild bamboo, 251 Pulqueria, a shop for the sale of Rambanskeora, 173, 250, see Agave pulque 247 Cantala Purchas S, 187, 201 132, see Agave lurida Putanjee mala, 73, Putranjiva Ramkanta, 250, see Agave americana Roxburghu Ramie, 189, see Boehmeria nivea Putchuk, 21, see Coslus speciosus Ramli variety of Dates in Egypt, I Putranjiva Roxburgh, 73 74 Rangoon cuích, 24, see Acacia Pyinkado, 44 , see Xylta dolabnformis chu Pyinma, 44, sc Lagerstroemia Flos Rangooni Khair, a grade of reginae Calcutta market, 35 cana . sce ·298 INDBX 160, SCC Raspador, machine for scutching Sabarra, 253, 54e Aloe sp Agave leaves, 250, 251 Sabbare, 252, 253, 255, 271, 54 Aloc Ron seeds 69, see Abrus precatonus maculata Ragwolf L, 199 Kavano 250, see Aloe perfoliata Neshid, 131, see Agave sp offi- -, 250, 251, see Agave vivipara or Salır, 159, see Acibar, also Ray, J 112, 115, 116 118, 122, 123 Aloe vera, 159 Recchi 271 Saccharum officinarum, Red Catechu, 24 , see Acacia Sundra Aguardiente spirit Cockscomb 221, see Celosia cris Sacci, 252, see Agave rigida var, tata longifolia wood The, 69, set Adenan. (Sarque) 144, 145, ree Agave sp thera pavonina ,253, see Agave sisalana Reda aonas, 193 209, 250, see Agave Sacı, 253, su Sacci, also Agave sp SP Sacgui, 80, 144, 145 253, 299, see Rede (net), 251, see Reda aonss Agave sp Reichenbach, H GL, 85 145, 146, see Agave longifolia Reju 179 207 233, 249, 270, see -, 260, see Agave ngida Epicampes macoura 181, 189 252 , see Agave sp Rhea, 189, see Boehmeria nivea Safford' WE, 55 Rheede tot Drakenstein, Hendnk Saganara, 177, see Agare, Marsdenia, Adrian van, 187 and Sansevieria SPP Rhubarb stalhs resemblance of certain -, 187, 252, see Sanseviena sp. fresh cut Agave leaves to, 85, 88, Malha, 177, see Agave and 91 Sansevieria SPP Rice root 249, see Epicampes macoura 252, 253, see Agave Richard A, 53 Vera Cruz Ricinus communis, oil cale of, 8 Sagı, 253, see Metroxylon sp Ricketts, W R 103 - Mulla 237, 252, 253, see Agave Riddle Dr GD, 179 americana Ridley, H N , 20 57, 265 Sago palm, 70, su Caryota urens Roemer, ) ), 125 Malay, 353, se Sansc. Rose J N, 98, 140, 161, 173, 181, vienia Zeylanica 199 223 233, 235 263 265. Sal, 36, sut Shorea robusta Roxburgh Dr V 23, 52, 53 87, 92, Silm Dych, 95, 125 127, 128 147. 96, 100 129-131, 133-136 138, Salpatouala, 36 44, see Shorea 139 175 177, 183, 189 253 257 robusta Rolc, Dr J F, 96, 135, 167, 191 Samadera indica, 73 Rudraksha, 71, see Claeocarpus Gani Samant, variety of Dates, in Egypt, 17 trus Samalo 252 , she Fourcrosa Cantala Ruiz and Pavon 85, 108, 124 Samba daitalas, 2,2; se Agave sp L3, 124, 671 --, 255, 161, se Agirc Rumphu 135, sce Agave Rumphu вр Rampi, G E ,19 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 88, San, 2531 sec Crotalaria SP also 100, 114, 115. 123-125 137, 130, Hibiscus 132, 133 135, 136, 137. da Mar, 175, 252, 253 261; see Agaie americana. Sandals, 161; * Nannorhops Ritchie. S &na Sonline Rajrarta, 75, sre Saake Sansevieria cylindrica, 131 Sabal, 161; 1 Palmettos of Florida lanoginosa 176 347 Sabar, 187, s. Aloc officinalis -, sp, 77, 118, 158, 159 219 Subare, 107, su Agive up 311, 379 235, 237, 247, , 107, WE Alos scra, 352, 253 165 ·INDEX 299 set Sansevieria Zeylanica, 176, 177, 186, Serenoa, 161, sue Palmettos of Florida 1$,-226, 238, 252 Seninge, NC, 52, 53 Saptals do no extract oil from Coch Sela ( 1, 19 20 , see Costus speciosus lospermum, 67 Senbbira 253, 254 257, see Agave Saparra, 252 2 3,295 261, 271, set americina also Aloe sp Sansevienı Zeylanica Sex of lowers in Date pulm, 2 Saponin, presence in igase leaves not Srir variety of Dares, in Egypt 16 confirmed so Sha bya Ijlung mue, or blue cutch, see Saluta 19 20, see Costus speciosus Acacia Catechu, 32 Sauga, 187, 253 Sansevieria -Het or bach cutch, 32 , in Acacia Zeylanıcı Catechu Ropa, 252, Sansevieria --ni, or red cutch, 32 , see Acacia Zeylanica Citechu Saugoo nara, 252, set Sansevieria Shans grow Psophocarpus, 58, 59 Zeylanica Shaw us or yellow cutch, see Acacia Saugu, 177, see Agave, Marsdenia and Catechu, 32 Sansevieria SPP Sherard J 124 Saunders, WW, 127, 139, 140 Sheriff, Mohideen 48 Saussurea Lappa, 21 Shormater s thread, 243 , see Bromelia Safer, variety of Dares, in Mesopotamia, karatas 16 Shorea robusta, 36 Schede, Dr, 100, 129 Short Alou, 191, see Agave ameri Schott, Dr, 99, 143 144. 189, 195 cana 209 , 223 ; see Agave vivipara Schulies, J 1, 127, 140 199, see Furcraea cub Schumann, h, 55 ensis Screw pine, 36, ne Pandanus fasci. aloes, 254, see Agave americularis cana 169, ne Pandanus Sibir, 253 ; see Aloe officinalis Scutching Mauritos Hemp fibre, Suk, nut, 72 ; sue Euonymus grandı. Machine for, 197 florus Seaside Aloe, 252, 259, see Aloe littor Silk cotton, 65, see Cochlospermum alis Gossypsom, also Bombax malaba- 199, see Furcraer cubensis ficum and Eriodendron anfractuo- Sebar, 253, see Aloe olbcinalis sum, Seema hathalat, 254, see Agave --, grass, 97, see Agave sp Wightu 156, 183, 187, 205, 207, 213 Seemai Kallalar, 253. 254, 255, see 229 243 257, 359, see Agave sp Bromelia sp Seemann, B, 129, 181, 243 233, See Nidularium Kara- Sumay caltalay, 254, 257, see Fourcroya gigantea (1), 189, see Nidularium Kullalay, 254, See Furcraea Karatas SP (1) 189. 254 ; see Seppu Kallalat, 253, 254 ; see Agave Nidularium karatas Vera Cruz (2), 256 ; see Bromelia Sempervivum, 136, the Agave sem Sylvestris pervivum -(3), 256, 263, see Bromelatrue Aloe, 130 ceae and Agaveae. , 255; su Aloe and Agave (4), 227, 256, 263, see вр Furcraea cubensis majus, 127, see Agave sp of Honduras 179; see or Aloe vera, 114 Bromelia sylvestris. Semprediva, 253, 254, see Agave ameri. Sill of grass, 197, 256, see Aloe Yuccae folus Sequrdillas, 57, see Psophocarpus tetra Sima: Kathalai, 256 , see gonolobus gigantea tas ·300 INDBX 271, see Digger, Sime kallalay, 256, see Fourcrosa sp Sosquil, 259; see Agaie rigida, rar Katlale, 199, 256 , see Agale vivilongifolia para 145; see Agaie sp Strooghoo Kutlalay, 219, 256, see Aloe Solol, 260, sue Disylirion sp littoralis a spirit distilled from Dasglinon, Sisal, 201, 221, 229 : see Ague sisalana 231 -, a port on the Yucatan coast, 256 -, an alcoholic beverage, 98, sce Agile, 143, 213) see Agave Das; lirion sisalana distilled spirit, 247 Engelmanns views on 143 Spadu, 261; see Agave americana Fuagave, Agave Spanish Aloe, 260, sce Agave amerisisalana cana false, 78, see Agave decipiens Barb (vegetable hair), 138, grass, 156, see Agave sp see Tillandsia, Hemp, 171, 195 258, Set Agave Biyonet, 193, 260, see Yucca longifolia and A sisalana gloriosa 99, 13), 139, 144, 145, 201, 193, see Yucca 203 205, 209, 233, 235, glorios? 257, 269 Set Agave $1$ Noss, 159; see Tillandsia sp lana Spata 261, see Agave americana of India, 253, set Agave sisalana Spatola, 261; see Agave americana. True, 89, see Agave sisalana Spatona, 261, see Agave americana , 101, 135, 142, 143, 146, 209 Spatone 260; see Agaie americana -- group of Luagave, 101, see Speke, J H, 54. Agave sisalana Spirit, 161, see Aguardiente Skulls used in making religious nech Spon, E and I. N , 93, 207, 231, 233, laces, 73. 255 Slave, Mr H, 32 Spondias mangifera, 73 Sloane, Sır Hans, 116, 117, 124 148, Sprengel, K, 177 187, 189, 197, 201, 203, 213, 227, Squier, É G, 181, 295, 231, 255, 265 147, 265 " Squill, 171, set Aloc 8p' Sly, F G 55 Standford's Compendium, 259 Small Aloe 219. 253. 358 259, see Stephegine diversifolta, leases utilised Aloe littoralis for wrapping Cutch, 34 of India, 91, se Agave Stewart, JL, 20, 219 Wight Stones used in making religious Smotra arapska, 260, see Agaie amer! necklaces, 73 Stratiotes aloides, 116 Snakes, vertebræ of, used in making subhdarsan, 261, Sze Crinum sp religious necklaces, 73, 74 Sullanı, variety of Dates, in Leypt, 17 Soap Agase, 360: see Agave Saponaria Sun la nar, 260, se Agave sp -, fine toilet, made from Yucca sp, Suraru, 260, see A571c*P 167. X'allili, 360; see Agave Vera --, marine and toilet, made from Cruz Agaves, 167 Swingle on the Date palm, 6 producers, 159; 14 Yacca spp Sydow, P, 64 substitutes, Agave leaves and roots as, 97 Sabolifera, 118; se Agile amencana Sobr, 153: 1 Aloe oflicinilis Socotra Alocs, 253 ; # Aloe off cinalis T Sodursun, 173, 260; se pare sp Sola, 70, me Aeschynomene aspera Tabago silk grass, 362; Forcraes Sona, 73; re Oroxylum indicum cubentis Soodursus, 173; Hu Agaie up Tabriel, rariety of Dates, in Meco- Sorghum spr 179 potamia, 27 Sosgus, 353: m Agate ap Toconi, 367; se Aloe Yoccac foliis cana, 260 ·INDEX. 301 cana JCE Tafili, variety of Dalts, in Morocco, Tessmann E, 134 16 Thalay Mar, 264, see Pandanus odora- Tagoura Gbre, 263, € Guaduz tissimus Tagoara Than 32, 44, see Terminalia Olvert Tale, 763; she Pandanus sp Thaulay Aar, 265, see Pandanus odo. Nar, 365, see Pandanus odoratis tatissimus simus Thembu Aanut, 264, see Agave ameri maru, 262, tre Pandanus odora ussimus Theometel, 117, see Agave Theometc! Tambr, hostanacki 45 122, 125 127, 249 264, Tampico, principal port on the Gulf of see Agase sp Mexico as regards trade in Agave Thompson, P on Aloe brush fibre, 163 fibre 262, 263 Thorn apple, 239) Datura Tampico fibre, 93 98, 179, 191, 205, Stramonium 207, 221, 233, 262 263 Thornton 84 Hemp 263, see Agave sp Thread, shoemakers 243, or Lecheguilla fibre, 99 Bromelia haratas Taanic acid, a Catechu nearly free Thunberg, C P 131 from, 46 Ticu palm, 265, see Aloe Yuccae Tannin, 39, see Acacia Catechu foliis in Indian Cutch 40, 41, 50, Tillandsia, 183, 244 see Acacia Catechu - recurvata 158, 159 in pale cube gambier, 46, see usneoides, 172 Uncaria Gambir. Tinder, the dried tissue of Agaves Tapemele 262, 263, see Agave vivipara used as 97 Tauk kyan, 44, see Terminalia tomen Tjana kua, 19 sec Costus speciosus tosa Tobago 263, see Turcraea cubensis Tawagas, 20, see Costus speciosus Toccon 264 , see toucon Taud laua, 20, see Costus speciosus l'awe tanc autar, 19. see Costus speci 324 Osus e Tebu, 19, see Costus speciosus Tectona hamiltoniana, leaves employed | Tournefort J P de, 107, 116, 123 for wrapping Cutch, 35 Tow, short curled fibres from Agaveae, Tecum, 265, see Aloe Yuccae folus etc, 264 Teddala, variety of Dates in Algeria, Tranter, Dr, 171 16 Trap tree 215, 264, see Artocarpus sp Teijsmann J. E, 54 Trelease, Di W, 221 Tela or lele khair, dark or black Catch Tripoli, estimated number of Date palm of Bengal 35 trees in, 3 Temple, Chief Justice, 179 257 True Sisal, 89, 103 , see Agave 8ısalana Tula, an upland tract in Mxico yield ing Agave fibre, 263 Tulsi, 73, sec Ocimum sanctum (1), 262, see Agave sp Tunis, estimated number of Date palm (2), 264, see Agave sp trees in, 3 distilled spint, 247, see Agave Turkish Cymbals or Kettledrum, 8P. Zambur 109 Terminalia bialata an adulterant of Twine, binder, 175, see Agave fibre Cutch 44 Chebula, an adulterant of Cutch, 44 Oliveri, 32, 44 U adulterant of Vg1, 32, set Acacia Catechu tomentosa, an adalterant of Umbar, 72, see Ficus Cutch, 44 Umber tree, 73, * Ficus an Cutch, 44 ·302 INDEX see americana cana Uncana Gambir, 48, Wilayah Kantala, 266; see Agave Uromyces, 64, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Wild Aloe, 199, see Furcraea cubensis Usteri, 55. 239 241, 266, se Nannorhops Ulrasum bead tree, 71; see Elaeocarpus Ritchieana Ganitrus fibre, 266, see Agale sp Ulrasun beads, 72, see Elaeocarpus Aloes 266, see Agave sp lanceolatus Henequen, 195, se Agave sp. Maguey, 225, see Agave Ameripineapple, 203, ste Ananas sativa 209, 522 Agave americana ' 237, 241 ; see Agase sp Valentyn, 114 Willdenow, CL, 86, 87, 133 Venctian whisk, 179, Wilson, Dr, H , 74 Chrysopogon Gryllos TC, 61 Ventenat, EP, 95, 193, 199, 201 Woodrowe, Prof GM, 56, 63 Vera Cruz Aloe, 123, 266, see Agaie Woroninella Psophocarpi, 64, Vera Cruz Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Crucis, 130, 131, 139, see Agave Wyper, A 0,92 Vera Crucis 139, see Agave sp Vieux, E. F, on materials used in making Read Chains and Rosaties х in India, 69 Vinegar, 110, see Agate sp Xylia dolabriformis, an ndolterant of obtained from Pulgue, 161. Cutch, 44 Visiani, R de, 107 Voigt, J.O. 53, 88, 130, 131, 213 Von Buch, L, 110 226, 34 Y l'acqui 249, s. Ag?1c 8salana. Pallada Naru, pa per fibre, 269 Taht, vanety of Dates, in Egypt, 16 l'anuga Calabunda fibre, 268; Sec Aloe Wallich, N. 52, 53, 130, 131, 136 perfoluata Warburg, 0.55 Yashki, 144, su Agave sp Warth, Dr H, experiments with Catch, Yash qui, 145, 146, 181, 189, 249, 253, 33, 34 259 268, 269; I Aggie ssalaca. Watson, w, 80, 134, 137 Mashout henequin, 703; see Agave Want, Sur George 55, 88, 96, 155, 321 sisalana - on China grass, 189 Yasqui, 145;se Agave sp Welwitsch, F., 54 laxche, 268, me Bombas ceiba • husk,' 15!; see andropogon sp Paxa (l'ashki), 144, 145, H Agacap Whiak, Mexican, 179, 233, 234, 249 4, 268, 269; $. Agare sisalana 365: 15 Epicampes macroura Margut, 269,507 Agaye sisulana Whisk, Venetian, 179 226; su Chrysorria,369. He Calotropis sp pogon Gryllus Pefkada, 269, set Calotropis sp White fibre, 306; me Agale and nuru pafor filre, 369 Furcraes, also Bromeliaceae l'inugs Kalatanda, 195.269, sve Night Iconis, 95 Agare SP -R, 53, 91, 102, 122 140, 181, Kalatonds, 168; se Agare 113. Vera Cruz 15.11an ananas, 166, !!! Agire Kalamands, 268, st Afire »p. Cantala Percum, 169, a Calotrop s op ·INDEX 303 27", 564 americana Percum (Calotropis), according to Roxburgh, the strongest fibre, 177 Perta, 197, see Sansevieria sp terra (Erva babosa) 197, see Aloes sp Z Yolada, 269, see Calotropis sp Yoshitate, 45 Yste, 268, see Agare Lechuguilla. Zadbara, 270, Agave Yucatan Istle abre 259, see Agave ameti ana Ixtli di ghai, 270, see Agave Yucay, 268, 269, see Aristolochia indica Zabila 2 3 , see Aloe off cinalis Yucca, 98 Zacatecas, an upland tract in Mexico acaulis, 222 Field ng Agave fibre 263 fibre, 163 Zailun 72, see Gyrocarpus Jacquini blamentosa 158, 195, 202 Zamarra 270, see Agave americana Yacca gloriosa 158, 159 162, 192, 196, Zambarone, 270, see Agave americana 271 see Aloe sp sp, 116 159 167, 172, 173, Zambur, Kettledrum Turkish 215 238, 239 241, 244, 260 Cymbals, 109 265 Zanbar, threads (of wool) 271, see superba, 130 Agaie americana Yuccada fibre 268 269 Zaparra, 270, see Agave americana Naru, 269, see Yucca gloriosa Zaubar, 271, see Zanbar Yaccae, fibre-yielding, not jei sufici Zehedi, variety of Dates, in Mesopo ently idenuſed, 98 *amia 17 Yuccas, 78, 82 Zollinger, H, 134. Yuccay, 268, 269, see Aristolochia Zubbur, 270, see Agave americana indica Zuccagni, A, 118, 125 126 265 " Ywe' or middle-men in Burma, 61. Zuccarini JG, 86, 88, 93, 94 97, 102, Yxtlı, 205 207, 209 see Agave sp 132 233 Yzth the mineral obsidian, 270 Zugo de Cocosza, 270, see Agave 249, see Ixtli americana 240, 269 or GICP 0-le 158 REP-197 1901 -2.500-HR

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·All communications regarding The AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, Calcutta. The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of Indian Agricultural and Economic questions Contnbutions or corrections and additions will therefore be most Welcome In order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contributions will be classified and numbered under certain Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series, those on Forestry in the Forest Series Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Senes series

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·All communications regarding THB AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of Indsa, Calcutta The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of Indian Agricultural and Economic questions Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome In order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contributions will be classified and numbered under certain series Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series, those on Forestry in the Forest Series Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series

·No text on this page.

·All communications regarding THB AGRICULTURAL LEDGER should be addressed to the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, Calcutta. The objects of this publication (as already stated) are to gradually develop and perfect our knowledge of Indian Agricultural and Economic questions Contributions or corrections and additions will therefore be most welcome In order to preserve a necessary relation to the various Departments of Government, contnbutions will be classified and numbered under certain series Thus, for example, papers on Veterinary subjects will be registered under the Veterinary Series, those on Torestry in the Forest Series Papers of more direct Agricultural or Industrial interest will be grouped according as the products dealt with belong to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdom In a like manner, contributions on Mineral and Metallic subjects will be registered under the Mineral Series

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