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·APPLIED MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR STUDENTS

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·APPLIED
MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
For Students
By
WILLIAM DOSITE POSTELL
Medical Librarian and Professor of Medical Bibliography
Louisiana State University School of Afedicine
New Orleans, Louisiana
.
CHARLES C THOMAS PUBLISHER
Springfield . Illinois . U.S.A.

·CHARLES C THOMAS . PUBLISHER
BANNERSTONE HOUSE
301-327 East Lawrence Avenue, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.
Published simultaneously in the British Commonwealth of Nations by
BLACKWELL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, LTD., OXFORD, ENGLAND
Published simultancously in Canada by
TTIE RYERSON PRESS, TORONTO
This monograph is protected by copyright. No
part of it may be reproduced in any manner
without written permission from the publisher.
Copyright 1955, by CHARLES C THOMAS
PUBLISHER
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 55-8869
Printed in the United States of America

·PREFACE THE LAST wo surveys made of medical education emphasized the importance of the library in the develop ment of a sound program of medical education and research. The survey conducted by Herman G. Weiskotten, et al., (1934-1939)," went so far as to state that if a medical school were to be appraised by a single criterion, the li. brary might well serve. This concept of the library's function has placed a greater responsibility on medical educ. tors and librarians to support and develop the library. In order for a student to establish sound methods of study he should have a deep appreciation of the literature of his profession. The time has passed when anyone can walk into a library and, with a cursory glance, survey the litera. ture. The bibliographic approach to medical literacure requires the same methodology as any other scientific problem. For a library to be used to advantage, the student must have an understanding of the arrangement and or. ganization of the library, a working knowledge of the principal reference works and indexes, and an appreciation of bibliographic methods. This necessitates some formal instruction in medical bibliography. The survey of medical schools, conducted by John E. Dcitrick and Robert C. Berson (1959),** pointed our that few schools give students instruction in medical dib. liography based on the proper cducational principles that are the root of inst in all departments of the medical school. This is unfortunate, since the failure to recognize medical bibliography as a discipline means that • Weiskolien, }], C., et el: Medical Eduration in the United States, 19. 1939. Chiago, A. M. Any 1910. 159 PP. ** Survey of Medial Eduoton: Medical Schools in the United States et Acid Century. New York, GrawItal 1953.580 FT V

·CHARLES C THOMAS PUBLISHER
BANNERSTONE HOUSE
301-327 East Lawrence Avenue, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.
Published simultaneously in the British Commonwealth of Nations by
BLACKWELL. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, LTD., OXFORD, ENGLAND
Published simultaneously in Canada by
TILE RYERSON PRESS, TORONTO
This monograph is protected by copyright. No
part of it may be reproduced in any manner
without written permission from the publisher.
Copyright 1955, by CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 55-8569
Printed in the United States of America

·PREFACE vii their help. I wish to express my appreciation to Miss Nellie Whisenhunt, Instructor in Nursing Education, and Miss Ann Hodge, Service Librarian, School of Medicine, Loui. siana State University, for reading the manuscript and offering many helpful suggestions. TO Miss Minna Lane. member of the library staff, who has edited my manuscripts for many a year, I am very grateful, and for tais latest assistance I am most appreciative. To the students who have patiently listened to my instruction through the years, and who have been the inspiration for this monograph I wish to express my gratitude. It is hoped that this little volume will serve as a guide to the studenus who must acquire a knowledge of the literature of their profession. W.D.P.

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·CONTENTS Page PRETACE 1 PART 1 5 HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 1. THE MANUSCRIPT The Beginnings of Science-Preservation of Greek Culture--Recovery of Greek Culture 2. THE BOOK The Medical Book--The Societies 3. THE JOURNAL Scientific Journalism Medical Journalisi American Medical Journalism 15 99 PART II 88 87 MODERN BIBLIOGRAPHY I. THE MEDICAL LIBRARY AND ITS ORGANIZATION. The Problem Confronting Libraries--Arrangement of Books and Periodicals_Service Function 2. INDEXES TO TJIE Book COLLECTION The Book--Book Lists or Catalogs The Card Catalog 3. Basic REFERENCE BOOKS. Reference Books Dictionaries Directories EngclopediasYcarbooks 4. INDEXES TO THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION Reference Aids Bibliography of Periodicals Serial Record_Indexes to Periodical Copionis 5. THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION General Science Journals Basic Science Journals ix 83 ·X MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Page Chapter General Medical Journals Clinical Specialty Journals-Dental Journals-Review Journals History of Medicine Journals - Hospital Journals—Nursing Journals PART III METHODS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 97 1. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION Meaning of ScienceFeatures and Methods of Science 2. THE REFERENCE PAPER The Subject and the Working Bibliography- The Tentative Outline Procedures in Searching- Note Taking The Sentence Outline- The Writing—The Style-The Scientific paper- The Case Report 3. DOCUMENTATION Principles and purposes of Documentation The Final Bibliography-Footnotes Literature Cited or References_Final Recommendations 716 Appendix I. TEXTS REFERRED TO IN PART II II. RECOMMENDED READINGS III. STUDY QUESTIONS INDEX 127 192 185 189 ·LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . Plate 1. Thomas Wakley, Father of Modern Medical Journalism Frontispiece Plate 2. Catalog Cards Author and Title 40 Plate 9. Catalog Card Subject 41 Plate 4. Catalog Cards--Author and Joint Author 42 Plate 5. Catalog Cards Title and Subject 41 Plate 6. Serial Record-Card 61 Plate 7. Serial Record_Tube Index 65 Plate 8. Index of Hospital Literature. 69 Plate 9. Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office 73 Plate 10. Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus 74 Plate 11. Current List of Medical Literature. 75 Plate 12. Cumulative Index to the American Journal of Nursing 77 Plate 13. Note Taking Cards 107 xi

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·APPLIED MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR STUDENTS

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·Part I Historical Bibliography

·I'l..to 1
.
Ironinspirir la Wakley Father of Moules Verlaual
Journalism

·CHAPTER 1 THE MANUSCRIPT The Beginnings of Science Preservation of Greek Culture Recovery of Greek Culture THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE GREEK SCIENCE, has its roots in at least two ancient civilizations, chose of Aſesopotamia and Egypt. These two civilizations were remarkable in the acquisition of positive knowledge in limited spheres. It is to the Sumerians, the original inhabitants of Mesopotamia, that we owe the origin of writing, for underlying the Sumerian civilization was a social order based on the rights of the individual protected by law. This system, due to its highly developed sense of personal property rights, with its need of records and a code of latvs for the protection of the individual, brought forth an evolution in writing which was a decisive factor in the development of civilization. The Sumerians obtained their idea of writing from the cylinders which they engraved with various designs to serve as personal seals. Gradually. From these symbols, were developed other symbols to represent words of objects, until at lenger. writing was perfected as a medium for the recording of speech and thought. Because these writings were recorded on clay tablets, which, when baked, proved almost indestructible, an abundance of written records of the cul. ture of elie various Assyro-Babylonian empires was preserved. The first mention of physicians in Assyrian literature is in the llammurabi law code, a systematization and codi. fiation of all Babylonian laws by Hammurabi, the greate 5 ·6 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY est of the Assyrian kings. In this code, which regulated precisely all phases of life and work in Babylon, it is apparent that physicians not only existed but were held in high esteem. Details of the practice of medicine are derived from the great library of clay tablets, some 30,000 fragments of which are in the British Museum. This collection of records was apparently brought together by King Assurbanipal of Assyria (668-626 B.c.). Their actual age cannot be determined. Several hundred are concerned only with medical matters, but even the most scientific of these tablets reveals the employment of magic rites in the treatment of disease. In contrast to the Sumerians were the Egyptians, with a dissimilar social and economic background embodying a god-king with absolute control over his subjects. Under this system there was no place for the recognition of private ownership. The earliest records of Egype were written some centuries later than the first written documents of Alesopotamia, and due to the known commercial and cultural links connecting these two countries, it is logical to assume that the Egyptians imported the art of writing from the Sumerians. The study of Egyptian science is com plicated by the fact that the Egyptians wote with pen and ink on reed.paper, a perishable material. Of all the Egyptian medical literasure, which undoubtedly must have been extensive, only five long and well preserved texts are still extant. The two best known manuscripts are the Ebers Papyrus and Edwin Smith Papyrus. The former is chiefly a collection of recipes intended for the use of the physician, and the latter is a collection of surgical case reports for the use of the surgeon. Another group of Semitic people, the Hebrews, made a distinct contribution to medical science. In the Old Testa. ment of the Bible we learn that Moses liad formulated for his people a health code, which amounted to a complete ·THE MANUSCRIPT 7 and definite system of public health rules and regulations, and, to enforce it, he selected officials who would correspond to a modern public health staff. Traditional science was continued by the various Euro pean wibes which began to invade continental Greece about 2200 B.C. These tribes, due to their extensive trade relations, soon came in contact with the older civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt and the culture of these two countries served as the foundation of Greek science. The geography of the Greek peninsula also played an important role in the development of Greek science. The Greek peninsula is a mountainous country cut up into numerous valleys which were ideal for the growth of the small independent city state. Laws were not made by a semi-divine king but by the citizens in assembly. The gaining of an advantage depended on how well one was versed in the art of argument and logic. The Grecks soon realized that the more facts one had at hand the better one could argue. Therefore, they soon began to make observations, building up a body of factual data. This was the beginning of speculative philosophy, a new and important clement in the development of science. The Greeks were the first to attempt to explain nature in terms of everyday experience. Thales (c640-c546 1.c.), an early philosopher, is usually given credit for having been the first to offer an explanation of the nature of matter by proposing that the fundamental material out of wlich all things are made is water. This was a new thought, and the Greeks enthusiastically began to attempt to explain rationally all nature's laws. The problem was much greater than the Greeks anticipated and in time they emphasized the rational factor at the expense of observation. They never fully developed the technique of experiment, but they were very fertile in the creation of theories, it remained for the Greek physicians to point the way

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·THE MANUSCRIPT 9 banishing all Greeks from Rome, physicians were specifically exempted. The earliest scientific medical work in Larin is the De Re Medicina of Celsus, a layman, who lived during the second century A.D., and wliose work is not original, but is a translation from or a compilation from the Greek. Apparently, it is the sole remaining part of a series of encyclopedic treatises on medicine, agricul. ture, military hygiene and similar subjects. The ancient period of medicine closes with the name of the physician who ranks after Hippocrates as the greatest of the Greek physicians. This is Galen (131-201 A.D.), who, notwithstanding all the good he did in the field of experimental physiology, also did a great deal of harm, for he broke down the Hippocratic method of utilizing clinical observations from concrete fact. Galen was a man of great ability and real genius. He had an answer for every prob. lem and he wrote with an assurance which gave succeeding generations the impression that he had said the last word on every phase of medicine. His works are a gigantic encyclopedia of the time. Unfortunately, the Romans borrowed the results of Greek science without acquiring the method. Consequently, they remained dependent on the intellectual re sources of the eastern half of the empire and, when the East was separated from the West, there remained in the West only a scanty store of positive knowledge. Therefore, due to the Roman's ignorance of the method of science and their failure to have ever established a tradition of rescarch, there was precluded the possibility of an eduasion based on nature. The result was the retrogression of science for some centuries to come. This cra, known as the Middle Ages, can be considered a period in which a new civilization was born. Classial civilization was sick, but much of it was preserved by the union of the old races with the new vigorous Germanic tribes and a vigorous now ·10 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY religion, Christianity. This new civilization was not created in a short time, but took several centuries of assimilation. THE PRESERVATION OF GREEK CULTURE After the disintegration of the Roman Empire the people of Western Europe were without any defense against the hordes of barbarians who swarmed over the country in successive invasions. Crushed by the repeated onslaughts of the Teutonic tribes and left unprotected by the Roman Emperor in the East, the Latin people naturally turned for protection to the church, the last vestige of authority in the western world. The invaders, having scant respect for the works of art and other evidence of Roman culture, destroyed its landmarks. Constant wars and epidemics discouraged any secular interest in science and culture. Both science and culture, therefore, found their only refuge in the monasteries of the church, and these protected and well-built institutions became great storehouses for the countless priceless manuscripts which were entrusted to their care. A few of the monks them. selves wrote on medical subjects. St. Isidore of Seville (570-696), the Venerable Bede (674-735) in England, Alcuin (735-804) in France, and Rabanus Maurus (776-856) in Germany, are the names that have come down to us. Pope Sylvester II (d. 2003) is the only other writer of merit during this early period in the formation of Western civilization. These works are important as they kept alive. in some measure, the heritage of Greek culture, but one looks in vain for any original contributions to medical science at this time. This was not to come until the culture of classical antiquity was reintroduced into Western Europe by the Arabs during the soth, 11th, and 12th cen. turies. The Byzantine Empire lasted over 1000 years (395. 1453), but its only contribution to medicinc was to pre- ·THE MANUSCRIPT serve something of the language and culture of the Greeks. The medical literature of this empire is mainly concerned with the compilations of four physicians: Oribasius, Aëtius, Alexander of Tralles, and Paul of Aegina. In 432 the Nestorian Christians were forced to flee from Syria because of religious differences, and they sought refuge in Persia, These refugee scholars established at Gondisapor a school in which translations of Greek works into Syrian and Persian were undertaken. Under the liberal minded rulers a medical school was established which, for centuries, was the most important medical school in the East. The victorious Arabs, who later captured Persia, found at Gondisapor a university where Greek culture and medicine had long been studied and whose professors were chiefly Christians and Jews. With great deal the Arabs began the translation of the Greek masters into Arabic, further stimulated by Greek scholars who fled to Bagdad, as a result of chaotic world conditions, bringing with them many priceless manuscripts. In this Eastern Caliphate as it was called, three great physicians produced medical writings of note: Rhazes, Haly ben Abbas, and Avicenna. In the Western Caliphate of Arabian conquests, which in. cluded Spain, the scientific tradition was established later than in the East. A library and academy was founded at Cordova in 970 and similar institutions sprang up at 'Toledo and elsewhere until there were at least 70 libraries in Spain. The great physicians of this Caliphale were; Albucasis, Avenzoas, and Moses Maimonides. RECOVERY OF GREEK CULTURE During the rith century and for some centuries to folfox, Arabic civilization was looked upon by the scholars of the Il'est as the source of all the learning and science of antiquity. Gradually, a few students sought the centers of Arabic learning and brought back with them glowing ·12 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY accounts of the wisdom of Arabic culture. Thus by the middle of the uth century, Arabic science was beginning to penetrate into the West. There were at this time two areas of contact between the European and Arabian civilizations: Spain and "The Sicilies." Conditions were similar in the two countries. Most of Spain had been captured by the Arabs and, as Moslem power waned, there remained behind scholars with a knowledge of both Latin and Arabic. The most famous translators were: Abelard of Bath, Gerard of Cremona, and Michael the Scot. The Sicilian group was less active. The center of translations was at Salerno, which had become a medical center as carly as the ninth century. Some clement of Greek culture continued in South Italy under the suzerainty of Byzantium. Conquered by the Moslems, Salerno soon became the center of an active lay medical school. During the middle of the 11th century a native of Carthage known as Constantinus Africanus (1020-1087) came to Salerno. He began to translate the Arabic works into Latin and these translations, although crude, were still translations of ideas rather than mere words, and the physicians of Salerno began to study them eagerly. In spite of the opportunities for work and study offered at Salerno, conditions were not exactly to his liking, so he soon journeyed to Monte Cassino, where he became a monk and spent the remainder of his life translating medical works from the Arabic into Latin. Constantin's translations had an invigorating effect on the medical school at Salerno and during the 12th century an extensive medical literature emanated from it, to be known centuries later as the Breslau Codex, containing at least 85 separate works. From the mass of Arabic-Latin translations, various types of literature resulted. Commentators attempted to compile only the best material from the original authors. Conciliators attempted to reconcile the differences be.

·THIE MANUSCRIPT 19 tween the contradictions in Hellenist and Arabic doctrine by dialectic means. Others served as concorders, arrangers and harmonizers of outstanding ideas. Concordances written with abbreviated keys to the contents of standard works enjoyed great popularity in the schools. A popular work at this time was the Summa, an encyclopedic textbook of medicine, written by many authors and intended for the use of students. An important feature of clinical medicine in the 14th and 15th centuries was the writing of medical case-books known as Consilia which consisted of clinical records from the practice of well known physicians and letters of advice written by them to imaginary patients, or to pupils or practitioners who had appealed to them as consultants. When medical teaching began in the universities, medi. cal manuscripts were added to the libraries. The best known of these libraries was connected with the school at Paris. Others were the Vatican collection of 443 volumes, some of them on medical subjects, the library of the University of Cambridge with 122 volumes, only 5 of which were on medicine, and the library at Peterhouse with 220 volumes, a few of which were on medicine. Towards the end of the 14th century, Greck manu. scripts began to arrive from the East in considerable numbers, carried by refugees from the territories the Turks were occupying and by envoys sent by the Eastern em. perors to Italy to solicit aid for Constantinople. These envoys created a desire among the Italians to own more of these manuscripts, and the wealthy accordingly began to send agents to the East for the purpose of purchasing collections. As the period of recovery of these manuscripts drew to a close, another task was necessary. This was the comparison of the numerous Greek manuscripts with cach other, with tlie Latin translations of them from the Arabic, and with the Arabic translations themselves in order that ·14 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY it could be determined how much Greek medicine had been recovered. The scholars of that time found that a great deal was irreparably lost, the most notable example being the works of the Alexandrine school. Before bringing to a close this brief account, a word should be said in regard to the copying and preservation of the "manuscript." Preparing a manuscript before the invention of printing was a considerable undertaking and very expensive. Scribes were trained in the art of copying and, as the production of manuscripts increased, the universities of Paris and Bologna became great pubishing houses. The writing of a manuscript was a slow and costly procedure for each copy had to be made by hand. A number of persons were engaged on each manuscript. The scribe wrote the text, leaving spaces for initials and sometimes larger spaces for miniatures. The book then went to the rubricator, who put in the paragraph marks and wrote in the chapter headings. The illuminator then painted in the decorative initials and sometimes embellished the first folio with a painted border. Finally, the book might go to a miniaturist, some of whom were very famous, who would paint specimens of his art in the space left for that purpose. The first manuscripts were copied on vellum, but in the late 15th century, after a transitional period in which both materials were used, vellum was replaced by paper. This change and the invention of printing decreased the cost of a book by about 75 per cent and it became possible for all students to own their own texts. With the invention of printing, the era of the manu. script came to a close and henceforth medical literature adopted the printed page in its various forms for the dissemination of medical knowledge.

·CHAPTER 2 THE BOOK The Medical Book The Societies THE MEDICAL BOOK THE BEGINNING of the printed book coincided with a number of other important events in world history. In every branch of knowledge tremendous advancements were made. Leonardo da Vinci was artist, anatomist, mathematician, and physicist. Copernicus demonstrated a simpler scheme of cosmogony. Galileo made many discoveries in the field of optics and dynamics. The first printed book was patterned on the old manuscripts and closely resem. bled the shape of the folio, quarto, and octavo of the Middle Ages. The first type used was the black letter or Gothic, which was cut to resemble the Teutonic handwriting of the period. Later the Roman type, which is in use today, was cut in Italy from the classical handwriting. The books were generally bound in wood covered with leather. The carlicr books were printed on parchment or vellum, but paper was later substituted because it was more economical and held ink better. The earliest medical document produced after the in. vention of printing was the Gutenbers purgation calendar, printed in 1457 on a half sheet of paper in the type of Gutenberg's 36 line Bible. The war 1167 may properly be regarded as the birthday of the carliest printed medical book for in that ycar Adolph Rusch printed, at Strasburg. Rabanus Maurus's folio, an encyclopedia which contained a chapter on medicine. Other medical books which soon followed were transla. tions of Greek and Arabic works brought to Europe I 15 ·16 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY scholars fleeing from the Turks. These translations created a revival in Greek culture which made the works of Galen and, to a lesser extent, the works of Hippocrates seem in. spired. The further result was that a group of medical men arose who considered that the final word in medicine had been said by Galen a thousand years before. The period of trying to deduce new meanings and lucid explanations from the passages of Galen lasted for about 70 years from 1470 to 1540. Thus, by 1540, a comparatively representative body of Greek classics had been published in Latin, all of which emphasized the tradition of Galen and showed the same philosophic tendency, with each writer attempting to establish a universal basis for the manifestation of disease. All of this literature was written and printed for the educated physician. However, surgery had been sharply separated from what is now known as internal medicine and had fallen into the hands of the barbers. Actually, they did most of the work of caring for the sick, but nothing seems to have been printed for them other than reprints of books of recipes, herbals and occasional extracts taken from an original observation. The barber surgeon was trained merely as a guild apprentice. He had no formal education and in particular he knew neither Greek nor Latin, in which all the classics at this time were printed. Between 1535 and 1540, however, there was a most important development in medical writing. Almost simul. tancously in three countries important texts were trans. lated or epitomized and printed in the vernacular. Thus the barber surgeon was given access to the classics, and from them he obtained inspiration for the was to be made in the next century. Tlie first of these books was written by a German physician known as Paracelsus (1493-1511), who is given credit for the innovation of teaching and writing in the progress which ·THE BOOK 17 vernacular. Far in advance of his time, he discarded Galen. ism and taught physicians to waste no time on superstition and tradition, but to base their treatments on their own observations. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was probably the most commanding figure in medicine after Galen and before Harvey. Careful study of Galen's works had finally convinced him that the anatomical descriptions in chem concerned the monkey, the swine, and the dog, but did not concern man. Therefore, the idea came to him that all that had been written up to this time on human anatomy tvas wrong, and that a new text was needed based primarily on the anatomy of the human body. He fell upon his task with zeal and enthusiasm, and his great work popularly known as the fabrica was finally published in June, 1543 Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), a great French military surgeon, made the Fabrica popular and accessible to the sur geons by writing an epitome of it in the vernacular, and thereby introduced the anatomic discipline into surgery, The effect of these writings in the vernacular was to lurn the minds of men towards realities. Physicians began to observe patients at the bedside and to use their senses for other purposes than studying ancient folios. Formerly it had been considered a sacrilege to dispute any statement which had come out of Greece or Rome, but with the new knowledge available through vernacular writings, physicians began to question many traditional practices and to record observations of their own. The effect of these various publications was to male the medical tradicions of the past accessible to the barber surgeons, and also to force from the families, who held medical and surgical scerets, tlic release of those secrets, making them available not only to the barber surgeons, but also to the more learned and better cducated physicians. Thus, the fundi. mental methods of sarious types of operations became gencrally known, and the barber surgeons began to initiale ·18 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY the advances which made surgery through the latter part of the 17th and the entire 18th century a much more dependable guide to therapy than the ideas of the more formally trained physicians. These educated physicians still clung to the philosophic theories and still hoped to discover a fundamental principle, which would explain all internal diseases. THE SOCIETIES The progress which medicine made in the 17th century, a period of intense individualism both intellectually and spiritually, was strongly influenced by the spirit of the times. The intellectual atmosphere was clear because of the greater stability of government, the increased domestic peace, and the improved social conditions in all the nations of the world. In the first half of the century the accomplishments of a few scientists and philosophers brought about an unparalleled revolution in established habits of thought and inquiry. In this part of the century the experimental method was created. This method was worked out by amateurs who were interested in experimentation and the improvement of instruments, and by the scientists who began to demonstrate the fallacy of many of the facts handed down from the past. This movement was further encouraged by the philosophers who served as the propa. gandists. For a long time many scientists had become dissatisfied because they felt the universities were too conservative in their teachings. The more progressive investigators then conceived the idea of a scientific society which would foster experimental research. This idea of a scientific society first originated in Italy, and part of the idea was that there would be other societies throughout the world which would keep in touch with each other by means of publications. The most important of these carly socicties ·THE BOOK 19 was the Accademia dei Lincei at Rome which existed from 1601 to 1630. It was organized by Duke Federigo Cesi in 1601, who was very much interested in the study of bees and plants. After disbanding for a few years they reorganized in 160g on a more ambitious scale, admitting to membership such men as Peiresc and Galileo. Galileo's affiliations with the society were very close, and he frequently referred to himself as "Academicus." Their transactions were known as Gesta Lynceorum, having the distinction of being the carliest (1609) recorded publications of any scientific society. The second scientific society formed in Italy, the Aademy of Experiment (Accademia del Cimento), was organized by the Medicean Grand Duke Ferdinand II and his brother Leopold. The members were for the most part pupils of the disciples of Galileo. These brothers placed their well equipped laboratory and all their instruments at the disposal of the members of the society, and the col. laboration of the individual members of the organization was so close that their work is actually that of a group. Their researches were published and became the labora. tory manual for the coming generation, Although the Royal Society of London was not formally organized until 1660, a nucleus of members met as early as 1645. Some of the "philosophers" residing in Oxford formed an organization there in 1648, under the name of the Philosophical Society of Oxford, and met regularly. The Oxford and London Philosophers kept in close touch with cach other, but ultimately all activities were concen. trated in London, where the meetings were held for the most part at Gresham College. In contrast with the Italian Cimento, thc Royal Society was not called into existence by a sovereign power, but developed out of the informal spontaneous meetings of devotees of experimental science, including scholars and amateurs. At this early stage of its ·20 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY history the Correspondence, which was actively maintained with continental philosophers, formed an important part of the task of the Society, and selections from it furnished the beginnings of the Philosophical Transactions in 1665. The Royal Society, through its work and indeed its very existence, made it clear that a new order had arisen and that former traditional ideas were to be replaced by new facts, new methods of work and new interests. With the publication of its transactions, the Society gave to science that which it needed most, a mcans of communication, without which scientific progress would have been delayed for decades. The Académie des Sciences, which came into existence in France in 2666, differed in many respects from the Royal Society of London. The English Society was always in financial difficulties, but the expenses of the French Society were cared for by the royal treasury. Its members were employed on a full time basis to devote themselves to research and were paid fixed salaries. No attempt was made at first by the Academy to issue transactions, but the work of the early years was later collected from the Journal des Sravans and published in 11 volumes. After the Academy was reorganized in 1699 it entered upon a period of great usefulness, reaching its zenith in the middle of the 18tlı century. During the 17th century as France became the torch bearer of civilization other countries began to copy her laws, customs, and manners. Her Académie became the model of many similar organizations and, therefore, was indirectly responsible for much that was accomplished in succeeding years. During the 18th century many new scientific and medial societies were founded throughout Europe. In France alone in the latter part of the century, 31 small medical and scientific societies were organized, and in Paris every department of the city had its own society, the most im.

·THE BOOK 21 portant being the Académie de Chirurgie, founded in 1731. In Germany the Royal Academy at Berlin was founded in 1700, and similar societies were established at Göttingen in 1751 and at Munich in 1759. In Great Britain a medical society was established at Edinburgh in 1737. The papers read before it by Alexander Monro, primus, combined with his ability as a teacher, led to the rise of Edinburgh as a medical center. John Hunter (1728-1793), the famous British surgeon, estab. lished a number of small social clubs, where he could meet his friends and pupils and discuss various medical problems. This practice was followed by other medical men, among them Lettsom, Fothergill, Cooper, and Abernethy. The most famous of these early medical societies was an exclusive Medical Society of seven members organized in 1752 and dominated by William Hunter (1718-1783), the famous English physician. This society published six volumes of its transactions which were entitled, Medical Observations and Inquiries. This society was one of the first if not the first medical society to publish its transactions. This briefly is the story of the beginning of the printed medical book and the remaining chapter will be devoted to the development of periodicals or journals as they are referred to in science.

·CHAPTER 3 THE JOURNAL Scientific Journalism Medical Journalism American Medical Journalism SCIENTIFIC JOURNALISM THE 17TH CENTURY, during which experimental science developed, also witnessed the development of scientific journalism. This was a natural outcome, for the experimental scientist must know the progress others have made in whatever problems are occupying his attention. In the early 17th century the only means of scientific communication was through private correspondence, a method which was almost totally dependent upon the personal relationship between individuals, as well as upon their geographic relation to each other. Such a method was ob. viously inadequate and scientific periodicals soon began. The scientific journal had its origin in the newspaper, which in turn developed from the news letters which succeeded the Acta Diurna or Daily Doings of ancient Rome. The first use of the printing press for journalistic pur. poses was probably broadsheets, which were quickly gotten out to be sold in the streets as is a special edition of the newspaper today. They were printed on one side and often contained only a single item, such as the account of a battle, a murder, an election, or some other special item of general interest. A member of the medical profession, Dr. Théophrastus Renaudot, a French physician, first conceived the idea of a newspaper in the modern sense of a printed sheet issued at regular intervals. In 1630 he arrived 22 ·THE JOURNAL 23 in Paris and obtained permission to open a registry office for the purpose of publishing a gazette. Scientific journalism, however, did not grow out of the newspaper published by this medical man. Scientists con. tinued to take their discoveries and theories to the scien. tific societies, in whose transactions they were published. One of the first scientists to conceive of the idea of a regu. lar scientific publication in which scientists could publish their findings and results was Denis de Sallo, a member of the parliament of Paris and a friend of Colbert, Minister to Louis XIV. Sallo submitted his plan for the publication of a weekly scientific periodical to Colbert, who not only approved the plan, but publicly hailed it as a new discovery. The journal appeared January 5, 1665, under the name of the Journal des Sçavans. It had five stated pur. poses, which included the publishing of scientific discov: eries and news of interest to the scientific world. How un. mistakably the French periodical met a real need can be gathered from the promptness with which the enterprise was copied in England, Italy, Germany, and Holland. What is believed to be the first medical journal ever published was issued by Nicolas de Blegny entitled Nouvelles Découverts sur Toutes les partics de la médecine, which appeared in 1679. This journal was published monthly, and speedily became popular among scientific men. it was immediately translated into German and Latin. The first medical journal to appear in English, tc Medicina Curiosa, was planned like one of the carly French journals, the Journal de Médecine. It was a small quarto of 56 pages. The first number was published June 16. 168f, and the second and apparently final issue, October 23, of the same year. Medical journalism did not be come established at this time, but the end of the 17th century did witness the firm establishment of scientific ·24 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY journalism. These journals were of the greatest assistance in advancing the new ideas for which scientific societies stood. This type of periodical reached a larger group of men than the transactions of scientific societies, and foreshadowed the modern medical and scientific journals. It was not until the 18th century, however, that medical journalism became as firmly established as scientific journalism. MEDICAL JOURNALISM Prior to the 18th century those medical journals which appeared had a very brief existence and were mostly little more than the organs of various groups. It was a common practice among editors and publishers to frequently change the titles of their publications in order to maintain interest in them. Thus the London Medical Journal became Medical Facts and Observations and then the Medical and Physical Journal. Nearly all the better journals were translated into other languages and passed through several cditions, or rather several printings. The medical journals of this period were not highly scientific, but were written in a popular fashion in order to appeal to the public. Scien. tific contributions of value were usually published in the transactions of scientific societies or in pamphlet form. It was not until the latter part of the 18th century, howcver, that a medical journal, which foreshadowed the de. velopment of general medical journals today, was pub. lished in England. The first medical journal to become firmly established was the Medical and Physical Journal of London, 1799, later edited by Dr. Roderick Macleod, a brilliant scholar. This journal professed to give its readers the most recent information about medicine, surgery, pharmacy, chemistry, and natural history. This journal and the Medical and Chirurgical Review, 1791, were in fact the only two journals of any importance until Thomas ·THE JOURNAL 25 Wakley founded The Lancet in 1823. The Lancel opened a new era. Earlier medical journals had as their stated purpose the diffusion of medical knowledge. This was also the purpose of The Lancet, but it also endeavored to make itself the organ of the medical profession by indicating in its columns the direction in which reforms were needed to improve the education and training of physicians, and to maintain proper standards for the profession. The editor was keenly aware of the abuses and injustices then prevail. ing, and eagerly took upon his shoulders the task of elevating standards of education and the correction of many abuses then apparent. In 1844 the pages of The Lancet were enlarged, and in the choice and arrangement of material it became almost the standard pattern of weekly medical journals throughout the British Empire, and even, to a lesser degree, America. Local medical journals were neither numerous nor successful in towns of England. As early as 1830 attempts were made to start them, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that such journals were successfully published for any length of time. Local journals are important in that they stimulate the recording of material which might otherwise be lost, preserve the memories and work of men who have practiced in those places, and also serve as an index to the activities of the medical men in the district. Medical journalists in other countries developed in about the same manner as in England. The rise of the great French clinicians at the opening of the 18th century aused France and, in particular, Paris, to become the center of medical culture and teaching for almost 50 years. The medical journals founded during this period were on the whole excellent examples of a high type of medial journalism. a new phrase in the development of medial literature in Germany occurred at the beginning of the ·26 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 19th century. Each school of thought, of which there were many new ones, began publication of its own journals, which served as its medium of propaganda. By 1860 Ger. many was publishing more scientific and medical transactions and periodicals than the rest of the world put together. Journals appeared monthly, weekly, and bimonthly; there were specialty journals and also many local or territorial journals. Some of the local journals were general in character, but most had local characteristics. None of the many journals published were of the caliber of the publications of the Royal Society of London or the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. AMERICAN MEDICAL JOURNALISM Prior to the advent of the first medical journal in what is now the United States, only a few medical items had been published. The first medical item published in this country was by a clergyman, Dr. Thomas Thacher. It was issued in the form of a poster and was intended to guide the people of New England in caring for themselves in an epidemic of smallpox which ravaged Boston in 1677-78. A collection of medical writings to appear in Colonial Amer. ica were the so-called “inoculation pamphlets." These pamphlets were inspired and written either to support the inerits or demerits of inoculation as a preventive in smallpox infection. Strangely, it was largely the clergymen who supported the inoculation principle, whereas the physi. cians were opposed to it. There were only two medical books by American authors publislıcd in America before the Revolution. The first was Every dan His Own Doctor, probably written by John Tennent; the second, a text on surgery prepared by Jolin Jones for the use of the army in the Revolution. Prior to the establishment of medical periodicals, a physician had linle opportunity and less t^rcouragement to record his observations. If he liad any.

·THE JOURNAL 27 thing to say to the profession, he had to do it either by a pamphlet printed at his own expense, or liad to forward it to someone connected with a medical school or scientific association and trust to him that it would be recorded or otherwise publicized. With the advent of medical journalism these circumstances disappeared, and it is through medical journals that most of the discoveries, which the arts and sciences owe to American physicians, have been made known to the world. The first medical journals published in the United States were closely connected with the medical schools, 25 most of the editors held professorships in the colleges. These journals were probably inaugurated to serve as an outlet for their editors' observations and opinions. Practically all of those which lasted for any length of cime were published in the North and East, the centers of population and commerce as well as of medical education. The first American medical journal was a quarterly, The Alcdical Repository, which was published in New York from 1797 to 1824. That it met a real need is shown by the fact that in 1800 the demand for earlier volumes had become 30 great that a second edition or reprint of the first and second volumes was issued, together with a third edition of the samo volume in 1804 and 1803. The promoters of this journals were Dr. Elihu 11. Smitli, a medical writer of note, Dr. Edward Miller, a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Samuel 1... Mirchill, at that time a professor at Columbia College. Philadelphia, following the lead of New York, soon began publishing a humber of tnedical journals. In 1801 Dr. Jolin Recman Cox, one of the most scholarly playsì cians of this time, established the Philadelphia Medical Aluseum which proved very popular. Other journals fol. lowed under the elitorship of Irs. Tobias llatlins. Nailaniel Porter, Benjamin Dell'ist, J. Augustine Smith, ·28 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY David Hosack, John Wakefield Francis, Valentine Mott, and John Eberle. The finest journal of these carly ones proved to be the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences. It was started by Nathaniel Chapman, a young Virginian who had studied at Edinburgh, and later, under the editorship of Isaac Hays, its name was changed to the American Journal of the Medical Sciences under which title it has continued to the present day. At a very early date it merited the respect of the European editors who proclaimed it the equal of any journal published in Europe. Medical journalism west of the Alleghanies is largely associated with the name of Daniel Drake, who was responsible for the issuing or beginning of several journals in the Mississippi Valley. There were three methods of editing these early journals. Sometimes an editor took over for a publisher and selected material for the journal from contributions which happened to come in. Sometimes associations of physicians were formed and took charge of the editorial work. Finally, the editing of a journal was often the responsibility of a faculty of a school. Although many of the first journals were edited by professors from various schools, a tendency developed later to organize independent journals, which had no connection with schools or societies. Throughout this early period contributions were volun. tary, although some effort was made to obtain material from various localities or sections. A departure from this method was inaugurated when the American Journal of the Medical Sciences selected its articles from a large list of authors and even arranged with foreign publishers for regular contributions. As a rule, the journals contained first, original contributions, next, selections or reprints from other journals, American or foreign, then reviews of recent publications and finally news of interest to the pro fession. The bickering among medical men probably ac- ·THE JOURNAL 29 counts for the short lives of many of the medical journals, the editors falling out among themselves. The relations between the journals, however, were usually friendly, and whatever dissension existed disappeared when any attack from a foreign source concerned American medicine, for intense nationalism was one of their main characteristics. In those days the standard size of the journal was five and one-half by eight and one-half. or six by ninc. The volumes consisted of about 500 pages and since they were bound in leather, were more like books than modern periodicals. If a volume proved popular, it was later reprinted, as if it were a book. With the appearance of the Journal of the American Medical Association a change took place in the form of the annual transactions issued by so many medical societies. In 1883 the American Medical Association began publishing its transactions in a weekly journal and soon afterwards medical societies began to follow the move initiated by this Association. A development of periodical literature which occurred during the later part of the 19th century and continued during the 20th was the advent of state journals owned and published by scace societies and serying as their official organ. They originated as bulletins of the various state associations, but soon progressed beyond that stage, and most of them now reflect the organizational and scientific endeavors of the organized medical profession of the states. The most striking development of modern medical periodical literature fras been the appearance of a large number of specialty journals. Abstract and review journals have necessarily been compiled due to the tremendous increase in medical periodical literature. Other types of modern medical literature include the transactions of annual meetings of special sociecics, bulletins of local societies, reports of hospitals and institutions. The annual

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·CHAPTER 1 THE MEDICAL LIBRARY AND ITS ORGANIZATION SINCE MEDICINE today is considered applied biology, a medical collection is not limited to strictly clinical material. The study and practice of medicine is dependent upon advances in related fields of scientific and cultural cndeavor, and for that reason a medical library must make available a collection of general, biological, and medical references. A student on being introduced to a medical library for the first time may be somewhat confused by the array of general and special dictionaries and encyclopedias, biographical directories, yearbooks and handbooks, indexes to periodicals, periodicals which range from the scholarly technical journals to the more popular type of magazines, and books including special treatises and monographs, which make up the library's collection. The medical college library can no longer limit its collection to a teaching program, because medical schools in addition to their teaching function have become research centers. The task confronting the medical library is to acquire and male available the enormous amount of literattire needed by clinicians, faculty members, research workers, and sturdents. This task is becoming increasingly difficult, for since no library las unlimited funds to purchase the thou. sands of books and periodicals published cach year, a critical selection has to be made. The library then has to arrange its collection in such a manner that the material is accessible to the readers. To carry out this funcion the collection is first grouped into two divisions, books and periodicals with cach arranged according to a definite system. S8 ·34 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Books are arranged by subject. There are a number of classification systems. One of the oldest and still the one most commonly used is the Dewey Decimal system. Others that have been devised in later years for medical books are the Boston Medical Library classification, Cunningham's classification for medical literature, and the Armed Forces Medical Library classification, to mention a few. For the purpose of filing, subjects are represented by symbols which may include letters and numbers. In addition to the subject content classification, most libraries follow the practice of assigning special symbols to certain classes of books in order that they may be withdrawn from their regular place on the shelves and grouped separately. The books that a student will first encounter that are so grouped are the reference books. These books usually have the letter "R" as part of their classification number and include dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, indexes, and other works of this kind. Other collections which are frequently designated by a special symbol and filed sep. arately are those on nursing education and the history of medicine. Periodicals, due to their enormous increase in number and their importance, are proving to be one of the greatest problems confronting libraries. In order to make them more easily available most libraries file them on the shelves by title or corporate entry. Corporate entry simply refers to the name of the society, institution, or official agency when it occurs as part of the title of a periolical. An example is the Journal of the Nledical Society of New Jersey. This periodical is filed under Medical Society instead of Journal. Libraries, in order to be consistent in filing peri. odicals, use some authoritative guide which lists periodi. als. The list most commonly used for such a purpose is the Union List of Serials. Filing periodicais in such a man. ner makes locating them simpler than if they were classi- ·THIE MEDICAL LIBRARY 35 fied, because so many periodicals overlap in their subject content. Another common practice in arranging material in medical libraries is the grouping of periodicals by current material. Any publication that has appeared within the last five to ten years is usually defined as current. Medicine and its allied sciences are progressing so rapidly that the latest works are the ones referred to most frequently. The latest files are thus made readily available. In order to facilitate their use, all of the indexes, bibliographic tools, and reference works are arranged in a unit around the information desk. Such tools are the card catalog cabinct, which contains the card index file to the books and, many times, to the periodical listings in the library, and the tube index, if the periodical lioldings are listed in this manner. The periodical indexes and often the abstract periodicals will be a part of this unit. The basic reference books also comprise an integral part of this arrangement. Since such tools are the key to the li. brary's collection, such an arrangement is vital to the proper functioning of the library. The service function of the library usually consists of the loan service, and the reference and bibliographic serv. ice. The loan service includes the material that is restricted to usc in the library, and that which is circulated or can be checked out. Reference books, certain current periodicals, and rare and valuable works, which cannot be replaced if lost, are usually restricted to use in the library. The loan period varies for the type of material. Current publications usually have a shorter loan period than older works. In some instances different loan perials are assigned books checked out to faculty and students. Reading assignments are in most cases placed on reserye for use in the library or for cliecking out oi crnight. The most important duty of the library staff is to assist the readers. At the information ·36 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY desk is a librarian whose duty is to help students use the library to advantage. This is the person the reader should consult in any problem that may arise in the use of the library. The information desired may only require a simple answer, or it may involve a considerable amount of time and research on the part of the librarian. Naturally libraries vary in the kind of reference service they can give. Some libraries are able to offer an extensive bibliographic service including the translation and editing of papers, whereas others must restrict themselves to the ready reference type of information. A library's service is not limited to its own collection. A book not in the collection and needed by one of its patrons may be borrowed from another library through the borrowing privilege known as interlibrary loan. All libraries have rules and regulations governing the borrowing and use of its material. These rules and regulations have been drawn up from experiences acquired over a period of years in the operation of the library. If some of the rules seem unreasonable it must be borne in mind that there are many types of borrowers using the library, and the rules and regulations have been made with an attempt to be fair to everyone.

·CHAPTER 2 INDEXES TO THE BOOK COLLECTION A BOOK IS A printed and bound volume of some bulk. It is made up of pages consisting of leaves that have been folded a number of times. The size of the book is expressed by the number of times the sheet is folded into leaves or pages. A sheet folded four times is known as a quarto (4to). and makes a book that is approximately square. A book, the sheets of which have been folded eight times is an octavo (Svo) and has an oblong shape, whereas one described as duodecimo (12mo) has had its sheets folded 12 times and is also oblong in shape. On opening a book the first page that is examined is the title page. This page concins so much important information about the book ezat everyone should develop the habit of examining the title page closely. Following the title of the book is the author's name and frequently his qualifications, which enables the reader to judge his competency as an author. Other dala given are the place of publication, piblislier, and dace of publication. This is referred to as the imprint of the book. There is often confusion between the date of printing and the copyright date. The copyright date appears on the back of the title page and guarantees ownership and pro lection for the publislier for a period of 28 years with the privilege of renewal for a similar perinl. The number of copies of a book issued from the same plates is an edition. If more copies are later printed from the same plaies they are reprints. A new edition represents changes made in the original book, and a new copyright must be obtained. The Ixook closes with an index. The most common type of index is the dictionary arrangement of names, subjetis, and titles, Often the index is divided into an author index $7 ·38 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY and subject index. If the index is to a set of books, reference is made to the volume and page. The volume is fre. quently given in Roman numerals. About the middle of the last century book lists of books published for a certain period of time were issued. As book production increased these lists or book guides began to assume a more important role in the book trade making it possible for those interested to keep abreast of what was being published. These tools not only list the books buc give the essential bibliographic information such as author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publi. cation, pages, illustrations, and price. The most commonly used indexes are: United States Catalog Technical Book Review In. Cumulative Book Index dex Publishers' Trade List An. Monthly Catalog nual U.S. Armed Forces Medical Books in Print Library, Catalog The United States Catalog and its supplements are the most comprehensive listing of books published in the Eng. lish language. The fourth edition is the most frequently used edition of this work and lists bools in the English language in print as of January 1, 1928. Its supplements, the Cumulative Book Index, issued periodically with cumulative numbers, list books published not only in the United States but also in the English language in other parts of the world. This is a dictionary catalog with entries under author, title, and subject. “See" and "see also" refer ences are included. Since the Cumulative Book Index is often several months in arrears, the latest information on books pub. Jished and their price can be obtained from book catalogs. The Publishers' Trade List Annual is a collection of all the major publishers' catalogs or listings arranged alpira.

·INDEXES TO BOOK COLLECTION 39 betically by the publisher. It records only books in print and gives price, details, data on discounts, series, illustrations, binding, and other essential information. Books in Print is an index to the Publishers' Trade List Annual and lists all books in-print for over 6oo publishers both by title and author. The purpose of Technical Book Review Index is primarily to identify reviews in current scientific, technical, and trade journals. When it is feasible the reviews are quoted. An author index is included with each annual volume. This publication assists in evaluating books in a special field. The United States Government is the largest publishing flouse in this country, and a list of all publications issued by the Government Printing Office is a very important aid to those interested in government publications. This list is entitled the Monthly Catalog of the United States Govcrument Publications. The documents are arranged by the issuing agency and each monthly number contains a subject and title index. There is also a cumulative annual index. Recently a decennial cumulative index for the years 1912-1950 was issued. The indexing is alphabetical by subject material and agencies. The usual bibliographic information is given for each title. An excellent guide to medical books is the Armed Forces Medical Library's Catalog published annually which lists books cataloged by the Armed Forces Medical Library. There are two parts to the catalog: the first is an author atalog and the second a subject. In addition to the usual bibliographic information the Armed Forces Medical Li. brary card numbers, subject headings, and classification are given. One of the most important bibliographic tools in a li brary is thic card catalog which is an index to the library's collection of books, pamphlets, and in some cases periodi.

·1, 1992 40 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHOR CARD author call 16 Boy William, 1885 number 1691 An introduction to medical Klepce a okolary text 1932 pathology ich od, thoroughly rer. Pailadelphia, Lek.publisher Fobiger, 1052 -date ** W 36 CID subject Wedidos ETU Kerala heading BCS B65 2053 816 Libry of Omg TITLE CARD oleel belono.. 816 Bayd, Winam, 2895- La introdaction to Dedical Kleooo an entary text 193 th sh, thoroughly mv. Philadelphila, Lua 1991 O. He 1 Motor Lale Medien 616 RCSI B65 1053 Carry One Plate z cals. Since new books are constantly being added, it is more convenient to have this index on cards, as it permits the insertion of new titles continually. The catalog follows the dictionary arrangement, the cards for authors, titles. and subjects being arranged alphabetically, except in the ·INDEXES TO BOOK COLLECTION 41 case of a divided catalog. In such catalogs the author and subject cards are filed separately. There are two forms of catalog cards in use in most libraries, the printed Library of Congress cards and the library's own typewritten cards. The Library of Congress cards are printed by the Library of Congress and are avail. SUBJECT CARD EXOZC223 616 8691 1932 Bogd, William, 1885- An introduction to medical science; an elementary text me pathology. 4th ed., choroughly ter. Philadelphia, Land Febiger, 1952. 301. Mul free 1 Siedletse. LTitle: Medical test RCS.BIS 1952 616 42-4141 Library of Course IT) Plate 3 able for practically all new books in the English language which are copyrighted. Since cards are frequently not available for old editions the library 1335 10 rype its ow). *These cards contain most of the information that will assist the reader in deciding whether this is the book de sired or not. On the card is the author, title, and in most cases the imprint of the book. Also given is the pagination. illustrations or diagrams, series or volumes, and, frequent- Jy, explanatory nores. The Library of Congress card lists at the bottom the subjects or headings under which addi. tional cards are filed, the copyright number of the book, the order number for the card, the Library of Congress ·AUTHOR CARDS joint authors 610.73 M760 1953 Montag, Mildred. Nursing arts, by Mildred L Diontag and Margaret Filson. 2d ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1953. AND p. Ius 2 cm Pilson, Alarguret, Sofnt author, 1, Nurses tad norist. Tite RTAL.MS 1053 Library of Congres 63-5316 3 610.73 (12 610.73 X768 1953 Filson, Margaret. Joint author Montag, Bildred. Nursing arts, by Dared L liontag and Margaret Filson 2d ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1953. 619 p. as 21 cm I on Margar, Solot author. L Nongs 10 BAL Title RT41.28 1933 Librir ot coortas h. $10.73 03-5315 1 Plate 4 ·INDEXES TO BOOK COLLECTION classification number, and frequently the Dewey Decimal classification number. In the upper left hand corner of the card is typed the call number of the book. This usually consists of two series of numbers; the upper refers to the subject content, and the lower is the anthor number, There are three types of cards: author, title, and subject, thus allowing three separate approaches in locating material. The author cards are so called because the author's name occurs on the first line at the top of the card, and the cards are filed by the author's name. These cards are referred to as the main entry cards, and on the library's typewritten ards this will frequently be the only card with all the bibliographic information. In cases where a book is written by more than one person, each author will have a card filed under his name (Plate 4). Because in so many cases it is easier to remember titles of books rather than authors, libraries follows the practice of filing a card by the title. That is, the title of the book is typed on the top line above the author's name, and the card is filed under the title of the book (Plate 5), Analytical titles are sometimes used since introductory words have no significance as for example Boyd's An Introduction 10 Niedical Science (Plate ?). Subject cards, as their title indicates permit the location of a book by subject. In classifying a book, a sufficient number of subject leadings are assigned which will adequately cover the subject content. Subject cards are exactly like the author cards only the assigned subject, which is typed in red, is on the top line of the card above the author, and the card is filed by the subject. A book may have only one subject or it may have several (Pares s and 5). Since it is not possible to have ards filed under every subject or synonym, gross reference ards are inserted to assist in the location of a desired subject. This type of card is known as the "Sce" reference card and sefers one from a subject which is not used to one that is ·TITLE CARD 610.73 M769 1953 NE Bursing arts. Blontag, slidred. Nursing arts, by Atildred L Montag and Alargaret Filson. 2d ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1953. 619 p. 11102. 2 cm Filson, Karstiet, Jotas euthor. 1. Natres and serDL 1 Tite. RT41 M8 2953 Library of Congreh 03-03153 810.73 112 SUBJECT CARD 670.73 176 1953 NURSES AND NURSING Blontag, Biddred. Narsing arts, by Gildred L Montag and Blargaret Filson 2d ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1953. 6100. 10. 2 cm face, Warreret, Jatot a thor. 1. Nurses and bartar. This RT41.JIS 1933 Library of Coaftene 63-6313 610.73 +2 Plate 5 ·INDEXES TO BOOK COLLECTION 45 used. The second type is the "See also" reference card which refers one to subjects under which additional information may be obtained. In order for the catalog to be used to advantage a few filing rules are best learned. Alphabetical filing is by the first word except for the articles, a, an, and the. Abbreviations are filed as if they were spelled out, that is, names beginning with Ali, Mc or St. are filed as if spelled Mac and Saint, The German umlaut is filed as oe for ő and ue for ű. Initials standing for names of associations are filed as if they were spelled out. Hyphenated words are filed as two words, but prefixes with a hyphen are filed as one word. Numerals are arranged as if they were spelled out. Books written by an author are filed alphabetically under his name followed by books about him. The latest edition of a work is always filed first. Libraries differ in many of their filing rules depending on the type of library, but in the main the few rules listed here are generally followed by all libraries.

·CHAPTER 3 BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS REFERENCE BOOKS siould be consulted for some definite piece of information. They are comprehensive in scope and concise in treatment, and are arranged to facilitate the ready and accurate finding of information. There are the more formal reference books such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, statistical works, atlases, directories, and handbooks. The various textbooks and monograplis, which stand as "classics" in their respective fields, may also serve as reference tools. Because of the comprehensive presentation of material and the detailed indexing of contents, they will often provide the answer. Such books as Boyd's Textbook of Pathology and Gray's Anatomy are examples of this type. Any attempt to introduce the reader to this border line class of reference books is beyond the purpose of this work. This chapter will discuss some of the more formal reference works, both general and specialized. Most reference books used for the finding of specific facts are usually arranged alphabetically, and if not so arranged have a detailed alphabetical index. As the scudent progresses he will soon realize that the formal reference books are only a part of the reference collection and that some reference questions will involve the use of other books and periodicals in the stacks. In using a reference book the reader should be careful to examine the title page for an evaluation of the author, the publisher, and date of publication. The preface or introduction should be read for information regarding the scope of the work and any special features or limitations. The body of the book should be examined for arrangement of material, entries, cross references, bibliographies, signed articles, and 46 ·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 47 treatment of the subject. A new edition should be checked for the amount of revision, thoroughness, timeliness, and treatment of the subject. DICTIONARIES The first reference books that will be discussed are dictionaries which are the main source of information about words, their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, and deriva. tion. "The dictionaries considered here are those in the English language, foreign language dictionaries of scien. tific terms, and dictionaries of special terms, particularly those dealing with science and medicine. General Dictionaries Webster, New International Funk and Wagnalls New Dictionary of the English Standard Dictionary of Language the English Language Webster's New International Dictionary and Funk and il'agnalls New Standard Dictionary are the two more commonly used unabridged English language dictionaries, Both are arranged alphabetically with separate appendices of additional material. Webster's is the oldest and the most famous of the American dictionaries and generally the most useful. The definitions are given in historical sequence. A special feature is the divided page which contains in the upper part the main words and in the lower various minor words. Funk und Wagnalls emphasizes the cursent meaning of words, their pronunciation and spelling, and subordinates the historical to the current infor: tnation. Special Dicionaries fl'ebster's Dictionary of Syn. Good, Dictionary of Educa 097915 tion ·48 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Fairchild, Dictionary of So Dunning and Davenport, A ciology Dictionary of Dental Sci. Funk and IVagnalls Standence and Art ard Dictionary of Folk- Hackh, Chemical Dictionlore, Mythology and ary Legend Miall and Aſiall, A New Warren, Dictionary of Psy Dictionary of Chemistry chology Karel and Roach, A Dic- Harriman, The New Dictionary of Antibiosis tionary of Psychology Price, The American Nurses Hinsie and Shatsky, Psychi. Dictionary atric Dictionary Special dictionaries serve a very important purpose in the field of science. They the general diction. aries by giving more specific definitions of special and technical terms not included in the general works. There are many dictionaries which may be classed as special and the ones here listed are some of those that are more com. monly referred to by the student. Webster's Dictionary is a comprehensive dictionary of synonyms including also antonyms. Good's Dictionary of Education is a scholarly dictionary defining some 16,000 educational terms and words that have special meaning in the educational field. Fairchild's Dictionary gives brief signed articles of defini. tions of sociological terms. Funk and IVagnalls Dictionary of Folklore includes representative selections of folllore cultures of the world. It is useful to psychiatrists and psy. chologists who are attempting to determine whether certain beliefs in early cultures are similar to the beliefs of psychotic patients. The two psychology dictionaries are those edited by Warren and Harriman. Warren's is the older, authoritative work defining terms used in psychol. ogy, while Harriman's is more recent. The Psychiatric Dictionary is an excellent and comprehensive work, cncy- ·DASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 49 clopedic in its descriptions of psychiatric terms. Dunning and Davenport's Dental Dictionary is an excellent book giving pronunciation, derivation, and definition of dental terms. Hackh's Chemical Dictionary is one of the most useful and comprehensive of the chemical dictionaries, whereas Niall and Miall's Dictionary is a more recent work that will prove useful to the student. Since antibiotics play such an important role in figliting infections Karel and Roach's dictionary of antibiotic terms is a very useful reference. An alphabetically arranged bibliography listing the published reports of antibiotic investigations is in cluded. Price's Nurses Dictionary gives definitions and pronunciations of terms used in nursing. Medical Dictionaries Blokiston's New Gould Mustrated Medical Dic. Aledical Dictionary tionary Dorland, The American Stedman's Afedical Dictiont ary Blakiston's, Dorland's, and Stedman's are the three standard medical dictionaries. They are alphabetically arranged and give definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and illustrations of medical terms. Bilingual Medical Dictionaries Marcani and Zino. Dizion. Marie, English, German, ario Inglese-italiatto per French, halian, Spanish le Scienze Mediche Afedicni l'ocabulary Lang, German-English Alert. Veillon, Medical Diction. ical Dictionary ary, Dichonnaire Biddi Schoenewald, German-Eng cal, Medizinisches I'or. lish Medical Dictionary terbuch Gordon, French-English Medical Dictionary ·50 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY type The bilingual dictionaries of medical terms supplement the general bilingual dictionaries with the technical terminology of medicine. Their main purpose is to serve as an aid in the translation of medical articles in a foreign language or in correspondence involving the use of medical terms. Marconi and Zino's Dizionario is a recent Italian dictionary of this type. Lang's Dictionary is still considered the best German dictionary although Schoenewald's is the more recent. Gordon's Dictionary is an authoritative French-English work although published over 30 years ago. All of these dictionaries have one alphabet, the foreign-English with the exception of Marconi and Zino which is English-Italian; therefore their use is limited. Another of dictionary which has two or more alphabets serves a multiple purpose. Marie's Dictionary presents a selection of medical words with their translations from English into German, French, Italian, and Spanish. The English words are arranged alphabetically with their mean. ing in the four other languages. Veillon's Dictionary prob. ably is the most useful of any as the terms are arranged in three alphabets, English, French, and German. The first part is alphabetically arranged in English with the French and German translations; the second part in French fol. lowed by the German and English translations; and the third in German followed by the English and French equivalents. DIRECTORIES Directories are among the most important reference tools in any library, and can be classified in two categories. There are the biographical directories, which may be further subdivided into directories of a general nature and of a professional nature; and the directories of hospitals, institutions, schools, and societies. Biographical informa. tin varies from a mere listing of names and addresses 102 rather extensise shetch of the person's life and activities.

·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 51 Information about institutions and societies is usually brief consisting largely of statistics. General Directories IVho's IVho in America JVho's IVho Current Biography IV ho was IVho in America IVho was IV ho Dictionary of American Biography Dictionary of National Bi. ography Who's Who in America, Who's IVho, and Current Biography are the standard works listing contemporary individ. uals. IVho's Who in America is a biographical dictionary of notable living men and women in the United States. Who's Who is an annual biographical dictionary limited 10 Englishmen with the exception of a few prominent personalities of other nationalities. Current Biography appears monthly with an annual cumulative volume and is international in scope. Iho was Iho in America and Who was IV ho include prominent individuals who are no longer living. Information given includes names, births, deaths, marriages, positions hield, publications, and other pertinent information. The Dictionary of American Biography is the outstanding scholarly American biographical dictionary of those noteworthy persons who lived in what is now the United States. It does not include living persons. The Dictionary of National Biography is the most important reference work of English biography. Special Directories American Dental Directory Cartell, American Men of Science The American Dental Directory is the outstanding na. tional dental directory. It is arranged aipliabetically by ·52 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIY states, city, and individual. Information provided includes name, address, membership in the American Dental Association, specialty, if any, graduation date, and dental school from which the degree was obtained. The American Men of Science lists contemporary outstanding scientists in the basic sciences. Professional but no genealogical or personal data is included. The outstanding scientists are starred. Medical Directories American Medical Direcary of American Medical tory Biography Directory of Medical Spe- Medical Directory cialists Who's Who in World Media Kelly and Burrage, Diction. cine The American Medical Directory is the national directory in medicine. It is divided into three parts. The first includes general information about the American Medical Association, lists of medical schools, cxamining boards, hospitals approved for training interns, approved residen. cies and fellowships, medical libraries, medical journals, medical officers in government service, medical societies, and members of special societies. The second part is the directory of physicians and hospitals arranged geographi. cally, and pare three is the index of physicians arranged alphabetically. The Directory of Medical Specialists is a listing of those who have qualified as specialists by the various American Boards certifying in the medical spe. cialties. Arrangement is alphabetically by board, state, city, and person, Full biographical information is given for each specialist. Additional information includes the certifying qualifications of each board, and the officers of the examining boards. Kelly's Dictionary is a biographical dictionary of prominent American physicians and surgeons from Colonial days to 1927. The Medical Directory is thic ·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 59 British component of the American Medical Directory and lists licensed British practitioners engaged in practice throughout the British Empire. There is no index to physicians which makes it difficult to use since the names are divided according to provinces. Biographical data includes name, address, degrees, positions held, and titles of books and articles published. Other information given includes lists of hospitals, medical societies and medical schools, and the personnel of government health offices. IVho's Who in IVorld Medicine is an international listing of con. temporary prominent physicians. Biographical sketches are short without personal or genealogical information. Its usefulness is limited by the publication date, 1939. Many associations and societies publish directories of their members. They vary as to the amount and kind of information given. Directories of Institutions and Societies American Hospital Direc Handbook of Scientific tory and Technical Societies Catholic Hospital Directory and Institutions dmerican Medical Associa. American Foundations and lion. Journal: hospital their Fields issue, interne and resi Pallerson's American Edudency issue, and medical cational Directory education issue. Schnapper, American National Research Council, Health Directory The American Hospital Directory is published as part two of the Junc issuc of Hospitals. This is an alphabetical listing by states of civilian hospitals, allied schools, and organizations. General information about the American Hospital Association is given. The Catholic Hospital Directory is published as a supplement to l'ospital Progress. Besides a list of the Catholic hospitals and allied agencies in the United States and Possessions there are sections on

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·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 53 em- British component of the American Medical Directory and lists licensed British practitioners engaged in practice throughout the British Empire. There is no index to physicians which makes it difficult to use since the names are divided according to provinces. Biographical data includes name, address, degrees, positions held, and titles of books and articles published. Other information given includes lists of hospitals, medical societies and medical schools, and the personnel of government health offices. Who's IVho in IVorld Aſedicine is an international listing of contemporary prominent plıysicians. Biographical sketches are short without personal or genealogical information. Its usefulness is limited by the publication date, 1939. Many associations and societies publish directories of their bers. They vary as to the amount and kind of information given. Directories of Institutions and Socicties American Hospital Direc Handbook of Scientific lory and Technical Societies Catholic Hospital Directory and Institutions American Medical Associa American Foundations and lion. Journal: hospital their Fields issue, interne and resi- Pallerson's American Edu. dency issue, and medical cational Directory education issue. Schnapper, American National Research Council, Health Directory The American Hospital Directory is published as part two of tic June issue of Hospitols. This is an alphabetical listing by states of civilian hospitals, allied schools, and organizations, General information about the American Hospital Association is given. The Catholic Hospital Directory is publislied as a supplement co llospral Progress. Besides a list of tlie Catholic hospitals and allied agencies in the United States and Possessions there are sections an ·54 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Catholic hospital services, nursing education, education in hospital services, religious organizations engaged in hospital and nursing educational activities, professional and government agencies in hospital service, health care facts and figures, and a purchasing guide and buying di. rectory. The hospital issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association is an annual presentation of all statistical and descriptive material relating to hospital services. The interne and residency issue lists the hospitals approved by the American Medical Association for intern. ships and residencies in the various specialties. All the essential information about each hospital is given. The educational issue presents pertinent data relating to medi. cal education in the United States and Canada. The Hand. book of Scientific and Technical Societies and Institutions lists 1,468 societies giving for each cle address, officers, history, purpose, membership, library, research funds, publications, and meetings. The index includes subject classification of the activities, purposes, and research funds of the societies and institutions; a list of current periodicals mentioned; names of research funds, medals, etc., and changes of name in societies and institutions after 1940. American Foundations and their Fields gives information about foundations, such as donors, officers and trustees, purpose, activities, assets, expenditures, grants, methods of operations, and other information when known. It is useful for those interested in making application for research grants. Patterson's Directory is a comprehensive list of by states, educational associations, educational omcers of state and local educational systems, and contains a classified directory of schools and a library directory. The American Health Directory is a listing of societies and organizations that deal with health problems. Information given for each society includes, name, address, and publi. ations. The sociсties are grouped tinder subject divisions.

·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 55 This work is very useful in locating addresses of little knowi organizations. ENCYCLOPEDIAS Encyclopedias are works in which the various branches of knowledge are treated separately and are usually arranged alphabetically. For the purpose of this study encyclopedias have been grouped into general, special, medical, and pharmaceutical. The encyclopedia which deals with special subjects is becoming more popular today as knowl edge tends to become more specialized. The medical ency. clopedias are not as numerous as they were several years ago. No doubt our highly specialized knowledge is making it difficult to treat medical topics as a part of a general work. This listing presents those encyclopedias which are more commonly used by students, General Encyclopedias Encyclopedia Americana Encyclopaedia Britannica The Americana is an excellent work. Its alphabeciaal arrangement is by words. There is a classificd index vol. ume which is needed to locate small subjects not covered by cross references. It is especially good in the field of science and technology. The Britannica is the most scholarly encyclopedia in English. Its alphabetical arrangement is by letter, and since the information is grouped under large subjects, the index volume is essential for locating small subjects. Special Encyclopedias Encyclopedia of Nursing Langer, An Engclopedia of Encyclopedia of the Social Il'orld History Sciences Monroc. Ennyclopedia of Gaynor, Pocket Encyclope Educational Research dia of Atomic Energy ·56 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY . The Encyclopedia of Nursing is a one volume work on nursing. Emphasis is on nursing and the application of general and scientific terms to nursing methods and to nursing education. Descriptions of terms are brief. The Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences is a comprehensive en. cyclopedia of the whole field of the social sciences. Its purpose is to cover all important topics in the fields of political science, economics, law, anthropology, sociology, penology, and social work, and the social aspects of ethics, education, philosophy, psychology, biology, geography, medicine, and art. It is international in scope but emphasizes the English speaking countries and western Europe rather than other regions or interests. The purpose of Gaynor's Encyclopedia of Atomic Energy is to present a comprehensive collection of brief definitions and explanations of the terms and expressions in this field to the lay. man with a good average education, and to the student with a fair working knowledge of physics and an acquain. tance with higher mathematics. Langer's Encyclopedia is a new version of Ploetz's Manual of Universal History and has been largely rewritten so that now it is an epitome of world history. Monroe's Encyclopedia is a critical synthesis of the literature of educational research arranged alphabetically by subject. It is particularly useful for its selective bibliographies. Medical Encyclopedias Cyclopedia of Medicine, Davis, Gynecology and Ob. Surgery, Specialties stetrics Brennemann, Practice of Lewis, Practice of Surgery Pediatrics Tice, Practice of Medicine The Oxford Medicine All the above encyclopedias are of the loose-leaf variety which is still quite popular in medicinc, although not as ·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 57 popular as it has been. The principal advantage of this form is that parts or sections may be revised as necessary and inserted in the work without revising the entire set. The reader should be careful to note any recorded dates in order to evaluate the timeliness of the material, Unfortunately, these revisions are frequently not dared which makes it difficult for the reader to determine the date of issue, The Cyclopedia of Medicine is a dictionary arranged 14 volume set of good comprehensive articles emphasizing clinical medicine with a separate Desk Index Volume. An Annual Service Volume is issued which discusses the note worthy advances that have occurred during that year. Brennemann, Davis, Lewis, and Tice are all publications of the W. F. Prior Company. They are good comprehensive systems, well illustrated, with alphabetically arranged general and supplementary subject indexes. References are to volume, chapter, and page. Oxford Aredicine is a good loose-leaf system of medicine by English and American specialists. It is well illustrated and the bibliographies are good. In this set the pages are dated so it is easy to determine when a revision was made. There is a dictionary arranged author and subject index in a separate volume. A supplementary index has been issued covering the more recent revisions. Pharmacopoeias, Dispensatories, and Unofficial List of Drugs The Pharmacopoeia of the The Dispensatory of the United States of America United States of America The National Formulary Merck Index Modern Drug Encyclopedia and Therapeutic Index There are direc types of publications dealing with drugs. The first is the official recognized authoritative work on standards for drugs and other material used in the treat- ·58 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ment and prevention of disease. The second supplements the official list and discusses in detail the substances listed in the official works. The third is the drug encyclopedia which describes the many unofficial drug preparations on the market. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States is the standard list of official therapeutic agents in this country. A new edition now appears every three to five years. The contents include sections devoted to the work of the national convention, additions and deletions since the last edition, general tests, processes and apparatus, reagents and test solutions, and useful tables of atomic and molecu. lar weights. Supplements are issued between revisions listing new drugs and preparations. The National Formulary supplements the Pharmacopoeia by listing drugs not important enough to be included in the Pharmacopocia but of sufficient value to be standardized. Its contents closely resemble the latter work. The Dispensatory of the United States of America discusses in much greater detail the drugs and preparations listed in the United States Pharma. copoeia, the Pharmacopoeia of Great Britain and the Na. tional Formulary. In addition, a large number of unofficial drugs, veterinary doses, general tests, and tables are included and discussed. The Merck Index contains useful scientific data on the physical, chemical, and medicinal properties of approximately 8,000 chemicals, clinico. chemical reactions, tests and reagents, formulas of preparations of culture media, fixatives and staining solutions. tables, antidotes for poisons, and literature references. The Modern Drug Encyclopedia and Therapeutic Index pre sents descriptions of modern, non-pharmacopeal medicinal preparations in thousands of forms. The latest (5th) edicion describes 1,475 newly introduced drugs, biologicals, and allergens introduced since the appearance of the 4th edition. It is kept up to date by Afodern Drugs, a quarterly supplement service.

·BASIC REFERENCE BOOKS 59 YEARBOOKS Yearbooks are published in many fields. Some serve as supplements to standard encyclopedias whereas others appear every year as annual volumes covering some phase of knowledge. For the purpose of this study yearbooks are treated under the headings of general, special, and medical. Yearbooks are becoming more popular in reviewing pros. ress in the arts and sciences for the year, and the number issued is increasing yearly. General Yearbooks Americana Annual Britannica Book of the Year The Americana and the Brilannica are supplements to their respective encyclopedias. They both record events of the year previous to the date on the title page, and serve as an annual record of progress and cvents in a given subject. Special Yearbooks Social Work Year Book Statistical Abstract of the United States IVorld Aimanac anal Book of Facts This group includes a number of miscellaneous annuals frequently referred to by the student. The Social 1York Year Book describes organized activities in social work and the various related fields. The work is divided into ttro parts: part one contains topical articles descriptive of functions, organized activities, and programs, whereas part two is a directory of national social agencies. The Statistical Abstract presents the quantitative summary of statistics on the political, social, industrial, and economic organization of the United States. The Il'orld Almanac is the most comprehensive and most frequently used of the almanac for ·60 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY miscellaneous information. It is a very useful work which covers statistical data on social, political, financial, religious, educational, and other subjects. There is an alphabetically arranged index at the beginning of each volume. Medical Yearbooks Current Therapy New and Nonofficial Reme- Monographs on Surgery dies Physicians' Desk Reference Yearbooks in medicine cover a wide range of subjects. There is hardly a phase of medicine and the allied sciences that docs not have its own yearbook. They are known un. der various titles as Yearbooks, Annual Reviews, Advances in, and Progress in, to mention a few. This type of material presents a problem for librarians, since they can be considered either as books or periodicals. Their format is chat of a book, but since they are issued periodically they are serials. Because of their failure to be indexed regularly in the periodical indexes and because these indexes are frequently late in appearing, many libraries classify them as books. For the purpose of this study, however, they will be discussed in the chapter on periodicals. Only a few that are not generally considered periodicals will be discussed here. Current Therapy summarizes the advances made in new drugs with an interpretation and evaluation of these advances. Diagnosis, unless it is an integral part of therapy is not discussed. The authors present their methods of treating disease whether it is new or a long established one. All discussions of treatment are by recognized authorities. Monographs on Surgery has replaced the previously published Nelson's Loose-Leaf Surgery. The arti. cles discuss recent advances in general surgery, gynecology urology, and orthopedics. New and Nonofficial Remedies supplements the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, the ·BASIC REFERENCE BOORS 61 National Formulary, and the Dispensatory of the United States of America, giving information on non-official proprietary and non-proprietary drugs and preparations. This is a very valuable list of drugs which is particularly useful during the interval between the appearance of the Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary. The Physicians' Desk Reference is divided into five sections. Section one is an alphabetical index of brands and manufacturers; section two, an index of drugs, chemical and pharmacological products; section three, a therapeutic indications index; section four, professional products information; and seco tion five, general professional information. This reference work is useful in enabling the student to keep abreast of changes in the formulae and the appearance of new drugs and new specialty products.

·CHAPTER 4 INDEXES TO THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION PERIODICALS serve a very important function in sup plying reference material for the student, since reference work in medicine is so largely concerned with current information. A library should have three types of reference aids in order to answer the ordinary questions about periodicals. First, a bibliography or catalog which lists the periodicals themselves and is not an index to their con tents. These catalogs give the title, character, history, editors, price, publisher, and frequently other information that will prove useful to the reader. The second reference aid is a list of the holdings or serial record of the library. These listings may be entered on cards and filed in the catalog cabinet, a special file, or entered on what is referred to as a tube index. The indexes to the contents of the periodicals themselves are the third reference aid. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICALS Ulrich's Periodicals Direc World Medical Periodicals tory Il'orld List of Scientific Union List of Serials Periodicals Ulrich's Directory is a classified guide to a selected lise of current periodicals both foreign and domestic. The periodicals are arranged alphabetically under subject classification. Each entry includes title, sub-title, date or ori. gin, frequency, price, publisher and place of publication, annual index, cumulative indexes, and items characteristic of each periodical. A list of the indexes which index the periodical is included as part of the information given 62 ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 63 about each journal. There is a title index to the periodicals included in this directory. The Union List of Serials is the most important and comprehensive list of holdings in the libraries of the United States and Canada. It lists between 115,000 and 120,000 titles in about Goo libraries. Information given includes the title of the journal, place of publication, and in some cases the publisher, the date publication began, whether it is a continuation or has ceased publication, publication history, and holdings of the cooperating libraries. Arrangement is alphabetical by corporate entry. The Jyorld Medical Periodicals is an international list of all current medical periodicals, all medico-biological periodicals regularly surveyed by certain abstracting agencies, and well-known medical journ which ceased publication during the period 1900-1950. Each entry includes title, place of publication, language or languages of publication, frequency, symbols indicating which of the principal abstracting services regularly survey the periodicals, and the World List abbreviation of the title. The World List of Scientific Periodicals is an alphabetical listing by title in the natural sciences showing location of about 50,000 titles in 247 libraries in Great Britain. The list includes all such periodicals issued between 1900- 1950. Also entered are titles which so far as is known are not available in Great Britain. This work is therefore a bibliographry as well as a union list. SERIAL RECORD Tube Index File Card File The Serial Record lists all of the seria) titles in the li. brary. The information given for cach title usually in. cludes the volumes and numbers with their dates that are present in the library's hoklings. Additional information that may be given is the first year of publication and the

·64
MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENTRY SHOWING COMPLETE FILE IS AVAILABLE
1.M.L.
Journal of clinical endocrinology
v.1-2 1941-51
Contimed as Journal of clinical ondocrinology &
metabolism
ENTRY SHOWING PARTIAL HOLDINGS AVAILABLE
1.M.L.
Journal of colloid science
9.5 1950 #5
Plate 6
last year if the journal is a closed file. The serial record
may also indicate any changes in the name of a periodical
as for example Southern Surgeon was continued with vol.

·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 65 ume 17 as American Surgeon. The card for American Sur. geon indicates that volume 1-16 was published as Southern Surgeon. Frequently there are two listings, an alphabetical arrangement by title or corporate entry and a subject list where each title is listed under a specific subject. If there ENTRY SHOWING COMPLETE FILE IS AVAILABLE J.Allarg .l-date 1929/0-date ENTRY SHOWING PARTIAL HOLDINGS AVAILABLE Mulbank Man, hind, Quart. Pull. 7.2 1923 no. 3-4 V.4 2926 no. 1-3 v.2 2924 no.1.3 7.5-17 1926-29 V.3 1925 no.1,3-4 7.18 1940 no.d.3 1.19 1942 1.20 1922 720.1.2.4 7.21dete 1943-date Plate 7 is any possibility of confusion in the list of a citle, see cards are added to facilitate its location. Libraries follow different practices in listing their hoidings. Some male use of catalog ards, others tube indexes, to mention the two most popular methods. The ard is the standard 3 by 5 and may be filed either as part of the en. tire book collection or in a separate file. In either case it is filed in the card catalog cabinet. Examples of serial record given in Platc 6 are those of the Rudolph Matas hrary of Tulane University. The top aard gises holdings with the continuation title. The resents an incomplete file. The notation in number that is available.

·66 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY The tube index, the other method commonly used of recording the library's holdings, takes its name from the celluloid tubes into which are inserted the listings of the periodicals which in turn are inserted in leaves and mounted on a stand. Examples of tube index entries of the Louisiana State University School of Medicine Library are given in Plate 7. Complete volumes are noted in typed numbers whereas incomplete volumes are recorded in pencil in order that they may be easily changed when new numbers are added. The symbol date signifies that the library's holdings are complete from that volume and date to the currently received number. INDEXES TO PERIODICAL CONTENTS It became quite obvious that as periodicals continued to increase in number indexes to their contents must be com. piled if the material was to be available to students and scholars. Therefore very early in the history of periodical literature such indexes appeared. Later as the literature broadened, numerous special indexes in many of the arts and sciences were compiled. There are a number of points which determine the value of an index to periodicals among which are: the scope of the index, the length of period covered, the frequency and promptness of publication, and the completeness and quality of the indexing, The scope of the index refers to wliether the indexes are general or devoted to a particular subject or specialized field. In this study more attention will be given to the specialized indexes that cover the field of medicine and allied sciences. The length of period covered is significant since it is more important to use an index which indexes periodicals for a long period of time rather than one that indexes material for a short period. Frequency and promptness must be considered since this refers to the timeliness of the material indexed. Completeness takes ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 67 into consideration whether all articles in a periodical are indexed or whether a selection is made. Quality refers to the method and convenience of arrangement. The indexes to be considered here are general, special, medical, histori. cal, cumulative indexes of journals, and abstract journals. General Indexes Readers' Guide to Periodi. cal Literature International Index to Peri. odicals The Readers' Guide indexes about 125 general and popular periodicals as well as some scientific and scholarly publications. It is useful for popular literature on medical and near medical subjects, also for articles concerning physicians. Its special features are full dictionary cataloging of all articles, listed under author, subject, and title when necessary. It appears semi-monthly from September to June, and monthly in July and August. It is cumulative at intervals until the last number of each current volume which covers the year and forms a new annual volume. Permanently cumulated volumes are issued at longer intervals. The International Index is organized along the same plan as the Readers' Guide. It indexes the more scholarly periodicals in the luinanities and science. The cumulative number appears four times a year with an annual and a permanent cumulative volume every three years. Refer. ence to all periodicals in these two indexes is to volume. page, and date. Special Indexes Public Afairs Information Index of Hospital Litera. Service. Bulletin Education Index Index to Dental Literature furc There are numerous special indexes to the periodical literature. The ones listed here are some that the student ·68 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY will have occasion to use. The Public Affairs Information Service. Bulletin is a cooperative clearing house of public affairs information. It is a very useful subject index of political science, government, legislation, economics, and sociology for the lay and the professional reader. Pam. phlets and multigraphed material are indexed as well as periodical literature. Cumulations appear five times a year with the last number becoming the annual cumulation. Education Index is a cumulative author and subject index to a selected list of about 150 education periodicals. It is published monthly except June and August with annual and triennial cumulations. In addition to the references to periodicals, many references to books, pamphlets, and society transactions are included. The Index of Hos. pital Literature is an alphabetically arranged author and subject index of about 130 journals whose articles relate to hospitals and their work. The numbers appear semiannually and for 1945-1949 a five year cumulative volume was issued. The Index to Dental Literature covers the period from 1839 to date. One hundred and forty-four dental journals are indexed and since 1989 the arrangement has been alphabetical by author and subject. It was issued in three to five year intervals from 1921 to 1947, and bien. nially from 1918 to 1919. Since 1950 it has appeared quar: terly with an annual cumulation. No foreign periodicals are indexed. Medical Indexes Index-Catalogue of the Li Quarterly Cumulative in. brary of the Surgeon dex Medicus General's Ofice Current List of Medical Index Medicus Literalure Quarterly Cumulative Index to Current Medical Literature ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 69 BROCABANK, WILLIAM. Bleedtentry of Att ta thella's. J.A.A.N. the Mantbester Royal Iritroiny. Brt. Anet, 20; 255-239, Nov. 1852. H.J. 7. 19-90, July 12, 1957. Alth in BUNDESEN, HERMANN, Water connec- Mas,Tel. +8 70g 15, 3; tion to tulopur table. (Correspondence) 1951, Nurs, kteror. 85. t.-!4, July 14, J.A.K.A, 150: 1339, Nor. 1, 1933. 1952) BUNCOON, DAVLOT. If you want food BROCKINGTON, FUSEA. The health tilsies laboratory service the intauta centre la Britain, Canad.. Pub. Herts gent thourht to la plana ag and dan. <1. 288-291, JUT 1952. Had, Horo. 79: 203+, Oct. 1993. BROMAGE, P.R. Inteeled anaekhetk 1p BURNEY, L.L. AO WALLEY, MATEA, parktes. (Correspondpen) Brif, K.J. Improving health care la protest > 1043, Nov., 1953. public nursing bemes. Geriatrica. : PROORS, C.a.s. To galliy et adola. 232+, JW aug. 1931. etration, or dope to be koralle. Hog. EURR, C.W. Pourmacy uroos Cuaca pill, London. (6: $89+. Aug. 1992, Rolp.Phurt, : 228+, Muarone Awo In Canad. Borg. 28. 60+, Nor. BUSINESS AND TUNCE BROSIN, BERY W, Dsychoanalytle sabi - Ceapad Pompstal slaanco. Fotp. 4 ing for pratatra tenktents and others. Sex. Bet.j. 378 +, Twy 25, 1952. Am. J. Paythat. 109: 188-193, depl. - Frenclat otietatsoa for de twee 1992. R. D.ston. Trustee. 8:15-1 Dec. BROWN, YILEX R. Ter purticipate in 3253 petetlacentered dlake in tuberculoa!! - TimeAclag Amerdean bonpllalu. RJ, awning. Nur World. 228. 22-18, Stu!. R.P.A, 50- 19, Sept. 1952. July 1952. Accounting BAOWN, JOIN W. Defense spunet bia "TheWidering varfely acturer (M. Jople agenu toployed a warfari. Wis. governor' veto of ball to INTER AA K.W. 61: $44.596, Jan. 1851, PILY bwrp for tart of Indir DROWNE, TERMINA E. These of music centa). (Editoria) Bowpytam. 26. 11- sa therapy. Mont. B. 38. 90-%D5, 67, Sept. 1952. Jan. 1952. A closer look at the accountant. a.C. OROWWE, KATEERDE. Efficiency and Haan. Horp. Accountia. 11-18 comfort a new dling IL C2614. Oct. 1993. Houp. 27. 12.30, June 1933. Com accountlet protsendi ba pagy ERUNNENG, M. Pageid-est crupollon) B Toilon, Boy. Accgonime. $ 15-16, therapy at African pospital at Lutas, Sept. 1952. Northana Rhodesia, Mars, Kitror 08: Extracurricular activity for your betona 221, Nov. 7, 3950 42 poeling teachine, M 8. Bersey. BATAN, KELEN M. Wars and more o Ropp. Accounting 19-11, Oc1. 1991. 944 the labor shortage. Hospitals. • Borpreal accounc cat conrlarratione 26. &0.41, Nov, 1951. of pharmacy operatione, &. W. Mann. DUNYAN, JAMES 2. He Radical proy- Beap. Warm, $. 775-, Sppe L. k and we balold. Gr. 6: 99-103, 1953, 333-328, Septe-Oel, 1951. Oct. 1957. - Bospes) sccunde mid coutine - Ver BRYANT, L.KATER IN LARSON, art 2.. Backel, Moupils, London, KANCY L. keratint today's eraet. 46 611690, Oct. 1952. Ad 3. Nat. 17 70-71, 1951. Hoeplia cool necording #BAJAR BUCAL, GEORCS. Tu pleci - Foop. Bring. 13, 350-331, Oct. certation on the opply Xw1e). 1792. Tes. Home, T+, ARY. 1951 - Roeptual coating - nart. W BUHOR, VILLIAM R Bordo com os Abernethy. Konc. $er 3. $: fons to protectioa. (Carrus. 03-954, A* 19, 1992, 1012-1031 pooden) 2.sy Techlan, SC 171+. Begle 17, 1953 Nor. 333. - Selling top tramat sa trancia To- Parc 8. Index of Hospital Literature. The problem of indexing medical literature das always been of serious concern to those wosling in the medical field, and with the enormous growth of the periodical literature the problem has become even more serious in recent years. The difficulty encountered licre is somewhat ·70 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY different than in the other disciplines. In the exact sciences the subject approach is the most important whereas in the subjective fields of the fine arts it is the person, i.e., author or artist, who is the most important. Medicine being both an art and a science has two approaches, both the subject and the author, to its indexing problems. The solving of this problem has involved some of the best minds in the field of medicine. The beginning of scientific bibliography is usually credited to Albrecht von Haller (1708-77) whose great Bibliothecae in anatomy, surgery, medicine, and botany is the first attempt to compile an index which is both comprehensive and critical. This medical work is arranged by large subject groups and then chronologically under the subject. An alphabetical author index is in. cluded. This was the only annotated index that covered the entire field of medicine. Later indexes had to limit themselves in some way. Wilhelm Gottfried Ploucquet (1744-1814), realizing the importance of continuations, developed the cyclical or series bibliography in which new titles could be added by means of new editions or supplements each beginning where the other ended. The works of Ploucquet are arranged by subject, but unfortunately there is no author index. The next attempt to index the periodical literature of medicine was by Adolph Carl Peter Callisen (1786-1866) who compiled an author list of books and periodicals by medical writers for the period from approximately 1750 to 1830. Callisen's bibliography is limited in its usefulness, because it is only an author list and no provision was made for continuations. This marked the end of the one man bibliographies and from then on indexing was done by a group working under the supervision of an editor, or executive, using the books and periodicals owned by one institution and published as a group project. The opportunity for a unique bibliogra. phy of the entire medical literature was afforded with the ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 71 building up of the collection of the library of the Surgeon General's Ollice in Washington, D.C. At the close of the Civil War there were only a few volumes in the library, but with the appointment of John Shaw Billings (1838- 1913) as a member of the staff, additions were made to the collection with the intent of making the library a national mcdical library. Billings soon realized that a library with out an index was useless, so he conceived the idea of an index, the outgrowth of which gave two indexes to the medical world, the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Ofice and the index Medicus. The Index-Catalogue is probably one of the greatest indexing projects ever undertaken in any field, and has been rightfully called one of America's greatest contributions to medical science. This publication is a combined author and subject index, arranged in dictionary form in a single alphabet. Books, pamphlets, chapters of books, and theses are listed under subject and also under anhor, but periodical articles are only listed under the subject. Volume one, listing all matcrial under "A" and "B," was published in 1880; additional solumes were published until the en. tire alphabet was covered. This was then followed by a second series (v.1, 1896) indexing all material added since the issue of the first series. This work continued until the present fourth series (v.1, 1936) when, due to the insut. mountable difficulties encountered in continuing the list. it was decided to discontinue publication with volume 31. Another index started by Billings as a private venture was the Index Medicus. This was a subject arranged monthly publication indexing the contcncs of about half of the journals, books, and pamphlets listed in the Index-Cala. logue. Each volume llas a separate author and subject index, with the crception of the third scries which has only an author index. Another bibliographic tool, the Quarterly Cumulative ·72 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Index to Current Medical Literature, was published from 1916 to 1926 by the American Medical Association. Twelve volumes were issued and its bound numbers are cumula. tive with the author and subject entries arranged alphabetically. This index is limited in scope covering only references to articles in a selected list of about 300 of the more important American and foreign medical periodicals. In 1927 the Index Medicus and the Quarterly Cumulative Index were combined to form the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus. This is a dictionary arrangement by author and subject which appears twice a year. This index includes the following information: new books listed according to author and subject, lists of medical publishers and journals indexed, and an index to the periodical literature. Titles from foreign journals appear in the orig. inal language under author and in translation only under the subject, with a few exceptions such as titles in Japan. ese. Titles under subject entries are frequently rearranged by key words. At present this index is about two years late in appearing which is a handicap to anyone attempting to keep abreast of the current literature. In order to fill the gap between the appearance of the periodicals and the issuing of the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus the Armed Forces Medical Library publishes the Current List of Medical Literature. The issues appear monthly and are arranged by the title of the peri odical indexed with each article designated by numbe There is a separate subject and author index includ with each issue. Reference is made to the article by mea of the designated number. The indexes are cumulative i a semi-annual volume with a separate author a subject index. Historical Indexes Garrison and Morton, A Kelly, Encyclope Medical Bibliography ical Sources ·AJA MALALT KOMMuh - Lleth Mail 1 142 1A.HR The dire BEEXNIM, B, K. Medicine of the crowaves och Cadar Karte H elet 1 2177 CRAVEL, Halon Imanodor Chirurde: kateche Birth OTLO, L Buang dalam mira: all is MEDICINE 573 MEDICINE RESEARCH. Proceding of the meeting of the Ne 310 G. Du har i Holida ta drt Home Matches leinn Joe Werl mecutive OTLA, NO. 20. 1045 Bulle. Ju HO-1-7. territoire Guit BRITAIS. GENERAL Anicat Count health harta. the Addra by tho prendent the opening of this and what the the 21th ton of the General Medical Counel in Nie, Drahati Address by the president November 18, wk Aw 17, 1995, 8p. 8: Lond. 188. In tres Barcerat e hulurkenni VOSITA. LECRTA YOE-LLANIYARYOE PPRAV-ere ut, INN LEXIB hevuA XXlct rabaty lechebnoy the motor de IAL A Letter TH 1 warto aprirlena Kretatis; sbornik tudov. Jeho Ad, 1. Mamuti pelled alle and the hierunt . I IL K to: 177-60 KAPSI de 177 L. The domande pe Chithertortwe na Vall de NA, 1967 16 A 7-11 Mehr Can wel 1495 leert het onder der Nibe Mhe. I Arte MV NI U tel Nerwowere: 100-13-chert. R. G. Nie full art per atended this Wells J1 OFW 11011 entrarse bil. And... bepen. Rarter Indrere ad un tichwort Wat was K L Liquide and Le dope Lemon Fatethel -Chisle. PB (195) Inc. 157 17 27! Bee kled aralla: Cultures Group. Prob. The po kli, na loms; Medicine, Problemy Sdeace, Problem 12 Wled welche Man INC Mila werk road 250p. 3tcm. N. Y., 1939. BL. DLOM E. Die Bedienum Sekoidence, 193217-19. font hapotel rum Aufbau einer by the saben Med 150p, harisrube, 1931. Chidden. Centro Hound 1000. Lpz. 1927. noitude to co Acrete und dad es werden ERNAND, F. NachdenklichesTur beutigen Lacr, L. Getaldehrt das Lebens und des Arllre. 102 Repe; Lorong der hrc la de Medizb und bet cine; comments on SE L. c de medicina 3338 zem. Lond. 19 neial predete, aort and wentron 2917 LEOXALDE, 23. B Apr, 1941. LATE, E a. 'Der Art und kine Sendung wires lielore the Canadien sledical doslation, OSLEN. W. Chauvinism. In feinei, en 6 AaB 195 p. 8. Moch. 1927. Alvo 10 Montreal, Sept. 17. 1907 237 ' Halt. 1902 Aud. 2 p. (1930) Οινοπο Α. W Masonry. medicine and -Themmul The doctor's misioo; robornik 1916 m. land. 1930 BAHIA Terainiscenes and tereisuoat of a medical to un; translby 2. En Barker. 2762129 x Y. 1932. VAY ETTEX N. . The quality of medicine. 17. LABd. (1930) As Indiana IAIS wwoon, the an the day his Boge Naneb., 1929. the sun U onder in der Herkunda 2 Aud. 17. Bromera 20SA , Monel., 1931. in Iwerhet WIVU 147 a Dubuite Entwicklung der Halwyd Weber 1911- kunde. A 8 Stutte (1931) la Banatrem des Artes, su dereito 117-4. ID The wonder Marblan. 1887 Dread., 1935. IcCN. H. Stebt die Scholastiche Neufundare con le schewww Your intermedcbca Bankeryti? Asansor 12, 1931 The Antw. GR 1001 - clones, 221p. 26em D Air, 1911. 14 ISA 1 - 1 I what XTENL A. Arth Preteraret and Kraamaanirrett ute hohe 106 1 Tal etethichuyaubro 2 Teil Ard and Innhe Xottur Tip. ** Manch. 1932 1922 19 0711-414 Met Akut Away The Jo Han VAT. dier! 199. AA 16-17 KM Notte 11.A 112016Wwe 14 Mai ANML non the the NV.INC LA Are.. 220 MON IS1144, dia T. Lai 11 13 - k thấy n Mỹ - In - Customers to ani - mes internet Cen: 1 Into Tube Math 1111423 16.11-1.1 m IN RIZAL - 6.Arte COWNIAL.ES Art. SAMANTA-141 11n MSN wat hierdie w the Media: Sy het.no. It We Arte L 1882 L NA Plate 9. Index-Catalogue of the Library of thic Surgeon General's office. .

·1. Abb. i. tridge, It.) KATROSS Tage 1 un dro orari, sehen viny PSRA VANESH Bewer des Wund , CHARQVan InWelchen E.Sey. are und Die In ML Ph. VAT chir TAWI-JIL KATE 7131 VAN WHO CANCRONOG. 46. 1406-17 erwca tmsbera, KATKILSON, DLAND BOS TM of 6 PUNO reporu. m. 31,7401AON of cute la nova FNA LA pa sada potopertlaria, Archolur. 16 tota, a.. Rua delat MASTE-ton. Nie rooien WATT UOCL Contanulado E Bad prolon & Woody 1931 QUARTERLY CUMULATIVE NDEX MEDICUS 911 MATERNITT. sehr-Continued MATHUR, Lh. And WALLP M. Carlise errhouts, male Ao 1915. Nov. (pl.2) 61 Notas Dealer prenatal prophylaxis tampendayohibs, Dral 100 genere Trichophyton" vgrupe pouceum, ka Gata realed in Rome. (LTO, A. Marco SALENDAE)பேயகப் woworto Londa , GOMEZ CAMBA. 14 Caldios wine aquilato sale diren and veu baing of children cut a dock (R. E. Soveti 7 Aman MA. * $80-631, Jaly 61 1813, lot udheticonduar, Wed. technical and Predictions Cuvius, 1945-1950, oparte 1, Liber de tage periodicom Sen der Thrombocnim when - la Provincia lastitute for Car of Mothers and Duss out do Reinokultit der Blutkruche, Lut of Udine (a. Minciott) Friul sed 513- $12, Wy-AUT Senwes med.Wchnachr. 11.1043-1015, AL , KATET LACHAY, C, Yath. WATNE G. Jer spot, auth. BH RAYTERACHTID, X.. truth HATHIA L. Ein Jahr Kruppetursorge in der Staler a WUMOT, W DO Auschaltung pendeter durch Fudn Ein boark, Wales Win Wehn sehr 41.536-932, auf 164438-45.51 ochr. 870 874, Nov. 10, 51 CROSS L, BEL, K, and AORTILL. Help MATHEMATICS der Pencilin-und PAS.Bluuplede durch eutthmouc abilib. Onger-locatieavon capacity and scheldungen gemde betonnen Caround Begemid) Med. WAJI 20 1175-1139, Sept. KATLI, L, Advantages of microbersy. 69-60, pour) An Orthopaedict 31 750 706. Oct 51 Sept. 51 WATKER, K, Provence procedurat la general KATOL... Branära Vartokithing . MATHERI, 2 a. I ANDERSON 12 Zor .GAL 1* 1881-1669, 01 MATHESON, AD Enlerdagal pilonidal BLAS caused MATOLTSI. AGAMATOLOTY, M., Action az wool AMBELLON Zeland Sery. $1.76. 17 Aug MATHEUSI...And DANBODA, 1. Ortooma frontal cal & Esper Thorup 101.237-249, Aug 1 verencia osoa), R.br.ctcrino-laring. MATOLTTY, W. MATOLD, AGIL 103-58, March April de MATOL LA NOGUEIRA N. xoard Deco MATUR VOXL. LIBRAYAT, CR with begeisenter, dusmudice dle royale tra lenta Kataw, L, L. MICHAELS D. Actually boy dangerous touch took 17 1 School Hoa H. Hospital, Rio de anar 39 719-73%. May D! on M 733-236, DEPL 57 Lil Oklahoma, J.Oklahoma M. MATROSOVica, D: PIULUTKO, L, WA MATION, PD votre cuperolce, 1.NPORN Tormat. Anunista..Ines com mon cold, Jour-Lance TI And DNGRANAM D. Intrucanal complicate congenitas de pants 240-170 Oct 03 MATKY, 3.Tucher bruge do poron tracheal; MATBUVRAK TUTTA L, X section of Niveyon du carrelour inchéo-ronte '60 Aque, Setnine hõp.Parts 9.20-2703, Septeuil KATIEL C. Nadathord Whout prane qe do te MATURE MONIT, NO. troactpaynnoun tu பகர் , Belayan Milchte des branged Maber MATHIAS, J C PALEX. GARBLER, ODER ngde locul de bromeloosa Trowth bormans, hytosin Bw.Acad.nl. sid. 163343-548, Icod in u nismo PTOPOM. BW.1057-100) July 29, 571-574, Nov 01 1. GALDLER ONL & MATTEL P. ModuleLelon qui rAlor word. MATHILJEN, LA, PAS-trouent lupus ant in caula perford Bubbres de atuaH. MATTEIN W... MU Stunt u conta. Clorul Cumhe 101.14.12.31 Agt 3. ['bil wa KUDULL Ilond bouche tra legale ed ormon. A tre. MATHIEU, A.. See MATHIEU, P L. JA, A NE gunud turun actiefwonal de MATALU, J. PLAUCHU, NL Pronode Nsolo Nelle de leteganu berwall 61 & HATTEG a, fondamnom 051, Oct 01 Nrves compluwa). Lyon char. 120 degu operu ru tortor porti the OLLONOK 1. ols fordoni Archime - $48, i XATKU LJR, Wunt, &, LAX Land wa KARDG, , Bulla basenus KATRU, for tumal ng 06-08, depl1 WAT, E. a MATEO P.. KAT ITU A rosett, n, cotturt. I, DIL (UN onione. we urel dans le om o contratowno, Do polrra chroni trolyur, Prested. It met boc obra chir. 133-45De 16. 4.01.2e D, ET 500, 13,1 wanap MATULL KL. I Kim WATER Loon windstorce-donal plana apicala . CN4 reg, Avargoncaral. Indico-Latalogou), ale pode 11 116-206 1120-19), Sept. -Dee 30 MATTIVOCE 1 Coast pathoorn dom bol por Diamante Wadeo clipico, nelle . perochrome in mod de Focs, we want mwul. 1717-179, Sept.Dec.25 Cilinique en el produttore CLAULT, AJ, Ples-Lombocita del Annow. 365 403SAY 1 prowarylar 1029-23 couscono plotale A.W.. REER 6. Leveral price wout -Dua to 3:7, lan 7.1 KATA N. L Areallypura la awal, Lee KLIR G.w ald Guigon of gree, Irvis Gurecko), Actober 124421- WATTEUCCLVADOKEL K M NOCTE 4. W. MATAT. L. LUD. AUTOR LA OR 11 ale nenhort Sorusu pala. 1.4, proportions and cloth Sefur LTM MILDE UMAN, WLAN Sheria nalit-1.1, 1. $ MIL ALL , 346June "51 org ent Pate to. Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus.

·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 75 REGISTER OF ARTICLES On el Www - TELAS W! ta > A * AAN 16 TOOL. NA M RADHI SED WAS . nu . RES NA . AN RA W WRC NA LEKIN WIN SU NA MU at M. va ww N. 8. TRY . wo SYV WA * WA S90 KAMA - VA -N AURE Dar EN 4 JAN NA .. VAL! W Piste 11 Current List of arcdical Literature. Other types of bibliographic reference tools and those {orks which give historical sources. Garrison and Morton's Medical Bibliography is a check list of texts illustrating the history of medical sciences, and serves as a valuable aid in checking bibliographic items. The arrangement is by special subject fields with the literature chronological ·76 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY under each subject. Most of the entries are annotated which is a distinct contribution. There is a separate personal name and subject index. Kelly's Encyclopedia lists the "earliest or best" articles or books on medical discoreries and practices arranged alphabetically by the name of the author with a subject index. Information includes author, dates, an identifying phrase, statement of subject, and references in full to sources of article. Cumulative Indexes American Journal of Physi- Surgery, Gynecology and ology Obstetrics Journal of Physiology American Journal of Nurs. Journal of Biological Chem. ing istry National League of Nursing Journal of Bacteriology Education. Annual Re- Cancer Research poris Aledical Clinics of North Annals of Medical History America Bulletin of the History of Surgical Clinics of North Medicine America In addition to the periodical indexes, a number of periodicals compile cumulative indexes which are issued at regular or irregular intervals of time. Most of these indexes are arranged separately by author and subject. The American Journal of Physiology has issued three indexes, the last two at go volume intervals. The Journal of Physiology has also issued three indexes at irregular volume intervals. The indexes to the Journal of Biological Chemistry have appeared at 25 volume intervals. Two indexes covering volumes 1.30, and 31-64 have been issued by the Journal of Bacteriology. Cancer Research published a decennial author and subject index covering its first 10 years. The various medical specialties are also represented in the ·), Gora NALA CaXA JA THE AVEBKAN YOU MIONG ONUNA DOLL fall 11, en she ) thu known D. CM CM th Marina We te w Wiele free of the talento Me re WWW. GAL, 1,0 En. Moh. 11 h. 1. fra, h777 Ik Cernus A. Cum *. 177 Kawy ivy Tride Home Www G4 GA. W GA down ter IA 1111 Ce WiL GALL Ie), 1x As muda in 417 GM_4.49 Cabine HWAM 1) May muren, warum et M wy 545 en al 17200 CA th, F, Art (L) 44 m. m. Ce 1 on L to G, MLN www.th 23 (Cape the west Etele Ware Haut. ni CLADO A . tama CMA Cook, IX, 444 AWWUWW i flewer, 70 We Nord GAMA de tot fe-12 dala. Anna Be A Wellend (141 WAS th, > Carlo " ) Wh UML the EMAX, 01 OGOL YIL 1916 Care u. Vụ ML. MA News 1 Ay To Wh h 10 Cara A)tas MMA the sun NLNE hehte Ah Mo . 1 CarWMANJU Ohh Who www.IMA). WWW (mAh turn to www to, .M Dune W 137, 1414 TL C 150 har VLT 64 Si Chen (H) 071 PEN mw Maront mi MA). IN 1:> lv om det NL MA MN me Altre PWW. Anni TIL) IMA Bahan Mh. An Nha er hela de la and MA Anthina toCAD, CS Mill.) Cattlec, 1) MAAN VINU 49.776 teha IN, OM THE XLARINA m. th NUR Form, L-216 wa MI WWW.Ir Ath . 243 Wor . kredit WE 14! Lemi) 1, ME CJE Wwful pe he and the 4, ASLAC - php we, . NILAI he M IMM Honduras Her talpa e Men AM), After € . GO M. wo do honu INN LO 411 With wa WA Jawa where 34 VA IM heme le cat, his news hu ML" wh Wank wa 11 Ateita WW I TIM Tudod de ce ING Ah! MR A # Tui tu Aloe 11 intu Py ILU , us سه بسهر بیر شرح Mate 17. Cumulative Index of the American Joumal of Nursing ·78 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY cumulative indexes. The Medical Clinics of North Amer. ica and the Surgical Clinics of North America issue subject indexes every third year, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstel- Tics has two indexes appearing at 40 volume intervals. The American Journal of Nursing is presently issuing indexes for 5 year periods instead of 10 year intervals. The index to the Annual Reports of the National League of Nursing Education appeared in two numbers. The first issue covered a 45 year period and the second 10 years. The Annals of Medical History published an index to its entire set arranging the material in dictionary form for authors and subjects. The Bulletin of the History of Medicine issued a separate author and subject index to its first 20 volumes. Abstract Journals Biological Abstracts International Abstracts of Chemical Abstracts Surgery Federation Proceedings Nutrition Abstracts and Re- Abstracts of IVorld Medi views cine Cancer Current Literature Excerpta Aledica Diabetes Abstracts Obstetrical and Gynecologi Ophthalmic Literature cal Survey Tuberculosis Index International Medical Di. Dental Abstracts gest Nuclear Science Abstracts International Surgical Di. Psychological Abstracts gest The continued growth of the periodical literature resulted in the development of a new kind of index, the ab. stract journal. The abstract journal summarizes articles which have appeared in other journals. This is a great help in enabling one to keep track of all pertinent information being published in a particular field. The most successful abstract journals were the German publications prior 10 ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 79 the first World War. After the war they ceased to exist and only recently the English language journals have come into prominence. The interdependence of scientists in all fields has necessitated a more adequate coverage of the literature. In addition to the strictly abstract journals many journals have sections devoted to abstracts. Abstract journals are issued in many fields. The basic sciences such as biology and chemistry are covered, many of the medical specialties, and some diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis. The first three journals listed are those that abstract articles in the basic sciences. Biological Abstracts abstracts journal articles in the fields of theoretical and applied biology. Twelve numbers with an author and subject in. dex comprise a volume. Indexes are arranged by author, subject, systematic, geographical, and geological divisions. The journal is divided into five sections representing the fields of general biology; basic medical sciences; microbi. ology, immunology, public healtlı, and parasitology; plant scicnces; and animal sciences. Chemical Abstracts is now thic most comprehensive of the abstract journals. There is an author index with each semi-monthly issue and an annual author, subject, and formula index. Decennial indexes have been issued in 1916, 1926, 1936, and 1916. Chemical ab. stracis lias a wide coverage of all pliases of chemistry and related sciences, such as physics, mathematics, biology, and physiology. The short delay following the appearance of the original article and the excellent indexing makes it onc of the most useful of the scientific and technical journals. Federation Proceedings abstracts papers presented before the annual meeting of the Federation of Amerian Societics for Experimental Biology and Medicine. An author index of the papers abstracted is included. In addition original papers are published as well as a list of members, society proceedings, constitution and by-law's, and other ·80 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY items regarding the activities of the societies. There is a general index to each volume. The next group of abstract journals represents the clinical specialties. Abstracts of World Medicine abstracts selective articles under broad classification. All abstracts are in English and with each issue there is a separate autthot and subject index. The Excerpta Medica is the most ambitious attempt ever undertaken to abstract in the Eng. lish language every article in every available medical journal in the world. There are 17 sections issued monthly covering the different fields of medicine. Within these sections the articles are arranged according to a broad classification scheme. An alphabetical author index appears with each issue. An author and subject index for each volume is also issued. The Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey is an excellent journal. There is an international coverage of the literature and the abstracts are so complete that the original sources do not usually have to be consulted. An author index is included with each issue and a separate author and subject index with cach annual volume. The International Medical Digest and the Inler. national Surgical Digest appear monthly, are not comprehensive, and do not cover much foreign literature. They are of particular interest to the general practitioner. The International Abstracts of Surgery issued as a supplement to Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics is an important source of surgical literature. A separate subject and author index appears with each volume. A number of abstract journals covering special subjects or diseases are issued. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews is a comprehensive abstract journal covering the chemistry of foods, physiology of nutrition, diet in health and disease, vitamins, deficiency diseases, and the feeding of animals. An author and subject index appears with cach annual volume. Cancer Current Literature, although not an ab- ·INDEXES TO PERIODICALS 81 stract journal in the sense that the others are, does serve as a bibliographic record of articles in the cancer field. Foreign titles are translated into English and reference is made to abstracts appearing in other journals. The issues appear monthly having a subject arrangement with an author index. A policy in regard to issuing cumulative indexes has apparently not been established since the practice has varied in the past. Diabetes Abstracts is a quarterly abstract journal covering all aspects of diabetes. It ceased publication with the 1951 volume. At that time a separate author and subject index was issued covering the last five years. The abstracts have been continued in the abstract section of the new journal Diabetes. Ophthalmic Literature is a valuable abstract journal which pre. sents abstracts under various groupings. There are review sections with bibliographies. An annual subject and author index is issued with each volume. The Tuberculosis Index is an international coverage of articles relating to all phases of tuberculosis. There is a subject arrangement of the material with brief abstracts. Many articles are only cited. Since 1952 an author index has appeared with each quar. terly issue in addition to the annual author index, Dental Abstracts is becoming a very valuable tool to those desir. ing information on dental material. Many foreign journals not indexed elsewhere are included in this work. The material is arranged by broad subject classification. There is no author or subject index. Nuclear Science Abstracts covers the literature of nuclear science and engineering. It includes not only the reports of the Atomic Energy Commission, but also material in technical and scientific journals, and unpublished research reports of government agencies, universities, and industrial research establish. ments. A separate author and subject index, and a numcri. cal index of reports is issued cvery quarter cumulating at the end of 6 and 12 months. Psychological Abstracts is an ·82 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY important abstracting tool of the literature in the field of psychology. It appears monthly listing new books and articles grouped by subjects. There is an author index with each number and full author and subject indexes for each volume.

·CHAPTER 5 THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION MEDICAL PERIODICALS are the most important part of the library's collection. A medical library is somewhat different from other libraries where the emphasis is largely on books. There is a reason for this. Medical science is progressing so rapidly that only by a current periodical literature is one able to keep abreast of the times. It is not stretching the truth too much to say that as soon as a book is published it is out of date. Then, too, books, as a rule do not contain original material; they are more in the nature of reviews. Periodicals are published weekly, semi-monthly. monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly. Scientific and medical societies in some cases publish their proceedings in an annual volume. Recently the annual periodical bound as a book has become very popular. Early in the history of scientific periodicals the term journal was used since these periodicals were often sponsored by a scientific or medical society and became the means by which the society pub. fislied its procecdings. Certain practices developed in designating journals. They are numbered by volumes on 2 yearly or semi-yearly basis as a rule. Individual monthly or weekly issues are numbered also. The paging is by vol. ume. Therefore it is the practice to refer to an article by volume, and sometimes by number of issue, page or paging, and date. At the completion of a volume it is custom. ary to bind it in book form. Il the volume is small more than one volume may be bound together. Medical periodical literature has diad an cnormous growth. In this country alone os cr 500 medical periodicals are bcing issued. At present in the Norld List of Scien. tiſic Periodicals, coscring die period from 1900 to 1950, 83 ·04 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY approximately 50,000 journals are listed and of this number at least 5,000 are medical. Medical libraries are further burdened by the outstanding contributions that are being made to medical science by chemists, physicists, biologists, and the social scientists. As these contributions are being published in other than strictly medical journals, the duty of subscribing to and building up files of many border line journals has become almost a necessity. The journals available in a medical library lend themselves to certain arbitrary grouping. They range all the way from highly scholarly and technical journals to the more semi-popular type. All of the basic sciences of medicine, medical specialties, dentistry, hospital, and nursing are represented. A few examples of each type will be given with a brief discussion. General Science Journals Nature Scientific American Science Scientific Monthly Nature and Science are the most scholarly scientific journals published. Scientific American and Scientific Monthly do not as a rule report results of experimental research. Their articles are based on reports from the literature and are written in a more or less popular style. Basic Science Journals American Journal of Anat. Society of Experimental omy Biology and Medicine. Anatomical Record Proceedings Journal of Anatomy A.M.A. Archives of Pathol. Journal of Bacteriology ogy Biochemical Journal American Journal of Pa- Journal of Biological thology Chemistry ·THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION 85 Journal of Pathology and American Journal of Physi- Bacteriology ology Journal of Physiology All of these journals publish original articles in their fields, and in most cases are the official organs of their respective societies. They vary in the type of indexing for each volume. Some have a dictionary arrangement for author and subject, others a separate index, and still others only a table of contents. General Medical Journals American Medical Associa-' Canadian Medical Association. Journal tion Journal British Medical Journal New England Journal of Lancer Aledicine American Practitioner and Southern Afedical Journal Digest of Treatment California Medicine GP Minnesota Medicine The general medical journals constitute quite a large group. They are usually the official organ of a national or regional society, and their artides are written for the gen. eral practitioner. In addition to medical information they contain information of general interest to the profession. The Journal of the American Medical Association is the official organ of the American Medical Association. The journal appears weekly and contains original articles, clini. al notes, reports from the various councils, news of interto the profession, abstra from the literature, book revicws, and reports of the organization. A separate subject and author index is published at the end of each vol. umc, Book notices, deaths, medico-legal abstracts, and sociсties are indexed under these titles. An asterisk preceding the page number in the subject index indicates an ·86 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPIY original article in the Journal. In the author index an asterisk preceding the page reference indicates the article has been published in full in the Journal. The British Medical Journal is the British equivalent of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The index is a dic. tionary arranged author and subject index. Subject entries for original articles, leading articles, annotations, and correspondence are indicated by the use of symbols (O), (L), (A), and (C), respectively. The Lancet is the oldest extant medical journal published in the world and one of the best journals in the field. American Practitioner and GP are exampies of journals written for the general prac. titioner. The Canadian Medical Association Journal is the official organ of the Canadian Medical Association and its contents are similar to the other national journals. The remaining journals mentioned are examples of regional and state society publications. They vary of course in the quality of the material published. Clinical Specialty Journals Anesthesiology Annals of Internal Aſedi- British Journal of Anaes. cine thesia A.M.A. Archives of Oph- A.M.A. Archives of Derma. thalmology lology British Journal of Ophthal. British Journal of Derma. mology tology and Syphilis A.M.A. Archives of Ololar- American Journal of Ob. yngology stetrics and Gynecology Annals of Otology, Rhinol- Journal of Obstetrics and ogy, and Laryngology Gynaecology of the Brit. American Journal of Psye ish Empire chiatry A.MA. Archives of Internal Brain Niedicine Journal of Bone and joint Surgery .

·87 THE PERIODICAL COLLECTION Journal of Pharmacology Health and the Nation's and Experimental Thera Health peutics American Journal of Roeni. British Journal of Pharmagenology, Radium Ther cology and Chemotherapy apy and Nuclear Medi- A.M.A. American Journal cine of Diseases of Children British Journal of Radiol. Pediatrics ogy Annals of Surgery Archives of Physical Medi British Journal of Surgery cine and Rehabilitation Surgery, Gynecology and British Journal of Physical Obstetrics Medicine Journal of Urology American Journal of Public British Journal of Urology The clinical specialties are well represented; anesthen siology, dermatology, gynecology and obstetrics, internal medicine, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology and psychiatry, orthopedics, pharmacology, pediatrics, physical medicine, preventive medicine, radiology, surgery, and urology all have their journals. The contents of these journals are rather similar. They contain original articles, abstracts, book reviews, and nicks of interest to the profession. The policy in regard to the indexes varies. The most popular type of index is a separate one for author and subject. Most of the A.M.A. journals have adopted the policy of subject entries for all articles with an asterisk placed before all original articles. Author entries are inade for original articles and society transactions. Book reviews and society transactions are indexed under those headings in their alphabetical order under the letters "B" and "S." respectively. Dental Journais American College of Den. Amencan Dental Associa. tists. Journal tion. Journal ·88 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY American Journal of Ortho- Journal of Periodontology dontics Oral Surgery, Oral Medi- British Dental Journal cine and Oral Pathology Journal of Dental Research The material in these journals is similar to the other professional journals. The journals of the large professional societies are indexed in the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus and in some instances in the Current List of Medical Literature. Review Journals Bacteriological Reviews Advances in Biological and Biological Reviews Medical Physics Chemical Reviews Advances in Carbohydrate Medicine Chemistry Physiological Reviews Advances in Internal Medi. Quarterly Review of Biol. cine ogy Advances in Pediatrics Annual Review of Biochem. Year Book of Dentistry istry Year Book of General Sur. Annual Review of Physiol. gery ogy Year Book of Medicine Annual Review of Medicine Year Book of Obstetrics and Progress in Neurology and Gynecology Psychiatry Year Book of Pediatrics Progress in Organic Chem. istry At the present time there are many types of review journals being published under various titles and treating the subject matter somewhat differently. The first six journals listed are critical surveys of the work being donc in various subject fields. Their chief valuc lies in their comprehensive coverage of a topic, including the histori- ·TIJE PERIODICAL COLLECTION 89 cal background, experimental work being carried out, results obtained, and the present status of the investigation. The articles are usually followed by exhaustive lists of references and are very valuable from a bibliographic standpoint. The Annual Review and Progress In review the contemporary literature and are written by authors with a special knowledge of the subject. The same general subjects are reported on every year. Progress In is similar to the Annual Review but treats the material in a more scholarly manner. Advances in are personalized mono graphs of contemporary interest. The topics are diversified and timely; the reviews are comprehensive and the authors are recognized authorities in their fields. These periodicals are published both in the basic sciences as well as the clinical specialties and are indexed with a separate author and subject index. The yearbooks cover the clinical spe. cialties. They discuss the literature under broad headings and serve as a running commentary of the pertinent literature published in the field. The material is indexed under author and subject. History of Medicinc Journals Bulletin of the History of Annals of the History of Mcdicine Medicine Isis Ciba Symposia Journal of the History of Medical Life Medicine and Allied Sciences The journals in the first column are those journals which are being published today in the history of medi. cine and science. Those in the second column are not pub lished at present but contain excellent articles. Articles on the history of medicinc are also published in the other professional journals.

·90 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Hospital Journals Hospitals Hospital for Joint Diseases. Hospital Management Bulletin Hospital Progress Johns Hopkins Hospital. Modern Hospital Bulletin Guy's Hospital Gazette Mount Sinai Hospital. Jour- Guy's Hospital Reports nal Harper Hospital Bulletin The first four journals in this group contain articles on hospital administration and procedures. Their indexes are arranged in dictionary form for author and subject. The remaining journals are those published by the hospitals themselves. They contain reports of original investiga. tions, case reports, book reviews, news of interest to their staff, and are indexed in dictionary form for author and subject. Nursing Journals American Journal of Nurs. Nursing Outlook ing Nursing Research California State Nurses As. Nursing Times sociation. Bulletin Nursing World Canadian Nurse These journals publish articles of interest to the nursing profession. They are organized on a pattern similar to the other professional journals. Their indexes are arranged in dictionary form for author and subject.

·Part III Methods of Bibliography

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·CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION This HIS SECTION of the text deals with the reference paper. Since the writing of such a paper is a scientific pro cedure a brief résumé is herewith presented of what science is and what some of the distinguishing features of the scientific method are. Science, according to any dictionary, is organized knowledge. But science is more than organized knowledge. It is also a method of investigating nature. There are only three processes in any scientific investigation, namely, the choosing of facts, the formation of a hy. pothesis that links them together, and the testing of the hypothesis by observation. A hypothesis is the first guess or a tentative assumption to explain the relationship of the observed facts. A simple hypothesis may be a mere generalization of the observations. The testing of the lıypothesis consists of deducing certain consequences that would follow if the hypothesis is the correct one. These consequences may be tested by subjccting them to empirical tests or scarching for additional facts or examples. When the consequences have been subjected to repeated tests and the same result is forthcoming the lypothesis is valid and a new "scientific" discovery is said to have been made. The sciences are grouped into two classes, those dealing with nature's laws or the natural sciences, and those dealing with the social activities of man or the social sciences. The methods of investigation for both are the same. The prin. cipal differences are the instruments of measurement which make for greater accuracy in the results obtained in the natuml sciences. Thien, too, the natural sciences lend 93

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·CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION THIS SECTION of the text deals with the reference paper. Since the writing of such a paper is a scientific pro cedure a brief résumé is herewith presented of what science is and what some of the distinguishing features of the scientific method are. Science, according to any dictionary, is organized knowledge. But science is more than organized knowledge. It is also a method of investigating nacure. There are only three processes in any scientific investigation, namely, the choosing of facts, the formation of a hypothesis that links them together, and the testing of the hypothesis by observation. A hypothesis is the first guess or a tentative assumption to explain the relationship of the observed facts. A simple hypothesis may be a mere generalization of the observations. The testing of the lypothesis consists of deducing certain consequences that would fol. low if the hypothesis is the correct one. These consequences may be tested by subjecting them to empirical tests or searching for additional facts or examples. When the consequences have been subjected to repeated tests and the same result is forthcoming the hypothesis is valid and a new "scientific" discovery is said to have been made. The sciences are grouped into two classes, those dealing with nature's laws or the natural sciences, and those dealing with tlie social activities of man or the social sciences. The methods of investigation for both are the same. The principal differences are the instruments of measurement which make for greater accuracy in the resulis obtained in the natural sciences. Then, 100, the natural sciences lend 93 ·94 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY themselves more easily to the control of variables in conducting experiments. There are several distinguishing features of the scientific method. The first is observed facts. All scientific thinking is based on facts assembled by observation. The simplest method in the solving of any problem is to "look and see." The second feature is the employment of analysis and synthesis. Natural phenomena are complex. Also, man's ability to percieve and comprehend is limited. Problems are best understood by breaking them down into their component parts, identifying each element, and then studying their interrelationships in order to determine the factors that bind them together in the total situation. The third feature is the use of the hypothesis in guiding the thinking process. In this process a hypothesis or generalization is advanced to explain tentatively the relationship between facts. As the investigation proceeds, one hypothesis is discarded in favor of another. Several hypotheses may be tested before one is found which, under repeated tests, explains the relation between the assembled facts. The fourth feature is the verification of the consequences of the hypothesis by inference, observation, and controlled observation experiment). It is in this phase of the scien. tific method that the various sciences differ, since their in. struments of measurement vary so widely. The fifth feature is the use of quantitative methods in the treatment of data. There is little guess work in the treatment of scientific data. The results of measurements must be organized in comparable units to make the analysis, classification, and summarization of data more reliable. The sixth feature is judgment. There is no place in scientific investigation for a subjective approach. One's judgment must be unprejudiced and impersonal. A scientist must show great mental energy, be apt in drawing inferences, ·PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION 95 ingenious in making hypotheses, and, of course, logical in his reasoning. Science employs several methods or procedures in interpreting data for the solving of problems or in verifying hypotheses. Among these may be mentioned the normative-survey method. In this case the situation under investigation may be surveyed, tested, and described interpreta. tively in terms of all obtainable facts and, in particular, with reference to norms. This type of research attempts to interpret the present by abstracting whatever generalization is possible from current experiences. Another procedure is the historical method. Historical research deals with past experiences. Its problem is to apply the method of reflective thinking to social problems by investigation of past trends of events, facts, or attitudes. A third procedure is the experimental method. The experimental atti. tude is basic in the thinking of scientists in the natural and social sciences, An open mind and a willingness to try and see what happens is essential to this method. Observation merges into experiment when an experimental factor acts so that the hypothesis may be tested in terms of vari. ables. It is by repeated empirical observations that the validity of conclusions are tested and proven. A number of other procedures have been worked out in later years, a description of whidlı may be obtained from the recom. mended rcadings. Practically all these procedures involie the bibliographic approach, which is the technique em. ployed in assembling facts from the literature and the presentation of these facts in an terpretive manner. When scientific literature was comparatively small it prol). ably was a simple task in an adequate library to compile all the facts in tlic literature pertaining to any subject under investigation, but as scientific literature continued to grow, it becainc necessary to develop certain skills and ·96 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY techniques in order to assemble the facts as recorded in the literature. This, too, has developed into an art necessitating some training. The various bibliographic tools have been described previously. The remaining chapters will be devoted to the utilization of these tools.

·CHAPTER 2 THE REFERENCE PAPER THE REFERENCE paper is a report of an investigation or problem in which the material or facts are largely drawn from the literature. The paper itself may be one of several forms depending on its purpose. The essay type is usually for a class presentation or address. A review paper surveys the literature of a given subject. The report of an investigation gives the findings of others as well as your own in some research project. Preparing a reference paper is good training in acquiring information from the ideas of others, locating this material, selecting pertinent data, and presenting it in a logical form. Such papers give train. ing in the writing process. The composition or the schol. arly report all require the same procedures, namely, selec. tion of a subject to investigate, the gathering and selecting of material, planning of the discussion, the results, summary or conclusion, and, finally, organization of the foot. notes and bibliography. THE SUBJECT AND THE WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY The first problem confronting the student is the selection of a subject, and the preparation of the working bits. liography. This requires some thinking about a topic or topics and some preliminary reading. The best approach is to select a subject in which you are interested. Avoid a topic which is too gencral, as, for example, the history of medicine in the United States or communicable disease nursing. Such topics are beyond the scope of a subject to be created in a paper from two to three thousand words. A rescarch worker in mcdicinc does not try to discover the 97 ·98 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY causal factor of all diseases, but segregates the problem into one very small phase. By this method he hopes to make some contribution to its understanding so that even. tually, after many workers have contributed to the problem, a solution may be found. Learn to limit your topic. You may limit it by area, time, subject, person, and many other items. Do not select a topic in which all the factual information is too well known, as, for example, "What led up to the 1937 issue of a Curriculum Guide for Schools of Nursing?" In this case all of the information is given in the introduction to the Guide. The bridging of the gap, from what is known and what we would like to know, is usually accomplished by employing the hypothesis, which has been discussed previously. Frequently the contribu. tions made by the leaders in your chosen profession make interesting subjects for investigation. The work of Dr. Trudeau at Saranac Lake should prove of interest, and if you wish to do something original why not investigate the influence his treatment of tuberculosis had in this country and, particularly, in your own area. Another factor to be considered in selecting a subject is whether the sources you are likely to use are present in the library. It is of little use to select a topic and find the material is not available. A good policy to follow is to select tentatively several sub. jects to investigate, and, after some preliminary reading, a problem will present itself. After you have selected a subject or tentative subject, the next procedure is to begin compiling the working billiography. This bibliography should be kept on standard 4 by 6 cards and should include the source of the reference and a brief comment of the subject content of the book or article for future reference. It is much easier to record all bibliographic information as you examine the reference the first time. If you do not, it will mean referring to the ·TE REFERENCE PAPER 99 reference again with the resultant loss of time. This can be very inconvenient if the source is in another library, necessitating a special trip to examine it. The cards should be filed alphabetically by author and numbered for future reference. On this card the comments regarding the contents should be brief. For example, a book by Lawrason Brown, The Story of Clinical Pulmonary Tuberculosis, could have this brief notation: "Describes the four periods in the history of tuberculosis, giving diagnoses and treatment, including many of the classical writings." Annoua. tions should be brief. Avoid repetitions of this book," "the article," "this report," and such phrases. Active verbs used at the beginning of an annotation can show different shades of meaning. THE TENTATIVE OUTLINE From your preliminary reading and the preparation of the working bibliography you should have sufficient knowledge of what you propose to investigate to be able to prepare a tentative outline. The outline should consist of the title of your paper followed by a statement of the purpose or objectives, definitions of terms, and then the main divisions and sub-divisions so far as you are able to determine from your readings at this point. The tentative outline may be presented eitfier as a series of questions or topics. A good approach to the problem is to joc down as many questions as you can. Do not try at first to arrange the questions in a logical order. Later these questions an be arranged in the form of an outline. If you have selected as a subject clie investigation of tuberculosis control in the Lower Mississippi Valley, the title would be as follows: What has been the development of tuberculosis control in the Lower Mississippi Valley? This could also serve as your objective or purpose or you may wish to formulate a ·100 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY question that limits the problem to a more specific study of the sanatorium movement. The outline would then be: I. What were the trends in tuberculosis control in the Lower Mississippi Valley leading up to and includ. ing the inauguration of the sanatorium movement? (Statement of the problem.) II. What is meant by tuberculosis control? What area is included in the Lower Mississippi Valley? What is meant by sanatorium treatment? III. What are the sources or possible sources of information? IV. Into what four periods does Osler divide the history of tuberculosis? V. What were some of the early treatments of tubercu. losis in the Lower Mississippi Valley? VI, What were some of the methods of treatment at the beginning of the modern era? VII. What was the contribution to tuberculosis control made by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau? VIII. What was the contribution to tuberculosis control made by Dr. Wallace Joseph Durel? IX. What can you conclude from this study? If you prefer to develop a topic outline it can very easily be done as follows: The Development of Tuberculosis Control in the Lower Mississippi Valley To study the trends in tuberculosis control in the Lower Mississippi Valley, particularly the development of the sanatorium movement as inaugurated in this country by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau. I. Definitions of terms: A. Tuberculosis control, ·101 THE REFERENCE PAPER B. Lower Mississippi Valley. C. Sanitorium treatment. 11. Four periods in the history of tuberculosis (Osler's description): A. Dawn of history to middle of 17th century. B. Middle of 17th through 18th century. C. First three quarters of the 19th century. D. c.1864-1869 to 1882. III. First descriptions and early treatment in the Lower Mississippi Valley: A. By a Dr. Hall. B. By Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright. IV. Beginnings of the Modern Era: A. Importance of the year 1882. B. "Bacillus" period. C. Other methods of treatment. V. Sanatorium Era: A. Contributions of Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau. B. Contributions of Dr. Wallace Joseph Durel to the Sanatorium movement in the Lower Mississippi Valley. VI. Summary and conclusions. The tentative outline is a guide to the material you hope to find from your sources. It will enable you to summarize what has been found and what additional information you will need. PROCEDURES IN SEARCHING It is obvious that procedures in searching begin when you are trying to select a subject to study. In your preliminary rcadings you should consult the general works, such as encyclopedias. There are general cncyclopedias, medical cncyclopedias, and special encyclopedias for the more spe.

·102 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY cialized fields in history, education, and the other social sciences. Resort may have to be made to the dictionary in order to obtain an understanding of the terminology in. volved and the mcaning of certain terms that will be used 10 state your problem. The next procedure is acquiring a more detailed knowledge. Books and handbooks in the various sciences serve this purpose. Books published on the subject can be found listed in the book catalogs and the card catalog of the library. The latter of course will serve another purpose in advising you of the titles that are available. This is very important as mentioned previously. Attempting to obtain titles that are not in the library or a local library can be a great handicap, although essential titles can be borrowed through interlibrary loan. Handbooks are published in most of the sciences although many are foreign language publicacions. Books, however, do not bring the subject up to date and for that reason it is best to search for a survey or a review article. The various review journals will serve this purpose; their coverage las been discussed previously. They serve the additional purpose of having extensive bibliographies which will guide you to other sources of informa. tion. This is true of most of the material you read, so be careful in noting references in the literature to other sources. Most of the medical sciences and allied fields have the review type of publication. Abstract journals arc another tool to be consulted. They serve not only as biblio graphic sources but their abstracts serve as a guide to the contents of the article. By this time you have your tentative outline and can eliminate articles that will not serve your particular purpose. Special bibliographies should be consulted if there are any in the field you are interested in. Good examples of these are the bibliographies on infantile paralysis and on nursing. The next step is the reading of the current journal articles. The latest articles have not ·TIJE REFERENCE PAPER 103 been abstracted so it becomes necessary to read the origi. nals. At this stage the student has become familiar with the workers in the field and, also, the journals which are likely to contain articles on the subject. Consult the various periodical indexes which have already been listed. The student should also examine the cumulative indexes of the journals which are likely to have articles on the desired subject. These indexes are more likely to index thoroughly and in greater detail the material in their journals than the periodical indexes. The student should not forget the authority, or the wellinformed person, in the field under investigation. Consult such persons, if available, as they are more than likely to guide you to current material that has not yet been in dexed, or to ephemeral sources. Other sources that may be consulted are the indexes to public documents, newspapers, hospital, institution, and society reports, to mention a few. In searching the literature there is never any assurance that all the possible sources have been consulted. None of the indexes or bibliographies are complete in themselves. There are always gaps. For that reason consult all the indexes that may cover your subject. A viral piece of data may be listed in one and not the other. You will in most cases procced from the more general works to the specific which in this case is from the encyclopedias and books lo the review and abstract journals, and the specialized in. dexes and bibliographies. Tlie next step in your procedure is the caking of notes from the various sources you have consulted. NOTE TAKING The student is now in a position to begin a more detailed note taling, since he luas some understanding of the problem. Belore starting Nowcier, he should be aware of certain factors that enter into note taking. Students will Find this a very difficult task at first. Eseryone fuas a ten.

·104 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY dency to take too many notes. Do not try to record inſurmation that is generally known. Such material does not need documenting, and it is rather useless to copy extensive background material. The student should be careful to distinguish between facts and opinions. Bear in mind that facts are established data and are the basic information needed to develop the theme of the paper. Opinions will serve the purpose of adding weight to your own interpretations. Sources are classed as primary (original) and secondary. A primary source is a first record of facts, or the closest a person using the material can come to the subject. Second. ary source is material that has been taken from an original source. In a historical work primary sources are considered manuscripts, e.g., letters, diaries, and records or documents of various kinds. A secondary source is a work based on these original sources. In science primary sources are re: ports of observations or experiments, whereas secondary sources are accounts that are based on these reports. A student should try and use some original sources in his paper. The training he will receive in writing the paper will be so much greater, since he will have the opportunity of interpreting original data without being influenced by the opinions of others. The writing of a reference paper calls for the exercise of judgment in evaluating the sources being used. This is diſficult because the student has not done enough work in the field to be able to evaluate such sources. The only re. course is to rely on the opinion of others. Book reviews are a help in evaluating a book. Expressions of opinions about other sources or data are frequently found in your readings. Criticisms will occur in the literature about an. other's work. Such expressions can be of help in judging references. Such criticisms niced recording, and should be noted on the bibliographic card or in a separate file. After ·TIJE REFERENCE PAPER 105 a student has worked on a subject for some time he will learn to evaluate much of the material which will influence his choice of sources. The paper on tuberculosis control presents an opportunity to use original documents as well as secondary sources, and also to consult with individuals who were acquainted with those who were instrumental in introducing the newer methods of tuberculosis control in the Lower Mississippi Valley. It will also serve as a good example of how your subject has to be limted to a smaller phase of the original topic you first outlined to investigate. As mentioned previously the working bibliography card contained the complete bibliographic description of the reference. You now begin a new card file which is arranged by subject. These notes should be on 4 by 6 cards and include these three essential parts. 1. A symbol or leading to designate what the notes on the card treat. 2. The reference source, page, and volume if a set. 3. The material, facts, opinions, or data to be recorded. In taking notes the first thing to remember is to assign 3 subject heading for classifying your information by the tentative outline. Classifying the material is difficult. It may be done in several ways. For broad general subjects colored guide cards may be used to designate subjects. In addition the top margin of the cards may be inked in col. ored ink or plain guide cards may be used with the subject divisions noted. If the paper is short any one of these methods is feasible, but if the paper is of some length then other methocls liave to be resorted to, such as making a subject index to the card file. In the upper right or left hand corner of the card list the specific subject heading chosen. This could be a sub-topic or the broad general subject mentioned previously, Tic next information to record is the reference source.

·106 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY There are two ways of doing this. One is simply by num. ber. In the upper right or left hand corner record the number of the bibliographic item as numbered in the working bibliography. The other method is to list the author's name and an abbreviated title sufficient to identify the source in the opposite corner to the subject head ing. Be sure to record the exact page or pages and volume from which the information is taken. Paging may be en. tered in the left hand margin opposite the information or at the end of the note. Only one idea should be recorded on a card in order to simplify the classification. Be careful to enclose in quotation marks material that is copied directly. Your own comments should be enclosed in brackets to distinguish them from material taken from the sources. You may be doubtful at times where certain material will be used and for that reason make a "see" reference card. There can be no hard and fast rule in arranging the cards. Arranging them in some logical manner will tax the in. genuity of the writer, An example of note taking cards is shown in Plate 13. In these examples the assigned subject heading is in the upper left hand corner and to the right is an abbreviated title of the reference. If the bibliographic file is numbered, then in the right hand corner would be listed the number for that reference. In the first example the pages from which this information is taken are listed in the left hand margin whercas in the second example the exact page is listed at the end of the note. THE SENTENCE OUTLINE The theme of your paper not begins to materialize as you complete the major part of your reading. From time to time as you become interested in a particular phase of the subject jou begin to modify the tentative outline. In the subject used as an example, the work of Dr. Durel in ·TIE REFERENCE PAPER 107 7.6.-History Brown, La Primovny Four periode 1. Ragining to the middle of nominating 2. Résugiddrag 17" and 18 centuriedot 3. Furet tusen guntur filiabutiny 4. Zrom thu kiene fan-Antoine vidlemin 1947-97 poned the inoculability of 0.9364-2the 10-42 diecome the tubercle facillus hos Rehuttloch (11%32810). em. 1882 Tan Hw Gulegue Bartym raporton oblanitary Commun. Barton yn 1869-egpartth the ratio of deaths shrom 7. 2. ima New Orleans to be len 16.65 and in 1858 he gave the ratio aal in 20.7 (table opposite p. 460) Mate 13. Note Taking Cards. introducing the newer methods of tuberculosis control in Louisiana becomes the dominant idea for the stiling theme. Every fact assembled is in relation to his contribtstion. By tliis decision sou have limited the subject to onc phase of the original topic, the contribution of one man, The theme is now selected and she topic organized sufli.

·108 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ciently to undertake a conclusive investigation. The revised outline or what is referred to as the sentence outline is now prepared. This is the outline which will guide you in the writing. The sentence outline is as follows: Dr. Wallace Joseph Durel and the Sanatorium Movement in Louisiana To study the contribution of Dr. Wallace Joseph Durel in introducing the sanatorium movement in Louisiana for the treatment of tuberculosis. 1. A review of the early history of tuberculosis in Louisiana is interesting but no conclusive evidence can be presented in regard to its incidence. A. Interesting figures can be presented from the records of Charity Hospital, and from the re. ports of Dr. Barton and Dr. Dowler. B. Some of the pre-sanatorium methods of treatment can be demonstrated by describing the methods of Dr. Hall and Dr. Cartwright. II. The modern methods of tuberculosis control were introduced into Louisiana by Dr. Wallace Joseph Durel. A. The early career of Dr. Durel is interesting since it influenced his later interests in tuberculosis control. B. Dr. Durel's first efforts to establish a sanator ium, and his plan of management shows his insight and understanding of the advantages to be gained by employing the newer methods of tuberculosis control. C. His employment of artificial pneumothorax marks him as the first to make use of this method in this area. D. In his reports, Dr. Durel described the results obtained from his methods of treatment.

·THE REFERENCE PAPER 109 III. A summary of Dr. Durel's contribution shows some interesting trends in tuberculosis control in Loui. siana. A. The newer methods of treatments as demonstrated by Dr. Durel showed the physicians of this area the advantages to be gained by such methods. B. The work of Dr. Durel was not limited co methods of treatment but included educating the public in tuberculosis prevention. As you progress in writing, you must constantly review the facts that have been recorded in your notes from the standpont of what contribution they will make to the theme. There will be many references to sources that you will not have occasion to use. These should be critically cvaluated and if the information given will not contribute anything to your problem discard it. Leaving irrelevant material in the working bibliography and notes will only make your task more difficult, because the card file will be cluttered up with useless information that will tend 10 make obscure the main theme of your paper. Evaluate cach reference in regard to what it will contribute. Some times information is very interesting but adds nothing to the problem. If such information is discarded you will not be tempted to include such facts in your writing. You should refer to the sentence outline of your paper regard. ing all such questionable material. Where does this information belong? If there is no place for it, then climinate it from your notcs. THE WRITING After completing the sentence outline you are now ready to begin writing. The paper should be descloped as follows: (1) Title; (2) Introduction; (s) Discussion: (1) Results, and (5) Sunimary and Conclusion.

·110 MEDICAL BIBLIOCRAPHIY The title should be short but not misleading. Avoid the too general title which means little to the reader; on the other extreme, do not be guilty of making the title too long- The introduction is a very important part of any paper, and the statement in this part should lead into the discussion or body of the article. Make the introduction brief, simply a statement of the question involved, purpose, scope, general method of the investigation, and sometimes a list of sources. The danger is the cendency to make the introduction too long. The discussion or body of the paper contains the development of the theme. Choose a logical order of events, basing this upon relation of events, importance, similarity or contrasts, complexity, and cause and effect. The order chosen should best serve the needs of clarity, coherence, and emphasis. Develop the main ideas so that they will be comprehensive to anyone, giving considerable thought to the relative importance of the several topics and their need of development. Illustrate the meaning of general or abstract statements by concrete examples. Point out the difference of opinion among scientists on the points in. volved. Be impersonal in your comments and avoid statements that are controversial. The results should be a brief report of what was found. In a review paper the summary frequently takes the place of the results. The summary, a brief abstract of the article, may appear at the close. Not every article should be summarized. Those of more than average length (2,000 words). those which involve a lengthy description of detail and techniques, and those which aim at a complete survey of the literature on the subject require a summary. The conclusion need not be as formal as in a more technical article, but should be adapted to the nature of the discussion or body of the article. It may be: (a) a sum.

·THE REFERENCE PAPER Ill ming up of points; (b) recommendations; (c) a combination of (a) and (b), and (d) general statements with the purpose of leaving a clear impression in the mind of the Teader. In the example used the introduction consists of the statement of the problem and that part of the sentence outline listed under section one, which outlines the status of tuberculosis in Louisiana. The discussion or body consists of section two, which presents the main theme as a series of events, their relationship and importance, and results obtained. The summary and conclusion, section three, is a summing up of Dr. Durel's contribution in introducing the newer methods of control in Louisiana. THE STYLE There is very little that can be said to guide the student in developing a good style. A style cannot be taught. It must be acquired through reading and practice. The best aids are dictionaries and the works of scholars. A few directives can be given in helping the student to present his facts. Employ words that are approved by good usage: avoid those that are obscure, ambiguous, or inappropriate. Define all terms that a reader might not understand. Avoid the use of the personal pronoun, particularly in scientific papers where the aim is to be objective rather than subjective. Present all material in a tactful way. Clear state ments supported by evidence are better than positive assertions. For completeness of discussion it may be necessary to mention many points or facts that are well known, but do this tactfully so as not to annoy the reader. Punctuation should follow current usage and should be uniform throughout the article. Rules for the use of abbreviations and figures are most frequently disregarded and, for that reason, the following suggestions are ap pended. In general no abbreviations should be used in ·112 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY the text. Titles (except Mfr., Messrs., Mits. and their foreign equivalent, Dr., St., Rev., Hon. preceding personal names, and Esq., Sr., and Jr, following names); names of states and months; the words "company" and "brothers" even when forming part of the names of a commercial firm; references to chapters, pages, lines, figures, plates, all should be spelled out in straight reading matter. In footnotes, bibliographic, and tabular matter, the abbreviation should be employed, as a rule. When dimensions, degrees, distances, and measures are used in the text combined with figures, they should be abbreviated as: 25.0 mg.. 32 cc., 2 ft., g in., and 1200 km/sec. In isolated cases in the text matter, every number of less than two digits should be spelled out; however, all numbers used in a statistical connection should be expressed in figures. Round numbers, even if two digits or more, should be spelled out unless appearing with other figures in a statistical connection. Dates, pages, decimals, percentages should be expressed in figures, although the symbol for per cent should be spelled out. A number occurring at the beginning of a sentence must always be spelled out. Tenses are confusing at times. The following rules may be used as a guide. 1. Experimental facts should be given in the past tense. (The respiration of brain slices was affected by the higher concentration used.) 2. Remarks about the presentation of data should be mainly in the present tense. (These results are summarized in Table 1.) 3. Discussion of results may be in both the past and present tenses, swinging back and forth from the experimental facts to the presentation. (When ACTH is injected in diabetic animais there is both a diabetogenic and catabolic nitrogen response by these animals though not to the same degree that was demonstrated by the control groups.)

·T7{E REFERENCE PAPER 113 4. Specific conclusions should be stated in the past tense. (The low plasma levels of vitamin A of patients with cancer were not due to a decreased capacity of the livers of those patients to store the vitamin.) 5. When a general truth is mentioned, it should be stated in the present tense. (The volume of gas varies in versely as the pressure.) Trying to present the many practices that are considered good usage in a scholarly paper is beyond the scope of this text. For further information on this subject the student is referred to the recommended readings at the end of the text. THE SCIENTIFIC PAPER The above is a discussion of a reference paper which the student will be assigned to write first. Later, however, as le will be called upon to write papers reporting results from original investigations, and case reports, a brief résumé of some principles involved in preparing a scientific paper and case reports will be given. There is not too much difference between the presentation of a scientific paper, the facts of which are largely based on experimental data, and one whose facts have been compiled from the litera. ture. This type of paper naturally consists of a report of facts and an interpretation of these facts. The important fcature of such writing is that the plan of composition should be made very clear to the reader. The main divi. sions and their subdivisions should be plainly indicated, for a scientific paper is intended to be studied and used as a reference, not merely to be read. The outline given below has been drawn up from a study of the papers in Science, and should serve as a form for a variety of scientific papers. 1. Title. 11. Introduction:

·114 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Status or description of problem. B. Purpose of investigation. III. Materials and Methods: A. Apparatus and Instruments. B. Methods of procedure. C. Explanations of procedures. IV. Results: A. Description of experiments. B. Description of results (tables and graphs). V. Discussion of Results: A. Discussion of the findings of each variable. B. Interpretation and significance of each finding C. Generalizations, explanation and causal relations. D. Conclusion drawn from results. VI. Summary: A. Summarization of results. B. Suggestions for further study. THE CASE REPORT The foundation of clinical medical literature is the case report. Case reports or clinical notes are devoted to a single patient, illness, treatment, or minor clinical signs, symptoms, or procedures that deserve reporting. The simple case report may begin immediately with the history of the patient, or with the statement of why the author con. siders this case desirable to report. It should tell its story in a clear, straightforward narrative style. The form in which the report should be organized is as follows: the patient's history, family history, physical findings, laboratory findings, treatment, clinical course, results, and in case of death, postmortem observations. When a number of cases are reported with interpretations, the organization of the paper is similar to any other scholarly contribu.

·115 THE REFERENCE PAPER tion. Following the title, and introduction, there may be a grouping of cases according to etiology, or treatment, or association with other diseases, to mention a few. A discussion follows with interpretations, conclusions and sum. mary. Good examples of such papers are published in the Quarterly Journal of Medicine.

·CHAPTER 3 DOCUMENTATION THE HE MOST IMPORTANT phase of any scholarly pub. lication is the documentation of the sources employed, and since this is so cften neglected, the importance of this aspect in preparing a paper cannot be overemphasized. If there is one criterion by which the merits of a paper can be judged it is the character of its citations. It is an un. failing index to the care with which a manuscript has been prepared. If there is a lack of consistency in and poor arrangement of the references, it is very easy to infer that the writer is unsystematic in his thinking, and the prep aration of his paper has been poor. The references to the sources utilized in the compilation of data are an integral part of any scientific investigation and should be stated clearly so that no one will have any trouble verifying a statement or fact. Then, too, it is only common courtesy to give credit where credit is due. The employment of facts calls for an evaluation of their sources so that a reader may judge for himself the evidence they are based on, and furthermore it permits one to use these facts if further information is desired. Therefore, a citation is an integral part of any scientific evidence. If it is not properly cited, an important step in your evidence is missing. No paper is ever completed until the author has verified his references. The chances of error are so many that no one should be satisfied until he has checked his references several times. The purposes of a citation are two. It serves to give the exact source of a given statement or fact and also to de. scribe the nature of the source. The first purpose emphasizes exactness and the second completeness. There are NIG ·DOCUMENTATION 117 three methods of listing citations. The bibliography listed at the end of the paper, and the footnotes usually distrib. uted throughout the paper or appended at the end are common to most general reference papers. A third method known as literature cited, or references, is employed in medicine and the allied sciences. In most instances it is a combination of the other two methods, and is used in short scientific papers. Each of these will be discussed in detail, THE FINAL BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography is commonly referred to as a list of the writings which relate to a given subject or author. This term is to some extent inaccurately used as applied to sources in a reference paper, since bibliography implies completeness, whereas the bibliography in a paper is in most cases a select list of the particular sources used. The term bibliography is usually employed in books or articles of a general nature where specific reference to the citation is not made in the text. In monographs a bibliography and specific references are both included. The final bibliography cannot be compiled or arranged until the paper is finished. There are three factors to keep in mind when compiling the final bibliography. These are content, form, and arrangement. Each one will be discussed in detail. Content refers to the inforination required for a good bibliographic description, whereas form refers to the arrangement of this information. The minimum information required for a bibliographic description of a book is: the auth (2) the title; (3) the place and/or publisher; (4) the date of publication, and (5) the pagination. The matter of form and punctuation is of considerable importance in citing a reference. The author's last name is given first followed by his given name or initials. The author's name may be followed by either a period or ·120 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPISY second example the year follows the title, then a comma, the volume, a colon and paging. In scientific writings it is customary to use Arabic numbers for volumes instead of Roman numerals. The volume may be easily distinguished from the paging by a colon. In the social sciences the form of listing citations is somewhat different. Examples of their citations are: Sydnor, C. S. "Life Span of Mississippi Slaves," Amer. ican Historical Review, XXXV (1930). 566-74. Bischoff, Mary W. and Connolly, Mary G., "New Skills are Needed." The American Journal of Nurs. ing, LI (September, 1951), 576-78. The author's name may be followed by either a period or comma. The title of the article is enclosed in quotations followed by a comma, All principal words are capitalized. Roman numerals are still used for listing volume numbers followed by the date enclosed in parentheses. Journal titles are not abbreviated. A comma follows the date and the paging is given last. Manuscript sources have their form also. It is good practice to give their location since they are not readily avail. able. The following are examples: Bayside, Plantation Records (1846-1852), Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Davis, Hugh, Farm Journal (1848-1858), in possession of N. ). Davis, Marion, Alabama. A number of other sources are frequently used such as public documents, reports, newspapers, and interviews. The following are examples of forms for such citations: Probate Court Records of Adams County, Mississippi, Box 164-172, Record of Estates (1849-1908), Inven. tory and Appraisement Book No. 7.

·DOCUMENTATION 121 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Vilal Sialistics of the United States, 1919. Part 1, Natality, mortality, marriage, divorce, morbidity and life table data for the United States. Wash., Government Printing Office, 1951. 2 pts. New Orleans Daily True Delta, Nov. 26, 1857. Statement by the late Mrs. Cammie Henry, Melrose, La., Sept. 15, 1950. These examples show some of the many forms that have been adopted in listing bibliographic citations. They are all correct if they give the information required of a good bibliographic citation. The important thing to remember is to be consistent in using the same form throughout the bibliography. This principle is violated too frequently and indicates carelessness in the preparation of your paper. The final factor is arrangement of your references. Ar rangement of the references in a bibliography is very important because it demonstrates an intelligent and imaginative understanding of your problem and how you likve presented and solved it. The basic arrangement for a bib liography is alphabetical by the author's last name or the first word in a title for which there is no author given. If there are two or more relerences by the same author a dash is substituted for the author's name de second time it is listed. In a sliort bibliography of not over 15, 10 20 references the best arrangement is alphabetical. In a long paper where many references are given the best policy is 10 group the references according to sortie logical disision. There are many divisions into which a bibliograply may be divided. A few are: bools, pamphlets, articles from periodicals, encyclopedic articles, government documents, manuscripts, interviews, contemporary matcrial, noncontemporary material, theses and dissertations, hospital records, and newspapers. Jiems are alphabetically arranged ·122 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPJIY under each grouping. In summary it should be stated again that a well prepared bibliography is the best criterion for evaluacing how well you have presented your problem. FOOTNOTES Literature citations are also listed as "footnotes." They serve the purpose of giving a specific reference to an authority. Footnotes should be used for direct quotations, figures, dates, scientific data, opinions, and interpretations. The specific page or other means of identification is given so there will be no difficulty in identifying the exact source of the data. The footnotes may be scattered throughout the paper or appended at the end. In short papers they serve also as the bibliography. There are several methods employed for handling such citations. They may be arranged alphabetically at the end of the paper and are then referred to in the text by the name of the author and the date, as for example (Smith, 1949). This has certain advantages as it easily permits the location of the citation in the alphabetical list at the end of the paper. It also permits deletion and additions to the citations without having to renumber the items. If there are several articles by Smith in the same year the suffixes, a, b, c, are added after the year. Another method refers to citations by numbers and they too, may be appended at the end of the paper or scattered throughout. They are arranged numerically by the order in which they are re ferred to in the text. The numbering in the text is indi. cated by a superscript number or by numbers in paren. theses. A third method employed is to arrange the citations alphabetically by the author's name. The citations are then numbered and reference in the text to the citations is by number In order to avoid repetition in a lengthy paper, a num. ber of Latin abbreviations and abbreviated titles are com- ·DOCUMENTATION 123 monly used. If a student wishes to use them, he should clearly understand their meaning and usage. Some of the commonly used Latin abbreviations are: Ibid. (the same place). This should only be used for a reference identical to the one immediately preceding except for paging. If the page is different it may be added as Ibid., 60. Ibid. should be underlined when referring to a published book or journal. Idem. (the same man). This refers to the same person or author immediately preceding. This would prob. ably be used only when the reference is to a different title than that immediately preceding and the new title must be given. A series of dashes is frequently used io indicate the same author. Loc. cit. (in the place cited). May be used if the refercnce is to the same matter covered by a reference not immediately preceding. It must be preceded by the author's name, and cannot be used if more than one passage has been cited by this author. Op. cit. (in the work quoted). May be used if the reference is to the same work of an author not immediately preceding. It must be preceded by the author's name, and should be followed by the exact page or pages. I. or ff. These letters following a page number rcler in the case of "." to the page following, whereas "lf." is referring from the initial page to the end of the subject. < (copyright). Copyright date of ilic book. C. (circa). About. An example of the use of these abbreviations is: Foley, I\'. T., "Treatment of edema of the arm," Surg.,Gynec. Obst. 99:565, Nov. 1991. Clark, C. E., "Small intestinal obystrurtion due to en. dometriosis," im. Surgeon 17:11-5, Dec. 1932.

·124 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Ibid., 1147. (For a reference immediately following.) Foley, Loc. cit. (For a reference not immediately fol. lowing.) Clark, Op. cit., 1150. (For a reference not immediately following in which the citation is not to the same page.) In cases where Latin abbreviations are not applicable or good form due to the length of the paper, abbreviated titles may be used for references to previously quoted citations. It is the practice to give the complete reference the first time a footnote is cited and the remaining times the Latin abbreviation or an abbreviated title or simply the author's name if that is sufficient to identify the source. Such examples are: Ackerknect, Erwin H., Afalarin in the Upper Mississifopi Valley, 1760-1900. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1915, p.101. Ackerknect, Afalaria in the Mississippi Valley, 106. OT Ackerknect, 106. Russell, P. F., "Some epidemiological aspects of mataria control with reference to DDT," J.Nat.Nſalaria Soc. 10:257, 1951. Russell, 259 It is the scholarly procedure in citing references to list both a bibliography and footnotes since the former gives a complete description and the latter the exact page refer. ence for the authority a statement or fact. LITERATURE CITED OR REFERENCES Medicine and its allied sciences have adopted another method of listing their citations. The reason probably is that in concise papers of this type there would be too much repctition, and since the citations are to short papers as a ·DOCUMENTATION 125 rule, references to specific pages are not necessary. The citations are similar to footnotes and are either scattered throughout the paper or appended at the end. In either case they serve as the bibliography but are listed as footnotes since reference is made in the text to specific citations. They may be arranged alphabetically at the end of the paper or listed numerically as they are referred to in the text. The citations are referred to as "Literature Cited" or "References." There are two forms for listing the citations. In one case a complete bibliographic description is given for each citation. Usually references are to journals so the citation will include the author, title of article, journal, volume, paging, and date. In the other case only the author, journal, volume, first page of the article, and date are given. There is no reference in a specific page, which is a liandicap for tracing a source in an article of some length. This disadvantage may be overcome in 2 number of ways. If the citations are numbered in the text, instead of simply listing the number of the citation give also the page number following the citation as for exampic (2:166). The number two refers to the number of the citation and 166 to the page. If the citations are referred to in the text by the author and date then give the page following as for example (Smith, 1919. p.2oj). Tliese two examples break the continuity of the text somewhat so it is probably better to list the exact page if that is necessary following the cication in the footnotes or references. This can be done by enclosing the exact page reference in brackers or parentheses following the reterence. FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS It is very difficult to recommend any hard and fast rule for the arrangement of citations. Each paper sliould be judged as an individual problem. Whether the seferences ·126 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY are arranged alphabetically, numerically, or by date with specific references or only general citations with no refer. ence from the text depends upon the material and its presentation. Every author should feel a grave responsibility for the accuracy and logical arrangement of his references. If the paper is being prepared for publication then the references should be arranged in accordance with the conventions of the journal to which it is to be submitted. In conclusion, remember never to take your data from a secondary source if it is at all possible to check the primary source, because the chances of error are multiplied many times. Then, finally, never forget to verify your references. You can never check them enough to be cer. tain no errors have crept in. The responsibility of the author is great where his citations are concerned. If you acquire the labit of carefully recording the references the task will never seem difficult, and you will have the satis. faction of knowing that your paper has been well done.

·APPENDIX I TEXTS REFERRED TO IN PART II DICTIONARIES Blakiston's New Gould Aledical Dictionary. thiladelphia, Blakiston, 1919. 1294 PP- Dorland, 1. A. N.: The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 2900 Ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1951, 1736 pp. Dunning, W. 8. and Davenport, S. E. Jr: 4 Dictionary of Dental Science and Art. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1936, 695 PP. Fairchild, II. P.: Dictionary of Sociology, New York, Philosophical Library, 1911. 31 pp. Good, C. V: Dictionary of Education. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1915 495 PP. Funk and I'agnails New Standard Dictionary of the English Language. New York, Funk and Wagnalls, 1932, 2815 PP. Funk and Tragnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend. New York, Funk and Wagnalds, c1919-1950, 2v. Gordon, Alfred: French-English Medical Dictionary. Philadelphis, Blakiston, 1921, 36. PP. Jlackh. ). W. D.: Chemical Dictionary, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1959, 925 PP. larruan, P. L The New Dictionary of Psychology. New York, Thion sophical Ibrary, 1917) 361 PP. Jlinsic, L E and Shariy, Jacob: Psychialne Dictionary, and Ed. New York. Oxford, 1953. 782 PP. Karel. Leonard and Roach, E. S.: A Dictionary of Antibiosis. New York, Columbia University Press, 1951. $73 PP. Lang. Ilugo: Gernian-English Dictionary of Terms Used in Aledicine and the Ahed Sciences, 4th Ed Philadelphia, Blakistan, c1935. gtG PP Marconi, Ruggero and Zino, Elena: Dizionario inglese-italiano per le Sarenze Mediche. Torino. Edizioni Mineta Medica, (1919), 365 PP Narle, ). S. F.: Englush, German, French, Maison, Spanish Atedical ro. cabulary and Phrases Philadelphia, Blakaton, c1939. 338 rp. Niall, Stephen and lialt. LM. New Dictionary of Chemwiry, you 4. Londin, Longmans, Green, (1919. 589 pp. Prict, A. L: The American Surses Dictionary. thiladelphus, Saunden. 1913. 653 PP. Schoenenald. F. S.: Cerman-English Seducal Dictimmery. Phisuelptua. Blakistot. 1919. 115 pp. Stedman, T. L: Stedman's Kleding! Duchronary, 18th FA Baltimore, WiI. lator and Willant, 1953, 1961 pp. 127 ·128 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Veillon, Emmanuel: Aredical Dictionary. Dictionnaire Médical. Medi. zinisches IVörterbuch. New York, Grune and Stratton, c1950, 476 PP. Warren, H. C.: Dictionary of Psychology. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, C1931. $72 PP. Webster, Noah: New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd Ed. unabr. repr, Springfield, Nass., Merriam, 1951, 3214 PP. Webster, Noah: Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield, Mass, Merriam, ¢1912, 907 PP. DIRECTORIES American Dental Directory, 1954. Chicago. American Dental Association, 1953, 1077 PP. American Foundations and Their fields, Sih Ed. New York, Raymond Rich Associates, 1918, 284 PP. American hospical directory. Hospitals, June, pt.2. American Medical Association. Council on Medical Education and Hos pitals: Approved internships and residencies in the United States. 14.M.A., Int.& Res.No. American Medical Association. Council on Medical Education and llos. pitals: Hospital service in the United States. JAM.A., Hosp.No. Amerian Medical Association. Council on Medical Education and Hospitais: Medical education in the United States and Canada, JAMA, EducNo. American afedical Directory, 18th Cd. Chicago, American Medical Association, 1950, 2913 PP. Catholic hospital directory. Hosp. Progr., Suppl. Canell, Jacques: American men of Science, gth Ed. New York, Bowker, 1955-56. sv. In press. Current Biography, New York, Wilson, 2910+, v.t. Dictionary of American Biography, New York, Scribner, 1943 repr. 218. Dictionary of National Biography, New York, Oxford University Press, 1938 repr., 22v. Directory of Afedical Specialists, Vol. 7. Chicago, Marquis, 1955. 1714 pp. Kelly. H. A. and Burtage. W. L: Dictionary of American Medical Diognaphy. New York. Appleton. 1928, 1964 pp. Medical Directory, 1953. London, Churchill, 1953, zv. National Research Council: Handbook of Scientific and Technical Societies and Institutions of the United States and Canada, 5th Fd. Wash. ington. National Research Council, 1919, 371 pp. (Nat.Res Counc Bus.. no. 115. 1918.) Patterson's American Educational Directory, Vol. 3o. Wilmette, aile Educational Directories, c1933. 737 pp. Schnapper, M. B.: American lealth Directory. Washington, Public Alain Press, 1952. g6 pp.

·APPENDIX 129 18ho at Tho, 1897-1950, New York, Macmillan, 1929-1952. 4 Iho ta tho in America, 1897-1950. Chicago, Marquis, 1912-1950, 28, Tho's Who, Vol, 103. New York, Macmillan, 1953, 3277 PP. Who's Who in America, 1954-1955, Vol. 28. Chiago, Marquis, c1954. 3370 PP. Who's TV ho in World Medicine, 1939. London, B. U. E., c1939. 605 pp. ENCYCLOPEDIAS American Pharmaceutical Association: The National Formulary, gth Ed. Washington, American Pharmaceutical Association, 1950, 833 pp. Brenneraann. Josepa: Practice of Pediatrics. Flagerstown. Ald., Prior, 1935+. 49. The Cyclopedia of Aledicine, Surgery, Specialties. Philadelphia, Davis, €1950+, 24. Davis, C. H: Gynecology and Obstetrics. Hagerstown. atd. Prior, 1993+. 3v. The Dispensatory of the United States of America, Efth Ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1950, 2057 pp. Encyclopaedia Britannica, sich Ed. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2919. Ifv. Encyclopedia Americana. New York and Chicago, Americana Corporacion 195), yov, The Encyclopedia of Nursing. Philadelphia, Saunders, c1952, 1011 pp. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciencer. New York, Maanilan, 1990-1955. 43 Gaynor, Frank: Pocket Encyclopedia of Atomic Energy. New York, Phito. sophical Library, c1930, 04 pp. Langer, W. L: An Encyclopedia of s'orld ffistory, Rev. Ed. Boston, Sloughton Milit, 1954. 1143 pp. Lewis, Dean: Practice of Surgery. Hagerstown, Afd., Prior, 1937+. "sv. Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, och Fd. Raliway. X.J., Aferch, 195, 1367 pp. Modern Drug Encydopedia and Therapeutic Index, sih Ed. New York. Drug Publications, c1939, 1437 PP. Monroe, W. S; Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Rex, Ed New York. MacmSan1999, 1320 pp. The Oxford Afedicine. New York, Oxford University Press, 1910r. 84- Pharmacopoeia of the United States ol mmco, Ed Res. By the suthority of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc. faston, Pa.. Mack, 1950. 1 pp. Thee, Frelerick: Practice of Biedicine. Ilagerstown, M. l'rior. 19616. ov. INDEXES Hooks ir Print, 1045+. Nex York. Bonits, 1948, Cumulats Book Index, 1933. Sex josk, Wilsons, 1999.

·180 VEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY tion, 1950+. Current List of Afedical Literature, 19414. Washington, Armed Forces Medical Library, 1941+, V.st. Education Index, 1999). New York, Wilson, 1932+, V.1+. Garrison, F. H. and Morton, L. T: A Medical Bibliography, and Ed. London, Grafton, In press. Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army, 1880-1918. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1880- 1948, Ser. 1-4, ¥.t-lo (Scr. 1-3 compl. Ser. 4 in progress). Index Aledicus, 1879-1937. New York, Boston, and Washington, 1879- 1927. Ser. 1-9. v.1-6, no.5, Index of Hospital Literature, 19457. Chicago, American Hospital Associa. Index to Dental Literature in the English Language, 1939+. Chicago, American Dental Association, 1918+. (Continuation of A. D. Black's Index of the Periodical Dental Literature Published in the English Language, 1839-1936/38.) International Index to Periodicals, 1903+. New York, Wilson, 1916+, V.lt Kelly, E. C.: Encyclopedia of Medical Sources. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1918, 476 PP. Public Afairs Information Service. Bulletin, 19157. New York, Public Affairs Information Service, 1915+, V.1+. Publishers' Trade List Annual, 1873+. New York, Bowker, 1873+, Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus, 1927+. Chicago, American Medical Association, 1927+, V.1+. Quarterly Cumulalive index to Current Medical Literature, 1916-1936. Chicago, American Medical Association, 1917-1927, 124. Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 1900 r. New York, Wilson, 1905+, 1.1+ Technical Book Review Index, 1935+. Pittsburgh, Special Libraries Association, 1935+, V.2+. Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, 7th Ed. New York, Bowker, 1953. 684 PP. Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United States and Canada, end Ed. New York, lyilon, 1913. 3065 PP. Supplement, 1911-1913, New York, Wilson, 1913. 1143 PP- Second Supplemess, 1914-1919. New York, Wilson, In progress. United States. Armed Forers Medical Library: Catalog, Apr./Dec., 1948+ Washington, Library of Congress, 1918+. United States Catalog Books in Print, January 1, 1938, 4th Ed. New York, Wilson, 1928, 3161 PP United States, Superintendent of Documents: United Slates Comment Publications; Aloninly Catalog, 18937. Washington, Covernment Prine. ing Odice, 1895+. Jl'orld List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Yeart 1900-1950, ·APPENDIX 131 grd Ed. New York, Academic Press; London, Butterworths, 1932, 1058 PP TVorld Medical Periodicals. Natural Sciences Division, UNESCO. (1952), 237 PP. YEARBOOKS American Medical Association. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry: New and Nonofficial Remedies, 19097. Chicago, American Medical Association; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1909+. Americana Annual, 1923+. New York, Americana Corporation, 1923+, V.It. Britannica Book of the Year, 1938+. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2938+. Current Therapy, 1949+. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1919+ Monographs on Surgery, 1950+. New York, Nelson; Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1919+. Physicians' Desk Reference, 1917+. Rutherford, N.J., Medical Economics, 1916+. Social Tork Year Book, 1999+. New York, Russell Sage Foundation: American Association of Sodal Workers, 1990+, v.1+. United States. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1878+. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1879+, V.1+. World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1868+. New York, New York World Telegram, 1868+, V.1+.

·APPENDIX II RECOMMENDED READINGS PART I Ballard, J. F.: Medieval manuscripts and early printed books illustrating the evolution of the medical book from 1250 to 1550 A.D. Bulla.Lbrary A., 23:178-188. 1935. Billings, 3. S.: A century of American medicine, 1776-1876, literature and institutions. Am.].M.Sc., 72:439-480, 1876. Billings, J. S.: The medical journals of the United States. Boston af & S.J. 100:1-14, 1879. Breasted, J. H.: The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1930, 2v. Brim, C. J.: Medicine in the Bible. New York, Froben, 1936, 384 PP- Butler, Pierce: The Origin of Printing in Europe. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, C1910, 151 pp. Crummer, Le Roy: A glimpse at the early development of medical litera. ture. In Contributions to the Afedical Sciences in lionor of Dr. Emanuel Libman, Vol. 1. New York, International Press, c1932. gv., PP. 315-556. Dawson, W. R.: The Beginnings, Egypt and Assyria. New York, Hocbet, c1980, 86 pp. An carlier "British Medical Journal"? Brit MJ., 2-777, 1936. Carrison, F. H.: An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th Ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, c1929. 996 pp. Gask, G. E.: Early medical schools: Cyrene, Cor and Cnidos. Ann Milisi.. 315-21, 1910. Greco, Vincent: The origin of medical journalism. New York NIJ, 97: 131-136, 1913. Torner, N. B.: Medical journalism in the British Empire. Lancet, 3:973- 274, 1932. LeFanu, W. R.: British periodicals of medicine. Bull. Inst.Tlist Med. 3: 795-761, 827-855, 1937. Lund, F. B.: Greek Medicine. New York, Hoeber, 1996, 161 pr. MacKinney, L. C.: Farly Medieval Medicine. Baltimore, Jobins Itopkins Press, c1937, 287 PP. Ornstein, Martha: The Role of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, c1939, gos Pp. Phalen, J. M.: American medical literature-1896. A.Life, 43*380-587. 1936. Therister, D. B.: Ancient medical mandycripts during the Middle Agen and their recovery at the end of that period. Bull Soe M.Jtis. Chicago, 5:150-158, 1959. 192 ·133 APPENDIX Singer, C. J.: A review of the medical literature of the Dark Ages, with a new text of about 110, Proc.Roy SocAfed{Sect.HistAfed.), 10.507 160, 1917) PART II Alexander, Carter, et al.: How to Locale Educational Information and Data, 3rd Ed. New York, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1950. 46 PP- Brodman, Estelle: The contribution of the Army Medical Library to the bibliographic control of Medical literature. Special Libraries, 13:48-54, 73-76. 1952. Prodman, Estelle: The Development of Medical Bibliography. (Baltia more), Medical Library Association, 1954. 226 PP- Medital Library Association: Handbook of Medical Library Practice, and Ed. Chicago. American Library Association, In press. Morton, L. T.: flow to Use a Medical Library, 2nd Ed. London, Heinemann, 1954, 44 PP. New York University College of Dentistry. Library: Library Manual of the New York University, College of Dentistry, by Helen Ilavac, Libratian, 2nd Ed. (New York). C1954, 58 PP Tennessec. University. Library: Library Orientation and Instruction Syllabus, Rer, Ed. Afemphis, Library, University of Tennessee, 1956, PP Thornton, J. L: Medical Books, Libraries, and Collectors. London, Graf ton, 2919. 193 PP PART III Almack, J. C.: Research and Thesis Writing. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. €1930, 310 PP. Baer, K. A.: Bibliographical methods in the biologial conces. Special Libraries, 45:74-80, 1954. Chicago. University. Prets. A Alonyal of Style, 11ch E4. Chicago, Univer. sity of Chicago Press, 1919. 497 pp. Crowe, M. R.: An introduction to the preparation and writing of artides for medical journals. Jefferson-1!illman HospBull., :39.98. 1950. Fishhein, Morris and thelin, J. E: Medwal ifriting and Ed. Philadelphía, Batiston, 9t8, tại P. Fulton, J. F.: The prindples of bibliographical dia!ion. Bull M.Library 4.32.785-197. 1936 Hook, Lugyle and Gaier, M. V: The Research paper. New York. Pren. tice Jlall. 19,8.6 PP. Jordan, E. P. and Shepard, w. Ci for Bredical IFriting, Philadelphis. Saunders, 1937. 113 . Perrin, P. G.: It'nler's Guide and Index to Engluh, Rev.24. Chlogs, Scott, Fottsman, c1936, ass fp.

·134
MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schrero, Morris: Bibliographic technique. Special Libraries, 30:302 306,
1999.
Thomas, P. E. L: A Guide for Authors on Manuscript, Proof, and Illus.
tration. Springfield, Thomas, c1919. 85 pp.
Trelease, S. F: The Scientific paper. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins,
1947. 152 PP.
Whitney, F. L: The Elements of Research, grd Ed. New York, Prentice
Hall, 1950, 539 PP.

·APPENDIX III STUDY QUESTIONS Part I HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 1. The Manuscript 1. What contribution to science did the three ancient cultures men. tioned in the text make? 2. That conditions existed in Greece that were conducive to the be. ginning of a natural explanation of nature's laws? 3. Who was Hippocrates and what did he contribute to scientific medicine? 4. Describe the induence Galen had on mediane for centuries to come. 5. What contribution did the Arabs make in preserving Greek culture? 6. In what manner were Greek writings reintroduced into Western Europe? 7. Describe the medical book of the later Middle Ages. Chapter 2. The Book 1. What influence did the vernacular writings which appeared be. tween 1535-1540 have on medical culture? 2. Describe the medical book of 1470-1540. Chapter 3. The Journal 1. What effect did the desclopraent of scientific and medical societies have on medical writings? 2. Scientific journalism began with the appearance of what journal) Did It prose a success? 5. What was the first medial journal? What effect did it have on che spread of medical knowledge? 4. What concept did Thomas Wakley have of medical journalism What influence did the Lancet hase on medical journalism? 5. What was the status of medical literature in Americ prior to the Revolution? 6. What effect did the Medical Repository have on medicat adrance. ment in this country? 7. Vbat were the three methods of editing the carly foumals in America? 8. What change did the AAA, introduce in medial inumalis? 9. What are some of the more recent developraents of medial Journalist? 185 ·136 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Part 1 MODERN BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 1. The Medical Library and its Organization 1. What is the function of a medical library? 2. In a general way how are the books and journals arranged in a medical library? Chapter 2. Indexes to the Book Collection 1. What is the importance of booklists or catalogs? 2. Name the important book catalogs giving contents and arrangemcnt of cach. 3. Discuss the principal features of the card catalog, induding types of cards, arrangement, bibliographic information, and filing rules. Chapter 3. Basic Reference Books 1. TVhat are relerence books? 2. What are the qualities of a good reference book? 3. What are the principal features of the two unabridged English language dictionaries? 4. What is the purpose of foreign language, special, and medical dictionaries? 5. What are the two categories of directories? 6. What are the principal [catures (coverage, arrangement) of the general, special, and medical directories? 7. What are the special features of the two general encyclopedias listed in the text? 8. What other types of encyclopedias are there? What are the charac teristics of each? 9. What are yearbooks? What types are there? What are their principal features? 10. What do the various drug reference books purport to do? Chapter 4. Indexes to the Periodical Collection 1. What are the principal features of a periodical index? Discs the importance of scope, length of period coyered, frequency and promptness of publication, the completeness and quality of indexing. 2. What types of reference aids does a library need to answer the ordinary questions about periodicals? What are the principal bibliographics of periodicals and what puru pose do they serve? 4. What is the purpose of the serial record? What two listings are used by libraries? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of ach? 5. Discuss the general periodical indexes. What periodicals do they index? What is their arrangement, cumulative features, and cov. crage? 6. Do the same for the speda) Indexes.

·APPENDIX 137 7. What are the problems faced in medical indexing 8. Discuss the principal medical indexes giving the type of material indexed, arrangement, frequency, and purpose. 9. What do abstract journals purport to do? What are some of the principal ones? 10. What are cumulative ladexes and what purpose do they serve? Chapter 5. The Periodical Collection 1. What is the importance of periodicals in a medical library? 2. Discuss their format and their arrangement in the library. 3. Into what groups can journals be divided? 4. After examining a number of journals be able to discuss the date, volume, and number examined, type of articles, book reviews, abstracts, indexes, and any other special features noted. 5. Explain the purpose of review journals. Part III METHODS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 1. Principles of Scientific Investigation 1. What is science and what are some of its methods of investigation? 2. What is your understanding of the hypothesis and the part it plays in scientiGc investigation? 3. What is the bibliographic approach to scientific investigation? Chapter 2. The Reference Paper 1, What types of reference papers are there? 2. What are some of the points to be considered in selecting a topic to investigate? 3. What are the principal procedures in acquiring faasWhat tools do you use? 4. Discuss procedures and proper methods of taking notes. 5. What are the parts of a reference paper? How does this compare with a scientific paper? Chapter s. Documentation 1. What is the purpose of atations? 2. What is a bibliography? In what type of paper is it most frequently used? Discuss the contents, form, and arrangement of the bibliog. raphy. 3. What are footnotes? What purpose they serve? Discuss their form and arrangement. 1 What are some of the commonly used Latin abbreviations) 1low are they used? 5. What are abbrniae titles and how are they used in footnotes? 6. Explain the use of duations as literature died or references. 7. What aiteria would you use in arranging a bibliography, footnotes, and references or literature died?

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·INDEX A public documents, 120-121 Abelard of Bath, 12 Bibliography, working, 98-99, 106, Abbreviations 109 in bibliography, 119 Billings, J. S., 71 in filing. 45 Bleyny, Nicolas de, 23 in footnotes, 122-124 Books in reference paper, 111-112 borrowing privileges, 95-36 Académie de Chirurgie, 21 dassification, SE Académie des Sciences, 20 copyright, 97 Accademia dei Lincei, 19 definition, 37 Accademia del Cimento, 19 edition, 37 Acta Diurna, 22 imprint, 37 Aëtius, 11 indexes in, 37-38 Albucasis, 11 Indexes to, 38-39 Alcuin, 10 reference Alexander of Tralles, 11 description, 46-47 Alexandrian Museum, 8 evaluation, 46-47 American Journal of the Medical types, 47-61 Sciences, 28 reprint, 37 American Medical Association, Breslau Codex, 12 Journal, 29 с Arabic-Latin translations, 12-14 Aristotle, 8 Callisen, A. C. r., 70 Avenzoar, 11 Card catalog, 35, 59, 65 Avicenna, 11 Case report, 114-115 Catalog cards B arrangeretit, 40 Bibliography, final author, 45 abbreviations, 119 cross reference, 43, 45 arrangement, 121-122 description, 41-43 content. 117, 119 filing rules, 15 definition, 117 subject, 13 form title, 43 books, 117-18 Celsus, 9 in medicine. 117-119 Chapman. Nathaniel, 29 in podal odenca, 120-121 Circulation, 35-36 interviews, 121 Citations-sre Bibliography and manualpu, 120 Footnotes how paperi, 12! Cassification, H periodicals, 119 120 Cornisa, 13 199 ·140 MEDICAL BIBLIOCRAPHY Constantinus Africanus, 12 Copyright, S7 Corporate entry, 34 Cox, J. R., 27 De Re Medicina, 9 Dictionaries bilingual medical, 49-50 general, 47 medical, 49 special, 47-49 Directories general, 51 institutions, 53-55 medical, 52-53 societies, 53-55 special, 51-52 Dispensatories, 57-58 Documentationste Bibliography and Footnotes Cerard of Cremona, 12 Gesta Lynceorum, 19 Gondisapor, medical school, 11 Gutenberg purgation calendar, 15 H Haller, Albrecht von, 70 Haly ben Abbas, 11 Hammurabi, 5 Hays, Isaac, 28 Hippocrates, 8 Historical method, 95 Hunter, William, 21 Hypothesis, 93-94 1 Imprint, 37 Indexessee Books and Periodicals Inoculation pamphlets, 26 Interlibrary loan, 36 Isidore of Seville, 10 J Jones, John, 26 Journal de Médecine, 23 Joumal des Scavans, 20. 23 Journal of the American Medical Association, 29 Journalsee Perlodicals Ebers Papyrus, 6 Edition, 37 Edwin Smith Papyrus, 6 Encyclopedias dispensatories, 57.58 general, 55 medical, 56-57 pharmacopoeias, 57-58 special, 55-56 unofficial list of drugs, 57-58 Every Man His Own Doctor, 26 Experimental method, 95 L Lancet, 25 Library of Congress cards, 41-45 Literature dited, 124-125 London Medical Journal, 24 F Fabrica, 17 Footnotes abbreviations, 122-124 arrangement, 122 M Madeod, Roderick, 21 Manuscript, medieval, 14 Medical and Chirurgical Review, 34 Medical and Physical Journal of London, 24 Medical Observations and Inquir ies, 21 purpose, 122 G Calen, 9, 16-17 ·INDEX 141 Aledical Repository, 27 Medial Society, 21 Medical Society at Edinburgh, 21 Miedicins Curiosa, 23 Michael the Scot, 12 Mitler, Edward, 27 Mirchill, S. L, 27 Monro, Alexander, primus, 21 Moses Maimonides, 11 evaluation, 66 67 general, 67 historical, 72, 75-76 inedical, 68-72 special, 67-68 sursing, 90 review, 88-89 serial record, 35, 63-66 Pharmacopoeias, 57.58 Philadelphia Journal of the Media cal and Physical Sciences, 28 Philadelphia Medical Museum, 27 Ploucquet, W, C., 70 N Normatise-survey method, 95 Noce taking arrangement, 105-106 contents, 105-106 factors in, 103-105, 109 sources of, 101-106 Nouvelles Découver's sur Toutes les parties de la fédecine, 23 O Oritasius, 12 Outline tertenct, 106-109 cencative, 99-101 Paracelsus, 16-17 Pard, Ambroise, 17 Paul of Aegina, 15 Periodicals abstract, 78.82 basic science, 81-83 borrowing privileges, 35-36 dinical spedizity, 86 87 dental, 87-88 Gling. 31-35 general melial, 83-86 general science, 84 history of medicine. 89 hopitai, 30 indexes alatracts, 78-87 cumulative. 76, 78 R Rabanus Maurus, 10, 15 Reference paper abbreviations in, 111-112 bibliography final, 137-122 working, 98-99, 106, 109 footnotes, 122-124 literature cited, 124-125 note taling, 103-106 outline, 99-101, 106-109 searching procedures in. 103-303 selection of subject. 97.98 style, 111.113 writing, 109-11) Referencestee Bibliography and Fooinotes Renaudor, Théophrastus, 2 Reprint, $7 Rhazos, 11 Royal Academy of Berlin, 21 Royal Society of London, 19 20 Rusch, Adolph, B3 S Salerno, mahal school, 12 Gatlo, Denis de, Scientific method, 93.90 Scientific paper, 113-114 Sariar Pajovicals ·142 MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Tube index, 35, 62. 66 U Unolicial list of drugs, 57-58 V Service function, $5 Smith, E. H., 27 Societies medial, 20-21 scientific, 18-20 Sources, primary and secondary, 104 Style abbreviations, 111-112 punctuation, 111.112 tenses, 112-113 Summa, 13 Sylvester Il, Pope, 10 Venerabic Bede, 10 Vesalius, Andreas, 17 W Wakley. Thomas, 24-25 Writing, origin of, 5 T Tennent, John, 26 Thacher, Thomas, 20 Thales, 7 Y Yearbooks general, 59 medical, 60-61 special, 59 60

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pany of St. Louis, Missouri. The engravings were
made by Capitol Engraving Company of Springfield,
Illinois. The page trim size is 542 * 81/2 inches. The
type page is 23 x 39 picas. The type face is Baskerville,
sel u point on 13 point. The lext paper is 7o lb.
Carfax Eggshell. The cover is Roxile ZS Vellum,
5175, 11•11, two-lone, black.
BOKS
PTHOMAS
BAMBOLS
MDERSH!
With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention as giren
lo all details of manufacturing and design. It is the
Publisher's desire to present books that are satisfactory
as to their plysical qualities and artistic possibilities
and appropriate for their particular use. THOMAS
BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that
assure a good name and good will.

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