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·Contents Or D L. Paliwal Di, VN Musta RC Agrawal Or G N. Sharma परमाद चीयन RV omani Dr KS Gupta Dr DL Paliwal Preface Pre and Proto Historic Menar 1 Early sculptural art of towar 10 Society and culture in medieval Mewat 18 मेयारो चियाला 30 Forts of Mawar 36 Mowar and the Marathas 44 Mewar under the British (1818-1921) 63 Struggle for the democratic government in Mewat 74 Some aspects of feudal system in Mewer 70 Pratt TI 7777 free 83 राजस्थान प्राम्य विद्या प्रतिष्ठान राग्रहालय, दयपुर 91 माहित्य संस्थान सप्रहालय Uda pur panorama of a city of lakes 105 The Geography of Historical Mewar 109 Dr R S Darda SC Menaria हा पसर पारधी हा अनमोहन जावलिया देव योटारी 98 JS Singhvi CG Goswami ·Contributors D. V, N. Misra Department of Archaeology, Deccan College, Poona R. C. Agrawal Director, Archaeology and Museum, Rajasthan Dr. G. N. Sharma Professor, Department of History, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur J. S. Singhvi Chairman, Finance Corporation, Rajasthan Dr. D. L. Paliwal Director, Sahitya Sansthan, Rairsthan Vidyayeeth, Udaipur Dr. K S. Gupta Department of History, University of Udaipur Dr. R S Darda Department of Political Science, University of Udaipur Parmanand Choyal Department of Draving and painting, University of Udaipur C. G. Goswami Fevenue Officer, Muniripal Council. Udalous R. V. Soniani Department of Archaeology and Museum, Rajasthan, Jainur Dr B. M. Javalia Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Ugaipur Dr. Chandra Shekher Shastri Research Scholar Udaipur Dev Kathari Research Officer, Sahitha Sansthar, R. V., Udaipur S.C. Menaria Research Scholar, University of Udaipur ·Preface The ancient fand comprising who territory of the erstwhile Mewar Stato has always attracted the attention of the scholars and historians Diverse social and cultural phenomenon visible in this land lead ono to trace its ongin in the most ancient times of human history. The pre historic stone tools found at various places of Mewar, particularly on the banks of the rivers, Gambhin, Wagan, Kadmali, Berach and Banas show that the man had occupied this land at least a hundred thousand yoars back. The archaeological explorations at Bagor and Ahr have proved that the most ancient cultures of mankind have flourished in this part of the country. Thus the lond of Mewar, once a part of 'Siv Janpad (republic) and known as 'Medpata has been uninterruptedly a base for human occupation and flourishing of human civilization from the earliest timas Undoubted y the geographical factors playod a decisivo part in the immigration of mon to this land ord Ive, create and frourish there, Almost all the serial and cultural rc.olutions which took place in northern India enveloped it Madhyamika (Nagar). Aghalpur (Ahar), Nagadrah (Nagda) and Chitrakut (Chiton) have bean the centres of ancient culture, and their turns and still standing monumen's speak of their erstwhile glory Archaeological and literary re earches have proved that these places had been major centres of learning of contemporary times and the great misters of literature, art and architecture lived and worked there Chitor (Chitrakut), partie cularly has been an irmensely tarcinating pla e for the scholars not withstanding the favajas comm ted by the time during the span of hundreds of years Several temale3, palaces and other monuments stul stand there to tell the story of successive religious cultural and polical revolutions that took place in shp history of the country The inhabitation of primitivo man in this tand, the successive immigrations to this part of various tribes from time immemorial and social, cultural and political revolutions that took place during the long course of history, all have gone to make diversity ot this land racially, socially, religiously and culturaly inspite of this diversity, ·the unique sense of oneness in the people has been notoworthy. This sense of oneness and unity of purpose have had their undelible impact on the medieval history. The undaunting and chivalrous people at Mewar led by the heroic ruling classes of this land have produced unsurpassable examples of dauntless valiance and sacrifice that are rare in the entire human history. Since the middle of the eighteenth century the institution of feudalistic monarchy began degenerating and the small and big kingdoms of India began crumbling, the conditions in Mewar were no exception and the herolc land is at once found smarting and chafing under the yoke of the British imperialism. The present work has been an attempt to present a very brief history of social, cultural and political institutions of Mewarth at developed during the course of several hundred yoars. As tho readers would Tird, the attempt have been only partly successful. The editor is highly indebted to the scholars who have very kindly contributed their learned articles for this publication. D. L. Paliwal ·Pottery from Bogor

·Early Palaoolithic Tools from river
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Middle Palacollthic Tools from river
Wagan

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Pottory from Ahor

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·MFWIR THROUGH THE AGES 1 was available in sufficient quantity at Nagari itself. It is then no wonder that stones imagos of the above Vaishnava divinities were carved for worship in the Narayanavatika of Madhyamska It appears that all the contemporary images at this place got damaged because of the invasion during the Mughal period or even earlier Excavations at Nagari also brought to light a few Sunga terracotta figurines, including some moulded plaquos of goddess Vasudhara holding two fish in one of her outstretched hands as also in the contemporary finds from Mathuta and Raih (near Tonk). Kushana Porlod Very little is known about the sculptural art of Mewar during the early centunes of Christian Era Excavations at Ahar yielded a few fragmentary terracotta plaques such as potbelhed Kubera or Ganapati female dancer, femalo torso, and votive tank pieces, now exhibited in Ahar Museum Gupta period The Yupa Pillar inscription of V, S. 282 (255-56 AD) from Nandasa (near Gangapur-Bhilwara) bears testimony to the performance of Vedic rituals in the region. It refers to the worship of a number of Brahmanic deities though contemporary statues thereof have not been discovered so far. Nagant of course continued to remain a centre of Valshnavism during the post Kushana period The filh contury inscription from this place and now in Ajmer Museum, refers to the construction of a structure dedicated to the Feat of Vishnu, while a later epigraph testifies to tay construction of a Temple dedicated 10 Manoratha Svami. A Brahmanic structure, with an early form of stone Sikhara appears to have been constructed at Nagars during the 5-6th century A.D. A few fragments including the flutted amolaka can still be seen at Nagar The temple was provided with a crocodile-shaped Pranala for the outlet of sacred water from the main shrine A number of scu plural pieces carved in the art of 5 6th century and preserved at the site, bear close affinity with contempo rary Torana pieces from the neighbouring region of Dasapura (Mandasor) The Nagan torana Dillars present carvings of mithuna figures the horizontal stone lintel is divided into several panels and present numerous details of the Kiratarjuna theme. These are quite precious sculpures in the realm of Indian art It is on this lintel that we come across one of the earliest representa tions of dancing Siva', thus bearing connections with contemporary Gupta sculptures from Bhumara, Nachana kuthara. Deogarh etc This is the oarllest 'Nataraja' in tha plastic art of Rajasthan More than 50 years ago Dr. D. R. Bhandarkar had excavated a brick temple ·12 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES at Nagari. A number of Gupta terracotia plaques siudded on the exterior of this structure have been recovered. The same are of 3 types: 17 (a) Moulded bricks with human bus s. (b) animals in profile. (c) floral decorations. Some of the human figurines delineated therein, may be identified with characters in the salırical plays (Chaturohanas). In faci they have nothing to do with Greek art. Such clay plaques were manufac:ured at a number of Gupta sites in India, including the ones in the famous region of Suratgarn- Hanumangarh in Bikaner division of Rajasthan. A few Gupta terracottas from Nagari are non preserved in the Deccan College a: Poona while the majo: collection may be studied in the Rajputana Museum at Ajmer. Sculptural traditions seem to have been profusely encouraged in the regions of Udaipur and Dungarpur, during the 5-ih centuries A.D., thus bearing close afiinity in style with contemporary soecimens from Samalaji and Devanimori in Idar State. My exploratory tours in the vicinity of Jagat Tanesar and Kalyanpur in Udaipur district have confirmed the truth of this statement. Siva-Sakti cult was attis herghi during this period and a number of independent Matrika statues were carved oui of ihe local greenish-blue schisi. populeriv known as Pareva. Ainda and headless Embika staiues from Jajai are non preserved in Pratap Museum at Uddiour. The collecions of ?.. B. College, Udaipur are equally rich in conterrpcrary sculptures from Kalyanpura; they include two statues of standina Siva and a Naga-Nazi coup.e. But most important are the schist statues which I happened to siudy at Taneswar, distant about 3 miles from Parshad, in district Udaipur. Besides an early Ganapati bust. this group includes an image of tvio armed Skanda. holding a spear in his righi hand and a cock in the left. The other images are those of mothers. Each accompanied by a child and provided with a halo behind her head. The child is depicted on the arm. near the leg of the mother in various playful poses and even suckled by the mother with both her hands. The utter absence of any vehicle (vahana) is worthy of note in this group. This enables us to suggest. with sufficient justification, that here was carved the entire group in the form of Skanda surrounded by the Krittikas' who nourished him since his very birth. All these images were chiselles for regular worship; all of them have got prominent pedestals; they were probably installed together on a platform in some contemporary temple of Skanda-Karttikeya at Tanesar. This has, therefore, got an important bearing on the cult of Skanda Kumar in ·Moon God Chandra on the exter or of sanctum Sun Temple at Chitor eth century,

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Aindri as a Mother from Jagat; greenish
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Dancing Ganesh in Chatura pose 10th century:
Ambika Temple at Jagat

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Three Headed Sakti of Vaikuntha; Bijolian,
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·MEIVAR THROUGUI TIE AGES 13 Mewar, as early as the 5 6th century AD The calossat Hari Hara statue of sct ist from Chota Bedla (now missing) depicted the blending of Siva and Vrhnu quita vividly the right half of the deity was that of Siva while the left halt comprised V shnu carrying a wheelchakra) in prayoga fashion Contemporary sculptures from Amhara distant about 59 miles from Uda pur are equally important. They are now exhibited in the Aichacological Gallery at Dungarpur Early Medioeval Period Artistic traditions continued to receive great impetus in Mewar after the post Gupta ponad as well The ancient site of Ahar has yielded an almost life Size Jain bronze of seated Titihankara and datable to the 8th century AD Now exhibited or Ahar Museum this is the earliest so far available metal statue from this part of Rajasthan Kubera and Siva hordlom Bans (near Chitor) are equally precious pieces The former has got an important bcaring on the Jaina art of eth century the Kubera statue 15 in a perfect condition and depicting two miniature figures of seated Jasna Tirthankara one in the centre of the crown and the other on the head above The culptor thus ined his best to give it a Jaina impact Another superb statue of this type in schist has not been recovered in Mewar colar Kubera is here shown as two armed and seated on the elephant The early mediaeval (7 8th century) Sivo linga now under regular worship at Kalyanpur (near Dhulev) is one of the very important Chaturmukha tingas from Rajasthan On the top of it are Siva heads facing the four directions while the standing figures below represent Brahima Vishnu Surya ane Sıva respectively Surya us diessed in Sassanian gaments and so is the case with attendants Dandl ann Pingala This is the earliest so far available four faced Sivalinga from Mewas The early mediaeval chapels at Menal (o strict Bhilwara) bear affinity with early Prathara structures at Osian The back niches of two shrines at Menat preserve stone reliels ol Sya in dancing pose while the right niche of he ta shrine depicts Ardhanarisvara form quite prom nently Two temples ar Chitor are worth scrutiny in ths direction The lower portion comprising of the sculptured niches on the extenor of the Kumbha syama Temple at Chitor appears to have been a Saiva structure of the eth century as the lower back niche thereof preserves a contemporary Telel depicting Marriage of Siva--Parvati Out of the remaining sculptures onthe exterior ·14 MEWAR THROUGH THE SGES the image of two armed and standing Lakulisa is quite interesting; there we find him actually carrying a staff (lakula) in his hand. This type of Siva-Lakulish images are very few in early Indian art and one of the four armed variety is preserved in the circle office of D. G. A., at Chitor fort itself. Most imposing of all the early-mediaeval temples of Mewar is the •Kalika Mata Temple at Chitor fort. In-fact a structure dedicated to Sun, it was constructed as early as the 8th century A. D. This is very well confirmed by its sculptural wealth also. The temple has got a provision of circumambulatory path, to go round the main sanctum. The principal exterior niches of the sanctum preserve Surya reliefs wherein the main deity is seated on a chariot driven by Arun and yoked with seven horses. This representation is to be seen just above the door lintel of the sanctum as well. The images af horse-headed Asvins, on both sides, are equally imposing and so also that of Chandra (Moon) on the right exterior niche. Here Chandra figures as one of the Dikpalas in strict accordance with early traditions a crescent mark behind his back is very very prominent. In fact such independent carvings of Moon-God are not very frequent in Indian sculpture. The images on the outer exterior niches of this Sun Temple at Chitor are fairly well preserved. noteworthy behind the one depicting churning of Ocean and studded on the left side. A few years back I noticed an early-mediaeval relief under worship at Dhod. distant about 8 miles from Jahazpur, in Bhilwara distic. Here Baladeva and Krishna appear as seated at endants of goddess Gaja Lakshmi as also in the contemporary statue discovered by me at Amjhara near Dungarpur. All these specimens depict the Ekanamsa aspect of Lakshmi in a slightly different manner. They bear close affinity with sculptures from Ellora in tne Deccan, where the attendant divinities are shown standing on both sides of goddess Lakshmi. Mediaeval Period Mewar is equally rich in mediaeval sculptures, datable from 10th to 14th centuries A. D. At Ahar itself we can study a number of Brahmanic and Jain temples, datable to 10-11th centuries A. D. The Gangodbhada Kunda of Anar was probably built during the regime of Bhartribhatta, the Guhila ruler of Mewar. A number of sculptures studded into various niches of this tank are quite charming. The Chamunda nearby carries a fish in one of her hands as in the Paramara art of Aithuna and Chandravati-Abu, this refering to Tantric traits in Mewar. The so-called Mira Temple, behind the Police post at Ahar. may ·MEWAR THROUGH TUR AGES 15 be d ted to the 10th century the back portion preserves interesting rettets such as stealing of butter by Krishna black amiths at work and shopkeeper (grocer) weighing with a scale All these stone reliets have got an important beanng on the social and material life of Mewar during the 10th contury Equa ly imposing is the Sun Temple at Tusa (near Dalol!) and Vishnu Temple of Panchayan'ana variety at Iswal on way to gogunde both in district Vda pur The mediaeval and late mediaeval temples at Nagda distant about 14 miles from Udaiput Bre also worthy of note The famous twin temples of Sasa and Bahu preserve very elegant architectural and iconographic details of late 10th and early 11th centunes A D On the pillars of sabhamandapa of Sasa temple at Nagda are carvod Ramayana scencs the door jambs preserve threeheaded vishru (Vaikuntha), a similar relief appears on the left extenor niche while the right exterior nicho of sabhamandapa preserves an elegant carving of Gajendra-moksha The back niche ota miniatura shrine at the back has got a lovely rarel depicting the Marttadda Bhairava formic blanding of Surya & Sive in one form, the seated deity is provided with a crown on the head and coat of mail of Surya on the chest, the weapons carred in four hands include two lotus flowers of Sun while the trident and the skull crowned mace are Saiva emblems. It should be considered as one of the most interesting Ayncratic images in Indian art The Pratap Museum at Udaipur has also acquired a statue wherein the standing deity depicts the blending of more than two divinities of the Brahma nic pantheon Tre med aeval temples of Chauhan art at Menal and Bujolan in district Bhilwara stil preserve immense sculptural wealth of Mewar and datable to the 12th century One female stalue from Btjolan is of course quita unique in Indian iconography because it represents the three-headed female counter part of Vaikuntha Vishnu the central face of the Goddess is that of a horse while the side faces are those of a boar and a lion A male statue of four armed vanoty is of course preserved in the circle office at chitor tort but no other female relief or carving of the goddess in this particular fomm, 13 Available at the present moment. What a thritt to have a look at the Ambika Templo at Jagat--the Khajuraho of Rajasthan l The temple distant about 27 miles from Udaipur appears to have boen built towards the early part ol 10th century one of its pillars, beaning a date as V S 1017. probably referes to some Fennovation work in the temple The exteriors of the temple at Jagat are profusely studded with elegant reliefs comprising of Ourga-Ambika in vaned aspects Dikpalas and a number of female figures in different moods and poses From the point of ·17:36 79909 cofno........ 16 MEWAR THROUGH THE GES Alor view pf, workmanship their artistic quality is quite high, they contal first rate sculptural material; the themes are of course quite traditional as in most of the mediaevel temples at Khajuraho and other places. From point of view of iconography also some of the reliefs at Jagat are quite important such as: (a) Mahishamardini Durga in the exterior niches of the main sanctum and the pranala-mandapa. The relief, now in the main back niche of sanctum, even depicts a parrot perched to the left of goddess Mahisha niardini and thus recalls the Sukapriya Ambika aspect of the devi. (b) Narayani Durga i.e., Vaishnavi seated over a human corpse: relief on the exterior lower part of the main sanctum. The goddess carries all the emblems of Vishnu but for a human corpse as her vehicle. This is quite unusual in Indian iconography. (c) Mahishamardini fighting with the Bull-demon; the latter is shown in full human form and that is very unusual. (d) Varahi on the doorjamb of entrance-porch. Here she carries a fish in one of her hands, recalling the Tantrika aspect of the goddess. This trait is also to be seen in dancing Varahi on Pratihara Matrika lintel from Abaneri, datable to the late 8th century. (e) Dancing. Ganesa in Chatura pose, in the sabhamandap of Ambika Temple at Jagat, is one of the few elegant statues of this particular deity. The Chatura pose is very imposing and unusual for Ganesa though we do come across this in case of dancing Virabhadra Siva en Abaneri panel, now in Jaipur Museum. The sculptural traditions of Mewar kept alive during the subsequent periods as well. The regime of Maharana Kumbha witnessed great activity in the realm of painting, sculpture and architecture. A number of skilled sthapatis and masons were given state-patronage at this stage. Noteworthy are two families, one of Jaita and his sons who were incharge of construction works at Chitor including the famous Tower of Fame i.e., Kirttistambha at Chitor. It still stands as a store-house of contemporary sculptures of this region. Sutradhara Mandana and his followers appear to have been quite active in Udaipur and Kumbhalgarh; it was probably under their instructions that some religious edifices at Ekalingaji and Kumbhalgarh came into existence in Mewar. Mandana's successors appear to have participated, from time to time, in sculptural and architectural activities in Mewar including the building of Nauchauki and ·Pesha eng KLEWAR THIROUGH THE AGES 37 Samar Singh successfully resisted the various invasions. During mo Chitor became a capital and centre of art, learning etc Duning the reign of Raatn Singh, the successor of Samar Singh, Sultan Alauddin Khilst invad3d Chitor. Rajputs resisted but were defeated Several women flung into the fire and conducted Johar, Sultan conquered and occupied the fort and ravaged the country by plundening it and massacring the people. Duting Tughlaa penod, it remained under Malik Asaduddin. Hamir regained it about V. S. 1392. Maharana Hamir's possession of Chitor is, in fact, a beginning of new epoch in the history of Mewar. Thereafter a galaxy of powerful rulers emerge in the history of Mewar, as Maharana Kheta, Kumbha, Raimal and Sanga. who are found waging successful wars against the Sultans of Malwa and Gujrat. Bahadur Shah of Gujrat invaded Chilor in V S. 1592 during the reign of Maharana Vikramaditya when Mewar was engulfed in civil war and disorder Once again the Rajput ladles flung into the holy fire and conducted Johar. Bahadur Shah could not retain it long, as ha was soon defeated by Humayun. The third and the last invasion of Chitor took place during the reign of Maharana Udal Singh. Sensing the impending defeat, the Rajput ladies again committed Johar the third saka of chitor, and the entire garrison of Rajputs fell fighting. The fort was returned to Manarana Amar Singh after the Mughal- Mewar alliance. This event marks the eclipse of strategic and political importance of Chitor, as the capital of Mewar was now transferred to Udaipur city founded by Maharana Udal Singh in the thick part of the Arravalis. Architecture While going to the fort, the first object of the historical interest is a massive old bridge of grey limestone built across the river Gambhin It is nearly 450 ft long and 30 ſt. broad havingi O arches There are numerous Inscribed stones of 13th century available, which were removed from the fort. Among these the inscription of Queen Jayatal Devi, mother of Samar Singh, Inscriptions of VS 1303, 1324 and of certavong ta Jain Manibandha and Chakrabandha are worth quoting, There is an old temple of Shankargatta containing an inscription of V. S. 770. While going to the fort, the chabutara of Rawat Bagha and cenotaphs of Jaymal and Kalla which were constructed to conmemorate their heroic deeds ·38 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES draw our attention to the ancient history of the fort. Ram Pole, the main entrance of the fort is a beautiful gateway decorated with several images, Outside this gate there are 10 inscriptions ranging from V. S. 1593 to 1835. Besides, one inscription of V. S. 1538 inscribed on a pillar is also available in a hall situated in tho front ot this gate. Inside Ram pole, there is a Patta's memorial cenotaph. From this place a road goes to south. On this road a temple of Tulza Bhawani, containing a small shrine and a pillered mandapa construoted by Maharana Banvir, Is situated. while going further souih, the main objects of historical interest are Shringar Chawari. Pataleshwar temple and Digambar Jain temple. The Pataleshwar temple facing west cantains 3 shrines and a common corridor in front of them, supporting on 4 rows of pillars. It has an inscription of V.S. 1622. a The Shringar Chawari is one of the beautiful temples of not only Mewar but Northern India. It was originally constructed before V.S. 1358 as fragmentary inscription is available on it. It was repaired during the reign of Maharana Kumbha by Bhandari, and other icons of the temple were consecrated in theyears 1512 and 1513. This was a Kharatargachha Jain temple on the outside walls. Various scenes of Gods and Goddess etc. are deeply and beautifully carved. Originally there was a Ashta pada arrangement having 24 images seated in different numbers on an elavated square platform. The gates are fine specimen of deeply carved tracery work. In the wall of Banvir there are 3 inscriptions: two are dated V.S. 1834 and the third is of 15th century. The temple almost touching shringar Chawari facing east is a small shrine of Digambar Jain sect. It was having an image of V. S. 1232, which has now been removed. in front of the wall of Banvir, the remnants of the palace of Maharana Kumbha are visible It seems that these were constructed originally in the 13th century which is apparent from the style of the carving and construction of pillars but the immense additions and alterations were made by Kumbha. It is a matter of great interest that the king who had constructed a beautiful kirti Stambha and had patronised the great Ranakpur temple showed little care for his own residential matter. This palace has got a domestic style of Rajput architecture having Tripolia, Audience Hall, Ganesh Temple. seperate Zenana and heir-apparent palaces. According to Mandan, a famous architect of Kumhba, there was good dancing hall available in the palace which was also used during ·MEWAR TOROUGH THE AGES 39 In fact, this palace is an edifice of a typical taste having the time of Sanga excellent style in front of this palace there is a group of Jain temples known as Sat. Bis . Devanı Jain Temple It is a fine specimen of Jain temple architecture consisting of a shrine, 3 Mandapas and a corridor of cell shrines surrounding the central temple The Images were consecrated on different dates from 14th to 16th century by Acharyas of different Gachhas From Sat - Bis . Dewari the main road goes south to Kalikamata Temple Two small roads also go respectively to Jain Vijay Stambha and Kirti Stanbha standing at this tri-junction of roads One would like to visit Kirti Stambha road first White going to this road the first object of interest is Kumbha Svamın temple Orginally this temple was built in 8th or 9th century which is apparent from the lower most pats containing beautiful images of that period This was also demolished during the invasion of Alauddin and was repaired by Kumbha before V S 1505 According to some scholars the shikhar itself is so solid that it might at first sight be ascribed to a much earlier date than the 15th century It consists of a shrine a Pragriva style of mandapu, a portico and an open circumbulatory passage round the shrine The largo squarc porch supported by a low pyramidal roof on massive pillars in front of shrine is one of the important factors of the style of this temple and another peculianty is the arrangement of Prag kshnapath It was originally dedicated to the lord Vasaha Some images bearing the inscriptions of V S 1505 are visible in the Mandapa one image of Lakulingha, installed on the Mandawar is an object of iconographic interest The next object of historical interest is Kirti Stambha It is said that it was constructed by Kumbha to commemorate his victory of Malwa, but in fact it was not the case I have already refuted this elsewhere It has nine storeys with 127 stair cases being 122 ft in height The construction work started near about VS 1496 was completed in VS 1515 However the conse cration ceremony as recorded in Kirli Stambha prasasti was made on the 10th day of bright half of Magha, V S 1505 Col Tod comparing it with Kutub Mine' finds it a very superior construction Similarly Furgusson also finds that It is a specimen of better taste of architectural ohject It is built chiefly of lime stone The architecture ornaments and mass of decoration ware the chief fearures of the temple architecture of that period It has not only covered these but has a rumber of images of Hindu Gods Godesses. weapons musical ornaments etc It is better to call it a museum ot ·40 MTWAR TUROUOI THE AGI'S Hindu Godi and Godessos as mno namcalavo also born inscribus at the foot of each. The chief architects who built this wero Jota and his sons. Thore are several fragmentary inscriptions from V. S. 1499 19 1515 availablo on various storoys of this, offering obaisance to lord Samadhi-ghvar, oic. Another fine specimen of temple architecture is a templo of Mokal or Samadhishwar. It was construciod in 12th century. It consists of a shrine, 3 mandap and 3 porticos. in the main shrine thero is a colossal image of Trimurti, It is full of deeply carved tracery, even bitter than the templo constructed during Kumbliads time. In Northar thic arc somo reliels containing Jain scenes. Besides thicrc :IO SCUDIUICs of some Jain Goddesses in it. Therefore, some scholars have opined that it is a Jain icmple, but it seems to be baseless view, beciuso in Jain temples like Shrinagar chawari, Mahaveer complo of Chilor we can seo a number of Hindu sculptures. It consists of fo.175 Crpionis, On tho walls of mundup there are two inscriptions of V. S. 1286. Similirly in :he wesicon wall of the Niandap ihere are two inscriptions of V. S. 1207 and 1485 inscribed on the black stones of the time of Kumarpal Chalukya and Manarona Mokal respectively. An inscription of V. S. 1308, now available in Udaipur Muscum, contains the account of the repairing of this tempie. in the northern part of this temple there is a group ol'small comples and gate of Mahasati. One broken temple iying in the easiern side er Kirti Siambha containing an inscripuon of V. S. 1327 was demolished during the time of some johar. Similarly there is an inscription of V. S. 1331 in the gate Mahasati containing a detailed but inconicci genealogy of the rulers of Mewar composed by Veda sharman. The original name of gomukh situated on the southern side of Mokal's temple, was Mandakını. It was originally constructed in the 9th or 10th century as is apparent from the remnants of pillars. in the cave situated above it there are 2 inscriptions: one of V S. 1515 and other of V. S. 1643 both are connected with Jainism. After passing through the houses of Patta and Jaimal the temple of Kalikamata one of the important historical objects is visible. Originally it was a dedicated to Surya Deva, who has also been displayed riding on horses. This is also one of the best specimen of early style of ornamentation. It is full of deeply carved traceries. From this temple the modernised palaces of Padmini are visible. Thesə ·MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES 41 were renewed and repaired in the 18th century. Other objects of the historical interest are Adbhuta temple, Nilkantha temple, Jain Vijaya Stambha Mahavir Jain Temple and Kukadeshwar group of temples. Adbhuta temple was constructed during the reign of Maharana Raimat. Nilkantha temple was one of the oldest temples, which was demolished during the invasion of Alauddin Khilji Jain Vijaya Stambha was completed during the reign of Maharana Hamir Kukadeshwar group of temples are also old temples, but artistically not very fine this way thts fort is a standing monument of art and architecture Cultural centro Chitor remained a centre of an and Icarning from the earliest times Sidhasena Diwakar, Hanbhadra suri Jin Vallabh Sun Elacharya, Harisena, etc are the earliest Jain scholars who flourished here Mahuka was one of the descendants of the great poet, Maghe who settled at Chitor Sutradhar Mandan, one of the writers of 15th century was patronises by Kumbha Mirabai also flou ished here Kunbhalgarb It had been Kumbhalgarh, is situated about 60 miles from Udaipur one of the invincible forts of Mewar History It was It is known from Jain traditions that king Samprati Maurya constructed some temples on the site where the present fort of Kumbhalgarh stands Although the present fort was constructed by Kumbha but there existed an ancient citadel, the name of which was Mahor of Machhindarpur necessary for the protection of Godawar (which was un ter Mewar at that time to have a strong hold there Maharana Kumbha, on the plan of the architect Mandan constructed it Several times the Sultans of Malwa and Gujrat, Vainly attacked it, during that time It was however, captured by Akbar in V S 1634-35 but was soon after taken back by Pratap Thereafter, except during the civil war pertaining to Ratan Singh, it always remained an abode of peace Architecture This fort is defended by the series of ramparts with battlements and bastions built upon the slopes of the hill upon which the enemy could not be able to scale even by the mears of ladders Hence it has a strategical impor tance While going from Kelwara the first object of historical interest visible is ·42 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES Hanuman pole, where Maharana Kumbha installed the image of Hanuman brought from Mandor. In the fort the Yajnavedi Mamadeva's temple, Samavasharan's teniple, Neelkantha temple etrc, ae worth seeing. Yajnavedi is a 3 storeyed building constructed when the consecration of the fort was performed by Kumbha. It has got architectural merits. Its each tier is decorated with numerous massive low columns resting on a sculptured panneled parapet. Mamadeva's temple was, according to scholars, formerly a chomukha Jain temple. Maharana Kumbha simply renovated it and built a large reservoir of water. Numerous inscribed images of various Gods and Goddeses were found from this place. Besides, two large inscriptions. one 'of 5 slabs and other of 2 slabs of V. S. 1517 were found here Kumbha was treacherously stabbed by his son, Uda here at the edge of the said Kunda. The Jain temple known as Peetaliya Deva contains very attractive images of Agni, Brahma, Indra, Yama, Varuna, Vayu, Kuber etc. It has an inscription of V. S. 1512. Another important Jain temple known as Bawan Jinalaya, has nearly 40 Deva Kulikas. It has an inscription of V S. 1521. The Badal Mahal, Tara Burja, Top Khana, Navachoki palaces etc. are also Worth seeing. The fine panoramic view of the wild and rugged scenery of hills are also visible from here. Mandalgarh Mandalgarh is an important key fort of the Eastern table land of Mewar. its history is chequerred one. Originally it was constructed by Nikumbha Rajputs. Later on it was taken by the Chauhans of Ajmer, Hadas of Bundi and Guhilots of Mewar. For long it remained under the jagir of Balanote Solankis, who rebuilt it. This fort was invaded by various Muslim. Sultans, According to Shringirishi inscription. Alauddin Khilji made an unsuccessful attempt to get it. During the reign of Maharana Kumbha it was invaded several times by the rulers of Malwa. For some time Mahmud Khilji, the Sultan of Malwa was successful in getting it in his possession. He demolished several temples. Therefore there are no earlier inscriptions now available. Akbar, annexed it in his empire which was subsequently raturned to the rulers of Mewar at the time of Treaty. In the reign of Aurangzeb it was taken by him in lieu of Jazya. The Emperor granted it to Rathor Chief of pisangana namely Duda, Maharana Amar Singh expelled the Rathors. The Mughal Emperor ·MEYAR THROUGH THE AGES 43 dunng the reign of Maharana Sangram Singh II donated it to Indra Singh of Nagaur, but he declined to accept it Architecture The following places and Inscriptions are the objects of historical study - 1 Gupteshwar temple consists of inscriptions of V s 1559 and V.S 1571 of the time or Maharana Raimal and Meharar a Sanga respectively These records consists the of account ol the construction of a Matha 2 Jaleshwar temple consists of two inscriptions of VS 1617 and 1651 of some Solanki chiefs During these years the temple was repaired 3 Jain temple Rikhabdeva was completed in VS 1718 A fragmentary inscriprion of the said year consisting of the name of architect Deva is available 4 Two Surah Lekhas of the time cf Maharana Bhim Singh contain the account a marble of the prohibition of the slaughter of animals for religious purposes Col Tod has referred about two big inscriptions which he collected from Bawadi containing the pedigree of Solankis which are now untraceable In this way in shaping the hisrory of Mewar these forts have played an important part RV Somant ·mewar and the marathas The earliest opportunity for Mewar-Maratha relationship presented itself when Prince Akbar, after his abortive revolt against his father, Aurangzeb, fled to Deccan from Rajputana under the Rajput escort led by Durgadas. The efforts for Rajput-Maratha alliance against the Mughals did not succeed, however. By the beginning of the 18th century the Maratha bands began appearing on the political scene of the northern India. Henceforth Rajputana remained for about a century an easy and unobstructive field of their ravaging operations. The very first contacts of the Marathas with Mewar and other Rajput States were marked by the Maratha depradations in this territory and levying of unbearable tribute by the former. The Marathas became a menance to Mewar, as early as 1724 4. D. , as evidenced by a KHARITA' dated 24th November, 1724, sent by Maharana Sangram Singh of Udaipur to Sawai Jai Singh of Amber (Jaipur). The Maharana wrote rhat the Deccanis ware causing disturbances in his territory and that he considered them to be thieves needing proper chastisement. Since the Maratha depredations continued, a defensive alliance was made by the three Rajput States-Mewar, Amber and Kota against the Marathas. But several facters, e. g. their traditional rivalry, motives of self-aggrandisement and narrow outlook prevented them to comprehend the Maratha menace objectively and take the defensive alliance seriously. In the mean---time the Marathas continued to increase their hold over Malwa. This hold became almost complete by defeating Mughal ·MEWAR THROUOH THE AGES 45 Governor Sawai Jai Singh in tne battle of Mandsaur (Feb 1733) This created a very serious situation for the State of Rajasthan compelling Raput princes to take prompt action Tha Rajputs rosorted to what is known as the policy of 'DAM and SAM (money and conciliation) Fust money was used to persuade them to evacuate the occupied territory of Malwa A promise of five lakhs of Tupees was made by Dhabhai Vanzar on February 27 1733 and the same was paid by May in full the Marathas d d not evacuate Malwa Thus the attempt of the Rajput rulers mistired and money could not secure the dasired results On the other hand the Bundi allar invited and prompted the Marathas to enter into Rajasthan itself Bundl affair and Hurda conferenco In 1734 A D Sawa: J3 S ngh of Jaipur, in order to enhance his influence expelled Budh Singh ficm Bundi end placed his own son in law Dalel Singh on the throno This gross interference in the internal affairs of Bundi State gave rise to a complcated s luation and the dethroned family sought the support of external power @ the Marathas Prolap Singh Hada the elder brother of Dalej Singh was sent to Poona to meet the Peshwa and other prominent Sardars far enlisting the mil tary support for Budh Singh The assistance was given and on 23rd April, 1734 Holkar restored the auino ity of Budh Singh over Bundi It was thus the first dront Maratha interference in the domestic affairs of a Stato in Rajasthan It greatly alarmed the Rajputs Thinking minds in Rajasthan began to apprenand danger from the Marathas against the safety of their own States Thoy now realized that they could not survive with honour without pooling their efforts against a common danger In order to decida their future course of action a conference of the Rajput rulers was called at Hurda It was attended by almost all the important rulers of Rajasthan This conference was preside over by Mahatanz Jagat Singh of Mawar Deliberations at the conference resulted into the treaty of 17th July 1734 having a plan to just the Marathas from Malwa Thus for the first tima since the battle of Khanua in 1527, a Rajput cerfederacy was again formedunder the leadersh p of Jagat Singh the Maharana of Mewar But this unity remained only on paper It could not be put into practice because every Rajput ruler had his own personal ambitions and none was willing to give them up for anything vitally essential for the common cause The Maharana was a man of luxurious habits, incapable of assuming the command of the united forces Moreover internal dissension did not allow him to concentrate his attention on resistance, and the Rajput rulers could not ·46 METYAR THROUGH THE AGES accept any other ruler as their leader. So thcy neither re-assembled at Rampura nor took the field against the Marathas ofter the rains as was decided. The Rajputs thus lost a rare opportunity of thwarting the Maratha incursions into Rajasthan. The Hurda conferenco produced highly disastrous results for Me var, because the Maharana who had so lar posed as a friend of the Marathos came out in open heading a conference which contemplated united military action against them. The subsequent period witnesses the furious Meraihas entering into Mewar imposing unbearable demands on ihe Rana and resorting to ravaging operations. Bajirao's visit to Udaipur The matters came in a head when Bajirao came to Rajasthan with a 'magic bag' of diplomacy to persuade the rulers of various States to come to a political seltiement with him. The first major Siate which he approached was Mewar. Accompanied by Sindhia, Holkar and Anand Rao Panwar he reached Udaipur in the first week of February, 1736. He was accorded a very warm reception and was encamped at Champabag, near Anar. The immediate object of his visit was to secure a 'Sanad' from the Rana acknowledging his right to receive Chauth', for which his agent Sada Shiva Ballal was trying for about a year. His elloris brought about a settlement hy which Mewar agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 12,25.000/- in eight years commencing from the year 1735 10 1742-43 and set apart the revenue of the Pargana of Banera for the above payment. From Udaipur Bajirao proceeded towards Jaipur to meet Sawai Jai Singh. On the way, he visited Nathdwara where he and his wife had 'darshan' of the Deity. They reached Bhanbhole near Kishangarh where on the 8th March a meeting between him and Sawai Jai Singh took place. Bajirao's visit to Rajputana and especially to Mewar had very far reaching political repurcussions. Bajirao's visit completely exposed tid vulnerability of the Rajput stales. Struggle for Jaipur throne Though Bajrao had adopted harsher posíure in imposing exacting terms on le Rana yet he maintaired friendly relations with the latter. On hearing the news hey of Nadirshah's invasion of Delhi, he appealed to the Maharana for a joint action against the invader. But Maharana was busy in trying to get the Jaipur throne to his nephew Madho Singh, after the death of Jai Singh, who had grown 100 weak and senile and was not likely to survive long.

·MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES 47 Madho Singh was the younger son of Sawai Jai Singh born to the princess of Mewar who was given in martiage to him in 170B on an express condition that the son born to her would succeed Jai Singh even if he were younger in age However, on the death of Jai Singh his elder son Ishwari Singh succeeded to the Oudt of Jaipur Madho Singh pressed his claim to the throne and his cause was naturally supported by the Maharana of Mewar. He secured help of the Marathas to further the cause of Madha Singh The struggle between Ishwar Singh and Madho Singh became one of the major causes which disturbed the peace in Rajasthan for the next eight years Ultimately in 1751 Madho Singh succeeded in securing the throne For its price, he gavo pargings of Tonk and Malpura besides the pargana of Rampura ( which actually belonged to Monar ) and a targu amount of money to the Marathas Madho Singh s affair resulted not only in loss of men and money to Mewar but it had ruinous effects on the internal administration and political stability of the Stato also. Tha nobilty of Menzf got split and restive on account of the weaknoes of the Rana and took to deliance and disorderly actiarity. On the othnt hand the Maratha agents at Udaipur, however, went on pressing for the payment of tribute. Not only Mewar but other States of Rajasthan also smarted under tortuous pressure of the Marathas However, individuall, they were powerless to resist the Maratha demands Durjan Sal of Kota and Madho Singh of Jaipur took the initiative in organising the united front of the Rajput rulers against the Marathas While the talks for an anti Maratha coalition were going on, Maharana Jagat Sngh died on the 8th June, 1751. His death was a great blow to this cause However, the rulers continued their further plans against the Marathos and tried to persuade Pratap Singh 11 the new Maharana to jim tho coalition But these consultations proved of no avail as the internal disturbanres of Mewar demanded all the attention of the Maharana Attar only three yours of reign, Pratap Singh died on 10th January 1754 and was succeeded by his ten years old son, Raj Singh Maratha raids into Mowar The short reign of Maharana Raj Singh II was marked by many Maratha Invasions In the beginning of year 1755 A D Malhar Rao Holkar and Raghunath came to Mewar In the same year Vithal Rao also ravaged Mewar and Sadashiv Rao, Govind-Rao and Kanh3ji Jadhav levied war contributions, Raghunath Rao and Holkar again came into Mewar territory early in the year 1757 and took ransom of one lakh of rupea from Javad The period between 1755 and 1758 proved high y disastrous for Mo Na! The Maharana had no other ·48 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES alternative but to buy off the Maratha Sardars. The next three years from 1759 to 1761, Mewar was slightly relieved of the Maratha pressure because their attention was considerably diverted on account of Abdali's invasions. Battle of fanipat and its effects on Rajasthan The third battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761, in which Afghans inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Marathas led by Sadashiv Bhau. In Rajasthan, reaction of the Maratha defeat was that of rejoicing. The Rajput princes stopped payment of tributes. Sawai Madho Singh initiated a move and tried his best to form an anti- Maratha league. But again the old jealousies and prejudices blocked the path of unity, When united action could not be undertaken, Mewar and other Rajput States made stray individual attempts to dislodge the Marathas from their previous position. In the meantime, the seven teen year old Maharana Raj Singh died on the 3rd April, 1761. Being issueless, he was succeeded to the throne by his uncle Ari Singh better known as Maharana Arsi, His succession was the signal for successive civil strifes in the country. Civil war in Mewar and the Marathas Maharna Arsi, being ill-tempered by nature, incurred displeasure of a number of nobles, who decided to dethrone him. In the meantime, posthumous son was born to the late Maharana Raj Singh II and he was placed under the charge of Jaswant Singh the maternal uncle of the child. The news of the birth of the prince came like a bolt from the blue to Rana Arsi. He resorted to the policy of suppression. This further exasperated a number of nobles who openly preached revolt. In order to dethrone Arsi, they proclaimed Ratan Singh, the posthumous prince as the Maharana of Mewar in 1764, at Kumbhalgarh. In this manner the Civil-war began. Jaswant Singh of Deogarh was the leader of the rebel-group. He was joined by the feudal chiefs of Sadri, Delwara, Begun, Kotharia, and Bhindar. On the other hand, Maharana Arsi won over the Raja of Shahpura. He also gained i unexpected ally Jhala Zalim Singh of kota. Similarly, attempts to seek the help of the Marathas were made by both Arsi and Ratan Singh. The rebel-group succeeded in gaining the support of Yashwant Rao Bable and Sadashiv-Gangadhar by the promise of three lakhs of rupees. Simultaneaously Yashwant Rao Babla also wrote to the Peshwa advising him to espouse the cause of Ratan Singh for an amount of rupees thirty-six lakhs. Besides the Marathas, the Jodhpur ruler Vijay Singh also came forward to extend his support to Rantan Singh for the promise of fifteen lakhs.

·MEWAR TIIRQUGH THE AGES 49 In the meantime Maharana Arst was busy contacting several other Maratha Sardars and ultimately succeeded in gaining the support of Mian Daula. He also won over Bahani Takpar and Raghoram to his side. This created a dangerous situation for the supporters of Ratan Singh, so they took the young princo to Mahadji's camp at Ujjain. In the shrine of Mahakaleshwar an agreement was reached according to which Sindhis was to be paid thirty lakhs of fupees if he succeeded in securing the throno of Mewar for Ratan Singh. These alarming developments naturally perturbed Rana Arsi. He made serious efforts 10 dissuade Sindhia agzinst championing the cause of his adversary but failed to win him over to his side. Consequently a battle was fought on 13th January, 1769 on the banks of the river Supra in which Arsi's forcos were completely routed. Sindhla boslogos Udaipur Some weeks alter the battle of Sipra, Sindhia, in March, 1769, marched against Udaipur. This march created great panic in the Capital, At this hour of need, tho ex-minister Amarchand was urged to return and direct defence preparatons. Ho accepted tho offer and humodly organised the defence of the Capital. Mahadjs besieged the city of Udaipur in the second week of April. The sjege dragged on for more than four months without any result The spint of determination which prevailed among the besieged disquietened Sindhia. He thought it prudent to end the hostilities. Hence peace negotiations were started and an agreement was arrived at by which Mewar agreed to pay sixty three and a hall lakhs of rupees to Sindhia, After this agreement Sindhia left Mewar. Battlo botwaon the rival parties and the attitude of the Marathas But the settlement with Sindhia established no peace in Mewar. Aatan Singh was still at Kumbhalgarh and the refractory nobles continued to suppon him. They were also receiving support of Sawai Prithvi Singh, the successor of Sawal Madho Singh of Jaipur The Peshwa did not view with favour the military and provided by Jaipur and reproached Prithvi Singh strongly for his unbecoming action. Bu: he continued to support the cause of rebels in Mewar and secured the support of General Samry for them. However the SUCCOT 19 Karios a Ari over Ratan Singh crippled the strength of his rival and he emerged stronger, But Arsi was not fucky enough to enjoy respite after the cessation of the hostilities. He was murdered by Ajit Singh of Bundi on 9th March, 1773. He was succeeded by his nine year old son Hamir Singh, during whose reign the Parganas of Singoli, Bhichore, Jat., Kheri etc. were given away to the Marathas. After the short reign of nearly five years Maharana Hamir Singh died on 6th June, 1778.

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·MZWAR TSIROVON TIE ADES 51 The Manarana decided to tako a strong action but his government being too weak could not accomplish External assistance was needed and naturally the Marathas were approached On invitation from the Maharana, Mahad; agreed to extend assistance and for that purpose met him at Naharmagra on 5th September, 1791. In this meeting they discussed the methods of expelling Crundawsts from Chitor. Con«equently tho Mewar and Maralha forces set out for Chitor The siego of the fort of Chitar commenced on 23rd October and lasted for nearly three weeks. Finding dificult to rosist these forces for long Rawat Bhim Singh started peace negotiat ons with Mahadi through Ambaji li eventually led to a seulement by which Aawa Bhim Singh vacaicd the fort on 17th November Bolore Mahadpis depi'turo from Mewar on 6th January 1792 he mid3 Amb311 his Viceroy for carrying on the administration of Mewar Thus the reins of administration of Mewar went now virtually in the hands of Antas th3 Maharana wus non just a dolure sovereign Mewar practically became a dipendency of Sindhus Mutual rivalry of Maratha Sardors on Mewar goll Ambaji exploited the poltical situation in Mowar to his own advantage to the the fullest possible extent. Man while on the 12th February, 1794. Mahad, boathod his fast and was succotad bi his nigh99 Daui3t Rao He appointed Amball, the Sibedar of Jhansi and estern Provinces to take up his now appinunont Anbi loft Ma var, konging Nana Ganosh as his representative to look after the attais of the State Ganesh let loose a reign of terror and plunderos and devastated the territory of Mewat, in general and of the Chundawat Sardars in patlicular Thus the Subedari of Mewar became a prized post and every Maratha Sardar wanted to have it for himself Monar bac379 a field of dispute among the Sindhia s generats Lakhna declared himself the supreme commander in north India in the name of the widows of Mahadt who were not satisfied with Daulat Rao This situation created two Subedars in Mawar, both claiming the rightlul position but neither of them was powerful enough to expel the other from Newar Duting the decade of the dual Viceroyalty of Ambaji and Lakhwa Mewar was the battle ground of the fival Maratha leaders which Shattered its economy and destroyed its administration Still further ruin was yet The history of the following sixteen years of Mewar was a record of the tragic deleats and humiliation for the Rana The episode concerning krishna Kumari was a clear pointer in that direction to come ·52 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES Krishna Kumari Episode Krishna Kumari was a daughter of Maharana Bhim Singh. She was betrothed to Maharaja Bhim Singh of Jodhpur, the latter, however, passed away, The Rana then decided to marry her to Maharaja Jagat Singh of Jaipur. Man Singh who succeeded Bhim Singh of Jodhpur pressed his right to marry her according to custom. Thus poor Krishna Kumari became the bone of contention between the rulers of Jaipur and Jodhpur. Both sides sought the help of Holkar and Amirkhan. The two Chiefs changed sides too often. During their operations they plundered Mewar. In such circumstances the most cruel and heartless suggestion came form Amirkhan. He told the Maharana that if the princess was not married to Man Singh, her death was the only alternative for maintaining peace. The Maharana most disgracefully yielded and the princess was poisoned to death. This was the cruel end of a long dispute though it could neither avert nor postpone the ruin of Mewar. On the other hand it exposed the utter helplessness and weakness of the Rana. Aftermath Now the plunder and rapine became the order of the day in Mewar. The Holker, Sindhia and their agents plundered the Mewar Villages one after other presenting a scene of utter ruin and devastation so much so that the peasantfamilies were left without a single piece of brass utensil or even a few silver coins. Thousands of peasants and other people of Mewar began deserting the land. The Mewar State was saved from destruction by the British East India Company which took Mewar under its protection in the year 1818 and then alone Mewar breathed afresh a new lease of life for another one century and a quarter. K. S. Gupta ·mewar under the british (1818-1921) In 1818 AD Afewar was rescuet from ext nction threatened under the preds'ory system of the Mgrathas by the protection extended by the East India Company Mowar suffered more cruel devastations at the hands of Matalhas than it had ever been subjected to by the Mughals ct Pothans For moro than three quarters of a century Since the time of Maharana Jamor Singh I Mewar witnessed their unteas ng tavayas and oxnction Particularly, during the greater part of Maharana Bhim Singh Is regn (1778 1828), the territory was laid wasio by the amies of Sindhra Holkar and Amirkhan Pindart To add to its mislortune tha nobles of Mawar, themselves turned dis'oyal and refractory and usurpad crown hands Besides, taking opportun ty of d sturbed stalo of Newar, the wild tribes like Bhils. Mings and Af* s, inhabiting the hilly puts of Mewar, indulged in revagin activities Col Tod, who arrived in Mowar as the first Poitical Agant of the East Ind a Company in 1818 hus drawn a Graphic picture of cond tions in Manif He says Mewar was rapidly oporosching dissolution and every s gn of cvilization fast disappearing tets laid waste. cities in ruins, inha5 tants exiled ch eftains demoralised the princo and his family destitute of common comforts The authority of the ruler was virtually conf ned to the valley of Udaipur and he was reduced to such a destitution that he When depended upon Zs! 71 Singh of Kota for means of subsistence the Marathas found the Maharang incapable of met ng their ever mounting demands a proposal was mooted by Anbaji Ingle to partition Mewar between the two Maratha Chiefs, Sindhia and Holkar, The Holkar, however, did not agree to it and Baiza Bai Sindhia s Mewar was wilo, also exercised her influence in favour of Mewar thus saved from an impend ng diso uton British Protection to Mewar Thus by 1818 Mewar was in utter chaos anarchy and ruin Such a state of affairs would have resulted into total and Irrevocable

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·MEN'AR THAOUGII THE ACLS 55 1518 a settlement between the Mahorans and the nobles of Mewar The latiet virre compelled to surrender all the usurped cionnlands to submit to the overeign Authority of tho ruler and perform usual services ard pay fixed tribute (Chnstoond) to the Maharana Parganas ol kumthalgarh Raipur, Rajnagar erd Sada karo recou cred from the Marathus and Jahe cur from Zalım Singh of Kota Thc samo C1 activa sitos vitro taken to supress towloss acfivities of the Wars tcnggging joint forces of tho British Government and of Mewar and Hamar States Smilarly tho British Troops mero employed to reduce the deisnt Bhus ont Ohum a Chiefs Tod, simultaneously took steps to recall the copulsion to Newar to resume their avocytions by issuing a proclamation Gloranteeing the safety and price on behalf of the British Government These ant other mesures pertaining to tninin aldministrat on of the State taken by Tod, produced immedit Icsults The revenues otti e State which had been nduced to almost half a lakh rupnes Shor to 1818 a' nco roso to 4 50 lakhs in 1819 nrich reached to 996 lakhs in 1822 in 1821 the Polt cal Apont we instrucic 1 to relax his control over the poverment of the S17 This achon was soon to loved ny confusion as the A3917 found himself incapable of coping with the situation singie handed Ho Cou'd rot rolumn the lost restige and the government shoned signs of deteriora'ion in the words of Tod von shows frivoci grupmonts and an irregula- Ad liburg'ity alone orcup ed him He had utilo sicadiness of purpose and was 2n casy pre/ to female intuenca Cons"quently the control of rovernment was again lion orne by the Aran: Chir'es Metcally the Resident at Ochi himself Sind Mamrin 1825 orjata noin conso13' * ad Anistrative arrange frin's and sortin the tribute prybuleLr Mevar in the British Government is wos firms at 3 lashes in the local currenry which was subsequently reduced to 2 lakhs (Br tien) in 18:6 Withdrawi of direct interfarence ment As it was considhted undesirable to mantin British control for tong d'ract inverference was gradually withdrawn 10 permit tho Rana to rule his cum dominions" It had again adverse effects on the functioning of the Govern- Maharana Ohim Singh's successors Ja van Singh (1828 38) and Sardar Singh (1838 42) proved rather svorse rulers than their predecessor and the State Government (39 into the debt of 20 lakhs A slight Improvement into the state callairs was eflected by more energetic and responsible ruler Maharana Swaroop Singh (1842-1861) who reduced extravagance, created a State Pressury. Introduced a now coin (Swaroopsahi rupee ) and paid off debts

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·MCWAR TIROUGH THE AGLS 57 to Dung'a, a border village of Alertse, whnic about 40 English men, women and kuid on hu takon telugu and were boitid there by the pursuing mutincers fomeensch The first mutiny in Ro 15than took place as Na3110bad on the 28th Afgy and the second at Nontouch on the 3rd Juno Nows a tho Sirival of the hesar troops at Dung'ascJICO DWJy the besiccers and the fomer were abla recto Nomach rctures withou' in fighting and escort them sately to Vuur is here the t'sh3.373 too. C70 to locgo them ale sgto place, By your water pulace in the Pichha'a inte Two English fugitives from to mich were sheltered and protected Bishoitasun of Kesunds by the Paints and other sillagomong THE M'Kur licop, as thin Puru! Nacenach rebels upto Chitor, els to Necm32 nd stat oned in re loc i Safety They were used by 1 Eni sh 011 coes to capiuro Nimba nn) meet the attack on Neemach by in Wonduro credits in the morns of Sipierter and Otober The Maharona KPtment h 5 233313969 way men and monn, he tha sebuls headed by Rao Samband Tanpa Topo ento.co I'm in June 1898 The chret of Kothana. Fuvat Jodh Singh Sided with them by proud 13 thrm supp ses before the battle cft 1319 August, which us lought 113: 115 !57e M3 also gave shelter tan'Ent sh elements liko fiso Suhe Khushal Singh of Auna and others The Ch el of Salumbar Raval Koga Singh onschots of Ohindar and Amet and In my omet:39:13 also ass sted the rebels At Amet some English advanco 522-srcse Stutto in the fort. Tha Ante Oltish retell on eventually tailed Th*}'}ssana nalunally fecraved, like CCI dethsen of his is be, oppreciations the story the Brit Gorement for lus surmort ) the Danish cause deginning of a now opoch The An", Onesh Shrungle of 1837 marks a link between two epochs Tho Supp'e nad tuve "old scrilicando It 33 the f3st ellort by the old ruling classes of the country to c sladgo tha Rutish porser fonam India it was at the TOTA 1 mafist anli Qarish natong frem sonce on the part of the Indian masses TIe close of unsuccessful robollion of 18,7 was followed by an epoch of renascence and resurgence in India A new o emant the masse7. now began to pay on the Indian political scong Thuis epoch making esene led the British fulers to have rethinking about their envio policies in india The first outcome Of this Athinking was the transfer of power in india from the Company to the Boish Crown in 1858. This was followed by the changes in the British Dolicies resulting in a now alignment of political forces in the country The policy of “expanding absorption guva place to the perpetuation of the territorial Possessions of the Native Rulcis Emergence of new national forces

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·UITAR TIROUGII TU agrs 59 confiscanon of the villagos or dismissal from the State service A council of Pacency was appointed by the British Government to povern the Stata duning the Pancos mincnty The Council included in a prominent chieftains of the Stata ind wus headed by the Pohlcsl Adent Algor Taylor Thino erecutive Officers mte asg nominated to the Council. A tajcherocorpointed for the cducation cl the joung Princc In 16G2 the first concrament dispensary was opened in Udspur fonarved by opening of a school Shu'nbhu Ratna Pathsho a in 1863 Scme dillcrence: a'o'cletren thin cl plains ard the Political Agent. Cascs olm SLT of power Ly the chie'runs and counter charges of Intere Itence and domination by the political Agert neic made rosulung into a desch The Brush Governmmnt nos interessed in utilising tho minority of the Prince 'a ct'ect CTO administralino c'ers in t! e State suiting to the rends cithe Empire tut the ones ponertuity orposed by the major seat coolinerobility hech has a picnic of ond suspicious about the Jom Paka* cos of the news masures on the neiecitary status and privileges SAvrc punishments inducted on the nor cs and others responsibio tor vanous $3'1 mes by the Political Agent 19010 Cent, reschico Thakut of Badunor and Venns Ait Singh a State CH 0181 nice charged with committing of tz to ous Chres on the subjects and were runished Some attendants end se de nos clire young Prince were expe ca fica te Cap tal on charges of Eryny ! Spil hing and the young princo himself was chided for having company ct but characcts The Pam. Stresi ar of the Sta'c was dismmsted Althace ressurs vere reronied by various "eczons of the peoplo es gross pospolcrence by the Enush Government in tto alljus ol tro Stato Political Apont's Government laer In Ennin Gosermeni look stern rerurts to sut due the ofroertion The Governeri cl Regency Council was dismissed and to entito control of The llena Govertrerings talen over by Lieu! Col Eden the Political Agent cllte British Governient ja August, 1863 under the procioration issued by This highhanded action of direct interference folowed by vanous measures leading to the introduction of modern institutors in the Stale such as creation of various departments establishment of counts of justice headed by ron Mewan officials abol tion of the lease system of collecing sevenues and #l'oris ter se settlement of she revenue and abotution of the system of 'An fact cl er posing carn in the name of the Man yana by individuals) produced a great Keseniment and stu in the State lead ng to a gcneral sunke at Udaipur on the Beth March 1864 partitipated by ths State ollicials cobles vaders and other

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·30th March 1864 participated by ths State officials nobles traders and other cf imposing oath in the name of the Maharana by individuals) produced a great ACTAR THROUGII THII ACES 59 corfscaron of the villagos or dismiss31 from tho Stalo servico A council of Romany was appointed by tho British Government to govern the State during the Princos minority The Council included livo prominent chieftains of tho State and was desded by the Political Agent Agjor Taylor Threo exccutive officers Kts also nominated to the Council. A teachers appointed for the education of tho young Pnnco In 1662 the first povernment dispensary was opened in Uus pur followed by opening of a school. Shimbhy Ratna Pathshd 8 in 1863 Some differences groscten een the cliritains ard the Political Agent Chs ses of misuse of power by the chicktains and counter charges of interte exe and domination by the Political Agent reso made resulting into a desdock Tho Bolish Governmynt was inicresica in ulihising the minonty of the Prince 'o clicct serre administrative relons in the Statc suiting to the sreds of Mc Empire tut tho sarre nous ponctfully opposed by the major €107 of the nobility which was appichenstic of and suspicious about the pup'cu'cns of the new measures on their tercitary status and privileges Sirerc punishments intricted on the nobes and others responsible for various Sevents by the Political Agent !o cically rescried Thakut of Badanor 3d Alch: Arit Singh a Staic cllicia! wcie charged with committing of Etanous crimes on the subeets and w.cre punished Some attendants and fe at one of the young Prince were cxpect from the Capital on charges of toy my to spoil him, and the young prince himself was chided for having company of bad characters The Piim A3:0ister of the State was dismissed All these measures were resented by various ecctions of the people as gross impference by the entish Government in the altars of the Stato Political Agent's Gayernmont The British Government took stein caouics to cutdua tre cffosition The Government of Regency Council was dismissed and the entire control of the Ifewal Goverrment was taien over by Lucut Col Eder the Political Agent of the British Government in August 1863 under the proclamation issued by This highhanded action of direct interference followed by various mrasures leading to the introduction of modern institut ors in the State such as creation of various departments establishment of courts of justice headed by non Menani officials abol Lion of the fosse system of collecting revenues and efforis for re settlement of the revenue and abolition of the system of 'An (act the latter Fesentment and stir in the State leading to a general strike at Udaipur on the ·60 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES classes. A big procession led by the 'Nagar Seth' Champalal marched to the Residency and submitted a memorandum of demands opposing all changes and reforms. The agitation continued for a week and then caimed down. The event led the British Government to review the actions of its Agent, He was directed "not attempt too much and associate the young Prince with all that he does". The acceptance of the proposal of the British Government to extend B. B, C. 1. railway line through the territory of Mewar on the conditions laid down by it, also caused great dissatisfaction. The project was, however, not taken up immediately. Shambhu Singh's investiture and administrative changes The investiture of Maharana Shambhu Singh with full powers to govern the State on the 26th November, 1865 was marked by further measures of reforms. The opposition by a section of the nobles and their clamour for the removal of the British Agency form Mewar had no effect. The 'Mahakma Khas (Executive-Council) was created in 1869, A Code of Law (1870) prepared on the basis of the Codes of British India and Hindu Law as well as the local customs, was promulgated in order to systematise the work of civil and criminal courts and define their jurisdiction properly. In 1871-72 efforts were made to settle the land-revenue in the State on a uniform basis but they failed owing to opposition of the villagers. The Khalsa land (Crown Jands) of Mewar was divided into seven divisions, which were placed under the charge of Hakims or police magistrates. In 1865 another school for girls was opened in the City. In 1873-74 two more schools were started at Bhilwara and Chitor. Construction of roads connecting chief towns of the State was undertaken. The police and military were reorganised on modern lines The revenues of the State rose to Rs. 26,51,382 per annum The Maharana was induced to take punitive measures to suppress the sati and witch-hunting cases in the State. An Extradition Treaty was concluded in 1869 between Mewar and the British Government providing for the tracing of ofenders inside the Mewar State and their trial. ) In the year 1870, Maharana was induced to attend a viceregal durbar at Ajmer held by Lord Mayo, the Governor General on the 22nd October, despite his plea that such a practice would damage his traditional status and prestige and would be contrary to the Treaty terms. In 1871 Maharana Shambhu Singh was honoured by the British Government in appreciation of his loyalty by conferring on him the title of the Grand Commander of the Star of India (G. C. S. l.).

·AWAR TIROUGUI TIIC AGES 61 #sctmation that as the Maharana had been traditionally honoured as Mindua S: (Sun of Hindus) it would te d rogatory to accept the title of Star, was Coertuled Plinority of Soljan Singh Waharana Shambhu Singh din at the ag7 of 27 w thout Icaving a natufal**, MisumChained lito ird ir ligonce in wantonness had ru ned his health In the ensuing succession distro Brilh Arent took an active part in avut of the ror St in Singh.caneringing the advantages of the minority for ha Bresh Govremont San Sina's was eventually installed on the 8th Octo t** 1874 ciclura te claims of Solon Singh a mo! The latter s subse Cant delence 7 Curricsso1 by uring force ogginst him Licut Col, Wnight. the Pc 'c' Acant aveuet ac of all on tho dnath of the lato ruler by uhrorecaucng y measurisin me and thicston ng thn aborters with punish mare A Curcil Ragnacy rirseded over by the Political Agani Col Herbert en consisting of lour chiedia ns and two o'CIIS 33 appointed by the British Cosa pmart to coveen the Sou'c until tho maharana came of age Experience of the receding roign in this connect on was taken in view and caro was taken 1927p9 n 10,9' scroors to the Council thoscung princa was always associa 10% vrh i's decisions and itc Pols cal Agent as the president of the Council and ..th Center fortress The members of the Council honever, took lisilo nettst in its funcioning and the Po'lina Agant complaincs of having become Hyment the Dubur cr the ruling outhonty in pract ce The British Govern format tampuranly affoinend Jani Binaria! Vahıl of Bharatpur State at Abu as the te.+ft c! tºc cua Prince royal Visit The Young Maharana was induced to go to Bombay in November 1875 instre of his objections to participata as a ruling chiet in the reception tong accordnd to the Prince of Wates, Ed.vard Albert who was paying a to India There in tho matter of precedence (the Udaipur tulet engarded himsell as the highest among all the Indian Rulers in status) Young Sajan Singh got into a dicot scrape for refusing to walk alter tho Gaskwas of Baroda. In Apni 1876 tho Politiral Agent undertook a military campaign against the Gossin (priest) of the Nathdrara temple who had been resorting to defianco of the Mewar authorities for some time and against whose despotic and unjust actions, complaints from the subjects and Pilgrims were pouring in the priest was consequently deposed and his minor son vas installed under certain restrictions, ·62 MEIVAR THROUGII TIIE AGES Sajjan Singh invostod with rostrictions. Sajjan Singh was invested with ruling powers on the 30th October, 1876. Prior to the investiture tho Political Agent considered if necessary to expel Maharaj Sakat Singh of Bagore, th Maharana's uncle from Udaipur and threaton some of the Prince's advisors with the same punishment as they were found "having pernicious influence on the Prince". full control of the government was not given to Sajjan Singh, hoviever. He was told to qualify himself for it by proper discharge of his duties for some time under tha guidance of the Political Agent. This resriction on his ruling powers was removed in 1884 just six months before his death. The Maharana of Udaipur with usual reluctance and protestations for his dignity attended the Delly Durbar of the 1st January 1877 accompanied by his prominent chieftains and officials. Sajjan Singh's personal salute was raised from 19 10 21 guns. Rao Bolhia Singh of Bedla was honoured with the title of 'Rao Bahadur' while Staic officials. Mchto Pannalal and Kothari Chhaganlal received the title of 'Rai'. Measures of reform In 1877 Sajjan Singh inaugurated new measures cl relorm in the administration of the State urder the close guidarce of the Political Accnt, Leut Col. {mpey A privy councill,las Khas' wes corsistuted having fouriecn clicitains and State officials as its honorary members to counsel the rulcr in fulfilment of his duties Sajjan Singh's active interesi in the improvement of the work of the government soon received appreciation of the British Gauninnicni, in 1880 the 'ljlas Khas' was replaced by 'Mahadra: Sabha'. On 20th August, 1880 the Maharana declared tre inactment of piwaid Intizam Mull. Nisviar io. 1, 1860" (Rules for the administration of Mev.ar State No 1. 1880) and their siomulgation. New rules provided for division of the administrative work in two Councils under the Durbar, viz, the Iviahadraj Sabha and the Mahal.ma khas, ille former was to deal with the work of iudicial branches, a3 Sadar Fauzd'ari. Sarlar Diwani and District Courts etc. This council was Subdivioed into two branches ) viz. flas Khas (Special Council) and hilas Mamuli (Ordinary Council.) The Mahakma Khas dealt with the work of executive branches of the administration as revenue foreign affairs, police, military PWD, etc. > The conservative opinion and the suspicious atmosphere with regard to the attempted innovations, which dominated the public life, once again, burst into open resistance in February. 1878, when a strike took place in the city under the leadership of seth Champalal. The trading classes opposed new changes like opening of a kine-house in the city, framing rules for construction ·Clenar, witch was subsebuently prepared by the learned poet Kaviraja a'tortro general of the 10 people as Dash Hutkanni Sabha (National Plaffaie Counai1). Sti? Kevin Sabha (Court of Wards) and Shail Kantar Barbandhini Salha (Conor hilly eres) A lunatic assylum and an orpha- MENYAR TIIROUGII TUE AGES 63 of this tuldings, or intenention of the Durbar in tho mangzament of Rikhabdeo Temple etc. The agitation has litto m755 turport this time and collapsed Census was citcr cd in fou? 17 1890 for the first time This Wct create an atmosphere ol 977cheas on and Suspicion among the back- #m3es clamar particularly in the Bhil intes Tho SnTVices of M6 WH Shafist rrude Seitcrent Officer vTIC Ocuired by the Maharana who 14 country dunn 1878.79 ond sumetic 1 his report lcg3rd ng sevenue nemontin 31 A Vingro! Ombs/ Camil So'vices replaced him in 1879 *$3d soliment operations Cult voor1 3.ing apprchnosions obout the formulons cl these c'ons a fased at Udrul in July 1820 in a big number rudby a few faders fororocient their use on to the faharana Thos mgads woon*Jant ? Cr3! 075 continued and meto completed by 1604 Ansipting hirarci dingkanggos son ce conducns under the Mewar Coreigner parts once: 10 ta trouren ised by the Agent to the COrange Gnora'ın fa 21771 and not to proposar Durbor Tho P WD Dronning was crin riantelicet under the ct 2990 ol Wilms en English man piano son ; o also obtained through the British Government. A Cartrumber of buildings were consirucir: Construction work of scveral moro rotsvas dien connect ng Mimbaheta hermara Nandwars and other Fength Udru Thin 1'1177.cn Dopamintas sererated and placed under pechy na cian Eng naman Crylish Enginecr. Thompson was appointed to * Pr'on for a tisarlina bosch Udaipur and Chior An Education Comme leo wangeonard under the speciate hip of the Political Agent in crder to impiorning anpand education Me Stulg The Udaipur school for MI«5 1535 to high School and Hindi Schools cre crened of a few m2 3*577 Wer A specimen OCI - as raped for the sons of the nobles 3:04) The dif powry Udaipur as 101ecd to a braget Sajan Hospital 3** saputan lain," hosaigal y pico cranno Scuccal dispensaries were openod pradji'ly in the districts the number of wluch rose to 18 by 1691 Several other magoures of social and cultural reforms were undertaken by mascung 1.43h3rama A Depaniment of Hofory and Sajan V los Library were esta tistes A Sumo ono lakh was sanctionnd to prepare a comprehencive history Shyamaldas under the title of "Vir Vinod An cfficial weekly newspaper Sajian Sudhaka wa ars runched He opcinted several committees to look maje were opened ·64 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES During 1861-84 the relations between the ruler and his chieftains took a turn for better, though the feuds between the rival groups of nobles and also between the ruler and the nobles continued in matters of adoption and succession, border disputes and rights and privileges of the nobles. These feuds sometimes took a violent turn resulting into bloodshed. The British Government intervened on and off in such cases. It however, followed generally the policy of not lowering the position of the Maharana vis a vis the nobles. In 1878 the active assistance of the Political Agent caused a Kalambandi (agreement) signed between the Maharana and 14 of his nobles which specified civil and criminal powers of the Ruler and the nobles. The powers of the Maharana as an appellate authority for the jagır area was admitted. Bhil disturbances The reign of Maharana Saijan Singh was also marked by widespread Bhil disturbances in the hilly area of Mewar. Several factors as levying of Barar tax in the villages, oppression of the Bhils by the State officials, money-lenders and traders, prire-rice of essential articles of daily use as salt, Census and Revenue Settlement operations causing distrust and fear, and repressive measures adopted to prohibit Sati etc. contributed to the trouble. Bhils resorted to arson, loot and killing at various places in March 1881. A number of Mewar troops were despatched to crush the insurgents. The British Government took more than necessary interest in the affair causing uneasiness for the Durbar. The A. G. G arrived at Udaipur to watch the developments. The Assistant Political Agent, Blair entered into direct necotiations with the Bhil leaders threatening them with the calling British troops if they did not relent. Consequently the Bhils were pacified getting many of their grievances redressed. Salt and Railway Agreements A Salt Agreement was signed between the British Government and Mewar Government on the 12th February, 1879 providing for closing of all salt works in Mewar and import of salt from the British territory. The British Governm-nt agreed to compensate in cash the revenues of the Mewar Government and the losses of the manufacturers. This action, however, led to the unemployment of the !abour and the 'Ban aras', the roving distributors of salt, lost means of subsistance, distribution of the salt fell into disorder and prices rose high. This all resulted into great distress and dissatisfaction in Mewaring a Railway Line, an extension of B. B. CI R., was opened crossing life, stern half of Mewar passing through Chitor in July 1865 during the Government of the Political Agent, the Durbar had agreed to cede land and accept other conditions pertaining the opening of this railway project, Sajjan Singh tried to raise objections to 'toni ·y se unies'c d 5W3/ of the Political Agents in the internal affairs notte directions of the entish Arants in uitcr disregard of the Maha 1$ 2sho tard dignity Aro British putty had gradually grown up in the ***** cor's sting of English oil cars, non Airwani officials and a few Mewar d'uns and officials led by the Practen ( Prime Minister who worked in lose confidence of the Resident This caterie had grown too powerful and x*ded creat influence over the ruler in his decisions and actions gh believed in absolute power of the rules and desired to have unrestric ed svete grly in the Government of the entire State His medicval beliefs and MITAR TIIROUGUI TIIT GES 65 xxl on ol Ontihist con ins do te Siste tut in vain laharana $1 11 Sh 12 honoured with the lite ol GCSI in a durba! a: Chitor on **238 me 1801 Ch Gorenni Gonyal Lcd Ripon invested him * 1987 11737N*'n of his toys lyon po icies of reform S: 1 Singh Sir Tu antwininn hits out his life short and ho diad Item 28 Hsiem. collitena inicient in propics3 ond relorms was myre.1013 dici' on with in'rlaluits at ris court and outside Ho **31cofeient quincet, priam stras of Osyrnurd Saraswatt, Babu fans sh Chandra and oc Hehhoclcome to de clop as a coct, liter 1969:anthacin sulointings of Maljic pi lorophy and polity Retuistions on maharana Fotoh Singh's powers Su on Singh 11:16ming Hov 11 Surcocted by Faich Singh who was ****115m Stri's fimili atmetus comien Ho was 35 whon ho was installed At the frstallation durbar, llc i as edved by the A. GG CEP:) h. cxplis in se preocn chris counsellers and continuo to na samy I made iniciatoririm. father the su Coran elthe Resident Des. - FIS sronto poten Gomopmeni pisec temporary restrictions on degravet ir soweito un'ilte saired su'ici ont acquaintance with ***fr*am sctha Susie w dni prezioen son of the Resident Those ros- **og enmored in a dout1655. yes per send to have left a bad 13510 I'm gontenanny picut fu're In 1857 duting the lify )car jubilco cele I'll mms sleman nanas ieien trois aruna laid to foundation stone ol o 2.7m xhan came of the Oynra n the Syian Miss Gardens A ma b c statue ".. la 'rgang in trang buod ng Fateh Sing's offorths for internal nutonomy Canna'lcr pn gerustp'ich of the rice by Maharana Fateh Singh, no For s asucre ng his eitt onty as the ruler of the siste preceding to reigns had Fateh ·66 MCWAR TIIROUGH THE AGES Conception apart, thc Maharana was being influonccd by the reformnist and revivalist idcos of this period. llis conception of reviolism sulfored from conservatism, yet the mornory of glorious tradition oli. Incestors urged him for restoration of ihe authority and dignity ni Liralice. In order in gitain his object the Maharana decided to rest ihn microscnc of ihe British Agent and remove the pro-British nicments froin illo olice Itiny 10 OSCUDying in the government. His Object was not camil; anaince. As fatch Singh started acting independently payin'i no folin Ivices of the Rarid Pradhan and othris und begja Cinconicofino ito? Poniirr 74111}}'irliva in huis own hands, Confrontation pije, blir inte kur ishtille political Agent Confrontation between the Maharana and the pro-British party Mahareng I willi Simili, in oblike !!! :Ogoisorul (1:"100, shelved the procct of pesinl. 130 liri :::...!) (1997ur in fizilor on the pretext of in Sion? Of hund. 111 0rdec,5.7:. $nih 1.20 almedy employed an english engineer, Thompson, notors of the ... intriguers of ihe British party in Udaipur, 10 51517 in oorl: :lin rail. 2?; In Much pressure was brought to bear on him they thin Lillifsa Giren irrit! ut vain. With regard to the proposal : 57151017 1 16.2"}}; on$1! x) tromol Delanco Cors in Mewar, apart froin ihe vdivar tromes, similis expendituse of the isinisor Government the Maharana resoned in cvasin facr; iev! hin ons prospod to the great displeasure of the British Governing 1997 : Sinnbi i ucd orders for the aliachment of its blir of Pageri's, 11! !, 110ai Uduir i ljose longing 10 Seth Jawaliarmalchangan. so ifchiar i rullitam31?'cpraiion of State money. The Srihs owned arcu, i cm: risikony fjornai Udans !3:17:113 branc-les at various placesmine ;!! :"iialtic, I.::?" Sufer of the British Residency and rournia colier511 i nili. C. y.er' transmitted through thar agencies in, yo!? :-'54; pinnapenda mall miri l'OIV200 Udarpur and Chitor for the Memor Govornmoni and the Dirha hori advanced about halt a la'h to minaja 11 The RPS103:11. Col. Niiles resented in: orciers und strongly pressed the manaran? lo withira!! .am ine inaharana did not relent and an atmosphere of bitterness and consu":on preval'20. The harsh attitude adopied by thn Rrsidoni Col. Miles in the alloir was disliked by the AG.G, Col. Trevor, The latter, however, asked the Maharana to revoke his orders against the Seth and also to dissociate himself from some of his 'evil advisors', one of whom Gaj Singh was subsequently got exiled from Udaipur by Col. Miles. Fateh Singh continued to assost his ·Parool the British Agants and trima tn truc ol thn ! interference pe that sound interest in the Tuccessful functioning of the institutions shman ta ON hoiding po! 19 of overnmnnt frileusy prey to the trang of admin Station and Viss Aurier to retoris Comsdaling them as the disemination of the Western Civilisation inside Meway, IAR TUROLUli TIF AGES 67 *** me in their fringt efn 13 of tt . Slyn in t. 1093 correquently o x": trustwinno sinisit on oltre listuarani by Coi Trovor FCCI IM! so non ho xir yedot the wins sucres *** "13"!!! ***** his fringe i bilens ont rystation in ht. 1circonsin ng 70:1 Coi TPT01 $ transnc. *** Cr 11:3***1! :** Simh: rinng vietc anr 109 of the custos 103 Endirir, U'Put nonmiCovo into H.CUJE found *** Air that's not thn eram, 1141 trilying 1 Perigraficn af intrenal Autonomy Imamo tren, map. Indie II Succe.. PA, alle linga'nans Thompoon vero relieved Mon Cor 17., crestoit: replaces and Petits Pannsial, ing Cri Tiron71 a / na changa3 medo Ants on the 'anava dimnohm1ge7enn to **O proposal of the - G?7.*op mping on condomin 13 se lira connecting Ch tor and Udsipur For sales gegangen in 1 157** Go.emmning of insis stuled Ho nos ********** vlasni rux7/19 p'en " . Exponenco Pogon namin 38 ton rouge coc on androcane 150: shommiis casier to iced *** c m laraw, finst him curiomnir Elmgeant tuinni mion-minded very $****y and songs in care, 3:n :dquier and los saen noiling of the • The consection o! inn Inn : boca, padly want monen or tho "3*3*d comford in 1817 Onni non si sono per ripresnice of Pria Orolish Fs topy pongan Confininas on mit nie ns of ing entire administrations SC, trods forried to respoina Devin Primo Moster) for the ***s con on coneign por un executip ing Brush Government Experience E * the pagaminer din companionsharma Khas to carry out his decisions and intars purplyn hyvin 12 pounts Tt e stilus ord dignity of the C**on of the rules was stands to a gicit extent but this chango had its Cum maligolion. As the Planirana v.95 uneducand had lito training and and innovations ·68 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES established during his predecessors' reign nor displayed any enthusiasm to undertake further projects of reforms suggested by the British Government. He was allergic to the British suggestions and proposals, though he had his own ideas about the progress of the State. In 1895 the Maharana employed Shyamji Krishna Verma a clandestine revolutionary in State service His appointment was resented by the British Government and he was compelled to leave. In 1898 the British Government lent services of Harbhamji, the prince of Morvi State for the Mewar Government, but he soon returned as he was not entrusted with any major responsibility in the government, Fateh Singh's resistance to the British pressure During the famine of 1899-1900 and the ensuing outbreak of the epidemic hundreds of people in Mewar died of starvation and diseases. Want of sufficient roads, inefficiency, callousness and corruption of the administrative machinary and indifference of the Mewar Government and the chieftains were responsible for the tragic state of affairs Harrowing reports about the mortality in Mewar during 1899-1900 caused the British Government to nervene in the affairs of the State The Resident, Major Pinhey reported in March 1901 that the administration in the State had greatly deteriorated, all the previous reforms have fallen into abeyance and poople were not getting justice in time. The Maharana would never agree to appoint a competent Dewan, he added in 1905 the A G.G. himself, paid a visit to the Maharana at his Jaisamand Camp and persuaded him to agree to carry out the reforms proposed by him which included the appointment of new ministers holding some powers, appointment of a competent official as the head of the Irrigation Department, inuguration of imigation projects, effective functioning of Mahadras Sabha, arrangements for the education of his son, Bhupal Singh etc The AGG returned satisfied carrying Maharana's promises He, however, subsequently found that no substential measures were taken by the Maharana in compliance of his promises He replaced previous ministers Kotharı Balwant Singh and Sahiwala Arjun Singh by Mehta Bhupal Singh and Mahasani Hiralal but without any powers. An Englishman Wakefield was appointed to head the irrigation Department but with no major projects to work Persuasion and pressure on him brought no satisfactory results for the Brirish Government and he came to be regarded as an "incorrigible man" and "past master in evasion and procrastination''. Similarly the British Government found it difficult to persuade him to do as desired by it with regard to the matters concerning the interests of the British Government. Maharana Fateh Singh continued to evade the question ·. PIC Durtur cf the 12th Decemt er, 1911 ho again dcmundod assurance that he Wu'd be given principal place among all the Rulers or be Oxcused for the tondance The Maharana cyen threatened 10 commit suicide rather than allow (FWAR TUIXOUGII TIC AGO 69 dos gimtal Soru 5o Troces for at oul is eniy y09 on osa pietext or * Rit, the Govinor Gears! Lord Idinio, during hvilt to Udaipur 1 18k parsers oise from the lessons in that connect on Conso molyasmdren ct Silada1 Carolry mas raised at Uda sut in 1911 for that - In 1913 Waharing was alled to restrict the cu'stion of the run was dribly the Buitish Gosenmert compla ned that 1:3 orders mere 10 # $3.33coul) During first Marid 1.81, the Gulsh Govteroris prenesler nd! furcses In 1917 riositing opust ons dinding areas of list whicro mica deposits were fou o when *** sred ng vietting ol mines started the pinarana ricciar noied to custeserient clino Dubh Gourmoment in order to res his own Om som I took about a yest to bring out in Maharang to corn to a settin er in the year 1918 ihm local currency angveigindin valin fe in InSC7131. Drith C11706). II Polehi Goverment goed the Dubai Com opremous Chinon of the exchange ci cons The Mahtaro did path ag about 13 yt3'5 Aile:t in 1920 süren fressUIT 733 trought to ter the wynalang to cherpe the exchange rate of tho constr adm nista Som farly Iteriopia's cmo Blitin Gorome it to ct'ect cuts. el replan in the Potce Depriment or the SI1* wu; not cu ned out to as Mehmana abstains from astonding the Dolhi Qurbars THAN'I use la.on by ** gng Epich Singh on the o-casion of the impo Tal D.2"Denon 1993 ars 1913 is symbolic ol : s'engagherence to the Concns position as an independent ally of the findin Grcroment and Ismet my the highesi rossi ca omong all the Indian Ru'ers withien Portierer rosen Somethimcenes ini menontoasend me omthe Duebas elite 1st January 1603 60 The sto celebrate the Occion of the British Empworldnord Vis accession Petrommesed his so ucta.c. 1o dland it as it would be daropitary for his pres 1*2*cnnirary to the game of the Treaty of 1818 The Governor Ceneral -- Curta Curro Nostprto Udaipur in 1902 was able to fiuchim He **GC The resurasco that he wou'd be given furst position among all the On arriving at Deltu station he com, to know that in both the scramblage Erd the procession ho had been assigned a place below the Rulmes CH, dabad, Baroda !!! $010 etc ho mado it known that he had fallen 120 d d not attend any programme Similarly on the occasion of the imperial #then piers of india *** gnify cf his house oct_impaired T111s attitude greatly exasperated the ·70 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGLS British officials but found themselves unable to do anything against him. Consequently Maharana Fateh Singh was given "an unusual honour" by being appointed as the "Ruling Chief in waiting" He was the first indian Ruler to be presented and introduced to the King and the Queen at the reception. The Maharana. however, again abstained from joining the procession and attending the Durbar finding his place lower than some other Rulers, making it known that he had suddenly fallen ill, though at Delhi he paid courtsey visit to the Emperor which was returned by the Governor General. He was awarded the title of G C.1.E. Dispute over Shahpura Ruler's obligations t Disputes between the Maharana and his chieftains concerning traditional privileges and rights of the nobles and the authority of the ruler continued unresolved despite the Kalambandi of 1878. Fateh Singh's belief in his absolute powers in the State and his policy of increasing Khalsa lands at the expense of the lands of the jagirdars increased tension between them. Complaints were made to the British Gavernment by the chieftains. The Maharana himself visited Simia to explain his position to the Governor General. In 1914 the Governor General Lord Hardinge appointed a committee with the Maharaja of Indore, the Maharao of Kota and a British Officer Lieut. Col. Slowers as its members to settle the dispute. The sudden demise of Mr. Shoners caused suspension of the proceedings of the enquiry, Thereafter things remained as they were. as the committee was not revived. In a dispute between the Maharana and the Rajadhiraj of Shahpura, the British Governnient also got involved, as the Rajadhiraj was on the one hand a feudatory of the British Government and a jagırdar of the Mewar Durbar on the other hand. According to the traditional usage the Maharana had the right to get tribute as well as personal service of the Rejadhiraj in lieu of his holding a jagır from the Mewar State. As the Rajadhiraj did not serve the Maharara personally, the lattes in 1895 attached the village of Phulia of the Shahpura State. Such an action by the Maharana against a feudatory of the British Government incensed the latter. The aharana, however, asserted his claims and justified his action on the basis the age-old custom. In fact a constitutional tangle had arisen, The British vernment asked the Maharana to release the village first before negotiations were started for settlement of the dispute The Maharana did not comply with the demand on the plea that it would create a bad precedent. The A.G,G, tried to persuade him in view of the prestige of the Supreme Government invo- Ived in the case but found him "obstinate". The Resident observed that "the Maharana required to be pulled with a round turn". The warning of the British Government, however, worked and the village was restored. The negotiations ·Gavemmantytere er LIS hored b, thic 1911ct for implt al celence During Larrers was employed on mount dules Of OUS D'urs ndertook to exchange trained horses of the State for the untrained ones C-tributed R$ tecOgos to the fa putina Aircraft and Machine Guns Fund and he interest whereof W35 to be used for at purposes WAR TITHOUG11 TII AGIS 71 than 3rd posta iristrert V.1*1140 al in 1974 197 1998 '*'**'ra to tece ve Ryths, my cosa! | SCOUNT Atelistrativa Progress This marins Farming Snoon at narid retentral ritiron. mo! egoixing treach Sunog andre picior fit (~10th!'shed191 $7tr rract mirroringen. Ilgir con tel:1. initittar "ritorripirritvirteen 34-107 Tudecany 1*n Cond in 1899 ornic * Plextor po Polly Paul Bindepeha : on aivan tuin ilmises TH* 171 nos ha al santaito 04173 to thu anpes chache The fesyn tirant latent for any years demonsccregras pro lunen ol ina lang kirim se pod thir cult. *7'- 3ds tha inin 09 schools and C:, *153 153 1) number of h**$ int0331 to 42 tyingi enn only onto Ilinh Shint of Ulicul, do Sepompy og B715700 eng no Ungre and a loving mucen Schools of ter in the Sia's Oc:ldet er 10 Choislan Missionary Song anos 2 Resmeriai Sth a's of linus tull Comis Alicima Sctoof Pab?ire traming n' the teachers in 1975 i els nt in 1691 Now buidbay *** 13 12. le ton male and lemy's to'; ssa: Venue and welo ames Laugare Han festival and Water Forsie Hospital TOID) number of ******s are clireniging in itie Stole tour 19 2007 1901, ?>ch included ten hasikli's fun ty ta fase Government in the B111 pics in 88971 Censal Jos was crenes ord var r'occur Ce sunetinica Marco of inc Rasto The nuanter of fransk Pore ont des cos0 c 36 by 1908 17834199 1040 Local Post Oll cos calles Eishmens Dans mong run dry ino Stato TO were etcut 20 Telecast ot! ces II rlgharamaircre 5 lainy on the Compruct on ct Conmpuchi raportofarm sogar fake at l'calcul ** construc'en a few mall laics at various places in mn Sid'o Though no red r. cats vero constructo cung bis icien, soversy of inen were got The party's Chit Terity of alliance of 1818 required the thaharang as w35 the case with all out if Indoorn Rulers to ourniy Stara stones to join Britisht *** Get War of 1914 1910 ile detechimont of the Udaipur imperial Service The Maharana He As 200000/- to the Indian Relic Fund About 8 lakhs were given on loan, He however did not Ry Surgeon He Felt ed ·72 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES agree in 1918 to a picposal to raise a battalion of troops for the British Govern: ment the depot of which was to be stationed in the territory of the State. In appreciation of his services and co-operation during War, the Maharana was awarded the title of G.C.V.O., the Maharaj Kumar Bhupal Singh was honoured with the title of K.C.L.E., the insignia of which was invested by the Governor General himself having a private interview with him. Fateh Singh's abdication of ruling powers The cold war between the Maharana and the British Government reached its climax in 1921. The latter had been indignant and annoyed at Fateh Singh's concentration of powers in his own hands in total disregard of the British Government's wishes and his refusal to appoint a competent Dewan with ample powers. This attitude brought a change in the relationship of the Residents and the Maharana and the latter lost all that power and influence in the State which their predecessors enjoyed in the foregoing reigns. Their suggestions were taken as dictates and they were often refused interviews. Fateh Singh had however amicable relations with some of the Residents who paid due regard to his dignity as we find Resident Claude Hill's description in his book 'India:Step-Mother' The most exasperating factor for the British Government was Fateh Singh's shrewd tactics of evading and procrastinating the actions desired by the British Government. His absence at both the durbars of 1903 and 1911 was greatly resented and the Poitical Department of the British Government even thought of "giving him a proper chastisement and punishment" which they couldn't do on account of their fear of "ajenating the Rajputs and Hindus, who regarded him in the highest esteem". The British Officers were convinced that things in Mewar would not change till re was alive. Finding themselves helpless to do anything they resorted to mischief by playing intrigue in the Maharana's House hold. They were able to win over the Crown Prince Bhupal Singh for their stratagem and eventually brought about Maharana Fateh Singh's self abdication of his ruling powers in 1921. Certain factors hastened the British Government to take action against Fateh Singh. He was suspected of espousing clandestinely the cause of the anti-British elements linked with terrorist group of Rasbehari Bose and others. The Bhil movement led by Motilal Tejawat and the Bijollia cultivator's movement led by Vijay Singh Pathik during 1919-1921, both having their origin in Mewar, were stirring anti-feudal and anti-British sentiments of the people not only in Mewar but in all the adjoining parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The Maharana evaded British pressure for taking strong measures against the insurgents and the movement got broader and stronger.

·NITHAR TIROUG!! TIIT ALLS ish Govtirent col Leestly diluted Pro rosieteni d'Itric The DSN Crocortert rette Maharangirais finally that it 11* A karne talenzio home and to that either lescu'd resign ful! y Antrinsions fauon the relathilhas conn 100 o'd to sche Etui Gestirmeni mould doors I'm almot hur rritule MI CASE Hanna crown too c'3. hu manich oliensend, his chic! tied with monthnic, u'aco ut fit in termen l'st:n, Taich Shund rocitat M+, tomtesim. histuingronen on his son sc as to *1*211s carrastoty. This wo: conocn 21:: Ju's 1821 leading to ********cciar'sh negerrony inside taat once can DL. PALMSAL ·struggle for democratic government in mewar 0.5 of this remainese characteristics of the history of Newer ha tesn iis love 3:18. Even in the nei day of the British-rule, tha tradition did 95: cis campis:ely in Mewar. The people of Kiev.a were conscious ch the rights and had the will and determination to oppose the tyranny of the foreign masters. But they had implicit faith in and loyalty to their ruler whom they considered as the Godincarnate. Under such circumstances any idea io cppose the tyranny of the prince and his feudal order 23 íoreign to them. This state of affairs did not, however, persist for long and wiih the advent of the 20ih ceniury, inere care a change in the attitude of the people toviards thsi' rule: and the aristocratic class. The activities of Shri Vijaya Singh Pathic and his co-workers in the villages of Mewar and of Motilal Tejawat in the hilly part of ihe state helped raise discontentment and unresi among the villagers against the oppressive State authorities and the feudal elements. The Kisan movement launched at Bijollian, Begun, Parsoli and other parts of Mewar to oppose the tyranny of the feudal lords. The Kisar movement, the trial of Shri Vijaya Singh Pathic, improved means of transport and communication, the infiltration of political ideas from the British India in the State and spread of educational and social reform activities under the influence of Gandhian ideology etc, helped develop political consciousness in the State. was In the wake of growing political consciousness there came into being the Mewar Praja Mandal in April, 1938. The object of the ·HEWAR THROUGII Titt AGCS 75 Pindal ma, 19 obtain toeponsibio govənment undny tho degls of the Mahanuo l'exar. The Govertrent of Udaipur State tried to stranolo tho Mandal haradia and declared in legs. The leaders of ine Pia a Mandal made pescatul efforts to persus to the Sia's suthoritids to withdran the order but the Govement refused to hest, Left with no alternativo the Mnudolaunched om dsobedience movement on October 4 1938. The movement spread all over Mower and was suspended on the 3rd of March 1939, at the suggestion ct lahatmy Gandhi Too movement helped in Jousing the political con 30u1ness In the people of the State in Juno 1939. Sir T Vijaya Raghavacharys vos appointed as the Denon of tho Stato He was an enlightened and kiberal minded person and had gest deal of administrativo experience He Exteveral steps to moderniza tho administration in November 1939 prosion was mado for the establishment of Certtal ond District Advisory Boards in l.lewat The carstitution of the Boards was, however, indemaciauic con fong them very limited powers. Boards were not given any powers in the fols of financn and legis'31.07 Resolutions of the Boards were deemed os recommendations and the Government was not bound to honour them. A Care'ul study of the official success of the Central and District Advisory Boards Jovests that the sessions al the Advisory Boscs wero mosity dull and could tardy aroine the enthu iasm and interest of the members, The pescemeat relor ns of 1933 could hardly attract the attontion of the cecpio This led Molshaiono Bhupsi Sinch to announco in February, 1940, his intenson 10 insulo a Legislais. Assembly in the Staro Ho appointed a Committeo to preparo o scheme of reforms. The committee submitted its report on July 15. 1941. A Dust flowat Logistałtvo Act, 1941 was framed and Published on 29 9 1941 1o sound ito public opinion Tho dratt Act provided lor a legislative Assembly consisting ola President and 65 members 39 elected and 26 nominated Tho plec'ino W3$ to be held on tho basis o joint franchise The President of the Assembly vids to be appointed by the Maharana The Deputy Prosident has to be elected by the members from amongst themselves The Lezislave Assembly was to have limited powers to make laws for the wholo o MCH3P. It was also to have powers to discuss the budget and mako suggestions to the Government The Mewat Praja Mandal, from which the bon had been itted in Aont 1945. Od not walcoma the refoms as i ovn did not meet is known objectives of the e tablishment of res government in the Stato * Tho working committee of the Praia Ma sidered the craft scheme and submitted a memorandum to the Gov Mevrar demanding changes in the desli In November, 1948, snnual conference Praja Mandal adeptes a lesolution urging

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·MEHAR TITIROUGUI TIŁ AGCS 76 Mandal wat, to obtain totponsid'o govsrnment under the aegis of the Maha na of Mewar. The Goverment of Udaipur Siste ined to strangto the Mandal Ineo cradle and declared it tiegal. The leaders of the Pia a Mandai mado p9aca- Putehors to persusdo tro Stato authorings to withdran the order but the Goverment refused to heat, Left with no alternativa tha Mnadai Isunched ami sobedience movement on October 4 1938 The movement spread all cyer Mewar and was suspended on the 3rd of Atarch 1939, at the suggestion ct Mohan Gandhi. The movement helped in Yousing the partical con southeas in tho peoplo of iho S1010 in Juno 1939. S11 T Vijaya Raghava. charya was appointed as the Doxan of tho Siato He was an onlightened and (beral mindo person and had a great deal of administrativo expenenco Ho 13ck several steps to modurriro tho administration in November 1939 pro. VISION was made for the establishment of Certral and District Advisory Boards In Mex31 The constitution of the Boards was, however, undemocratic con fenns the very kmiled powers. Boards were not given any powers in the field of financn and 10 15'31101. Resolutions of the Boards were deemed as recommenda ions and the Government was not bound to honour them. A Care'ul study of the official recics of ito Central and District Advisory Boards reveals that the sessions of the Advisory Boards were mostly dull and could rard'y crou«c tho enthu.ipsm and interest of it o rrembers, The peacemeal rolor ns of 1939 tould 1990) attract 1h attention of the Cecple This led Maharana Bhupal Singh to announco in February 1440, his tendon to ims iluto & Legislaina 1.55CT bly in the Stars Ho appointed a Cerimisteo to preparo a scheme of soforms The committee subm tred its repon On July 75 1943. A Draft Howar Leysslative Act, 1941 was framed and published on 29 8 384) to sound to public opinion Tho Craft Act provided loro Løgislative Assembly consisting ol & President and 65 members 39 elected and 26 nominated Tho elechon was to be held on the basis of saint franchiso The President of the Assembly was to do appointed by the Maharana The Deputy Prosident was 10 be elected by the members from amongst themselves The Legislative Assembly was to have limited powers to make laws for the whole of lawas 31 was siso to have powers to discuss the budget and malo suggesuons to the Government The Mewar Praja Mandal, from which the ban had been fed in Apul 1941, did not welcome the reforms as they did not meet us known objectives of the a tablshment of a responsible government in Tho Stato Tro working committee of the Pra a Mandal con sidered the drakt scheme and submitted a memorandum to the Government of Mewat demanding changes in the disit In November, 1948, in its first dhaual conference Praja Mandal adopted a resolution urging the Maharana ·76 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES A to establish an elected Legislative Assembly. While the Government Mewar was considering the drait constitution in the light of the public crite cism and suggestions made thereon, the 'Quit India-Movement' broke out in 1942. The Mewar Praja Mandal joined the Quit India Movement'. In th public meeting held on August 21, 1942 in Udaipur the leaders of Praj Mandal urged the ruler to severe his relatiuns with the British Government "he Praja Mandal was declared an unlawful association and its prominen eaders were arrested The citizens and students protested against this repre sive act of the Government. Gradually the movement spread to all parts o he State. The movement had two-told results. Firstly, the Governmen helved the Draft Legislative Assembly Act of 1941. Secondly, the movemen :reated a great deal of political agitation in the people of the State and conequently the demand for constitutional reforms in the State gained greate nomentum. However, the Government remained averse to the public demand ind did nothing towards the constitutional reforms in the three years tha ollowed. In 1945, the ban from Praja Mandal was again lilled. Same yeas he Ninth Session of the All India States Peoples Conference was held at Udaipur under the auspices of the Mewar Praja Mandal and was presided ove. by Shri Jawaharlal Nehru. The session produced great confidence and enthusiasm in the people for political reforms and helped flare up political stir and agi tation in several parts of the State. The State authorities were wide awake to the epurcussions of all these political activities A Reforms Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri Gopal Singh was appointed in May. 1946. The Commitee consisted of eleven oificial and non-official members, including Ive representatives of the Mewar Praja Mandal. The Committee in its report, submitted on 29th September 1946, recommended the establishment of a Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution of Mewar. The Commitee 'Iso urged the Maharana to establish a responsible government in the State delegate his powers to the representatives of the people of Mewar The vernment considered the scheme but rejected it without assigning any reason. the changing political situation in the country and the persistent demands of he people led the Maharana to appoint Shri M. L. Sukhadia and Shri 4. L. Kothari, as two nominees of the Praja Mandal and Shri Raghubir Singh. is one nominee of Kshatriya Parishad to the Executive-Council of Mewar in October, 1946. On the 16th February. 1947 Maharana Bhupal Singh announred his intention to establish a Legislative Assembly and to associate the people with the administration of the State as early as possible. To fulfil the aforeaid promise, the Maharana proclaimed soma reforms on March 3, March 3, 1947. accordingly, a Legislative Assembly, composed of forty-six elected and a few icn- official members, was to be established. The members were to be elected ·Munshi Constitution. Dr. Mehta, in consultation with the Praja Mandal ane the Kshatrya Parished leaders, prepared & school amendments to the Wunshi Constitution and the samo was approved by tho Maharana implement villago reconstruction programmo, etc. Matatand on the 6th March 1948, proclaimed his Intention to intros 77 MENAR THROUGTIIT. Arifs 1 tss's oljcint els cicial system ard adult franchiso The Assembly was to o peritis to legislsee on all subjects within the Stato not specifically excluded 107 ks cursiew, ard to discuss and vo's buccet mith certain limitations. The Menar fta;a l'ordel forced the rolorms as they did not lulll its demend of erront ressensible to the people ard to corsktution of the Assembly 1113 suth that it was reduced to tho sistus ol o meio puppet in tho hands ol 39 Geyirment to kuch 1847. Sir T. Vsa ficctvacharys csigned on account of all tealth. P20 Manchet Sirehol Bedla nas orroirted as the acting Dowan of * Sato According to the advice ol Rso manchar Singh ito Maharana S:45 appointe Sher K M. Blunghi as hits corinutional adviser. Shri Murshi erit . row icture of jelcrms and tho somo was promulgated by the 1'ana on May 23, 1947, licm Sura) Goltrs 1re chic features of the Wush Corstiuton note that (1) it froulscu Ior the ru o ol law (*) it pro- *3 ler a Pratap Vishva Vidyalaya. (1) it provided for a Public Service . Cerimission; (iv) it provided for the crant ci fundamental nights and (v) * povided for a lecis'atura ciccico en lle basis of adult tranchise The new Constitution was also vehemently opposed by tho lesdors of tho l'Ena? Projs Hardsi 1.14.1.L. Vorms, concenningiro Constitution. declared. "The advice I StilMurshu shall nictv.cik in m'en ai i cnccloth Sha T Vuaya Poghacherva cavo ive Consututions to blonar, ono was thrown in the vastepapet tact and the other in Pichuld like w is the turn of ite Wo do not know into vihich take it will be thrown. The Wewar Praja Mandal, on its meeting of Juno 11 1947. odopied a resolution expressing slicng disor provali il Constitution Shri S V. Rama. murths had jus, then joined tho Stalo os Denen Ho advised the Maharana to en.mend the Munshi Constitution in the light of tho public opinion The Ma erana appeansed Ds. Mochan Singh M*** 13 to succest amencments to the Munshi Corsillution. 11-10-1047. c'ion to the Legislative Assemby promised to achieve a tosponsibio government to Tho News Praja Mandal decided 10 participate in the el It issuos an o action manitasio in which obolish jagit system, Vihile preparations for the election to the Assembly was going on, ·a l.. 79 4.8 g 1 2 ...in MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES 78 + both long term and short term reforms. He announced his intention to establish a responsible government as soon as the elections to the Assembly were over. Soon the talks for the interim government started between the State Dewan and the Praja Mandal representatives. After a few days of negotiations an agreement was reached between the Mewar Praja Mandal and the State authorities for the formation of an Interim Cabinet in the State, Soon, the Maharana, by issuing an extra-ordinary gazette announced his decision to reorganise his Council of Ministers on April 12, 1948. The first round of elections started in Udaipur on April 4 1943. When the polling was halfway in the city of Udaipur, the Praja Mandal decided to boycott the elections on account of alleged irregularities in the polling On April 5, 1948. a hartal was observed in the city The police opened fire on a huge procession of the people near Kotwali in which two students named Shri Shantilal and Anandilal lost their lives and a few others were wounded. in order to protest against the unprovoked and uncalled for firing, the Praja Mandal nominees Shri Sukhadia and Shri Kothari, resigned from_the Executive Council of the State. The elections were postponed, the Munshi Constitution was withdrawn and the establishment of Interim Cabinet shelved. It was thus that the efforts for the inception of responsible government in Mewar State came to an end. This was the last event relating to the political movement confined to the Mewar State, as soon after the rapid political changes occuring on the Indian horizon witnessed the merger of Mewar alongwith other Princely States into the combined State of Rajasthan of which Maharana Bhupal Singh was appointed the Maharaj Premukh. The state of Rajasthan was formaly inaugurated on the 7th April, 1949 by late Sardar Patel, the former Home Minister of - India, R.S Darda f 1 Prior to the merger. Mewar had joined nine other Princely States of Rajasthan to form the State of Rajasthan Union, which was inaugurated on the 18th April 1948 by late Jawaharlal Nehru ·MCWAR THROUGH THE AGES Samants in tho court of tho Maharana Samants were ont rullas as an intimation to be present in the court Tho $ Tan would not present himsoit vithout getting the ruxka On hearing the ehtival of the sananis tefore the police tho Maharana would acknowledge their greetings with duc honour Some of the first and second ank sam3nts enjoyed special honours and privileges while marching through tho capital or in the State processions. Such honours weto given by tho ruler for their or their ancestors «crvices in tho mar The same was kept in view in giving precedenco in the court In tho court the 'Solah Samants had their seats on the left side quite rcer tho throno Formerly, tho scot of the heir apparent was kept last in the low of the scats of the searan's but Maharana Fatch Singh abrogated this old tradition and had the scat of the heir apparent arranged before the seats of the Solah'. This former tradition came into vogue because the eldest son of 1) Maharana attended the Mughal court and that was regarded derogatory. Below the seats of tho Solah Umraos there wero seats for Maharana s Lrcihers ard sons thereafter tho scats of ll ond 111 grade samants In the count the samants accufpied the soats according to rank and status Tre semants enjoyed certain privileges at tho court according to their rank The first grade samants wcio av arded.Juher, 'Tajim 'Bauh Pasowa Gold ornaments on foot. 'Nakkaro, Nishan and Silver cone The second grade sa nants were a.v31dnd Jahar, Tam, Chhadi, and Gold ornaments on fool and the third grado «amants were given seats in long rows and presented bidas After the court closed a roy3l-treal was givem at which the Maharana and samants would sit together and cat Tho court of t1o Somants Every samant again had a number of sardars or thakurs under him These Sardars and other officials of the gir were tho courtiers of tho samant Tho pandits, the poors and other repund persons Ol the public attended the court of tho samants The thakurs were the main pillars of their courts They joined the sumant during the hunt, attended his court and followed him with arms and men to fight. They and their men formed the bulk part of their troops which they maintained for the State Talwar Bandhai After the dea b of a samant, the State officials would reach his jagir and ·84 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES take the management into their hands. Thereafter, the son of the dece samant would attend the court of the Maharana to regain his paternal i The applicant would present one year's income of the jagir, in the fort Kaid' amount. The Maharana would then award him the patta of his patei jagir, buckle a sword round his waist and present 'siripao' and horse. 1 ceremony was called 'Talwar Bandhahi'. Any samant, on being heirless, I the right to adopt but while doing that he had to keep the lineage and blo in mind, Shiv charan Menari

·मेवाड़ का संस्कृत साहित्य
भारतातही गरिनी पेशा भूमि में दिपकी
पुर RIT HAI ही भारतीय नारी पोरर रही
है। सोमोय रिस्पान है। मेवार मा रामयत
पाने की एक परमपितो भानामगिरहो. मेपार
में भारतीय rriपियो कार मनोबो राम थप
कहा, RIT ITAHARों पर सरे
पर Tru गाहियो रोमा। मेवाड़ में जो
मगार पारिएर मा. पह aftem और गुम दोनो रष्टियों रो उराट मोर
मा! मिस fum Harममा स्वर
राग सीhिriram प्रमानित | महा
प, AR, मुER film मोनिप, FL, freमारन,
रोपा गरी पापनामिमित है।
मेगा में मापा पर निशा पिपुर मा म प्राण होता है।
मिति कामारियों एवं यो मायम में राजामों । दयाहारिम्या:
पुगों या गोपभापों का सितारमर वान रिया परत ५ ।
उनाद्वारा रपीई
मारियों को मुण्टा पाना मर भी बनी र लिय रामयागं पितामों पर
घानिया नामनित रमा रहे। पिलोमार्ग प्रारित साहित्य प्रथा मेगा में
पापीनाम सरपिरती है। इनम मबार पापीन पबतक ज्ञात अभिलेखों
मागाभा1िm (वि०.८२) मारी बानियाग (वि. ग४८०) छोटी
मादी प्रमर माता का सि. ५४७), शामोनी का शिलाम (वि०
ग.७.३, मानमोरी का गिय वि...), मल्ला तीन तिलातेय
(दि. १.१.१.), नरवान पामीन निवास (वि. म. १०६८) मारपास कालीन

·86 MEWAR 'ROUGII THE AOES शिलालेग (वि० सं० १२०७), प्रादि मेवाड़ के मस्त गाहित्य की प्राचीनना के प्रतीक हैं। इनमें अध्ययन से तत्कालीन नामाजिया, धार्मिक और राजनैतिक प्रादर्श एवं व्यवस्थानों का सम्यग् जान प्राप्त होता है। इनके पश्चात् रत्नरभरि द्वारा विरचित घाना गा वि गं० १३२४ एवं चोग्या गांव का शिलालेग विझगाद १३३०, पेदगर्मा द्वारा लिमित 'रमिया' की दनगे निनोद पा लेप (वि०सं० १३३१) है। एकनिलजी से दशिरण पूर्व की पोर चार मील दूर विपरनी' नामक गाँव से डेढ मील पश्चिम मे मुरम्य पर्वतमालानों गे मलित गदी अपि नामक रचान का गिलागेप है। इस प्रणम्ति की रचना वि०सं० १४८५ मे पविगन योगी ने की। इगो नया की एक प्रगनि समिद्धेश्वर महादेव के मन्दिर मे चितोड़ में विद्यमान है, जिगरनायिना गायि एकनाथ योग जाति का ब्राह्मण वा। महाराणा कुम्मा के गागनमाल में निगिन पुम्भलगट प्रमिग वि०स० १५१७ के प्रताप-संग्रहातम-उदयपुर में विधमान है। मेवाट के गजयंग का एव प्रग प्राकृतिक, धार्मिक स्थानों का इनमें विद चित्रा किया गया है । इसके माय हो कीनिम्तम्भ पर लगी हुई उसने सम्बन्धित प्रगस्ति है, जिसका लेवया 'प्रनि' दोगमा । प्रमस्ति का अन्तिम लेखनकार्य उसके पुत्र महेश द्वारा सम्पन्न हुप्रा । मेवाड के मिनीतीगं गंगन नाहित्य मे ये दोनों प्रशस्तियाँ साहित्यिक एवं ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण मान गनी । महेश भट्ट द्वारा विचित दूसरी प्रशस्ति एकगिजी के दक्षिण द्वार को ग्रोर नगो हः राणा रायमल्लकालीन वि० स० १५४५ की तथा जावर के मंदिर की प्रशस्ति प्रादि है। ये प्रमराया गग्ग-पाजल भाषा में निबद्ध काव्यात्मक रूप में मेवाड के इतिहास को प्रस्तुत करती है। मागगगा मांगा के समकालीन ५० पुरपोत्तम दगीरा का उल्ने । एकनिगम की वि० म० १५६५ की प्रगस्ति में मिला है। इनके पश्चात् जगदीश मन्दिर उदयपुर का शिनाने प, निमुवी वानी की प्राग्नि, बैद्यनाथ महादेव गीगारमा गा गिलानेन ( वि० सं० १७४६ ), भीम पदमेश्वर महादेव ( वि०० १८८५ ). जगत निगेमग्गिजी (वि०म० १६०४ ) और श्री गोन चन्द्रमाजी के मन्दिर उदयपुर में ( वि० सं० १९३३)-गोई तम्ती चौकी वृहदाकारवाली शिलानों पर उगनित प्रगस्तिया है। इन दिनो प्रगस्ति साहित्य मे सम्बधित मन्दिरों-घापिकानों के इतिवृत्त के माय-माय मेवा' गजवन को बंशावती नया कुम्भा, गांगा, प्रनार, अमरसिंह, जगहि गौर राजमिह प्रादि गणात्रों की जन्मभूमि में प्रति निष्ठा, यात्मगौरव, त्याग, बलिदान एवं पौरपपूर्ण कगों का विस्तार मे वर्णन किया गया है। छठी शताब्दि से लेकर बीसवी शताब्दि पर्यन्त लिया गया यह प्रमस्ति माहित्य यन-नत्र मेवाड के प्राचीन स्थानों पर विकीर्ण है. जिनमें से कतिपय प्रमुख शिलालेखों का उल्लेखमाय किया गया है। महाराणा कुम्भा के गासनकाल में प्रगन्ति साहित्य ने अतिरिक्त संगीत, शिल्पशास्त्र, कामशास्त्र अादि विषयों पर भी रचनाएं लिखी गई। कुम्भा स्वयं मंगीतशास्त्र एवं संस्कृत भाषा का प्रकाण्ड विद्वान् था। उसके द्वारा निर्मित 'संगीतराज' इसका ज्वलन्त उदाहरण है। जयदेव कृत 'गीत गोविन्द' की 'रसिक प्रिया' टीका यौर वाणभट्ट रचित 'चण्डी गतक' को व्यारया निब कर संस्कृत साहित्य की समृद्धि में अपना योग दिया। उनके प्राश्रय में रहने हुए 'मण्डन' सूत्रधार ने शिल्पगास्त्र पर प्रागाद मण्डन राजवल्लभ, रूपमण्डन, देवतामूर्ति प्रकरण नामक ग्रन्थ लिते जो प्रकाशित हो चुके हैं। वास्तुमण्डन, वास्तुशास्त्र, वारतुसार ग्रन्थों की रचना का संकेत मेवाड़ के इतिहास में मिलता ·ITWAR THROUGH MEAGES 37 - - - है। मानो भाई मापावागुरारी पौर वारा उदार पोरणी, ना. दादरापनामों का भी ग.रितु भो टर पम्प भनुम हैं। काम- NEET ATTriniगर निपार' भी मिलती है. जिमम नापा नाशिलामो रे भेदा दिन है। महारा: आप मेगा पण मिथ ने दो पतिया लिसो, एक MARH शामपित है और दूसरी पार की रचना है। पनि हादरा देगा नाप तो मया म पुम्मा पाश्रय म रहते ११ माम ने सपनिग माIR' गामा पnum frया। इगमे प्रतिशोर पीन प्रगति गरमा । म पििमल कमायो म पा-बामधेनुमान, दर. स.fafar frन, मोरोपमा पर गुहिन नरेनों की वापसी (मना माता प्रोमोपान, और पनागि नामा मध्यायों में नि. मीनार पोरया है. जियो नि लिंग पुगणनेस में माद याममा नाम नै वा गण दीराती ग वसुन्धरा वृतान को बागमती पौरि पानानशीग पयायो सगमग २३२० चोहों में रिया TRAIN पपा नाममा fert नियम ५. रघुनाप ने 'गगा- भान' मा mms माम मामलमा पौरव गरिमाा यह htr free. मनोगे MR विभाजित किया है। प्रथम तरम में रसियर में १२८tr" -11am वि. ग.१६१.२ भादा Talो रोममा irvो मग am मा टोकिमी ) दुरमापियों को गुसमा गाम frहै। मर गाम्भूमिद फोर गामि THE Imfa है। गोanfan पालिनि मेरे पास 17 गायों को पाfrel TT IT पिशा-निप्यार वापर म सुरक्षित है। पारि (गनिमी सौगाम पभरमार' पाप से मिलता है। गानोगोanti दीगर न की रचना की। इसमें प्रमुख मेरे , नाति धौर पम Irrurt 13 में विभाजित कर विस्तार विगन frया है। मामा आगो बाप नौनिगा शो काया प्रतिदिन रवि के परियापरिषाया। पनीवारवाया रपुनाय ने रारा गठि (प्र०) को नाप मानार रतो पो frerai नपुर Tria 'श्री माह म' नामा ग्रन्थ मे किया है। मौसम में 'प्रगगिर पौरमाने freer' की रचना की । HIT द्वार:- मिह (Rajkोशियादि वाट गुणो साहि िविवधन 'मिह भोगनम नामक पाम्प में राणा गमिह (.) २ पानास म गोड म र विचित 'राज प्रगति' नाम ऐतिहामि महाया गया, जो राजगमुद्र की पार पर पच्चोग शिलामो पर उनित है। एपिवापियामा पोर पोर विनोद' में भूपशित हो पुरा है। इस महाराय में ब्रह्मा गे सेर यस्तो गणामागे वशक्ती यापा, हम्मीर, गुम्मा, सौगा, प्रताप, पमगिह अगर मिह पौर विशेष रूप से राणा रामह के पुरषा का एवं उनके द्वारा बनवाये गये ·88 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES 'राजस मुद्र' के निर्माणकार्य का विस्तार से वर्णन किया गया है। उस समय सदाशिव नागर ने एक एक और ऐतिहासिक महाकाव्य 'राजरत्नाकर' की रचना की, जिसमें भी राणा राजसिंह का विशद चरित्र चित्रण तथा राजसमुद्र के बनाने का सरस साहित्यिक इतिवृत्तात्मक वर्णन अपूर्ण रूप से तेईस सर्गों में प्रस्तुत किया है। राजप्रशस्ति के अतिरिक्त रणछोड़ भट्ट ने 'अमर काव्य' नामक ग्रन्थ लिखा जो विशिष्ट ऐतिहासिक महत्व रखता है । उपर्युक्त विवेचन से प्रतीत होता है कि मेवाड़ में महाराण कुम्भा और राजसिंह (प्र०) के राज्यकाल में संस्कृत साहित्य की अभूतपूर्व उन्नति हुई। कुम्भा के समय मे वैज्ञानिक संस्कृत साहित्य का निर्माण हुआ और राजसिंह के शासनकाल मे महाकाव्य, खण्डकाव्य, अष्टक और प्रशस्ति । प्रशस्ति साहित्य में जगदीश मन्दिर, अनासागर और त्रिमुखी बावड़ी आदि प्रशस्तियों की रचनाएं पाती इस तरह कुम्भा और राजसिंह का शासनकाल मेवाड़ संस्कृत साहित्य के विकास के लिये स्वर्ण-युग कहा जा सकता है । 'अमरसिंहाभिपेक् काव्य' का रचयिता पल्लीवाल ब्राहण वैकुण्ठ व्यास था, जिसने राणा अमरसिंह (द्वितीय) के राज्याभिषेक के समय इस कृति की रचना कर पुरस्कार स्वरूप अपने रुके हुए वेतन को पुनः चालू करवाया । इसको डा० दशरथ गर्मा ने मरुभारती' वर्ष १ अंक ३ मे प्रकाशित करवाया है। राणा अपरसिंह (द्वि०) के पुत्र राणा संग्रामसिंह (द्वि०) हुंए। कवि त्रिपाठी बिहारी ने संग्रामामह के नाम से 'संग्रामसिंह महोदय काव्य' की सरस प्राञ्जल भाषा में रचना की, जिसमें राणा के शासन-प्रबन्ध, शौर्य, प्रौदार्य, वदान्यता आदि गुणों का दिग्दर्शन मिलता है । तत्कालीन मुख्य सचिव बिहारीदास, राज्याधिकारी कृपाराम और राजपुरोहित सुखाराम का तथा उदयपुर नगर और पिछोला का सुन्दर वर्णन किया है । उक्त महाकाव्य, खण्ड काव्य आदि की पाण्डु- लिपियां राजस्थान-प्राच्य-विद्या-प्रतिष्ठान-उदयपुर में सुरक्षित हैं । शाहपुरा के निवासी पं० यमुनादत्त शास्त्री ने 'वीरतरंग' नामक कृति में शाहपुरा के राजवंश का गुणगान किया है। यहां के नरेश मेवाड़ के राणा अमरसिंह (प्र.) के तृतीय पुत्र सूर्यमल्ल के वंशज हैं। सूर्यमल्ल के ज्येष्ठ पुत्र सुजानसिंह ने शाहजहा को अपने शौर्यपूर्ण कार्यकलापों से प्रसन्न कर 'फूलिया' क्षेत्र के उधर का भू भाग जो कि बादशाह के अधीनस्थ था, उसे प्राप्त किया और शाहपुरा नामक नगर बसा कर राजधानी स्थापित की। राजा नाहरसिंह ने इस काव्य का श्रवणकर शिला पर उत्कीर्ण करवाया । इस प्रकार के इतिवृत्त के साथ काव्य कुल २२४ श्लोकों में यह काव्य निबद्ध है। वैदिक यंत्रालय अजमेर से प्रकाशित हो चुका है । पं० नगजीराम रचित 'वीरवंश वर्णन' में वनेडा राज्य के संस्थापक राजा भीमसिंह का चरित्र चित्रण एवं उनके वंशजों का विवरण दिया गया है। भीमसिंह महाराणा राजसिंह (प्र०) के पुत्र थे। काव्य में केवल राजाओं के नाम, जन्म तथा राज्यारोहण का समय तिथिवार अंकित किया गया है। भीमसिंह और सूर्य मल्ल द्वारा किये गये युद्धों का विस्तार से विवेचन है । राजा अमरसिंह द्वारा करवाया गया । इसका प्रकाशन ·some aspects of feudal system in mewar The feudal system in Mowar which camo down to reconltimas was Instituted by Mahstans Amar Singh 11 (1700 1710.AD) As is known tho Rajputs emerged in history with a typical feudal order of their own. In respect of toritorial acquisitions, external defence and intornat poace, the crown dogondod mainly on the support of the foudal barons or the s3nts. the samgnts or tho jagirdars enjoyed & number of privileges and rights and wielded a groal influence over tho tuter. However tho Soudal institutions of Rajputs lacked cohe. rence and precision in thou systom During the Mughal period, under the impact of the Mughal Systern, tho Rajput rulers Introduced reloms in their system In Mowar, Amar Singh (1597-1620 AD) changed tho age-old system of conferring pages for perpetunty and ruled that the agirs of tho somonis should bo transferred every thud Year. This system did not work, however, and was ebrogated by Maharana Amar Singh 11. Jagirs were again given away for ever with hereditary tenuro unless and und the family tine ceased, the holders of the grant acted subversively or the jagurdar failed to fulfil hus obligations and duties to the ruler Various classes of lagirdars had emerged on account of their status, relationship with the ru'er, sirength of ino holding or the naturo of the services rendered by the family of the holder Thay needed classification on a systematic basis. Amar Singh Si tegufansed the classification which, wih some changes, continued for about One and a half century. As the picture emarges thereafter it is found thas In Mowar there ware two 'Kings (Rajas), sixteen Umraos ·80 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES (jagirdars) of the first rank, thirty two Sardars (jagirdars) of the second rank an three hundred 'Gol Sardars of the third rank. The Rajas of Banera and Shah pura, initially the Mughal grantees, also later on sought protection of the Mewa ruler and paid allegiance to him. These two Rajas, by virtue of their characteristi position, came to enjoy special honour and privileges in the feudal set-up of th Mewar State. Maharana Amar Singh it was responsible for laying down rules for th jagirs, placing the administration of crown lands on systematic footing an deciding precise rules for holding durbar and the assembly of the nobles, for the ceremonies of reception and farewell to the nobles and for service and tribut to be given by the nobles to the ruler; Sixteen Umraos (Solah) First grade samants in the State held an important place in the history Mewar. The Sixteen Umraos contained three Jhalas, three Purbia Chauhan four Chundawats. two Shaklawats, iwo Rathors, one Sarangdevot and on Panwar. Later on the number of these samants was increased from sixteen to twent one by the successive Maharanas. Although the number of these Samants wa increased, the number of the seats in the court of the Maharana remained th same, i, e., sixteen. The new samants of the first rank could take the seat in th durbar only when some old samants were found absent. The advisory council of the State comprised of these nobles. Commander of the army, ministers of the court and ambassadors to the other courts wer selected from them, The Samants of the first. rank were given jagis with incomes ranging from 50 thousand to one lakh. These samants enjoye independent status in the administrative set-up of their jagirs. They wer required to maintain soldiers according to their income. Thirty two Samants-(Battisa) The number of ll grade samants was fixed at 32 by Maharana Amar Singh and so they were known by the name of "Battisa". The number of thes samants also changed from time to time though they continued to be calle "Battisa''. The samants of this grade were given jagirs' with the incom ranging from 5 thousand to 50 thousand. These samants had to live at Udaipu regularly. Border-security fojdars were appointed from amongst them havin small bands of sepoys to work under them.

·HEHAR TIIROUDU TIL: AUES 81 Sumants of the Third Gr da The 43 mints of the third onds were called "Go! They were hundreds in Cerber with an incorra of less than fra thousand Th768e samants had to temin ca: constant duty in the comce of the Aishgrans, The Maharanas strength creatly depondod upon theso nobles Thoy nere particularly uselu! tremorens uppm claus nobles dolied no ruler s authority Thakurs There sore tad kinds of Raipu: inakuts in ino Stato of Mowar (1) Villaga Thakur and (2) Chomi: Thakur Vlado Thakur used to be the heat of a part cu's village. He was an o'lganno, having obtained the patta from the Rans, becoma tho ownce of the His senices were recognised inside and outside the Stalo But the 18**3 issued to him was to nporary. After a fixed period he had to get hus parra Teneme 1. The pallas issued to Ohemia Sardars ured to be of permanent tonure genetany. Their partes could be cancelled only on specul reasons and they did noi have to cor these purt3s renewas Bhomi Sydor who enjoyed the land melong. did not give any kind of maxrang to the rightana He however, gute rominal amount towards the rant of tho and Bhomia Sardars m3inly inhabited this plans of Kumbhalooth and Myndsigarh Thoi main occupation was azmiculture but thay weto always constaca as faithful warriors Ar tunes, thert prima daty was to enlist in ito any of the Maharana and light for him. Kala Patta Theso samants or thakurs who were awarded villages paraganas or sagsis in lieu of military serv ces were called the servants of the Kala Patra Most of to samants of the State were jagil holders of Kala Patta As long as they remained loyal to the Stars and offered inuitary and polico services they were On disobeying the orders of the State these pattas Welo used be cancelled the legal heads of jagus Rights and duties of the Somonts The Samants were gancrally the absoluta masters al land under their Although they themselves were undər the Maharana yet they acted as suzerains in their jagirs Rights, privileges and obligations of feudal lords control ·82 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES greatly differed, however. The First Grade Samants (Sixteen) in Mewar enjoyed exceptional powers During crisis the king called the assembly of the nobles. Before attending the court the samants would confer and come to a decision unanimously reached Thereafter they would proceed to the king's court. In the court the king conferred with the samants and generally honoured the advice offered by them. On occasions if the Rana did not invite any samant he would feel himself insulted. The samants of the State had to live three months every year with their retinue at the State capital of Udaipur to render personal service to the Maharana, On festivals like Muhalla and Vijaya Dashmi and on certain other important festivals like Ganagor and Holi the samants had to attend the court. There was neither an equal distribution of land in their jagirs nor had they equal military power. The samants kept the armies according to their annual income. Generally, three or at least two horse soldiers were kept on an income of one thousand rupees, Sometimes the samants were allowed to keep three horse soldiers and three foot suldiers on an income of one thousand rupees per annum. The samants had almost the same pattern of administration in their jagirs as was in the State. Military Organisation The Maharana maintained State troops in addition to those maintained and supplied by the samants, The number of troops varied from time to time. The State army was composed of (i) Regular and (ii) Irregular Troops. Regular troops comprised of horse-soldiers and foot-soldiers. They were posted at Chitor, Mandal, Jahajpur. Kumbhalgarh and Sarada for defending the State. Irregular troops served as police force during peace but in war they too were included in the army. However, the main strength of the State army remained the troops of the samants. During war it was the troops of the samants that formed the bulk of the fighting force. The main source of revenue of the State was Khalsa-land. The samants had to give the sixth part of their income (Chhatoond) as tribute to the ruler They also offered Nazrana to the Maharana on various festivals and ceremonies, The heirs of the samants had to offer "Kaid" if they wanted to occupy their paternal jagirs.

·MEWAR TIROLOIt NC ADES 89 मोनि. मामी रा नीर 'कोर भूमि पर उनसरोपितोहरे FARMERImliहै। रोमावि. १. पागुन गुरता पूर्णिमा दुम पर पूर्ण शिवायीन विधाम इस कार एE-एर मो में पर। RTI HIT पन में सम्ग, मुशेय, सनित भाषा में लिया परा! शेयोमा पुसाय, अपर। - महाराणा PAIRध मोहए. मुगाकारा पितामणि मामा पार की नाई। यह पार भागों में प्रति म दो भाग पातीराम rt IIRO70 ए सो पास भार के पारण मागे MITRA 31m Rare मा गमपर सपुर से पाशित पाने frare.it. VRITTET ममी, शनिवार से सागोप घे 18 sĩ T T ft ! से शरमवासमता। - rain(s) मनाची पोर पदाररापीय प्रमु प्रमान मा न मा पापपुलमंत महार रे भनुपामी बाधा REER REER Erry Rf सगामा मृबन frपा रामो हरिमाय Rai | ने गम्भाय के पाधार-विचार को मनमाने पनि fTHEAT पर पागे। पुष्टिमार्गीय रसों का पिलन पापोtfirat Rat पिता है। उन famix हरिगया गुमायनो मा Tri SREE ग Hit हो हो है। Shrint TRA पन (F.मा म वि . १० माप Tीरोग में हा रोशिश होना पापान frani नारस, TIME If नगर्ग में पारा सिानों को पन्तुर र वेशतमाचार्य भारत माता । mix7 प्रभारित और उ है गोवर्धनपारजी माराम नाप से पारे। गुमा Re for पार न REमागिरि नाम दण्डोस्वामी Tो सेरमाणाननेनिया) मा सिमान्त मानामा अन्य के Rare, Tir. IT पापना प्रन्यय टीशरए उनरी wifrr हो पुरी। म एव म करने की दिशा में पापा योगदान - प्राचीन काल में ही famir, aran me पारि पानी में य तरागी जन माघुमतों मेवार में प्रभाव को धारा र साहित्य र माध्यम से उपदेशात्मर नीतिक क्यामृतो एवं चैन दर्शन शान्धी ज्ञान र प्रसार Enai महान दार्शनिक सिदमा दिवाकर ७ को पी० पाय EFHATTARing tora । विक्रम १वी पालवे माग पागार्य हरिभद गरिएको म्याकरण, दर्शन एवं साहित्य के प्रकाण्ड ·00 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES पण्डित थे। उन्होंने अनेकान्त जयपताका, अनेकान्तवाद, पड्दर्शन समुच्चय, तत्त्वार्थसूत्र, लघुवृत्ति प्रादि दार्शनिक ग्रन्थ तथा योगविन्दु पोडश प्रकरण, योग दृष्टि समुच्चय प्रादि योग विषयक मौलिक अन्धों का प्रणयन किया। 'संसारदावानल' संस्कृत और प्राक्रत दोनों में लिखा गया । इस प्रकार उन्होंने संस्कृत साहित्य के विविध विषयों पर अपनी लेखनी चलाफर देववाणी के भण्डार को श्रीवृद्धि फो। चित्तौड़ में जिनवल्लभ सूरि द्वारा धर्मशिक्षा प्रकरण, मंघपट्टक, भावारिवारणस्तोत्र प्रादि फई स्तोत्र साहित्य एवं अतिरिक्त एक 'शृङ्गारशतक' जैसी साहित्यिक रचना कर सुरभारती के विकास में पूर्ण योग दिया । इस भांति देलवाड़ा ( मेवाड़ ) में कई जैन प्रथों की रचना की गई। इस प्रकार से लगभग डेढ़ हजार वर्ष की सुदीर्घ अवधि में विविध विषयों पर रचित मेवाड़ का यह संस्कृत साहित्य हम तीन कालों में विभक्त कर सकते हैं । आदिकाल-वि० सं० ५४७ से लेकर महाराणा कुम्भा के राज्यारोहण वर्ष वि० सं० १४६० पर्यन्त । इस युग में मुख्यतया प्रशस्तिपरक साहित्य का निर्माण हुआ। मध्यकाल-महाराणा कुम्भा के शासनकाल ( वि. सं. १४६० ) से राजसिंह के राज्य-काल वि. सं. १७३७ तक का कहा जा सकता है। इसमें महाकाव्य, खण्ड काव्य के साथ-साथ विभिन्न विषयों पर रचनाएं हुई। शैव, वैष्णव और जैन मतानुयायियों ने अपना-अपना पूर्ण योगदान दिया। इसकाल में जितना संस्कृत साहित्य का निर्माण हुअा उतना प्रादि और अन्त में नहीं हुआ। आधुनिककाल-वि० सं० १७३८ से लेकर वीसवीं शताब्दी पर्यन्त माना जा सकना है। इसमें भी प्रशस्ति साहित्य एवं काव्यों का प्रणयन हुना। उपर्युक्त सिंहाव- लोकन से स्पष्ट है कि मेवाड़ में लगभग डेढ़ हजार वर्ष में सतत नवीन संस्कृत साहित्य की रचना होती रही। शस्त्रों के संघर्ष से पवित्र यह देश शास्त्र के प्रणयन फी भी लीलाभूमि रहा है । "शस्मण रक्षिते राष्ट्र शास्त्र चिन्ता प्रवर्तते" की सूक्ति संस्कृत में प्रसिद्ध है । निरन्तर संघर्प की ज्वाला में प्राहुति देने के साथ सृजन एवं चिन्तन का यज्ञ भी यहाँ चलता रहा, जिससे घोरता और वैदुष्य का मरिण-काञ्चन संयोग प्रमाणित होता है। --चन्द्रशेखर पुरोहित

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·82 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES । - - संस्कृत, प्राकृत, हिन्दी, राजस्थानी, बंगला, अरबी, फारसी, उर्दू आदि भाषाओं में लिखित प्रथों का यह बहुत ही अच्छा संग्रह है । संस्कृत वागमय के विभिन्न स्वल्पो का दिग्दर्शन कराने वाले सभी प्रकार के काव्य, व्याकरण, कोष, ज्योतिष, सगीत, वैद्यक, इतिहास आदि तथा अन्य भाषाओ के ऐतिहासिक, अर्द्ध ऐतिहासिक काव्यों, प्रशस्तियों,प्रशंसा एवं यज्ञोगान विषयक स्फुट गीतों, वात, ख्यात वंशावली, पीढियावली आदिग्रंथों का बहुत ही अच्छा संग्रह यहा प्राप्त है। ग्रंथागार की सर्वाधिक प्राचीन पांडुलिपियां माधव कृत 'चिकित्सा सूत्रम्' और सुश्रुत कृत 'कल्पान' नामक वैद्यक ग्रथ क्रमशः १४६३ वि. और १४६४ वि. के हैं । राजपूत, मुगल और पहाडी शैली के चित्रों युक्त हस्तलिखित अन्य भी इस भण्डार की अमूल्य निधि हैं । मेवाडी शैली मे चित्रित 'मार्प रामायण' उनमे सर्वप्रमुख है और जिसने विश्व के हर कोने से कलापारखियो को अपनी ओर आकर्षित किया है । इस ग्रन्थागार मे कितने ही ऐसे ग्रन्थ उपलब्ध हैं जिनकी प्रतिया अच्छे से अच्छे ग्रन्यागार में भी उपलब्ध नहीं हैं । मेवाड इतिहास से सम्बन्धित सामग्री के लिये तो यह प्रमुख ग्रन्यागार है। इतिहास, भूगोल, साहित्य अथवा अन्य दृष्टि से भी महत्वपूर्ण कुछेक ग्रन्थो के नाम निम्न हैं: अमर काव्य (रणछोड भट्ट), अमरसार (जीवंबर), एकलिंग महात्म्य (मंकलनकर्ता-कन्ह व्यास) जगत्सिह काव्य (रघुनाथ), खवायण सहिता (गेकमाचार्य के शिष्य-धून कृत), बुद्ध चरित्र (नथमल्ल), राजपट्टाभिषेक पद्धतिया (चक्रपाणि मिश्र, जगन्नाथ), संग्रामसिंह महोदयम् (बिहारी), मण्डलीक महा- काव्य (गंगाधर), जयवश महाकाव्य (राम), एकलिंग पूजा पद्धति, एकलिंग स्तोत्र, मनसाराम कृत पर्वसार, कर्मचन्द्र कृत भाव प्रदीप, जयसिंह कृत गीत गोविन्द दीपिका, मोहन भट्ट कृत जगत्सिहा- ष्टकम्, मुकुन्द कृत राजसिंहाष्टकम् संस्कृत भाषा मे, तथा गीत गोविन्द की मेवाडी टीका (महाराणा कुम्भकर्ण), राजविलास (मान). राज प्रकाश (किशोरदास), बुद्धि-रासो (जल्ह), वाराणसी विलास (देवकरण) जगविलाम (नन्दगम) कल्याणदास कृत गुग्णगोविन्द, केमोराय कृत केसोसागर, और रुक्मिणी मंगल, गरीबदास कृत योगपावडी, देवीदास कृत अनुपकृष्ण चन्द्रिका, नवनीत कृत रसप्रकाश, वालकृष्ण कृत सुदामाचरित्र, मान कृत संकटहरण, मुरली कृत त्रिया विनोद और अश्वमेघ यज्ञ, शिवदास कृत रोशन नाटक, सुमति हंस कृत विनोद रस, आदि राजस्थानी के ग्रन्थ, तुजुक-ए-बावरी (जैनुद्दीन), मीरात-ए-अहमदी (हुमैन मोहम्मद खाँ), तजकिरात-उल-वाकियात (अकबर जवाहर आफतावची) कानून-ए-हुमायुनी (ख्वान्दा मीर), तारीख-ए-शेरशाही (अब्बास सरवानी), तारीख-ए- सलातीन-ए-अफसानी (अहमद यादगीर), अमल-ए-सालिहा (मुहम्मद सालीह कंवु), इन्शा-ए-बहारमान (चन्द्रभान), खुलासा-ए-शाहजहाँनामा (जाहिदखा), खुलाशात-उन-तवारीख (सुजानराय खत्री, पटि- याला वासी) तारीख -ए-सलातीन-ए-चगताई (मुहम्मद हादी केवरखां), मप्रामुर-उल-उमरा (शाह- नवाजखा), अरवी, फारसी और उर्दू के ग्रन्थ हैं । . - - . - उपर्युक्त ग्रन्थों मे से कतिपय प्रमुख ग्रन्थों का परिचय आवश्यक समझ कर यहा दिया जा एकलिंग माहात्म्यः- लेखक कन्ह व्यास के अनुसार यह संकलन उसने महाराणा कुम्भा की आज्ञा से तैयार किया ·MINAR THROUG! THE AGES 93 । म मा माप मोरे मारय मोरया और एरनिंगी रे समोर मी भौगोलिक fun रामगे माता कुम्भा तरको ऐतिहासि जानकारी दी गई है। महाराणा पुकारा पान से मारपूर्ण है। समरान.- महाराजापुरमा पिर ममताको गोः परीकी महाया प्रवरा के तट पर fer Aमा (पिपिवान पामी माIPL ने सपा (महाराष्ट्र) के शाम राज (भानमेन) सिरियापा हमी रियनित गारको प्रतिनिािर्यालय में PARI LAfor ERE RAPा में IT महत्वारा स्पान है । rrrrनेने भारतीय चीन और मायाम न विधामोगा बहुत ही हरपन प्राkि परिज गारग महाराष्ट्र और विजयनगर साम्राग्य रे Arrantfarm बाहो महापूरात सलता है। सम्बत् १९२१.३२ tisfनिम्ति एक भी मारे मोरा प्रारम्भिा पर भी प्रतिष्टान मे न है। मा for निगा गया है। अमरसार.- 'प्रमरगार' गत सायकोरपना मोरयर मे मारा पमरगिह प्रपमा विश प्रेमी नीति. HTRAIनIRL को महा ममिह प्रपम (वि.ग. १६५३-१६७६) नगर में गर्म मिल जानसागी, पामिह के पथात महाराणा कर्णसिंह (". म. १.nar REET मिह म (कि.ग. १६८४.१७१.) 7 भो पनि मान। अक्षावर और भाषा की प्राजनताको दृष्टि से भी इस गएकोमा१-१और स. १६९ोदो प्रतिया प्रतिष्ठान के पनवाट राज एनापरः मेरा रे faam पोरmधिमाश्या यह मान प्राय परपन महत्व का है। में मेवर महाराणापों में पारावारराम में नगर महाराणा राजसिंह अपम तर निगम foetra | परम मिह के गोवर्ण रूप में हुई है पत रामसिंह ये मन और काम हिम पxि fara दिया गया है जो स्वाभाविक भी है। लेसा के गदि मौर स्वर महापारे प्राश्रित होने से इसकी प्रामाणिरता भी स्वयसिद्ध है। राज- गारको प्रतिष्टान गानय में दो प्रतिया प्राप्त है जिनमें से एक अन्यार ७१८ वासी प्रति दिली प्रौर प्राचीन है। अमरकाप्य:- मेवार के इतिहास में सम्पपित TT भाग में नियत सोशष्ठ पायों में इस अन्य का भी पाना स्थान है । रास्तिबार रणधीर भट्ट माप का भी प्रणेता है ।

·VEWAR THROUGH TI{E AGES समरकाप अन्य मध्यवस्थित, अपरिमार्जित और वृटित अवस्था में प्राप्त है। प्रतिप्टान में प्राप्त चार प्रतियों में से एक प्रति अत्यन्त जीविस्था में है और मूल प्रणेता को मादप्रति प्रतीत होती है। मेगाह के तत्कालीन इतिहास के पनुगीना की दृष्टि से यह प्राय सवधिया महत्त्वपूर्ण है। राजप्रशस्तिः-- महाराणा राइसिंह द्वारा राजनगर (गांकरोली) के पाम निर्माचित विज्ञान सरोवर राजसमन्द को पात के नौजौनो नामक घाट पर काले पत्थरो २५ विमान मिलादी पर मीसित रगमोह- भट्ट कृत संत महासावको राजनित का गोरगंन मान सोने में मनमस्ति नाम दिया गया। पाप में मेवाड के प्राचीन इतिहास पर पर्याप्त प्रयास माना गया है। इम कार का प्रायन महाराणा राजसिंह के मादेश में ही उनके जीवन काल में प्रारम्भ कर दिया गया था। गितामों की स्थापना स० १७४४ मैं महागला जबमिट माल में कराई गई। प्रनितान में काव्य सौदी प्रतियां प्राप्त है जो अत्यन्त जीलं चोर समसामयिक प्रतीफ होती है। राणा रातो:- दयायदान त राणा गानो के चनाकान के विषय मे अन्य में कोई जानकारी नही मिलती। मत्यदेमन्त में लिपिताल म.१६५ दिया गया। पर अन्य ने महाराणा जनिट (०१७३७- १:५५) तक के मेगद के गानों का नामालेग भी मिलता है. पत: लेवन कान अभी भी संदिग्ध है। यह एकतीनानिक पास है। ६१ छको में मलाइ मादिकाल से लेकर महागा कलसिंह के राज्याभिषे तक का विस्तृत इतिहास प्राप्त होता है। राजप्रकामाः- - राब रिपोरदार दनौंधी द्वारा वि० सं० १७१६ में चित पर भी महाराना नसिंह के गयाल से सम्बन्धित महत्वपूर्व ऐतिहावित है। १३२ पदो के अन्य में प्रारम्भ के ५६ धन्दों में प्रारम्भ मे महाराणा जगनिह तकनी वानी रक्षित वर्णन के नाद दी गई है। शेष ७५ इन्द्रों में महाराला राजनिह के राज्य प्रबन्ध, वैभव. गौरी, प्रादि का वर्णन है। मममादिक कवि होने से अधिकांश वरित घटना प्रांसों देसी है प्रतः इमो दृष्टि से इसका महत्व है। तुजुक-ए-बाबरी या वाक्या-ए-बावरी:- (लिपिकाल-१२१५, मून पर संवा ३००, पर संवा २७४ वां प्रदान - नहीन कृत यह बाबर का जीवन चरित है: रानपान के तत्कालीन विवश की दृष्टि में भी हमारे लिये यह मन्य बड़े महत्व का है। बाबर ने पानीपत के युद्ध के बाद और महाराणा सांगा को पराजित करने में बाद मेवाड़ के मार्ग से अपने अभियान का इस में विस्तृत विवरण दिया है।

·NEW AR TUROLOI! THIC SOLS ri मिपा, उटोग, पापे मा भूमि और गारपूर्णी राजापारे मौसम मौर वर्षा कमी मान मिला है। मौरत-ए-अहमदी -जिल्द १.३ (TANAfrin...हि ) मन मोमान (पुरा में मिम दोसा) प्रप में गुजरात मे मनाय जाने वारे योग, RITIन भी मोनिकाप्रि से सम्परा विवरण मिरता " RE मे मुशार पर पिरान वाम राजापान म होकर गुजरे मागों का विस्तृत ier-fort नरन--यापपात हर हर ममप में मामिरे मारवार बीरानेर घोर पसरमेर के एगान मोर पानिरनिरा परिपतयिा गया है। मभूमि मी पमहा गर्मी PR नारेमा माभूमि में प्यार पारण प्राज साट पास तुम सारिका गया है। समारोहमा करावापान के माग से पलायन का पुरान पिगाता।। गरपान से पुगरते समय वृगों के झुरमुनों में बसे नाभी मेन निया। गतून एएमापूनो - (नगर १३.२) सानोरम में हमायूनागमारित सामागों और नियमों और उसके द्वारा RT बनोगन प्राण है। हम पम मुन मरदाराकी वेषभूषा । पर्याप्त सूची पर है। ऐसा मानामा भगा गुग पााि रारापान म प्रचमन मुगलों म परित भाग, पारिसमा शाप-साप हुमा है जिनका विवरण जन-मापूनी में हुआ है। तारास एग्णाही पाम गरयानी रणराया विस्तृत इतिहास प्रय है। इसको रचना समतुरे. वर मान ११० पायर को पाना मे हो गई थी। इस में दोरचाह समानर और उपनिर पर भिया में प्रयुक्त मागों के विषय म बड़ी मह यपूण सूचनाए हो गई है। हमें परमेर के पार पोर मार द्वारा गये गये गुधार पर कुछ प्रशा बारामा है। अमल-ए-सारिहा मुहम्म सालीह जायु मे इसकी रचना १६५९६ में भी गई ।इम अप में सैसम ने शाहजहां के ·96 MEWAR THROUGII THE AGES शासन को विस्तार से विवरण दिया है। एग में उदयपुर का बड़ा अच्छा वर्णन दिया गया है जिस में उदयपुर को महल, झीलें तालाब पोर सामन्तों को हवेलियो का विवरण है। इस ग्रंथ के प्राधार पर हम इन दिनों के राजस्थान में नगर योजना का थोसा बहुत ज्ञान प्राप्त गर समाते हैं । वंशा-ए-चन्द्रभानः-- चन्द्रभान कृत इस ग्रन्थ में चन्द्रभान द्वारा उदयपुर से शाहजहां को निगे गये चार महत्वपूर्ण पत्र संकलित हैं । बादशाह माहजहां प्रौर गगणा जगतसिंह (यम) के सम्बन्धों या पता लगाने के लिये इन पयों का बड़ा महत्व है। उसने उदयपुर के दशहरे का बड़ा गुन्दर वागंन पिया है। चन्द्रमान ने राजस्थान की मरभूमि की रानी को बड़ी ठंडी और प्रानन्ददाययः वाला है । मेवाट में गन्ने की मेनी का भी चन्द्रभान ने विवरण दिया है चन्द्रभान के मूल ग्रन्थ गा नाम मुमात-ए-नन्द्रमान है। खुलाशा-ए-शाहजहांनामा-ए-लेखपा-जहीदखां मुगल दरवार इस ग्रन्य में में गजपून गजानों के प्रागमन और भेंटों के प्रादान-प्रदान का विवरण प्राप्त है। इन मेंटों में वेश भूपा. प्रागण प्रौर उनके गानपान को वस्तुणों का विवरण ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से बड़ा महत्वपूर्ण है । ग्रन्थ का लिपिकाल १३०० जिरी है। खुलासात-उल-तवारीखः- - सूरजरामयत्री पटियालाबाला ने अजमेर और बीकानेर का वा विप्र-विचित्र, विस्तृत वर्णन इस मंध में दिया है। उसने राजस्थान की मगभूमि से बहुत पम वर्षा तया राजस्थान के प्रमुख फलों केला और मूगी सेवों का विवरण भी दिया है । उसो अनुमार गुगल हरम में रहने वाली राजपूत वेगमें और स्त्रियां होम (यज्ञ) किया करती थीं। उसने हिन्दुप्रों के प्रसिद्ध तीर्थ पुप्पर का भी वर्णन किया है । ग्रन्थ का लिपिकाल १८८८ ई. है। तारीख-ए-सलातीन-ए-चगताई:-भाग १,२:- मुहम्मद हादी केवरसां कृत इम ग्रन्थ में दक्षिगा पश्चिम राजस्थान के पहाड़ी प्रदेश के मौसम का विवरण दिया गया है । जोधपुर पर मुगल प्राकमरण के सन्दर्भ में वहां से लेजाई गई बहुत अधिक मात्रा मे स्वर्ण, रजत और ताम्र मूर्तियों का विवरण दिया है। जिन्हें प्रागरा और दिल्ली की मस्जिदों की सीढ़ियों के नीचे डाल दिया गया था। इससे प्रतीत होता है कि उस काल में राजस्थान के कारीगर धातु के काम में बहुत अधिक दक्ष थे । ग्रन्थ का लिपिकाल १८८४ ई. है । मआसुर-उल-उमरा-भाग १,२:.- शाहनवाजखां कृत इस ग्रन्य में मुगल शाहजादों के साथ कुछेक नाजपूत राजकुमारियों के विवाह की घटनाओं पर निर्णय लेने में सहायता मिलती है। इससे यह भी पता चलता है कि बीकानेर के पृथ्वीराज और पामेर के जगन्नाथ वैष्णव सम्प्रदाय के अनुयायी थे।

·AMAR TIROLGII TIIE AOCS
91
PAIR में प्रापीर 1 बार मे मातिएर मार तिला
द्वार! marg TEREET परिमारा गुारा पान । दोनों ही पयों
नाम | RATRI प तो भारत के किरापागात पोर महरा र
एमालगा पूरा म होने मरपिर महार है।
मेवारगेमबपिमरनी पर सवार और
rlरिधि में परम गुती रोवार पररर महरा है।
Emairagir , पर मारा और माय वेतन,
भानु मगर"frr और ऐतिहाPि
riस प्रतिनिपिरष भरने
rina Tarla मह गाय माति राय पैमाने पाते है।
mafreiन गतिमिति पोहहै। गर्शपिराधीन विधि
रमा १७.८ पी। नायरा प में नामोन
मोहोरिनोको
पायौ मिट NिIK मनोहर दारा
अनमोहन मालिया

·ངུ ངུ་འོ། པ– · ; aཀའཕཝ ་ི མས: '' ཁཝ་ ལྕཀོནཱཡཱ ཉྙོ ཙྩ: 1:༌： 1： བོ ལ ་་པ་༌ ༌ པ ཎ ལྕཔས ས ༌ འ ལྕགསriགཙ པr'' ： མཱ་ ༤ པ་ ག༌པ :ཨཱཙམt : སྨདེང པྤཡྻ : ༌ ;ཝ་ ལས ལྕམ༤༤ ལཱཎ། ་ :བསྶ ' ·༤ པས ། ཨུ་ ཉྙཔ; ཙྪེ་ ཡེ ་ ; པར མང སྦོར ཡཱན་ ཡེ་ r་པས་པཎ ཨ;ཨtf ''' མས་ཀཔའ༤} གྱི -༤ སྶ'iཨ་མྨ3,• དསྶ ཨཱ༣༢༤ མསམས་ བྷi： མ་ཨཱ ཙ ཎ Y པདྷ ཝ ཝ ཝ ངོ སྶ ༄༅r- ངེ ཆེ བྱཱ ཎ ཡ མསf︽ ས་བ ་ “པཋཀ༌ཙྩོ དྷཱ ༣ཝཱ ཀྐ དེ པ ས སམྦ; ་ ཡ ཝ༤ ནས༌ :: ད་ པའི་ ཙེ མེ ལ་ ཝཔསཡ: ཙེ ཝཡྻ =r བས : ༌… མ༌， མ་, ， : སྨ, '', ff A ན''ཡཙེ ཙཏི། ་་་ ནི༑་ : མི ང ་ཨཙེམྤ༌་ ི༌ མ ཀེ ཀེ ཙྩོ ད ༌ བ ་ ༌ པ ༤ ·METAR TIROUGH THE AGES 90 - नाना साना हो पाचन, पारस OR RAT गम मारो मामा। नदी मिरा भारतीय निरियो में भी । नही. SIR crimitr पो रे मे प्राचीन मंसिरयो 'विष्ण भक्ति गोमाnternet inform १४.11 प्रारम्भ के य पृष्ठ हग नहीं Eि में सपा मren after मोमि दीक्षित ने पो प प में 'सामादिशरिनिगम' TA frr। देश मापा परवानस संहिता' माय रवाना मेसिननिरनारे मन्दिर में भगवान in.rnad गप में सात पर य २२ पदम । उगनी HTTA राम शिपित मतग पारमेश्यर को 'भावति' (विधापा:) Firf मारा। AFTER मरागिन सपा Farrinkur tecturt ENAA famटो नापूराम के महारानगिर पाने गरे पनिारों में प्रगर Ira शिलोचन जिवावान मारायलो' मा एक पूर्ण माशा भी यहाँ उप. मार। मोम को भगार सहिताको ना मिरिको माग भी यही searn है| पर भुग मागमो में सारपत संहिता, मारोप सहिता विश्वामित्र संहिता मागम, अजितागम पाच राघोरपति, समिम, पारपागम, पारि भी देवनागरी लिपि में fairsutra नामों से हार को भाट प्रतियां भी यह नमें से Forम र १९५, १९९५ या महाया है। भय नागमों में नन्दीग्राम, पम्पमत्र एयरलत्पनत्र की एमपिर प्रगिया है। हिदाम के पिरान हरमितियों में राजसिंह प्रभोवर्णनम् अमरतृपकाया एनम गोस्वामोडुल गोवर्णनम्. एलिग महासम्मम राजप्रारित, फतहप्रकाश प्रदस्ति मामा 'राजसिंह प्रभोवर्णनम्' aata (Fr.स. १06-१७३७ ) के मन मा मालमद प्राणी गायोiofair है। पहरिदेय पूरिक पुत्र मंगल का बनाया 'अमरनागप्परनन्' या ममा का है । मह महाराणा जयसिह के पुत्र महाराणा प्रमामिह मिलीगम्बन्धित है। प्रस्थ समाप्ति समय हममें अपना परिचय भी दिया है। एपिमहाप' में एक सिंगजी के प्रस्ट होने तथा महाराणा कुम्भा तक के मेगा के इतिहास का वर्णन है। रसोरम विरषित 'रामप्रशास्ति' समन्द पर ५५ मिलाभों पर उपोj ऐतिहासिक महा मी हा महा सग्रहालय में विद्यमान है । RO सम्पादन भी हो पुरा है। गोस्वामीदुलयशोयणनम्' में काम्य अन्य में है। तहका प्रदास्ति' करियर करणीदान - मस्थान से rum मत गोस्वामी दुत ा मान पत्रों में लिप्त वर्णन प्रणीत है, किन्तु पर है। प्यारण य इन्दशास्त्र युद प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ मी यस पर है। प्रमिद याकरण मट्टोजि- ·100 MEWAR THROUGH TIIE AGES दीक्षित कृत 'प्रौढ़ मनोरमा' का तिङन्त काण्ड एवं उत्तराद्धं भाग की दो प्रतियां हैं । केदार भट्ट विरचित छन्दशास्त्र के उल्लेखनीय ग्रन्थ 'वृत्त रत्नाकार' की वि. स. १८८६ की एक प्रति है, यह प्रति मूल के साथ-साथ हरि भास्कर कृत वृत्त रत्नाकर सेतु टोका सहित है। वररुचि के 'प्राकृत प्रकाश' को वि. स. १६५५ की एक प्रति भामह कृत मनोरमा वृत्ति सहित है । अायुर्वेद एवं ज्योतिष से सम्बंधित अधिकांश ग्रन्यों पर अभी विद्वद् समाज का अनुसंधानपरक दृष्टिकोण केन्द्रित नहीं हुआ है। यहां दोनों विषयों से सम्बन्धित अनेक ग्रन्थ हैं, जिनको आधार बनाकर शाङ्गधर. सुश्रुत, माधव, चन्द्रः, वोपदेव, विदग्ध वैद्य, अग्निवेश त्रिमल्ल,वीरसिंह, महेन्द्र भौगिक, लोलिम्बराज, नित्यनाथ सिद्ध, श्रीकंठ पण्डित, अादि प्रसिद्ध आयुर्वेदीय पण्डितों व काशीनाथ, सुर्मात हर्ष, पदत्रप्रभसूरि, भास्कराचार्य, श्रीपति भट्ट आदि ज्योति- पाचार्यों के अनेक हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थों के मूलपाठ एव टीका त्रों को पाठान्तर सहित तैयार किया जा सकता है। - संस्कृत के अन्य प्रसिद्ध हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थ जिनक परिचय ऊपर स्थानाभाव के कारण नहीं दिया जा सका है, निम्नलिखित है:- ग्रन्थ का नाम प्रणेता विपय लिपि या रचनाकाल धर्म वि. सं. १६५१ न्याय १७४७ कामशास्त्र " काव्य पुराग वास्तुशास्त्र वैद्यक गौतम स्मृति गौतम घमितावच्छेदकताप्रत्यासति: हरिराम भट्टाचार्य पञ्चसायकम् कवि शेखर किरातार्जुनीयम् भारवि गुरूगीता स्तोत्रम् व्यास वास्तुशास्त्रम् विज्ञाचार्य माधवनिदाम् माधव हृदयदीपकम् वोपदेव योगरत्नसमुच्चयः चन्द्रट द्रव्यावली महेन्द्र भौगिक योगशतकम् विदग्ध वैद्य रसरत्नाकर नित्यनाथसिद्ध शीघ्रबोधः काशीनाथ गणककुमुदको मुदी सुमतिहर्ष भुवनदीपकम् पदुमप्रभसूरि करणकुतूहलम् भास्कराचार्य ज्योतिषरत्नमाला श्री पतिभट्ट पुष्करमाहात्म्यम् ध्यास १६७० १७१७ शक सं. १७०४ वि. सं. १७६१ १७८० १७०५ १७४४ १७१७ " " . ज्योतिष १७५५ १८६४ ज्योतिष ।। . १८०० १५६२ पुराण " ·CW AR TURQUOI IC AGCS 101 प्रजिह " १॥ मापरत पातिती पवित्र THI उसको नाम के सर श्री मदल्लभाचार्य के ५० से पिर हा माधो मारामार्य श्री पिलर भी पर F पर्म, भारत, घोष, rink मापा। जगमापारा fanfeo मुक्ति चिन्तामणी' चोर भतिक में Pिrates भी परमान है। हिरी-राजस्थानी फेरततितित पाप:- पाहागिरी हिमानी रे हालसिरित न्यों का भी है| पिम म प rem. निसाहिग्य, गीत, पुराण व का दल र पारगानोपा, पनर, परम, जीयनपरित, पास्त्र, संगीत सनीति, EROINT AT मfa पारियों से मम्मपित है। इसमें भी of शाहिरप व स, पिर म्योरपुरता है। পি ৪ মাঘ frষ গত জাৰী সৰশি মসি। ঘাস ম সময় কী नही पाई जाती है। गुरतांग गुगण वर्णन. राणा रासो, दोपगाभप्रकास तपा पविराय बन्नावर तिमि उनमें प्रमुग है। गुरतम गुण पणन में नेवार ने महाराणा मगिह प स र मामिह मार मार तपा महाराणा प्रमामिह दितीय प पोरगर साए ममभा में मातापीन राव गुरतामिहको से सहयोग एवं गान है। परम पालोपताजी मासियाने वि स १७७२ भाराम प्रणी रागारागोरो पर यह गीत एर मात्र प्रति प्राप्त हुई है। प्रापरिक्षा परियार, गा में TM प्रति भी दो प्रति से की गई नस्ल है। इसमें मेगा rat anam HIT सिंह (वि स १६७६.८४) तr का वन है। पुतिm में IITTERNET को विवादास्पद है। इस ऐतिहासिक महत्व के पद स्पान से गमाल हो पुरा है। दोपगन. माम' कमी दयाटिया Em AFTE है. मिनु इमरा अन्तिम भाग तुरित है। इसमे मरदार विशना मादा त 'भीमवितास' की प्रतिमा ययपि पन्यत्र भी दरमाप होनी है AT THE से हारा दोनों प्रतियों (मनपाक १२३५ मम महाराणा भीमसिंह का जीवन वृत्तान्त है । प्रन्य समसामयिक होने के कारण ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से विशेष महत्व है। विराज बरतावर कमशः महाराणा दिविह, शम्भूसिंह, राजनगिह एवं फहमिह के प्राश्रित एव वृपापात्र कवि रहे हैं। इनो में रापा। गोरिया मा वर्णन है । २०९)मा विशेष महरा है।

·102 MEWAR THROUGII THE AGES . - लिखे हुए सरूप प्रकास, संभूजस प्रकास, महाराणा सम्भूसिंहजी री झमाल, महाराणा संभूसिहजी री वेत, महाराणा सज्जनसिंहजो री झमाल, सज्जन प्रकास, महाराणा फतहमिहजो रा रूपक तथा फतह प्रकास नामक प्रन्थ सममामयिक होने के कारण विशेष उल्लेख- नीय है। महाराणा भीमसिंह, जवानसिंह, सरदारसिंह व शभूमिह से सम्बन्धित अन्य रचनायें भी यहां उपलब्ध हैं । 'मेवाड के. राजारों को राणियों और कुवरों का हाल' शीर्षक ग्रन्य बड़वा देवीदान की ख्यात को नकल है । इसमें महाराणा हपीरसिंह प्रथम से महाराणा फतहसिंह तक के महारा- गाओं, राणियो व उनके कुवरों के नाम दिये है । 'मेवाड रा परगणा रा विवरो' महागणा भीमसिंह के प्रादेश से लिपी गई एक वही है । जिसमें कुन १७ जीगण-गीणं पन है । इसका लिपिकाल वि. सं. १८६० है । 'मिसोदिया री ख्यान' मुहणोत नेणसो के ख्यात की नकल है। इसमें कुल ६५ पत्र हैं जिप में सिसोदिया कुल व बूदी के हाड़ानों का वर्णन है । चन्दवरदायी कृत 'पृथ्वीराज रासो' को एकाधिक प्रतियां यहां विद्यमान हैं, जिसमे ग्रन्थाक २८१ वाली प्रति महत्वपूर्ण है। इसमें कुल २७३ पत्र व ६४ प्रस्ताव हैं तथा इसका लिपिकर्ता एवेताम्बर जसराज है । रोति साहित्य से सम्बन्धित यहां चालीस से ऊपर विविध प्रकार के ग्रन्थ हैं। उनमें से अधिकांश ग्रन्थ रस, अलंकार व नायक-नायिका भेद व छन्द प्रादि से सम्बन्धित हैं तो पुछ ग्रन्थ 'विहारी सतसई' की केशव कृत 'रसिक प्रिया' व 'कवि प्रिया' को तथा महाराजा जसवन्तसिंह कृत 'भाषा भूपरण' की टीकानों से सम्बन्धित हैं । सूरति मिश्र, हरिचरणदास व कविराव बख्तावर के रीति सम्बन्धी ग्रन्यों की एकाधिक प्रतियां यहां उपलब्ध हैं, जिनका देश के विभिन्न भागों से विद्वानों ने प्राकर विशद अध्ययन किया है। दिलेराम चौबे, कृष्ण भट्ट. देवर्षि, दत्त कवि, शिवराम, ग्वाल कवि, वलभद्र, मनराखन, बुधसिंह, प्रतापसाहि आदि अब तक रीति साहित्य की दृष्टि से अज्ञात कवियों की रचनाए भी यहां पर हैं । . . - - हिन्दू धर्म के चोवीस अवतारों की कथा को आधार बनाफर नरहरिदास बारहठ द्वारा लिखे अवतार चरित्र" नामक महाकाव्य की दो प्रतियां ( ग्रंथ सं ५६ व ५८ ) यहां के संग्रहालय में विद्यमान हैं। इसमें कुल १६८६१ अनुष्टुप छन्द हैं । यह अभी अप्रकाशित है । महाराणा जवान- सिंह द्वारा विरचित पदों का हस्तलिखित संग्रह भी यहां पर है, जिनको सम्पादित पार 'वजराज काव्य माधुरी' के नाम से पुस्तकाकार में सस्थान द्वारा प्रकाशित किया गया है। चतुर्भुजदास प्रणीत 'मधु मालती' राजस्थानी प्रेमाख्यान परम्परा की एक उत्कृष्ट कृति है। इसकी दो प्रतियां (अन्य सं. ६६ व ३०३ ) यहां उपलब्ध हैं । ग्रन्थ सं. ६६ पर अंकित प्रति मूल काव्य के साथ-साथ घटनानुसार चित्रों से सज्जित भी है । लगभग दस डिगल गीतों का विशाल संग्रह इस संग्रहालय की एक अन्य विशेषता है । हजार डिंगल गीतों में से ५२२७ गीतों को वणं एवं मात्रानुक्रम मे जमा कर एक विस्तृत सूचनात्मक अनुक्रमणिका के रूप मे व्यवस्थित कर दिया गया है, जो 'शोधपत्रिका' में परिशिष्ट रूप में क्रमशः ·१८२५ गानोपदेश बनारसीदास भरपरी व " DDaily Ikájus les महा मोतरी १९२३ VIRALA पामामी बारह १६०७ ." इतिहास दाम्प मध्याण पाणीदानविपा #. अमवतमिह " . نمود १९२५ " " - ॥ maine ॥ " " १२ १९४२ गर . دهلرا 12 Anandit ११०२ " . - " 24 همه د عتی " . . om .101 m -- " . aant - four 121 • Aaena tnak ... date...tion na RSHLink that SHIV 0102LLY ·104 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES करणीदान काव्य " १८६४ ज्ञानोपदेश काव्य सूरजप्रकास विड़दसिणगार भैचितामणी बाहुविलास बांकीदास ग्रंथावली वृन्दसतसई कविताकल्पतरू पाण्डवयशेन्दुचन्द्रिका रघुनाथरूपक कूर्मवंशयशप्रकाश लालदास राजसिंह बांकीदास वृन्द नान्हूराम स्वरूपदास मंछाराम गोपालदान कविया इतिहास काव्य अलंकार १६२७ १६०४ १६४० काव्य " १६१७ छन्दशास्त्र १८६२ काव्य सस्कृत व हिन्दी-राजस्पानी के हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थों के अलावा यहाँ के संग्रहालय में मूल व नकल रूप में ताम्रपत्र, पट्टे-परवाने, पत्र. शिलालेख, प्रशस्तियां, चित्र, सिक्के आदि भी व्यवस्थित रूप में विद्यमान हैं। पुस्तकालय में दस हजार के लगभग मुद्रित ग्रन्थ हैं, जिनमें से अधिकांश अब अन्यत्र अनुपलब्ध हैं। इसी तरह १३० विविध प्रकार की पत्र-पत्रिकाओं की पुरानो फाइलें भी हैं। वर्तमान में दैनिक, साप्ताहिक, पाक्षिक व मासिक समाचार पत्रों व पत्रिकाओं को छोड़कर देश-विदेश की लग- भग ६० शोधोपयोगी पत्रिकाएं आती हैं । इस सम्पूर्ण सामग्री का अमेरिका, सोवियत रूस, आस्ट्रे- लिया, प्रास्ट्रिया, जापान प्रादि देशों के अनुसंधित्सुत्रों के साथ-साथ भारत के विविध भागों से अनेक अनुसंघित्सुओं ने यहां आकर लाभ उठाया है । -देव कोठारी .

·udalpur : panorama of a cicy of lakes Udaipur, the coloratadisko City of Rajasthan, is one of the most picturesque cities in Inds. Tho enchanting beauty of its landscape, tho mygnificence of his palaces and the rich cultural hentago of its Innsbitante, mit go to mako Udaipur a city of unsurpassing loveliness. History The city derives its name from Afsharano Udal Singh (1537-1972). fits ancestors had their capital of the colebrated fort of Chitos He realised the need for shifting the scst of his government from Chitor which was no longer suitable for copiiet Tho changed methods of warfaro had made it useless to seek shelter in mountain fortress. He, mereloro, founded the city of Udaipur in 1559 A. D on the slope of uses adjoining the Pichhols lake. Due to political chaos during his reign. Udal Singh cou'd not pay adeguato attention to the construction of buildings of his non capital. Under Pratzp (1572-1597) the score ched corih policy employed both by Rajputs and Mughals brought about the tuin of traditions of Hindu architecture of Kumbha's period. It is therefore not surprising that the buildings of the now capital of Monat walo executed in a very simplo provincial tasto Tho City Udaipur stands on the slope of a low ridge, the summit of which 15 crowned by the Maharana's palaces and to the north and west the houses extend 10 the bank of the Pichhola laka Solid crenellated wall with bastions, pasapois and imposing gateways once surrounded the City on three sides. The old chly has several narrow lanes with loan ing houses on both sides. The outsides of most of the houses are of ·106 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES stucco and painted white which gives an appearance of unique beauty to the whole city against the background of lakes and gardens. Although the visitor no longer sees in Udaipur of today men who rode on horses, on enormous elephants and courtiers going to the Maharana's palace in impressive costumes, yet the streets of Udaipur are full of fascination and colour. The city is now extending on a settled plan. The new roads are straight and broad forging large squares at several places in which the whole life of the developing city seems tu centre. Of the places of interest in the city may be mentioned the Maharana's palace, Sajjan Niwas Gardens, Sahelion-ki-Bari with well laid out fountains. Nehru Park, Pratap Memorial and the cenotaphs of the Chiefs of Mewar near the ancient site of Ahar. The excavations at Ahar have revealed the existence of a flourishing civilisation in this area in the second millenium B. C. The finished and shapely pottery and the remains of houses discovered among the ruins indicate that as early as 2000 B. C. the people of this area were well versed in the art of pottery, copper smelting and town planning Palace The Maharana's palace, crowning a promontory over the Pichhola lake, is an imposing pile of buildings Fergusson had described the old palaces as largest in Rajputana, and in outline and size a good deal resembling windsor but its details are bad, and, when closely examined, it will not bear comparison with many other residences of Rajput princes. Although the additions to the palace made by almost every Maharana since 1571 were not in conformity with a particular style of architecture, yet this very diversity of architecture is itself attractive. Amar Singh built the Bari Pol and Amar Mahal of the palace. His successor Karan Singh (1620-281 built Ganesh Devri. Manak Mahal, Khas Mahal. Karan Vilas and Rawla of the palace. It has a number of pavilions, terrace garden and inner apartments decorated with beautiful inlay work and wall paintings. The view of the palace from the cmbankment across the background of wooded hills which close in round the western sides of Pichnola lake becomes almost magical at sun-set. and is as fine as anything in India. Lakes The beautiful Pichrola lake is said to have been constructea by a Banjara at the end of the fourteenth century, and the embankment was raised by Maharana Udai Singh. The lake is about 2 1/4 mile long by 1 1/2 mile broad, and has an area of over one square mile, in the middle stand the two island palaces, ·VCWAR TIROLGI TI r sols 107 La Jorndrandine Juanivas, tha tomer bulk by sharang Jagat Singhi in #1113 of the seventeenth century and tho lat'er by Jagat Singh | about a $ 7033 lavet Princo Knurum, alionsude the Emperor Shah Janon, is *** 3 tave sougl osylum in this poigro uho in rev Il apunst his father Js*3*57. The lo rs'sco which was built for Prince Kursum consists of a And tower with a hesu'ilul dine Thougant arartment is circular Fergusson tutto profit tocm fio kronin 1903 The Juannyas Daleco 11 about Dieet from restore and it und to consist of a collection of small apartments. Courts ord pardons Tno vocild lanous lalo palaro Hotat has been built in Ja; Ass place Touris's from all over the world visit this hciel. Another for solo connected by a small cong with and lying to the north cPicrhal is to tachogy construcond by any named for Mtghalana Fateh Singh It is about 1 1/2 mlos longo, no milo trosd A beautiful crcen known u pienru Park *** non recently laid out on an island in this lako On the I cl a high tidan on the shore of Forchsejur stands on tho equestrian 5*3** Baharana Prates, the colchosendtero o Wews Pg P13s3st. Ol ciner til mig of necrest on sta raighaeushant of Udtour may be mentioned Fanaman, Jamand and U13759215 Hann in Raj Singh (1053 7680) built Bengosong R31337394 din with us borelil anat pavilions and intaresting Ils contruct on served to fileviado he suffering of a starving Damula..on and is no oldest kno.mn laninn relief work in Rajasthan. 13- simand or Ohabar nu bull by T Singh ayout 30 milos south 0.35 Onito West of the late the hills rise from 800 to 1000 stove them svet oling watrs, while stooman wooded islands and picturesque Washing hym'mis on the northern shoro ods greatly to the beauty of what is one of the largest artificial litor la tho world. ct Uda pur city. Temples Ude cui. Jagdi Singh (1628-52) tu is the organic Jaydeesh temp! (1651-52) sn This temple is an olfshoot of the medieval Hindu renarssance style his shnih reviels in a smaRajput style seems to have tocn sculptured by the in the precediny decaso had decorated the Jagat Shironani masons Who lemple at Arrter. 12 miles from the north of Uda pur stands the celebrated temple of Ekling}. The original temple is said to have been constructed by Ospa rawal in the eighth 11 W35 ye yuilt in the filtesn'h century. The temple is of unusual design hormy double storeyed porch and sanctuary. the former covered by a flat pysz centurya ·168 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES midal roof composed of many hundred circular knobs. Inside the temple is four faced image of Mahadeo Since Bapa Rawal's time the Chief of New has been Diwan or Vice-regent of Eklingji, and as such, when he visits the temp he supersedes the high priest in his duties and performs the ceremonies. Clos to Eklingji is Nagda, one of the most ancient places in Mewar. The princip temples at Nagda are the Sas Bahu pair said to be as old as eleventh centur and dedicated to Vishnu, They are beautifully carved and adorned with artist figures and sculptures. Growth of Institutions There has been a marked increase in educational and research institution in the city in the post-independence period The pioneering work done b Rajasthan Vidya Peeth. Vid/a Bhavan and Manila Mandal in promotin education has been notewor'hy. The Sahitya Sansthan of Rajasthan Vidy Peeth has undertaken several projects which would make important contributio to the history and literature of the country Tha Lok Kala Mandal is devote to the revival of much neglected folk arts. During the last five years the artist of Lok Kala Mandal travelled abroad widely and twice won awards in interna tional cultural meets. The establishment of the University of Udaipur has beea major landmark. It needs to be transformed into a seat of learning and researc in reality. An important addition to the institutions of the city was announce by the Maharana of Udaipur on the occasion of Dashera fectivei last year. Public Charitable Trust has heen founded by the Maharana with the objec of promoting educational and cultural activities. A museum is also proposed t be established in the main city palace. While, by and large, the growth of inte tutions in the city has been exercising a healthy influence in fostering and prc moting educational and social progress, the need for proper coordination of the activities of various institutions is felt to ensure their growing utility to the nation. The University of Udaipur has evidently major obligations in this res peci, which can be fulfilled only when it takes objective view of the role an actinities of all educational institutions working in Udaipur and extends its bene ficial cooperation and encouragement in their growth and development. No city lives by palaces and monuments alone, Modern Udaipur has no only to strengthen its sich cultural traditions of brotherhood and amity amon fellow citizens, but they should also be blended with new and progressive in fluences to evolve harmonious development ot the ecocomic and social life of th people suited to needs of modern India J. S. Singh ·geography of historical mewar The geography has been one of the main factors which exercised a great influence on the course of Mewars history The characteristics ar3 1 Menar was situsted an an ancient route of trade between tho middle-east countries and tho western coast of India Mewar has two main topographical features mountains dominasing the western and southern part of Mewar ranging from 1000lt to 6000lt. from sea level, and the plains averagely 1000ft, above sea level in the eastern part of it 3 Newas falls in the bell of faily good rain fall and also enjosy food climate and fertile land Early Parlod The above train geographical characteristice directly or ind rectly played a vital role since ancient days in moulding the course of history of this part--which later on came to be known as Mewar- of Rajas. than. The trade route from the middle-east countries to the western part of India passing throuah this reg on must have been and certainly has been contributory to the settlement and flourishing of a culture, now known as Ahor Culture The remains of ancient township, wow on exhibition at the site-sparsally the black on cad qattery and copper pieces, tell a tale of peace, prosperity and rich culture that thrived in this region during a long span of 3000 years prece. ding the eleventh century alter which the site lay deserted ·110 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES Gambhiri river in the calm plain in the vicinity of existing Chitor coupled with the location of this rogion on the important route of trade and commerce provided protective and attractive conditions and prompted the Sivis who immigrated to this land and founded their dominion known as the 'Sivi Ropublic' inore than 2000 years ago. The Hill-Fort-Chitor Let us mentally carry ourselves back ino thousand years and visualise the screno Gambhin river flanked by the vast plains bearing a solitary hill ol comfore ta'ile dimensions just like a huge ship allot in a vast sco. The site, size and sthape of the hill peeping over the river and commanding the view of the whole plain below all around, provided a strategic siibi 'sufficient space for in. habitation, land for basic aor culture and tanks for water. These geographical conditions of this region favoured the settlement of a dynasty-known as Maurya-on this hill. Thir dynas'y was 3 preludo to ihe settlement of another mightier Guhilot Clan on this hull in the eighth contury. The hill known later on as the Fort of Chitor. continued enjoying strairgic protection and enabled the Guhilot dyna;.y to make a gloro's history of Me var for a long period of 800 years. The proven securety of the Fort on account of its protective geography in carlier days is one of the factors responcinia to settle here the people of all faiths and high learning who made the Fori a centre of flourishing art architecture, religion, literature and economic prosperity. The hill which securely donned the famous historic Fort of Chitor, failed during the later hall of its existence, to retain its invulnerability and invincibility as exposed by the three sacks-by Allauddin Khilji in 1303, by Bahadur Snah in 1534 and by Akbar in 1567. The plains all around, then, on one hand, served as inviting and unobstructed routes for the attacking forces. and on the other, failed to be protective for the delen-ing fighters. The constant exposure to the strategic vulnerability of this hill on accouin of the geographical situation placed in the changed circumstances of time and history after retaining the capital seat of Mewar with honour and glory amidst plenty and prosperity, for eight centuries---closed the first major and more glistening part of Mewar's history to open the second one in the mid of the sixteenth century in new environment. Founding of Udaipur The second part of Mawar's history in the mid of the sixteenth century ·MEWAR TIROUQR THIS ADES opens with a new philosophy of war in a completely changed geographical setting ol land, people and climate, seventy miles away in south west of the vulnerably exposed Fort of Chifor, the geography of which, once securely provided a place for the birth and growth of glorious history of Mewar, now look her hands off, in the changed context of historical circumstances. The history of Mewar here takes a new turn and ushers into a new era. Maharana Udal Singh, white in search for a new site of his capital seat to abandon the strategically exposed Fort of Chitor after he third $ack, was fascinated by the geographical setting of the ning of the Girwa Having assessed the strategic importance and impregnability of this Circular chain of hills, he conferred with his escorts, 11 our capital seat is established here within this sing of hills, there will be no dearth of food supply and at the same une we shall have scope for adopting a mountain strategy to light the loe". From Udai singh's above assessment of this new site emerge the follo. wing facts of great geagraphical and historical significance The geography, which provided security for eight centuries, now failed to strategically protect the Fort of Chitor, and therelore forced Udal Singh to shift his capital seat therefrom. But at the same time, the geography of the securely folty ring of Girwa hills encircling the fertile land with sufficient sources of water promp- Ted Udal Singh to choos3 This new site for his capital seat in the south- Wes1 pan of Mewar. 3. The orography of the impregnable chain of Giraa hiis gave a new Insight to the Maharana as to the new technic of war He had, on one hand, experienced the futility in the changed circumstances. of the con. ventional war technics so far adopted by Drave, but comparauvely small fiajout armies against the mighty alien nordes on pen plans and on the other the geographical setting of the 21 mile tong Girwa Valley Cupped by the hilly sing stirred his acumen and practical wisdom to suggest 8 new art of war which was later on employed by Maharana Pratap and came to be known as guerrilla-wa tare Consequently, Maharana Udar Singh founded Udaipur in Girwa Valley in 1559, and shifted his capital seat from Chitus to this place sa 1568. Mcharana Pralep's strategy in hill defiles It is a well krown fact that the prographical festures of Aravallis and ·112 MEWAR THROUGH THE AGES the sturdy hilly tribe of Bhils who knew the secrecy and tediousnoss of the hilly tracks served as base for strategic manoevre and military strength for Maharana Pratap, who could, with his unbending spirii, make an inspiring, history. It was also the provision of geography that a bulk of wealth, which was later on presented to Maharana Pratap by his Prime minister Bhama Shah, lay hidden in the securely situated forts and other safe places. This act of geography and the presentation of this bulk of wealth had a great bearing on the course of history of this land. Site for the Palaces Thick green flora plentifully abounding in fauna on the high ridge abutting on the bank of the then little Pichhola Lake--then, called as Banjara-katalab--attracted one day Maharana Udai Singh for hunting. And this moment of hunting stirred a new foresight in the Maharana to build his palaces on this commanding point where today the old city palaces nestle. In these palaces, the history of Mewar for four centuries was brought into being, nursed, developed and shaped by the minds and hearts who must have been directly or indirectly influenced by the geographical traits-the calm Pichhola Lake, green hills peeping there into and the gigantic pile cf palaces watching from this strategic eminence, the whole region around. Prince Khurram sheltered at Jagmandir One must not miss the sight of the small islet in the southern Pichhola set like a diamond in a ring. This islet tempied Maharana Karan Singh to build a water palace-known later on as Jagmandir--to jodge Prince Khurram when the latter was in revolt against his father Jahangir. The calm ripples attended by moonlit nights, the green valley all around. and lulling environscoupled with the proverbial Rajput hospitality must have soothed the obsessed mind and soul of the rebellious prince. The 'turban-exchanged fraternity' between Maharana Karan Singh and the Prince was a consequence of this soothing influence released on the Prince's mind and soul by the atmosphere around him including the geographical environment And this event resulted in securing comparative peace and prosperity in Mewar and maintenance of better relations with Delhi and Agra. This is another exanple of Udaipur's geography excercising its extra-territorial influence. Prince Khurram when he became Shah Jahari, was inspired to base the design and setting of the Taj on the model, setting and surroundings of this islet palace:

·WENAR THROUGII Tite AGES Fortiled Hillocks, City Wall The small blocks around the city of Udaiput which bore small tortresses, must have prov ded a defensive strategy apzinot the anacking enemy and che. tkod the events which wouldi ve otherwise happened The rocky and undulating 101 ain of the town provided a strong defensive city wall of a comparativa y cheaper cost. The city wall must have worked as a chuck against the direct a dturniej artack by the enemy And there are many more examples to illustrate how geography luenced the coursul ristory in Mewar. It can, therelate, corvincinly be said that had the geography of Mewar.com its moun'ains, rivers, th ck fores's lernsle land, chmate, minetals and sturdy and dependable Bhulsorot come to the defence support and rescue of the rulers and the ruled of this land, the history of Vowar would have been contrary to what it has ten icit scar ned, unlustrous uninsping and shortlived in one way we can say that the geography of Mewar can share as much credit as the chivalry of man can in making and enbollsshing thg bnght history of this land where the dynasty once placed by conquest continued ruling the sare land uninterruptedly fur more than twelva centuries a fase event in the history of the world. --C. G Goswarni