·Foreword In the 13th century AD Thakkura Foru has written thus book - istusara Prakaraſam, in Prahre language. (121n-Maha rustri) Such 1 book on Architectural Science in Prakši tanguage is very rare Thallura Foru is well versed in various sciences like Jyotish, Mathematics cl The book Alles information scgardingilc Architouture of houses temples & the cxamination of a Jina dol The book has been translated with an cxhaustisc introduction the valuablc potcs in i nglish in between by Dr R P Aulları The blocks of designs, fi urcs & tables have been inserted for clear understanding with referent to the slanzas under consideration 11. Labour imolo in preparing the sictches for the blaxis is certainly ndmirable in order to widen the ficij of usefulness or the book Dr Kulkarni, shou considered to be an crport in the subal has translated it into Inplish Thow.n the scence of architecture as thoroughly advanced hd a commerable number of trcalixts lie been published the culwutyf what has been stated in the Anexent Indian book (619.Jins, hause leformally, throun's itens, dichiature has Irca de maternal record of toans lotel.ciuttiolutta. Only 1 (c# countik UX4 su sshse furat l crian, NCS than th24 ofimis ·I hope the book will be useful to those architects & builders who are interested in knowing the architecture in Ancent India, & In carrying out the research in the subject It is needless to thank Dr V S Tamhankar Director, Jiana- Prabodhin for his encouragement & invaluable suggessions from time to time Our thanks are due to the Indian Council of Historical Research for the financial assistance they have extended to bringing out the publicat on of this book We also thank Shri G G Barve the manager Ved-Vidya Mudranalaya for the n ce printing of the book & that too with n the Imited time. M V Mabashabde Santrika Jnana Prabodhini Punc ·INTRODUCTION A small and concise treatise on Vastusastra titled "Vastusara Prakaranam' was written by Feru Chandra Thakkura in the Samvat year 1372 (A D 1216) The book is written in Prakt language The author according to colophon, was a resident of a fortified town called Kannada Thakkura Feru belonged to Sridhandhakula gotra of Srimalakula and was a member of Khara tara Gaccha of the Svetambara Jainas He was in the service of Sultans of Delhi He may have served under Alauddin Muhammad Shiabuddin Umar, Qutubuddin Mubaraka Shah and possibly of Ghiyasuddin Tugbluq His native place was Kangana known to Jain Sanskrt literature as Kanyanayana a place of pilgrimage This place is knowu today as Kaliana (Lat 28° 33' N Long 76' 12 E) near the town Dadrı in Mahendraghar District of Haryana state The author Thakkura Feru bas written number of books on different subjects besides Vastusastra His known works are 1) Kharataragacchalamkara Yugapradhanacatuhpadika 11) Vastusara Prakaranam 111) Jyotisasara iv) Ganıtasara v) Dhatupatti vi) Dravyaparıksa. VII) Ratnapariksa The subjects dealt by him vary from Civil Engineering Mathematics to Examination of gems It is therefore obvious that the author should treat the subject in a text book fashion, such that all the essential information on the particular subject is covered in the book The best feature of all these books is lucid and clear presentat on of the subject under consideration mentioned in the book Ratnapanksa that Thakkura Feru wrote the book for his son Hemapala This is an add tional evidence that the books are written as text books It is ·Almost all the available treatises on Silpasistra are written in Sanskrt, the chosen language for scholarly work The contemporary treatises like Samurangana Sutradhara (11th century), Aparăjitaprccha (12th to 13th century), Manasara (14th century) clc arc written in Sanskrt The present book under study is the only onc which is written in Priks! The book is unique in this respect Even as late as 15th century the architect Vardana has written his books on Vástuſastra like Prasida Mandana Rupanandana etc in Sanskrt language Prakrt language is of four main types namely, Maliartri, Parfácı, Sauraseni und Mågadhi Literature of Syetambara Jains is in Jain Maharastrí It is known that at the t mc or Chandragupta Maurya (by the end of the 4th century AD) there was a famine of very long duration in Magadha At that tine some Jain pcoplc, with Bhadrabahu as their Icader, came and stayed in South India Thu Mahasa Prikrt that they had uscd is called Jain Maharastri The disciples of Bhadrababu then travelled throughout India for spreading their religion Maharastrı Prakſt also spread with them throughout India This is the language used by Jainas at the time of Thakkura Feru und bence he may have written the book in Prakt Feru Thahkura was not a sthapat or a sutradhara and building temples houses etc was not his call of busness 'The book is written like a text book rather than a treatise givind details of construction practice of different types of structures He does not give opinions of different architects on diferent styles of construction of temples houses etc. The author prefers to give information on certain main aspects of bu Idings and temples in a clear and luced manner without dcling into the details Ic has taken some of the informat on, without any change, from Bihat Samhita Information regarding auspicious and inauspicious times for beginning the construction of a house or the time of first entry into it as well as of ja, Vyaya, constel- Istion and others, which is mon akin to Astrology, is given by him by following the tradition in voguc at his ums The author must however, be given credit that whate or information he has en en is clear without any confusi ia and the importance of the ·book lies in this clarity of presentation of subject matter and the clarity is that of a text book. The author did not give details of construction that a practising engineer would have deemed necessary to be included in a book He described general dimensions of different parts consti tuting a temple but has avoided completely the meption of rekhas and kalas that are described while giving the details of the tower of a temple Either the author is not well versed in this important but purely technical part of the tower of a temple or that the standard of the book is purposely kept low as this subject is to be taught to his son and possibly Jain students It would definitely have been better if the author would have given information about rekhās and kalas in his usual clear style it would have increased the value of this book A brief description of the subject dealt by the author is given below The author bas mentioned at the outset that he has dealt with only three subjects namely, construction of houses examina tion of Jina idols and construction of temples He has arranged the subject methodically The first step before a house is to be constructed is to examine the soil to be used as the foundation of the building Three numbers of soil tests are given to ascertain the suitability of the soil as a foundation for the house jf all the A pit of 456 cms in length, width and depth is to to be dug The soil removed from the pit, is replaced back in it and is compacted If some of the soil remains after completely filling the pit then it is the best soil for foundation purpose quantity of the soil that was removed from the pit is required to fill it to the ground level then it is a medium type of sol If the pit could not be filled up even after adding all the soil removed from the pit then the so I is having poor density and should be rejected as a foundation soil for a building It appears that this method of testing of soil was known at Vedic period also A passage from satapatha Brahimana confirms this Yow he digs the pit He places soil towards East Now ·hc is adding the soil back to the pit Now after reciting a mantra he presses the soul so as to make it strong He presses the soil so much that the top of the soil is either in level with or somewhat higer than the surrounding ground. If the level of the soil pressed in thc pit is higher than the ground then it becomes godlike, it incans that the pit becomes divine' (3 6 1 16-18) The strength of soil on the basis of its density is assessed by this test if the natural density of the soil is niore than its compacted density then such a soil is strong enough to bear the load of the structure Otherwise it is to be rejected as a foundation soul Thc ncxt test gives the idea of the suitability of soil depending on its perincability characteristics in modern terminology the soil is suitable as a foundation material of it is neither water absorbing nor very permcable Highly plastic class and sandy, gravelly soils are rejected as foundation material by this test The third test is meant to ascertain the fertility of the soil rather than its strength of a secd after sowing sprouts within three days then it is a superior soil if it takes five or seven days for sprouting then the soil is of medium and low quality respectivcly. As agriculture was the main activity at that time and crea a Jain monastery should liave a furule land ncarby for its sustenance, this test is also essential The dimensions of houses for a ling, queen, king's brothers, prime minister, Royal astrologer and Royal physician are given These dimensions are taken from Brhat Samhiti. It is a matter of consideration that all the five types of houses for the residence of a queen are of smallest dimensions in coniparison to housus mcant for other dignitaries The dimensions of the biggest house of a queen are 30 hastas wide and 33 3/4 hastas long (13 and 14 1/2 meters respectively) The dimcasions of the smallest housc arc width 2 3/4 meter and length 3 meters. It is a house or a pegion hole! The house of a Sûdra or of an Aatynja is bigger than this house. The formulac to determinc iya, Vyaya, Ra'i, Naksatra ctc. of a house are given in a clear manner Determine these factors for a house to be built and compare them with similar factors ·(v) from the horoscope of a would be house-owner and from their comparison one is to predict the auspicious or inauspiciousness of a house in the same manner as it is done for the intending bride and bridegroom. These calculations and predictions como under the perview of astrology. But this aspect of dimensioning a house must be known to every engineer and he could not afford to neglect it Every treatise on Śilpaśastra includes this inforniation Hence even in this small text-book Feru Thakkura had given this information in detail it may be noted that formulae to determine these factors are different as mentioned in different treatises but it could be assumed that the author had given only those formulae which were generally in vogue at his time and place The rules regarding Vedhas as well as instructions about building a house are sound and give the idea of the progiess made in constructing a building The second chapter is on examination of a Joa idol The Information about dimensions of the idol and that of its retinue is very clearly given so that even a novice in thus art could understand whether a given idol is according to the prescribed dunensions or not The clanty of information 23 admirable The third chapter deals with the construction of a temple. A rule for depth of foundation is given The foundation of a temple should be upto massive rock or upto ground water table, wluchever occurs earlier As the invention of pumps for dewatering was not made at that time, the depth of a fundation will have to be limited to the ground water table unless the rock Is niet worth earlier Generally, the site of the temple is located such that rock is ava:lable at a shallow depth and water table is below it In case of temples in South India, these are founded on rock Temples are buut of stones A stone quarry nearby with small height of overburden is economical This is another reason for searching a site for a temple where rock is available at shallow depth Other methods of excavating rock say by applying Icyers or by bursing wood are applicable only to rock lying above water table Another reason is that gun-powder that may have been used for excavating stones is useful only above water table ·(Y) It is, thereforc, à sound advise that the foundation of an important building like a temple should preferably rest on rock which is above ground water table in North India where the rock level is deeper and ground water table is available at shallow depth the land being of Anûpa type, foundation of a temple will have to be taken only upto ground water table and not bclow it The dimensions and relative proportions of different coastıtucnt parts of a temple like plinth, wall, tower, flag and flagpolc ctc. are given very clearly The vertical as well as horizontal mouldings (bhadra, ratha, pratırath, etc) of the temple are given The book ends with the information of the author and the date of completing the book This treatise was first published in the year 1946, its publisher being Chandanasagar Jnánabhänd ära of Vejpura (Panchamahal) In its Gujarati preface it is mentioned that the great Jain Savant Shrimad Anandasagara Surjśvaraji Maharajaśrı had first prepared the first press copy of the book Munishri Chandana Sagaraji obtained this press copy and also collected the manuscript copy of this book from Amarchand Mulchandbhai of Surat and then published it after editing The book contains the original treatise in Praktt. I have used this book for the purpose of translating it into English Shrimad Jinavijaya Muni later published all the known works of Feru under the title "Thakkura Feru Viracita-Ratnapariksådısupla-grantha-sangraha' in the Rajasthan Oriental Series from Jodhpur, in 1961 Hindi translation of this treatise was published by Pt Bhaga. vandas Jain I have translated the book in English so that at least this small treatise on Indian Architecture may be known to a large public As it is there are very few books in English written on this subject The author is grateful to the Director, Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delbt for giving a research grant for covering part of the cost of publication of the book Thanks are ·(VI) also acknowledged due to Shri P K V Kaimal Rescarch Officer of I CH R for processing the case The author wishes to thank the Director, Shri V C Tamban kar and Prof M V Mahashabde Head, Sanskrit sanskrits samsho dh ka (Santrika) the reseach department of Inåna Prabhodhin, for undertaking publication of this book I also thank Dr Ashokrao Nirpharake of Jnana Prabodhini The printing of the book is done by Shri GG Barve Manager Ved vidya Mudranalaya The author wishes to thank him for the correct clear and near printing and completing the printing in time Nashik 30th April 1987 Aksayya Titiya RP Kulkarni ·VĀSTUSĀRA PRAKARANAM TABLE OF CONTENTS Subjeet Gathā Page 1 ** 1-2 2 3 4 5-6 6-8 8-16 CHAPTER I CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES Obersance Description of subjects dealt with 2 Soil tests 3-5 Method of finding main directions 6 Construction for driwing a square 7 Coastruction for drawing an octagon 8 Properties of soil 9-10 Mcthod of Locating a Salya 11-18 Auspious and inauspicious times to begin the construction of a house 19.39 Dimensions of palaces 40-3 Dimensions of houses of common men according to their castes 44-45 Definitions of different constituent parts of a house 46-48 Dehations of different length measures 49-50 I ormulac for Tyd, Vyaza, etc. 51-64 Definitions of different constituent parts of a house 65-69 Types of one rooms houses 70-74 Types of a room houses 75-96 Description of cight numbers of houses heginning from Surya 97-104 18 20 20-21 21-22 22-25 26-27 27-28 28-36 36-40 ·(11) Subject Gatha Page 104-105 40 106 40 41 Names of other single room bouses 64 circular palaces Locations of different functional parts of a palace Location of main gate Comparison between a residential house and a shop Information on Vedhas General rules of construction of a house 107-108 109-112 42-43 113-114 115-125 126-158 44 44-47 48-59 CHAPTER II EXAMINATION OF AN IDOL 60 60-66 Introduction 1 Dimensions of a sitting and standing Jina idol 2-25 Dimensions of the retinue 26-38 Examination of an idol 39-54 67-71 71-75 CHAPTER III CONSTRUCTION OF A TEMPLE 1 76 76 76-77 77-79 Introduction Depth of foundation Plinth Types and names of temples Horizontal mouldings, Bhadra, Ratha etc Mandovara Thickness of walls Dimensions of a temple Ornaments of a tower, Uruśruga etc 2 3-4 5-11 12-17 18-19 20 21-23 24-25 79-80 81-82 82 83 84 ·Subject Gatha Page 84 85 85-87 87 87 87 88-89 89 90 Amalasira 26-28 Sukanāsa 29-30 Trees suitable for construction of temples 31 Inauspiciousness of temples depending on the depth of foundation and type of the tower 32 Dimensions of golden image 33 Flagpole and flag 34-35 Door 36-38 Dimensions of an idol in cor to that of a temple 39 Herght if eye-sight of different idols Locations of different idols 45 47 Jagati 48 Arrangement and dimens ons of different Mandapas 49 51 Accessor es of a temple 52 55 Arrangement of 24 52 etc nos of Jina temples 56 60 Description of a temple to be used in a house 61 68 Information of the author 69-70 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II 40 44 90-92 93 93 93 95 95-97 97-98 99-100 101 102-103 104-105 ·LIST OF FIGURES Fig No Description Page 11 يا 1 2 4 13 5 14 6 15 16 17 18 11 29 31-34 37-40 Method to fix cardinal points Method of giving layout of a square with sides towards the main directions Method of giving layout of an octagon Locating salya in the ground Vatsa-cakra Eka-alas (1 to 16) Dvi-śālas (1 to 16) Dvi salas (1 to 8) Arrangement of salas with different functions in a palace Locations of doors Vastupuruşa Vastupadamandala (of 100 houses) Correct and faulty constructions Two types of pillars Shapes of houses to be avoided Navaranga Mandapa 19 42 43 110 111 47 112 48 1 13 50 1 14 51 53 1 15 1 16 56 61 21 2.2 62 23 Idol in sitting position Idol of nine Tála height Mouldings of a lion scat Measurements of different parts constitutiog a Jina idol with retinue 68 2.4 69 ·F8 No Description Page 77 31 32 79 33 81 82 35 84 Typical mouldings of a plnth Horizontal mouldings bhadra upbhadra etc of a temple Typical mouldings of a wall (mandovara) Proportions of walls of a sanctuary Mouldings of Amalasara Plan and elevation of a typical temple Flag Locations of ey c-levels of different idols Plan of a Sandh ra temple having a sanctuary and a gudhamandapa Divisons of a pllar Mouldings of a Stup: 36 37 86 88 38 91 3) 94 96 310 311 97 ·CHAPTERS ON ESSENTIALS OF BUILDING ARCHITECTURE BY THAKKURA FERRU SON OF A GREAT DEVOTEE OF JINA NAMED CANDRA सयलसुरासुरविद दसणवण्णाणुग पणमिउण । गेहाइ- वत्थुसार सखवेण भणिस्सामि ॥१॥ I descr be briefly (construction of) houses and other structures after offering obeisance to gods and asuras who are proficient in different systems of philosophy and are omniscient (1) इगवनसय च गिहे बिबपरिक्खस्स गाह तेवना। तह सत्तरिपासाए दुगसय चउहुत्तरा सब्ब ॥२॥ The information on building of houses is given in 151 stanzas on examination of idols in 53 stanzas and in 70 stanzas information on temple architecture is g ven There are 274 stanzas in total (2) Two Tests for Examining the Suitability of Soil as Foundation are Guven चउवीसगुलभूमी खणवि पुण वि सा गत्ता। तेणव मट्टियाए होणाहियसमफला नेया ॥३॥ A pit of 24 angulas ( length breadth and depth ) is dug and that pit is filled back by the same so 1 (that was taken out of the ·dit) If the pit is not filled then that ground) is less rewarding (if the pit) is completely filled then it gives medium rcward and if some soil remains after its complete filling then it (ie the soil ) gives ample reward (3) अह सा भरिय जलेण य चरणसय गच्छमाण जा सुसइ। ति दुइग अगुलभूमी अहममज्झमउत्तमा जाण ॥ ४ ॥ The pit is filled (brinful) with water and if tne Icvel of water is decreased by threc, tsvo (or) one angula by the time one walks huudred steps ( away from the pit and then back to it) then that soil is bad, medium and good respectively (as foundation soil) (4) सियविपि अरूणखतिणि पीयवइसी अ कसिणसुद्दी । मट्टियरणपमाणा भूमी निय निय वण्णसुक्षयरो॥५॥ इति भूमिपरीक्षा White soil (is incant) for brahmins, red soil for persons of warrior class, yellow soul for njerchants and black soil for Sudras Building sites with soils of given colours ascribed to different castes as above, results in happiness (to them). (5) End of examination of soul Nichod ta dctcrmac Main Directions समभूमि दुकरवित्थरि दुरेह चकस्स मज्झिरविसक। पदमत छायगम्भे जमुत्तरा अद्धि उदयत्य ॥६॥ Draw a circle of two hasta diameter and two of tice the diameter on a level ground and fix peg of 12 angulas length at its ceatr: The shadow of the peg during rising and setting of the sun) where it touches the circle are the west and cast directions respectacly The line drawn perpendicular at the centre gives south and north directions (6) (Exactly similar description of obtaining the four directions is Bcn in Küly yana Sulbasutra (1 2-3) Kitayan's data is 400 AD But this method of obtaining directions was Inown to Baudhana (800 B C) and as supposed to be so common that he has not cxplained this or any other method ia has Sulbastra sec fig 1 ). (2) ·It may be noted that this method of obtaining the east and the west directions is not accurate As the sun moves 47 degrees in six months 1 e 23 1/2" in south and 23 1/2" in north direc tion from the equator, the shadow of the gaomon is not exactly at the east and west directions unless this procedure is followed on a day when the sun divides the day and night in exactly 12 hours at a location where the directions are being obtacoed The correction is small and hence may hive been neglected by the author) N STANZA 6 (Fig 11) Method of giving layout of square and octagonal structures समभूमोति छोए वट्टति अट्ठकोण कक्कडए । कुण दुदिसित्तरगुल मज्झि तिरिय हत्थचउरसे ॥७॥ Draw an octagon circumscribed by a circle of one hasta width (diameter) The lines joining alternate angles directed towards subdirections of the octagon makes a squarc of 17 angulas sides. (3) ·(This is the construction to give a layout of a square with sides towards main directions A circle with two diameters along the east and west directions and along the south and north directions is obtained as given in stanza 6 above Bisecting the four right angles inade by the diameters, one could draw another two diameters which are at right angles to each other Eight points are obtained on the circumference which are towards main and subur directions. By joining these points an octagon is obtained, This is very elegant method of obtaining a square with its sides at four main directions Pythagoras theorom is used. In A ABC, AB = AC = 12 angulas and 2 BAC is a right angle (sce fig 1 2) BC' = AB'-+AC- 288 BC=17, (accurately BC= 16 97 angulas] 17 ANGULA STANZA 1 (Fig 12) चउरसि वि वि दिसे वारस मागाउ भाग पणमज्झे । कुर्णेहिं सढ तिय तिप इय जायइ सुद्ध अट्ठस ॥८॥ इति भूमिसाधना। (4) ·Divide each side of the square into 12 parts Leave 3 1/2 parts on both sides of each corder and obtain five central parts (of each side ) An accurate octagon is obtained by joining these points (8) [The construction to draw an octagon with its angles towards cardinal points, is known Now the method to draw an octagon with its sides towords the cardinal poiots is described Fig 13 The length of all sides of the octagon is not accurately 5/12th part of the square The length of side AB is five parts but the length of side BC is (35)*+(3 5)* = 4 9497 parts Here ends information on methods to give layouts 12 5 -3. STANZA 8 (Fig 13) The Properties of Good Soil are Described दिणतिग बीयप्पसवा चउरसाऽवम्मिणी अफुट्टा य। अक्कल्लर भू सहया पुग्वेसाणुत्तरवहा ॥९॥ That ground is auspicious, in which seeds sprout within three days which is of square shape non fissured without salya and with water flowing (i e sloping) towards east, north west or north directions (9) (5) ·वम्मइभी वाहिकरी असर भूमोइ हवइ रोरकरी। अइफुट्टा मिच्चुकरी दुक्खकरो तह य ससल्ला ॥१०॥ इति भूमिलक्षणम् । Soil with warma forebodes sickness unfertilc soil leads to poverty, fissured soil causes death and the one with salya brings distress (to the owner of the house) (10) End of characteristics of Soul Mchod to locate Salya in the Ground ब क च त ए ह स पज्जा इ अनवण्णा फमण लिहियव्वा । पुवाइदिसासु तहा भूमि काऊण नव भाए ॥११॥ The ground on which the house is to be built ) is divided into nine (square) parts and the nine letters B K, C, T, E, H, S, P and J are written (in them) in clockwise direction beginning from the cast (11) NE P EAST 5-E 8 K NORTH CENTRE SOUTH S C N-w WEST S-W H E T STANZA12 (Fig14) अहमतिऊण खडिय विहिपुव्व कन्नाया करे दाओ। आणाविज्जइ पम्ह पाहा इम अक्खरे सल्ल ॥१२॥ Place white carth in the hand of virgin a according to the ritual (1 e praying with a formula, Aum Rhim Stim Aim namo (6)

·Vagvadıni mama praśne Avatara, Avatara', Let the girl ask some
question, a part of the ground has a salya depending upon the
initial letter of the question (12)
बप्पण्हे नरसल्ल सड्ढकरे मिच्चुकारग पुग्वे ।
कप्पण्हे खरसल्ल अग्गीए दुरि निवदड ॥ १३॥
If the question 1s with Bas Enitual letter then in the east
( quarter of the ground ) at a depth of 1 1/2 hastas, there is a
nara Salya (bone, skull etc of a man) which (if not removed) may
lead to death (of the owner) In case of K question (1-e question
with initial letter K is uttered by the virgin, then in the south east
(corner of the ground) at the depth of two hastas, there is a bonc
of an ass wluch (if not removed) may bring punishment froni the
king (13)
जामे चप्पण्हेण नरसल्ल कडितलम्मि मिच्चुकर ।
तप्पण्हे निरईए सड्ढकरे साणु सल्लु सिसुहाणी ॥१४॥
In case of C question in the south direction, there is 1 bone
or a skull of iman at a depth of mid height of the man it leads to
death In case of r question in the south west direction, there is a
salya (bonus ctc ) of a dog at a depth of 1 1/2 kastis it portends
destruction of the progeny (14)
पच्छिमदिसिए पण्हे मिसुसल्ल करदुगम्मि पर एस ।
वायति
ह पहि चउकरि अगारा मित्तनासयरा॥१५॥
In case of E question in the west direction at a depth of two
hastas there is a salya of a child by which the owner) may be
expelled to a foreign country With H question in the north west
direction at a depth of four hastas there are burning coals which
portends destruction of friends (of the owner (15)
-
उत्तरदिसि सप्पण्हे दियवरसल्ल कडिम्मि रोरकर
पप्पण्हे गोसल्ल सड्ढ़करे धणविणासमोसाण ॥ १६ ॥

·With S question, in the north dircction at the depth of midheight (of a man), there is a Calya of a brahmin which brings poverty With P question in the north cast direction at a depth of 1 1/2 hastas there is a salza of a cow by which the owacr 18 ruined (16) जप्पण्हे मज्झगिह अइच्छार-कवाल- केस- बहुसल्ला । वच्छ छलप्पमाणा पायण य हुति मिच्चकरा ॥ १७॥ In case of question in the middle house, at a depth of chest (of a man) there are much salt skulls hair and other Salyas which cause death (of the owner) (17) [The procedure to determine the location of salyas described here was not in vogue in the Sth or 7th century, as it is not meat oned in either layacırsa Pancaratra (5th century A DO Brhat Sambıtı (of 7th century AD) In thess books the procedure to locate šalyas in a ground is d ferent in that it depends upon the Imb the owner scratches at the t me of the layout Isanaśıva- Gurudeva Paddhati (Kriyapada patala 26 stanza 91 and 92) which is written in the year 1038 A D also g ves the procedure as mentioned in Brhat-Samhita (53 59 61) The procedure of finding salyas in a groun 1 as s ven here is descr bed in Silpa Dipaka (1 29 39) Ruja Vallabha (1 19-21) Visvakarma Praka a (12 1213 1248) It is to be noted that the locations and depths of Lalyas and thic consequences if they are not reinoved are same in all the three books Ths sho ys that this procedure b came popular after the lith century) इअ एवमाइ अनिवि जे पुव्वगयाइ हुति सल्लाइ । ते सम्ब विय सोहिवि वच्छबले कोरए गह ॥ १८॥ In this way thc salyas that are descr bed above and those others that are noticed are to bu rumaoved and after ascertaining the strength of Vats start the construction of a house (18) (8) ·Auspicious and Inauspicious Times to Begin the Construction of a House तनहा- कन्नाइ तिगे पुत्वे वच्छो तहा दाहिण धणाइतिगे। पश्चिमदिसि मीणतिगे मिहुणतिग उत्तरे हवइ ॥ १९ ॥ When the sun is in (either of the three signs of the zodiac beginning from Virgo ( 1 c Virgo Libra and Scorpio ) the Vatsa is towards the east directiou if it (the sun) is in either of the) three signs of the zod ac beginning from Sagittarus ( 1 e, Sagittarus, Capricorn and Aquarius ) thea (the Vatsa) is towards thes outh direction When (the sun is) in (either of the three signs of the zodiac beginning from Pisces (1 e Pisces, Aries and Taurus), then (the Vatsa) is towards western direction When(the sun) is in (either of the) three signs of the zodiac beginning from Gemini (1 e Gemini Cancer and Leo ) then (thư Vatsa) is in the north direction (19) [This procedure for fixing the direction of the house front may have been develop-d with an idea that the serpant Sesa who holds the earth on his head moves one complete revolution within an year The head and tail are in opposit directions This information is given in Raya Vanabha (1 22 24) Vastuvidya (716) and Sulpa Prakasa (1 55 57 1/2) Raja Vallabha is a treatise giving the procedure of building of palaces according to the Saurastra school Vastuvidya and Silpa Prakaśa give south Indian and Orissan tradı tions respectively This shows that this is a universally accepted procedure for finding direction of the faced of the house depending upon the location of the sun in the zodiac (9) ·TABLE 1 ( 10 ) Month Sign of zodiac Stanza 23 Direction of limbs of Serpant HEAD I BELLI I BACK / TAIL Results (Stanza 21) Virgo Libra & Scorpio Bhadrapad As vin Kártık E N s Decreascs life span of the owACS desolation, struggle, total destruction Sagitatus Capricorn Aquarius Margashisa Pausa Magha S E W N Brings happiness Honour incrcas in wealth, fire hazard Pisces Artes Taurus Falguna Cartsa Vaisakha W S N E Decrcases ucalth of happioess, sorrow, the ohner acquisition of cultb Gemini Cancer Leo Jestha A sadha Sravana N W E S Brings happiness death, loss, possession of moncy ·Table I below gives this information in nut shell The consequences given for constructing a house in the month of Margasirsa ind Falguna portend honour and happiness respectively according to stanza 23 whereas according to stanza 22 the construction of a house should not be started in these months [This is because of difference in the opinions) गिहभूमिसत्तभाए पण दह तिहि-तीस- तिहि दहक्खकमा। इअदिणसखा चउदिसि सिरपुच्छसमकि वच्छठिई ॥२०॥ The ground (meant for) building the house is divided into seven parts (on each side) The Vatsa is for 5, 10, 15, 30, 15, 10 and 5 days respectively in cach of these parts (beginning from the north east corner) (The stay of Vatsa in these parts) for these days is for all the) four directions The head and tail of Vatsa are (always) in the opposit directions (20) E NE 5 10115 30 15 10 5 S-E VIRGOLIBRASCORPIO 75 5 --- 10 EO 10 15 15 N30 CORN' SAGITTARIUS CAPRILE AQUARIUS 30 S CER GEM NICAN 15 o ū18 10 un 5 BITAURUS ARIES PISCES 10 15 30 15 10 5 SW N-W 5 W (11) (Fig. 15) ·(see fig 15 According to Bhuvada Pradipa a trvat se on Onssan architecture on the first day of the month Bhadrapada the head of the serpant us towards north-east and it is towards south cast on the last day of Kartika Thus the hcad of the serpant moves one degree per day) अग्गिमओ आउहरो घणक्खय कुणइ पच्छिमो वच्छो। वामो य दाहिणो वि य सुहावहो हवइ नायव्यो ।॥ २१ ॥ when Vatsa is towards the east then it decrcases the life span If it is towards west then it decreases thc wealth If it is towards right or left sides (ie in the south and north directions) then it brings happiness to the owner) (21) धनमोणमिहुणकपणा सकतीए न कोरए गह। तुलविच्छियमेसविसे पुवावर-सेस सेस दिसे ॥२२॥ इति मतान्तरे। when the sun is in the Sagitarius P sces Gtm ni and Virgo then the construction of the house should not be started At the time of the beginning of the construction of the house if (the sun) is in L bru Scorpio Ar es a id Taurus tien th fa ed of the house should be to vards d re tions other thin cast and west (1 e to vards the north and the south) (If the construct on of the house is to b gn) n remi ning s gas of zodiac the i they are to frc at the east and the west d rections (22) Here ends d fference of op nions सोयधणमिच्चहाणि अत्य सुन्न च क्लह- उव्वसिय । पूयासपय जग्गी सुह च चित्ताइमासफल ॥२३॥ Depending on the month (of the big in ag of the co istruction of the house) starting from the month of Ca tra at results in sorrow acquisition of calih, death loss possess on of money dcsolat on struggle total destruction honour increase in wealth fire hazard and happ n¢ss (for consecutive months respect vely (23) (12) ·वइसाहे मग्गसिरे सावणि फरगुणि मयतरे पोसे। सियपक्खे सुहदिवसे कए गिहे हवइ सुहरिद्धी॥२४॥ If the construction of the house is begun in the m nth of Vaisakha, Margaśirsa Sravana Falguna and according to some in Pausa in the light half of the lunar month and on an auspicious day, then it results in happiness and prosperity (24) सुहलग्ग चदबले खणिज्ज नोमोउ अहोमुहे रिक्खे । उड्ढमुहे नवखत्ते चिणिज्ज सुहलग्मि चदबले ।। २५ ।। The digging for foundations (of a building) is to be started at the auspicious moment of the sun's entrance into a zodiacal sign, at the time of the powerful moon and at constellations having a downward motion The masonry is to be started at the auspicious moment of the suns entrance into a zodiacal sign at the time of powerful moon and at constellations having upward motion (25) सक्षणद्दपुस्सुरोहिणि तिउत्तरासय धणिट्ठ उड्ढमुहा । भरणिऽसलेस तिपुब्बा म-म-वि कित्ती अहोवयणा ॥ २६ ॥ Sravana Arder Pusya Robini, thrce Uttara constellations (Uttarafalgunt, Uttarasadha Uttarabhadrapada) Satabhisa and Dhanistha are the constellations having upward motion Bharani Aslesa threc Purva constellations (Purvafalguni Purvasedha, Purvabhadrapada) Mula, Magha Visakha and kfttika are the constellations having downward motion (26) पुवुत्तर नीमतले धियअक्खयरयणपचग ठविउ । सिलानिवेस कोरइ सिप्पोण सम्माणणापुथ्व ॥ २७ ॥ At the bottom of the foundatioa pit in the north east direction, are laid ghue, sacred rice and five jewels The engineer artists are honoured first and then the fisst stone is laid (27) मिग लग्गे यह दसमे दिणय लाहे बिहम्फई किये। जइ गिहनीमारभे ता वरिससपाउप हवइ ॥२८॥ (13) ·If the construction of the house is begun when Venus is in the auspicious zod acal sign mercury in the tenth place, sun in the eleventh place and Jupiter is in the central plac then the life of that houe is of one huudred yeass (28) दसमचउत्थे गुरुससि सणिकुजलाहे अ लच्छि वरिस असो। इग ति चउ छ मुणिकमसो गुरुसणिभिगुरविबुहम्मि सय ॥२९॥ At the time of beginning the construction of the house Jupiter and Moon are in the tenth and fourth places respectively Saturn and Mars are in the elevenih place then goddess Laxmı stays in that house for a span of 80 years When Jupiter, Saturn Venus Sun and Mercury are in the first third fourth sixth and seventh places respectively, (at the time of beginning the construction of a house ) then ( goddess Laxmi stays there ) for hundred years (29) सक्कुदए रवितइए मगलि छठे अ पचमे जोवे । इअ लग्गकए गहे दो बरिससयाउअ रिद्धी॥..॥ If the construction of the house is started at the auspicious time when the Venus is rising, Sun is in the third place Mars 15 in the sixth place and Jupiter is in the fifth place then the people staying in (that house) remain prosperous for two hundred years (30) सगिहत्थो ससिलग्गे गुर्शकदे बलजुओ सुविद्धिकरो। कूरठ्ठम अइअसुहा सोमा मज्झिम गिहारभे ॥३१॥ When the Moon 15 in his own house and also at the same time in the first house Jupiter is powerful in the central house, then it is auspicious time for beginning the construction of the house as it is very prosperous to the occupants) If a ferocious planct is in the eighth place then it is extremely inauspicious and if a mild planet 15 (in the eighth place) then it is medium iuauspicious (31) (14) ·इक्के वि गहे णिच्छइ परगेहि परसि सत्तबारसमे । गिहनामिवण्णनाहे अबले परहस्थि होइ गिह ॥ ३२॥ Even if a single planet which is in descension and is staying in the forlegn house, at aineth amsaka and is also at the seventh or twelth place (in addition) of the lord of the ciste of the house owner is not strong then such a house (of which construction is begun at this time) has to be handed over to another (32) [The house owner has to sell the house and can not enjoy it! वभण सुक्क विहप्फइ रविकुज खतिय मयअ वइसो य । बहु सुदु मिच्छसणितमु गिह सामियवण्णनाह इमे ॥३३॥ Venus and Jupiter are the lords of the brahmın caste, Sun and Mars are of warrior class Moon of merchants Mercury of sudras and Satura and Rahu are the lords of non Aryans These are the lords of the house-owner according to the caste (33) सयलसुहजोयलग्गे नीमारभे य गिहपवेसे य । जइ अट्ठमो य कूरो अवस्स गिहसामि मारेइ ॥ ३४ ॥ इति नामनिवेसलग्नम् । At the time of beginning the digging of the foundation pit or at the time of (first) entering in the house even if there are all auspicious combinations of planets but a ferocious planet is in the eighth place then the house owner may die (34) Here ends the information on Lagna (moment of the suns entrance into a zodiacal sign) for the occupation of a house चित्त अणुराह तिउत्तर रेवइ मिय रोहिणी अविद्धिकरो। मूल द्दा असलेसा जिला पुत्त विणासेइ ॥ ३५ ॥ (The first entry in house) when the sun is at constellations Citra Anuradha three Uttaras Resat), Margaśırsa and Rohini is always prosperous (on the other hand, if it is made at coanstellations) Mula Ardts, Asles. Jyesth, then it portends death of a son (35) (15) ·पुवतिग महभरणी गिहसामिवह विसाहत्थोनास । कित्तिय अग्गिसमत्तें गिहप्पवेसे अ दिइ समए ।। ३६ ॥ The first entry in the house when the sun is at constelle tions of three Purvas Magha and Bharani then it leads to the death of the house-owner, at Visakh, to the death of his wife and at krttika, it portends destruction (of the house) by fire (36) तिहिरित वारुकुजरवि चरलग्ग विरुद्धजो अ दिण्हण चद । वज्जिज्ज गिहपवेसे सेसा तिहि- वार- लग्ग-सुहा ।। ३७ ।। An empty (rikta) lunar day, Tuesday and Sunday, moving auspicious time with opposit conjunction when Moon is feeble (or is in descension or is with a ferocious planet) such a time is to be avoided at the (first) entrance in the house Other lunar days in a week, and lagna are auspicious (37) किं दुदु अडतकरा असुहा तिछगारहा सुहा भणिया। किंदुतिकोणतिहाले सुहया सोमा समा सेसे ॥८॥ If a ferocious planet is in the central second, eighth or in twelth place of the house owner s horescope ) then it is inaus picious time (for the entry in the house) It is opined that (ifa ferocious planet) is at the third stxth or eleventh house then it is auspicious Amid planet located in the central, third or eleventh house or is in a triangle (1 e making a nineth-fifth conjunction) then it is auspicious At remaining houses independent of the type of the planet (1 e ferocious or muild) they are equally auspicious and imauspicious (38) सुर गिहत्यो गिहिणी चदो धण सुक्कु सुरगुरु सुक्ख । जो सबल तस्स भावो सबलु भवे नत्यि सदेहो ॥३९॥ represents the householder Moon his wife, Venus his wealth and Jupiter happiness There is no doubt that whichever of the above planets is powerful the house is auspicious in that respect (39) I see table II ] (16) ·(17) TABLE II Time for the first entry in the house Day Auspicious Medium Inauspicious Sua 3-6-11 9-5 1-4-7-10-2-8-12 Moon 1-4-7-10-9-5-3-11 8-2-6-12 Mars 3-6-11 9-5 1-4-7-10-2-8-12 Mercury 1-4-7-10-9-5-3-11 2-6-8-12 Jupiter 1-4-7-10-9-5-3-11 2-6-8-12 Venus 1-4-7-10-9-5-3-11 2-6-8-12 Saturn 3-6-11 9-5 1-4-7-10-2-8-12 Rabu Ketu 3 6-11 9-5 1-4-7-10-2-8-12 (Figures indicate the number of the house in the house-owners horoscope) Stanzas 28-39 ·The Dimensions of Palaces राया सेणाहिवई अमच्च- जुवराय- अणुज-रण्णीण। नेमित्तिय-विज्जाण य पुरोहियाण इह पचगिहा ॥४०॥ The king, commander-in-chief, minister, crown priace klog's younger brothers, queen astrologer, physician and family priest each of them could have five types of houses (40) एगसय अट्ठहिय चउसठि सट्ठि असो अ चालीस । तीस चालीसतिग कमेण करसखवित्थारा ॥४१॥ The largest house from king to priest, are of 108, 64 60 80, 40, 30 and three times 40 (1 e 40, 40, 40) hastas wide respectively (41) अब छह चउ छह चउ छह चउ चउ चउहोणया कमेणेव । मूलगिह वित्थराओ सेसाण गिहाण वित्थारा ॥४२॥ Derease the width of the largest house by 8 6, 4, 6 4 6 4,4 and 4 hastas to obtain the widths of the remaining four types of houses of king to priest respectively (42) चउ छच्च अट्ठ तिय तिय अट्ठ छ छ छ भागजुत्त वित्थरओ। सेसगिहाण य कमसो माण दोहत्तणे नेय ॥४३॥ Addition of fourth sixth eighth third third eighth sixth' sixth sixth and sixth part of the width of the largest houso (to the width from king to priest ) gives their lengths respectively For other four types of houses (for king to priest) decrease the largest length by the same figures as mentioned for widths above (43) (see table 111 ] (18) ·(19) TABLE III Dimensions of Houses (Hasta ) Crown Younger Queen Astrologer Physician Priest M nister Prince L = 11/8w L = 11/6w L = 11/6w L=11/6w L = 11/3W L 11/3w Type King L = 11/4w Army Chief L = 11/6w brothers. L=11/6w, Width Length Largest 40 108 135 64 74 2/3 60 67 1/2 80 106 2/3 40 53 1/3 30 33 374 40 46 2/3 40 146 2/3 46 2/3 Medium 100 125 58 67 2/3 56 63 - 74 98 2/3 36 48 24 27 36 42 36 42 36 42 Lesser than medium 92 115 52 60 2/3 52 68 58 1/290 2/3 32 42 2/3 18 2014 32 377/3 32 37 1/3 32 371/3 Small 28 84 105 46 53 2/3 48 54 62 82 2/3 28 37 173 12 13 1/2 28 32 2/3 28 32 273 32 2/3 Smaller 56 76 95 40 46 2/3 44 49 1/2 24 32 6 63/4 24 28 24 28 24 28 74 2/3 Stanzas 41-43 ·Dimensions of Houses for Common men of four Castes वराण चउक्क गिहेस बत्तीस कराइ वित्थरो भणिओ। चउ चउहीणो कमसो जा सोलस अत जाईण ॥४४॥ In case of bouses of four castes, the width of the brahmoins house is 32 hastas It is decreased by four hastas with lower castes in that order so that the width of the house) of the sudra 1516 hastas (44) दसमस- अट्ठमस सडस-चउरस-वित्थरस्सहिय । वोह सव्वगिहाण य दिय खत्तिय- वइस-सुदाण ॥४५॥ इति स्थापना। The tenth cighth sixth and fourth part of the width) is added into the widths of the respective houses so as to obtain tbc lengths of the houses of brahmins members of warrior class, merchants and Sudras (45) Here ends establisament of Houses [This information may have been taken from Brhat Samhita 534-13 TABLE IY Caste Brahmin Warriors Merchants Sudra Antyaja Width 32 28 24 20 16 Length 35-43/4 31 12 28 25 20 Note - Al dimensions are in hasta and angula measures] Definitions of Different Constituent Parts of a House ज दोहवित्थराई भणिय त सयलमूल गिहमाण । सेसमलिद जाणह जहत्यिय ज बहीकम्म ॥४६॥ (20) ·The lengths and widths quoted above are the dimensions of the principat house Whatever is remaining portion, where outdoor activities zic carried out is called alinda (46) ओवरय सालकक्षोयराईय मूलगिहमिण सव्व । अहमूलसालमज्मे ज वट्टइ त च मूलगिह ॥४७॥ इति मूलगहाणा भूमिसख्या। A room with one side opxn (owan), 1 side room and (varai) all of these constitute the principal house Those parts of the house which are inside the principal Sula that all is the principal bouse (47) Here cods information on constituent parts of a house ·Temples, palaces, lakes defence walls clothes and fields are mcasured by this hasta The dimensions of a house ( of a common man) are measured by (the length unit of) the hasta of the houseowner (50) Information on Aya Vyaya cte गिहसामिणो करेण भित्तिविणा मिण वित्थर दोह। गणि अटठहि विहत्त सेस धयाई भवे आया ॥५१॥ Measure the length and width of the house (to be built) leaving the dimensions of walls by (the length unit of) the hasta of the houseowner Divide their mult plication by eight the rema under Is Aya (of that house) (51) [The length and width of the house are measured from the Inner parts of walls for these calculations] धय-धूम सीह साणा विस खर गय धख-अट्ठ आय इमे। पुवाद-धयाइ-ठिइ फल च नामाणुसारेण ॥५२॥ Flag smoke lion dog bull ass elephant and crow are the (names of eight ayas They are facing each other and begin from thc cast direction (and are located at different d rections 10 clockwise order) The consequences are according to their names (52) [Ayas at odd numbers and located at the main d rections are auspicious whereas cven numbered ayas located in the subdirections arc inauspicious ) विप्पे धयाउ दिज्जा खित्त सीहाउ वइसि वसहाओ । सुद्दे अ कुजराओ धखाओ उ मुणोण नायव्व ॥५३॥ Aya of a brahmin s house should be a fag that of a warrior class a lion, bull for merchants clephant for sudras and crow for a house of ascetics (53) (22) ·धय-गय-सीहं विज्जा संते ठाणे घओ अ सम्वत्य । गयपंचाणण-वसहा खेडय तह कम्यडाईसु ॥५४॥ Ayas for places used for good (purpose) are flag, elephant or lion and for all places fiag is auspicious Elephant, lion and bull are the auspicious) ayas for a village and a market town. (54) वावी-कूव-तडागे सपणे अ गओ अ आतणे सीहो। वसहो भोअणपत्ते छत्तालबे घओ सिट्ठो ॥५५॥ Elephant āya for small and big welis, lakes and for cots, lion aya for seats, bull for utensils and flag for a parasole and flyflap are appropriate. (55) विस-कुंजर-सीहाया नयरे पासाय-सध्वगेहेसु । साणं मिच्छाईसु घखं काउ अ गिहाईसु ॥५६॥ Bull, elephant and lion are the ayas auspicious for cities, palaces (temples), and all types of houses For a struture belonging to non-āryans dog aya and for places which are not residences a crow aya is suitable (56) धूम रसोइठाणे तहेव गेहेसु वहि जीवाण। रासहु विसाणगिहे धय-गय-सोहाउ रायहरे ॥५७॥ Smoke aya is suitable for a cooking house and also for the houses of people who work with fire as a living (blacksmiths etc.) Aya for the house of a prostitute should be ass Flag, elephant or lion should be theaya ofaking's palace (57) दोहं वित्थरगुणियं जं जायइ मूलरासि तं नेय । अठगुण उडुमत गिहनखत्त हवइ सेस ॥ ५८ ॥ The multiplication of the length and width of a house giver its are. It is to be multiplied by eight and divided by 27 The remainder is called the constellation of that house (58) (23) ·गिहरिवख चउगुगिज नवमत्त लम्धु भुत्तरासोओ गिहरासि । सामिरासी सटु दु दुवालस असुह !॥५९॥ इति गहराशियत्रम्। The constellation (se above mentioned remainder) of the house is multiplied by four and divided by nine The division gives the sign of zod ac which is enjoyed (by the bouse) The siga of the house and that of the house owner are inauspicious if they are at sixth and eighth or second and twelth places (with reference to each other) (59) End of Information of zodiacal cycle for Houses वसुभत्तरिक्खसेस वय तिहा जवख रक्खस पिसाया। आउ अकाउ कमसोहीणाहिसम मुणयन्व ॥६॥ The constellat on (figure) is divided by eight the remainder is called vyaya They are three Yaksa Raksasa and Prśaca When the magnitude of aya is larger than vyaya then it is called Yaksa if smaller then it is Raksasa and if they are equal then that vyaya is Pisaca (CO) जक्खवओ विद्धिकरो धणनास कुणइ रक्ख सवओ अ । मज्झिमवओ पिसाओ तह य जमस च वज्जिज्जा ।।६१॥ Vyaya (named) Yaksa brings prosperity Raksasa destroys wealth and Pisaca gives medium results (ie there is neither prosperity for destruction of wealth) Amsa Yama us to be avorded (61) मूलरासिस्स अक गिहनामखर वयक सजुत्त । तिविहुत्त सेस असा इदस जमस रायसा ॥६२॥ The sum of the asea of the house the numbers of letters (24) ·forming the name of the house and vyaya is divided by three The semainder is amśa They are three Indra, Yama and king (62) {If the remainder is one the amša is called Indra If it is two or three, the amša is Yama and king respectively ] गेहभसामि पड नवभत्त सेस छ चउ नव सुह या। मज्झिम दुग इग अट्ठाति पच सत्तहमा तारा ॥६३॥ The difference in the figures of the constellations of the house. owner and that of the house is divided by nige The remainder is called a star (Tara) of the house The stars six, four and nine are auspicious two one and eight are medium and three, five and seven are the meanest (63) [Āya = Remainder of inner width x inner length of the house /8 Constellation = Remainder of 8/27 (arca of the house) Sign of the zodiac = 4/9 (Constellation number) Vyaya = remainder of (coustellation/8) Amśa = remainder of (area tno of letters in the name of the house+vyaya)/3 Star = remainder of (constellation of a house-constellation of the house-owner)/9] जहकण्णा वरपीई गणिज्जए तह य सामिय गिहाण । जोणि गण-रासि-पमुहा नाडोवेहो य गणियन्वो ॥६४॥ As the (favourite and unfavourite points) between the proposed bride and bridegroom are studied by astrological calculations, in the same manner (the favourite and unfavourite points) between the house and the house owner are calculated The yont, gana, raši, apamukha, nadı, vedha (etc) for both of them are calculated (and the consequences are predicted) (64) (25) ·Definitions of Constituent Parts of a Principal House ओवरय नाम साला जेणे ग दुसाल भण्णए गेह । गइ नाम च लदो इग दु तिलिदोइ पटसालो ॥६५॥ A single room is called sala The one with one (or) two galas is called a house Gati is the name of an alında and (a šala) with one, two or three alindas is a patasala (65) पटसाला बार दुहु दिसि जालिय भित्तीहि मडवो हवइ । पिछि दाहिण वामे अलिंद नामेहिं गुजारी ॥६६॥ When there are two windows in a wall on either side of a door of a patasală, thea it is a mandapa If there is an alında on the back, left or right side of a sala) then it is called a Gujärt (66) जालिय नाम मूसा थभय नाम च हवइ खडदार । भारपट्टो य तिरिओ पीढ कडी धरण एगट्ठा ॥६७।। A window is called musă and a pillar is sd-daruka The wooden piece across (the pillars) is called a bharapatta (supporting beam) The words pitha, kadi and dharana are synonyms (67) ओवरय पट्टसाला पज्जत मूलगेह नायव्व । एअस्स चेव गणिय रधण गेहाइ मिहभूसा ॥६८|| इति परिभाषा। From a room to a patasåla is to be considered as a principal house This much only is to be counted (as a principal house) (The other parts) lic a cooking house etc, are ornaments of the house (68) End of technical phoeseology. (26) ·ओवरय-लिद-गई-गुजारि-भित्तीण-पट्ट-थमाण । जालिय मडवाणाय भेएण गिहा उवज्जति ।।६९) The different types of houses are formulated by the difference (in the number and arrangements) of the rooms, alindas, gatis, guyaris, walfs, beams, pillars, windows and mandapas (69) चउदस गुरु पत्यारे लहुगुरुभएहि सालमाईणि । जायति सम्वर्गहा सोलसहस्स-तिसय-चुलसीआ {{७०॥ (By different arrangements) of long and short vowels a statc. ment of 14 long vowels is formed, similarly by (different arrangements) of Salas and alındas 16384 types of houses are formed, (70) Types of One Room Houses ततो य जिकिवि सपइ बट्टति धुवाइ-रातणाईणि । ताण चिय नामाइ लक्खणचिण्हाइ बुच्छामि ॥७॥ Now, I will tell (information on houses) of type Dhruva. Santana etc with all of their names along with their characteristics and distinctive features (71) धुव-पन्न-जयानद-खर-कत मगोरमा सुमुह-दुमुहा। कूर-सुपक्ख धणद-पय-आक्रुद विउल-विजया गिहा ॥७२॥ Dhruva, Dhanya Jaya Nanda Khara Kanta, Manorama, Sumukha, Durmukha Krura, Supalsa Dhanada, Kşaya Akranda, Vipula and Vijaya are the names) of the houses (72) चत्तारि ठविउ लहुओ गुरु हिदि सेस उवरिसमा। जहि गुरू एव पुशो पुणो जाव सम्व लहू ॥७३॥ In the first row long youels are written (In the next row the first) loog vowel is replaced by a short vowel keeping other youels (27) ·long as in the above row In this way replace long vowels again and again (with different locations of long and short vowels) so that finally all the vowels (in the last row ) will be short (73) (Long vowel is indicated by-and short vowel by s The arrange ments of long and short vowels could be, by all sorts of their combinations, as given below 6ss-- 2s--- 7 --ss 3 •s-- 85-5- S 9 -s-s 5--- 105-- 16ssss see fig 16 for plans of these one salas ] 11-ss- 12sss- 13-sss 14s-ss 15ss-5 त धुव धन्नाइण पुव्वाइ-लहि साल नायव्वा । गुरू ठाणि मुणह भित्ती नाम सम हवइ फलमेसि ।।७४॥ These (houses with names) Dhruva Dhanya ctc are facing east (In the above arrangements of vowels) short vowel represents a room (an empty space) and a wall is to be located at a long vowel. The portends ( of construction of these houses) Is as indicated by their names (74) Types of Two Room Houses सतण (सतद) मतिर वड्ढमाण कुक्कुडा सत्थिय च हस च । वद्धण कबुर सता हरिसण विउला कराल च ॥७५॥ Santana Santıda Vardhamana kukkuta Swastika, Hansa, Vardhana Karbura Santa Harsana, Vipula and Karala, (75) वित्त चित्त धन्न कालदड तहेव बधूद । पुत्तद सव्वगा तह वीस इम कालचक्क च ॥७६।। Vitta Citrı Dhanya Kaladand also Bandhuda, Putrada, Sarvanga and twentteth Is Kalacakra, (76) (28)

·E
8
2L
15
16
Fig 16
1, DHRUVA 2 DHANYA 3 JAYA
4 NANDA 5 KHARA 6 KANTA
7 MANORAMA 8 SUMUKHA 9 DURMUKHA
10 KRURA
11 SUPAKSA 12 DHANADA
13 KSAYA 14 AKRANDA 15 VIPULA
16 VIJAYA
तिपुर सुवर नोला कुडिल सासय य सत्यदा सोल।
कुट्टर सोम सुभद्दा तह भद्दमाण च कूरक्क १७७॥
Tripura, Sundara, Nila Kutila, Sasvata Šāstrada Sila
Kutara, Saumya Subhadra, Bhadramatta and Krura(77)
(29)

·5 BANDHUDA 6 TRIPURA Fig 17 पिछि वाहिणवामे इगेग गुजारि पुरउ दु अलिंदा । त सासय आवास सव्वाण जणाण सतिकर ॥८५॥ One gujari at the back and on right and left sides with two alındas in front, that house is Sasvata It is known to bring tranquility to all (85) 7 SASVATA Fig17 वाहिणवाम इगग अलिंद जुअलस्स मडव पुरओ। ओवरपममियभो (उवरव मज्झे पभय) तस्स य नाम हवा सोम ॥८६॥ (32) ·Onc alında each on right and left sides, two alindas and a mandapa in front, with pillars in the centre of the rooms, such a house is named Saumya. (86) 8 SAUMYA Fig 17 पुरओ अलिंद तियग तिदिसि इक्किक्क हवइ गुजारी। थभयपट्टसमेय सोधरनाम च त गेह ॥८७॥ Three alindas are in front and one gujárı each on three sides, with pillars and beams, that house is called Sridhara (87) 9 ŚRIDHARA Fig 17 गुजारिजुअल तिहु दिसि दुलिद मुहे य थभपरिकलिय । मडव जालिय सहिया सिरिसिगार तय बिति ॥८॥ Two gujaris on all three sides and two alindas with pillars ja the front, and a mandapa with a window, such a house is Srisrugara (88) (33) ·10 SRISRNGARA Fig 17 तिन्नि अलिंदा पुरओ तस्सग्गे भदु सेस पुन्बुव्व । त नाम जुग्गसोधर बहुमगलरिद्धि आवास ॥८९॥ Three aliodas in front having bhadra and remaining features are same as given earlier such a ho ise is named Yugmasrıdharia It is a very auspicious house leading to the prosperity (89) YUGMAS KHARA ULYOTA VILASA MAHANTA PRATAPAVARDHANA JANGANA Fig,17(111016) (34) ·दु-अलिंद मडव तह जालिय पिढेंग दाहिणे दु गई । भित्तितरियभजुआ उज्जोय नाम धनिलय ॥९॥ Two alindas in front with a mandapa having a window, onc sati at the back and two on the right side, two pillars in each wall, such a house is Udyoga in which sealth resides (90) [Fis 17(12)] उज्जोअ गेह पच्छह वाहिणए दु गइ भित्ती अतरए । जह हुति दो भमती विसाल (विलास) नाम हवइ गेह ॥११॥ Udyoga house with two gatis between walls in the back and on the right side and there are two circumambulating paths, such a house is called Vilasa (91) [Frg 17413)] ति लिद मुहस्सग्गे मडवय सेस विलासुध्व । त गेह च महत कुणइ महदि यसताण ॥१२॥ Three alındas in the front with a ma dapa and other parts) are like Vilisa, that house is Vahanta which is prosperous to those who reside in it (92) Urig 17 (141 मुहि ति लिद समय जालिय ति दिसेहि दु दु य गुजारी। मनिला यलयगभित्तो जालिय य पयाववढणय ॥१३॥ Three alindas in the front with a mapılara haytng a window and tho gujaris (cath) in the remaining) three sides and cate with a window in the centre is Prat panardhana. (93) tg17115) (15) ·पयाववध्दणे जई थभय ता हवइ जगम सुजस । इअ सोलस गेहाइ सम्बाइ उत्तरमुहाइ ॥९४॥ Pratapavardhana with pillars is Jangama which brings fame All these 16 houses are facing north direction (94) [Fig 17 (16)] एयाइ चिय पुव्वा दाहिण पच्छिममुहेण बारेण । नामतरेण अन्नाइ तिन्नि मिलियाणि चउसठि ॥१५॥ In this way (each type of house from these 16 numbers) when placed with their doors facing cast south and west then their names differ and by adding these three in each type, together 64 numbers of houses are obtained (95) तथाहि- सतणउत्तरबार त चिय पुश्वु मुहु सतद भणि । जम्म मुहवड्ढमाण अवरमुह कुक्कुड तहप्नेसु ॥१६॥ For example The house (named) Santana is with door towarde north, the kame of facing east is called Süntıda, facing south it is Yardbaminx and facing west it is Kukkuta The same (system of naming houses) is to be followed for other types of houses (96) Description of Other Eight llouses अग्गे (आय) अलिदतियग इक्किक्क वामदाहिणो वरय । थभजुअ च दुसाल तस्स य नाम हवइ सूर ॥१७॥ There are three alindas in the front and one room each on left and right sides There are two rooms (dwiśla) with two pillares, such a house is named Sürya (97) (36) ·1 SURYA Fig 18 वयणे य चउ लिदा उभय दिसे इक्कु इयकु ओवरओ। नामेण वसव त जुग अत जाव वसइ धुव ॥९८॥ There are four alındas in front and one room each in both the directions (s. c on left and right sides) such is Vasara (The owner) lives inst upto the end of ayuga (98) 2 VASAVA [Fig.18] [One yuga = 360000 years] मुहि ति अलिंद दुपच्छइ दाहिणवामे अ हवइ इक्किक्क । त गिहनाम बीय हियच्छिय चउसुवन्नाण ॥१९॥ Three alındas in front two at the back and one each on the left and right sides the name of that house is Virya and it is bene ficial to four castes (99) (37) ·3 VIRYA Fig 18 दो पच्छइ दो पुरओ अलिंद तह दाहिणे हवइ इक्को । कालक्ख त गैह अकालिदड कुणइ नूण ॥१०॥ Two alindas in the back, two in front and besides one on the nght side, that house is (called) Kalaksa and it definitely brings famine (1000 4 KALASA Fig 18 लिव तिग्नि वपणे जुअल जुअल च वामदाहिणए । एग पिट्टि दिसाए बुध्दि सबुद्धि वड्ढणय ॥१०१॥ Three alindas in front and two cach on left and right sides, one at the back, is (a house called) Buddhi, that increases pure reason (101) (38) ·. 5 BUDDHI Fig 18 दु अलिंद चऊदिसेहिं सुन्वय नाम च सव्व सिध्दिकर । पुरओ तिन्नि अलिंदा ति दिसि दुग त च पासाय ॥१०२ ॥ If on four sides there are two alındas then that honse is named Súvrata, it gives complete fulfilment Three alindas in front and two on each of three sides (such a house) is Prasada (102) 6 SUVRATA 7 PRASADA Fig 18 चउरि अलिंदा पुरओ पिट्ठि तिग त गिह दुवेहक्ख । इह सराई गहा अट्ठवि नियनाम सरिसफला ॥१०३॥ Four aliadas in front and three on the backside such a house Is Dyiredba These are eight houses starting from the name Surya. They fruitify as indicated by their names (103) (39) ·8 DVIVEDHA Fig 18 Names of Houses of still Other Types विमलाइ सुदराई हसाइ अलकियाइ पभवाई। पम्मोय सिरिभवाई चूडामणि कलसमाई य ॥१०४॥ There are types of houses with their first names as Vimala Sundara Hansa Alankſta Prabhava Pramoda Śrubhava Cuda mant and Kalasa (104) एमाइआसु सम्वे सोलस सोलस हवति गिह तत्तो। इक्किक्काओ चउ चउ दिसिम लिवभएहि ॥१०५॥ From cach of all these types of houses 16 forms are obtainable by arranging their faceds in four different directions and (with different arrangements) of four al ndas (105) तिअलोय सुदराई चउसट्ठि गिहाइ हुति रायाणो। ते पुण अवट्ट सपइ मिच्छाण च रज्जभावेण ॥१०६॥ इति गृहाणि । There are 64 types of houses beginaing v th name Triloka sundara which are maent for kngs Nowadays these circular houses are not popular but these may be constructed if wished by the king (106) End of information on houses (40) ·Loeations of Different Functional Pasts of a House पुग्वे सोहदुवार आगोइ रसोइ दाहिण सयण, नेरइ नीहार ठिई भोयठिइ पच्छिमे भणिय ॥१०७॥ It is said that the main gate should be located towards the east, cooking house towards the soulh-east, bedroom towards the south, watercloset towards the south-west and dining hall towards the west (107) वायव्ये सव्वाउह कोसुत्तर धम्मठाणु ईसाणे । पुवाइ विशिद्देसो मूलग्गिहदारविनखाए ॥१०८।। All the fighting arms are kept towards the north-west, the money-chest towards the north and the room for worshipping towards the northeast (The above arrangement of rooms 1s made) with main gate towards the cast For a housc with the main gate towards other directions, the above arsangement of rooms is made by looking towards the faced of the house (108) (This information may have been taken from Brhat Samanta 52118-119] (41) ·Locations of the Main Gate MAN GATE 2 PALACE 3 6 5 Fig 19 1 ROOM FOR WORSHIP 3 BED ROOMS 4 WC 6 ARMOURY 2 COOKINO HOUSE S DIANING HALL 7 TREASURY पुवाइ विजयबार जमबार दाहिणाइ नायव्व । अवरेण मयरवार कुबरबार उईचिए ॥१०९॥ The eastern door is (called) Vijaya the southern onc is Yama the western is Makara door and the northern door is kubera (109) नाम सम फलमेसि बार न कपावि वाहिण कुज्जा। जइ होइ कारणण ताउ चदिसि अट्ठभाग कायम्वा ॥११०॥ They fruictify according to their names hence never locate a door towards the south If it has to be placed in the south dire ction) because of certa a reasons then (the s des of the house) from four drect ons are divided into cght parts (110) (42) ·सुहबारु असमझे चउस पि दिसासु अट्ठभागासु। चउ तिय दुन्नि छपण तिथपण तिय पुथ्वाइसु कम्मेण ॥१११॥ The auspicious door is never positioned in the central part of the eight parts (of sades) from each direction but it is located, beginning from the east direction and in clockwise direction the fourth or third part second or sixth part (in the south), fifth and third part (in the west), and ifth and third part (in the north at duection) (111) D C . D D ६ STANZA 111 Flg 110 बाराउ गिहपवेस सोवाण करिज्ज सिटि मगण । पपठाण सुरमुह जलकुभ रसोई आसन्न ॥११२॥ The (front) door meant for entering into the house door of a staircase door of a front mandapa. door of a room for worsh Pprog gods door of a room where water is stored door of a cooking house and the door of a darbar hail (hall of a kings seat) are so arranged that the entrance to these rooms) will be in clockwise direction (112) (43) ·सुगडमुहा वरगेहा कायव्वा तह य हट्ट वग्धमुहा। बाराउ गिहकमुच्चा हट्टच्चा पुरउ मज्झसमा ॥११३॥ The house should have a frontage like that of a cart (front portion narrow and the backpart comparatively wide), similarly a shop should have a front like that of a face of a tiger (t e front portion is wider and imposing in comparison to the backside of the shop) The door of a house is located ata (comparatively) higher place and that the front of a shop should be at a highe place and the middle portion of it be at a lower level (113) पुवुच्च अस्थहर दाहिणउच्चघर धणसमिद्ध। अवरुच्च विद्धिकर उव्वसिय उत्तरा उच्च ॥११४॥ The house with high level ground towards the east ( 1 cs ground is sloping from east to west) results in loss of wealth The house with high level ground towards the south ( e ground u sloping from south to north) results in accumulation of wealth (The house) with high level ground towards the west leads to prosperity and the one with hgh level ground towards north results in depopulation (114) Information on Yedhas मूलाओ आरभो कोरइ पच्छा कमे कमे कुज्जा। सब गणिय-विसुद्ध बेहो सध्यस्थ वज्जिज्जा ॥११५॥ The construction is to be started from the principal house, All ( the parts of the house ) should b: mathematically accurate and all types of yedhas are everywhere be avoided (115) to तलवेह-कोणवेह तालयवेह कवालवह च । तह थम-तुलावेह दुवारवह च सत्तभय ॥११॥ There are seven types of cdhas redha of floor corner.plinth ·of head, also of pillar, beam and of a door. (116) (Vedha means a wound, a piercing painful thing.) समविसमभूमि कुंभि अ जलपुरं परगिहस्स तलवेहो । कूणसमं जइ कूण न हवइ ता कूणवेहो अ॥११७॥ When the floor is not level but is at different levels ( at different parts of a houseif an oil miller a drainage of neighbouring house (making the ground muddy ) is passing near the front of a house then it is vedba of a floor. When all the angles of a house are not similar ( not right angles ) then it is a a vedha of corners (117) इक्क खणे नीचुच्च पीढं त मुणह तालुयावेहं । बारस्सु वरिमपट्टे गम्भे पीढं च सिरवेहं ॥११८॥ If the plinth is not level in the same portion of a house then It is said to be vedha of plinth If a pillar is located on the middle of a lintel aver a door or if it is in the centre of a house then it is vedha of head (118) गेहस्स मशि भाए थंभेगं तं मुहेण उरसल्लं । अह अनलो विनलाइ हविज्ज जा थंभवेहो सो ॥११९॥ When a single pillar is placed in the centre of a house then it 15 called salya of a heart (1 e it is as harmful as a thorn in the heart) If a fire-place ora place for storing of water (is located in the centre of a bouse ) then that is called as Vedha of a pillar. (119) हिटिम उवरि खणाणं होणाहिय पोढतं तुलावेहं । पोढा समसंखाओ हवति जइ तत्य न हुदोसो ॥१२०॥ In the same portion of a house in the number of pillarss different at lower and upper floors then it is a vedha of a beam. (45) ·(However ) if the pillars are of even numbers ( although their number is different on different fioors ) then it is not a fault (of construction) (120) दूम-कूव-थभ-कोणय किलाविध्दे दुवारवेहो य । गेहुच्चबियुणभूमी त न विरुध्द बुहा बिति ॥१२१॥ If a tree well pillar corner (of another house) or a peg (used for tether ng animals) is in front of (the main entrance) door then it is a vedha of the door If the above features are at a distance (from the door) more than tw ce the height of the house then knowledgeable persons stated that there is no fault (of a door) (121) तलवेहि कुट्ठरोआ ह्वति उच्चय कोणवेहम्मि । तालु अवेहेण भय कुलक्खय यमवेहेण ॥१२२॥ कावालु तुलावेह धणनासो हवइ रोरभावो अ । इअ वेहफल नाउ सुध्द गह करेअव्व ॥१२३॥ Vedha of floor portends leprosy vcdha of corner leads to expulsion from the country vedha of pl nth is fearsome and vedha of pillars causes destruction of the family Vedhas of head and beam result in loss of wealth and poverty respectively Knowing the consequences of vedhas build a faultless house (122 123) इगवेहेण य कलहो कमेण हाणि च जत्थ दो हुति । तिह भूआण निवासो चरहिं खओ पचहि मारी ॥१२४॥ इति वेध । One vedha causes infighting two of them in that order lead to loss with three vedhas ( a house becomes } the abode of ghosts four vedhas lead to destruction and fivc vedhas cause cp dem c of cholera (124) End of information on vedha (46) ·अछुत्तरसउ भाया पडिमारवुन्ध करिवि भूमितओ। सिरि हियइ नाहि सिहिणो थभ वजह जतेण ॥१२५॥ Plinth area of a house is divided into 108 parts and a figure of a man ) is drawn (over it ) The locations of pillars at head, heart, naval and top-knot ( of the Vastupurusa ) are to be avoided. (125) VASTUPURUSA Fig 1 11 [The square representing plinth area of a house is divided into 100 parts Remaining eight parts are located out of the plinth arca as shown in figure, 1 11 Locations of different limbs of Västupursa as given in BỊhat Samhita ( 53 51-54 ) are shown in this figure Visvakarma Prakasa ( 5 544-549 ) gives locations of eight rakşasas that are positioned outside the boundary of the house Generally a vastupadamandala of 81 houses is recommended for houses. (Ibanasovagurudesapaddhati, Samanya Pada, 11 S, Apară. (47) ·jitappccha 57 14, Manusyålayacardıkå 2 23 26 Vastuvidya, 312 Agai Purana 93 31 Bfhat Samhutt 53 42 The author of this book however recommends a mandala of 100 houses See fig 1 12 in which Västupadamandala of 100 houses with names of deities occupying different houses are given accord ng to Brhat Samhit (53 51 54)) EAST CARAKI V DART SIKHI PARJA JAYA INDRA SURYA SATYA BHR SA ANTAR KSY NYA NTA A G APA SAVITA SAVIT N AR Y A RA 0 DITI А Р A VATSA M ADITI A PUSA BHUJ AGA PRTH VITA THA V - SOMA V - V GRHA KSATA A BRAMH A JEHALL ΑΤΑ DHA SVA YAMA RA N A MUKH YA GANDH ARVA NAGA R U R A RĀJA BHR NDRA YAKS N NGA ΜΑ MIT R IA JAYA M R R A G SOSA ASURA ARU PUSAN SUGRI PAUVAI PITR A NA PANTA VA RKA PUTANA PADA YAKSMA PAPARAKSASI VASTUMANDALA Fig 112 General specifications for Building a House, बार बारस्स सम अह बार बारमज्झि कायव्वा अह वज्जिऊण बार कोरइ बार तलाह च ॥१२६॥ (48) ·ueneral Specifications for Building a House All doors should be of equal dimensions and they should be at the same height A small door inside a door may be provided A door at the end on upper floors should not be provided (126) { Height of thresholds and of lintels of all doors should be same but a postern door may be provided although in this case this rule is not followed On uppar storeys doors connecting rooms are provided but their locations in outer walls are to be avoided for obvious reason ] कूण कूणस्स सम आलय आल च कीलए कील । यमे यम कुज्जा अह वेह वज्जि कायव्वा ॥१२७॥ Corner over corner room over room beam over bcam and pillar over pullar are to be constructed after avoiding vedhas [The beam and pillar of house construction is indicated and scems to be insisted ) आलयसिरम्मि कोला थमो वारुबारि बारु थभुवरे । बार द्विवार समखण विसमा थभा महा अमुहा ॥१२८॥ Beam over the room pillar above a door or a door above a pillar two doors over one door (house divided into) even parts (by) odd numbers of pillars cich i constru 01 15 very inauspicious (128) [Generally it is favoured to provide pillars inside walls instead of in the open space of a room Beams buic a room are naturally located on the top of pillars (1c along walls) and not In the middle of a room The principle of the construction is that the load of building is transferred from pillars to pllars and not from pillars to beams and from beams to pillars This is a very sound and safe method of constraction with the same principle. a column above an open space of a door below is not ſcssible (49) ·When two doors are placed above a door then a pillar of doors on top is located on the centre of the door below this is not a grod practice See (Fig 1 13)] CORRECT FAULTY CONSTRUCTION BEAN COLUMNS -COLUMNS ELĘ SLE BEAM -BEAMS COLUMN M 4 PLAN PLAN Fig 1.13 यंभहोणन कायम्वं पासायं मठमन्दिरं । कूणकवखतरे ऽवास देय पयत्तओ ॥१२९।। Prasada palace), monastery and complc should not be without pillars. Efforts should be taken to position pillars near corners (129) कुभोसिरम्मि सिहरं बट्टा अट्ठस-भगायारा। रुवगपल्लवसहिआ गेहे यंमा न फायया ॥१३०॥ (50)

·Pillars with pot or tower (is ornaments) eircular or Octagonal
and those with bhadras with statues and ornamented with
different designs of leaves should not be provided in a house (but
may be provided in a palace or a temple) (130)
[Fig i 14 illustrates a pillar with pot and another pillar
which is circular )
Fig 1 14
(31)

·खणमझे न कायव्य कोलालय गनोखमुक्खसममुह । अतरछत्तामच करिज्ज सण तह य पीढसम ॥१३॥ Peg, beam and windo y should not b lo ated in the centre of a wall nor these be placed one in front of another A portion of a house may be provided with a partition wall so as to make even numbers of rooms and p lars must be cvca in numbers (131) गिहमज्झि अगण वा तिकोणय पदकोणय जत्थ। तत्य वसतस्स पुणो न हवइ सुहरिध्दि कईयावि ॥१३२॥ If the ground in the middle of the house is triangular or pentagonal then people liv ng in such a house are never happy and prosperous (132) मूलगिहे पच्छिम मुहि जो बारइ दुनिवारा ओवरए। सो त गिह न भुजइ अह भुजइ दुविखओ हवइ ॥१३३॥ One should not res de in a louse which is facing the west direction and is having two doors with a door of a room ( also facing west) One who will be in possession (of such a house) will suffer (133) कमलेगिज दुवारो अहवा कमलेहि वज्जिभो हवइ । हिट्ठाउ उरि पिहलो न ठाइ थिरु लच्छि लम्मि गिहे ॥१३४॥ The goddess of wealth never stays in a house with one-leaſed doors or hiv ng doors w thout leaves or having door narrow at the bottom and wider at the top (134) वलयाकार कूर्णाह सकुल अहव एग दु ति कूण । दाहिणवामइ दोह न वासियव्वे रिस गेह ॥१३५॥ (52) ·A house is not fit for occupation if it is of curvilinear shape without any corners or with one two or three corners or one with very locg right or left sidus (135) [ see fig 115] DDA Fig 115 सयमेव ज कियाडा पिहियति य उग्घडति ते असुहा । चित्तकलसाई सोहा सविसेसा मूलदारिसुहा ॥१३६।। It is inauspicious to have doors of which leaves open or shut by themselves It is auspicious that the entrance door is beautifully adorned with a carving or (carved) with a Water pot (kalasa) (136) तितरि तितरि मग्गतरि दोस ज न ते दोसा। साल ओवरय कुक्खी पोट्ठि दुवारेह बहुदोसा ॥१३७॥ Vedhas are not to be truetud 15 faults if there is flooring or wall a road in between then If the citranc door (gives entry directly in a sala a room or is lowted at (the 1 ft a d riglit) sides or) back side of a house then it is a severe fault (137) [The entrance door should be in the front and open a the courtyard] जोइणिनट्टारभ भारह-रामायण च निवजुध्द । रिसिचरिज देवचरिअ इअ चित्त गहि नहु जुत्त ॥१३८॥ Paintings of female asc t cs danc sanes from (epic poems like) Mahabharata and Ramaya 13, scenes from lives of sages from (53) ·lives of gods, should not be drawn (on walls) of the house. (Thesc may be painted in temples and palaces) (138) फलियतरु कुसुमवल्लो सरस्सइ नवनिहाण जुअलच्छो । कलसं वध्दावणयं सुमिणावलियाइ-सुहचित्तं ॥१३९॥ Paintings of trees with fruits, crecpers with flowers, Saraswati, Yugalaxmi with nine forms of wealth, waterpot (kalasa), auspicious marks (like swastika ctc), design of flowers etc. are auspicious (of drawn on the wall of a house ) (139) पुरिसुव्य गिहस्संग होणं अहियं न पावए सोहं । तम्हा सुध्दं कोरइट्ठो जेग गिहं हवइ रिध्दिकरं ॥१४०॥ A house with extra or less parts is not of beautiful appearance, as is with a man (with extra or less limbs). Hence a house should be built without any faults so as to bring in prosperty. (140) वज्जिज्जइ जिगपिट्ठी रविईसरदिट्टि विण्ड वामभुआ। सम्वत्थ अमुह चंडी बंभाणं चउदिसि चयह ॥१४१॥ A house should not be located at the back of (an idol of a Jina (1. e, at the back of a Jaiaz temple ), in front of the eyesight of (an idol of) Sun and Siva, on the left side of a (temple of) Visnu, all sides of the temple of Candi and four directions (i.e back, front, right and left side of the temple) of Brahmā, as these locations are inauspicious. (141) अरिहंतदिहि दाहिण हरपुछो वामएसु कल्लाणं । विवरिए बहुदुक्खं परं न मगंतरे दोसो ॥१४२॥ (If a house is located at the right of the eye-sight of Arihanta (adol) or at the back or left side of ( tha idol of ) Siva then it is propitious Converse situation results in great grief, If there is a road between a house and a temple then there is no fault (1. e, above rules are not applicable ) (143) (54) ·पढमत-जाम-वज्जिय धयाइ-दु-ति-पहरसभवा छाया। दुहहेऊ नायब्वा तओ पयत्तेण वज्जिज्जा ॥१४३॥ Efforts are to be taken to avoid a plot located such that the shadow of a flag (tower etc of a nearby temple ) falls on it in the second or third prahara of the day with the exception of the first and last prahara as it (a house at this location ) causes grief (143) (prahara - The eighth part of the whole day 1 e equal to three hours Plots where the shadow of a flag or a tower of a temple falls anytime from 0900 to 1500 hours are to bc avoided If a shadow falls in the first or last prabara i e from 0600 to 0900 and from 1500 to 1800 hours then that plot is not inauspicious ) समकट्ठा विसमखणा सव्यपयारेसु इगविही कुज्जा पुयुत्तरेण पल्लव जमावरा मूल कायव्वा ॥१४४॥ It is a common rule for all types of con truetions that the number of wooden parts (beams, pillars etc) should be even so as to make odd numbers of parts of a house In case of hori zontally laid wooden parts (like beams) that part having leaves (1 e, top part) should be directed towards the north east and root (1 e lower part) should be directed towards th-south-west (144) [The idea of dividing a house in odd parts by even numbers o pillars and beams could be cxpla ned by an crample of a Nava ranga mandapt In Fig 116 it is shown that the numbers of pillars are 16 and that of beams are 24 1 c both art even numbers The divisions of a mud apa arc of odd numbers 1 e nine ] The idea is to arrange the joints un beams so that they appcar to move in clockwis direction ] ( 55 ) ·: 2 ८ । 5 । --- 8.9 7 Fig 1 16 सम्वेवि भारवट्टा मूलगिहे एगि सुत्ति कोरति । पुण एगसुत्ते उवरय-गुजारि-अलिबेसु ॥१४५॥ पीढ All the beams of the principal house should be in one level, also plinth of a sala, gujart and alında should be in one level. (145) हल-घाणय-सगडमई अरहट्ट जताणि-कंटई तह य । पंचुवरि खीरतरू एयाण य कट्ठ वज्जिज्जा ॥१४६॥ Wood used for ploughs, oil-mills, carts, wheels for wells and of thorny trees, of five types of Ficus Glomerata and of milk-trees should not be used (for the construction of a house) (146) विज्जरि केलि दाडिम जभीरी दोहलिद्द अबलिया। बब्बूल बोरमाई कणयमया तह वि नो कुज्जा ॥१४७॥ Wood of trees of Bijapura ( Citron tree), banana, pomegranate, itme, Asoka ( Jonesia Ashoka Rorb ) tamarind, Barbura, Jujube and a tree with golden flowers should be avoided (around a house) (147) एयाण जइ वि जडा पाडिवसा उपविस्सइ अहवा। छाया वा जम्मि गिहे कुलनासो हवइ तत्येव ॥१४८॥ (56) ·If the roots of these trees are nearby a house or thcy have catered a house (i e foundations of a house) or their shadow is falling on the house then it results in the destruction of the family (148) [Trees mentioned in stanza 147 should not be allowed to grow near a house If at all they are present then the distance of the trees away from the house should be more than their shadow (say four to six times their height) It is known that the spread and depth of the root system of a tree in the grouod is equal to the spread and height of a tree above ground Above rule therefore, is a very sound one] सुसुक्क भग्ग दड्ढा मसाण खग निलय खीर चिरदोहा । निव-बहेडयरुक्खा न हु कट्टिज्जति गिहहेऊ ॥१४९॥ Trees that have dried up by themselves that are broken (say by wind or by elephants etc ) (partially) burnt ( by the forest fire or by the striking of lightening) which are located near burning ghats, which are full of nests of birds, milky trees and those that grow only in length (like palm or a date trees ) lime trees one of the three myrobalans should not be cut with the intention to use their wood for the construction of a house (149) पाहाणमय थभ पीढ पट्ट च बार उत्ताण । एए गेहि विरुध्दा सुहावहा धम्मठाणेसु ॥१५०॥ Pillars, plinths berms and lintels of doors made of stone are inconsistent in a house but their use results in happiness of used for a place of worship ( like a temple or a monastery) (150) पाहाणमये कट्ठ कट्ठमए पाहाणस्स थभाइ । पासाए य गिहे वा वज्जअव्या पयत्तेण ॥१५॥ Use of wood in a stone house or a temple or of stone in a wooden house or temple should b. scrupulously avoided (151) (57) ·पासाय-फूर वावो-मसाण मठ रापमदिराण च । पाहाण इट्ट-कट्ठा सरिसवमत्ता वि वज्जिज्जा ॥१५२॥ Usc of stoncs bricks or wood Lyon equal to a mustard grann from temples small or large nchis burning gbats, monasteries, palaces should be avoided (for co istruction of a house) (152) सुगिह जालो उरिमजो खिबिज्ज नियमज्झि नन्न गहस्स । पच्छा कहवि न खिप्पड जह भणिय पुरवसत्यम्मि ॥१५३॥ A window at a high luvel may be kept in a good house but It should not be at level lower than that of a window of an adjoining house It is said in old scnptures that a windo v should never be provided at the back {wall) of a house (153) ईसाणाई कोण नयरे गामे न कोरए गह। सतलो आणमसुह अतिम जाईण विध्दिकर ॥१५४॥ A house should not be constructed at the north-east corner of a city or a town It is inauspicious to those belo iging to high castes but is prosperous for at tyajas (154) देवगुरु वहि गोधण समुह चरण न कोरए सयण । उत्तरसिर न कुज्जा न नगदेहा न अल्लपया १५५॥ One should not sleep with feet towatds (the idols of) gods teacher fire place and cowshed also with head towards north direction nated or with wet feet (155) (Location of beds in a bedroom is to be arrang d so that above ment oned rule is not vo latcd ] (58) ·Here ends the first chapter named (onc giving) characteristics धुत्तामच्चासन्ने परवत्थु दले चउप्पहे न गिह ।, गिह देवलविल्ल मूलदुवार न चालिज्जा ॥१५६॥ A house should not be located near that of a rogue or a minister, in a ground owned by another, and at a square where four roads meet The door of a principal house and that of a temple should not be moved from its original place in case of rearrangement or rebuilding of an old house or a temple (156) गोवसह-सगडठाण दाहिणए वामए तुरगाण। गिहबाहिरभूमीए सलग्गा सालए ठाण ॥१५७॥ Sheds of cows bullocks and of carts should be on the right and that of horses on the left side of a house These are to be salas which are to be located near but beyond the ground of a house (157) गेहाउ वामदाहिण-अग्गिम भूमी गहिज्ज जइ कज्ज । पच्छा कहवि न लिज्जइ इअ भणिय पुव्वनाणोहि ॥१५८॥ The ground (of a house) may be extended in front or left and right side of a house but never at its back as is laid down by old sages (158) इति श्रीपरमजनचन्द्राडगज-ठक्कुर फेरु विरचिते गृहवास्तुसारे गृहलक्षणनाम प्रयम प्रकरणम। of houses in the book of cssentials of houses and structures by Thakkura Feru son of a great Jama (named) Chandra (59) ·CHAPTCR IL EXIVIINITION OF TIIE IDOL इअ गिहलक्खणभाव भणिय भणामित्थ विवपरिमाण । गुणदोसक्खणाइ सुहासुह जेण जाणिज्जा ॥१॥ The characteristics of houses are told first and now the measurements of an idol are given so that their characteristics good and bad points ausp cious or inauspiciousn ss could be recognised (1) छसतयउत्तार भालकवोलाओ सवणनासाओ। सुह्य जिणचरणग्ग नवग्गहा जक्खजविखणिया ॥२॥ Offsets of three umbrellas located (aboye Jina idol) (are wide enough) to be beyond its forehead chceks ears and nose It is ausp cous to locate in front of the feet of a Jina idol nine planets and male and female Yakşas (2) बिबपरिवारमझ सेलस्स य वण्णसकर न सुह । सम अगुलप्पमाण न सुदर हवइ कइयावि ॥३॥ The stone between an idol and its retinue with difference in colour s not ausp cious An idol wih even numbers of angula measures is said to be not beautiful (3) अनुन जाणुकध तिरिए केसत-अचल ते या सुत्तग चउरस पज्ज कासणसुह बिच ॥ ४ ॥ (60) ·Distance between a right knee to a left shoulder and from a left knee to a right shoulder and between the two knees and also from the border of hair (on the forehead on the top) to the border of the cloth (below the idol) are to be kept same for an auspicious idol (of Jina Tirthankara) seated : a padmasana pose. (4) Fig, 21 Idol in a sitting position. नवताल हवइ रूव रूवस्स य बारसगुलो-तालो। अगुल अहियसयं उड्ढ बासीण छप्पन्न ॥५॥ An idol (of Jina ) is of ning tala ( height ) measure Twelve lengths of an angula of the idol itself makes one tala measure A standing idol (sthanaka) (of nine tala height) will measure 108 angulas and a seated (āsanastha) idol will be 56 angulas (high) (5) भाल नासा वयण ग्रीव हियय नाहि गुज्झ जघाइ। जाणु अपिडि अ चरणा इक्कारस ठाण नायवा ॥ ६ ॥ Forehead, nose, mouth, neck, heart, nasel. genital organ, thighs, knces, calves of legs and feet are the cleven constituents (of a body) (6) (61) ·चउ पंच वेय रामा रवि दिणयर सूर तह य जिणवेया। जिणवेय भायसखा कमेण इअ ऊड्ढरूवेण ॥ ७॥ Four, five, four, three, twelve, twelve, twelve, 24, four, 24 and four are the measures of the above given constituents of the standing idol (7) le 12 12 |12 24 124 108A Fig 22 Idol in standing position (Nine-Tila Height) ·भाल नासा वयण गोच यिय नाहि गज्झजाणू अ। आसीण चिवमान पुष्वविही अकसखाई ॥ ८॥ Forehead nose, mouth, neck, heart, navel and genital organ are (the main constituents) of a seated idol, their measures being same (as gthen above) (8) महफमल चउदसगुल कमतरि तित्थरे दहग्गीवा । छत्तोस उरपएसो सोलहाडि सोलतणुपिंड ॥९॥ The width of the lotus like mouth between two cars is 14 angulas and that of a neck is 10 angulas (The width ) of the flat past at heart is 36 angulas, and at the waist at is 16 angulus. The girth is also 16 angulas (a) का यह तिनि वित्थरि अढाई हिद्वि इक्कु आधारे। केसत वड्दु समुसिरु सोय पुण नयणरहेसम ॥ १० ॥ (The lengthjof the ear is 10 angulas its width is three angults, 2.1/2 angulas is { the length of ) the lobes (of the cars ) and ns support is onc angul Top of cars are uplo the border of hair which itself is upto the lins joining the eyes (10) मसिहागम्भाओ एगतरि चरस चउरवोहत्ते । विवढ़वह इसकु डोलइ दुभाइ भउ हट पदोहे ॥ १५॥ Distance between the contro-lae of the nose front and the 5) is one angula The eye is four angulas long 17 ar gulas wwe and its pupil is of luo perts Lys-brow is of iso punts and check. Are sax (rarts) long (11) नरहु तिपित्यार दुरए किस नामपि पा सिंहः । पण भाप महर बोहे पिरपरि एगगाल जान ॥१२॥ (63) ·Thc nosc is three angulas wide and two angulas high The torepart of the nose is of one angula and the nose-front is of 1/2 angula Thc louer lip is five angulas (12) पण-उदइ-चउ-वित्यरि सिरिवच्छ बभत्तमज्झम्मि। दिवडगुल थणवट्ट वित्यर उत्ति नाहेग ॥ १३ ॥ Centre of srivatsa is on Brahmasutra It ( srivats1 ) is five angulas high and four angulas wide Its diameter is four angulas The circle of the breast is 1 1/2 angulas and the navel is one angula deep (13) सिरिवच्छ सिहिण कवखतरम्मि तह मुसल छपण अट्ठ कमे। मुणि चउ-रवि-वसु-वेया कुहिणी मणिबधु जघ जाणु पय ॥१४॥ Distance between srivatsa and breasts from breasts to arm puts and from them to shoulders are six five and eight angulas respecuvely Seven four twelve eight and four angulas ( are the widths of ) arms wrists thighs knees ani feet resp ctively (14) थणसुत्त अहोभाए भयबारस अस उवरि छहि कध । नाहीउ किरइ वट्ट कधाओ केसअताओ॥ १५ ॥ Length of the arm below the breast line is 12 angulas and above at the shoulder is sx angulas (long) The nivel should rs and the border of hair are to be circular (15) कर उयर-अतरेग-चउ वित्थरि नद दीहि उच्छग । जल बहु दुदयति वित्थरि कुहुणी कुच्छितरे तिन्नि ॥ १६ ॥ Distance between the land and the stomach s one angula The lap is four angulas in width and is nine angulas long is two angulas high and three angulas in width The distance between elbow and waist is three angulas (16) (64) ·वभसुत्ताउ पिडिय छ-गोव दहकनु दुसिहण दुभाल । दु चिबुक सत्त भुजोरि भुयसधी अट्ठपयसारा ॥ १७ ॥ Distance between Brahmasutra ( central axis ) and different body parts are neck sıx angulis, ear ten angulas, top knut two angulas, forehead two angulas chin two angulas, upper part of the arm and the elbow seven angulas and foot cight angules, (17) जाणु अमुह सुत्ताओ चउदस सोलस अढार पइसार । समसुत्त-जाव-नाही पयककण-जाव छब्भाय ॥ १८ ॥ The line joining knee fronts (of a sitting image) and the central line passing through navel have the distance betwcen them of 14 16 and 18 angulas at navel and at the sixth part of the ankles of both legs (18) (Horizontal distance perpendicular to the front of the idol is called pratisara ] पइसार गम्भरेहा पनरसभाएहि चरण अगुठ्ठ । दोहगुलीय सोलस चउदिसि भाए कणिठिया ॥ १९ ॥ Pratisara that is horizontal distance, from central vertical line to the thumb of the foot is 15 angulas The distance between central line and middle finger is 16 angulas and to the little finger it is 14 angulas (19) करयलगम्भाउ कमे दीहालि नदे अट्ठपविखमिया । छच्च कणिट्ठिय भणिया जीवुदए तिन्नि नायव्वा ॥२०॥ Distance between the centre of the palm upto the (root) of the middle finger is nine angulas it is eight angulas upto adjoining fingers It is said to be six angulas upto little finger The acck is three angulas high, (20) ·मज्ज्ञि महत्वगुलिया पणवीहे पक्सिमो अ चउ चउरो। लहु-अगुलि-मायतिय नह-इक्किक ति-अगुछ ॥ २१ ॥ Length of the middle finger is five angulas that of adjoining fingers is four angulus The little finger is of three parts and the thumb is three angulas long Length of nail (of each finger ) is one angula (21) अगुट्ठसहियकरयलवट्ट सत्तगुलस्स वित्थारो। चरण सोलस दोहे तयद्धि वित्थिन्न चउरुदए ॥ २२॥ width of the curved part of the palm from the thumb is seven angulas The foot is 16 angulas long, width is cqual to half the length (I c cight angulis) and its height is four angulas (22) जीव तह कन अतारे खणे य वित्थारि दिवड्ढ़ उदइ तिग। अचलिय अठ्ठ वित्थरि गद्दिय मुह जाव दोहेण ॥ २३ ॥ The distance between the neck and the car is 1 1/2 angulas and the height is three angulus Thc loin cloth is eight angulas wide and is that much long is to reach the front of the mattress (23) केसत सिहा गद्दिय पचट्ठ कमेण अगुल जाण । पउमुड्ढरेहचक्क फरचरण विहूसिय निच्च ॥ २४ ॥ The distance between the hair line (on the forehead) and the top Inot and the height of the mattress are five and eight angulas respectively Palm and the bottom face of feet are adorned with a lotus upgoing lines and a wheel (24) नक्क सिरियच्छ नाही समगन्भे वभसुत्तु जाणेह । तत्तो अ सयलमाण परिगर विवस्स नायव्य ॥ २५ ॥ Understand that Brahnısūtra passes through the centre of (66) ·the nose srivatsa and navel Now all the dimensions of the retinue oft he idol will be given (25) सिंहासणु विवाओ दिवड्ढओ दीहि वित्थरे अद्धो। पिंडेण पाउ घडिओ रूवग नव अहव सत जुओ ॥ २६ ॥ Lenth of the lion seat is 1 1/2 times the idol, its width is one half the length and thickness is one fourth of it The (numbers) of images (on the seat) are either nine or seven (26) उभय दिसि जक्खजक्खिणि केसरि गय चमर मज्झि चक्कधरी। चउदस बारस दस तिय छ भाय कमि इअ भवे दोह ॥ २७ ॥ On both the sides are the images of) Yaksas and Yaksınis, lions elephants flyflap holders and in the centre is godess holding a whecl 14 12 10 three and six angulas are their lengths in that order (27) (Camara means a bushy tail of the Camara (Bos Grunnions) used as a flyflap or fan ] चषकधरी गरूडका तस्साहे धम्मचक्क उभयदिस । हरिण जुअ रमणीय गद्दिय मज्झम्मि जिण चिण्ह ॥ २८ ॥ The goddess with wheel is seated on an eagic below it are (carved) the wheel of religion ( Dharmacakra) and a pair of beautıful decrs on its both sides In the centre of the mattress is shown the mark of Jina (28) (Please see appendix I regarding marks of Jinas) चउ कणइ दुन्नि छज्जइ बारस हािह दुन्नि अह कणए। अड अक्खरवट्टीए एय सिहासणस्सुदय ॥ २९ ॥ (67) ·He ght of the l on seat is divided such that the moulding hani is four parts chajjă is two parts moulding with clephants (caried on 1) is 12 puts Kan is two parts 201 a slab of letters (aksarapatta) 18 e ght parts (29) T AKSARAPATT) KANI 2 RUPAKA 2 CAJJA KAN PATHA 4 from -84A Mouldings of a lion seat Fg 23 गद्दिय सम वसुमाया तत्तो इगतीस-चमरधारी य। तोरणसिर दुवालस इस उदय पक्ख वायाण ॥३०॥ He ght of the mattress is eight parts and on it flyflap holders are 31 parts ( high ) Top of the portal (above) s 12 parts These give the he ght of the s de portions (paksabhaga) (30) (68) ·1 SRELPER I 1 8 DES EN L CONCH BRA ELS PACARLE TARLE ELET lumoker al DAULA 50 DELK 6 VNA IMA ILA DHARA IPA LOTUS STAL TORANA 12 PARIABKACA51 CAMARA 31 DLAKLA SCN01 MATRLSSE CAKRADNU KHARA BEAR AKSARAPA RAN 2-1 ON IN ti RUPAKA 2 YAK SALONE AN という . 7 MA SUKRA SAW CU HAR SUOMA DNAROCNE DECES PRA O + Measurement, of duiferunt parts of Jiza fol with r trou Fig 24 सोलसभाए रूव यमुलिय समय छहि वरालोय । इस वित्थरि गावीस सोलसपिंडण पसवाय ॥३१॥ (6)) ·छत्तद्ध दसभाय पकयनालेग तेरमालधरा। दो भाए थलिए तहट्ठ वसधर वोणधरा ।। ३२ ।। Hall the width of the umbrella is teo parts, (the width of the stalk of lotus is one part and 13 parts is the width of images holding garlaads Pillars are of two parts and eight parts are the images holding a lute and a vina (32) तिलयमज्झम्मि घटा दुभाय थभुलिय एच्चि मगरमुहा । इस उभयदिसे चुलसो-दोह डउलस्स जाणेह ।। ३३ ।। The bell us up the centre of the tlaka pillars arc of tro parts and the mouth of a crocodile is 5iX parts These are on both sides (of the centre line) the width of the Daula thus 8t parts (33) [Half the width of umbrella = 10 parts Widih of stalk of a lotus = 1 part Garland holding images = 13 parts Pillars = 2 parts Images holding lute or vina 8 parts. Pillars Width of crocodiles = 6 parts Total of half the width = 42 parts Vidth of Daula = 84 parts see Fig 241 2 parts चउपोसि भाइ छत्तो पारस तस्सुबह अछि ससपरो। छहि वेणुपत्तवल्ली एव डबलुदये पन्नास ॥ ३४ ॥ Height of the umbrella is 24 parts of (upper three umbrellus } 12 parls holder of a councb tv sight parts design of bamboo Icayes and creepers 13 sit parts thus she bought of Dauta 14 50 parts. (34) 1700 ·छत्त तय वित्यार विसगुल निगमेण दह-भाय । भामडल वित्थार बावी स अ पइसार ॥ ३५ ॥ The width of three umbrellas is 20 angulas its offset being lea angulas The width of the circular halo is 22 angulas and it is eighr argulas thick (35) मालधर सोलससे गइद अट्ठारसम्मि ताणुवरे। हरिगिदा उभयदिस तओ अ दुदुहि अ खखोय ॥ ३६॥ Garland holders are 16 angula, lordly clephants are 18 parts wuh (haſiaında) on their top These are shown on both the Sides (of the centre linc) Then there are drummers and a counch holder (36) विद्धि डउापड छत्तसमेय हवइ नायव्य । थणसुतसमदिट्ठी चामरधारीण कायच्या ॥ ३७॥ Thickness of Daula and also of umbrella is cqual to onc hall the thickness of the idol The eyes of flyfiap holders are at thə same level as that of the breast-liac of the idol (37) ·मुह-नक्क नयण-नाही-कडि भग मूल नायग च यह । आहरण वत्थ-परिगर चिव्हा युह भगि पूइज्जा ॥ ४० ॥ If mouth nose, eyes aayel or waist of the main idol is broken then it should be abundoned but if ia ornament or cloth or rctique, mark of the Jina idol) or a weapon is broken then tluat idol is worth worshipping (40) घाउलेवाइ बिब विअलग पुण वि किरए सज्ज । कट्ठरयण सेलमय न पुणो सज्ज च कईयावि ।। ४१॥ If the idol is mady of metal or of mortar, bricks earth and its limb is broken then it may be made again ( of the same matc rial) but if it is made of wood jewel or stone then it should not be made again (of the same maternal) (41) पाहाणलेव कट्ठा दतमया चित्तलिहिय जा पडिमा। अप्परिगरमाणाहिय न सुन्दरा पूयमाण गिहे ॥ ४२ ॥ Worship of an idol which is made of stone, carth wood tooth (of an clcpliant) or as a paint ng in a louse is not proper if it is without its retinue or is not of correct dimensions (42) इक्कगुलाइ पडिमा इक्कारस जाव गहि पुइज्जा। उड्ढ पासाइ पुणो इस भणिय पुटबसूरोहिं ॥४३॥ It is laid down by the lav givers of old that an idol to be worshipped in a house may be of one to cleyen angulas (hc ght) and an idol (of hciyit) morc than eleven a gulas is to be worsi ippcu ana temple (43) नह-अगुलोअ-बाहा नासा पयमगिणक्कमेण फल । सत्तुभय देशभग यधण-कुलनास-दव्यालय ॥ ४ ॥ If an idol with brokca nail finger ar nose or less worslipp d then it results 10 fear from a foc division of the country jail sentencs destruction of the family and loss of moncy ILSpe lixcly (44) (72) ·पयपीढ चिण्हपरिगरभगे जन जाणभिच्चहाणिकमे । छत्तसिरिवच्छसवणो लच्छो-सुह-बधवाणखय ॥४५॥ If the foot rest mark (of the idol) or retinue is broken then it results in the loss of relatives of conveyance and of servants respec tively If Ikc umbrella, Srivasta or ears are broken then it results un loss of wealth, happiness and relatives respectively (45) वह दुक्ख वक्क नासा हस्तगा खयकरी य नायव्वा । नयण नासा कु नयणा अप्पमुहा भोगहाणिकरा ॥४६॥ An idol with crooked nose causes great grief, the one with short limbs results in losses An idol without nose or having badly crved cycs or having small inouth leads to decrease in enjoyment (46) कडिहीणापरियहया सुयवधव हणइ होणजधाय । होणासण रिद्धिहया धणखया होणफरचरणा ।। ४७ ॥ An idol without a warst results in destruction of the priest and the one without thighs causes loss of a son and relatives An Idol without a scat results in decrease in prospesity and the one without a hand or a leg leads to the loss of wealth (47) उत्ताणा अत्यहा वकग्गीवा सदेसभगकरा। अहोमहा य सचिता विदेसगा हवइ नीचुच्चा ॥ ४८ ।। An idol with uptulted mouth causes loss of money, onc with tilted neck icads to lic division of the country An idol with mouth tilted downwards Cuses worry and if it is of smaller or larger dimensions (than prescribed ) then it results in expulsion to the foreign land (48) विसमासणवाहिकरा रोरकरणाय दम्ब निष्पन्ना। होणा हियगपडिमा सपरत परपस कटठकरा ।। ४९।। If a seat of an idol is not let u en it as uses ilness Anidol purchased or ill batten sculih leads to lamenc in idol with less or more limbs results in dificulties to both friends and fors (r) (13) ·पडिमा रउद्द जा सा करावय हति सिप्पि अहियगा। दुबलदयविणासा किसोअर कुणइ दुन्मिक्ख ॥ ५० ॥ A fierce idol (1c an idol with fierce look) destroys its owner and one with more limbs destroys the artisan An idol with feeblo fimbs causes loss of money and the one with the lups leads to famine, (50) उड्ढमुही धणनासा अप्पूया तिरि हिछि विनया। अइ घट्टदिठ्ठि असुहा हवइ अहो विठि विग्धकरा ।। ५१ ।। An idol with upturned eyes causes loss of money and the onc having sidewise look is not worth worshipping An Idol with std- Ting look is inauspicious and one with downward look portends many difficulties (51) चउभवसुराणआयुहहयतिफेसत उपरे जइ ता। करणकरावणथप्पणहाराणप्पाण देसहपा ।। ५२ ।। Idols of gods that are born in four forms of cxistence should not have their arms above thuir las liac iftley are (so) cheart results in destruction of life and of country of the artisan of the one who asked to cane it and of the one who established in, (52) चउवीस जिण नवग्गह जोइणि-चउसटिठ वीर-भावना। चवीस जख क्विणि दहदिहवइ मोलस-विग्नुसुरो ॥ ५३॥ There are 24 Jina (turthankuras) in planets 64 she ascetics 52 champions 24 Yaksis and Yaksinas tcagunrds ordirections (Dikpalas) and 16 goddesses of learning, (53) (74) ·नवनाह सिद्ध-चुलसी हरिहर बभिद दाण वाईण । बण्णक नाम आयुह वित्थरगाथाउ जाणिज्जा ।। ५४ ।। Nine protectors, (Navanathas ), 84 Siddhas, Visnu and Siva, Brahma, Indra and Danavas etc The description, marks, names, Weapons of these are to be learnt from bigger treatises [ Names of these are given in appendix II] इति परम जन श्रीचंद्राड्गज ठक्कुर फेरू विरचिते वास्तुसारे विम्वपरीक्षाप्रकरण द्वितीय । Here ends the second chapter on examination of idols in the book giving essentials (of structure building by Thakkura Feru, Son of great Jaina (named) Chandra.

·CHAPTER III TEMPLES भणिय गिहलक्खणाइ-बिम्बपरिक्खाइ-सयलगुणदोस । सपइ पासायविही सखेवेण निसामेह ॥१॥ Characteristics of houses are told as also the cxamination of idols along with their good and bad aspects Now a brif pro cedure of construction of a temple will be told, listen to it (1) पढम गडडाविवर जलत अह कक्करत कुणह । कुम्मनिवेस अट्ठ खुरस्सिला तयणु सुत्तविही ॥२॥ First dig a foundation trench upto ground water tublc or upto rock level Then lay (in the trench) the stone on which a tortorse is carved and cight foundation stones and afterwards proceed with layout (2) पासायाओ अद्ध तिहाय पाय च पोढ उदओ अ। तस्सद्धि निग्गमो होइ उववीढ़ जहिच्छाण तु ॥ ३॥ Height of the plinth (upap'tha) muy bc 1/2 1/3 or 1/4th that of the temple The offset (of the plinth) is one half its height The dimensions of the plinth hovcier, may be taken as desired (3) अडडथर फुल्लिलओ जाडमहो तह य कपवालो। गय-अस्स सीह नर-हस पचथरद भये पीठ ॥४॥ (76) ·Seicn types of temples namcu Srivijaya, Mahapadma, Nandy. Avarta, Laxmitilaka, Naraseda, Kamalahansa and Kunjara are Astathara, Puspakantha, Jādyamukha, Kanj and also Kapotali along with five layers having (rows of) elephants, horses, lions, men and swans (carved on them one above the other in that order) makes a plinth. (4) HANSA NARA SINHA AsVA GAJATHARA KAPOTILT FANT JÄDYAMUKHA SUSPISANTHA AYTATHARA KRURA Typical mouldings of a plinth Fig. 31 सिरोविजयो महापउमो नंदावत्तो अलच्छितिलओ अ। नरवेभ कमलहसो कुजरपासाय सत्त जिणे ॥५॥ (auspicious) for establishing Jina Idols (5) (7) ·बहुभया पासाया अस्सखा विस्सकम्मणा भणिया। तत्तो अ केसराई पणवीस भणामि मुल्लिल्ला ॥६॥ There are many d fferent types of temples and Vigyakarmá had told infinite numbers of them The essential 25 types of temples from them beg aning from the type Kesari described (6) are केसरि अ सव्वमद्दो सुनदणो नदिसाल नदीसो। तह मदिरु सिरिवच्छो अभिअब्भव हेमवतो अ॥ ७॥ Kesari Sarvabhadra Sunandana Nardisala Nandica also Mandıra Srivatsa (Srívrksa) Amrtodbhava and Hemavanta- (7) हिमकुड़ कईलासो पुहविजयो इदनील महनीलो। भूघर अ रयणकडो वइडुज्जो पउमरागो अ ॥ ८ ॥ Himakuta Kailasa Prthvijaya Indrapla Mahanıla Bhudhara Ratnakuta Vardurya and Padmarnga (8) वज्जगो मुउडुज्जलु अइरावउ रायहसु गण्डो अ। वसहो अ तह य मेरु एए पणवीस पासाया ॥९॥ Vajranka Mukutojwala Atrávata Rajal añsa Garuda and Vrsabha also Meru these are tle (names ol) 25 temples (9) पणअडयाइसिहरे कमेण चउ युडिढ जा हवइ मेरु । मेरुपासायअडयसखा इगहियसय जाण ॥१०॥ (The first temple type 1 C Kesari) has five subsp res (andalas) alongw th (inclus ve of ma n) spire and their number ncreases orderly by four upto Meru (type of temple) Understand that numbers of subspires for Meru temple are 101 (10) (78) ·pratibhadra etc st is to be divided into parts ranging from eight to 22 The number of divisions is increased by 10 According to Samarangana Sutra-dhira the rule for dinding the ground plan of Kesari and other types of temples 13 same but these temples 7ccording to this treatise arc of Sindhira type 1 c with a curcuma. [Samarangana Sutradhāra (5623-34) gives this characteristic of this temple type in more lucid manner ] एएहि उवज्जती पासाया विविहसिहरमाणाओ। नवसहस्स छसय सत्तर वित्यारगयाउ ते नेया ॥११॥ In this way, with the veriety of numbers of the spires, 9670 types of temples are obtained Information on them is to be seen in big treatises (11) चउरसमि उ खित्ते अट्ठाइ दु वढि जाव वावीसा। भापविराड एव सम्वेसुवि देवभवणेसु ॥१२॥ A square (shaped) ground of all these types of temples is to be divided in to eight to 22 parts by increasing the number of divisions by two (12) KARNA Fig32 Horizantal mouldings of a plinth (see Fig 36 also Ground plan of all these temples is square-shaped and in order to arrange different parts like bhadra mbulatory pathu ) BHADRA चउकूणा चउमद्दा सम्वे पासाय हुति नियमेण । फुणस्नुभपदिसेहि दलाइ पडिहाति महाइ ॥१३॥ (79) ·It is ruled that temples should have at least) four corners and four offscts called bl adras Half the offset on both the sides of the corner are called pratibl adras (13) पडिरह वोलिंजरया नदी सुकमेण ति पण सत्तदला। पल्लविय करणिक्क अवस्स भद्दस्स दुण्ह दिसे ॥ १४ ॥ Offsets called pratibhadras volinger and nandi arc of three five and half of scven (1 e 3 1/2) divisions respectively On both the sides of the middle offset (bhadra) palta vika and Karnikā arc always to be provided (14) वो भाय हवइ कूणो कमेण पाऊण जा भवे णदी। पाय एग दु सड्ढ पल्लविय करणिक भद्द ॥१५॥ A corner is of two parts and with consecutive reductions in (the width and length) of offsets the (offsety nandi is of 3/4th parts Pallavika karnils and bhadra are of 1/4 1 and 2 1/2 parts respectively (15) भद्दत दसभाय तस्साओ मूलनासिय एग। पडणाति तिय सवाति य कमेण एयपि पडिरहाईसु ॥१६॥ Divide half (the length) of the bhadra into ten parts out of which a mulapas ka is one part (in width) The (widths and Icngths) of other offsets are to be taken as 2 3/4 3 3 1/4 in tha order upto pratiratha (16) कूण पडिरह य रह मद्द मुहभद्द मूलअगाइ। नदी करणिक पल्लव तिलय तवगाइ भूसणय ॥१७॥ Corner pratıratha, rath: bhadra mukhabhadra are the main constituent parts (of a temple) whereas nidi karnka. pallavika tulaka and tayanga etc. are (its) adornments (17) (80) ·खर कुभ कलस कइवलि मच्ची जधा य छज्जि उरजधा। मरणि सिरवट्टि छज्ज य वइराडु पहारु तेर यरा ॥ १८॥ Khura, kumbha, kalaša, kapotali, mancı, jangha and chajji, unujanghā, bharani, strayat, chajja, veradu and paharu are the thirteen layers (divisions of a wall from plinth to bottom of spire), (18) 1 PRAHĀRA IŠ VAIRĀTA .2 CHAJJĀ 1Ş SIRAVATI BHARANI 2 U RAJAN CHA ICHAJJI 5 TANGHĀ 11 / MANCE 1 KAPOTALT IĮ KALASA 3 KUMBHA 1 KHURA ई MANDOVARA Fig 33 Typical moulding of a wall (Handovara) (81) ·इगतियदिवड्दु तिसु कमि पणसडढा इग दु दिवड्ढ दिवड्ढो अ। दो दिवढु दिवड्दु भाया पणवीस तेर थरमाण ॥ १९ ॥ One, three 1 1/2 1 1/2 11/2,51/2 one, two, 11/2,11/2, two, 1 1/2 and 1 1/2 parts totalling to 25 arc the measurements of 13 layers (from bottom to top) (19) पासायस्स पमाण गणिज्ज सहभित्तो कुभगथराओ। तस्स य दस भागाओ दो दो भित्ती हि रसगन्भे ॥२०॥ Dimensions of a teniple are to be measured along with that of (outside of) wall at kumbha layer Out of the ten divisions of that (measure) walls are of two divisions cach (i e four divisions for two walls on opposite sides) and the sanctuary is of six divisions (20) 6X- STANZA 20 Fig 34 Thickness of walls of a sanctuary (82) ·इगदुतिचउपण हत्थे पासाइ खुराउ जा पहारुथरो। नवसत्तपतिएगं अंगुलजुतं कमेणुदयं ॥ २१ ॥ Height of a temple from khura to paharu layers with one, two three, four and five hastas width is obtained by adding nine, seven fore, three and one angula in respective widths. (21) Width of a teniplc (hasta and angula) 1-0" 2-03-0" Height of a temple (... .......)1-9" 2-7" 31-5" ........ 4-05-01 4-3"5-1"] इच्चाइ खवाणंते पडिहत्थे चउदसगुलविहीणा । इअ उदयमाण भणियं अओ य उड्ढे सिहरं ॥ २२ ॥ To calculate the height of a temple having width (ranging from six hastas) to 50 hastas, decrcase 14 angulas for every increase in the hasta Thus a measure of the height of a wall ) is given, on the top of it will be a spire (22) (Let us assume that a temple 20 hastas wide is to be constructed Then the height of tenple = 5--1"+(15-15x0-14") 25--14 (15-8*18") - 11-7" . A temple of 50 hastas sidth will have the height of 23' 19". Onc prime means hasta and two primcs mcans angula] दुणु पाऊणु भूमज नागर सतिहाउ दियदु सप्पाउ। दाविडसिहरो दिवड्डो सिरियच्छो पऊण दूणोय ॥ २३ ॥ lleight of Bhūmij type (temple) is 1 31 (times its width) lleight of Nigara 1ype is 1 1/3, 1 1/2 and 111( times its width The (height of) Dránida tyre spire is 1 1/2 (times its #idth ) and thatat Srivastass13,4(23) (83) ·छज्जउड उवरि तिहु दिसि रहियाजुअविव उवरि उर सिहरा । कूहि चारि कूडा दाहिण वामाग्गि दो तिलया ॥ २४ ॥ On cach of the three s des (except the front one) on the top of the chajja an image with rathikå is to be placed and above it is to be provided thc urusmga (1 e an andaka a subspire) On the corners there shall be four (karna ) kutis and on right and left stdcs of (cach of them) will be two t lakas (24) उरसिहरकूडमझ सुमूलरेहा य उवरि चारिलया। अतरकूहि रिसो आमलसारो अ तस्सुवरे ॥ २५ ॥ In between uruśrnga and karna kutas and above the princ pal I ne (of the sp re) provide four creepers Provide images of sages in the re entrant corners of the crcepers An amalasara is located above them (tle images of sages) (25) पडिरहबिकनमज्झ आमलसारस्स वित्थरदधुदय । गोवडय चडिकामलसारिय पऊण सवाउ इक्किके ॥२६॥ Width of the amalsara should be upto the middle of the hypotenuses of prat rathas and its height s one halt of ts w dth The neck (grivi) andaku candr ka and amalasar ka are 3/4 11/4 one and one parts respectively (26) 1ĀMALASAR KA 1 CANDR KA AND AXA 3/4 GRVA Fig35 Mouldings of malasara ·आमलसारयमज्झे चदणखट्टासु सेयपट्टचुआ । तस्सुवरि कणयपुरिस घयपूरतयो य वरकलसो ॥ २७ ॥ In the centre of the amalasara a (small) cot made of sandal wood, covered with white silk cloth, is placed on its top is kept a golden image of a man and a sacred pot full of ghee (27) पाहणकट्ठिट्टमओ जारिसु पासाउ तारिसो कलसो। जहसत्ति पइट्ठ पच्छा कणयमओ रयणजडिओ य ॥२८॥ The pinnacle (kalasa) is made of the same material, stone wood or bricks of which the tempic is constructed After the performance of the establishment rites, a pinnacle made of gold or jewel may be placed (28) छज्जाउ जाव कध इग वीस विभाग करिवि ततो अ। नवआइ जावतेरस दोहुदये हवइ सउणासो ॥ २९ ॥ Distance between chaya and skandha (shouldur) of the templu is divided in 21 parts The height of sukanasa ringes from 9th part to 13 th part with the incrcament of two parts (29) [The height of a Susanasa is from 9 th to 11 th or from 9 th to 13th part of the temple Se Fig 36] (85)

·KALASA
22
JAMALA
SARA
SUKANASA
75 HASTAS
40%
URUSANCAS
32
50
23
KARNA
PRAT BHADRA
PRAT RATHA
VOL NGARA
NANOT
XAAN KA
PARTS
BHADRA
HASTAS
Plan and clevation of a typical templc
(86)
Fig 36

·उदयद्धि विहिम पिडो पासायनिलाडतिक च तिलउच्च । तस्सुवरि हवइ सोहो मडपकलसोयरस समा ॥३०॥ The offset of the sukanasa from the spire is cqual to half its height Sukanasa is (like, a tilaka of the three foreheads of the temple on the top of it is placed an image of a lion Thc lion is kept at the same level as that of the top of the pinnacle of the mandapa (30) सुहय इग दारुमय पासाय कलस दड मकडिअ । सुहकट्ठ सुदिटठ कोर सोसिमखयर जण महुव ॥३१॥ It is auspicious if the temple pinnacle, flag-pote and makkadı are made of (only) one type of wood For (building) an auspicious and compact temple, use wood of trees śı ama khaira anjana and mahuva (31) मौरतलदलविभत्तीभद्दविणा चउरस च पासाय । फसायार सिहर करति जे ते न नदति ॥ ३२ ॥ If the foundation of the temple is not reaching the ground water table and is square in shape but without central offsets (bhadras) and is having a spire of phansana type then one who builds such a temple will not have a happy life (32) अद्धगुलाइ कमसो पायगुलवुडिढकणयपुरिसोय । कोरइ धुव पासाए इगहत्याई खबाण ते ॥ ३३ ॥ For temples of Dhruva (type) with width rang ng from one to 50 hastas the length of the golden image of the man is to be one half angula which is increased by 1/4 th angula for each increase in the width by one lasta (33) For a house of one For a house of 50 [This has a reference with stanza 27 hasta length the image is 1/2 angula long (87)

·KALASA
22
JAMALA
SARA
SUK ANASA
75 HASTAS
LL
2
URU SRIYUAS
50
23
KARNA
RATIO ADRA
PRATIRATMA
VCLINGARA
NANDI
KAAN KA
PARTS
BHORA
HASIAS
Plan and elevation of a typical temple.
(86)
Fig 36

·उदद्धि विहिल पिंडो पासायनिलाडतिक च तिलउच्च । तस्सुवरि हवइ सोहो मडपक्लसोयरस समा ॥ ३० ॥ The offset of the sukapasa from the sp te is equal to hallits he ght Sukanasa is (1 ke, a tilaka of the three foreheads of the temple On the top of it is placed an image of a lion. The lion ! kept at the same level as that of the top of the pinnacle of itt It is auspicious of the temple pinnacle flag pole and makkadi are made of (only) one type of wood For (building) an auspicious and compact temple, usc wood of trees si ama kialta anjana and If the foundation of the temple is not reaching the ground water table and is square in shape but without central offsels (bhadras) and 15 hiving a spire of plansana type then one who mandapa (30) mahuva (31) नीरतलदलविभतीभद्दविणा चउरस च पासाय । फसायार सिहर करति जे ते न नदति ॥ ३२ ॥ builds such a temple will not have a happy life (32) सुहय इग दारुमय पासाय कलस दड मारिया सुहकट्ठ सुदिटठ कोर सोसिमखयर जण महुव ॥ ३१ ॥ अद्धगुलाइ कमसो पायगुलवुडिढकणयपुरिसो य। कोरइ धुव पासाए इगहत्याई खबाण ते ॥ ३३ ॥ For temples of Dhruva (type) with width rang ng from one to 50 hastas the length of the golden image of the man is to be one half a gula which is increased by 1/4 th angula for each Increase in the width by one hasta (33) [This has a reference with stanza 27 For a house of one hasta length the image is 1/2 angula long for a house of 50 (87)

·NALAS
22
TAMALA
SARA
SUKANASA -
75 HASTAS
4033
2
URUSRNGAS
32
So
دام
23
KARNA
PRAT BHADRA
PRAT RATHA
VOL NGARA
KARN KA
4
SDRA
HASTAS
AND
tha
PARTS
Fig 36
Plan and clevat on of a typical temple
(86)

·उदद्धि विहिझ पिंडो पासायनिलाडतिक च तिलउच्च । तस्सुवरि हवइ सोहो मडपफलसोयरस समा ॥ ३० ॥ The offset of the sukanasa from the spire is equal to lialf its height Sukanasa is (like, a tilaka of the ihree forchcads of the temple On the top of it is placed an image of a lion The lion is kept at the same level as that of the top of the pinnacle of the mandapa (30) सुहय इग दारुमय पासाय कलस दड मकडि सुहकट्ठ सुदिटठ कोर सोसिमखयर जण महुय ॥ ३१ ॥ It is auspicious if the temple pinnacle, flag-pole and makkadı are made of (only) one type of wood For (building) an auspicious and compact temple, use wood of trecs sisama, khaira, anjana and mahuva. (31) नोरतलदलविभत्तोभद्दविणा चउरस च पासाय । फसायार सिहर करति जे ते न नदति ।। ३२ ॥ If the foundation of the temple is not reaching the ground water table and is square in shape but without central offsets (bhadras) and is having a spire of phansana type then one who buuds such a temple will not have a happy life (32) अद्धगुलाइ कमसो पायगुलवुढिकणयपुरिसोय । कोरइ धुव पासाए इगहत्याई खबाण ते ॥ ३३ ॥ For temples of Dhruva (type) with width rang ng from one to 50 hastas the length of the golden image of the man is to be one half angula which is increased by 1/4 th angula for each increase in the width by one hasta (33) [This has a reference with stanza 27 hasta length the image is 1/2 angula long For a house of one For a house of 50 (87) ·hastas length the golden image should be of 1/2+12 1/4=12 3/4 angulas ) इगहत्थ पासाए दड पउणगुल भवे पिड । अद्धगुलवुडिढकमे जाकरपनास कन्नुदए ॥ ३४ ॥ For a temple of w dth of one hasta, the flag pole should be 3/4 angula thick For each increase in the width (of a temple) by onc 1 asta (the thickness of the flag pole) is to be incrcased by 1/2 a gula The height of thu flug pole should be equal to hypotenuse of the temple (34) [Thc he ght of the flag pole is equal to V 2 x width of the temple F & 37] MALADI FLAG POLE FLAG Fig. 37 (88) ·णिप्पन्ने वरसिहरे धयहीणसुरालयम्मि असुरठिई । सेण धय धुव कोरइ दडसमा मुक्खसुक्खकरा ॥ ३५ ॥ Once the beautiful spire is constructed but the temple is without a flag then it becomes the abode of asuras A lag of length equal to that of the flagpole is to be raised it gives happiness of total liberation of the soul (35) पासायस्स दुवार हत्थ पड़ सालसगुल उदए। जा हत्य चउकका हुति तिग दुग बुढि कमाडपन्नास ॥ ३६॥ The height of a door of a temple is 16 angulas for its cach hasta width upto four hastas then it is increased by threc angulas for each increase in width by one hasta upto eight bastas and then it is increased by two angulas for each increase in width by one basta uplo 50 hastas (36) 1 4 8 9 10 [Width of a temple (hastas) 5 2050 Height of the door (angulas) 16_64_67 76 78 80 100 160] उदयदि वित्थरे बारे आयदोसविसुध्दए । अगुल सड्ढमध्द वा हाणि वुडढी न दूसए ॥ ३७ ।। Width of a door is one-half its height If the neasures of the door are increased or decreased by one half one or 1 1/2 angulas for removing the fault of an aya etc then that is not a wrong (dimension) (37) निल्लाडि बारउत्ते विंब साहेहि हिडिढ पडिहारा । कुहिं अदिसिवइ जघा पडिरहइ पिक्खणय ॥ ३८ ॥ An image is positioned on the lintel of a door, images of doorkeepers are (located) at the lower portion of the pillars (or a door ) Images of eight Dikpalas are placed at the cornors pratibhadras and at the jangha part (38) (89) ·पासायतुरियभागप्पमाणबिंब स उत्तम भणिय । रावट्टरयणविदुमधा उमय जहिच्छ माणवर ॥ ३९ ॥ An idol of 1/4 th thc dimensions of a temple is said to be the best An idol made of quartz, Jewels, coral or metal is (also) good even if it is of any desired dimensions (1 e other than given above) (39) दसभायकद्वार उदुबर उत्तरग मज्झेण । पढमसि सिवदिट्ठी बोए सिवसत्ति जाणेह ॥ ४०॥ Distance between a lintel and a threshold of a door is divided into ten parts It is known that the eye-sight of (Lord) Siva is at the first part and that of his consort (Pårvati ) is at the second part (40) (90) ·LNTEL Yo 9 HINDRA WITH CAMARA 8 CANDI, BHA RAVA 7INA VĪTA- RAGA 5 L 100 5 +VARAHA 4 LAXMI NARAY ANA 3 VISNU (SAY NAI 2 PĀRVATI I fśiva TH RESHOLD GAGA- ARDHACANDRARAKA 4 to 140-184874 Fig 38 Locations of eye levels of different idols (91) ·सयणासणसुर तइए लच्छीनारामण चउत्थे । वाराह पचमए छट्ठसे लेवचित्तस्स ॥४१॥ The cye sight of (Vişnu) in lying pose is at the third and that of Laxmj-Narayana is at the fourth part ( The cyc sight ) of the Boar incarnation is at the fifth part and that of an idol made of earth or lime or bricks or that of a painting is at the sixth part (41) सासणसुरसत्तमए सत्तमसत्तसि वीयरागस्स । चडियभइखअडसे नमिदा छत्तचमरधरा ॥ ४२॥ Eyc-s1, lit of the ruling god (Lord Jina) is at the seventh part and that of Vitara gadeva (God who has renounced all wishes) is at the seventh subpart of the ten subparts of the seventh division. Eye-sight of Candi and Bhairava is at the cighth part and at the nineth purt that of the bearer of umbrellas and camara (42) दसमे भाए सुन्न जवखा गधन्व रक्खसा जेण । हिट्ठाउ कमि ठविज्जइ सयलसुराणं च दिट्ठी अ॥ ४३ ॥ The tenth part should be void of any eye-sieht (of gods) as that is the region where Yaksas, Gandharvas and Rakşāsas stay The order of eye sights (given above) of all the gods begin from the bottom of the doorway (43) भागट्ठ भणतेगे सत्तमसतसि विट्ठि अरिहता। मिहदेवालु पुणेव कोरइ जह होइ बुढिकर ॥ ४४ ॥ It is opined by som that distance between the lintel and the threshold of) the door is divided into eight parts Eye-sight of Arihanta should be at the seventh subpart of eight subparts of the seventh division If this is done in a temple located in the house then that results in prosperity (of the owner) (44) (92) ·गम्भमिहड्ढपणसा जवखा पढमसि देवया बोए । जिणकिण्हरवी तइए बभु चउत्थे सिवं पणगे ॥ ४५ ॥ Half the length of the sanctuary is divided into five parts Images of Yaksas are placed in the first part goddesses in the second Jina, Krena and Sun in the third, Brahmi in the fourth and idol of Siva is placed in the fifth part (45) नहु गम्भे ठाविज्जइ लिंग गम्भे चइज्ज नो कहयि । तिलअद्ध तिलमित्त ईसाणे किपि आसरिओ।॥ ४६॥ Siva i nga is never located in the centre of the sanctuary, But of it has to be located in the centre then it is to be moved by one-half or one tila (at least away from the centre) towards north-east direction (46) भित्तिसलग्गबिंब उत्तमपुरिस च सव्वहा असुह । चित्तमय नागाय हबति एए महावेण ॥ ४७ ॥ Anidol (of a god) or an image of a godly man should not be placed in contact with a wall If it is a painting or in image of a serpant etc then it may be drawn on or placed on a wall (47) जगई पासायतरि रसगुणा पच्छा नवगुणा पुरयो । दाहिणवामे तिउणा इस भणिय खितमज्झाय ॥ ४८ ।। The distance between a temple (wall) and a jagati is six-times (the width of a temple) on its backside, nine-times in the front and three times on the nght and left sides This is said to be the limit of the ground for a temple (48) पासायकमलअग्गे गूढक्खयमडव तओ छक्क । पुण रगमडव तह तोरणसवलाणमडवय ॥ ४९ ।। (93) ·In front of the lotus (1 e sanctuary ) of a temple, there is a (sudha ) mandapa then a mandapi of sıx parts (sadranga), then a dance hall (ranga mandapa)and in front of it is a balana mandapa with ornamental arch (49) SANCTU- ARY GŪOHA MANDAPA Fig 39 Plan of a Sandhara temple with guciha mandana (94) ·चाहिणवामदिहि सोहामडपगउक्खजुअसाला। गोय नट्टविणोय गधन्वा जत्थ पकुति ॥ ५० ॥ Oa right and left sides of the gidha mandapa are located sobha mandapas and salas with windows where Gandharvas enjoy themselves with music, dance and frohe (50) पासायसम विजण विउड्ढय पऊणण वित्थारो। सोवाणतीपणउदये चउदये चउकोओ मडवा हुति ॥ ५१ ।। The width of mandapas is cqual to or twice or 14 times or 13/4 th tunes that of the sanctuary At the entrance of the mandapa where there are three or five steps small mandapas (pragrivas) with four pillars are provided (51) कुभोयमभरणसिरपट्ट इगपचपऊणसम्पाय । हग इस नय भायकमे मडक्वट्टाउ अबुदये ॥ ५२ ॥ The height of pillars (in a mandapa) is cqual to one half the width (actor) of the <scribed circle of a mandapa Kunbki {curvlincar portion like a pot) pillar (part), bharana Biravi and pala are one, live 3/4,11/4 aad one parts respectively out of total nine parts (52) (93)

·PATTA 1
SIRSA
SHARAN
STAMBHA
KUMBHI
!
Fig 310
Divisions of a pillar
पासायअट्ठमसे पिंड मक्कडिअ कलसयमस्स ।
दसमसि बारसाहा सपडिग्घउ कलसु पडणदणुदये ।। ५३ ॥
Thickness of makkadi (of the flag polc). pinnacle and pillar
is 8th part (of the width )of the temple Width or jambs is 1/10 th
(96)

·part (of the width of the temple) Height of the prnnacle is 1 3/4 times its width (53) 3 STJAPŪRAKA KARNIKA 3 ANDAKA 1 KANTHA Fig311 Mouldings of a stupi जलनालियाउ फरिस करतरे चउ जवा कमेणुच्च । जगई अभित्तिउदए छज्जइ समचउदिहि पि ॥ ५४॥ Depth of water drath is four yavas for a temple of (width of) one hasta The depth of drain increases by four yavas for each increase in width by a hasta of a temple Drain is provided in all four sides of a jagati (plinth) and (also) above the chajja part of the wall (54) आइपट्टस हिट्ठ छज्जइ हिट्ठ च सव्वसुत्तेग । उदुबर सम कुभि अ यम समा यम जाणेह ।। ५५ ।। Mouldings below the patia and also below chapa (of the wall on all four sides) should be at the same level Kumbhis of all pillars should be at the same level as the threshold ( of the door) and ( different) parts of all pilars should (also) be at the same level (55) अग्गे दाहिण-बामे अजिणिजगह चउवोस । मूलसिलागाउ इम पकोरए जगइ मन्मम्मि ॥ ५६ ॥ (92) ·(In casc) 24 tirthnkarıs are to be housed, then they are arranged) on the jagati in the centre, above the principal stone (idol in the temple) in front, and left and right sides of the temple, eight on each side. (56) रिसहाई जिणपंती सोहदुवारस्स दाहिणविसाओ। ठाविज्ज सिद्धि मग्गे सम्वेहि जिणालए एच ॥ ५७ ॥ Row of Rsabha and other Jinas is begun from right side of the lion-gatc and arranged around the temple in the way the carth moves (1 e in clockwisc direction) This is the rule for all (types of arrangements) of Jina houses (57) चवीसतित्यमझे जं एगं मूलनायग हवइ । पतोइ तस्स ठाणे सरस्सई विसु निन्भतं ॥ ५८ ॥ It is said that in 24 Tirthankaras, whichever is the principle diety (that is established in the temple), in its place in the rowa statue of Saraswati is to be positioned (58) चउतीसवामदाहिण नवपुट्ठि अट्ठ पुरओ अ देहरयं । मूलपासाय एगं वावण्णजिनालये एवं ॥ ५९॥ .>. 34 small tenzples on right and left sides, nine in the back side and eight in the front and the principal temple makes (the total of) 52 temples of Jinas (59) पणवीसं पणवीसं वाहिणवामेसु पिट्टि इफ्फारं । दह अग्गे नायव्य इस बाहत्तरि जिणिदालं ॥ ६ ॥ 25 temples on right and 25 on left side, 11 in the backside and ten in the front (and principal temple) makes (a total of) 72 Jina temples. (60) (98) ·अगविभूसणसहिम पासाय सिहरबद्धकटुमय ।। नहु गेहे पद्दज्जइ न धारिज्जइ किंतु जतु वर ॥ ६१ ।। A wooden temple with all its constituent parts and adorments with attached spire is not worthy of worship in a house and should not be kept ( in a house ), but it is best to carry it during pilgrimage (61) [Refer stanza 17 for the meaning of ternus constituent parts' and adornments of a temple ] जत्त कए पुणु पच्छा उविज्ज रहसाल अहव सुरमवणे । जण पुषो तस्सरिसो करेइ जिणजत्तवरसघो ॥ ६२॥ After returning from the pilgrimage (such a temple ) is to bu kept in a chariot-house or in the god s abode (1 4 in 1 temple) so that it might be used again by a group going to prigrimage of Jina temples (62) गिहदेवालय कोरइ दारुमयविमाणपुप्फय नाम । उयवोढ पोढ फरिस जहुत्त चउरस तस्सुवरि ॥ ६३ ॥ A temple to be used in a house should be avain of l'uspaha typ. It should have a plnih dhisihana flooring and 15 10 be square in shape (63) चउथम चउदुवार चउतोरण चउदिसेहिं छज्जउद । पचकणयोरसिहर एग दुतिबारगसिहर या ॥ ६४ ॥ Thiere are our pillars four doors four adoracdurchways inu Cour si syis on all four sides There are five spires the wharna Wir flower (onc spre in the call and remaining four in four (9) ·directions) or there are one two or three doors with (only) onc spire (64) [This is the description of Puspaka type Vimana) अह भित्त छज्ज उवमा सुरालय आड सुद्ध कायव्य । समचउरस गम्भे तत्तो अ सवायउ उदएसु ॥६५॥ A temple with walls, cajja etc, should have proper ya Ils sancturary is square in sl ape and its height is 1 1/4 times ( its width) (65) गम्भाओ हवइ छज्जु सवाउ सतिहाउ दिवढु वित्थारे । वित्थाराओ सवाओ उदयण य निग्गमे अद्धो ॥६६॥ Width of a chajja is 1 1/4 1 1/3 or 1 1/2 times the width of the sanctuary The height of chajja) is to be 1 1/4 times (its ) width and its offset is onc-half its width) (66) छज्जउड थभतोरण जुअ उपरे मडओयम सिहर । आलयमज्म पडिमा छज्जय मज्झम्मि जलवट्ट ।। ६७ ॥ A temple (in the honse) with, chajji, pillars and an adorncil archway should hrve a spire like that of a mandapa An Idol is placed in the sanctuary and a water-drain is kept at the chana (67) [sce stanza 54 for description of drains ] गिहदेवालयसिहरे धयदड नो करिज्जइ कयावि । आमलसार कलस कोरइ इअ भणिय साह ।। ६८॥ Ncier provide a flag pol on the spire of a temple used in a house malasara, pinnacle are to be provided is given in sastras (68) (100) ·सिरियधकलसकुलसभषेण चदासुएण फेरेण । कताणपुरठिएण य निरिक्खिउ पुटवसत्याइ ॥ ६९ ॥ सपरोवगारहोऊ नयणमुणिरामचद्र वरिप्सम्मि (1372) । विजयदशमोइ रइअ गिहपडिमालक्खणाईण ॥ ७० ॥ An Kalyana (or Kannana) pura, Fcru, son of Candra of noble Dhandhakalasá fimily has studied old treatises and written this Work) on characteristics of honses acd images so as to be usefu to him and to others It is completed on the tenth day, numed Vijaya-dasami of the Vikrania year of 1372 ( 69 and 70 ) इति परमजन धीचागज ठक्कुर फरू विरचिते वास्तुसारे प्रासादविधि प्रकरण समाप्त । Here ends the third chapter on temple building in the book of csscntuls of structure building by Thukkura Furu, son of the BreaJana (asnet) Candra समाप्त श्रीवास्तुप्सारप्रकरण। The book of essentials of structure building also ends here (101) ·APPENDIX I St Jina Jina 01311 Susana Deva (Yaksa) Sisana Devi (Yakşını) DO Cakresvari Dv Aj tabala ( 201 ) I id rha hsabha Da) 2 Alinitha 3 lamblalan tha 4 Abi nulana Jin Surrai tha 6 l.dmaprabhi Jir. 7 Kurumsal & Candraprabhu jina 9 Suhi JC 10 Subaru Bullock Elephant Horsc Sonicy Ileron (Iraunca) Lotus Siasa Gomukha Yaksa Mahi Yaksa Trimukha Yaina Isvara Yala Tumbaru Yalsa Kusuma Yaksa Mjcaagi Yaksa Viasa Yala Duritiri Kali Mahihil Moon Anita Yaksa Crocod lc Srpasisa Acutasimā Santa Jvala (Bhrhuti) Suit Λάολα Minavı (Snrasta) Brahma laksa Ibyara Yaksa د اسلام (566 | Rico ·He-buffelo Pracanda (Pravara) Vidita (Vijaya) Ankusa Kandaipa (Pannaga) Nirvani 12 Vamupujya jina 13 Vimalanatha 14 Anantanatha 15 Dharmanatha :6 Śintinātha 17 kunthunatha 18 Arin'tha 19 Mallinātha 20 Munisuvrata Jina 21 Maminátha Jiga 22 Neminátha jina 23 Parayanatha Jina 24 Mabayıra jina pig Heron (syena) Vajra Deer He goat Nandyavarta Kalasa (103) Kumara Yaksa Sanmukha Yaksa Patala Yaksa Kinnara Yaksa Garuda Yaksa Gandharva Yaksendra Kubera Yaksa Varuna Yaksa Bhệkuti Yaksa Gomedha Yaksa Parsva Yaksa Matanga Yaksa Bala Dharini Vairotya Varadatta Gandhari Ambika Tortoisc Blue Lotus Counch Serpant Lion Padmavati Sidhayika ·APPENDIX 11 A) Names of 16 goddesses 1 Rohini Devi 2 Prajoaptı Devi 3 Vajrasrnkhala Deri 4 Apraticakra Devi 5 Vajtankusi Devi 6 Purusadatta Devi 7 Kält Devi 8 Mahakali Devi 9 Guri Devi 10 Gandha i Devi 11 Saryastra (Mahaj vala) Devi 12 Minavı Devi 13 Vairoty. Devi 14 Achhupta Devi 15 Manis Deyi 16 Mahamisi Devi B) Ten guardians of direct ns Direction East East South South South West West West North North North East Downward Upward Guard an Indra Agni Yama Nirta Varuna Vayu Kubera Isa Nagi Deva Brahma Deva C) Nine Planets 1 Sun 2 Moon 5 Jupiter 6 Venus 3 Mars 7 Saturn 9 Ketu 4 Mercury 8 Rahu (104) ·APPENDIX II (Contd) D) 6+ Yoginis 1 Vahudi 2 Vali 3 Kavili 4 Kagi S humari 6 Jalah ua 7 Nilalathi 8 Siyalı 9 Pärast 10 Dunatri 11 Sankară 12 Pingala 13 Anangasihi 14 Dahulir 15 Srisarys 16 Nandă 33 Dahana 34 Rasa 35 Marasa 36 Kradala 37 Manikya 38 Kalika 39 Harasıddhi 40 Ball 41 Kosala 42 Mayurati 43 Abhakuma 44 Jaya 45 Vijaya 46 Neta 47 Vineta 48 Bhelasi 17 $ mangala 18 Srisiddha 19 Srisarva 20 Simakala 21 Amara 22 Sanasa 23 Manasa 24 Visahara 25 Alobhi 20 Agriva 27 Vasrtakumari 28 Dhavalakumari 29 Bhimbhala 30 Sankarin 31 Jalamália! 32 Mahalachi 49 Mahamaya SO Ekallaviti 51 A$apura 52 Isvari 53 Pippala 54 55 Vinzuvasins 5h Hidimba 57 Sunarekha 58 Jalındhari 59 Svasipali 60 Hivapadasi 61 Hivaputangi 62 Himasalını 63 Himesvarı 64 Mahalava (501) ·APPENDIX II A) Names of 16 goddesses 1. Robiņi Devi 2, Prajnapti Devi 3 Vajraśộnkhalā Devi 4 Apraticakra Devi 5. Vajránkusă Desi 6 Purusadatta Devi 7. Kat Devi 8. Mahäkált Devi 9. Gauri Devi 10 Gandhāti Devi 11. Sarvastrå (Mahājwala) Devi 12 Manavi Devi 13 Vairotya Devi 14 Achhupta Devi 15. Mänası Devi 16 Mahamânsi Devi Bj Tea guardians of directus Ditection East East-South South South-West West West-North North North-East Downward Upward Guardian Indra Agni Yama Niſti Varuna Väyu Kubera Isa Naga Deva Brahma Deva C) Nine Planets }, Sur, 2 Moon, 3 Mars 5. Jupiter 6 Venus, 9 Keta 7 Saturn, 4. Mercury 8. Räha (104) ·APPENDIX ! (Contd) D) 04 Yoginis 1 Vahudi 2 Vali 3 Kavili 4 Kägi 5 Kumari 6 Jalal ura 7 Nilala thi 8 Siyali 9 Päras 10 Dunatri 11 Sankara 12 Pingala 13 Anangasiha 14 Dahulari 15 Srcarya 16 Nanda 33 Dahına 34 Rasa 35 Marasa 36 Krndala 37 Manikya 38 Kål ka 39 Harasıddhi 40 Bali 41 Kosala 42 Mayurati 43 Abhakuma 44 Jaya 45 Vijaya 46 Netz 47 Vineta 48 Bhelası 17 Simangala 18 Sris ddha 19 Srisarva 20 Simaka ia 21 Amara 22 Sanasa 23 Manasa 24 Visahara 25 Alobhi 26 Agriva 27 Vasrtakumari 28 Dhavalakumari 29 Bhimbhala 30 Sankarin 31 Jalamal ni 32 Mahalachi 49 Mahamaya 50 Ekallaviti 51 A$apura 52 Isvari 53 Pippala 54 55 Vinzavasını 56 Hidamba 57 Sunarekha 58 Jalindhari 59 Svasipali 60 llivapadası 61 Hivapatang 62 Himasalini 63 Himesvari 64 Mahalava (501)

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