·CONTENTS PAGES I. ABBREVIATIONS • 2. INTRODUCTION is . PART I 3. CHAPTER I COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS : PITONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY 1 4. CHAPTER II SYNTAX 46 .. 5. CHAPTER III INSCRIPTIONS OF ASOKA IN TUC LIGHT OF PRAKRIT GRAMMARIANS 53 PART II 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 60 7. A NOTE ON BIBLIOGRAPHY 95 MAP To Face Page 1. A MAP OF INDIA SHOwir INSCRIPTIONS BUTION OF ASOKAN so BUTIO: 1

·UNIVERSITY OF BOMBA
ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS IN INDIA
(A Linguistic Study, together with an exhaustive Bibliography)
Being the Pandit Bhagwanlal Indarji
Gold Medal Essay, 1943
BY
M. A. MEHENDALE
Professor of Sanskrit in the S. B. Garda College, Navsari.
Sometime Research Fellow in the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona,
Published by
THE UNIVERSITY OF BOMBAY
1948

·1 Printed by B. G. DHAWALE, at the Karnatak Printing Press, 103, Sion (East), Bombay 22 and published by S. R. DonGERKERY, Registrar, University of Bombay, Fort, Bombay.

·Respectfully Dedicated
to
Professor H. D. Velankar

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·ABBREVIATIONS + ABIA ..Annual Bibliography of Indian Archacology. ABORI ..Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. ALOC ..All India Oriental Conference. AJP .merican Journal of Philology, AO . Acta Orientalia. AR .. Asiatic Revici. AS .. Asoka(n). ASI .. Archacological Survey of India. ASSI .. Archacological Survey of Southern India. ASWI . Archacological Survey of Westem India. b ..Bairt Minor Rock Edict. bb .. Baribar Core Inscriptions. BDCRI .. Bulletin of the Deccan College Rescarch Institute. bh .Bairit-Blabri (Calcutta-Bairāt) Minor Rock Idict. BLSI - Indian Linguistics. Bulletin of the Linguistic Sociсty of India. br ..Bralinagiri llinor Rock Edici. BSOS .. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. BVP ..Bharatiya Vidya Patrika. CHI Cambridge History of India. CII ..Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. COJ ..Calcutta Oriental Journal. ..Dhauli Rock Edict. d ..Dhauli Separate Edict. ΕΙ ..Epigraphia Indica. G ..Girnar Rock Edict. GGA ..Göttingische Geichrte Anzcigen. HI ..Hemacandm. Hiz. Hultzsch. Inscriptions of Asoka. (CII, Vol. I). IA .. Indian Antiquary. IC . . Indo-European IE . . Indo-Germanische Forschungen. IF .. Indian Historical Quarterly. IHQ .. Jaugada Rock Edict. ..Jaugada Separate Edict. .. Journal Asiatique. JA .. Journal Asiatique. JAHRS .. Journal of the Andhra Historical Rescarch Society. JAOS .. Journal of the American Oriental Society. JASB .. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. JBBRAS .. Journal of the Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society. JBHS .. Journal of the Bombay Historical Society. JBORS .. Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society. JDL .. Journal of the Department of Letters, University of Calcutta. ..Journal of Indian History, D BANE J وس ·iy ABBREVIATIONS JOR JPASB. JPTS JRAS. + . . jtr. JUB JUPHS K kb kpb ka Ksb L M Mi MI-A mk MRE Mth ng NIA NPP OLZ PE QARS QJMS Roh RE ZII 0 .. Journal of Oriental Research. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. .. Journal of the Pali Text Society. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Jatinga-Rāmesvara Minor Rock Edict, Journal of the University of Bombay. .. Journal of the United Provinces Historical Research Society. Kälsi Rock Edict. Allahabad-Kausambi Pillar Edict (Minor). Kopbal Minor Rock Edict. Queen's Edict--Allahabad-Kaušámbi Pillar. ... Allahabad-Kausambi Pillar Edict. Lüders' List of Prakrit Inscriptions, appended to Ep. Ind. 10 Mänschră Rock Edict. Delhi-Mirath Pillar Edict. Middle Indo-Aryan. ..Minor Rock Edict(s). ..Mathia Pillar Edict (Lauſiya-Nandangaſh). ..Nigali Sāgar Minor Pillar Edict. New Indian Antiquary. ..Nāgari Prachärani Patrikā. ..Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. .. Pillar Edict(s): Quarterly of the Andhra Historical Society. ..Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. ..Radhia Pillar Edict (Lauriya-Ararāj). .. Rock Edict(s). .. Rummindēi Minor Pillar Edict. .. Rāmpūryā Pillar Edict. ..Rūpnāth Minor Rock Edict. ..Shāhbāzgaſhi Rock Edict. ..Sahasrām Minor Rock Edict, .. Sacred Books of the East. . . Säñci Minor Pillar Edict. .śddāpur Minor Rock Edict. .. Sanskrit. ..Sārnāth Minor Pillar Edict. ..Sopārā Rock Edict. ..Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preuss. Ak. der Wissenschaften, ..Delhi-Topra Pillar Edict. ...Transactions of the American Philological Association. .. Vararuci, .. Vienna Oriental Journal. ... Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. .. Yerrägudi Minor Rock Edict. .. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik. Tu S S SBE SC sd Sk. sn So SPAW T TAPA V yr WZKM • VOJ ZDMG ·INTRODUCTION So much has been written, revised, and re-written on the subject of Asokan inscriptions that it hardly needs lifting one's pen to point out any further the importance of the subject. As the oldest dated records in Prakrits, their importance for a historical study of MI-A languages can never be overrated. Again almost as the first lines of any text to be put down in writing and preserved in India, the singularity of these inscriptions has been well appreciated. Their value for the reconstruction of the political history of ancient India is contained in the fact that they yield some useful dates and events in the life of the great monarch Asoka. For the early history of Buddhism, its diffusion in the distant corners of the Emperor's vast territories, for the missionary activities which he carried on in the cause of the “Law of Piety" he purported to enunciate, these inscriptons read as a gospel. And with the few colours regarding the social conditions that are preserved in these edicts can also be drawn a picture of the contemporary society. These are some of the various aspects from which the inscriptions of Asoka could be studied. Within the limit of a hundred foolscap pages prescribed for the competitive essay it is impossible to do full justice to all these aspects. Moreover with some of the biographical sketches of the life and career of Asoka and the publication of the Inscriptions of Asoka" in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. I (new edn.) almost all these aspects have been ably and fully studied (see note on Bibliography, Part II, pp. 95.9). The present attempt is, therefore, restricted to a linguistic study of these inscriptions from a comparative view point of historical linguistics. If we were to take into consideration the dates when some of the edicts were first discovered then the history of the study of these inscriptions may be said to stretch over two centuries. For, the honour of the discovery of the Delhi pillar goes to Padre Tieffenthaler who gathered the fragments of the pillar somewhere about 1750. The activity which was started at that stage was fruitfully carried on by numerous enthusiasts and it'is needless to recount ail the dates when the different records were first discovered. Yet the real study of these inscriptions must be regarded to have commenced when James Princep first unveiled roughly in the middle of the nineteenth century the mystery which overhang the art of deciphering these inscriptions. Learned scholars who followed in his wake contributed their share at every stage to make available to the readers a more correct text and translation of these inscriptions. It is on the basis of the efforts of these early scholars that we have to base the edifice of our linguistic study to-day. The present monograph includes all the available inscriptions of Asokat : the versions of the fourteen Major Rock Edicts found at Girnar, a mile to the East of Junagadh in the Käthiāwār Peninsula, at Shāhabāzgarhī, nine miles from Mardān, the headquarters of the Yusufzai subdivision of the Peshawar Dt., and at Mānsehrā, the headquarters of a tahsil in the Hazārā Dt., both in N.W.F. Province, at Kālsi, in the Chakrātā tahsil in the Dehra Dun Dt., Ü.P., at Dhauli in the Khurda subdivision of 1. For theit geographical distribution see the map. 1 ·vi INTRODUCTION the Puri Dt., Orissa, at Jaugada, in the Berhampur tāluka of the Ganjam Dt., Orissa, the two separate edicts at Dhauli and Jaugada, the fragment of the VIIIth Rock Edict discovered at Sopārā in the Bassein Taluka of Thānā Dist., Bombay; the sets of Pillar Edicts found at Delhi-Toprā, the village Tobra where the pillar originally stood being identified with Tõprā on the direct line between Ambala and Sirsāvā, 22 miles to the South-West of Khizrābād, at Delhi-Mīrath, the village Mīrath being the present headquarters of the Meerut district in the U.P., at Lauſiya-Ararāj, formerly known as Radhia Pillar, in the Champaran Dt., N. Bihar, at Lauriya-Nandangarh, once known as Mathia Pillar, in the same district of Bihar, at Rāmpūrvā, again in the same district of Bihar, at Allahabad Kausambī, the latter being identified with modern Kosam, about 28 miles West by South from Allahabad : this same pillar has on the face of it the so-called "Queen's Edict” and the so-called "Kaušāmbī Edict" (minor), besides the first six of the seven Major Pillar Edicts; the texts of the Minor Pillar Edicts discovered at Säñci, an ancient cite in the Bhopal State in Central India, at Särnäth, about 3 miles to the North of Benares, at Rummindei, about 13 miles South- East of Nigälī Sāgar Pillar in the Nepalese Tarai and about 5 miles to the North- East of Dulhā in the British Dt. of Basti in the U.P., at Nigali Sāgar, about a mile South of Niglīvā, belonging to the South of Nepalese Tahsil of Taulivä and about 7 miles North-West of Piprāhwā in Basti Dt., of U.P.; the Minor Rock Edicts discovered at Rūpnāth, 14 miles west of Sleemanabad railway station on the line from Jabalpore to Katni, at Sahasräm, the head-quarters of a subdivision in the Shāhābād Dt., Bihar, at Bairāt, the headquarters of a Tahsil in the Jaipur St., Rajputana, at Calcutta-Bairāț, once styled as the Bhäbrū edict, at Maski, in the Raichur Dt., and at Kopbāl, the head-quarters of a district in the Jagir of Nawab Salar Jung Bahadur both in H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, the versions at Brahmagiri, Siddāpur, and Jatinga-Rāmeśvara all three being situated in the Chittaldroog Dt., Mysore State, at Yerrāguļi, in the Kurnool Dt. of Madras; and the cave inscriptions in the Barābar hill, 15 miles to the North of Gaya in Bihar. The version of the Minor Rock Edict at Yerrāguļi is already mentioned above. The following notice published on page 791 of the Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 4, speaks of the discovery of a set of fourteen Rock Edicts. "A momentous discovery, of another recension in Brāhmi script of fourteen rock edicts of Asoka has just been announced by the Department of Archaeology in India. The inscriptions have been found engraved on five large rocks in the Kurnool District of the Madras Presidency. Eleven of the fourteen rock edicts have already been identified. It is expected that a fuller report together with the photographs of the inscriptions will be available shortly." More than a decade has elapsed since the publication of this notice and yet this valuable discovery has not been brought out in print. This delay in the publication is to be greatly regretted for the material afforded by the South Indian inscriptions of Asoka is scanty and the publication of these fourteen edicts would largely add-to our knowledge of the South Indian dialect in the Aśokan age The Deotek slab inscription lately published by Prof. V. V. Mirashiż and attributed by the learned editor to the days of Asoka is not included in the present study. Deotek is a small village some fifty miles to the south-east of Nagpur in C.P. The attribution of the inscription to Asoka is mainly based upon the subject matter of the ins- 1. Proceedings and Translations, 9th AIOC. pp. 613-22.

·INTRODUCTION vii cription which is thus narrated by the editor : .. its object was to record the command of some lord (Sãmi) .... prohibiting the capture and slaughter (evidently of some animals ....) and declaring some punishment for such as dared disobey it. The third line mentions executive officers (āmachā = amátyāḥ) whose duty may have been to enforce these orders." On the basis of this information Prof. Mirashi contends, The contents of the present inscription suggest that it may be referred to the age of Asoka when there was a wide-spread campaign against the capture and slaughter of animals." Prof. Mirashi himself notes certain circumstances which go against his view. Firstly the commencement of the record is unlike that of the known inscriptions of Asoka. And secondly some letters, e.g., Ķ, p and c in the first line and t which occurs in the first two lines belong to a later period. But in spite of these difficulties Prof. Mirashi believes that the Deoțek edict was issued by some officer of Asoka perhaps in the fourteenth year after his coronation. The arguments put forward in support of this attribution do not carry conviction. Besides the palaeographic and stylistic difficulties already noted above I am putting forward here the difficulties in attributing the record to Asoka from the linguistic view point. First of all, if the word lego occurring in the fourth line is to be derived from lekha-, it involves the change of -kh- to perhaps through -gh- (lekha-> *legha-> lega-). But this is a highly advanced phonetic change which never appears in the inscriptions of Asoka. Even the intermediate stage where -kh->-gh- occurs only in the inscription of the 1st cent. B.C. in Central India. (cf. Sk. Makhādeva-> Maghādeva- at Bharaut L 691). The cluster sv- which appears in the word svāmi (line 1) is never preserved in the Central Indian inscriptions of Asoka, except in the word svaga-. It is preserved, on the contrary, in the West and the N.-West (in the form sp-) in the inscriptions of Asoka. Similarly in the Deoțek slab the cluster -jñm- is palatalised to -ñ- in āvñapa- (line 1) and tāñā (line 4). Now palatalisation of this cluster forms the Western characteristic of the inscriptions of Asoka. In the Central and Eastern regions on the contrary it is assimilated to -n-. The preservation of the cluster -mb- in Cikam- -bari (line 1) also appears to be a later characteristic. Coming to the declined forms in the Deotek inscription, the nom. sg. ends in -o, (bandhaito line 2), but Central Indian inscriptions of Asoka always show the ending -e. Thus the absence in the Deotek slab of the Central Indian peculiarities observed in the inscriptions of Asoka preclude the possibility of its being assigned to the days of Asoka. The inscription, therefore, is excluded from the present study. As the inscriptions of Asoka offer to the scholar of Indian Linguistics an extre mely fruitful field for research they have attracted the attention of a very large number of scholars-linguists, palaeographists and historians alike. As one goes through the pages of the Bibliography attached at the end as the Second part of this Essay, one is amazed at the large number of contributions already made with regard to these inscriptions. It is not quite unlikely that one may even come to the conclusion that there is now hardly anything left to be written on the subject of Asokan inscriptions. But as the initial reaction of wonder subsides the reader would begin to see the way in which he can yet make some original contribut: tion. T almost all these attempts are devoted to the publication the edicts, to the writing of explanatory notes on ini identification of places and peoples mentioned in ·1 # viii INTRODUCTION particular trait in the life of Asoka. A comprehensive attempt to study these inscriptions from the view point of comparative linguistics still remains to be undertaken. It is true that some of the scholars have fully studied the dialects of the different versions or have made a beginning in this direction. Hultzsch's excellent summaries of grammars of individual versions are undoubtedly valuable. But he has failed therein to make a comparative approach so as to cover all the versions at a single stretch. The present essay is, therefore, based on this comparative stand point which is to be applied to the entire material afforded by these inscriptions. Thus the treatment of a particular phonemne or morpheme in all versions is studied at one place and wherever the dialectal distinctions could be observed in the geographically distant areas they have been pointed out. The whole study is divided into two Parts the first part being devoted to such comparative study and the second part to a complete Bibliography. The first part again consists of three chapters. The first chapter deals with the Phonology and Morphology of these inscriptions. It includes the comparative study of the treatments of vowels and consonants in all positions. This approach enables us to fix the regional correspondences which the different versions exhibit. In the short space which is at our disposal it is not possible to give example of the preservation of Sk. vowels and consonants, unless such preservation itself is of linguistic importance. A few changes which are introduced in the treatment of consonants due to assimilation and others which are only occasional in their appearance have been referred to in foot-notes. The study mainly purports to bring out the stage as is reflected in these inscriptions in the development of the MI-A languages in the different corners of India. Where the examples are quoted they are culled as far as possible to represent all the versions of the inscriptions and thus satisfy the requireof comparative study. It also deals with the declensional and the conjugational systems from the same comparative stand point as is applied to the study of Phonology. The dialectal variations in each case have been generally specified in the beginning and the exceptions wherever they occur have been immediately noted. The second chapter includes the study of Syntax of these inscriptions. But for å few syntactical peculiarities in the Major Rock Edicts noted by Hultzsch at the end of the Grammar of the Gimar version this important branch in the linguistic study of these inscriptions has almost remained untouched. As an exhaustive study of Asokan syntax could not be included in this Essay, only such peculiarities as appear in the government of cases, in case variations, and a few others have been exemplified at some length. Even in this sphere the different versions of the edicts point to dialectal variations in certain instances. The last chapter views the results in Phonology and Morphology arrived at by the comparative study in the light of the Prakrit grammarians. The school of Prakrit grammarians came into vogue at a very late stage and hence their grammars are based on the literary works. The three principal languages treated by them derive their names from the three geographical subdivisions viz. Magadha, šūrasena and Mahārāştra. It is, therefore, quite natural to suppose that the dialects which later on. developed into full fledged literary languages must have been reflected in the different versions in Asokan inscriptions corresponding to their respective regions. For though the edicts which were to be inscribed at various places in Asoka's empire were the same when they were issued from Magadha, they were altered actually at the time of inscribing them at various places so as to suit the requirements of local dialects. A ܕܡܢ ·INTRODUCTION ix note of warning, however, requires to be sounded here before one eagerly looks into these inscriptions to get as it were the Western, the N.-Westem, the Central or the Southern translations of the Māgadhan edicts. It is only the Girnār and the Shāhbāzgarhī versions of the fourteen rock edicts which materially differ from the Māgadha version. The edicts which appear in Central and Southern India do not seem to have been so largely altered. To substantiate this statement the treatment of r in the Central Indian inscriptions of Asoka may be cited as an illustration. In this division the semivowelt becomes 1 as in the Māgadha dialect. But in the numerous votive inscriptions at Sāñci which come almost on the heels of Asokan inscriptions this r is preserved. Now it would be hazardous to suppose that the Central Indian dialects in Asoka's days changed 7 > 1 but began to preserve it when the inscriptions at Sāñci were inscribed. On the contrary it would be more natural to suppose that the scribes who put down the Central Indian versions of Asoka's inscriptions did not alter the Māgadhan 1 to 1 but kept the form of the word as it appeared in the Māgadha dialect. This single illustration, however, does not preclude the possibility of the Central and Southern scribes of having made any change whatsoever. For instance, the Kopbā] version alone of the Minor Rock Edicts presents an instance of initial cerebralisation of the dental 11-. This cannot be explained in any other way except by supposing that its insertion was entirely due to the influence of a local dialect. Thus it is the study of the Western dialect in comparison with the Eastern one of the Asokan inscriptions which can be principally utilised for the study of the development of literary Mahārāşțrī and Māgadhi. However, wherever the versions other than those in the two regions noted above show any dialectal peculiarity even they have been considered in relation to the later Prakrits of the grammarians. The purpose of this last chapter is primarily to investigate the extent to which the dialectal characteristics noticed by later grammarians had already begun to appear in the corresponding regions in the days of Asoka. The second part is devoted to the presentation of an exhaustive Bibliography of Asokan inscriptions. All the entries have been in 'the first instance arranged alphabetically under their authors' names in order to faciliate ready reference. In the end is given a Note on the Bibliography which classifies all these four hundred odd entries according to their subject matter by givivng reference to their number in Bibliography. As the present monograph is restricted to the linguistic study it has not been possible to deal with some other aspects of the inscriptions. Yet it may be pointed out what is being done quite recently in this direction. With the texts, translations and numerous explanatory notes already having been made available, the identification of Satiyaputra and the problem of the religion of Asoka seem to interest the scholars even to-day. The former has been differently identified and with regard to the Emperor's faith all the existing religions of the land have been exhausted. It appears, however, that the Emperor was a convert Buddhist, though the Dhamma he undertook to preach did not contain the philosophical delicacies peculiar to this religion. It is not intended here to give a detailed argument in support of this opinion. The absence of the dogmatic tenets of Buddhism in his preaching seems to make us believe that Asoka did not as much wish to see that all his subjects were convert Buddhists like '. that they practised the ethical side of the religion. The -

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·2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS [ $2. discovery by the Department of Archæology in India. This material, when published, would be of immense importance inasmuch as the south Indian Asokan material .is rather scanty in comparison with the north Indian material. I have not added here any remarks as regards the find spots3 of the Asokan inscriptions. They are now loo well-known in the world of scholars to need repetition here. PHONOLOGY GY I. VOWELS $ 2. In common with the other MIA languages the Sk. vowels are well preserved in these inscriptions, the notable exceptions being those of the vowel ? and the diph- -thongs ai and au. $ 3. Treatment of the vowel ? in a metrically short syllable : (i) In its initial position this vowel generally tends to become a- in G even when combined with a labial. In K and to a certain extent in M, ?- either becomes a- or 2- so that in a few cases we actually get two parallels for a Sk. word, one indicating the a- and the other the i-- treatment. In S, ?- generally becomes i- and in a few cases a-. It becomes u- when combined with a labial. D. J. Pillar and Minor Rock inscriptions agree with the treatment found in K, except that in the latter ?-> 4- in combination with a labial. G. Sk. krtá- K katakata- S kițakițramtuga- 2017 gá- 11agamiga- MRE DJ kata- PE katakața- M katakita- 132rigainiga- Sk. p?tiivi-> polthevi- Sk. s?mará-> simala- Sk. m? şāvāda-> inusāvāda It must be noted that S and sometimes M do not in all cases change the vowel ? to a-, 2-, 2- but also preserve the consonantal character of the vowel ? in semi-tatsamas. Then again in G we get sriināru from Sk. Všy-nu ; but this is due to the influence of the other forms of the root vśru- (cf. HULTZSCH, P. LVI). Other parallels are : suneya K, śruoney: S, sirley2 MRE. (ii) In the penultimate position is appears that the change ---> -:- is fast disappearing in the edicts which showed it in the initial syllable and the change ---> -a- is tending to be normal. Under stress accent it becomes -:- in all groups. 3. These will be clear from the Map No. 1. 4. Cf. for this type of change WACKERNAGEL, Ai.Gr. I $29. p. 33.

·$ 4(ii). ) TREITNEXT OF VOWEL T 3 S. G l'abata- I cipapaa- {"yapilal'apaladijapulaclnrisa. clüdršo. idisabiedisocdisa- NI l'apuariyapala DJ riyapaa- PE riyapola- MRE Sk. prakyli-> pakili. cdiscoisa. hadisa. (ii) Most of thc words where we get the voirel -y in its final position are those expressive of human relationship and in such cases it becomes -i or -16. Sk. S11 K. D. J PE MRE blirálybiitalni biõli. bhala..11 pittpilli pili, pil!!-5 pilis -pilir D $ 4. The vowel, in a mictrically long syllable : (i) In the initial position the vowel generally becomes a-'in all cdicts, with this difference that when combined with a labial it becomes il- oftener in other edicts than in G Sk. G S, N1 K tipkşacracha- Tucha- 1:11havſddhi. l'adni- (uudlia. Sonära) tadhi. $ radhiri. M vadhi- (vadha ) D, J PE MRE lukha- Sk. adhi-krtya > adhi-gicya. vadhivadhivadhi. vudlin The Sk. root v drks- gives two bases * V dakkha- and * V dikkha- from which we get vdakla- (S, M, K, D, J, MRE) and dckha- (D, J, PE). The form diseyă in bh is derived from Sk. drśyate by KERN and HULTZSCH. (ii) In the penultimate position we get the same treatment as in the case of the initial syllable. Sk. G K S. M. D, J ānſnya anarina ananiya ananiya anajiina. Sk. apakışta-> apakaſhan nivșiiinivutinivuti. (anāvuti) Sk. nişğsta-> nişitha- (due to assimilation). PE 5. At yr.---> -- before term. under the influence of gen. pl. cf. -pitūsu, ·6 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS { $ 9 (vi) 3. Sk. yatra13 > jatā K; other edicts, including K, give forms with -a at the end. Sk. átha > athā.yr. .The change is sometimes observed in the terminations of declension. Sk. bhayena > bhayenā PE. Sk. jänapadasya > jānapadasā K,T. jānapadasa G,D,PE. 4. The loss of visarga : The visarga at the end is lost in these inscriptions and the preceding vowel -a sometimes undergoes the following changes. (i) Change -aļ> -ā : Sk. Maga! > Magā G, Makā K, Maka S,M. (ii) Change -all >o: This is generally found in G,S. Sk. yáśaḥ > yaso G,D,J. yaşo or yaśo K, yaso M. Sk. váyaḥ > vayo PE. (iii) Change -aḥ > -ė is generally met with in edicts other than G and S. Sk..jánaḥ > jane S,M,K,D,J,PE, but jano S,G. Sk. -priyah > -piye everywhere, but priyo or piyo S,M,G. § 10. Treatment of the vowel a in a metrically long syllable : The vowel, though mostly preserved, becomes a in a few cases. 14 Sk. *rájjū-ka->Tājīka- G, yr, Tajuka- S,M, lajñka- K,D,PE.. Sk, vaktavya-> vātavā bh, but vatava- S, valavya G, vataviya- M,K, D,d,j, and Mysore group. Sk. púnarvasu- > punāvasu- PE. Sk. anyátra > ănata K, but anata K,D, añatra S,M,G, aiinata D,J,PE. The change of -a- > -;- in a metrically long syllable is found in Sk. gặhastha-> gihitha- K,T, þut gahatha- KM, gharasta- G, and grahatha- S. The fact that botin the forms with -2- and -2- are found in K shows that this treatment is dependent upon the corresponding change of ?-> a- or 2-. $ 11. Treatment of the vowel i in a metrically short syllable : The vowel is overwhelmingly preserved. Yet it undergoes the following few changes. 1. Change i-> a- due to dissimilation is observed in : Sk. pipilikā-> kapilika- T, Rdh, Mth, Rp, but kipilikā. Ksb. Sk: pịthivi > .puthavī- d. It must be noted that the 'Sk. vowel -;- which becomes -a- is a svarabhakti vowel. 2. Change (V);-> 14- is observed in such cases as : Sk. dvitīya-> dutija- ng., ką. Sk. svid > sul d, J. 3. Change i-> (- may be witnessed in Sk. tri-daśa- >.tredaśa- M, tedasa. K,. D, but tidaśa- s.15 13. In Vedic Sk. we get the form yaltā also.. 14. Besides the instances noted above also cí. säva < Sk. súrras) at K. other versions including K show short a: Sk. dákşina-> .dākhina. T. Mi, Ksb, Rp., but' -dakhinū- Rdli, Mth ; Sk. ágalyc>āgāca im, ng; Sk. pranapir-> panāli. K, hut panati- D, panali. M, pranali. S. 15. For G Iraidasa cf. supra $6, ·$ 13.3.), 76.TV.1 Ori! • Thu vosel i is niten kaikinci in p:epositions, sulises and beforc the loss of final consonant or visargal. Sk. prontieties 6, publice:- K.S. T almost invariably give prin fo: Skali., Sk. .:b1:kuio...liteit 6, cilt küla. 1), -ablikara- S.M, -abhikala- 1. Sk. Niilus ).J.11.2; Lill, br,:d,kiph, but liliko- M,T,ru,s,b, -thitiksi 5.1. Vi, -it:l:39K. Sk. lir: isti d.j. bili iii 1).-11. Sk. proizil: fi :(, biti br.:d, but painti jtr. Sk chris12:21 07:: 6, 9u clasid, j. This chanse in ile quantity vi tlie vowel is also sometimes observed before the case ir miratims. S'. raisi sictisi G. also cl. amirisisu yr. Sk. stījubiti*tijiiiiliit:: T. 3. Initiaily ;. is losi only in i cits. Sk. idáin: dani VIRE cili ispo) but iiluini SX1,K. Sk.ililin :|| version: ; :1: is sometimes on ained in G,D. $ 12. Treatment of the voweli in :: metrically long syllable : The vowel is mostly preserved, but sometimes it is change to i or c. Sk. nris Vicky silakke- I'E. Rp once gives nilakha-. Sk, rivisati. > risali- m, ng, bb and other PE. Cnce in salavisati. l'asa, however, I gives short ;-. "The presence of the long vowel may even be regarded as the preservation of IE long i- which is noticed in Av. risali, Lat. Higinti.. Sk. cikitsa-> cikicha. G, but ciricha- S,M,D). Sk. avihiiisu->arilisa- G, bul avilisā. in other versions, aviliriisā- G,T. The change oi ;-> {- may be noticed in the following plausible example : Sk. *i-lia > cta G,D, cita S, kola. So,K,D,J,KG.S. $ 13. Treatment of the vow.cl ne in a metrically short syllable. Though the vowel is prescrved in a large majority of cases, sometimes it becomes a, i, u or 0. 1. Change it > a may be instanced in Sk. púnar > para S,M,D,J, (but punā S,M,G,K,) and Sk. gure-> garu- S.Gyr, garuta- br., galu- K (but guru- S,M,G, gulu- K,D,J). But as has been already noticed the latter forms are to be compared with Sk. garīgas- and garistha-. 2. Change z>i occurs in such cases as, Sk. póruşa- > pulisa-21 PE, d, j. Sk. mánuşa- > munisa-16 K,DJ,PE,MRE, but manuşa- S,M,K, manusa- G, mārusa- Kpb. Sk. Purinda- > Pilada- K, but Pulida- S, Pūriinida- G, and Palinda- M. 3. Change u>ű occurs sometimes before case terminations. Sk. bahúblih > bahuli G,D,J, but bahuhi S,K, · 16. See BLOCH, L'Indo-Aryen, p. 37. 17. The vowel which undergoes the change is a svarabhakti vu in similar circumstances, supra § 11. · 18. This is only an analogical form after purisa-.

·8 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS { $ 13.3. . S Sk. bahuşu > bahūsu D,J,PE. Sk. gutúşı > gurusu yr. It is also lengthened due to loss of visarga. Sk. sådhuḥ > sādhi D,T, other versions give short -u. Sk. vaseyu! > vascuit D, others give short -1!. For some sporadic lengthening of the vowel u ci, Sk. Vyuj-> Vyšja- dj. Sk. pratyupagamana-> pacīpagamana- T, Rdh, Mth, Rp, but pacupagamana- Ksb. Sk. *mādhuralá-> mādhúratā- G, but other versions show short u. The vowel u is lengthened in its final position when followed by ti (< Sk. ili), or sometimes even without it. Sk. jānantu iti > jānanti li MRE. Sk. bhavali ili > holit ti PE, also cf. ālādhanlii ti. Sk. yuſījantu > yujarti D, but yujarilu M,G,K, also cf. parthesi G, but magesu in other versions. Sometimes, however, the vowel -- is shortened in Sandhi and in compounds. $ 14. Treatment of the vowel u in a metrically long syllable : The vowel is only exceptionally lengthened in such cases as : Sk. anāyuktika-> anāvītiya- d, but anīvutiya- j. Sk. nişthutya- > nziļhūliya- d, j, PE. Sk. anupratipanna-> anupalipaina- T. The change may even be attributed to analogy with similar lengthening of i in prepositions. § 15. In the case of long vowels à, i and ū it is to be remembered that as the Kharoşthī alphabet does not mark the length of the vowels such long vowels are absent in S and M. Hence in these versions at S and M the short vowels sometimes stand for long ones. $ 16. Treatment of the vowel a followed by a single consonant: The vowel is almost invariably preserved. Such cases as dana- (for dāna-), papa- (for pāpa-) are clearly due to scribal mistakes. -aparadha- in G is to be derived from the roof Vradh- used in the same sense as Vrādlı-19 Sk. mahānasa-> mahanasa- D, (SM), but maliānasa G,K. Sk. mahāmātra-> malamata- Kg, but other versions give forms with maha- Sk. malādhana-> maladhana- yr. The vowel -ă in its final position20 is sometimes shortened in the declined forms of the nom. sg. or inst.-sg. Sk. Tåjā > Tāja G, lāja K,D,T,bb, laja S,M, but räjā G, lajā K,DJ,T,b. Sk. icchā > icha S,M,K,d,j, but ichā G,K,PE. Sk. átmáná > aiana Rdh, Mth, Rp, but atanā T, Ksb. Similarly the vowel ã is sometimes shortened in the eastern dialect when it is followed by m (which is changed into anusvāra) or when the visargal at the end is, lost. . 19. Cf. HULTZSCH, P. Ivi. 20. It is perhaps shortened due to the loss of final consonant in -Sk. syát > siya PE, j, (S, M), but siyā K, d, j, PE, MRE, Sk. manāk (?) > mina or mana PE (minā Mi).

·$ 19.) TREATMENT OR DEFORE (IT STIERS . j. Ski birileri Dritanasi: (G). D), J, K, T, but bhäliini G. Sk. putih pula K. D, J, but putra G (pira S, M). $ 17, Treatment of the lowe i followed by a consonant cluster : It is in this treatment that the regional distinction is clearly noticed. Wercas in the Western division the long rowel is preserved, it is usually shortened at other places. Sk. algasika- acuvikaG(acayiko. S.M) but aliyāyika- K,DJ. Sk, midara-> Müdar'a- G, madara. K.T. Sk. prakrita->> pakavilo. MRE. When a cluster with a nasal follows the long vowel i, it is shortened to a cven in G. If the long å is preserved in the inscriptions then the anusvāra is dropped or the cluster is assimilated. Sk. Tāmraparni-> Taribapanm. G.K.J.S, canliapani. M. · Sk. klinnta-> kilanlad, j. Sk. ksanti-> chali. G, chamti- S, khari. K. Sk. ūv jiap-> aviapa- G, iyuapin- K,DJ,T,Kb. ivhapa- br, (avapa- S,MI). Sk. älmann > alanā PE, alavir d, $ 18. Treatment of the vowel i followed by a single consonant : In this position the vowel is fairly well preserved. It is only in Ilie Kälsi version that the vowel is often represented as short one. In lirimni (Sk. Irini) we find that the vowel is shortened and a nasal is added to it. Therefore such forms as devinain and anusa- . thini may be regarded according to HULTZSCH, as defective spelling for devirinavi and anusathirini. Sk. jivá-> jiva. K (SM) but jit'a- G,D.J,PE. Sk. dipana > dipana- K (S,M), but dipana- G. Sk. sila > sila. G,D,K (šila- SM). The nom. sg. of fem. nouns ending in - generally ends in long -ī in G and the Mysore group, but it ends in short -i clsewhere. In the case of the nom. sg. of mas. nouns ending in -in, the short vowel is noticed at G,S,M,PE, and the long vowel at DJ,Ksb and 1 in K and MRE. For some sporadic shortenings of i cf. the following instances : Sk. pipilikā- > kapilika- Rdhi, Mih, Rp,- kipilikā- ksb, but kapilika- T. Sk. misribhita-> misiblüta- mk. Sk. dviliya-> duliya- ng,kq. Sk. āśvāsaniya-> asvāsaniya- d, j, (also cí. daviya- d). The long vowel í is changed to its guna substitute in Sk. idrša->, hedisa- K,DJ, sn, cdiśa- S,M. $ 19. Treatment of the vowel i beſorc a consonant cluster : As is noticed in the case of the vowel a before a consonant cluster, this vowel also is usually shortened in all edicts except at G. Sk. kirti-> kili- G, kitī- M,DJ, kițri. S, kiti. G,K. Sk. irşyá-> isā- d, j, isyä- PE.-1 Sk. dirghāyus- > dīghāvusa- br, sd, but dighāvusa- sd, jtr (digha- Hlz.) 21. The long vowel is, however, preserved in PE in the form palikhā. (< Sk. parikṣā). 2 ·10 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS [ $ 20. $ 20. Treatment of the vowel it before a simple consonant : It is usually kept long in all versions except those at S,M, (and K). The form thuba- occurring at ng. is not to be derived from Sk. stīpa- but from v stubh-. The short vowel in bhiya- (Sk. bhūyas), which is found in Major RE suggests that it is probably to be read as bhuyya-. For some irregular shortenings of u at K we may compare such instances as- Sk. slīpa-> supa- K, (S, M), but stīpa- G,D,J. Sk, mayita-> majula- K (SM), but majula- J. Sk. pijā- > puja- (S, M), but plījā- G, PE. The treatment of the long ui in Sk. śuśruşā is rather irregular. Cf. sususa- KJ,T, Sustusā- and susuiisā- (note the compensatory addition of anusvāra) G, Vsusisa- D, jtr. But sustusā- G, sustīsā- D,PE, V susisa- J, br, sd, (suśtıışa- S,M). $21. Treatment of the vowel it before a consonant cluster. In this case the vowel is shortened in all versions including the one at G. Sk. -părva-> -purva- or -puiva- G, -pruva- S,M, pulula- K,D,J. Sk. dīşya-> dusa- sn., sc., kb. The long vowel is, however, met with in such forms as -sìta- (< Sk. sútra-) at bh, -stīriya- and -şūliya- (< Sk. súrya-) at sc. and nj respectively. $ 22. Treatment of the votel e: It is preserved in these inscriptions almost rigorously even when followed by a consonant cluster. It is only in such rare forms as ika- (Sk. eka-) at sn. that the vowel undergoes any change. In S, however, a tendency is noticed to change the final -e to -2.?? Sk. dvé > drivi S, but duve elsewhere. Sk. tåjāna) > (*rājāne) >rajani S, but rajane M and lājāne DJ,T. $ 23. Treatment of the vowel o : This vowel is also extremely well preserved even when followed by a consonant cluster. It is shortened to u only as a sandhi peculiarity. Sk. ekona-> ekuila- bb. Sk. prajotpädana-> paj:padana- S. II. SINIPLE CONSONANTS $ 24. Generally, simple consonants are well preserved both initially and medially. The processes of sonantisation, loss of occlusion and others by which intervocal consonants sufier numerous changes in later Prakrits, though not altogether absent in Aś. inscriptions, have only just begun to appear in them. The law of cerebralisation too has only partial application.-3 $ 25. Gutturals : (a) On the whole the gutturals are initially preserved. In G, the form gharastais not an instance of initial aspiration, for the MIA base ghara- is to be derived from IE "ghoros-, and not from Sk. grliá- (for the latter derivation cf. V. 4.32 and H. 2.141). (b) Medially the gutturals undergo a few changes which are detailed below: 22. For a similar tendency in the Kharoşthi documents of Chinese Turkestan cf. BLRROW, $1. 23. A few changes which are due to assimilation and dissimilation as well as some other exceptions are generally indicated in fns. 24. Change -->-&- due to assimilation. Sk. akarkasa-> akhakhasa- d.

·$ 27 (b) 2. ] CEREBRALS 11 1. Change of surd to sonant is instanced by ---> -- in the East. Sk. -loka-> -loga- j, but -loka- everywhere clse. Sk. adhikrlya-> adhigicya bh. The foreign name Antiochos appears as Arlijnga- K (M), but Amliyoka-S,G,D,J. 2. Change of a guttural to ji found with -:-25 and -g- has occurred only in the suffix. The change is perhaps an castern characteristic (?). Sk. anäyuklika-> anūviliya- d, j. Sk. (pasu- ctc.) 'o apa-ga-> supaya- S,M,G,K,D, but -apaga- G, K,D,Jd.T. Sk. ardhiatrika >adhaliya- MRE. 3. Change of a sonant to surd is instanced by -->-&- in the North, North- West and the South, Sk. Maga-> Naka- S,M,K, but Magas G. Also cf. the nane Antigonos which appears as Amtckina- S.M,K,G. Sk. -upa-ga-> -upaka- S.M, cf. above for other forms. Sk. Örogja- > *aroga-> oroka- yr, but irogiya- br, sd. 4. Change -ghi-> -1- by loss of occlusion : Sk. laghii-> lalu- G,K,T. $ 26. Palatals : (a) In their initial position they are well preserved. (b) In the medial position the following few changes may be noted. 1.' Change of a surd to sonant is found with -C- > -j- in the non-Western regions. Sk. acala-> ajala- d, but acala- j. Sk. sãrikuci > savikuja- PE. 2. Change of a palatal to -y is instanced only by -j- in the North-West. Sk. Kamboja. > Kamboya- S, but -;- is given by M,K,G. Sk. tájan-> raya- S, but other cdicts give the forms with -j-. Sk. samāja-> samaya- S, samāja- S,M,G,K,D,J. 3. Change of a sonant to surd is found with -j-> -c-. Its appearance in the Western and North-Western regions may be attributed to the Eastern influence. Sk. Kamboja-> Kaiboca- D, for other forms cf. above. Sk. vraja > vaca- DJ,G,K, vraca- S,M, Vuraca- S. $ 27. Cerebrals : (a) The forms with initial cerebral are only conspicuous by their absence in Aś. inscriptions. The loss of initial cerebralisation is found in a single instance. Sk. duli-> duļi- or dadi- PE (b) In the medial position the cerebrals, with the exception of -12- are well preserved.20 1. Change of 4->-d- occurs in the Centre and the North, Sk. -vāļikā- > -vadikā- Kq, -vadikyā- T. 2. Change -?-> -- occurs in the non-Western groups. Sk. edaka-> elaka- PE, but edaka- T, Rdh, Mth. 25. The forms diyadha- MK and diyadhiya- MRE are derived from Sk. dvikārdhaand instanced as the change - k->-y- by HULTZSCH. But these forms are to be derived from dvyardha- ; also cf. TURNER, Gavimail and Palkigundu Insc., p. 11, in. 2. 26. Only -th > - by loss of aspiration, Cr, Sk. kamatha-> kaphața- PE, ·13 COIFIEITIVE STUDY OF SIX IXSCRIPT:OXS TIVE [ $27 (b) 2. Sk. croccst > Chaise and cliroesc PE, also cí. Aircosceni racsc Sk. psiccccsel in PE. 3. The cerebral is usedlig preseved in the Western as Vorhinestet grcurs 20c ai alusure and kopbil i?? the Souti. Intere it is consec 0 -- Sk. borc:c-> COC. S.G. Scre- KPE. 66cc-97. SS.CO->CIC::C. 02. sc. jır. Dorc:!T. Sk. Sēc?C-> Sicro 0:. sc. r. kp3. s 10:0. O.S.T.T. $ 29. Dentals : (a) In the initial position the canais are vel 2:sed. The change 0::->- is found in 2 solitary case in the North Sk. tose-> cosG- K, 12:tc:c- SI. tc- G.1.c. (b) in the medial position to gi tey are usally preserved. te izboring feti changes may be noted. i. Change of --> -c- is rret tita in ice Vornano te VO-. SS. cicc. SUVIK. Circ- SI.G.E.D.J.PE. Sk. arc>crc. 1. G.K.D. Sk. 7:coiciiicrcci S. bet is created 2. Changes on is perigos instances in the Eas. Sk. t:ci Doc- : cf. tra fotos opcij. Ta certain of trase fotos is rozeva col. Tre resans a' ċer: 1 gira iorms with VCC. 3. Change -CR-> -i- og loss of sip : Sk. rycorecic->ger.c- T. b. Sk. rivcro ricccc- PE. 4. Change -ci->by loss of aspirina: Ski icic> *cicrc> ciccin al resions ETCES G. icc G. JOENSSON coacets ricc wiit Vecis icc "COR. Sk. stor.cr.c-> -croico G peggs or retaresis os asiin Ecocic- SIE.D. 5. Loss of and insetion of -/- is found in the com: Sta. CĆIPITCASC-> cētuccsc-PE. 6. Loss of -ċ- is met with only in the West 128 tce Sout. Så tëčrsc-> *tccrisc- torisc- G. bas tecisa- DJ. iccisc- SU. St. pēcréc-> *xccrisc-> perisc- G.VT. Les csisc- 6DJI.S. $ 29. Labiais : In the iniwal pesinoa they are well preserved.- 1. Change of E-> is met with oat isassage sacs i te Not-West Se backcr> *ccheri S (ORI S also gives ccorcicori. Essza me get bocrcrii o bécrc. 27. As Enceptiocs gorce.C- (Sco) Scam ( Sironme) acc konc. (< SE kşcnc-) a dar te cetec. 28. This loss of occission the West Coares vel ni tie iza Mitsrisic 20. As dee to assimaios Struc-> Fiche come to assi rigtica i Sko-> ECC PE ( E65o).

·$ 31.2. ] THE SEMI-VOWEL Y 13 2. Change bh-> h- occurs only in the forms of the root Vbhū- in all versions perhaps as an Eastern characteristic (cf. hoti, hotu etc.), for the forms with bloccur only in the West and the North-West (cf. such forms as bhoti, bhavati, bhave). (b) In the medial position the following few changes which occur only in limited instances may be noted. 1. Change --->-b- is met with only in the North at Delhi-Topra. Sk. lipi-> -libi- T, but lipi- occurs in Major Rock Edicts, MRE and other PE (including T). 2. Change - - > -v- is noted in a single case. Sk. pravāp-> V pāva- s, vpāpa- elsewhere. 3. Change -bh-> -p- is apparently due to mistake or it may be due to assimilation. Sk. prati-bhoga-> pati-poga- Rdh, but -bhoga- in other PE, S,M,K. 4. Change -bh- > -12- by loss of occlusion. Sk. Vlabh-> Vlaha- d,j,kb. Sk. instr. pl. term. -bhiḥ > -hi in all versions. 5. Change -bli- > -b- by loss of aspiration30 : Sk. *stubha-> thuba- ng. If the form is derived from Sk. stūpa- then the change -p-> -b- is instanced. 6. Change -111-> -pll- by metathesis of aspiration : . Sk. kamatha-> *kapatha-> kaphața- PE. $ 30. Semivowels : With the exception of r which is dialectically changed to 1 in certain groups, semivowels are normally preserved in these inscriptions. $31. The semi-vowel y: 1. The semi-vowel -y-> -j- in one instance. Sk. mayūra-31 > majura- S, M. majūla- K, J. 2. It is elided both initially and intervocally. In the initial position, elision occurs mostly in the indeclinables and relative pronouns. Sk. yatra > yatra or yată S,M,G,K,S, ata K,DJ,T. Sk. yathā > yathā S,M,G,K,PE,sd, athā K,DJ,PE. Sk. yávat> yava- S,M,G,PE, ru, ävā or avari S,M,G,K,D,PE. Sk. yādrśa-> yārisa- G, yadiśa- S, ādisa- M,K,D,J. Sk. yat (adverb) > yarı Major RE and Mysore group, an M,K,d,j. Sk. yat (Pron.) >ye, yain or ya S,M,GK,MRE, e or ari M,K,DJ,jtr. It can thus be noticed that the Eastern dialect drops the initial y- but the Western dialect favours its preservation. Its occasional elision in the non-Eastern areas is very likely due to the Eastern influence. Intervocally the elision is observed exclusively in the North-Western region. Sk. priya-> pria- S (about 4 or 5 times), all other versions including S give priya- or piya- Sk. *ekatya- > *ekatiya- > ekatia- S, but ekatiya- K,DJ,M. Sk. dvyardha-> *diyadha->S, but diyadha- MK, diyadhiya- MRE. . 1 30. Similar loss of aspiration is perhaps instanced in -ph-> -p- in the form tupaka (gen. 2nd pers pron.) at ru, but cf. tuphāka-d, j, tuphākar sn. 31, The G form mora is regarded by TURNER to be a loan word. cf. BSOS 4 363.

·14 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS [ $ 31.2. It is interesting to note that in all these cases where S drops intervocal -y, the Mänseliä version which is so ncar to it always preserves -y-. But it is well-known that the latter has more Magadhisms. 3. In some cases -y- is elided and -v- is developed mostly in the presence of u. The tendency is scen in the non-Western regions. Sk. dirghãyus->dighãvusa- br, sd, jtr. Sk. āyukti->āvuti- d, PE, but āyuti-32 j. Sk. visaya-> vişava- S, sn, visava- K, but vişaya- M and visaya- G. The interchange between -y- and -1/- is also noticed in the optative term. -eyu : -evu. Sometimes y- is developed initially3 perhaps as a non-Western characteristic. Sk. evá > yevā M,K,D,J,PE, but cva S,K,G. $32. Initially r- is preserved in the Western and North-Western divisions34 but is consistently changed to l- in other places. Sk. *tájjī-ka->tājuka- S,M,G, lajika- K,D,PE. Sk. Tājan- > tājā S,M,G,So, lājā, K,DJ,PE and MRE. Intervocally -J- submits to the same treatment as in the. initial position, with only a few exceptions.35 Among MRE the South Indian inscriptions at Mysore, Kopbā! and Yerrāguļi preserve -/- but at Maski -y-> (or -7-). Other MRE in the East and the Centre change -7- > -!-, with only a few exceptions at the latter place. Sk. G(SO) SM K,D,J PE cárana- -carana- -carana- -calana -calana. citáciracitacila- Sk. PE MRE Mysore, Yr, Kpb Other MRE 'paurānaporāna-, or -110- sātirekasătirekasātileka- ru. 'vatsara- -vachara- (sātireka- mk) -vachala- s. (vachara- ru) citácitacila-s, b. (cira- ru) sürya- -șuliya- nj Also cf. galava- bh; -suliya-T Sk. udāra-> udala- -Suriya- sc. ru, mk, s, b etc. Sk. V kar-> V kalamk. cila- $ 33. Initially l- is well preserved. cases. Intervocally it is changed to -&- in just a few 32. This reading is accepted by Hlz. Others read āvutt-, 33. For similar development in the Niya Prakrit, cf. BURROW, $32. 34. The forms of the root Vlaca- at G, S. M (S has vraca- also) are regarded hy HULTZSCH as 'Magadhisms'. But in Sk. itself we have Vloc- connected with roc-. 35. Sk, sāra-> sāla- S, M, K, but săra- G. Sk. aparibodha- (?) > apalıbod ha- S,M,K,D.

·$35.1 SIBILANTS 15 • Sk. mahila- > mahidā- G. Sk. Cola-> Coda- Major RE Sk. Kerala-> Kerada- S, but -la- in other versions. Sk. duli-> dadi- or dudi- PE $ 34. The semi-vowel v : 1. Initially v- is generally preserved, its stray change to p-36 being due to assimilation. Thus Sk. vipula-> pipula- ru., elsewhere we get vipula-. 2. In the cluster dv, v is changed to b in the West and North-West. Sk. dvādaśá > dbādasa- G. badaya- S, but other versions give duvädaśaor duvādasa- 3. Intervocally -v- is normally preserved. When clustered with t, it is changed to -p- in the West (cf. dv-> db- above). Sk. catváral-> catpāro G, cature S, catāli K. Absolutive term. -tvä > -tpă G, -tu in other versions. 4. Interyocally -v- is lost only in the West (cf. above $27(b) 3 and juvtnote]. . Sk. sthavira-> thaïra- G. 5. V- is initially developed37 before u- in the following : Sk. adha: > vudha- S,M,G,K. Sk. Vdc- > 04ca- S,M,G, Juta- G,D. Sk. upta- > vuta- S. $ 35. Sibilants : In MIA languages the three Sk. sibilants are often med into the single dental sibilant. In Aß. inscriptions which are the best mures of the early MIA we find a threefold treatment of the sibilas positics. (i) SM preserve the distinction between the three sibilan: S. erce : 7. show only the dental sibilant s. It is important to note bazat Cialis shows s and not ś; (iii) as regards the treatment of 2 ne bi best to quote the remarks made by HULTZSCH. " so agrees with the Girnar one in replacing the two gin: :- occurs in K IV twice. cf. vasa, Piyadasinā) would require it. .... But in the majority of ins: etymologically impossible. .... To explain this ma 29. that the writer spoke a dialect which kner sim 31:26 enero the letters ŝ and sh indiscriminately for more words, the letters ś and sh at Kālsī are use Sk. śrāvaka > Śravaka-S, 77.32 Sk. śuśtūşā-> suśruşa- SYA 1: MRE. Sk. -daśá-> -daśa- SIL - - Sk. mánuşa-> manu 23 PE, MRE, met The following few exception ܚܚܝ - 36. The form vālata at with Sk. vāra-tah. 37. This is a character 38. Cf. As. Ins. p. .

·· 16 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS ( $ 35(a). (a) In the treatment of palatal ś: Sk. suśtuşa-> suśmuşa- S,M. Note the initial s- and not ś- due to dissimilation. Sk. anusocana-> anusocana- S. Sk. Sākya > Saka- nik. Note initial ś instead of s-. (b) In the treatment of the cerebral ș: Sk. abhişikta-> ablisita- S,M, abhişila- nj. Thus --- and --- occui where they are not expected to be. Sk. mánuşa > manusa- S,M. Note -—- for -5-. Sk. vişaya-> vişava- sn. Sk. eşaļ > eşe kq. Sk. varşa-> vaşa- mk. • The other exceptions in S and M occur in terminations : cf. loc. pl. jesu, gen. pl ubhayesam (M), ubhayes! (S), futures in -iśati and -eśali etc. (c). In the treatment of the dental s : Sk. sarśayika-> Śaśayika- M (due to assimilation). Sk. satyá-> saca- sd. Sk. svargá-> śvaga- b. Sk. śāsana-> sasana- S, M (due to assimilation). Sk. upāsaka->upāśaka- mk. Other exceptions occur in terminations. cf. şaşı, paincaşı etc. at S, M, Devānāripiyaşā at ką, and ācariyaśa at jtr. The change of -s-> -Il- is sometimes observed in the future endings like -hatha and - harti. $36. The aspirate h is well preserved both initially, and medially. It is, however, lost in a few cases in the North-West. Sk. lastin-> asti-39 S,M, but hasti- G, hatlıi- D.K. Sk. ihá >ia S,M; but iha S,M,K. Sk. máma : Pkt. malia > maa S; other versions have mama. Sk. āha > aa M (once VI 26), otherwise we get ahā. Sk. aliám > aan M, but ahai or hakarir elsewhere. There are certain instances of cockneyism where li- is developed initially before a vowel. cf. Sk. idrśa-> hedisa- K, hedisa- D, J,sn, but cdiśa- S,M, edisa- K,D,J, etārisa- (< Sk. etādȚsa-) G. Sk. evamı > hevai kdj,T,Rp,MRE, but evair S,M,K,D,G. Sk. *i-tra > hetā So,K,D,J,kq,s, but etta, S,M, cta, G,D. $ 37. Palatalisation : By the law of palatalisation sometimes the dentals and occasionally even the gutturals are palatalised mostly in the presence of the vowel i or the semi-vowel y. Except the palatalisation of -k- and -g- in the North, and that of -t- in the East, this feature is mainly a characteristic of the West and the North-West (and also of the South). 1. Gutturals : Following gutturals are palatalised in the circumstances noted below. 39. This is HULTZSCH's reading, others read hasti-, ·42. The exceptional cases are khuda. Or iyita- S, W, chara- 2 - $ 37.2 (iv). ) THE CLUSTER -dy- 17 (i) The gutturals -k- and -g- are palatalised40 at K and T in the North. Sk. nikäyá-> nikyāya K, but nikāya- elsewhere. Sk. sthitika-.> -thitikya- K, but.-thitika- or -thitika- elsewhere. Sk. Kalinga-> Kaligya- K, Kalisinga- elsewhere. Sk. *aşta-krośika-> adha-kosikja- T. Sk. amra-vātikā-> amba-vaļikyā- T. (ii) Interyocal -kh- when combined with y is once palatalised in G. Sk. sai Vkliya-> sachāya G, but saikhaya S,M, and saikhaye K. (iii) Cluster ks : The treatment of this cluster is interesting inasmuch as in all positions it is palatalised in the West and the North-West, 11 but assimilated to the guttural kh elsewhere.. Sk, kșudrá-> chuda-12 G, but khuda- K,D,J,MRE. Sk. kşaņa-> chaņa- S,M,G, but khana- d, j. Sk. mokşa-> mocha- S,M, but mokha- K,D,J. Sk. paksi- > pakhi- PE. 2. Dentals : The following dentals, mostly in combination with y, are palatalised. We get a few instances of initial palatalisation also. (i) Dental t- is initially palatalised in the East in the presence of the palatal į vowel i-. Sk. tiştha-> Vcitha- MK,D, but Vtițha- S, V tista- G. (ii) Cluster -ty- : It is mostly palatalised in the regions other than the Eastern, where it is dissolved into -tiy-. Sk. ätyayika-> acayika, SM, atiyāyika- K,D,J. Sk. satya-> saca- PE, br, jtr, yr. Sk. adhikṣtya > adhigicya bh, kaca- G. (iii) Cluster -ts- (or -tsy-): The cluster -ts- is palatalised in the West and the South but assimilated to s elsewhere. Sk. sajivatsará-,> saivuchala- S, -chara- ru, br, sd, jtr, kpb, yr. Sk. cikitsa-> cikīcha- G, cikisā- S,M,K,D,J. But when the cluster -ts- does not occur in the body of the word but is due to the combination of consonants, it is assimilated to s everywhere. Sk. ut-sāha-> usāha- PE. Sk, ut-syta->, usata- S,M,G,D,J, uşața- K. The cluster -tsy-> -ch- in PE. Sk. matsya- > macha- PE. (iv) Cluster -dy- is however, generally palatalised everywhere. Sk. adya > aja S,M,G,K,D,J. Sk. prati-v pad-ya >'(pați-) pajaritu FE. But when the cluster -dy- does not occur in te dy of the word it is assim 40. See HULTZSCH P. LXXI and J. Busca, L'Irdo-gan, , 72. Simila s of -k- in the suffix is observed a little later in the roa dezadatiki in the inscription at Rāmagarh (Dist. Sirguja, Chhota azpi Di .. 41. It is found in the form ch in the Niza Picar. C. P P2007, ? 42. << Sk. adhyakşa-), and samkhita- (Sk. arkipa, Ghase 3 - to y.

·18 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS I $ 37.2 (iv). Sk. ud-yana-> wyāna- S,M,G,K,D,J. Sk. ud-yama-> uima- K. (v) Cluster - dhigi- is palataliscd to -jh- in all regions. But the cluster -dh-y- is palatalised only in the West (and North-West). Sk. madlig'amu-> majhama- G, majlima. K,d,j,PE. Sk. *nidhyapli-> nijhali. Major RE, nivjhapa- PE. But Sk. a-vadh-yai-> aradliya- T.Miksb, avadliz'a. T.Rdh, Mth,Rp. Rk, adh-g'-akşa-> (@jhakha-G, -(@jhacha- N, but -adhiyalha- K, -(a)dhigacha- S. (vi) For the palatalisation of nasals » and » sec below under the treatment of clusters ?ly and 123', $49 and $50. (vii) Sibilant 5-13 > C-in a few cases in the East and thence in the Centre and the South. Sk. Však-> Vcaka: dj,s,b,kpb, but Vsaka- ciscwlicre. $38. Cerebralisation : By the law of cerebralisation dentals are turned into cerebrals mostly in the presence of r, vocalised or unvocalised, sometimes with a sibilant, and in very few cases even without any influence. It will be observed that the Western dialect is the least affected by cerebralisation. 1. Cerebralisation of the dental 1: It is generally cerebralised in regions other than the West. (i) Change -()->--: Sk. kriá-> kala- S,M,K,D,PEMRE, but kala- G. Sk. blijia-> bhaļa- S,M,K,D, but bhala- G. Sk. niruļlta-> nivuta- S,M. (ii) Change -7t- > --: Sk. kúrtavya- > kaçara- or kataviya- S,M,K,D,J,PE,MRE, but katavya- G. Sk. kirti- > kiļī- M,D,J, kiţri. S, but kili- G,K. By way of exception -7t-> -- in G in the word savvaļa- <Sk. savivarla- (iii) Change (---)- > -- : Sk. prati-> pați- in all versions including G, though G gives prati- about four times. (iv) Change st > įh occurs very rarely, for usually it is assimilated to th. Sk, stambha-> thabha- ru, but thabha- or -thaibha- Tru,s. Sk. āśvasta-> asvația- Mi(once), but asvatha- PE. Sk. anusasti-> anusathi- K, So, but -anusathi- K,D,J,T, anusasti- and -sasti- G, -anuśasti- CM. Thus here in G, t in combination with s is cerebralised to -st- (cf. the change -sth-> -st- in G below). 2. Cerebralisation of the dental th : It is normally not cerebralised in the West except when the dental is combined with a sibilant. 43. Initial palatalisation of s->ch- is perhaps instanced in Sk. sarvatsará. > chava-, chara- at ru. This change is due to assimilation. But HULTZCH and THOMAS consider this form to be a mistake for savochara-, which occurs in the other MIRE. Earlier this form was derived by scholars from Sk. şat-vatsara-.

·$ 38.5.) CEREBRALIZATION OF 11 19 (i) Change-the-> (N-: Sk. ártha-> atha-S,K,DJ,PE and MRE, but atha- G,S,M,K,J. (ii) Change -(7-)th->IN-; Sk. nirgrantha-> nigarii!ha- T. (iii) Change'stli > Il or sf (in G) in a fcir cascs; otherwise the cluster is assi. milated to th. Sk. sthitika-> thilika- MK,D,J,K$D,MRE, but -thitika- S,T,Mi,Rdh, Mth, sc. Sk. sthitú- slita- G. Sk. anast líka- (or an-ástlika-)> aradhika- PE, but anathika- Ksb. 3. Cerebralisation of the dental d : (i) Cluster -td- is never assimilated to a cerebral. Sk. mārdava-> mädava- GK,T. Sk. cālurdasa-> cāvudasa- PE. (ii) Change -(7-)d->--: Sk. tri-daśa-> Irodaśa- M, but tidaśa- S, icdasa- K,D. (iii) Change -d(?)->--; Sk. idīša-> hodisa- K, but hicdisa- S,K,D,sn, cdisa- S.M. (iv) Change -d(-1)->--: Sk. udāra-> udāla or udāra- MRE. (v) Change -d->d- in numerals (other than 17i-daśa). Sk. dvādaśa-> duvädasa- K,PEMRE, duvadaśa- (also -dasa-) M, but duvādasa- DJ. Sk. pañcadaśá-> pariinalasa- and -lasa- PE, pancadasa- Ksb. 4. Cerebralisation of the dental dh: In combination with r it is generally not cerebralised in the West. But it is cerebralised under the influence of ș. (i) Change -(7)dl->-dll. : Sk. viddhi-> vadhi. Major RE, PE, ru, but vad h2- G. Sk. vệddlá-> vudha- So, S,D,J, vudha- K, vudhra- M. (ii) Change - dk-> -dh- : Sk. dvyardha-> diyadha. M,K, diadha- S, diyadhiya- MRE. Sk. vardi- > vadha- Major RE, PE, MRE, but Vvadhia- GM,. vadhita- K, vadlrita-.M (< Sk. vardhita-). (iii) Change -($-)dl-.> -dh- : Sk. aușadhá-> osudha-4: S, asudha- G, but osadha- K,D,J. 5. Cerebralisation of the dental n : This nasal is usually well preserved in all positions and in all versions. It is, however, initially changed to ??- only in the Kopbal version and perhaps once in the Jaugada separate edict. In the intervocal position its cerebralisation is met with usually in the West and the North-West. Sk. nó > ņó Kpb, but no elsewhere. : 44. Prof. TURNER would like to derive these forms from *osſdla. The presence of the cerebral in the Girnar version and that of dental in the Dhauli and Jaugada versions pre-. cludes such derivation, for as has been noted above the dentals after germmlly not çerebralised in G, but they regularly undergo this change in the Eact- ·20 COMIXR1711T: 71'08 On line 1:* 1.5*(111'110:35 1 $36.5. SK. 1. div.: 1. Vj:6:4107. j. bil! . , 'jizopo l'E, ! :ijlci- VIRE, Sk. diriana Grande (i, dasoi:). G.K,D.J.S., 10600 1. Sk. prol'üp-2:14. - porc 7:00:03. GS. N. 17:0;0. 1d.j. Sk, min: 19:17!!!!18+ lip!), mille per chip fornvitli dental -1:-. 52. idarintii lipb, bili turi iu mn., !?. In Sk. the lontal .1;. oi thie flimination by 0071, -1:- aftur : OF This -);- is seplaced by the dental .1;. in all 14341012. (XICODllant in thi. Ilyenre 600!p) and the one at koplal in the Soutlin anii rarely in j in tlle 15. Ski prir putreia os p:it5.9.6: Vajor RE. Sk. lipikce: 17:14 tro:ip. Sk. tvi:10.71i lips. Sk. sismico:i: 5077977 b); Stoln1163 d. in a few cases the dental is cerebralicci con un Sl:. Oni require ii. Sk. Icki:010: lotik:07:6: j. Sk. Derii:in:. .: Drrasci: 10. jir, kill and S 1000ei, bit Diringi:- yr. sci and in other ver-10:14. Also cl. ridhalivarri and siliralari at Rp. 6. Cerebralisation of clusters with :13:21 Such corbalisation is mi with in very few cases. (i) Cerebralisation of riy... is 30 (XCiprional characteristic of the Vinschr? version. Sk. Gryci-> AC M, oblier versions (including Vi give forms with -13- or -17- Sk. VIXON-3a, VNC!:6. 11. other version: have -:- or -17-. (ii) Cercoralisation of the cluster jii is observed in two distant regions viz. the North-West and the South. Sk. av jia-palapa- S.M.br, other versions have ->- or -17-. $39. Trcatnient of final consonants : Consonants in their final position are generally dropped in As inscriptions as in other Prakrits. Thus the abl. sg. term. of mas. and ncut. nouns in -o is -1 <. Also note the following : Sk. garat > jūra S, PE, āru llajor and Pillar cdicts. Sk, bhauet > bhane G. Sk. punat > puni S,M,G,K, pana S.M.D.J. Sk. syāt > siya K,d.j.PE, MRE, siya S.N1.j,PE. Sk. manck > minä PE. It will be noticed that the final vowel if short is sometimes lengthened and vice versa. (Also cf. the treatment of the final vowels). The word palisa < Sk. parişad occurs in K,D.J. HULTZSCH quotes this as an 45. This is HULTZSCH's reading. Others read ni- ; also cf. TURNER. Garimath Insen. p. i, f, note 3. 46. As an exception the dental --- is preserved in such cases as Khudakena (-d!a- kpb), pakamaminena (-?ena kpb). 47. A few consonants at the end are, however, preserved in Saridhi, cf. Sk. cram + api > cvampai G. Sk. evam + cva > el'amera S, M, K, hemera d. j, PE, br, sd, jtr. Sk. etad + artha-> etdatha- T.

·$.12.1. ) CONSONANT CLUSTERS : 7 af. STOPS 21 cxample of thic lengthening of the final vowel due to the loss of the final consonant. TURNER objects to this explanation and points out that parişad first changes to palisa, and then palisa in conformity with the existing ſem. endings.rs Since tlic final consonants are dropped, the final -111 and -11 are also dropped in thesc inscriptions and then the preceding vowels are nasalised. Sk. dāram> dangit Major Rock and Pillar Edicts. Sk. dharmain > G.K.Ddrama S.M. But this anusvāra at the end is not always represented in writing. Thus we get such forms as dana S.M, dhoma j, katarya G, ctc. $ 40. Nasalisation : Somctimes a nasal is introduced in some words in these inscriptions in order to mark the doubling of the following consonant when the preceding vowel is shortened. Sk. Irini > lirimi K.D.J,PE, but lini M.K. Sk. Voni-> 01:005: G. Sk. ársrussi-> susisā. G. Sometinics a nasal is introduced in order to break hiatus. Sk. anya-allya- > Giant-avita G. Giant-cua: S, animal-aua. K. In certain cases, however, it is introduced without any apparent reason. Sk. prakili. > palikili. sd, but pakili- br, sd. jir. Sk. tilsras-> Til salirasa- sn. Sk. *siklistaka-4 nisisidlayn. PE. Sk. yatal > Ora K. Sk. ca> can bh. Sk. pāralrika-> pālazilikya- K (HULTZSCH's reading). Sk. miśradera-> misanderas s (IIULTZSCUI's reading). III. CONSONANT CLUSTERS $ 41. The clustered consonants are assimilated or dissolved through many a process in MIA in general. Asokan inscriptions prove no exception to this general treatment adopted by other MIA languages, except that a few clusters and especially those formed with --- are preserved mostly in thc North-West and the West. This North-Western characteristic is apparent even today in the group of Dardic languages.wo Space forbids here an elaborate treatment of all clusters in the Asokan inscriptions.52 Hence only the treatment of important clusters is discussed below, omitting such clusters as exemplify normal assimilation. The process of palatalisation and cerebralisation in clusters is already discussed above $S 37, 38. § 42. Clusters with Stops : Under this head we will specially consider clusters formed with semi-vowels and sibilants to stops. 1. " + stops : The following remark by HULTZSCII must be noted before we actually come to deal with the clusters. “As at Girnar there is (in S,M) some inconsistency in marking the letter 7 if it is combined with other consonants. The order of the ( 48. BSOS 4.364. 49. For this form see LÜDERS, SPAW, 1914, 852 ; for the change śl> riis cf. PISCHEL, GT $74. 50. Cf. GRIERSON, JRAS 1904. 725-31.. 51. For this cf. BDCRI 3.270 ff, :

·22 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAX IXSCRIPTIONS [ $ 42.1. symbols does not conform to the actual pronunciation, but to the convenience of the combinations (BÜHLER, ZDUG 13.133)". Thus 7 is sometimes combined with the preceding akşara or is attached to the following consonant. But "it must be remembered ihat, therever the above-mentioned tords occur in the text, the transcript shows the imperfect spelling of the inscription, but not the actual pronunciation." :: Therefore in une following examples whether the leiter ; cccurs with the preceding syllable or the foiloring consonant, its presence in the word is to be regarded as an illustration oi the preservation of the original Sk. conjunct. As noted above the clusters with 1 stops are as a rule assimilated in all rersions ercept those in the North-Test. Belor are mentioned a fem eramples to show the preservation in the North-Tesi. Sk. larga-> C9C- K.D.J. IGETG- S.VI. Sk. sarga-> SIGGC- G.K.D.J.NIRE, SBag G- S:11. Sk. gabragãig-> gabização- or -G- G.K.DJ, grabliagara- S.NI. (For the spæial treatment of 7 - dentals cf. abɔre cerebralisation $35). 2. $ + stops : In the cluster -- the unaspirated surd is aspirated in assimilaton. The cluster -si- is preserved only in the rest in the form -si-. The cerebral articulation is sometimes lost in the treatment of this cluster. Sk, ascii-> cicci PE, Gia- S.I. Sk. **3?6-> aria- ru and yt, kiita, br. riratia- s. Sk. séstic-> Sicilia. S. VI, setia I, but sosia- G. Sk. l'iis:ii-iiii S. 'cific- 11.K.D. but 'lişig- G. In the case of s*. the resulüng form appears without aspiration. Sk. Custria-> Gasaig- S.VI.K.D, dušaiG- G. Sk. d:5ca7G-> CTG- S.JI.G. GIA- K.D.J. 3. S+ stops : The cluster -S4- is praerved in S.VI.G, but assimilated to -1:- elsewhere. The cluster -stii- is, horterer. preserved only in the Test (For cerebralisation see abore $ 35). Sh. iasiini-> iicsii- SNIG, hatiii- KD.IT. Sk. gostia-> saizcilio- I.K. galigira- S. gility:a- T. but glatasta- G. In the weatment of the cluster -56-, aspiration appears only in the TTest. Sk. stardió-> -taida- G (perhaps due to metathesis of aspiration), but rciiiciG- SV.K.D. $ 43. Clusters with : Such clusters are either assimilated, preserved or dissolved. The regional distinction, thererar possible, is noted below. 1. Clusters trich stop + 3': In spite of numerous exceptions, it may be said that the Cluster is normally assimilated in the Test ard the North-Test, dissolved in the East and someäimas preserved in the South and the Centre. (i) -3, -KS- OT-big-: Sk. sakra-> śco- S. SašG- G. sd, mk, sakra- br, sd, cakra- b, sativa- J. ru, sn, y, cativa- d. j, kob. (ii) -->-i, -ing- or 52. HUITZSCH, d. ikuti. Doubis on this opinion have been alreads expressed by GRERSON, C. IRAS 1913. 612-8, and Taranir br S. 1. Sex, Kone C097171. Vol. pp. 417-19, ·23 $ 44. ) CLUSTERS WITII I Sk. mukhya-> mukha- S,M,K,T, mokhya- d,PE, mokhiya- j. (iii) -gy->-giy-, -83- or -:- (-:-): Sk. arogy'a->ārogiya- br, sd, but ärolo- yi. Sk. yugya-> ugya- yr. (iv) For dentals to y sce above palatalisation $ 37. The treatment of the cluster doy-> diy- (or dia- due to loss of -,•.), may, frosever, be noted here. Sk. dvyardha-> diyadla- N1, K, digracilija- MRE, diadlır. S. -blig->-bli-, -blig'-, -bing'- : Sk. ibliya->-iblia- SK, -ibhiya- N1, -ibinya. D.J. Sk. ä Vrabhi-ya-> arabharc G, ärabhisu Mi, ūlabhiya- 1.1.and arablija- S,M. 2. Cluster 7y: The cluster is assimilated to -3- or dissolvid bi ssalub!. 411 11 may be noted that this cluster as well as the following ly are me or ki:. ilgil.t preserved in the Niya Prakrit cí. BURROW, $ 42. Sk. márya- or -ūrya-> maya- S,M,G,K,D, apo komikit, 1.3 aliya- bh. Sk. mädhurya-> madlutiya- S,M1, madhulya K.D.). Sk. ācārya-> acariya- br, sd,jer, yi. Sk. sírya- > -stītiyika- sc, -sulijika. T. 3. Cluster ly : It is assimilated to L. in the 110 and i'r -- in the East, Centre and the North. Sk. kalyāna-> kalāņa- SAI,G, kasorg. V. ; ; *!!. 4. Cluster vy : It is assimilated to w in the Vorth We', 3 (and sometimes in the South and the Centre) and dienestar long regions. Sk. vyañjana-> važana- S, tijajara 11.27 vayajana- ru, vyanjara. G. Sk. vyuşta-> vivutha-s, but that:.;. Sk. kárlavya-> kaļala. S, ta'G: isa. VKP11, kalavya- G. 5. Sibilant to y : It is generally assimilnica i Sk. prativeśya->lróija- S., 8: Sk. düşya-> dusa- sn, sc, lb Sk. ālasya- >ālasiga- d. bricom Sk. itşya-> isā d, j, but in 17. Sometimes the change -53->..or 3.433 the future term. Sk. ārabhişyanli > 60! ?S?? Sk. manusya->CIM S.!!. $ 44. Clusters with r: Such clumzi. which the semivowel r is combined. E. North-West and the West (and chin medially. 53. C1. however Sk. 75: 54. For similar channel...

·24 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS I § 44.1. 1. Gutturals 1: Sk. aliv kraw-> aliv kana- K,DJ,T, but alivkrama- S,M,G. G has alikāla- and parikama- also. Sk. cakravāka. > cakavāka- PE. Sk. prakrānta-> pakaita- MRE. Sk. agra-> aga- K,DJ,G,PE, agra- S,M. 2. Dentals tor:. The cluster is sometimes preserved even in the South. Sk. trí, triņi > tini or fiini M,K,D,J,PE, li G, but trayo S and tri G, Sk. putra-> p:ita- GK,J,T,sc, putra- S,M,G. Sk. tátra > tala G,K,d,j,T,s, tatrā G,S,M. Sk. Vdfh- > drahitavya- > drahyitavya- br, sd, jir. Sk. ardhatrika->adhātiya- MRE. 3. Labials + 1: Here the cluster is sometimes preserved even in the Central and Southern division. Sk. prajá- > pajā K,D,J,PE, prajā, S,M,G. Sk. prakāśa-> prakāsa- ru. Sk. prasāda-> prasāda- S,M,G,bh, paşāda- K. Sk. prakrānta-> prakaita-5ý br, pakavita- ru, sd, Kpb, yr (pakata-). Sk. präna-> prāna- G,S, yr, prana- M, pâna- elsewhere. But cf. pr-> p in G and M. Sk. prakarana-> pakarana- GM, pakalana- K,D, also prakarana- S,G. The clusters br- and blir- almost follow the usual tendencies. Sk. bråhmana-> brāhmaṇa- S,M, baibhana- SO,K. bābliana- DJ,T, banana- M, bamlana- G. Sk. blitäts-> bhrātra- G, bhrata- S,M, bhata- K,DJ,M. 4. Cluster ur : It is preserved only in the North-West. Sk. vraja-> vraca- S,M, vaca- G,K,D,J. Sk. pravrajita-> pravrajita- S,M, pavajita- GK,T. 5. Clusters with sibilant +r: They are regularly preserved in S,M, and sometimes in G; other versions assimilate it to the sibilant. Sk. Vśru-hu-> Vśruna- S,M, V sruna- G, Vşına- K, VS11- K,T,bh,d,j. V sāvāpa- T,br,sd. Sk. sahásra- > sahasra- S,M,G, sahasa- S, JOD,J,PE. Sk. pariśrava-> parisrava- SG, -parisava- M, -palisava- D,J, (-la- K). Sk. miśká-> misa- MRE. $ 45. Clusters with v: 1. Clusters with stops t u in the initial position are dissolved and in the medial position assimilated in the non-Western regions They are preserved in all positions only in the West with these phonetic changes, that tv > tp and du > db. Sk. kvāpi > kuvāpi K. Sk, dví-> duvi S, duve M,K,J. duveni T, dve or dvo G: Sk. dvādaśá > duvadaśa- M, duvādasa- DJ, -dasa- K,PE,bb, badaya- S, dbādasa. G. 55. HULTZSCH's reading. 56. Thus saliasa- in S and parisava- in M are exceptions.

·$ 48, 2..) CLUSTERS WITH í : jî 25 Sk. catvāraḥ > cature S, catāli K (> Sk.. catvári), całpāro G. Sk. absolutive term. -tvã> -tu S,M,K,DJ,PE, -tpă G. Sk. şád-viriiśati > saduvisati PE. 2. Semivowel 1.tv: The cluster is generally preserved in the West and the North-West, but dissolved or assimilated elsewhere. Sk. sárva->sava- in all versions, sarva- G, savra- S,M. Sk. pirva- > -puva- G, -puluva- K,DJ, -pruva- S,M,G. 3. Sibilant tv: The cluster in the initial position is preserved in the West and the North-West57 (in the form sp), and it is either assimilated or dissolved by syarabhakti elsewhere. Sk. svāmi-ka-> svāmika- G, spanika- S,M, suvāmika- K,DJ. Sk. svetá- > sveta. G, sela- PE. In svaga- (< Sk. svargå-), however, it is initially preserved in all versions. 68 (spagra- S,M). In the intervocal position it is preserved everywhere. Sk. śāśvatá- > sasvata- dj. Sk. áśva-> asva- PE. $ 46. Clusters with sibilants : 1. For the treatment of ks and ts see above palatalisation $37. 2. 7,+ sibilant : Whereas S,M,G, preserve the cluster, others assimilate it to the sibilant. Sk. dárśana-> dasana- G,SO,K,D,J, draśana- S,M, darsana--G. Sk. -darsin- > -dasi- G,K,D,J,PE, bh, bb, -drasi, S,M, -drasi. G. 3. Clusters with 12 : Almost everywhere the cluster -oh- is dissolved by the addition of the vowel a. Sk. garhā, garlaņā- > garahā- GM, galahā- K, V garaha- S,M,G, but garana-'s. Sk. yathārha-> yathāraha- br,sd,jtr. $ 47. Clusters with nasals : Such clusters are usually assimilated to the nasal or to the stop and then the nasal is turned into anusvāra. This anusvāra, however, is not always represented in writing. The clusters with ſí, n, 1 and m show some peculiarities and only these are detailed below. § 48. Clusters with the nasal 1 : 1. jñ : The cluster is usually assimilated to ñ in the West, North-West,59 and South, and to n in the East and the Centre. (For cerebralisation see above $38). Sk. jñāti-> ñāti- G,br,sd, jtr, nāti- K,D,J,PE. Sk. vijñapti-> vinati- kq, v virinapa- sn. In the declined forms of rājan- the cluster is sometimes dissolved by svarabhakti. Sk. rũjñā-> Tâmã S,G, Tajima M,So, lãnữ, KD,Jim,ng,bh. 2. ñc : It is represented as -riic-, or yin- in the numeral. Sk. páñca-> paſca- S,M,G,K,D,J,ksb, paina- PE. 57. The cluster svŚp and sv> śv or sp in the Niya Prakrit cf. BURROW, 549.: 58. In s 1.4, however, HULTZSCH reads suaga-. 59. jñ > ñ (or 14') in the Niya Prakrit, cf. BURROW $ 44. 4 ·26 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS [ $ 48.3. 3. íj: It is generally represented as -711j- or -j-, but in the North-West it is assimilated to 17.60 Sk, vyañjara-> vyanjana- G, viyarijana- K,D,J,sn. vayajana- ru, viyajana: M, vañana- S. $ 49. Clusters with the nasal ş: 1. T» : In its assimilation the cerebral articulation is preserved in the Mysore group but it is lost in PE. Sk. suvárņa-> suvaritiņa- br,sd. Sk. pārná-> puriina- PE. 2. -kşi-> akhir- : Sk. ślakşıá- > sakhina- d, Sk. abhikṣṇa- > abhikhina- bh. 3. ry : In the North-West and the West the cluster is assimilated to ñ (but in G also to 11), but elsewhere to 11. Sk. apunya-> apuña- S.M. apurna- G, apuna- K. Sk. híranya-> hiranina- G,So, hilarina- K,DJ. $ 50. Clusters with 11 : The only important cluster to note is ny. Other clusters with 11 are assimilated to the stop (as in Sk. agni-> agi M,K,D,G) or dissolved (as in Sk. pravāp-1114-> pāpuna- or -110- GS,K,Dj, or praśná-> -pasina- bh). 1. ny : It is assimilated to iſ in the West and North-West, G1 but to 1 elsewhere (for cerebralisation see above $38). Sk. anyá-.> aña- S,M,G,So, arina- K,D,J,PE, ana-ira M, ana- M. Sk. Vmanya-> vmaña- S,M,G, Vmana- K,d,j, (y maņa- .M). $ 51. Clusters with m: -t112- : Except in the West and the South where it is preserved as -tp-, it is normally assimilated to t. Sk. ātmán-> ata- S,M,K,d,j,PE, ātpā G, mahātpă br,sd,yr. Kopbā! though in South gives mahata-. 2. -S11-62 (or -şi-): Note the following interesting treatments. It is either preserved (as sm or sp) or assimilated to mh or s. In the pronominal forms it usually becomes -ph-. Sk. akasmāt > akasmā d,j. Sk. loc. sg. -smin > -mhi G, -spi S,M, -si elsewhere. Sk. tasmāt > taphā K. Vedic asme> aphe dj, similarly * tuşmat-> tupha- d,j,ru,sn,yr. In the grammatical form asmi initial a- is lost and then the cluster is dissolved.: cf. sumi ru, s, mk, Kpb. 3. -hn- : The following forms may be noted. Sk. brāhmaná-> bramana- S,M, brahmana- G, bāmhana- G, barbhana- SO,K,yr, bābhana- K,D,J,T. 4. my- : It is sometimes preserved. Sk. samyak > samma-S, but sarmyā. D,J, samya- K, samya- G,M. 60. Precisely the same tendency is observed in the Niya Prakrit documents and the process is most regular in the Kharoşthi Dhammapada, cf. BURROW, $45. 61. The same treatment is also found in the Niya Prakrit, cf. BURROW, $41. 62. The cluster -sm-> -s- in the loc. term, or is preserved in the Niya Prakrit, cf. BURROW, $49. ;

·$ 53 (iii) c. 1 NOM. ACC. SG. NEUT. OF NOUNS IN -a 27 5.' -mr- : As is well known, it becomes -7116-. Sk. āmra-> arbā- PE. Sk. Tāmraparņi-> Tambapariini- S,M,G,K,J, -pani- M. MORPHOLOGY I. DECLENSION (i) (A) NOUNS : $ 52. The complex declensional system of the OIA is much simplified in these inscriptions by the well-known processes which were active in the MIA period. Thus, for 'example, the dual is altogether lost and the consonantal bases are mostly transferred to the vowel bases. On the other hand in endings we do not yet meet with the same variety of forms which are so widely used in the later literary Prakrits. The geographical distinction in the declensional system of these inscriptions, especially between the East and the West, is noted below in all such cases which admit of such distinction. Exceptions to these generalisations, whenever they occur, are also recorded in each case. $ 53. Mas. and Neut. Nouns ending in -a. Nom. sg. Mas : principally ends in -a and -e. Of these, the former is more frequently used than the latter in G,S,M and the latter in K,D,J,PE and MRE. jano G,S, jane K,M,D,J,T, athe MRE. (a) The ending -o is, however, sometimes found in the East and -e in the West and North-West cf. Tājuke, sakale, etc. in G, jane, vivade, etc. in S,M, and Keralaputo in K, seto in D. (b) The ending -Q (the original -s in -as being dropped) is of rare occurrence. cf. jana S, vadha K, (sampa]tipāda d, and yāvataka ru. (c) The foreign name Artekina- in G ends in -a, but it ends in -i at S. The other name Maga- ends in -ī in G and K. (ii) Acc. sg. Mas. : ends in -ai or -a (with the loss of final anusvāra) everywhere. janain G,PE, dhramar or jana S, dhaimar K,D,J, sarighai MRE. (a) In S,-M we sometimes get the ending -o or -e. cf. dhramo, and sayame. (b) In K exceptionally the ending -ā is found. cf. ata-pāśadā, (iii) Nom. Acc. sg. Neut : These nouns end in -ai in G,S,M. In other cdicts we get -ari only for the acc. sg. whereas -e is found for nom. sg. Nom. sg. dānai G,S,M, but dāne K,DJ,PE, phale MRE. Acc. sg. mangalai DJ, dānam K,PE, vipular MRE. (a) In G,S,M, we get in a few cases the ending -e for ni. sg, as ir - East and, in K,DJ,jtr, and yr, we get -am as in the West. ct GSM, jīvar K,DJ, likhitar jtr., saca aná baaga (with tre is. final anusvāra) yr. (b) In a few gerundives we have -0 in S. c. baro, -(c) Sometimes we get -ā for non, si, in KDJ, cf. adicí z P.J.

·28 COMPARATIVE STUDY Or AYOKAX 13CRIPTIONS 1 $53 (iii) d. (d) Ind and K sometimes the acc. ?" ile rls in f, cl. irovine d, dinc K. (iv) Inst. sk. ends in folo (totywie. janeno li, pr.:1810110 S11, pulcosa 1),), din ca !!, cic., Iudarma K,DJ, MR. (51) The final -is sometimo lengthseci, cf. bloymui PPE. abhisilonā MRE. (6) Cerebralised taim. Occurs sometime-, in the South. cl. lipigarena brjtr, mahalino Kiplo. (v) Dat. sc. : unds in -ga in West, Centre, and South but •j'c clcwhere. all:ūga G, külüyoru, abhūya ru,br, kipi,yr, athwyr S.M.D.),K,1,S. (a) Once in G and T the dat... ends in - cf. all:i." (vi) Abl. sc. : ends in -ī (n in SN1) (verywire. kapū G, anubadhi K, maiatalú VRIE, Iarana S.11. (a) The final vowel is sometimes shortened in D, cf. anubadha. (vii) Gen. sg. : (nds in -50 cvcrywhere. janasa G.S.11,K.D.J.PE, solasa mk, pakanasa VIRE.. (a) Sometimes the final vowel is lengthened. janasū K, asiasa T.Mi (but asiasa Rdh, Mth, Rp). (viii) Loc. sg.: G gives the ending: -mhi (<Sk. -smin or pronouns) and -c. In SM, wc get -c, and spi or -si (< Sk. -smin). The ending -si is the normal onc in other edicts. athamni G, orodhanaspi S,M, uhanasi SM, alhasi D.J. janasi PE, Jaribudipasi MRE, köle G, dhrame S,M. (a) Perhaps -c is found in supiye at bb. (ix) Nom. pl. Mas. : ends in -ī cvcrywhere (but represented as -a, in S,M). moră G, putā K,DJ, pulisā PE, devā MRE, putra S,M. (a) The final -ñ is sometimes shortened cf. nälikya K, lajůka PE, Anuvigina dj. (b) twice gives the ending -āsc (< Vedic -osal) cf. viyāpaļāse. (x) Acc. pl. Masc : The ending in G is -c but -āni in other edicts. This -āni ending is regarded as the peculiarity of the Ardha-Māgadhi dialect by LüDERS (SPAW 1913.992 ff). yute G, kardhāni DJ, pulisāni PE, baribhananı yr. (a) -āni is noticed in G four times. cf. for instance gharastām. (xi) Nom. Acc. pl. neut. : ends in -āni everywhere. túpāni G,S,M, phalāni K, vasāni DJ, Mysore Gr. (a) Sometimes we get the ending -ē, cf. -darsaņā G, lopāpitā D,K, Nrālāpitā K, läti-satā s,ru. (b) The final vowel is once lengthened in Mi. cf. haritaviyānī. (c) Characteristically -12- > at Kpb. cf. vasāņi, adhatıyāņı. (xii) Inst. pl.: ends in -ehž (< Vedic -ebhih). sateni G,K, jätehi dj, deveni MRE. (xiii) Dat. pl. : ends in -ehi, mahamatrehi M, samanehi DJ, Ājīvikehi bb. 63. See Michelson, JAOS 31.240 ·$55 (v) (a). ) GENITIVE PLURAL OF MASC. NEUT. NOUNS IN - 29 + (xiv) Gen. pl. : cnds in -arii or -11a. tlairānam G. prañanarit S,M, pūnimai K,DJ. śramariana S,M, -pasadūna K. (a) Rarely we get - or -1ā. blütānā G and barbhanānā K. (xv) Loc. pl. : ends in -su cverywhere (-$u in S,M). thairesu G, vasesu S,M, t'ascsu K,DJ, allesu PE, paralesu MRE, prônicsit YT. (a) Rarely the final vowd is lengthened in G cí. parillesi. $ 54. Fem. nouns ending in -7. .(i) Non. sg. : ends in - (represented as -a in S.XI.) cverywhere. ichā G,S,M,K,PE, pajū D.J, porini Mysore Group, yr. (a) The final -a is somctimes shortened in the East and Centre. icla DJ, -lokika K. -apekha PE. (ii) Acc. sg. : ends in -orit with the final anusvira sometimes dropped. prijai GM, pajari PE, puji S.K.G, palipadi Mil?). (iii) Inst. sg. : cnds in the East, Centre and the West in zů and in the North and the North-West in -c. půjāyā G,PE, isāya DJ, pujāyc S,M,K. (iv) Dat, Abl., Gen. sg. : ends in -ye. vilisãyc (Dat.), dakhinyc (Ahl.), dutiyaye (Gen.) PE. (v) Loc. sg. : ending in the East, Centre, South, and the West is -pair but -ye in the North, North-West and the East. gananāyai G, Samāpāyar J, Tisāyar T,Mi, vclāyai Kpb, santiranaye SM, saitilanaye K, Tisãyc PE, pājaye D.J. (a) The final anusvāra in "yar is somctimes dropped. sariliranāya G, sanlilanāya D.J. (vi) Nom. pl. : ends in -ī everywhere (-a S,M). katā G, vadikyä PE, pasika bhi, cikisa S,M. (a) Final -7 is once shortened in G. cf. cikicha. (b) G alone gives the additional ending -ayo (>-ão in Pkt. cf. PISCHEL G. $376). cf.inanidayo. (vii) Loc. pl. : ends in -su in FE. cf. disāsı. $ 55. Mas, and Neut. Nouns ending in -1. (i). Nom. sg. Mas. : ends in -1 in PE. cf. vidhi, Sakyanuni. (ii) Nom. sg. Neut. : ends in -i in K. cf. asamalı. (iii) Nom. pl. Mas. : ends in -i in G and -o in S,M. tri G, trayo S,M. (For long -7 cf. PISCHEL, GT. $380). (iv) Nom. Acc. pl. . Neut : ends in -rii everywhere. tiinni K,DJ,PE, osadhini K. (v) Gen. pl. : ends in - air everywhere, but the final anusvāra is sometimes dropped. nātīnam G,S,M, nātinai K, ñatina S,M. (a) The loss of final anusvāra results in the lengthening of preceding vowel · in K. ff. nātiná.

·30 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS [ $ 55'(vi). . (vi). Loc. pl.: ends in -su in the East and the West and -şů in the North and the North-West. ñātisu G; rālisu D,J ; nābhāpartişu M,K. $ 56. Fem. nouns ending in -;. (i) Nom. sg. : Normally ending -ž appears in the West (and the South) and -i elsewhere. lipi G; pakiti Mysore Gr. (but pakiti yr.), lipi K, dipi S,M, vadhi PE. (a) Exchange of these endings is met with exceptionally, apaciti G ; anusaltī DJ; gabhini PE. (ii) Acc. sg. : ending -irit appears in G and PE and -i in K,DJ,S,M,PE and MRE. sarbodhiiii G; lipri sn., sabodhi S,M, saiiibodhi K,D,J, vadhi T,ru. (a) As a result of the loss of final anusvāra the preceding vowel is lengthened in D,J, and PE. kiți D,J; -anupaļīpati T. (Hlz's reading). (b) Loss of anusvāra with short -i is an exception at G. cf, kiti, chāti, vadhi. (iii) Inst. sg. : ending syā is obtained in all versions and the final vowel is sometimes shortened in D,J and PE. bhatiyā G,S,M,K; anusathiyā DJ,PE, anāvutiya DJ, vadhiyā PE. (a) Ending -ye is sometimes found in K cf. anusathiye. (b) Ending -nā is obtained only at yr. cf. bherinā. (iv) Dat. Sg. : The Western, North-Western and Northern ending is -yā. Ending nye seems to be the Eastern one (its presence in S,M being perhaps due to the Eastern influence). anusasțiya G; vadhiyā S,M,K; vadhiye D,J; dhātiye T, anuśastiye S,M. (v) Abl. sg. : ends in -yā (represented as' -ye in S,M). nivutiyā K; niphatiyā DJ ; nivuțiya S,M. (vi) Gen. sg. : ends in -ye in PE. cf. devīye Kq. (vii) Loc. sg. : ending -yan occurs in DJ,PE, -ya in S,M, and -ye in K,D,J,PE. puthaviyam DJ; Kosambiya, PE; ayatiya S,M; āyatiye K,DJ; cāturnmāsiye PE. (viii) Nom. pl. . ending -yo occurs in GK, and -ye in bh; the forms in S,M,D,J end in -7. ataviyo G; janiyo K bhikhuniye bh ; ațavį64 S,M, ithi D,J. (ix) Gen. pl. : ending -nar or nā. bhaginīnai DJ ; devinan T; bhaginınā K. (x) Loc. pl. : ends in -su. tisu PE ; pavatisu65 ru. $57. Mas. and Neut. nouns ending in -u. (i) Nom. sg. Mas.: ends in -u in all versions. sādhu Major RE, bhikhu Kb. (a) It is, however, sometimes lengthened. sādhū DJ, bhikhū sn. + 64. With this form HULTZSCH compares Pāli nom. pl. Tattī of ratti- (< Sk. rátri-) P. xci. 65. For the fem. base pavati cf. BÖHTLINGK, Wörterbuch, s.v. -- -- 1 ·§ 63. ] BASĒS ENDING IN -at 31 (ii) Nom. Acc. Neut. sg. : ends in -u everywhere. bahu K,S,M,K;PE, sādhu D.J. (iii) Loc. sg.:: The form balune in T is perhaps from the base bahuna-. (iv) Nom. Acc. pl. Neut. : ends in -rzi in all versions. bahūni Major RE, PE. (v) Inst. pl. : ends in -hi, cf. baliğli Major RE. (vi) Gen. pl. : ending -narii occurs in G,D,J,PE, -na in S,M, and -nä in K. gurūnan G, gulūnaiii DJ, bhikhcnarių sc, gcruna S,M, gulunā K. (vii) Loc. pl. : ends in -su. bahüsc dj, gclusc PE, garcsu Mysore group, garūsu yr. $ 58. Fem. nouns ending in -U : (i) The nom. sg. of sādhu used as fem. is the same as that of Mas, and Neut. in all versions $ 59. Mas. nouns ending in -1 : The base for the oblique cases ends either in -i or -u. In such cases the Western version preserves the Sk. forms. (i) Nom. sg. : ends in -a in d and PE. pitā d; apahață T. (a) It is sometimes shortened to -a, cf. pita j and apahața Rdh. (ii) Inst. sg.: ends in -a in the West ; but -nă (cf. į and -u declension) in other regions. pitā, bhātā or bhātrā G; pituna S,M, pitinā K,D,J. (iii) Loc. sg. : ends in -i at G. cf. pitarı. (iv) Nom. pl. ; ends in -o in S, -e in M,K, and -ž in D,J. (cf. -i declension). nataro S; natare M ; natāle K ; nati D, J. (v) Gen. pl. : ends in nair in K,DJ and -na in S,M. bhātīnar K,DJ, bhratuna S,M. (vi) Loc. pl. : ends in -su in all groups, but -şu in SM (and K). pitisu D,J,K,PE,br, pitīsu yr, jtr ; pituşu S,M, pitişu K. $ 60.* Fem. nouns ending in 7. (i) Gen. (dat.) sg.:: ends in -u at Kq. cf. -mātu. (ii) Loc. sg. : ends in -i at G. cf. mätari. (iii) Gen. pl. : ends in -na in S,M. cf. spasuna. $ 61. Bases ending in consonants : As in other Prakrits, such bases in these inscriptions are brought over to the -a declension. Yet in some forms the Sk. consonantal declension survives with the necessary phonetic changes. $ 62. Present Participles ending in -at : (i) Nom. sg. Mas. : ends in -un or -u and -o in G; in the East the ending is -a17266 or -e of which the former is seen in other non-Western regions. karui, karu and karoto G; sartan S,M,K,D,J,PE, kalaộtari mk; mahaite D,J (following the -a declension). (i) Gen. sg. : ends in -sa in M. cf. aśatasa: (iii). Nom. pl. Masc. : ends in -o in G; and -a (for -ā or -e) in s. tistarto G; sarta s. $ 63. Other bases ending in -at : 66. Ending -an Sk. -an. See HULTZSCH, p. lxxvii.

·32 COMPAR.STINT. STUDY OR ASOKAY INSCRIPTIOXS | $63 (). (i) Nom. 56. : enris in i at KSM and Mih, in -ci in other PE, and in - 11 ). pojūro K, prajale S.Ni, liya Mith; kiyanis other l'E, bhagararii ; ül'air sn. (ii) Inst. 6. ends in -ri. ci, basarali bla; lciurati k. S 6.1. Mas. nouns ending in -: : (i) Nom. sk.: ends in -ī as in Sk. Taju G,S,111: līja K.D.J.PE, VRE. (31) It is optionally siwontend in all versions and exceptionally at G. j'ona-sija G ; läja K.1),J.PE, MRE. (ii) Acc. sc. : ends in -cirii cf. alaravi di.j. (iii) Inst. sg.: ends in in all versions. Tüü G.S; rajino ill; lijini K.D.J.MRE ; alani PE(T,Ksb). makalpana sd, yr. (a) Final -r is shortenid in Rol, lith. Rp. cf. ala:a. It is shortened in Mysore group. Also cl. mai:ilpina. (But this seems to be due to transference to the declension, the base then being mahalpa < Sk. malatman. (iv) Gen. sg. : Western ending is - and Eastern -c. tario G,S; lajiric K,DJ ; tajiric VI. (1) Nom. pl. : Western ending is - and Eastern -e. Tājāno G,S; lājanc K.DJ,PE. (a) -o is found occasionally at K, cf. lājāno. (b) The final vowel is changed to -; in S. cf. rajani. (c) It follows declension only in Mysore group and ends in -a. cf. malálpa br, sd. (cf. the above note on mahālpena). (vi) Inst. pl. : ends in -hi. cf. lājili PE. $ 65. Neut. nouns ending in -an : (i) Nom. sg. : ending in the North and N-West is -ai but -e in the East. kramain S,M; karimai K; kaime D,J,K. (ii) Acc. sg. : Eastern ending is -am which is presented with the loss of anusvāra in some of the versions. karimai DJ; nāma Major RE and PE. (a) The final -a is sometimes lengthened in K. cf. namā. (iii) Inst. sg.: ends in -119. cf. kamana. dj. (iv) Dat. sg. : North and N-1Vest give -ye, and East gives -11e. (cerebralised to -Je in M according to HULTZSCH's reading). krariimaye S; karimāye K, kaimane DJ; kramane M. (v) Gen. sg.: ends in -sa. cf. karimasa dj. (vi) Acc. pl. : ends in -āni. cf. kariimāni PE. $ 66. Mas. nouns ending in -as : (i) Nom. pl. : ends in -a (cf. -a declen.) : avimanā PE. $ 67. Neut. nouns ending in -as : (i) Acc. sg. : ending -o occurs in the West and East alike, but we occurs.only in the non-Western area. yaso G,K,DJ ; yaśo S,M; bhuye S,M,K,PE; daviye d. to ·§ 73 (ii). ] FIRST PERSONAL PRONOUN : ACC. SG. 33 (a) Ending -a is noted in G, cf. bhuya. $68. Mas. nouns ending in -in : (i) Nom. sg. i ends in ž (short in the West and long in the East). Piyadasi GK,J,T,MiRdh,Mth,Rp, bh; Priyadraśi S,M; Piyadasz K,D,J, Ksb, bh. (ii) Inst. sg. : ends in -ī in all versions except those in the N-East where the term, is -a. Priyadasină G, -draśina S,M, Piyadasinā K,D,J,bb, aintevāsinā Mysore Gr. ; but Piyadasina rm, ng. (iii) Dat. sg. (?): -e cf. Piyadașine K; -dasine DJ; -dasine M. (a) Once -a appears at the end. cf. -drabina M. (iv) Gen. sg. : -110 is found in the West and , -ne in other regions. The ending -sā (cf. -a declen.) is found only in the North and North-West. Priyadasino G; Piyadasine K,DJ ; Priyadraśine M. But Priyadraśisa S; Piyadasisā K. (a) Ending - 1a is obtained at yr. cf. yathācārina. (v) Acc. pl. : ending -rii (cf. neut. decl.) is found in the East, South, and the North. In the N-West we get -ua or-ne. hathini K,DJ ; ateväsina yr; astina S; astine M. (vi) Loc. pl. : ending -su, cf. amtevāşīsu yr. $ 69. Neut. nouns ending in -in : (i) Nom. pl. : ends in -1zi, cf. -gāmini PE. $ 70. Fem: noun diś : (i) Acc. sg. : ends in -ā. cf. dişā (for dişāri) K. $71. Fem. base ending in -ad (parişad-): (i) Nom. sg. : ends, in -ā: palisā K,D,I ; parisā G; parişa M, pari [$ *] S. (ii) Loc. sg. : -yari in the East and West and -ye in the North and N-West. palisāyai J; parisāyarn G; parişaye S,M; palisāye K. (a) The loss of final anusvāra results in the lengthening of the preceding vowel. cf. parisāyā D. (B) PRONOUNS $72. The declined forms of Pronouns mostly correspond to the Sk. forms with the necessary phonetic changes. The base apha- for the 1st pers. pron. and tuphafor the 2nd pers. pron. are peculiar to these inscriptions. The grammatical distinction in the different genders is sometimes obscured so that the same forms are used for two or, three genders. As will be seen the initial y- of the relative pronoun is dropped in the Eastern dialect, but it is never turned to j- as in later Prakrits. $ 73. First Personal Pronoun : Important forms are hakam in nom. sg., maye in nom. pl., base mama- in instr. and abl. sg., and apha- in pl. forms. The initial 1- in some of the forms is equally noteworthy. (i) Nom. sg. : G,S,M give the Sk. form ahari (M gives also aam). Other versions in all regions give hakai (< *ahakari).67 (ii) Acc. sg. : mai occurs in PE. 67. PISCHEL, GT S 417. 5 ·34 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGOKAX IXSCRIPTIONS 73 (iii). (iii) Ins. sz: 1. maã G,S,M,br, and yt. 2. mahayās: K,DJ,T.b. 3. me K,D,Rdh, Mth, kpb, yt. (a) 4. mamiyā occurs once in T. (b) 5. mamãye occurs in d. (c) 6. mamiziye occurs in j, and 7. Famiyāye occurs in bh. (iv) Abl. sg.: mamale d, j. (v) Gen. sg.: 1. mama G,K.DJ,PE. 2. maa- S.DI. 3. me Major RE, PE, MIRE (mai to be read as me in br.) (a) anusvāra is added at the end and once the get mamai j. (b) Final -a is lengthened. cf. mamā K,D,T.Mi. (c) kamais given by bh. (vi) Nom. pl. : maye d, j, (Sk. lagar under the influence of mayā cf.. HULTZSCH p. chi). (vii) Acc. pl. aphe d; apreni j. (cf. the Sk. base asma- in asmán). (vii) Gen. pl. : 1. rie K,dj. 2. abhākā d. (ix) Loc. pl.: apresił dj. $74. Second Personal Pronoin : The base is tupha-I (< *fuşma-). (i) Nom, PL : tupke d, j, sn, Pr; pre j. (ü) ACC PL: tupheni j. (ii) Inst. pl. : prebi d, j. (iv) Dat pl. : te (< Sk vak) mk (used for nom. pl.). (v) Gen. pl. : trephőka d, j; tuphakan sa; tupaka tu. (vi) Loc. pl : tuphesu d, j. $75. Third Person Pron. Mas. : Base ta- (or -sa in nom.). (i) Nom. sg. : So G,S; se KMD,JPE and MRE. (a) G once gives the fom sā. (b) Similarly S gives the form sa. (c) The forms se and se at K are only graphical. (d) d and i give te. (ii) ACC.: So G; but tan K, S, M. (ili) Inst. sg.: ends in -na. cf. tena Major RE and PE. (a) Final -c is optionally lengthened at K, cf. fenā. (iv) Dat. sg. : ends in -ya in the West and -ye elsewhere. tāye G; tāye SM,K. 68. The form mgm.ae is given by Hemacandra, III. 109. 69. 77.GG = P. Maka, Sk. mama under the influence of dat. sg. mahyam, see MICHELSON JAOS 30.85. , 2. 70. This seems to be a compromise between mama and *hamakam. See HULTZSCH, p. vi. 71. This again is a compromise between the Sk. base yuşmc. and non. sg. trom. See HULTZSCH, P. 17.

·$ 79 (iii). ] DEMONSTRATIVE clad : DAT. SG, · 35 (v) Abl. sg. : tapha and tā K. (vi) Gen. sg. : ends in -sa. cf. tasa Major RE.. (a) With - at the end in K cf. tasā. (b) Forms taśa and taã at K are graphical, (vii) Loc. sg. : Western ending is -inhi and elsewhere -si. tamli G; tasi S,M,D,J. (a) Form taśi at K is graphical. (viii) Nom. pl. : te Major and Minor RE, PE. se D and Mysore Gr. (ix) Inst. pl. : ends in -lii, cf. Ichi K. (x) Dat. pl. : ends, in -hi, cf. Ichi G,K,M. (xi) Gen. pl. : -savi G,J,Rdh,Mth, Rp. cf. Icsaiii. -şori S, K cf. toşani -sari S, K, cf. tänan (cf. nominal declension). (a) Final anusvāra omitted. cf. lesa G,d ; tcşa S,M. (xii) Loc. pl. : -Sul : tesu PE. $76. Third Pers. Pron.-Feminine : Base lă (or sā- in nom.). (i) Nom. sg. : -7: să G,K; sa SM. (a) K graphically gives sā. · (ii) Acc. sg. : -ail : tau. PE. (iii) Dat. sg. -ye: tāye PE. (iv) Acc. pl. : -a (i.e. -ā): ta (for tā) S.M. $77. Third Pers. Pron.--Neut. : Base ta- (or sa-). (i) Nom. Acc. sg. : ta G,K ; tari S,D,J,PE (only Acc.), MIRE (only Acc.), se K,M,D,J,PE, MRE (also Mysore Gr.). . (a) se is exceptionally found in G. (b) șe is graphical at K; it is also found at Kq. (c) so and sa also occur at S. (ii) Nom. Acc. pl. : -ni : cf. tāni d, PE. (a) Forms şa in S and șe in M are perhaps mas. $78. Pronominal base na- (cf. Hemacandra III. 70-77). (i) Acc. pl. Masc. : 11e G. (ii) Acc. pl. Neut. : nāni G, PE. $ 79. Demonstrative etad: Mas. The base is either eta- (and esa- in nom.) or etaka.. (i) Nom. sg. : esā G;D,PE (with, esā cf. să and Magā). ese K.. · eşe. K,S,M, eşa K,M. (ii) Inst. sg. : -na : etakena S,M,D,J ; etena PE. (a). Final -Q. is lengthened at K, cf, etakenā. (iii) Dat. sg. : -ya in the Western and Southern and !-ye in other regions. etāya, etakāya G-(K),yr ; etāye, S,M,K,D,J,PE, etakāye S,M,K(?),D. ! . 72. tapha < *tamhā < Sk. tasmāt, cf, BÜHLER, ZDMG 37. 592.

·36 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS 1979 (iv). (iv) Gen. sg.: The basc becomes cli.in: clişa K (note the final -i); clisa S,M; but clasa 1.1),J. (v) LOC. s. : -mi in the West and -si in the East. clamhi G; clasi dj. (vi) Nom, pl. : cc G.J.PE, cla S.M. (vii) Loc. pl. : -51 cl. closu PE. $80. Demonstrative clau : Fem. (basc csā- or claka-). (i) Nom. sg. : - : cső GRE, Mysore Gr. : $a K,S,11, calla) kā j ; hosa yr. $S1. Demonstrative clad : Ncuter (The base is cla- or csa-). (i) Nom. sg.: 1. - or -ami cl. cla or -air G,S.NV1 ; csa (or csi) G,D,J,PE,MRE. (cf. lIcm. 3.85). 2. -c cf. csc or cșc K,S,M,b; clakc S. (ii) Acc. sg. : -0 or -arii, cf. cla G; caii DJ,PE. (iii) Inst. s. : -10, -11ā and -1i, cf. clena S, clini ru, and cieni (for --i) bh. (iv) Dat. sg. : -J'a : cliya ru (note the base cli-); clāy'a br. sd. (v) Nom. Acc. pl. : -ni : clāni K,S,M,J,PE. $ 52. Demonstrative idari,Mas. (i) Nom. sg. : agaiii G.K.S.N1,D,J. iyari K.D.J.MRE. (a) In the North-West we get also ayi S,M. (b) Loss of anusvāra is found in ru and mk, cf. iya. (ii) Acc. sg. : ima or imam MRE. (iii) Inst. sg. : imină G,br,sd, yr ; imena J. (iv) Dat. sg. : imāyc Diru. (v) Gen. sg. : imasa GM,D; imasā K; imisa S (note the base imi-). (vi) Loc. sg. : imamli G. (vii) Nom. pl. : ime G,K,D,M,T,br,sd,jtr. (viii) Inst. pl. : imchi D.J. 8.83. Demonstrative idam,-Feminine. (i) Nom. sg.: ayarl G;iyair GK,M,Rdh, bb. (a) aya and ayi also occur at S(M). (ii) Acc sg.: iman PE. (iii) Dat. sg. : imāya G,K; imāye D,M; imisa S (an imperfect spelling of Pāli iniissā cf. HULTZSCH, p. xciii). (iv) Loc. sg. : iināyaii Kpb. § 84. Demonstrative idam,-Neut. (i) Nom. sg. : idari G,S,M; ayarl G;iyari K,S,M,D,J,PE, MRE. (a) Final anusvāra is dropped, cf. iya Mysore Gr., M; ida G,S. (b) The N-Western dialect also furnishes the forms imam, ima and iyo. · (ii) Acc. sg. : idai G; imavi K,S,M,D,J,MRE. (iii) Nom. pl. : imāni PE. $ 85. Relative yad-, Masculine. In the forms of all genders of this pronoun the loss of initial y- appears as an Eastern characteristic with its influence over other regions. It never occurs in the West. 73. This base is perhaps due to analogy with Pāli kissa : kassa cf. HULTZSCH, p. xciii. -- ·$90 (i).) F vil. Voin ile VI:10.1.VES, liric. ** GS : Vi: K.VII.IT 118 11:191 dizi iti ia mk....l'IVRE 1r*cl. K.S.V.it:. * TÜGS W::); ?!..11 $17:1::::1 il, 1.1.197 ni fin:) (iv Vyt!:*:.K.S.V.11.11: 43. 11.3. :::$**???! K11111:. (v 6. ******* .,! 1iti: 11.V:S 17? Da ;: !, -<, ** ** *q ki? + $ $ X;::;:111:::$_1 i V.l'i; .::.K.11.:EVIRI: 1 T (ii) , ;;1; or. GKSURE ac: KDJ. ( hr.K. (c1 TY: IM:72:1 River in the X- Win**; (11) Vamp! : ; Gi, PE (17; D.J. SSS Internative Pronost), 11: crislitir (i) Nomer..in 1: Widi. to.ci Gitar D.; His (2) Endinr ais non' in 'G-ci ! S (ii) Inst... 1:200. in 67: *yir:77 in 1: PISCICI, G1011: 8.25 3nd IltiT, 4!I, (iii) Abl. s: 6-899917 dj. (iv) Acc. pl. : ani cl. Bar:: PE $89. Interrogative Pronoun--,- the particle .cit. (i) Nom, Acc.com wirini (a) In Glasi: (or; (b) kc-ci for liricii .. (c) PE gire for (ii) Nom., Acc. pl.; 15-::: $ 90. Pronominal bara (i) Nom. s: 1.dir. aithic G; Gi; S:::: (a) The final or V dan ·38 1 $90 (ii). COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS (ii) Dat. sg. : -ya in the West and -ye elsewhere. añāya G.; añaye S,M; aināye K,D,J. (iii) Gen. sg. : -sa, -aññasa G; -añasa S,M. (a) Final -2.>ā in K, cf. -anaşā (-ş- being graphical).' (iv) Loc. sg.: mli, cf. aſamhi G. (v) Nom. pl. : -e in all versions. ariñe or aññe G,S,M; ariine K,D,PE. (vi) Gen. pl. : -nam, cf. ariinānan T. (vii) Loc. pl. : -su, cf. amnesu D,T. $91. Pronominal base anya- Neuter. (i) Nom. sg. . -a or -an occurs in the West and N-West and -e in other regions. aña G, añain S; arine K,D,J,Kq; añe M. (a) -e occurs in G. cf. añe. (b) -a occurs in T, cf. ana. (ii) Nom., Acc. pl. : -ni in all versions. añāni G,S,M; arnāni K,D,J,PE. $ 92. Pronominal base sarva-, Masculine. (i) Nom. sg. : -e, save PE. (ii) Acc. sg. : -an, savain K,DJ,S,M (savram). (iii) Inst. sg. : -na, savena dj. (a) The dental is cerebralised, cf. savenā i (iv) Gen. sg. : -sa, savasa dj (v) Loc. sg. : -e in the West and -si in the North. save G; savasi T. (vi) Nom. pl. : -e in all versions. cf. save Major RE. (vii) Loc. pl. : -su in all versions, but -şu in the North and North-West. savesu G,D,J,K, T,sn., saveșu S,M. $93. Pron. base sarva-, Feminine. (i) Nom. sg. : -ā, savā K. $ 94. Pron. base sarva,- Neuter. (i) Nom. sg. : -an in the West and N-West and -e elsewhere. sarvar G; Savram SM ; save K,DJ, sarve b. (a) -a occurs at K and yr in sava. (b) -e occurs at S,M. cf. savre. (ii) Acc. sg. : -am everywhere, cf. savai G,K,S,D. $ 95. Pron. base ekatara.. (i) Loc. sg. i ending -mhi in the West, -e74 in the N-West and -si in the North. ekataramhi G; ekatare Si, ekatalași (i.e. -si) K. $ 96. Pron, base *ekatya-75 (i) Nom. pl. Mas. : -ā, ekacă G; ekatiyā K,DJ,M; ekatia S. $97. Pron, base itara-. (i) Nom. sg. Neut. : -e, itale K; itare M. $98. Pron. base ubhaya-. (i) Gen pl. : -sari, ubhayesar K,M. (a) Final anusvāra is dropped in S. cf. ubhayesa. 74. This is the reading of HULTZSCH; others read ekataraspi. 75. For Pāli ckaca- cf. GEIGER, Pāli, $ 113, ·$ 118. ] SAPAKINA 39 II. NUMERALS + (A) CARDINALS $99. ONE : Mas, and Neut. basc cka- (i) Nom. sg. Mas, : -o in the West and -c elsewhere. cko G; che M,K,D,J,sn (ikikc). (ii) Acc. sg. Ncut. : -arii, ckari S,M,yr. (iii) Inst. sg. : -110, ckcna dj. $ 100. One: Fem. base ika- (for ckā-). (i) Nom. sg... -c, ikā sn. (ii) Acc. sg. : -aiii, ikai sn. $101. Two: Mas. and Neut. : dva- ord!ıva. (i) Nom. Masc, : -0 in the West and -e elsewhere. dvo G; duve S,M,K,D,J. (a) The final -c> -i at S, cf. duvi. (ii) Nom. Neut. : -C, duve s. (iii) Inst: : -li, duvchi PE. $ 102. Two : Fem. base : dva- or duva.. (i) Nom. : -e in G and -i in S: due G, duvi S. § 103. THREE : Mas. and Ncut. : base ti- or tri- (traya-) : (i) Nom. Mas. : -ī at G and O at S:ti or tri G; trayo S. (ii) Nom. Acc. Neul. : -ni, lini KM, and tirini K,D,J,P7 (= Pkt. tini). $ 104. THREE : Fem. base ti-. (i) Loc. : -su, tisu RE. $ 105. Four : Mas, and Neut, fornis are taken from Sk. (i) Nom. Mas. : -0, catpāro G. (ii) Acc. Masc. : -e cature S,M. (iii) Nom. Neut. : -i, catāli K (this form is used for Mas.). $ 106. FIVE : panca-. (i) Loc. : -su, paricasu G,K,DJ ; -şu S,M. § 107. Six : şa-. (i) Loc. : -şu, şaşu S,M,K. $ 108. EIGHT : atha S,M,K. $ 109. TEN : dasa G,K,D,J.; daśa S,M. $ 110. TWELVE : dbādasa G; badaya(sa)576 ; duvādasa K,T,Rdh,Rp,bb; duvādasa D,J; duvadaśa and duvaļaśa M; duvāļasa Mth. $ 111. THIRTEEN : traidasa G; tedasa K,DJ ; tredasa M; todaśa S.77 $ 112. .FOURTEEN : codasa ng. $ 113. NINETEEN : ekunavīsati bb. § 114. TWENTY : vīsati rm, ng. $ 115. TWENTY-FIVE : painavīsati PE. $ 116. TWENTY-SIX : saduvīsati PE. $ 117. TWENTY-SEVEN : satavisati T. $118. FIFTY-SIX : sapariinā s. 76. The Niya form is badaśa, see BURROW $ 89. -77. The Niya form is trodasa, see BURROW $ 89. ** ·COMP1R.1711T. STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS 1$ 119, 10 $119. IIUSURED : basco sala.. (i! Noill. pl. Vlasc. : -i, sala AIRE. lii) la pl. Neut. : -i, solusi or solani Major RE. lii) In-. pl. : i. salchi or salchi Najor RE. (iv) Loc. pl. : -sil, solisi ki, calcşı S, salonu N1. $130. TuotsID : base sala50-. (i) Loc. pl. : -Sll, salascsi j; salascsuis d (as read by IIULTZSCII ; others road -5:1). $121. ITUNDREI-TIIOUS 1.3.1) ; base sala-saliasa.. (i) Vom. sg. :-p, bala-salaste Sn; aa.akase K. (ii) Nom. pl. : -i, salo-salasini G; -salasini S, -salasrani N1. -salasini K,D,J. (iii) Loc, pl. : -sile sala-salases! PE. (B) ORDINALS : $ 122. FOURTEENTII : carndasū PE. $ 123, FIFTIENTII : pasiriadasa l'E; pavicadasi Ksb. $ 12.1. IIUXDREDTII : sala SW1; sala- K. $ 125, THOUSANDTIL : salastai- S, NI; sai:630- K. prasinalasi Roh, with. III. COX JLG.ITION $ 126. As in declension, ulic conjugational system of the inscriptions is much simplificd. Thus the dual number is altogether lost and the middle voice lingers on only in the West. Y'ct as the formis given below will bear out, in comparison with later Prakrits, the conjugational system of the Asokan inscriptions still bears an archaic nature. The ten classes of verbs found in the old system are mostly reduced to the -Q class, and in some measure to tie -az'a class. Tlie full forms in Sanskrit with the necessary phonetic changes are also inherited in some cases. S 127. PRESENT INDICATIVE, Active. (i) 1st pers. sg. : -11in all versions. karomi G; karcmi S,NI; palakanāni DJ ; vidalāmi PE. ichāmi MRE ; sumi MRE. (a) -1i in palakawāni at K is a mistake. (ii) 3rd pers. sg. : -i in all versions. ichali S,M,K,D,J; dekhati PE; pasati G; hoti Mysore Gr; athi ru, s; ānapayati yr. (iii) 1st pers. pl. : -Ma, susuma yr. (iv) 3rd pers. pl. : -aiiti in all versions except G. -ati (with loss of anusvära) G and all other versions. ichati, prapunali G; icharti S,M,K,D,J; laghaiti PE. vaşati K; vasati SM ; kaleti DJ. $ 128. PRESENT INDICATIVE,-Middle. (i) 3rd sg. : -te occurs only in the West ; other regions give active -li. karote G; but kaleti K,DJ, karoti S,M. (a) -ti occurs in G cf. karoti. (b)-te occurs in D cf, marinate. 78. For the use of .-(e) sunt in literary Prakrits HULTZSCH compares PISCHEL, GT..$ 371.

·$1301.) O11,17111:11101 (ii) 3.0 p!. 1. li in Calon cf. fiorite. 2. •* in G, caract; but contacli R, C'faili S. $ 12:). . Still, Active, I: . : . in all ver '174 lei jis of indicative si apasao: : subentri K.S.11.1).J: suribayami l'E. (2) kinali, cí. rochiiri kan. 1. !?! ( 17.' 2. !!! K, "17:6 (7:). is an imtalita: 8:24:1:1:1. 3. in *111* :m), is indicativepotri!!. (iii) is pl: 976 81 11. uimos cinci. (iv? 2::ci pl. : :, :dicinayolici:!; lililipagrillsü s.. 11) Bron: 1. -1:1 K. 1:1. :.:11 1)... lIix: 4497 i 28 katin eh. vidiouritsi, $137. SIC:\C1117. Vilcil. ri) 3:0 pl. : ! anly : 1.7:10ir 'It'l.77-C1!'s Reading). $131. O'l.771T. Ictivri ļi) 1:1 $; you in the West and tir.7.-11e and clic clachetc. ricciiesai G : macoci: S: ricu KK,1)) cbi:1::anari:ci: T. (ii) 3rd : 1. ra, oso G. 1-lili ; 10"agri).'! ot, borr G;:15.cclrich) d. 3. - 9.7" :,in all visions 11:1037 Giriraloză ki doklicui dj : anupasipojari T. adiipaci:rsi mi. ...yä, siya S.11.1).J.PE, MIRE. 5. i. (indicative form.) in North and Nullest. sijali K,S,M. 6. •fii, papori PE. (iii) lst pl. : -cma, dipayrona GK; gachcma dij. (iv) 3rd pl. : 1. -21 G,K,S,M1, cl. as! (= Pali assi for asyuh) 2. cy in all versions ; l'ascy'n S.111,G; Intega K, calryu ji pakamcyu br, sd ; suscyn bb. 3. •011, in non-Western regions ; l'ascun K; calori di pavalayevu and upadalevu PE, jāncun yr. 4. "I'll, yāru sn. $ 132. OPTATIVE, Middlc. (i) 3rd sg. : -thass only in G, paļipajelha; other versions givc active forms like palipajeyā S,M,K,D,J. 79. For the use of -1c in Vedic Sk., Pkt., and Pāli cí. PISCHEL S 458. 80. With this form HULTZSCII compares such Vedic forms as paśyāt, scc p. lxvii. 81. HULTZSCH ,P. Ixvii. 82. For parallels to this contracted term, cl, HULTZSCII, p. Ixxxii. 83. HULTZSCH, p. Ixvii. 84. For this term. cf. GEIGER, Pali, $129. 3 6 ·42 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS 1 $ 132 (ii). (ii) 3rd pl. (desiderative): -eta only in G, susuriiseta ; other versions have şuşuseyu K, Suśtışeyh S,M. $ 133. IMPERATIVE, -Active. (i) 3rd sg. : -lu, holu K,D,J,FE,MRE; bholu S,M. (ii) 2nd pl. : -tha in all versions. (indicative ending). pațivedetha G; dekhatha dj, likhāpayatha s; nivesayālhia yr. (a) -ta is obtained in lekhāpeta ru. (iii) 3rd pl. : -amtu, yujantu Major RE ; anupațipajaritu PE. jāņaitu Kpb. (a) The anusvāra is dropped in niyālu G; manatu K; mañatu S. (b) •Tu (due to the influence of middle ending) occurs only at G, cf. stunātu. § 134. INTPERATIVE,–Middle. (i) 3rd sg. passive : -tām only in G. anuvidhiyatāji ; S,M,K give active, anuvidhiyatu. desider. : -tā only in G, sustusată; but active forms such as susuşātu (K), sustsalu (DJ) are found in other versions. (ii) 3rd pl. : -tarii in G, anuvataraiii, but active anuvatariitu K, -vatatu S,D. $ 135. IMPERFECT,-Active. (i) 3rd sg. form of bhū is aho (< *abhots?) everywhere. § 136. AORIST,—Active. (i) 1st sg. : -sari, husarii Mysore gr. -SQ, husa yr. (ii) 3rd sg. : -mi, riktami S,M ; nikhami D. (iii) 3rd pl. : -su, ſayāsues G; nikharnisu K,DJ ; abhuvasusi S,M; husu PE,MRE. (a) riisu, ahuiiisuse G. (b) -şu, nikrairişu, S,M; manişu K. $137. AORIST,—Subjunctive. (i) 3rd pl. : -şu, maſişu S,M. -Să, alocayisi DJ,M,K. § 138. AORIST,- Middle. (i) 3rd sg. : -thā,89 nikhamithā K, hutha and vadhithā T. The middle forms occur in K and T only exceptionally. Active forms are employed elsewhere. Cf. nikromi SM; nikhami D. (a) The ending is cerebralised in nikhamithă So. $ 139. PERFECT,—Active. (i) 3rd sg. of 'to speak': The forms are āhā in all versions. (a) Forms ahati and hahati occur in S. $ 140. FUTURE,—Active : The occasional change of -5- > -l- in the plural term is noteworthy. 85. HULTZSCH, p. lxviii. 86. This equals Sk. *nyayāsuh, HULTZSCH, p. lxviii. 87. The term. -su affixed to Sk. Aorist form abhūvan, cf. JOHANSSON, Dialect der Shāh. Redaction, $ 30. 88. This is based on 3rd sg. chiu-1= Sk. abhūt, HULTZSCH, p. lxviii. 89. For Pāli and Ardha-Māgadhi term. -itthā, see MÜLLER, Pali Gt. p. 115 and PISCHEL, Gr. & 517.

·$ 148. ] FUTURE-PASSIVE 43 (i) 1st sg.: 1. -sar or -şan, in the West, N-West and PE. likhāpayisar G; palibhasayisau PE, kaşain S. 2. -śāmi, -sāmi in the East and N-West. lekhāpeśāmi K,S,M, hosāmi DJ. (a) M once gives -şami cf. kaşamı. (b) K once gives kachāmi. (ii) 3rd sg. : -sati, -śati or -sati almost in all versions. āſpayisati G, khamisati DJ, vadhisati S; vadhisati PE,s,b; ānapayisati yr; kaşati S,M. (a) The vowel -a in -sati becomes - - due to -y- (in -syati) especially in the South. vadhisiti br,sd,jtr,mk,Kpb,ru ; vadhasitā for -siti (?) yr. (b) The following inherited forms may be noted. kachati K,DJ,PE, bhākhali (and caghati) PE. (iii) 2nd pl. : -sathā and - Natha, esatha j = chatha d. ālādhayisatha dj. (iv) 3rd pl. : -santi, -sariti or -şaiti. anusāsisanti, G,K, nikhamisaiti DJ; anapeśaiti and kaşarti S, vadhisaiti PE. (a) Note the forms kacharti K,DJ,PE ; chagharti PE. (b) ---> -Il- in the ending -harili, dāhanti PE ; hohanti T. $ 141. FUTURE,Middle. (i) 3rd pl. : -sa-te only in G, anuvatisare ; other versions give active anuvatisanti D,K (-vați-), -santi S,M. $ 142. PASSIVE,- Indicative. (i) 3rd sg. : -ti in non-Western area. pasavati K,S,M (pre-); khādiyati PE. (ii) 3rd pl. ; -Te only in the West, ārabhare G; but -arti in the rest, anuvidhiyarti K,PE, alabhiyanti M,D,J. $ 143. PASSIVE,—Imperative. (i) 3rd sg. : -tāri only in G. anuvidhiyatāri ; but anuvidhiyatu S,M. (ii) 3rd pl. : -antu, anuvidhiyaitu K. § 144. PASSIVE, -Optative. (i) 3rd sg. : -yā, diseyā bh. (ii) 3rd pl. : 1. -ył or -vū, yujeyú j, yujevū d. 2. -S4 (Aorist term. see above $ 128) harinyasu S. $ 145. PASSIVE, Aorist. (i) 3rd pl. : -su, ārabhisu GM, arabhiyisu S, ala()bhiyisu K,D,J. § 146. PASSIVE, -Future. (i) 3rd pl. : -sare in G, ārabhisare G; but -samtı elsewhere. susursera G; şuşuşyu K; suśtuşeyu E,M. § 147. PASSIVE,–Middle. (i) 3rd pl. : -te, ārabhare G; -iya-re, anuvidhiyare G. $ 148. FUTURE PASSIVE, Middle. (i) 3rd pl. : isa-re, ārabhisare G, 1 ·COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASOKAN INSCRIPTIONS I $ 149. $ 149. DESIDERATIVE.-Impcrativc. (i) 3rd sg. : là G, -110 S,M,D,J. Susrusalii G; Susisalu DJ ; sustişalıı S,M. $ 150. DESIDERATIVE,--Optative. (i) 3rd pl. : -90 in Gi-yu K,S,M. susunscra G; sususcyu K; suśtusu S,M. $ 151. DESIDERATIVE,--Subjunctive. (i) 3rd sg. : -1, sususalu K. $ 152. PRISENT PARTICIPLE-Active. (i) -avila-, or -10- (with the loss of anusvāra), sarila. Major RE, PE, MRE; kalala- K, karala- S,M; aśala- M. (a) The two forms karui and karıı occur in G as nom. sg. Mas. $ 153. PRESENT PARTICIPLE --Middlc. (i) The ending -māna occurs in all versions. blurijamāna. G; adamūna- K,DJ; aśamana. S (but active form aśatain M), vijinamana- SK; anurekhamina- T, samāna K Vas-) br, sd. (a) The ending sometimes takes the form -mina, cf. savipalipajamina- d, vipalipadayamīna- d (but active form -pātayarita- in j); pāyamīna- PE; pakamamina- sdyr,ru,b; palakamamīna- s. (b) The dental is cerebraliscd in the South. cf. pakamamīna- (?) br; samāna -Kpb. $ 154. PAST PARTICIPLE ---Passive. (i) -ta, mala- Major RE, T; prakanilaMysore Gr.; .pakaita-- MRE; upayita- yr. (a) The ending is often cerebralised (under the influence of 7) in non- Western regions. cf. kaļa- M,K,D,J,T, sn,rm,ru,Kpb; apakatha- PE; vytiſha- ruyr (but vyutha- br.) (ii) .Na, most of the forms are inherited from Sanskrit. prasariina- G; prasana- SM; paşaiiina- K, -utvigina- d,j. (a) For Pkt. forms cf. dirina-T; dina- bb. (b) For a few other inherited forms cf. ladha- G,K,S,M; sudha- S,D,J,SO ; pata- PE ; asvatha- PE ; etc. $ 155. FUTURE PARTICIPLE --Passive. (i) -tavya used in the West and the South ; -taviya- (or -țaviya) in other regions. katavya- G; drahitavya- Mysore Gr. ; kațaviya- M,K,DJ,T; pujetaviya SM; hartaviya- PE, dekhitaviya- MRE. (a) -țaviya occurs in the South, cf. kațaviya- sd, jtr. (b) -Yo of the ending is characteristically dropped in S, cf. vijetavia-. (c) -vy- of the ending is assimilated to -v- in S, cf. kațava-. (d) -tavya occurs as an exception in the East. cf. samcalitavya- j (but -taviya- d). (e) forms with -tavāya are apparently mistaken cf. lā(li) khõpetavaya- ru; vivasetavāya ru. (f) similarly ichitaya- in j is perhaps meant for -taviya-,

·$ 157 (iv). :)
ABSOLUTIVES : -ti
45
(ii) -aniya- : vedaniya- K,S,M; asvāsaniya- j.
(iii) -ya : Most of the forms are assimilated or dissolved and a few are palatalised.
saka- G, Mk, sd ; saka- SM; dupațivekha- PE ; sakiya- J,ru,yr,
cakiya- dj,s,b,Kpb ; kaca- G.
(a) The cluster is preserved in avadhya- Rdh (but avadhiya- T); cakya- b.
$ 156. INFINITIVES,
.(i) of Accusa. -tu (< -tum): ārādhetu G.
(ii) of Dat. -tave (< -tavai): chamitave G, khamitave DJ; bhetave (< Vohid)
PE ; jāpotave MRE; ārādhetave yr.
(a) The dental is cerebralised in palihațave T.
§ 157. ABSOLUTIVES. The distinction between -tvā and -ya is not maintained.
Of the two types of absolutives, those with -tvā are more commonly used.
(i) -tpā (< -tvā): in the West, ārabhitpā G.
(ii) -tu (< -tvā): in other versions : sutu K,T; śnutu SM ; jānitu d.
(a) The dental is cerebralised in kațu d, kațū j.
(b) The ending is extended to -tūnam in bb. cf. abhivādetūnar.90
(iii) -ya : sachāya (< san-V kşā)!= san-khyā G; sarkhaya S,M.
(a) Instead of the form sarkheye at K we are asked to read sarikhāya.
(b) The final -a > -ā, cf. samnamdhāpayiyā sn..
(c) The palatalised form āgāca occurs in rm, ng.
(d) The cluster is preserved in adhigicya bh.
(iv) -ti (< Vedic -tvi) is found only in the N-Western dialect.91
Cf. tițhiti, vijiniti S; draśeti M.
5
90. CI. PISCHEL, Gr. 585.
91. It is found in the Niya Prakrit as well. See BURROWY, $ 102,

·CHAPTER II SYNTAX $ 158. It is not intended to give here a detailed account of Asokan syntax.1 Horrerer, such syntactical peculiarities as are observed in the government of cases, case variations, irregularities in concord, absolutire constructions and a few others are discussed belor. In all such cases where the different versions are unanimous in showing a peculiarity the illustration from only one version is quoted and the others are referred to in brackets. It is hardly necessary to observe again that the study of syntax made in this chapter is on the same comparative lines as in earlier chapters on Phonology and Morphology. $ 159. Government of Cases : (a) accusative: The verb gujtakes acc. (i) iniisa athasa vadhi gujaritu S (RE 4, J)?. (ii) malānātā .. sasvatait samayai ctan jujeyu j (1, 2). (b) instrumental : 1. anyatra takes instr, in the sense 'except, without . (i) liidata-palate dusarpațipădaye aimata agāyā dharimakāmatāyā .. T (PE, 1, C). (ü) dukale cu iyain .... anatà agenā palakamenā K (RE. 6, N); also cf. RE, 10, E. 2. parar takes instr. in the sense “beyond, after . palai că tenā Artiyogena .... K (RE, 13, Q). (ii) .... palarii ca tehi ye apatiye .. K (RE, 5, E). 3. Comparative suffix -tara takes insti. (i) .. naili li kaimatalā savalokalitenā K (RE, 6, K). But the G version alone uses abl. cf. .... sava-loka-hitaipā. (ii) kimi hi imena katariyatalā J, (9, L). Here the G version also adopts instr. (c) dative : 1. 777Vstj- takes dat in the sense 'to entrust'. (i) atijā li bajari viyalāye dhatiye nisijilu asvathie hoti .. T (PE, 4, I). (d) ablative : 1. ā takes abl. in the sense 'eren to, as far as'. (i) dupado-caiupadcsit .... vividhe me anugane kate ā pāna-dakhināye T (PE, 2, E). (ii) a Tambapaniniga NI, 13, Q (see j'āvat below). 2.yarat takes abl. in the sense 'as far' or 'as long as'. .. igari kalavije magale āva tasā atlasă nivutiga K (RE, 9, H). But G version gives dat. cf. .. ava taşa athasa nistānāya. (i) .... (i) 1. Certain peculiarities of Asokan Sintar hare been studied by Dr. Joé CAXEDO in his 2:17 11 071- 00:0 Salzstelle in der alt-:17:d millcindischen Prosa. 2. References are to HILTZSCH'S edition.

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·48 ASOKAN SYNTAX I $ 159 (e) 11. 11. taşa takes gen. and dat. in K version. (i) nathi hi me dose (= tose). uțhānasā athasaitilanäye cā K, 6, H. For loc. use instead of gen, in all other versions see below. 12. apaciti 'reverence' takes gen. (i) gutinar apaciti .... G (RE, 9, G). (f) locative : 1. suśtūşā takes loc. (for gen. use see above). (i) sådhu māta-pitisu sususa K (RE, 3, D; 4, C); also cf. T, 7, HH; etc. 2. samyak-pratipatti takes loc. (for gen. see above). (i) .... nātisu saipațipati .. D and J, 4, C. Other versions give gen, cf. above, (ii) .... däsa-bhatakamhi samyā-pratipati ... G, 9, G; All other versions except S give loc. ; also cf. RE 13 G. 3. asampratipatti also takes loc. (for gen. see above). (i) .. ñātīsu asmipratipati .... G and J, 4, A; S, M, K give gen. 4. toşa takes loc. and dat. (for gen. see above). (i) nasti li me toşo utlanasi athasaitiranaye cae S, 6, H; also cf. M, D and J versions ; only K gives gen. 5. anyatta 'except' used with loc. (for instr. see above). (i) ....yatâ nathi ime nikāyā āratā yoneşu K (RE, 13, J). 6. anusathi instruction' with loc. (i) .. ai tuplesul anusathi d, 1, C and j, 1, D. 7. anugraha takes loc. (i) dupada-calupadesu .... vividhe me anugahe kate T (RE, 2. E). 8. Vicch- and icchă take loc. (i) atha payāye ichămi kimti .... hita-sukhena yījeu .... hemcia me icha sava-munisesu j, 1, G and d, 1, F. 9. āyata in the sense of 'vyāpīta = occupied' takes loc. (i) tuphe hi balūsu pāna-sahascsuri ayala .... d, 1, D and j, 1, E. (ii) lajikā me bahisı păria-sala-salases!! janasi ayatā T (PE, 4, C); also cf. T, 7, M and N. 10. yāvat used with loc. (for abl. see above). (i) .... ava dāsa-bhatakesu sarpalipatiyā, T, 7, HH. $ 160. Case variations : 1. Nominative Case : 1 (a) used for acc. : iya ca athe pavatisu Ickhapela tālala, ru, 1, J. But acc. is regularly used in s, 1, L. cf. ima ca athai pavalesk likhāpaya-tha. (b) Used for instr, camera mo anuvckhamâne dharma-thambhāni kaļāni T, 7, P. 2. Instrumental case : (a) used for nom : Deranampriyena Priyadrasi raja cvai aha, M, 5, A. But all other versions read nom. regularly. cf. Derānaripriyo Pripydasi Täji clari ala G (RE, 5, A).

·$ 160,4 (d) (iv). ) GENITIVT CASE 49 . 3. Dative case : (a) used for loc. : (i) janc uc17:"Cavi: mnaingalai kalcli übädliasi pavāsasi ctâye? arinājie ci cdisãyc jane balu maigalai kalcli K, 9, B (also cſ, S, M, D, J). But the G version gives 'loc. regularly. cf. asli jano margalari karolc abidhics clamli ca aiamhi ca .... (ii) But at other place eren G uscs dat. for loc. tāya athāya vivādo nijhali r'a saruto G, 6 F (also K, S, M). But here D and J, 6, F give loc. cf. lasi alhasi .... 4. Genitive casc : This is used for more than onc case. (a) gen. for nom. : luphāka (for luphic or phe) tena valaviye .... d, 1,,Q. (b) gen for acc. : (i) aita ca ne jārcel yr. (9-10). (c) gen. (with ulic past passive participlc) for instr. : (i) aya dhrana-dipi Dcuarapriasa tano likhapita, S, 1, A; other versions, however, point to the regular instr. : .... .. priyadasinā rāvia Ickhäpila G (RE, 1, A). (ii) priadraśisa raño l'aliga vijita S, M, K, 13. A. The text in G is mutilated at this place but from the remnant .jo it appears that gen. was intended. (iii) hcvarii mamă lajukā kalū PE, 4, I. (iv) sadurisali-rasüblisilasa 111c .... jālini avadhyāni kaļāni, Rdh and Mth, 5, B ; but the versions at T, Ksb and Rp give instr. -vasābhisilcna mc .... The use of me in gen. and instr. has probably led to the conſusion in the above two versions. (v) yāva-saduvisati-vasābhisitasa mc barndhana-mokhāni kafāni, Mu, 5, L; all other versions exhibit the use of instr. (d) gen.' for loc. : (i) balukar li dosari samâjasa drakhali .... Piyadasi lājā J, K and M, 1, D; but loc. is used in G and S, 1, D. cf. .... samājamhi pasali, G. (ii) se ichitaviyc kitiri cte jālā n10 luvevil mamā ii d, 1, N;.. ctāni jātāni .... j, 1, O. (iii) te sava-pāsamdesu viyāpaļā .... Yona-Kamboja-Gandhälänaire vā pi ariine apalamtā K, 5, J; all other versions similarly use gen. but D alone gives regular loc. .... viyāpaļā .... Gaidhālesu Lathika-Pitinikesu (iv) Introduction of gen., in the midst of locatives. evameva hida rajavişavaspi Yona-Karboyeșu Nabhaka-Nabhitina Bhoja-Pitinikeșu dhramanuśasti anuvataiti, S, 13, R; but the versions at K and M give loc. instead. cf. .... Näbhaka-Näbhaparitisu. (The G version is defaced). بع .... dosari . in e However, ry 3. The Gimar version suggests that these are dat. sg. of mas. regarded as fem, forms then they can equally be loc. sg. N ·50 ASOKAN SYNTAX [ $160.5. ; 5. Locative case : (a) Loc. for dat. : (i) parisä pi yute añapayisati gananāyan G (RE, 3, E). (b) Loc. for gen. (i) ſvesu anālanbhe sādhu, D and J, 3, D ; but other versions give gen. cf. prānānañ sādhu crāramblio G (RE, 3, D). Even D and J give gen. as in other versions in RE, 4, C, cf. .... onālambhe pānānan. $ 161. Peculiarities of Concord. 1. Concord of subject and predicate. (a) jana construed with sg. and pl. jane dharma-susuşă susuşātu (sg.) me ti dhaima-vatan vā muvidhiyantu (pl.) ti K, 10, A ; but S and M use sg. in both places. (b) For the use of a collective noun in singular also cf. save catupade (sg.): ye pațibhogar no. eti 11a ca khädiyati RE, 5 B, (c) The predicate asti (athi) is used with nom. pl. (i) asti pi tu ekacă samājā sādhumatā ....G (RE, 1, E). (ii) iyan dhainmalibi ata athi silāthambhāni vā .... tata kațaviyā .... T, 7, SS. (d) Similarly nāsti (nathi) is used with nom. pl. (i) osudhôni .. yata yata nästi G (RE, 2, B); for similar use also cf. RE, 3, c and 13, J. (ii) yasa rästi sayame bhāva-sudhita .... G (RE, 7, E). (e) Sg. predicate with plural subject dharmāpekhä dharimakāmatã cã .... vadhisati PE, 1, D. (1) Pl. predicate used with nom. sg. (i) palisä pi ca jutēni gmanasi anapayisami K, 3, E. Similar con: struction occurs in S version also. But G, M and J use the predicate in sg. (ii) ye hi kecha ata-pāśada purāti .... kiti ata-pāşanda dipayenin K, 12, H. The versions at G and M similarly give the plural forms of V dipa- but the S version gives singular dipayami. (iii) kayānammeva dekhanti iyan me kayāne kale ti, Rdh, Mth, RP, 3, B; but T and Ksb give sg. dekhati. (iv) tan loke anūpaļīpariine tari ca anuvidhiyanti T, 7, GG. 2. Concord of Noun and Adjective. 1. Gender : (a) Adj. agrees with mas. when the substantives are mas. and fem vivāde nijhati vă samtari (= santo), RE, 6, F. (b) Adj. used in neut. when it qualifies different genders. (i) imāli asinavagāmīni nrāma athe condiye nithiiliye kodhe mõne isya F. (c) Mas. is referred to by käni and nani in neuter. (i) nälikä va kõii nijhapayisauti PE, 4, M; also cf. PE, 5, C; 6, C. (ii) .... kimti bhūtānai ārainar gacheyari idha ca nāni sukhāpagāmi ....G (RE, 6, L). .. RE, 3, ·8 163 (e) (iv). ] LOCATIVE 51 II. Number : (a) nom. sg. adj. construed with pl. substantive. yena ete abhītā asvatha samtar, PE, 4, J. $ 162. Absolutive constructions : (a) Nominative singular absolute : (i) hevari ĉa kalaitai (nom.) tuphe caghatha saripaļipādayıtave d, 1, X; for other uses cf. d. 2, L and P; mk. Section G. (ii) pātayaritari j, 1, S and T. (iii) santan j, 2, Q; PE, 4, J. cf. LÜDERS, SPAW 1913. 1010. (iv) näsanitari PE, 4, M. cf. LÜDERS, ibid. 1913. 1023. (v). -pajaritari, T, 7, PP. (vi) duāhale d, 1, T. cf. HULTZSCH, Inscriptions of Asoka, p. 95, f.n. 13. (vii) The form karuri occurring at G, 11, E and 12, F is of nom. absolute according to Senart, Bühler and Hultzsch. (b) Genitive singular absolute : (i) .... adamānasā me pațivedakā athar .... vedetu, K (RE, 6, D). (c) Locative singular absolute : (i) .... adhunā ladhesu Kalirigesu tivo dharimavāyo, G (RE, 13, C). § 163. To denote time various cases are used. (a) Nom. : sātileke cu chavachare .... tu, 1, D (cf. other versions of MRE). (b) Acc : (i) atikatan antaram G (RE, 4, A); for similar use cf. Major RE. 5, H; 6, B; 8, A. (ii) sātitekāņi aờhatiyāni vasāni Kpb. B (also cf. other MRE). (c) Inst. : (i) bahühi väsa-satehi .... G (RE, 4, C). (ii) imină ca kālería amisă munisā devehi yr. 4-5. (d), Dat. : (i) dighāya 'in distant (future): G, 10, A; other versions, however, use loc. cf. āyatiye and ayatiya. (ii) yā imāya kalaya amisā devā husu .... ru, E; but inst. is used in etena ca aintalena, s, E and iminā kālena, br, F. -(e) Loc. : (i) pamcasu paicasu väsesu' .... G (RE, 3, C). (ii) save kâle, G, 6, D and F; but other versions give acc., cf., savan kālam. (iii) tīsu cātummāsīsa (loc.) tişāyair purinamāsiyası (loc.) tirimi divasāni (acc.) cāvudasain pannadasar pațipadāye (loc.) dhuvāye că anuposathan mache avadhiye T, 5, H; but among the other versions of this edict, Mi gives pațipadā (nom. or acc. ?) and Rdh, Mth and Rp give pațipadai (acc.). -(iv) se imāyar velayari .... amisă devă samānā .... Kpb, E.

·52 ASOKAN SYNTAX [ $164. ;) . . . . $ 164. Some peculiar constructions : (a) Change in construction is observed in :- te sava-pāsamdesu vyāpata dhāmadhistānāya ye vā pi amña aparātā G, (RE, 5, J). Here the change in the construction is made from ye vā .... but some such word as tesu is omitted at the end. (b) Similarly the construction is broken in section M of the RE 5 at G, K, S and M. cf. ... savesu olodhanesu .... e vā pi arne nātikye savatā-viyāpatā (K version). But the D version reads : savesu olodhanesy ......arinesu vă nātikesu (c) ta mama putā ca-potā ca parar ca tena ya me apacam anuvatisare tathā so sukatar kāsati G, 5, E. Here the sg. construction in so kāsati in spite of the plural in antecedent is noteworthy. All other versions give the plural construction in its stead.

·CHAPTER III INSCRIPTIONS OF ASOKA IN THE LIGHT OF PRAKRIT GRAMMARIANS The grammars of different Prakrit languages were written at a very late stage when all the Prakrits described in them had assumed a more or less standardised literary form. They were then no longer in the process of formation as most of the characteristics which distinguished them from one another had come to become normal. The inscriptions of Asoka, on the other hand, repiesent a very early stage in the development of MI-A languages. If we were to except a few Prakritisms in Vedic Sanskrit, a few Prakrit words quoted by Sanskrit grammarians, and, the Prakrit inscription on the Piprahwa vase and the Sohgaura copper plate (L 931 and L 937), the inscriptions of Asoka are the oldest dated records in MI-A dialects. It may, therefore, be assumed that these inscriptions show at least in certain cases the starting point of the characteristics noted and perhaps exaggerated by later grammarians. It would be wrong to suppose that at such an early stage as these inscriptions represent such phonetic changes as the change of intervocal surds to sonants or loss of intervocal stops should have any sweeping force. Such changes are therefore only restricted in their scope and are useful only in showing the tendencies of a particular region. It would therefore be profitable to correlate the results of the studies in Phonology and Morphology of these inscriptions to the treatment of various dialects given by Prakrit grammarians. Of these grammarians the following discussion takes into account only Vararuci, as the oldest Prakrit grammarian, and Hemacandra for having given an exhaustive treatment to the study of Prakrits. Though these grammarians enumerate a large number of Prakrits they treat of only three or four principal Prakrits in details viz. the Māhārāștrī, saurasenī, Māgadhi and Paiśāci. For our present puiposes we may leave aside the question of Paiśācī, as the problem of its original home is not yet finally settled. Among the rest, Māhārāştrī may roughly correspond to the Western inscriptions of Asoka, Māgadhi to the Eastern and saurasenī to the Central Indian inscriptions. We have at present no knowledge of a Prakrit deriving its name from a Southern country and which would have corresponded with the Southern inscriptions of Asoka. The purpose of the present chapter is to compare, wherever possible, the dialectal variations noted by the grammarians with the regional distinctions observed in Asokan inscriptions. This will enable us to see how far the later tendencies witnessed in literary Prakrits have any historical bearing. PHONOLOGY I. Vowels : The treatment of the vowel Ț is not so specifically dealt with by the grammarians as to point to any dialectal distinction. It is, however, studied by some of the modern scholars who point out that the ?> a treatment is predominant in the West and the South and that the r> i treatment in other regions. This distinction 1. J. BLOCH, La Formation d la langue Marathe, $31 ; S. K. CHATTERJEE, Bengali Language, $137 ; PISCHEL, Gr. Pkt. Spr. 349-51 ; GEIGER, Pāli Gr. $12; all these are quoted by WOOLNER in his Introduction to Pkt., $60.

·54 PHONOLOGY finds an exact reflection in the As, inscriptions in as much as the q> a treatment is the principal one in the Western and the i>i treatment in the non-Western regions. As regards the change in the quantity of the vowels before consonant clusters, though Hemacandra expresses himself in a definite manner in the Sūtras 1.43, 84 and 2.92, Vararuci is astonishingly silent about it. “Are we therefore to interpret", asks Cowell in his edition of the Prūkſta-Prakāśa by Vararuci (second issuc, p. 186) “ the silence of Vararuci as evidence that the principle in question grew up gradually in Prakrit, and only became fully recognised in later times?" This statement is to a certain extent bome out by the As, inscriptions. Hemacandra makes only a qualified statement in laying down that short vowels are lengthened in the metrically long syllables (cf. 1.43 and 2.92). In Aś., inscriptions we find that short vowels in this position' are only occasionally lengthened in the non-Western regions. They undergo this change in the West only in rare cases. According to Hemacandra, however, the change of long vowels before consonant clusters is of a sweeping nature.(1.84) without any dialectal distinction. But in the inscriptions of Asoka we notice that long vowels, except ii, are usually shortened in the regions other than the West where they are normally preserved. The long vowel u is, however, shortened in all regions with only a few exceptions. II. Simple Consonants : It is mostly in this sphere that the dialectal variations in Prakrits are recognised by the grammarians. The elision of intervocal single consonant is a singular characteristic of Māhārāştrī (V. 2.2; H. 1.177). This compares well with Aś. inscriptions where this tendency is met with only in the West and the N.-West, though in a restricted number of cases. Thus the elements of a tendency later on exaggerated in the Māhārāştrī literature may be regarded to have been found in the corresponding region in the days of Asoka. The change of -->.-d. (also to > d-) and of -th->-dh- is one of the salient features of Sauraseni (V. 12.3; H. 4.260-2 and 267) and Māgadhi (H. on 4.302). The change of t->d- and of -t-> -d- is only exceptionally met with in the North and the N.-West. This early Northern, characteristic seems to have developed later on into a characteristic feature of the non-Western dialects. The change of -th-> -dl- is however, not noticed in the Aś. inscriptions? In the treatment of the palatal j and the semi-vowel y it may be gathered that the later usage does not quite correspond to the earlier tendencies. The grammarians lay down that intervocal -j- is dropped and sometimes -y- is developed in its stead in Māhārāştri (H. 1.177, 180), but it is invariably changed to y, both initially and medially, in Māgadhi (V. 11.4; H. 4.292). In the Aś. inscriptions, loss of intervocal -j. is not met with and the change of -j->-y- is obtained not in the East so as to be a characteristic of Māgadhī later on, but in the N.-West. With regard to y it is prescribed that whereas it is preserved in Māgadhi (H. 4.292) it is changed to j- or-jin other languages (V. 2.31 ; H. 1:248). But in the inscriptions of Asoka intervocal -Y->..j- only in a few cases in the East and the N.-West. Then again initially yis lost mostly in the indeclinables and relative pronouns in the Eastem dialect of 1 2. For the first appearance of this characteristic in a little later inscriptions cf. Tadha- Sk. ratha-), padhama- ( Sk. prathama-), etc. in the Udayagiri inscription (L 1345) in the East and kadhika- (< Sk. kathika-) etc. in the Amaravati inscriptions (EI 15.270.40) in the South, ·inscriptions all over India. The full preservation of 9- is met with in very late inscriptions PHONOLOGY 55 Asoka and not in the Western. Intervocally, however, -y. is preserved in the East, its elision being restricted only to the N.-West. The cerebral nasal n is preserved in all Prakrits except Paiśācī where it is changed to the dental 12 (V. 10.5; H. 4.306). As this feature distinguishes all other Prakrits from Paišācī it is worth while to note that it is the Eastern dialect of Asoka's time which agrees with Paiśācī in this respect. The cerebral î is preserved in the West, N.-West and the South in those days.3 The change of r to l in all positions forms one of the principal characteristics of Māgadhi according to the grammarians (H. 4.288). This change is optional in Sauraseni, more frequent in Ardha-Māgadhi and a few instances have been recorded where it occurs in Māhārāştrī (V. 2.30). This treatment of the semivowel 1 is definitely borne out by the inscriptions of Asoka which point out that I was substituted for r in the court language of Magadha but not in that of the West, N.-West (and the South). The three Sk. sibilants fall together in the single dental sibilant in all later Prakrits except Māgadhi (V. 2.43 ; H. 1.260 ; for Paiśācī cf. H. 4.309). The Magadhi of the grammarians singles out itself in this connection and consistently shows the palatal ś instead of the dental s (V. 11.3; H. 4.288). It is in this respect again that the dialectal, distinction of the later Prakrits does not correspond to the one noticed in the Aś. inscriptions. In these inscriptions even the Eastern dialect together with others (except in the N.-West) shows the dental s and not the palatal ś. The Kālsi edicts of Asoka situated in the Dehra Dun district of the United Provinces no doubt point sometimes to ś (s), but they even preserve ș or s or change s to ș. As has been remarked in the treatment of these sibilants in the First Chapter on Phonology, this confusion is attributed by scholars to the ignorance of the scribe and is no longer regarded as representing the correct pronunciation of the people. Palatalisation of a few single consonants and mostly of dentals in combination with is a feature recorded by later grammarians as common to all Prakrits without any dialectal distinction. The inscriptions of Asoka, however, point almost in all cases to some geographical distinction. Thus the cluster kş is palatalised to ch in all positions in the West and the N.-West but it is assimilated to, kh in other regions. The clusters -ty- and -ts- are palatalised mostly in the West, N.-West and the South. The clusters -dy- and -dhy- are, however, palatalised in all regions. In this connection the difference in the treatment of the cluster dy in the Eastern inscriptions of Aśoka and the Māgadhĩ of the grammarians may be pointed out. It has been already noted that Māgadhĩ changes i to y and as a corollary to it the cluster dy is changed not to jj as in other literary Prakrits but to yy in Magadhi (H. 4.292). The Eastern dialect in Asoka's period, however, only palatalises -dy- to -j- (i.e. -jj-) without any further change. The change of -ty->-j- or -jj- which is prescribed for Māhārāştrī and Saurasenī by Hemacandra (2.24 and 4.266) is not met with in the Aś. inscriptions. The initial palatalisation of t->c- which is found in the Eastern and North- 3. The tendency to preserve -n- or change it to -12- is witnessed even in later Prakrit 4. For its appearance' later on in the South cf. Ruddajja- < Sk. Rudrātya El 17.329 mejādā < Sk. maryādā (L. 1205), etc. and also the Central Indian copper plates of Bāsim India (EI 26.137ff). है ·56 PHONOLOGY ern dialects of Asoka seems to have been later on incorporated by Sauraseni and Māhārāştri also. Cerebralisation of dentals under the influence of T, ļ or a sibilant is noticed by grammarians as a feature common to all Prakrits. The Western dialect of the inscriptions of Asoka, however, clearly distinguishes itself from others by the preservation of the dentals in a large number of cases.. The cerebralisation in Māhārāştrī, therefore, seems to have been a later development under the Eastern influence. Similarly the cerebralisation of 1 to in all positions is a later development of the literary Prakrits (V. 2.42, H. 1.228-9) which is not noticed so strongly in the earlier stages. In the inscriptions of Asoka 12- is preserved in all versions except the one at Kopbā] in H. E, H. the Nizam's Dominions where 12-> 12- and -12- > -1- in all cases. Intervocally 12--> n- also in the West and the N.-West. Even in terminations the cerebral --- K -12-) is replaced by the dental -12- in all versions except those at Mysore and Kopbāļ in the South.5_ The cluster -jíž- is cerebralised.to -1??- in Māhārāştrī and Sauraseni (V. 3.44; 12.8; H. 2.42), but palatalised to -íží- in Māgadhi (H. 4.293) and Paisāci (H. 4.303-4). But in the inscriptions of Asoka the palatal treatment is noticed only in the West (and sometimes in the N.-West), the Eastern, Central and the Northern inscriptions assimilating it to -1111-. The cerebral treatment, again, is observed in the two distant corners viz. the N.-Western and Southern inscriptions, The change of intervocal sonants to surds, both aspirate and unaspirate, forms the salient feature of Paiśācī (and Cūlikā-Paiśācī) Prakrit (V. 10.3; H. 4.307, 325). This type of change is only sporadically observed in the inscriptions of Asoka. But the important point of note, which may contribute towards deciding of the original home of Paišācī, is that whereas in the case of -g- > -k- the change is observed in N-West and the South, the change of -j- > -C- (or -->-t-) may be regarded to have started in the East. III. Consonant Clusters : The principles of assimilation and others which have simplified Sk. clusters in literary Prakrits are seen working in the inscriptions of Asoka also. A few peculiarities, however, may be discussed below. (i) Clusters with stops : The change of -ccl- > -Śc- noticed in Māgadhi (H. 4.295) is not witnessed in any version of the Aś. inscriptions. Then again Māgadhi has some clusters with sibilants. Thus -t!- and -şth-1> -st- in Māgadhī (H. 4.290 also 289). Now the cluster -şth- normally becomes -12- (or -th-) in the non-Western inscriptions of Asoka. It is preserved as -s!- but not in the East, as one may expect from its later appearance as a Māgadhi characteristic, but in the Girnar version of the Rock Edicts in the West. Similarly -sth- and -TUN-> -st- in Māgadhi (H. 4.291). But these clusters become -th- or -th- in Asokan inscriptions except in the West where it is preserved in the form -st- seen in later Māgadhī. As these special treatments which are peculiar to later Māgadhi are seen only in the West in the Asokan inscriptions and are not available even in the later Prakrit inscriptions in the East (e.g. the Rāmgarh cave inscriptions L 920-L921 ; Bodh-Gayā inscriptions L 939-L948 ; Udaya- 5. Partial cerebralisation of n is witnessed in all later Prakrit inscriptions, the tendency towards cerebralisation getting stronger from the beginning of the Christian cra. The complete change of >ì is felt in the 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. copper plates. Cf. L 1191, L 1200, EI 26.137ff., etc.

·$ 160.4 (d) (iv). :)' GENITIVE CASE 49 3. Dative case : (a) used for loc. : (i) jancicavucarii marilgaları kaleli übädlasi pavāsasi etāyps ariināye cä сdisãye janc balu maliigalair kalcli K, 9, B (also cf. S, M, D, J). But the G version gives loc. regularly. cf. asli jano marilgalaii karotc abadlıcsil elamlī ca añanhi ca .... (ii) But at other place even G uses dat. for loc, tāya athāya vivādo nijhali va saiiito G, 6 F (also K, S, M). But here D and J, 6, F give loc. ci. tasi alhasi .... 4. Genitive case : This is used for more than one case. (a) gen. for nom. : tuphāka (for tuphc or phe) lena valaviye d, 1, Q. (b) gen for acc. : (i) aitā ca me jārciu yr. (9-10). (c) gen. (with the past passive participle) for instr. : (i) aya dhirama-dipi Devanapriasa raño likhapita, S, 1, A ; other versions, horever. point to the regular instr. : priyadasinā rajin Ickhäpitā G (RE, 1. A). (ii) priadraśisa raſio Kaliga rijita S, M, K, 13. A. The text in G * is mutilated at this place but from the remnant ..ño it appears that gen. was intended. (iii) hevari mană lajika iala .... PE, 4, I. (iv) sadurisali-rasabnisic50 17€ .... jūlāri aradhyāni kaļāni, Rdh and Mith, 5, B; but the rersions at T, Ksb and Rp give instr, -vasābhisitenc mc .... The use oí me in gen. and instr. has probably led to the coníusion in the above tito versions. (13) j'arc-sadistīsati-zesēbrisitesc me .... bair.dhana-inokhāni kaļāni, Mth, 5, L; all other tersiois exhibit the use of instr. (d) gen for loc. : "(i) bahubariz ni dosari semājasa drakhali .. Pigadasī lājā J, K and M, 1, D; but loc. is used in G and S, 1, D. cf. .. dosam samājanki pascti, G. (ii) se ichitarig'e bitiriz cie jālā 120 Fulver'i marrā ti d, 1, N; ,... mne etimi jatani .... j, 1, 0. (iii) te sara-Desaij,su ripāpata .... l'onc-K211?boja-Garidhūlimane vā pi citir anaishi II, 3, J: all other versions similarly use gen. but Daloze gives reziar loc. z'ivopata Gendhalesu Laihiña-Fit: .... (17) Introduction ni gan, in the midst of locatives. ELAMEI'a iliác rajavysavasti 100-50ietos labicko-Naohitite Brojc-Pit:niceşu durantes: cum:tani, S. 13, R; but the versions at K Jāveicamajābrapaintisu. (The and M give Inc. instead. ci. G version is doingd). . . . + mi LE 1 3. The Gimnar version sila, 15 ild: this: 20 Tegarded as ferr. forms then turan quolls bi 7 ·3 50 ASOKAN SYNTAX : [ $160.5. .... anālambhe T, 7, 5. Locative case : (a) Loc. for dat. : (i) parisă pi ynte äriapayisali gananāyan G (RE, 3, E). (b) Loc. for gen. (i) jīvesu anālaiibhe sādhu, D and J, 3, D ; but other versions give gen. cf. prāṇānaiii sādhu anārainbho G (RE, 3, D). Even D and J give gen. as in other versions in RE, 4, C, cf. pānānai. $ 161. Peculiarities of Concord. 1. Concord of subject and predicate. (a) jana construed with sg. and pl. jaile dharma-susuşă susuşātu (sg.) me ti dhairma-vataji vă anuvidhiyantil (pl.) ti K, 10, A; but S and M use sg. in both places. (b) For the use of a collective noun in singular also cf. save catupade (sg.) J'e pațibhogari 110 eti na ca klādiyali RE, 5 B, (c) The predicate asti (athi) is used with nom. pl. (i) asti pi tu ckacă samājā sīdhuinată .... G (RE, 1, E). (ii) ivari dharımalibi ata athi silatharibhāni rā tata kațaviyā ... SS. (d) Similarly nāsti (rathi) is used with nom. pl. (i) osudhāni yata yata nāti G (RE, 2, B); for similar use also cf. RE, 3, c and 13, J. (ii) jasa năsti sayame bhava-sudhita .... G (RE, 7, E). (e) Sg. predicate with plural subject. (i) dliármāpeklā dharmakāmatā cã .... l'adhisati .... PE, 1, D. (f) Pl. predicate used with nom. sg. (i) palisā pi ca utāni gananasi anapavisanti K, 3, E. Similar construction occurs in S version also. But G, M and J use the predicate in sg. (ii) ye hi kecha ata-pasada pirāli ... kiti ata-päşarda dipayenin K. 12, H. The versions at G and M similarly give the plural forms of V dipa- but the S version gives singular dipayani. (iii) kayānaimeva dckharti iyan mo kayoc kate ti, Rdh, Mth, RP, 3, B; but I and Ksb give sg. dckhati. (iv) .. tai loke aritīpatīpaine tari ca muvidhiyati T, 7, GG. 2. Concord of Noun and Adjective. I. Gender : (a) Adj. agrees with mas. when the substantives are mas. and fem. 'vivāde nijhati tā santavir (= sarito), RE, 6, F. (b) Adj. used in neut. when it qualifies different genders. (i) imāni asinaragāmīni rāma atha caridiye riithiliye kodle mõne isya .. RE, 3, F. (c) Mas. is referred to by kani and nāni in neuter. (i) nātikā va käni nijhapay:sariti PE, 4, M; also cf. PE, 5, C; 6, C. (ii) .... kimti bhūtānar ānalinair gacheyai idha ca urāni sukhāpayami ....G (RE, 6, L).

·other versions of this edict, Mi gives pațipete and Rdh, Mth and Rp give pafipar'ni' (*. $ 163 (e) (iv). ] LOCATIVE 51 II. Number : (a) nom. sg. adj. construcd with pl. substantive. yena ete abhitā asvatna santar, PE, 4, J. $ 162. Absolutivc constructions : (a) Nominative singular absolute : (i) hcrari ca kalanlari (nom.) tuphe caghatha saiipaļipādayilave d, 1, X; for other uses cf. d. 2, L and P; mk. Section G. (ii) pūtayaritan j, 1, S and T. (iii) savitar j. 2, 0 : PE, 1, J. cf. LüDERS, SPAIV 1913. 1010. (iv) răsarılau PE, I, M. cf. LÜDERS, ibid. 1913. 1023. (v) -pajaritail, T, 7, PP. (vi) dualale d. 1, T. cf. HULTZSCII, Inscriptions of Asoka, p. 95, ſ.n. 13. (vii) The ſon karirii occurring at G, 11, E and 12, F is of nom. absolute according to Senart, Bühler and Hultzsch. (b) Genitive singular absolute : (i) .. adamungsi 1110 palivedoká alhair .. vedetu, K (RE, 6, D). (c) Locative singular absolute : (i).. adiunü ladhosu Kalingosu tiro dharimavāyo, G (RE, 13, C). $ 163. To denotc time various, cases are used. (a) Nom. : satilcke cu cravachare .... ru, 1, D (cf. other versions of MRE). (b) Acc : (i) alikälari antaran G (RE, 4, A); for similar use cf. Major .RE. 5, H; 6, B; 8, A. (ii) salirckāni adhalizūni vasāni Kpb. B (also cf. Other MRE). (c) Inst. : (i) bahihi rasa-satelli .... G (RE, 4, C). (ii) iminä сa kälena amisű munisă devehi (d) Dat. : (i) dignāya ‘in distant (future)' G, 10, A; other versions, however, use loc. cf. ayatiye and ayatiya, (ii) yā imāya kālāya .... amisă devā husu used in etena ca amtalena, s, E and imina külena, br, F. (e) Loc. : (i) pamcasu pancası väsesu G (RE, 3, C). (ii) save kâle, G, 6, D and F; but other versions give acc. E kālai. (iii) tīsu cāluriināsīsu (loc.) tisāyair purinamūsisci iz divasāni (acc.) cāvudasai pariinadasari pațipadoz? că anupoşalharii inache avadhiye (iv) se imāyan velāyari amnisā d ... Yr/ yr. 4-5. IU, E; but in ..T, 5, E:

·52 ASOKAN SYNTAX $164.:] $ 164. Some peculiar constructions : (a) Change in construction is observed in :- te sava-pāsaidesi vyāpata dhāmadhistānāya .. ye vê ji asilja aparátā G, (RE, 5, J). Here the change in the construction is made from ye vă .... but some such word as tesu is omitted at the end. (b) Similarly the construction is broken in section M of the RE 5 at G, K, S and M. cf. ... Savesil olodhanesit € vā pi anne rätikye savatā riyāpatā (K version). But the D version reads : savesu olodhanesit .... arinesu l'ā nātikesir (c) ta ramc putà ca potā ca parari ca TENA ya me apacani anuvatisare tathā so sukatarikāsati G, 5, E. Here the sg. construction in so sukatmis kasati in spite of the plural in antecedent is noteworthy. All other versions give the plural construction in its stead.

·IXSCRIPTIONS OBSKI.X NI JIGIIT OR PRAKRIT GRAMMARIANS 17x com: n * 1':..!.:11 Ian**.***, Wie written at a very late stage who all th 19:34;:intl 111.11 : : ! We will ; : tandirdiul lite- TITY' (17) 13:13 ::. ::: :: :: :: :: • , ( ; 111: 1:01 : 11? st of the: chi mes:i:s" ,rin...: h: Cto lxcomo normal. The ich v. ;;,.:.:.::!, Lju! *: lily lilydam. in tic de 4:11 - i! Vi :$; fer l'rz:I:ritims in Vedic SR. :.:..:( **:4:11; $: 17 2.arins, and the Prakrit i-cir: 1.3 11:!.::.,'1..::::: :21: :!air (1 91 and 1. 937), i inntil ::. :. ? ::;;: ...11: dilich. It may, there. ::, **:;:::::::in Citnin C?; thug starting, in my 11:01:;:;:;::;:.:.:.:.:... boy loter rammarians. Il ::::::::::::"","; : . in cription represent : Sicc..::: c :::::...! Un fox4.3 or los of intuivocal sions .... tis. Sici: c: 8 il. 101c only to tricte in Uso:71:**- in «. ming t ...it of a particular rozion, I: rooid *****: 1:15. 10 Cat :: :, of the studies in Piwno. bol.... 171-2713!!';; trt1. Cria o mario:15 dialects given by Piatti pin::07. Oil. 10:52:1!! iii fullor: ind:cuina tal:rs into account cally l'encuci, : 1):7: P: 4:1, and 12candre for having given an (125ie 1. Pro Prairi. Ibnurh the grammarians enumu. ***K: 20... 17.11.1;. Di 119; 1:.it: 07: Sorji prir.cipal Prakrits in dais 11:1, S.X".0:11 Prac: for our pro 7:11 por. pive Liq:10 PM, 1 p 17!!?? ! its original isome is my ingay 4::.. ...........7777; mai rourilly Corroved in the Wesam in cripcion, vidio lisoron and surrai the Catral Indian incintings. Melnici per color of a Prakrit deriving it from a Sstosai mica da se comprensicht Southern inscriptions ! 6:4, 77 pm 3:20. stommar, berrible, the dialectal :rrmories with ve uzual dicinctions observed in an inscrips. This will be us to svag 1.97 far is later tidencies move in kaz Przkrits tzt 239 vs.criclimatinn. PROXXO:301 I. Vores: Toote Otromers 5.5-cifically dealt with me Tamans as to print ou si össinica. It is, 90%, como en Santos O tem sianoc>rent is prominent is a Vietate Snacimies Trois üsindir f 1. 3. 2:55. La reina sinn, 23: SE CEI, Emma Lice GS 251; GIZ, may 22 znis ir 97,25).

·5 PIIONOLOGY finds 2n cxact reflection in the As inscriptioris in as much as the 7> a treatment is thy principal one in the Western and the ri treatment in the non-Western regions. As regards the change in the quantity of the vowels belo:c consonant clusters, though Ilumcancita (xpresses himsil in a definitc manner in th: Sutras 1.43, 84 and 2.93, Vararuci is astonishingly silent about it. "Are we therefore to interpret", asks COWilt in his edition of thic Prükita-Prakia by Vaiaruci (second 1--LC, p. 186) " the silence of Vararuci as evidence that the principle in question grey up gradually in Prilirit, and only became fully recognised in later times?" This statement is to a certain extent lxome out by the A15 inscriptions. llimacandra makes only a qualified siatement in laying down that short vowels are lenkthored in the metrically long syllables (cf. 1.13 and 2.92). In As inscriptions we find that short vowels in this pysition are only occasionally lengthened in the non-Western regions. They undergo this change in the West only in rare cases. According to Ilemacandra, however, the change of long vowels before consonant clusters is of a sweeping nature (1.84) with out any dialectal distinction. But in the inscriptions of Asoka we notice that long vowels, excepi i, are usually shortened in the regions other than the West where they are normally prescrved. The long vowel i is, however, shorienced in all regions with only a few exceptions. II. Simple Consonants : It is mostly in this sphere that the dialectal variations in Prakrits are recogniscd by the granımarians. The clision of intervocal single consonant is a singular characteristic of Mahirīştri (V. 2.2; II. 1.177). This compares well with Aś. inscriptions where this tendency is met with only in the West and the N.-West, though in a restricted number of cases. Thus the elements of a tendency lates on exaggerated in the Mühüristri literature may be regarded to have been found in the corresponding region in the days of Asoka. The change of -->.-d. (also i-> d-) and of the >.dki- is one of the salient features of Sauraseni (V: 12.3 ; H. 4.260-2 and 267) and Magadhū (H. on 4.302). The change of 1->d- and of -/-> -d- is only exceptionally met with in the North and the N.-West. This early Northern characteristic seems to have developed later on into a characteristic feature of the non-Western dialects. The change of -111-'> -dho is however, not noticed in the Aś. inscriptions.” In the treatment of the palatal j and the semi-vowel y it may be gathered that the later usage does not quite correspond to the earlier tendencies. The grammarians lay down that intervocal -;- is dropped and sometimes - - is developed in its stead in Māhārāştri (H. 1.177, 180), but it is invariably changed to y, both initially and medially, in Mägadhi (V. 11.4; H. 4.292). In the Aś. inscriptions, loss of intervocal -j- is not met with and the change of -;->-y- is obtained not in the East so as to be a characteristic of Māgadhī later on, but in the N.-West. With regard to y it is prescribed that whereas it is preserved in Māgadhi (H. 4.292) it is changed to ;-or-jin other languages (V. 2.31 ; H. 1.248). But in the inscriptions of Asoka intervocal -->.j- only in a few cases in the East and the N.-West. Then again initially yis lost mostly in the indeclinables and relative pronouns in the Eastern dialect of . 2. For the first appearance of this characteristic in a little later inscriptions cf. nadha- << Sk. tatia-), padhana- ( Sk, prathama-), etc. in the Udayagiri inscription (L 1345) in the East and kadhika- (< Sk. kathika-) etc. in the Amaravati inscriptions (EI 15.270.40) in the South, ·l'IIONOLOGY Asoka and not in the Western. Intervocally, however, is preserved in 1118 Mount, llon elision being restricted only to the N.-West. The cerebral nasal » is preserved in all Pakuil; (X?**?38 wlier It In plugged to the dental 12 (V. 10.5 ; 11. 4.306). As this feature listingai all eithwy lakilla from Paisaci it is worth while to note that it is the tasten dinlet of Anulin time which agrees with Paišācī in this respect. 'llic com ? Il per vend le 11. Woul, N.-West and the South in those days.:) The change of r to l in all positions forns one of 11 principal rimmil Mlāgadhi according to the grammarians (11. 4.288). This change Boscopiona u S.Olen seni, more frequent in Ardha-Mãgaclii and it frow irancaline 1x15 16 wir it occurs in Mālārāştri (V. 2.30). This trealan 107 of the monimowls neately bome out by the inscriptions of Anka which print out that I 281, liesimledd boin the court language of Nagadha but not in that of 1111: WO 1,11-Wert au dhe, simh ·MIO,YOLOGY r...! 1'?'.s.in fiasc ixin later on incorporated by Sauraseni and Mäha- # A . to . ::Is un thr influence of 1.7 or a sibilant is noticed by . ; !:02 10 211 Prakrits. The Western dialect of the ins- . 1: 1:17, chariy slitinsui-le 1" 11 from oners by the preserva. .. i : 1!, munirs of c4. Tim Corcoralisation in Maharastri, '' ... ". il. : : : CA 10; nt un let the Etem influence. Simi- ;.::.6.1:1: :: 0 :: 0 :: in all 3x7 ilios is later dryclopment of the literary i... :;' "!! 1.2.!!! which is not 110icd so strongly in the carlier sta s. -:''Po tio is iveri in :ll 2751005 (2013): üle one at Kopbā! :::! 11:::21:15, D minio: 1:29:-17 ! 21:1-2;. > .?. in all cases. Inter- :! in the Wi! :r?! 11." .1.-<!. Eren in icrminations the cere- 11!ci b; tik (1931 -1:- in all vers:0:15 (cept those at Mysore his 11 ::.S.::. Tir c::::1.0:45:3lider) •;;- in 1.11117'ri and Sauraseni (V. 3.44 ; ;119, brali o to ... in Jadi II. .223) and Pai:āc: (II. I : 1:30: i. c:1p1.0 ::: tl. 2:17:431 traimoll is noticed only in !! - Y...!!!!, Tiin: in ti: X-Wix, the En, Coral and the Northern 1:. .:1;7,: nil::ins i 10 -/!". The cabal retrat, acain, is observed in the 17) (:,!!! 03:24: yir, ilir. X-tee?n and Soutlin irscripiings, 77. charlato inierill 12.15 to surds, xxl aspirate and unaspirate, forms di : Buru Prici (an'l Culi. 7-P21-ci) Prakrit 11.10.3; 11. 4.307, 325). This gym! C1067 is (:1!y sxracically one in the inscriptions of Losa. But 11: imwitant point of noti', which may contribute towards deciding of the origi:a! home of P.Kc, is tiu:'t whereas in the case of $>; the change is observed in A-Test and 11: Sirth, thi: chans: ol .;. > .. (05 --> ..) may be regarded to hare started in tir E. Ill. Crncnt Clu-'413 : The principles of assimilation and others which have implifuel Sh. clusers in literary Prakrits are own worl:ing in the inscriptions of Asolza alin. a fex prculiarities, however, may to discussed below. (i) Clusters with siops : The change of ccli. > -sc- noticed in Viācadhi (H. 1.205) is not witneel in any vision of the As. ir.scriptions. Then again Māçadhi has some clusters with sibilants. Thus -!!- and -S!-1>.<?. in Māgadhi (H. 4.29) lo 289). Now the cluster -Sll- normally becomes -!:. (or -10:-) in the non-lestern inscriptions of Asoka. It is preserved as -5l- but not in the East, as one may expect from its lat's appearance as a Miçadhi characteristic, but in the Girnar version of the Rock Edicts in the West. Similarly -slh- and oth-> -st- in Māgadhi (H. 4.291). But there clusters become the or -1:- in Asokan inscriptions except in the West where it is promoved in the form -sloten in later Magachi. As these special treatments which are pl·culiar to later Migadhi are seen only in the West in the Asokan inscriptions and are not available even in the later Prakrit inscriptions in the East (e.g. the Rangalı cave inscriptions L 920-1921 ; Bodh-Gayā inscriptions L 939-L948 ; Udaya- 6. l'artial cerebralisation of n is witnessed in all later Prakrit inscriptions, the tendency towards cerebralisation setting stronger from the beginning of the Christian era. The complete change of »>n is felt in the 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. copper plates. CI. L 1194, L 1200, 1:1 20.13711., cic, ·PIIONOLOGY 57 giri and Khandagiri care inscriptions L 13-12-L 1353) it is very difficult to say when this characteristic went over from West to East. (ii) Clusters with y: The cluster ty submits to many changes in later literary Prakrits, cf. -fyn>rla (V. 3.20; H. 2.107, also 67); -73'. > -1- (V. 3.18-19; H. 2.63- 61); -73' > -are- and -vijj. (II. 2,67). All these treatments show highly developed phonetic changes. They are therefore not expected to appear in the inscriptions of Asoka. In them we find only the treatment -ry-> -tiys, liy, or -7'-. The preservation of the cluster y in all positions which forms the Western characteristic in Asokan period is not observed by later grammarians as in course of time cren this regional tendency must have len obliterated. (iii) Clusters with r: It is enjoined by the grammarians that such clusters should always be assimilated. They notice, however, optional preservation only in the case of dr (V. 3.3.; H. 2.79-80). We have seen in the treatment of such clusters that they were often preserved in the N-Hestem and the Western inscriptions of Asoka. Thus it appears that even these clusters together with others came to be assimilated in all regions during the period of the Pkt. grammarians. (iv) - Clusters with pro dialoxial variation in the treatment of the cluster Tv is noticed by Hemacandra. Whercas it is assimilated to -vv- in other Prakrits, it is dissolved into -tar- or lav- in Sauraseni and Magadhi (H. 4.270 and on 4.302). In the As inscriptions the cluster tu is either preserved or assimilated to -v- in the West and the N.-West. In the East (and the North), besides being assimilated to -V-, it is sometimes dissolved, as in Magadhi, but with this distinction that the dissolved form is -luv. and not lau.. (v) Clusters with sibilants : The changes of the cluster kş to kh or ch are already noticed above under palatalisation. Further it may be mentioned here that the occasional change of ks-> -sk- noticed by grammarians as a Māgadhi feature (V. 11.8 ; H., 4.297) is never niet with in the As, inscriptions. (vi) Clusters with nasals : (a) With the nasal ñ : The treatment of the cluster -jn-> -1IN- or -ññ- is already discussed above. A curious treatment of this cluster by which it is sometimes changed to j- or -jj- in the literary Prakrits (V. 3.5; H. 2.83) is not found in Aś. inscriptions. The cluster -īj. is assimilated to -ñiz- in Magadhñ according to Hemacandra (4.293). It is only the Shāhbāzgarhī version in the N.-West which corresponds to this Māgadhi characteristic by changing -ñīj-> -17-; otherwise the cluster is represented as - rinj- or -;-. (b) With the nasals ì and 12 : The clusters ny and ny are always palatalised to šī in Māgadhi and Paisãci according to Hemacandra (4, 293 and 305). They are cerebralised to -119- in other Prakrits. But in the inscriptions of Asoka the palatal treatment is not witnessed in the East, it being confined to the N.-West and the West. In the Easé the clusters are assimilated to the dental nasal 12. The cerebral treatment, though rare, forms again the characteristic of the Mānsehrä version in the N-West. (c) With the nasal 21 : The Cluster -tm- is mostly changed to:-pp- in Māhārāştri and to -pp- or -tt- in other Prakrits. (V. 3.48.; H. 2.51 seems to allow both forms in Māhārāştrī). In Asokan inscriptions the cluster is preserved as -tp- in the Western and the Southern divisions but assimilated to t- elsewhere. Thus this Asokan Western characteristic of -tm-,> -t - seems to have been further developed into -in-> -tp:>.pp as a predominant feature of Māhārāşțrī. 8 ·58 VORPHOLOGY VORPHOLOGY The dialectal variations in the declensional and the conjugational systems of the literary Prakrits are not many, and thus most of the regional variations dorioad in the Hond chapter on Vlorphologie seem to have been obliteratai later on. Säill a fem pauliarities may be discuaca balon. 1. Dadlension : Tire nom. sk. term. - in Viegachi for the stems ending in - (1. 11.10; H. 4287) is ceinitely reflected in the Eastem dialect of the inscriptions o Asoka. The non sg. neut. € formd in the Asokan Eastem dialect is, however, not met with later on in Alagadhi which gives with other Prakrits the term -. The nom. acc. pl. neut., the inst. sg.. and ir gan pl. terminations of some stens almays show a cerebral -1:- in the literary. Prakrits. As has been already noticed, only a beginning is made in this direction in the Southem inscriptions of Asoka, all others and even some of the Southern insriptions short the dental -1:- in terminatioas The optional term -āic for gen. sg. and -ig!: for gen. pl, which are found in Alägachi (1, 11.12: H. 4.299, 300) are never witnews in ls insriptions The instr., dat., abl, and can. sg. terminations of the fem. nouns always presare -*- in the endings - or -ve in the As inscriptions. The literary Prakriis homerar. nerer preserve this .y- of the terminations. Ther are again definitely richer in terminaticas for these cases than ine inscriptions of soka. The non sg. of stems in - and - show either a sort or long i and : at the end in the inscriptions. The literary Prakrits always end in -- and -17 in these cases. Among ühte sienis ending in a noteiro:iny feature which appears in a single inscription of soka and very often in the later Praktit inscriptions but which nerer figuras in the literary Prakrits is the gen. sg. term. - coming dirauy from the Sk. ending :1: in such form as 17:Giuli. The instances of the consonantal declension are not many. Though in gaze al such bases are transferred to the correspanding hotel bass, the ts inscriptions pra serre more Sk. forms with the necessary phonetic changes, than the literary Prakrits. Thus for example, the insu. se. of -ai stem in de inscriptions ends in a (cf. Gagarata, feiuirata) instead of -EXC as in literar. Prakrits. In the declension of -69 and -iz stems, however, even the literary Prakrits preserve some of the forms of the corrasponding Sanskrit declension. In the forms of Pronouns also there is not much to distinguish one literary Prakrit from the other. As compared with inscriptions the peculiar foam rage usad in Magadh for nom. pl. of the first personal pronoun is not fouzd in the 1s inscriptions. On the contrary some of the inscriptional bass as chic- and fupra- for the first and second personal pronouns respectively become obsolete in the literary Prakrits. There are also a fer other peculiar forms in the As inscriptions which are all detailed above in the chapter on Vlorphology. II. Conjugation : In this sphere also there is not much to disas from the viem point of dialectal distinctions The change of -> -c- in third pers. s. term. is noticed in Saurasnī and Jagadhū (H. 2.273 and H. on 4.302). This interrocal --- is characteristically lost in lfharasti tiich then giras terminations like -3, -fic. This --- is praened only in the Paišici Praktit (H. 4.318-19). These phonetic cianges mark a clear advanced stage and as such are absent in the 4s. inscriptions Similarly the change -t:- > -::- in the term of the sond per, pl. in Imperative is found ·MORPHOLOGY 59 in Sauraseni and Magadhi ; but it is absent in As, inscriptions. The regional distinctions wherever they occur in the inscriptions, as for example the terminations of the middle voice in the West almost to the exclusion of all other regions, are already noticed above and hence they are not noted here. The formatives of the participles in the literary Prakrits diſſer among themselves only in this respect that wercas the intervocal --> - in Saurasenī and Māgadhi, its occlusion is lost in ilirāştri. As is noticed above this stage of phonetic development is not reached in the days of Asoka. The other point which deserves notice is that the 7;- in the formative of the middle present participle is cerebralised to -- in literary Prakrits. But for a few instances of similar cerebralisation in the South, this dental -7- is always preserved in As, inscriptions. The endings of the Absolutives are rather confused in the literary Prakrits. The term. -liinai: figures in all literary Prakrits but except for the form abhivādetimari in the Bhabri cdict it is quite absent in As, inscriptions. The term. -tlā which is noticed by Hemacandra in his commentary on the sutra 2.271 in the treatment of Sauraseni language is also absent in these inscriptions. On the contrary we get -lpā in the West and -1:1 in other regions in the As, inscriptions. The archaic term. -li << Vedic -ti) noted in the N.-Western dialect naturally does not survive in the later period. Thus it appears that some of the distinguishing characteristics of later Prakrits are roſiected in the corresponding regional variations observed in Aś. inscriptions. One important fact which emerges from this correlation is that some of the characteristics of later Māgadhi were current in the West (or N.-West) rather than in the East in the days of Asoka. It has been alrcady remarked that some of these western characteristics are not apparent cren in the Eastern Prakrit inscriptions of later period. But together with this it must also be remembered that sufficient inscriptional material after the period of Khāravela's inscriptions in the East is not available. So long as such data are not available in the East the date of the movement of the Western characteristics towards the East will remain a moot point. Then again the question regarding the reasons which led to the incorporating of these foreign elements in the - Eastern dialect will have to be faced. In this connection it may be noted that after the fall of Maurya empire Magadha never came into prominence till the rise of the Guptas. But it is very difficult to decide at this stage the extent to which these events in the political liistory of India had their reaction on the linguistic movements. lines 25, 26, etc. 6. The voicing of the in term. does not appear even in later Pkt. inscriptions until we come to the 4th cent. A.D. Bäsim copper plates, cí. Takkliadha, takkhāpedira, etc. El 26,153 7. This term becomes more frequent in the 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. inscriptions of S. India cf. L 1200; L 1202, L 1203, etc. also cf. Nāgārjuni Kónda inscriptions. 8. It occurs in the 4th cent. A.D. copper piates at Bāsim (E. 26.153, line 25) in the form kareita.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY il complete Bibliograplıy of Asokan inscriptions has for a long timc remaincd a desideratum awaiting fulfilment as carly as possible. It is true that some scholars like Franko, Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar have added Bibliographical notes to their works on Asoka (see below Nos. 135, 375, 377, 28) and that HULTZSCH has given the chronology of all carlier studies undertaken by various scholars with regard to a particular inscription. Yet numerous articles by cminent scholars llave appeared since IIULTZSCHI's publication of CII Vol. 1 in 1925. The following Bibliography has been prepared with a view to making it as exhaustive and up to date as possible by including all carlier and recent studies of scholars in various countries and in as many languages. Due to the wartime energency conditions present at the time when this Essay was prepared some of the latest issues of Periodicals dealing with Indology as well as a few carlier and rare books and articles could not be availed of by me. This attempt is, therefore, restricted to the Books and Periodicals which I could obtain in Western India, and as such I offer my apologies to readers for some omissions that may have remained in the list below. Such works as I myself could not consult and the details of which are due to second hand reference have been indicated in the following list with an asterisk mark. Still there remain some Periodicals containing articles dealing with Asokan inscriptions even the details about which could not be given, and all tliesc incomplete rclerences have been given at the end. I shall therefore be obliged if the readers will give me suggestions to improve this Bibliography and send me information regarding the incomplete references and the likely omissions. Besides being as exhaustive as possible, there is another important feature of this Bibliography. It does not merely cnumerate the names of authors and their works but also tries to give in short, and iſ possible in the author's own words, the naturc of their contents. The personal history of Asoka and the early history of Buddhism require to be substantiated by the evidence offered by these inscriptions and licnce important works dealing with these subjects merit mention in this Bibliography. It is hoped that the present effort will be useful to all those who undertake the study of these inscriptions from any point of view. The diffcrent works and articles of a single author have been enumerated in a chronological order, unless there is a series of articles under a common title which is then brought together. 1. AGRAWALLA, V. S. "Vacasi in Rock-Edict VI of Asoka", IHQ. 15.143-46. 1939. acasi = “a privy or bathroom ". 2. AIYANGAR, S. K. "Agniskandha and the Fourth Rock Edict of Asoka", ΙΑ. 44.203-06. 1915 and JRAS 1915. 521-27. Interpretation of various terms occurring in this Edict. Aggiklarida is exactly the Tamil Sokkappanai, a festival in honour of Vişnu Trivikrama. 1. For the subjective classification of the entries given below the reader is requested to refer to the Note on Bibliography added at the end.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 3. AIYANGAR, S. K. "Satiyaputra of the Asoka Edicts", JRAS. 1919, 581-84. could it (Satiyaputra) not be thic collective name of the various matriarchal communitics like thic Tulus and the Nāyars of the Malabar and Kanam districts of today?" 4. AIYANGAR, S. K. "The Kosar of Tamil literaturc and the Satiyaputra of Asokan Inscriptions". JRAS 1923. 609-13. Some diſficulties are pointed out in identifying Satiyaputra with Kosar (as suggested by Mr. Subramanian. Sec belowNo. 380). 5. AIYANGAR, S. K. "Satiyaputra ". JUIL. 141.276-79. 1935. A discussion of some researches by V. R. R. Dikshitar, B. A. Salctore and others. "In our present state of knowicdge, we have to regard it as a kingdom or a statc under some other form of government, in all probability to the north or north-west of the three well-known southem kingdoms ". 6. ANER, V. Gopal. "The Date of Buddha". JA. 37.341-50. 1908. The evidence of Asokan inscriptions having been taken into account, it incidentally contains discussion on dates in Asoka's reign. P. 345, footnote S. savaccharam (occurring in the Minor Rock Edict). Some scholars would take this word to mean one year. But in the face of the corresponding words sadracchalc (sad = 6) and chhavachliarc (chh = 6) used respectively in the Sahasrâm and Rûpnâth versions, such interpretation secms incorrect. Pp. 346-47. The No. 256 is a date beginning with the year of Buddha's death. The person denoted by 'vyatha' or 'vivutha' which simply means 'departed', however, does not refer to Buddha (see below Fleet, No. 121) but to Asoka himself who had probably just then 'departed' to the other world. 7. APTE, V. G. Ashoka Charitra (Liſc of Asoka. In Marathi) Poona 1929. Review : S. V. Puntambekar, Modern Review 45.715f. For his Dhamma and personal religion see pp. 131-47. For Administration and Social conditions sec pp. 148-68. 8. BANERJI-SASTRI, A. “Studies in Asoka.” JBORS. 8.75-82. 1922. A. Characteristics of Asoka Māgadhi. B. Asoka Māgadhi and Ardha-Māgadhi. C. Aśoka Māgadhi and Màgadhi-Grammatical and Dramatic. 9. BARNETT, L. D. “The Early History of Southern India.” CHI I. pp. 593-603. 1922. Sātiyaputas may be connected with the Sãtakarnis (p. 599, fn. 3). 10. *BARTH, M. Revue de l'histoire des Religions. 5.239f. Paris. 1882. The author declares that the titles mentioned in the Bairāt-bhābră edict do not prove the existence of the Buddhist canon. (Cf. Winternitz, Hist. Ind. Lit. II. 608). 11. BARUA, B. M. “A Note on the Bhabra Edict”. JRAS. 1915. 805-10. Vinayasamukase = Sigālovāda-suttanta of the Digha Nikāya. 12. BARVA, B. M. Inscriptional Excursions in Respect of Asoka Edicts." IHQ. 2.82-128. 1926. } ·62 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Sme interesting topics are : (a) 'annsangvina' is not the same as 'aunsariiñamāna'. pp. 88-89. (b) Bralin:mical and non-Brahmanical Ājīvikas. pp. 89-92. (c) Chronology of the Edicts. pp. 92-124. (d) Significance of nijhapayisarili, nijhali, vaca (is connected with musical entertainments entertainments and similar similar pastimes), vacabhumika and amusarig'ina. pp. 125-128. 13. BARUA, B. M. "Thic Yerragudi Copy of Asoka's Minor Rock Edict." IHQ. 9.113-20. 1933. Text, Trans, and Notes. 14. BARUA, B. M. "Asoka's Minor Rock-Edict : The Yerragudi Copy". IHQ. 13.132-6. 1937. Revised reading with English translation. 15. BARUA, B. M. "Identity of Asandhimittā and Kāluvāki". IC, 1.122-3. 1934-5. Suggestion from a Pali lcgend. 16. 'BARUA, B. 11. Rcligion of Asoka. M.B.S. Publication. Calcutta. 17. *BARUA, B. M. Asoka Edicts in New Light. 18. BASAK, R. G. "The Words nīvi and vinita as used in Indian Epigraphs." IA. 18.13-15. 1919. rinlta (i) a well-trained horse or (i) a vehicle. 19. BASU, G. C. “Transposition of -R- in the TVestern Versions of the Asokan Inscriptions". NIA. 7.118-26. 1944. In the author's opinion the transposition was not due to "orthographic convenience or inaccuracy, but a linguistic phenomenon having its origin in the North-West." 20. BEAMES, Jolin. "Rajuka or Lajuka".' JRAS. 1895. 661-62. Similarity between rajuka and modern Serishtadar = Persian sar-i rishta dār = he who holds the end of a rope. 21. BUJANDARKAR, D. R. "Epigraphic Notes and Questions". I. The First Two Rock-Edicts of Piyadasi. JBBRAS. 21.392-99. 1904. Transcripts, Translation and Notes on Dhariimalipi, Devānaipriya, samāja, ekaca, Satiyapula (= Sãtpute), samanta and cikichā. 22. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Epigraphic Notes and Questions". XII. Sahasrām- Rūpnāth-Brahmagiri: Edict of Asoka. IA. 41.170-73. 1912. Discussion on some knotty passages. 23. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Epigraphic Notes and Questions." XIV. The Fourth Rock-Edict of Asoka. IA. 42.25-26. 1913. Interpretation of hastidasanā, vimānadasaņā, agikharidhāni, diviyāni rūpāni. 24. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Epigraphic Notes and Questions". XVI. Sambodhi in Asoka's Rock Edict, VIII, IA. 42.159-60. 1913. Meaning of 'ayāya sarnbodhin'. 25. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Epigraphic Notes and Questions". XIX. Asoka's Rock Edict I rcconsidered. IA. 42.255-58. 1913. Notes on samāja, slaughter of animals in royal kitchen. 26. BHANDARKAR, D. R. and MAJUMDAR, S. N. The Inscriptions of Asoka. Calcutta, 1920. Text of the edicts.

·31. BHANDARKAR, R. G. “Note on ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 27. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Sahasram-Rupnati-Bralımagiri-Maski Edict of Asoka Reconsidered". ABORI. 10.2.16-68. 1929-30. Interpretative article. 28. BHANDARKAR, D. R. Asoka (The Carmichael Lectures). Calcutta. 1925 (First edition), 1932 (Second lition revised and cnlarged). Review's: S. Konow 10. 12.SO. J. Charpentier. JRAS. 1925. 805.8. S. K. Bclualkar. ABORI. 7.166.71. S. M. Edwardes. JA. 55.2391. T. Michelson, JAOS. .16.256.61, (The page numixrs box are given from the first cdition 1925). Ch. 1. Atoka and his Early Life (pp. 1-25); Ch. 2. Asoka's Empire and Administration (pp. 26.71); Ch. 3. Asoka as a Buddhist (pp. 72-99); CH. 1. Asoka's Dharima (pp. 100.132); Ch. 5. Asoka as a Missionary (pp. 133-1671; Ch. 6. Social and Religious Liſc from Asoka Monuments (pp. 16S-216): Ch. , Aloka's Place in History (pp. 220-248); Ch. & Asoka Inscriptions (pp. 219-337 ; A. Their Provenance etc., B. Translation. Notes cic., Dialectical characteristics, On Language. 29. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Aiokan Notes." Dr. Modi Memorial Vol. pp. 445-50. 1930. (1) Sambodhi in the Rock Edict VIII: it means the 'Bo Tree' where Buddha obtained Enlightenmeni. (2) Ayaputo in Mysore Inscriptions : it denotes the yuvarăja or crownprince who carried on administration during the temporary absence of Asoka from his capital. (3) Dhariima in the Asoka Edicis : Dharima taught by Asoka was inspired by Buddhism. 30. BHANDARKAR, D. R. "Asoka Notes". Dr. K. B. Pathak Comm. Vol. pp. 269-74. 1934. 1. Dlarimacarana in RE IV.: means not 'the practice of fulfilment of Dharima', but 'the spread or dissemination of Dharma'. 2. Bhalamayosu of RE V. (Kälsi): < bhfla-maya : Hired labourer, a hierling. 3. Nāsamla in IE IV. : > naša + anta = End (anta) which is Destrucdeath. nijhapayisanti = will tion (11īša) referring to milyu or propitiate. The word 4. Dharma-bhavbha and a lacuna occurring in PE VII. stands not for any material pillars, but rather for spiritual columns in the form of charitable works detailed in Sections Q-W. The author also maintains that some introductory words have been inadventently omitted before DD section of Hultzsch's .. . before dharmapadănathaye dharnmānupațit ,' + 1872. A general note.

·43 EELISOISET 3. 3:31 P. G. "Peep into the Early History of Irca toc tre fee cari the Vaya Dizasty to the Fall of the Ice Gosta Di- Tasty". PERAS. 20300-8. ISCO. Friis Eöas ses pp. 36453. 33 2:162, P.. G. "Mr. Vincent Smin's Eaziy History of 1r63". Irene Perier. icrs. 201-65. Due to similarity betreten Sarieties Saturde. Bözség places tre forcer alors tre Western Grats ara tre bocaCoast cen. 34. BHATT, Jacardan. AL- ID:2:1-L&h. Ed. by .... Bazares 192 Rerier : L. D. Batet. JR4S, 1925. 184. 35. BITT.AC34FYA, Eerortosh. “. Passar tre FOCTÉ Pig Eace of min. JBORS. 6.318-21. 1920. frei interpretation of the passen 'Tičies CC Eirii pret crescut uscroscii. PC Ecckciti'. pas react to save son of the corcerrazed as rere prepared to accept Baidis 35. BAITTACH4FT, B. C. “Lumbini, the Birth-Piace o. Eccsna". Jocina Bara re Hirdu Univ. 5.71-9. 1949-1. Gereral informai. 37. BHITTACHIRIA, Sacrchidananda. Select 2. Epigrapes. Wrh 40atioris). Calcutta 1941. Sorne eighteen selected Edicts unich tell of soce definite Eren i tre e os Asza. The author believes that we as a converted Becast (p. 25). 33. BHUJUNG: Roo, T. “Paladas" of the tobas Edicta". Iccer Pavien, 78.37-375. Calcutta. 1945. The 5 sobanı Faruhdas, Peladas or Palides incarified with the Paredes o: Ve Harivatisa and the Alahabata (Sabrapava Ca 52) The Freze ariy Parthian setulers in India. 39. BLOCH, J. “Asoka et la llisachi". ESOS. 6291-63. 1930-52. Cougais of the Magadni in se dramas with the Eastern Calec i Loan ins criptions. 40. BLOCH, J. “Quelques Dáirences d'Opiatif en Mazan Indien Epigraphique é Littéraire". Mlémożes de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. TOCE 23.107-120. 1935. A discussion on the optative terminations. - 41. BLOCH, T. “ Zur Asosa Irschrift van Bairat". ZDVG. 63.625-28. 1909. Evidence afforded by the edict for the existence of Pali canon. It also notes the custom in India to male selections of passages for recitztica. 42. BOSE, A. K..“Anusariyāna". IHQ. 9.810-2. 1933. It means 'a court-hakse or a citadel'. 43. BOSE, M. M. “The Religion of Asoka". JDL. Calcutta Uair. 10.129-44 1923- .... Asoka pias a magnanimous monarch entirely free from the sectarizi View of any kind". Notes on. (a) Saingha= a Council or Parliament ryutrc, sc17.čjc and parisă refer to the same Council. pp. 138-40. (b) wyāya sanbodhim : real meaning seems to be that 'Asaba himself te came a Buddha'. pp. 140-41. (c) samāja-Council or gatherings. pp. 141-42.

·404, HR 1 SAT!!! c':.. :i ini! LET ME :: VIES 117 11bu k: P1 the Earth 4. Boy..11. 11. "111 Kalas. Fat oluli" ile iscri 18:33 Discudi ? ! i wth ventry interns. 15. Bost, V. VI. "Inbos Hi-Eht: 1, 171, IN :nd 17" 110 1111:13. Varis claufory Mules Mii. Bay das 10 any me " that 1 124 acting under Buddle influence". - Bonus. l. lll. "S:4Oxelque Inscriptio:" de l'Imie“: Hillll of them article, JA S':. 9. T 1?. $5503. ISOS Discuition on Vime: 1. Edic. texardins the interpretation of Pri in the licht of the two Sirali: in cripiunt's from Tonigala. 17. Boxli, 31. AV. "L'Incriptis di Simnith of:Paralleles (l'Allahind of de Schi". JA S'i. 10. Tom 10. 1192.1907. Text, translation and No 01 the thrie (dicto. S. BIMER, G, "Titir. Rawlicia". JA. 6,1.1960, 1871. Tinnreipia and Translation of Salorraim, Rūpnith : Baira Balicl.. Aino ste 12lly and it:c Sunrix : ad lid line a Burbelhiit menik (1 186). Review : 'Rlix's Dasic Tin Academy, July 1677. p, 37. "R. Piech. 17 calmaurut 1877. p. 145. 9. Biarllr, G. "The Threr V Edicte o Ana". JA. 7141.44). 1878, Maiuly di-cupena no 14 outir-isip ni S:sha'lim, Klopo illow Bainal, lili.14. 31. Er?.fo. “Transcripc of tir. Dedi au Allahinber Pillar tistiek, of Mola". 1., 13.307.10. 1994. Tran.c:1;:- in Donini with pale', 51. E?!"I?, G. "Transcripts and Trento, 61,5:1 arin Jassparta uso 6. Osn's Erlicis ". Sr. :1. Bis!... $155,7, 61 hitnaravi ilin Jamanya bj. 2:17 ASSI. 1. 114-21, 1227. “TC:n tim 022. Erich Urritur Virut Built In the Sizin. Esiics month: AllalaPillar", IA. 193.12:14, 17:31. let, 52. G. 6. 3. f. "The 23:20: 21 sarjorii Hill (3:46: in crist1011"; Of Muka 2. Dasa", 121, 1121 (with facsimiles) 01 رک) را : 14/1/16 : رد : از ۲۰ : برو به ....* ****acter', 15. 96/1). T: Pack Ero, assing to the Sundayathi 11t: 45.", El. ::22. Trazeci P6: 26 Srirangati aort S Samec Faire ECCE" A, 23. 29:-3.. 23 isec Set Te piata Lirica - S. . “Tre mi" 70-75€ 149. Era m.ar PagicS 177 46 1. ice cias ce cas. Ponto 3 ·66 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 58. Bünler, G. " Asoka's Rock-Edicts According to the Girnar, Shāhabāzagarhi, Kälsi and Mänschră Versions”. EI. 2.447-72. 1894. Transcripts (in Roman with plates), Translation of the Shāhabāzagarhi version and Notes. 59. BÜHLER, G. "The Discovery of a New Fragment of Asoka's Edict XIII at Junāgadh". VOJ 8.318-20. 1894. Readings (of course fragmentary). 69. BÜHLER, G. "The Siddapur Edicts of Asoka", EI. 3.134-42, - 1894-95. Transcripts (Roman, with plates), Trans., Remarks-palaeographic, linguistic and explanatory. 61. BÜHLER, G. "Pada, the Writer of Asoka's Siddapur Edicts". IA, 26. 334-5. 1897. pada is a word suited for a proper name. 62. BÜHLER, G. “Words from Asoka's Edicts found in Pali". VOJ. 12.75-6. 1898. Words like agaputa, bramanibhya etc. are discussed. 63. BÜHLER, G. "The Asoka Edicts of Paderia and Nigliva”. EI, 5.1-6. 1898-9. Transcripts (Roman with plates), Trans, and Remarks. 64. BÜHLER, G. “Beiträge zur Erklärung der Aśoka Inschriften ". ZDMG. 37.87-108 ; 253-81 ; 422-34 ; 572-93. 1883. I Die Vierzehn Edicte von girnar, Khalsi and Jaugada. Major RE. 1-13. Text Trans. and Notcs. 65. BÜHLER, G. "Beiträge zur Erklärung der Asoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 40.17-42. 508. 1885. Die Dhauli Version : Rock Edicts. 1-10 and 14. 66. BÜHLET, G. Beiträge zur Erklärung der Aśoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 10.127- 42. 1886. Édict XIII, zweite Hälfte ; Edict 14. 67. BÜHLER, G. “Beiträge zur Erklärung der Aśoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 41.1-29. 1887. II Die Separat-Edicte." Text, Trans. and Notes. 68. BÜHLER, G. "Die Shahbâzgarhi Version des Felsendicte Aśoka's ". 43.128-76. 1889. Text, Trans, and-Notes. 69. BÜHLER, G. “Die Mansehra Version der Felsenedicte Asoka's ". ZDMG. 13.273-96. 1889. Edicts. 1-12. Text and Notes. 70. BÜHLER, G. Asoka's Felsenedicte". ZDMG. 44.702-04. 1890. Mansehra Version of the 13th and 14th Edicts. 71. BÜHLER, G. "Beiträge zur Erklärung der Asoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 45.144- 59, 1891. III. Die sieben Säulenedicte. PE 1-3. Text, Trans., and Notes. 72. BÜHLER, G. "Beiträge zur Erklärung der Asoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 46. 54-92. 1892. PE 4-7. Text, Trans. and Notes. 73. BÜHLER, G. "Nachtrag Zu Aśoka's Viertem Säulenedicte". ZDMG. 46.539-40. 1892. Note on abhihāle. 74. BÜHLER, G. "Asoka's Râjûkas oder Lajukas". ZDMG. 47.466-71. 1893. Expl. of the terms in the light of Jātaka passages. 75. BÜHLER, G. "Nachträge zur Erklärung der Aśoka Inschriften". ZDMG. 48.49-64. 1894. Various explanatory notes on Rock and Pillar Edicts. 76. BURGESS, J. Reports on the Antiquities of Kāthiāwād and Kachh. ASWI. London, 1876. VI. The Aśokan Inscription at Junāgadh. pp. 93-127. Text, Trans. and Notes. 77. BURGESS, J. The Buddhist Stūpas of Amaravati and Jagayyapeta. ASSI. Vol. I. 1887. Ch. 1. Introductory : Early History, pp. 1-12.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 Siliyaputra represents Telingana, probably including also Kalinga, or the clistricis over which the Telugu language is spoken, and which, in moxie17 times it least, extends along the cast coast from Ganjam to Pulikat, and thence czystwards to the seventy-cighth meridian, which closcly corres;xnds with its eastern limit as far north as thic Pain-gangi River, when the boundary furnis castwards", 75. BURXOLF, 11. E. "Sur Intra ci sur quelques passages des Edicts religieux de Piyadasi". Apjandis No. 10. Lotus de la Bonne Loi by pp. 653-551. Paris. 1852. $1. Sur le mot arvatra. Pp. 653.15. $2. Sur le mot asinava des Kits de Piyadasi. pp. 665-70. $3. Sur les dieux clits citachis : Dhauli, pp. 671-710. $4. Sur les noms de Buddha, Bhagavat, Rahula, Saddharma, dans une des insriptions de Piyadasi. pop. 710-30. $5. Sur les mois samvatta, apachiti, vyandjana, hitasukha, mahallaka, vidalliz, blzign. pp. 731)-61. $6. Sur le douzième lit de Gimar. pp. 761-7.1. $7. Sur les inscriptions des Grottes Pris de Buddha Gaya. pp. 774-81. 79. BURT, T. S. "A Discriptinn, with Drawings, of the Ancient Stone Pillar at Allahabad called Bhim Sen's Gadá or Club, with accompanying copies of four Inscriptions cngraven in different characters upon its surface." JALSB, 3, 105-13. 123-1. 80. Burt, Captain. “Inscription bound near Bhabra, three marches from Jey, pore on the Road to Delhi". JASB. 9.616-17. 1840. Notice of the inscription. 81. CHAKRAVARTI, MI. NI. Animals in the Inscriptions of Piyadasi". Memoirs of the is. Soc. Bengal. Vol. 1.361-74. Calcutta. 1906. A study of the names of animals in general and animals in special occurring in Asokan inscriptions. 82. CHANDA, Ramaprasad. The beginnings of art in Eastern India with special rcference to sculptures in the Indian Muscum, Calcutta. Memoirs of the - ASI. No. 30. Calcutta. 1927. Section IV.-The Imperialism of Asoka. pp. 12-20. For his dharmavijaya see pp. 14-16. Though himself a convert Buddhist, “The Dharma taught by Aboka is not exactly Buddhism ; it is a synthesis of "the essentials of all sects" made by a very tolerant man, and the end it has in view is not Nirvana, but happiness in this world and the attainment of the great heaven after death." Section V.-The Edicts of Asoka. pp. 20-26 : General contents are noted to give an idea of his Dharma. 83.* CHANDA, Ramaprasad. "Navanisksta Asoka Silā-Lekha". (A newly discovered stone-Inscription of Asoka. (in Hindi), Prabāsi. 1935. 806-08. The author gives reasons why the newly discovered fragment of an insprevious cription at Rummindei (published by Prof. Chakladar in issue of Prabāsi) cannot be of Asoka's time. 84. CHARPENTIER, J. "A Note on the Padariya or Rum 43.17-20. 1914. Text, Sk. rer 1 ·68 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 85. CHARPENTIER, J. “Antiochus, King of Yavanas". BSOS. 6.203-21. 1930-32. Antiochus I (281-262-61 B.C.) is mentioned in Asokan Inscription. 86. CHARPENTIER, J. "Remarks on the Fourth Rock-Edict of Asoka ". IHQ. 9.76-87. 1933. Discussion on three passages. 87.* CHARPENTIER: J. “Kleins Bemerkungen zum fünften Säulenedikt des Asoka." Festchr. Winternitz. 303-12. 1933. 88. CHAUDHARI, Bankim Ch. Ray. “Surāşțra under the Mauryas". IHQ. 7.629-32. 1931. A reply to the article by Dr. Ghoshal, see below No. 140. 89. CLARK, W. E. “Māgadhi and Ardhamāgadhī". JAOS. 44.81-121. 1924. Asokan inscriptions seem to prove that the official language of Magadha in third century B.C. had s, not ś". (p. 90). 90. COURT, M. A. “Extracts Translated from a Memoir on a Map of Peshawar and the country comprised between the Indus and the Mydesphes, the Peucclaotis and Taxila of Ancient Geography". JASB. 5.468-82. 1836. Notice of the existence of Shāhbāzgarhi Rock (p. 481). 91. COUSENS, H. "Description of Rupnath Rock". Progress reports, ASWI. 1903-04. para 113. pp. 35-36. 92. CUNNINGHAM, A. Inscriptions of Asoka. CII. Vol. 1 (old edition), Calcutta. 1877. Review : E. Senart, JA. Sér. VII. tom. 13.522-45. 1879. Various linguistic and palaeographic-notes. For the meaning of 256, see pp. 524-26. Part I. (a) General and detailed account of the Inscriptions (including the Deotek Slab). pp. 1-42. (b) Texts (in Roman with plates) and translation. His translation accompanies the available translations by Prinsep, Wilson, Burnouf and Bühler, pp. 65-141. Part II. (a) Language of the Inscriptions. pp. 43-8. (b) Alphabetical characters. pp. 49-63. 93. DAVIDS, Mrs. C. A. F. Rhys. "Asoka, Heir of the way", Indian Art and Letters. 14. (NS.) 46-53. 1940. Whatever be the truth about the monkhood of Asoka's closing years, it is in the Edicts that he is shown a true heir of Gotama's way of the Worlds." 94. DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. “On the Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon". The International Numismata Orientalia. pp. 57-60. London. 1877. Supplementary note on the Sahasrám and Rúpnáth Edict. The author points out that the edict is not certainly and necessarily Buddhist. 95. DAVIDS, T. W. RHYS. “Note on some of the titles used in the Bhabra Edict of Asoka". JPTS. 1896, 93-98. London, Asoka does not refer to books but makes a selection of seven passages only from the Pitakas. The article contains also some notes on identifications. 96. DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. “The Sambodhi in Asoka's Eighth Edict". JRAS 1898. 619-22. There would seem to be no sufficient reason why we should not understand Asoka to mean that he had started, in his own opinion, along the Eightfold Path, towards the attainment, doubtless in some future birth, of Arhatship".

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 --- } 97. DAVIDS, T. H. Rhys. "Esoki's Bhabra Edict" JRAS 1898. 639-40. Identificatio:1 of 1'iaya-sanulonsa etc. 98. Darll, T. W. Rhys Dialogues of the Buddha. Sacred Books of the Bud. dhists. Vol. II. Londo. ISO. (i) Preface, p. xii i7. "It is clear that in Asoka's time there was acknowleviger to len zutitative literature, containing what was then Lx.lieved to be the words of the Buddha." (ii) 9. 190.191. $99:Indii insight of the higher stages of the path to Arialship. 99.* DAVIDS, T, W. Rhys. Vilincia. Vol. I. p. xxxvii. For Bhābrū edict. 10. DAVID, T. W. Rhys. Bucidhist Indiit, London. 1903. (i) For identification of arizorasani, frugcia-bhayani, munigūthū, moneyasalla. Niissa insir;o in the Bhabrá Edici, see pp. 169.70. (ii) For a chapter on koka, see pp. 272-307. 101.' Dei, 11. K. Lika's Diasimalipis. Calcutta. 1919. 102. DEB, H. K. "Volis on some edicts of Asoka". JPASB. 16 (NS).331-37. 1920. RE VI. Notes on dapati, stóräpake and malāmālra. PE. V. . quotation from Arthasistra relating to bandhanamokşa. PE. VI. Notc on paporn. 103. DEB, H. K. "'The Svastika und the Civikīra". JPASB. 17 (NS). 231-47. 1921, Association of ma in the Jaugada version of the two separate cdicts with the svastika sign p. 233. 104. DIKSITAR, V. R. R. The llistory of Early Buddhism in India. JBIIS 2.51-74.1929. Asoka was neither a Buddhist nor a Jaina, but a follower of the established religion of the land, what we may now call the carlier form of Hinduism. (p. 72). 105. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. " Asoka's Religion-The Evidence of Archaeology". JOR. 4.267-81. 1930. .... the monuincnts of Asoka cannot carry conviction home to decide the religious leaning of the Emperor to Buddhism”. 106. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. The Mauryan Polity. Madras. 1932. Ch. I. Section (iv) Inscriptions of Asoka. pp. 27-48. Ch. VII. Section (iii) Asoka's Dharma. Pp. 250-59. Section (V) Asoka's Personal Religion. pp. 276-99. 107. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "Dharma Vijaya : A New Interpretation. Dr. K. B. Pathak Comm. Vol. pp. 280-286. 1934. ... the term dharmavijaya has nothing to do with the doctrine of Buddhism, but is a healthy method of righteous war which Asoka advocated." 108. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "The Thirteenth Rock Edict of Asoka". : Woolner Comm. Vol. pp. 68-74. 1940. Appendix gives the Shähbāzgarhi Text. pp. 75-76. 1. Kalinga war was waged not to make any fresh conquest, a rebellion in the empire. 2. The special reference to Brāhmaṇas in the Brahmanical dharma, ·- 70 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 3. In the centuries preceding the Christian era, śramana refers not to Bud. dhists but to the orthodox ascetics of the Brahmanical fold. 4. The dharma preached is a replica of Hindu law of Sanātana Dharma. 5. dharmavijaya does not mean conquest by morality but only a righteous war as distinguished from asura- and lobha-vijaya. 109. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "An Intriguing Statement in Asokan Inscriptions". K. V. Rangaswami Iyengar Commemoration Vol. pp. 25-30. Benares. 1940. The statement in question occurs in the 1st Minor Rock edictt. Thus this inscription is yet another evidence to establish that Asoka was not a Buddhist." 110. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "The Kośar :- Their Place in South Indian History (A Summary)". Proc. Trans, 6th AIOC. pp. 217-18. Patna. 1930. Satyaputra Kingdom was the Tulu or Tuluva land of which the present Manglore was possibly the centre. 111. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "Who were the Satiyaputras ? ” IC. 1.493-96. 1934-35. Satiyaputra Kośa-nadu (Košar) of the Silappadikaram = Ancient Tuluva (modern South Kanara). 112. DIKSHITAR, V. R. R. "The Satiyaputras, Sātakarņis, Sãtvatas and Násatyas". IC. 2.549-56. 1936. The proposed identification of Satiyaputras with the latter is not accepted by the author. 113. EDMUNDS, Albert J. Buddhist Bibliography. JPTS 1902-03. 28-29 (Note of 1913). Inscriptions of Asoka. 114. EDMUNDS, Albert J. "Identification of Asoka's First Buddhist Selection". JRAS. 1913. 385-87. "The Mahāvastu or Mahāvaggo, in its primitive form, was probably the Sermon in the Deer Park, with a little introductory matter, and may well have been the first document of Asoka's edict of Bhābrā. This is called Vinaya-samukharisa (Supreme Discipline)”. 115. EGGERMONT, P. H. L. “The Date of Asoka's Rock Edict XIII". AO. 18. 103-23. 1940. Holding that Magas of Cyrene died between 253 and 250 B.C., Alikasundara must be identified with Alexander of Epirus who died before or in the year 255 B.C. The Rock Edict XIII was published before or in the year 255 B.C. 116. ELIOT, Sir Charles. Hinduism and Buddhism. Vol. I. London. 1921. Asoka pp. 254-275 (for inscriptions p. 265ff). For Bhābrū edict p. 290ff. "This edict does not prove that Asoka had before him in the form which we know the Dīgha and other works cited. But the most cautious logic must admit that there was a collection of the Buddha's sayings to which he could appeal and that if most of his references to this collection can be identified in our Pițakas, then the major part of these Pițakas is probably identical in-substance (not necessarily verbally) with the collection of sayings known to Asoka". . 117. *EUKUCHI, Kanji. Sargham upagate Ko (Study on the Phrase samgham upagate. In Japanese) Kaigai Bukkyo Jijo (Buddhism Abroad). IV. -6 No. 4. pp. 11-16. Tōkyō. 1937. - 1

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY
21
The autfior is inclined to adopt tlic interpretation which prawa. Ili ili
ing of this phrase to bliklusatita in tlır. Mali'yga, Pur ARIA 17
No. 261.
118. F.AZY. J. Robert. "Sur une clip du 1,1957. Ilgvall," I on 217,
135-36 1930. Sec brio Jaimellir 12:55,
119. FEET. J. F. "Facsir! O! 15.770., 11.,13", JA 15146, WA
are bad and D.: P.!!

·72 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes on the MRE especially from the view point of determining the significance of the No. 256 which, in the author's opinion, denotes the number of years elapsed since the death of Buddha. The first article of the Series (JRAS. 1909) also gives the Text and Translation of the Rūpnäth Edict. JRAS 1910 : The author gives up his earlier opinion and accepts that of F. W. Thomas. The number 256 represents the number of days during which Asoka was away as a recluse. JRAS 1913 : Summary of his article in JRAS 1911 (see below No. 131). After reigning for 37 years Asoka abdicated and passed into religious retirement on the hill of Suvarnagiri. 130. FLEET, J. F. "Remarks on Hultzsch's Second Note on the Rupnath Edict ". JRAS. 1910. 146-49. The meanings suggested by Hultzsch (see below No. 159) are not acceptable to the author. 131. FLEET, J. F. “The 256 Nights of Asoka ". JRAS 1911. 1091-1112. Criticism of Lévi's article 'vyuthena 256' (see below No. 212)." 132. FLEET, J. F. "Archaeological Work in Hyderabad, Deccan". JRAS. 1916. 572-74. Review on H. Krishna Sastri's monograph on Maski Edict (see below No. 303). 133. FRANKE, R. Otto. "Zu Açoka's Säulen-Edicten”.. VOJ 9.333-50. 1895. Various Linguistic Notes. 134. * FRANKE, R. O. “Zu Açoka's Felsen-Edicten". Nachr. der Königl. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch, zu Göttingen. 1895. 135. FRANKE, R. O. Pāli und Sanskrit. Strassburg. 1902. For Asokan Bibliography see pp. 1-5. 136. GHATAGE, A. M. “Groups of Two Mutes in Middle Indo-Aryan”. 14(N.S.). 52-54, 1945. Consideration of the dialectal treatment of tire clusters -tu-, -tm-, and du- in Asokan inscriptions. 137.* GHOSH, A. The Kosam Inscription of Asoka". JUB. 3. pts. 1/4. This reference is given in ABIA, Vol. 10. 1935. No. 276. As I have not been able to trace it up I think the reference is mistaken. I regret my inability to correct it. 138. GHOSH, Miss Bhramara. "Did Not Yavana Denote Persian even before the Second Century A.D. ?" IC. 1.519-21. 1935. It gives the view of Dr. E. J. Thomas viz. that 'yavana' in Asokan Inscriptions means 'thé Persians' rather than the Greeks'. (See below No. 385). 139. GHOSS, M. Religion of Asoka”. Proc. Trans, 2nd AÍOC. pp. 553-58. Calcutta. 1922. “Thus it appears that after the conquest of Kalinga in the ninth year of his reign and before his 14th year he was a staunch follower of Ājivika party of the Niggantha Community and between his 14th and 30th year he was vacillating between his faith in, the Ajīvika sect and the Buddhist religion. Further from the 21st year till his death he was a staunch adherent of the Buddhist faith". 140. GHOSAL, U. N. "On Some Points Relating to the Maurya Administrative System”. IHQ. 6.423-35 ; 614-27, 1930.

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·$? ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 2:19. MOOKERJI. R. K. “Parallelisms between Asoka's Edicts and Kautilya's Artha- Sastra"Proc. Trans. 5th AIOC. pp. 329-47.. Lahore. 1928. The resemblance extends both to words and ideas, to technical terms as well as institutions peculiar to Mauryan Polity. 250. MOOKERJI, R. K. "The Authenticity of Asokan Legends”. JUPHS 4.15-25. 1930. "It will appear on a close and comparative study of both these sources, the legends and the inscriptions of Asoka, that both must be used, like a pair of scissors, for the construction of a complete Asokan History” (p. 15). The legends discussed are those contained in the northern text of Divyāvadāna and the southern text of Mahāvaṁsa. 251. NVOKERJI, R. K. Asokan Chronology". Proc. Trans. 6th AIOC. pp. 17-24. Patna. 1930. "A close and comparative study of the Asokan legends and Inscriptions will yield a fairly complete set of dates for the important events in the life and reign of Asoka". 252. MOOKERJI, R. K. “An Asokan Inscription Reconsidered”. IC. 1.65-69. 1934. Passages from Minor Rock Edict. 253. NOOKERJI. R. K. “A Proposed Interpretation of an Asokan Inscription ". Dr. K. B. Pathak Comm. Vol. pp. 275-79. 1934. silāvigada-> silā-vigrala- = image of stone representing Buddha's Nativity. bli, a separate word, allied to the Hindi word bhii= also. 254. MUIR, J. "Prof. H. Kern's Dissertation on the Era of Buddha and the Aśoka Inscriptions". IA. 3.77-81, 1874. A review of H. Kern's Over de Jaartelling der zuidelijke Buddhisten (see above No. 194). 255. MUKHERJI, P. C. A Report on a Tour of Exploration of the Antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal. Calcutta. 1901. Ch. IV. Rummin-Dei. Description of the pillar (p. 34). Trans. of the Inscription (p. 35). 256. Müller, Max. Dhammapada (Part I). SBE. 10.1881. (Sec. edn.) 1898. Introduction p. 41 (1st edn.) p. 49 (2nd edn.). The author upholds Bühler's view regarding the authorship of the Minor Rock Edicts and his meaning of 256 as the number of years elapsed after Buddha's Nirvāņa. 237. MULVANY,, C. M. “Asoka Pillar-Edict V-Simale Samďake". IA. 37.21. 1908. simale'=Hindi “sură, a small beetle". sandaket="sāñòā, an animal like a lizard”. 258. NARAIN Rao, C. "New Aśokan Edicts Discovered at Yerragudi". Proc. Trans. 6th AIOC. Patna. 1930. (The paper is not published). 259. NARAYAN Rao, C. “A Note on "Suvarnagiri "" NIA. 1.596-97. 1938-39. Suvamnagiri of Mysore edicts is the Dzonnagiri, the site of the newly discovered Yerrāguļi edicts. 260. NEUMANN, K. E.. "Das Gleichniss von Rūpnāth”. VOJ 10.101-02. 1896. An explanatory note. 261. NEUNIANN, K. E. "Piyadasi's Edikte und das Suttapiţakam". VOJ. 11. 156-60. 1897. Some parallelisms are pointed out.

·ASORIX DELIRIUS 262. NEUMA.XXX, K. E. "Zur Weilumschuift von liiclenil ". 211M, 68,791 ... 101.4. Notes on ubaliki and a!kablagime'. 263. MORRIS, E. "On the Kapur-di-Ciri Rixl-Inscription". JRAS, 1,318,3 114, 11:40 General information and an attempt to chciples 111e 11:11111 of the mind bent Note by the Director. pp. 308.1.4. Some mistic notes, 261. OLDENBERG, II. "Die Ditirung der IX'!'17 :1nfchliche Arbeit litter", ZDNIG. 35.-73.70. ISSI.. Discussion on Alinor Rock Edicts and the meaning of:00 i 1) Tul the Buddhas who had departed into Nirvan, 265. OLDENBERG, II. “Buddhistich Studien". ZDMG, 5.,61391. 1941, Discussion on Britt-Bhibri Edict. p. 63.-10. Crite o Mimyll's vicw (cf. No. 236 alove). 266. OLDEXBERG, 11. The Vinayapitaka. Vol. I. Ihr Mabivaju. lylo. 1929 p. xl, note 1: Sony irlentifications of the poor 443, in the hill are sugested. 267. OLDIAN. C. E. A. W. "Ront Diconrit, of life, o Auk", TA 140 1932. Information about tlg kopb:lir?!!2008. in the livin': 1 nions 208. PAI. Vi. Go:ind. "Sitiyapti: Arki' but Il", li', 10,11 Comm. Vol. m. 3-7. 13. TECTOS: Wi'1", por:114.2545 Bill, les, II, Is Alliset, cathos incl. 2012, 2018 11 + +5011, 1.2"#p118 1', 12! :27 S 01.;::..: 1,;; 11:;: :1.11'...11: Satir25:*72,71 1:, :;;:;;;!;","DES.;"!! %;'},'.-,,:23,15,11;.;..",".

·S11 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPITY 275. PRINSEP, J. "Notc on Inscription No. 1 of the Allahabad Column": JASB. 3. 114-17. 1834. 276. PRINSEP, J. "Note on the Mathiah Láth Inscription". JASB. 3. 483-87. 1834. 277. PRINSEP, J. "Interpretation of the Most Ancient of the Inscriptions on the Pillar Called the Lát of Feroz Shāh, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah Pillar, or Lát, Inscriptions which agree therewith". Transcripts, Trans., and Notes. 278. PRINSEP, J. "Facsimiles of Ancient Inscriptions". JASB. 6.663ff. 1837. For the inscriptions of Daśaratha in the Barabar Caves. See pp. 676-78. 279. PRINSEP, J. "Further Elucidation of the Lát or Sīlāstambha Inscriptions from various sources". JASB. 6.790-97. 1837. 280. PRINSEP, J. "Note on the Facsimiles of the various inscriptions on the ancient column al, Allahabad, retaken by Captain Edward Smith, Engineers ". JASB. 6.963-69. 1937. 281. PRINSEP, J. · Discovery of Name of Antiochus the Great, in Two of the Edicts of Asoka, king of India ". JASB. 7.156-67. 1838. Refers to the 2nd Major RE. 282. PRINSEP, J. "On the Edicts of Piyadasi, or Asoka, the Buddhist Monarch of India, Preserved on the Girnar Rock in the Gujarat Peninsula, and on the Dhauli Rock in Cuttack; with the Discovery of Ptolemy's Name therein ". JASB.. 7.219-82. 1838. Transcripts, Trans., and Remarks. 283. PRINSEP, J. “Examination of the Separate Edicts of the Aswastama Inscription at Dhauli in Cuttak". JASB. 7.434-56. 1838. Transcripts, Trans., and Observations. 284. PRZYLUSKI, J. "Hippokoura et Satakami”. JRAS. 1929. 273-79. Also cf. wa: JAHRS. 4.49f. Sātiyaputa = Satakarni. 285. *PRZYLUSKI, J. "Le Symbolisme du Pilier de Sarnath ". Études d'Orientalisme Linossier. pp. 481-98. 1932. See ABIA 1932. No. 252. 286. PRZYLUSKI, J. Satvant, Sātvata and Nāsatya". IHQ. 9.88-91. 1933. Satiyaputras identified with Satvants, Sātvatas and Năsatyas. Sātiyaputra v= Satakarni means 'son of the Mythic horse'. 287. RAPSON, E. J. Ancient India. Cambridge. 1914. Ch. VII. Maurya Empire (For Asoka and his edicts see p. 104ff.). 288. RAY, Nihar-Ranjan. “Early Traces of Buddhism in Burma”. Journ. Great Ind. Soc. 6.99-123. 1939. The Aśoka Mission of Sona and Uttara : Legend and History, c. 250 B.C. pp. 114-21. Asoka's mission to Burma seems to be historical and not fabricated. 289. *RICE, L. Edicts of Asoka in Mysore. Bangalore. 1892. 290. Rice, L. Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 11. Bangalore. 1903. p. 1. Notice of Mysore Edicts; p. 162, No. 14, p. 164. No. 21, and p. 167. No. 34 Transcripts of Edicts at siddāpūr, Brahmagiri and Jatinga-Rāmeśvara ; p. 93 No. 21 Trans. 291. RICE, L. Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions. London. 1909. For the contents of the Mysore group see pp. 10-14. The author believes that Asoka was converted to Buddhism from Jinism. pp. 12-13.

·Kl. 111110W,NIMITY 85 Ricri 1.. "The Vis din Edicit Maski". JR:S, 1916. 8:38-39. General inlom.tk vi dry of its contents, "The Year :: Eclicks of linka". Ann. Rep. ASI. limity 2009 w tra di divery and notice of its contents. It also Site thrustlin. R): 2011. Svinir! !!!, .11. "'Ile Eye:0910 of Kubbalargh. Gereya, ctc, in the 14an 114!!!!!-' l'ins Trains 21 110C. p. xcvi. No. 8. Cal. 6:113 13 17:4 : { } published, " *1!: Ittificalister of Saliyaputa", IC. 1.667-73. 1935. Critic:- Diar's tricle to Yos, 110.111 above). Tujuva was 13 547 collel Stry: 1233 11 ltr Carly ages of its history. The problem is S413-111:Y. Et 11:11: Ronirib demoir Read Ixfore the Society 117) Viiski ir JS B 15.!!. 297. SWOIX "It Belte !! :". The lisna-Bharati Quarterly. 3. Cicultiu 1993, Study of tr. 9***1117.00- 11.1999 tlx mil. political and economic points of vier. Triteniat 11-22pump(!!) () ych words :15 samija, rajuka, pradcsika, Grici, garanzm, pasicall, and a labhaga. 208. SATVOAR, J..X Tide (!o:n of acadla. Po cen. Patna. 1927. Rovat: R. C. Temple, IA 35.7. 1. R R Dilishitar, JII1. 7.71.11. 1. D. Bonil. JR:IS, 13. 1511. The third :nd the fourth Lucures deal with loka's Edicts. pp. 71-117. (i) Sxial aspects of the Edicis, 1;. 7-1-$5 (Somijn pp. 82-5). (ii) Political aspicis of the Biddicis, pp. 65-107. Discussion on such terms as 1:14. jula, prika, sariyūna, parisă, gañanā, paſivedaka, wrat:initio and on Duties of a kinç. (iiij Economic Xce of the ciclicts. pp. 107-113. Discussion on vaca-, uhalika, asi:obhara. 299. SAXKALA. II. ). "Pro-Pedic Times to Vijayanagara : A Survey of 25 years' work in ancient Indian History and Archacology." Progress of Indic Studies (1917-1921, pp. 195-238. Poona, 19.12. For Maurya History cl. pp. 203.01. 300. SANKARA, K. G. "Studies on Scholarship : 111. Satiyaputra of Asoka's Rock- Edict, No. 2" QJMS 11.283, 1921. Criticism of earlier views expressed by Jayaswal, Smith, D. R, Bhandarkar, S. K. Aiyangar and others. 301. SANKARA, K. G. "Some Problems of Indian Chronology". ABORI. 12.301-61. 1931. Evidence of Asokan inscriptions is takeni into account. pp. 337-38. 302.* SARMA, Rāmāvatāra. Priyadarsi-praſastayal or Piyadasi-Inscriptions. Patna. - 1917. A collection of Asokan inscriptions giving Sk. and Eng. trans. Review : K.-P. J. JBORS. 3.572. Discusses the word dipi and nipi. 303. SASTRI, H. Krishna. The New Asokan Edict of Maski. Hy:. Ser. No. 1, Calcutta. 1915.

·s I: E123 De Segment i Casas de Disam via Venta 3. . S. 252232 Casa 1910. 2:-- ము: 3.asial pracice and pinagaa TESSAnecitazione sia 35. Siamo z * ITO] Case vaca o BIE Orisa.*** BORS 233 na 152. Toz To Diet DixDamTczi_Toseli. E SISTE 2 Thesia 2012 Giren. Ga Sen II. pp. 1-55. 32 333. Sis: * Izs. c 14 20-1-ESCS. ATTE. J. Brel 1937. 7.7011 Saga RT.51558. 3.72 Susanne "i Vins". The JO12 ci ine Geganai Jha Seszen 192-17. 1942. Nes:Irza: 11. 2559 a look and a WogZ4 21 13e same si: Tina Idois -33 gegara 132 mighi 3. maimar 22 బండి :). V. 1912 and Caio Team = Ca. 33 SI-12 5221 133211". FQ. 20.255-237. 1944. 26- The Directors are ubaturbali bi me $9. SLES Smi 's Bass 2 Saga". join Si Temizles. Dr. SS 3.57-95. . 12 c: STESS as in the hicis oi 50:2 is in on mengenai is g. 57.21 riz. Buccis". 9 Suamishna 32.222 - The Moncs az admits the 46012 *". I 253-55. 12. So=2ad'; rints=a Tehicle". 29* Sa 2. C. princess as a Souse of SSS". COL. 3.97-104. SE SEJE."43's Icon - Cz. ad some Connected Problems". 2.59.3 1025. 15. So solistnatec: Rox Edic VIII ai consacrenils oi Servicios citize's been ine 150 ani ine 13th rear is. 32. S. 2003 Ceniz - The Pares Paroi 3122". siebheras Vz9.93. re's sal Z 1272 Bocais. De as Siete TESCnei sis an aizlar 2259 10 all creads. S21SX, SSE Toe Isecimal Jices Ic1722" Pion 9. 10. Te 1. Simerisai Pagi izhor 1923. Saigiassa e D1035 22 C2 om 1012 is aso. 3:5. SEX, Simce. -Te "cie Gzire 25e 15.472.". 1902 n. 12. 9. Selaire DS 035 cran:cm. incas 35 ·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 87 1 } 316. SEN, Surendra Nath. “Survival of Some Asokan Forms in Seventeenth Century Bengali". .A Volume of Studies in Indology Presented to Prof. P. V. Kane. pp. 417-19. Poona. 1941. Survival of the form 'pruva' which occurs in the Gimar, Shāhabäzgarhi and Mānsehra versions. 317. SENART, E. " Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 7. tom. 15. 287-347 ; 479-509. 1880. Introduction (pp. 287-326); Ch. 1. Les Quatorze édits et les édits détachés de Dhauli. (pp. 327-47; 479-509). Text, Trans. and Notes of Rc 1-3, 318. SENART, E. "Etude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 7. tom. 16. 215-67, 289-410. 1880. Text, Trans. and Notes on RE. 4-12. 319. ' Senart, E. " Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi” JA. Sér. 7. tom. 17.97-158. 1881. Text, Trans, and Notes on RE 13-14. 320. SENART, E. “Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 7. tom. 19 395-460. 1882. Deusieme Partie : Les Édits sur Colonnes. Text, Trans. and Notes on the PE. 1-5. 321. Senart, E. ""Etude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi". JA Sér. 7. tom. 20. 101ff. 1882. Text, Trans. and Notes on PE VI-VIII. Queen's edict and the Kaušāmbi edict. 322. SENART, E. “Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 8. tom. 1. 171-230. 1883. Ch. 3. Les Edits detachés sur Roc. Text, Trans. and Notes. 323. SENART, E. " Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 8. tom. 3.446-498. 1884. II. Édits de Sahasrâm, de Rûpnâth et de Bairât. pp. 446-77. III. Édit de Bhabra. pp. 478-89. IV. Inscriptions des Grottes de Barabar, pp. 489-493. Appendice : Ambalatthikârâhulovâda sutta. pp. 493-98. 324. Senart, E. " Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi". JA. Sér. 8. tom. 5.269-320 ; 357-414. 1885. Ch. 4. L'Auteur et la Langue des Inscriptions. 325. SENART, E. “Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi”. JA. Sér. 8. tom. 7.477-554. 1886. Ch. 4. Part 2. La Langue des Inscriptions. 1. La Grammaire des Inscriptions. pp. 478-554. Étude sur les Inscriptions de Piyadasi". JA. Sér. 8. toin.' 8.68-112 ; 298-368 ; 386-478. 1886. 2. Les caractères Généraux de la Langue ; Sa place Histoirique. pp. 68-112. Ch. 5. La Langue des Édits et L'histoire Linguistique de l'Inde pp. 298-368 ; 386-406. Appendice. pp. 406-415 ; Index pp. 416-478. Text and The Inscriptions of Piyadasi”. IA. 9.282-87. 1880. Trans. of the first three edicts at Girnar, with introductory notes. An outline Translation of the author's work published in JA. is contained in IA. 9 and 10. The Inscriptions of Piyadasi”, IA. 10.83-85. 1881, Text and Trans, of the fourth and the fifth edicts at Gimnar. 326. SENART, E. 1 327. SENART, E. 328. SENART, E.

·ES ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 329. SEXART. E. "The Inscriptions of Piyadasi ". IA. 10.180-82. 1881. Text and Trans. of the 6th to 9th edicts at Gimnar. :30. SEXART, E. "The Inscriptions of Piyadasi". IA. 10.209.11. 1881. Text and Trans. of the 10th to 12th edicts at Girnar. 331. SEXART, E. “Inscriptions of Piyadasi". IA. 10.269-73. 1881. Text and Trans. of the 13th and 14th edicts at Gimar. 332 SEXART, E. "The Column Inscriptions of Piyadasi IA. 12.71-74. 1883. 1-5 cdicts from the pillar of Feroz Shah (Delhi-Topra). Text and Trans. 333. SEXART, E. "The Column Inscriptions of Piyadasi". IA. 12.275-78. 1883. The 6th to 8th Major Pillar Edicts. The Queen's Edict at Allahabad. Edict at Kausambi. Text and Trans. 334.. SEXART. E. Les Inscriptions de Piyadasi. Paris. tome. i. 1881 ; tome. ii. 1886. (See above Nos. 317-326). 335. SEXART, E. “Un Nouveau Fac-similé de l'Inscription de Bhabra, avec une Photogravure de l'Estampage". JA. Sér. 8. tom. 9.498-504. 1887. Suggestions for a revised reading. 337. SEXART, E. "A New Edict of Asoka.” JBBRAS. 17.11-17. 1888. Description of Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra Versions. 337. SEXART, E. "Notes d'Epigraphie Indienne". JA. Sér. 8. tom. 11.504-33. 1888. 1. A Shahbaz Garhi, à Mansera et à Girnar. General information. 1. Le XII. Edits à Sliahbaz Garhi et à Mansera. Text and Notes. 2. Les XI Premiers Edits à Shahbaz Garhi. Text and Notes. 338. SEXIRT, E. "Notes d'Epigraphie Indienne". JA. Sér. 8. tom. 12.311-30. 1888. Collation des Edits de Gimar. pp. 311-19. Palaeographic and explana tory notes. 4. Les Edits I-VIII à Mansera. pp. 319-29. Transcript and notes. Les Édits IX-XI à Mansera. pp. 329-30. Transcript and Notes. 339. SEXART, E. Notes d'Epigraphie Indienne". JA. Sér. 8. tom. 19.472-98. 1892. IV. Trois Nouvelles Inscriptions d'Açoka-Piyadasi Notes on the readings and explanation of Mysore edicts. Text and trans. of the Brahmagiri version. 340. SENART, E. "A New Fragment of the Thirteenth Edict of Piyadasi at Girnar”. JRAS. 1900. 335-42. Translation and Notes. 341. Seth, H. C. Central Asiatic Provinces of the Maurya Empire". IHQ. 13.400-17. 1937. 342. SETH, H. C. “Chronology of Asokan Inscriptions ". JIH. 17.279-92. 1938. An attempt to formulate the chronological order of the inscriptions. 343. SETH, H. C. “Side Lights on Aśoka the Great". ABORI. 20. 177-87. 1938-39. Detailed arguments to substartiate his view that, “.... it was only during the last ten years-and more towards the end-of his reign that he developed into an ardent Buddhist ". (p. 180). 344. SETH, H. C. “Some Obscure Passages in Asokan Inscriptions". Nagpur University Jour. December 1943. pp. 16-20. (1) parisā pi yute etc. Major RE III. (2) e cu iyan atanā pacūpagamane etc. PE VI. (3) iman cu dhainmārupaļīpati anupațīpajaritu ti etadathā PE VII. 66 66 ·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPETY 89 16 345. SHall, T. I. "Emperor Aínka Dislodged". Proc. Trans. 5th AIOC. Lahore. 1928, Vol. 1. Summaries of Papers. p. 217. No. 164. The paper is not published. On j. 163 it is stated "The most important point arising out of discussion was whether Sandracottos could at all he identifica with Asoka tlcre being no phonctic resemblance between the two names", 346. SHall, T. L. Ancient India. Vol. II. Baroda, 1939. Part IV deals with Asoka. pp. 302-05 sive proofs to show that Priyadarsin followed Jainism. 347. SHall, T. L. Somrit Priyadari, or the Emperor mistakenly supposed to be Asoka, or the Jaina Emperor Saniprati. Baroda. 1942 (In Gujarati). Part 1, Chronology ; Part II. Rock and Pillar inscriptions, all attributed to Sariprti; Part III. Other works of Samprati ; Part IV. Life of Saṁprati. Mr. Shah essays to prove that the author of the numerous inscriptions was Sarpmti, grandson of Asoka, and not Asoka himself. 348. SIDERSKY, D. “Uncliclipse de Soleil au Temps d'Acoka". JA. tom. 220.295-297. 1932. The total cclipse of the sun to which Hiuan-Tsang refers must have been the one which occurred on the 15th June 242 8.c., seven years after Asoka's pilgrimage. 349. SINGH Dco, B. " Tosali and Tosala". QAHS. 3.41-43. 1928. .... It is possible to identify Tosali with modern Khijjinga in Mayurbijanj 350. SIRGAR, D. C. “An Inscription of Asoka Discovered at Yerragudi”. IHQ. 7.737-40 (817-20). 1931. Transcript and Translation. 351. SIRCAR, D. C. “Yavana and Parasika". JIH. 14.34-38. 1935. The author disagrees with Dr. E. j. Thomas' hypothesis that the term 'yavana' meant the Persian military power (as consisting chiefly of Greek mercenaries) (see below No. 385). Persians became acquainted with Greeks through the Ionian Colonists whom they called yawia (= Ionian). The Persian word yauna was borrowed by Indians cf. Mbh. XII. 207-43. Yavana is only a Sanskritised form of yauna of which the real Pkt. form is yona. Thus yavana in early literature means Greeks and Parasika means Persians. 352. SIRCAR, D. C. “On Some Words in the Inscriptions of Aśoka”. IC. 7.487-89. 1941. The words that are discussed are: (1) bhāge amñe in R.E. VIII, (2) ithijhakha-manāmāta in R. E. XII; (3) kațābhīkāra in R.E. V, (4) duāhale in separate R.E. I. 353. SIRCAR, D. C. “Pärimda in the Inscriptions of Asoka”. IC. 8. 399-400. 1942. The author feels that the philological difficulties in identifying Pärimda or *Pālimda with Pulindas are not unsurmountable. 354. SIRCAR, S. C. “A Note on the Last Year of Aśoka”. IC. 11.85-86. 1944. The author does not believe that Asoka's. pacifist policy was responsible for the downfall of the Mauryan Empire., 12 ·90 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY is 353. SMITH, V. A. The Birth Place of Gautama Buddha". JRAS. 1897. 615-21. Information about the Nigali Sagar Pillar. Transcript and purport of the pillar inscription pp. 616-19. 356. SMITII, V. A. "A Preſatory Note to Mukherji's “A Report on a tour of Exploration of the Antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal”. Calcutta. 1901 (see above No. 255). Mr. Smith belicves in the unity of authorship of inscriptions, but Mukherji concludes in the manifoldness of authorship. (p. 2). The importance of the pillar inscription in Tarai and identity of Rummindei with Lumbini garden. (pp. 2-7). 357. SMITII, V. A. "The Authorship of the Piyadasi Inscriptions". JRAS. 1901. 481-99. "To sum up, all the inscriptions prove to have been issued by, and under the personal direction of, a single Buddhist emperor of India 358. SMITH, V. A. "On a Passage in the Bhabra Edict ”. JRAS. 1901. 574. The author points out that Hardy's (see above No. 151) explanations are based on wrong readings. 359. Surtui, V. A. "The Translation of devānampiyā ". • The Translation of devānampiyā". JRAS. 1901. 577-78. devānai piyāi= tājāno. 360. SWITI, V. A. “ The Identity of Piyadasi (Priyadarśin) with Aśoka Maurya, and some connected Problenis". JRAS. 1901. 827-58. Part I. The Identity of Piyadasi with Asoka Maurya. pp. 827-39. Part II. Kālāsoka. pp. 839-42. Kālāśoka of the Ceylonese chronicles is a fiction. Part III. Buddhist Councils. pp. 842-58. 361. SMITH, V. A. “Kusinārā, or. Kuśinagara, and other Buddhist Holy Places". JRAS, 1902. 139-63. For the names of Lauſiya-Nandangaſh see p. 153. 362. SMITH, V. A. "A Chinese Asoka ". IA. 32.236. 1903. The Chinese case (of Hsiao Yen-6th cent. A.D. of the Liang dynasty of China, who was a devout Buddhist) .... should finally remove the doubts of the most sceptical concerning the propriety of the literal interpretation of Asoka's distinct and categorical statement that he joined the order". 363. SMITH, V. A. “The Meaning of Piyadasi”. IA. 32.265-67. 1903. Piyadasi-- His Gracious Majesty, or His Grace. “The Rummindei Inscription, Hitherto Known as the Padariya 364. SMITH, V. A. Inscription". IA. 34. 1-4. 1905. (1) Criticism on the nomenclature ; (2) vigadabhi = flawless ; (3) atha öhāgiya = with eight shares (of land). “ Asoka's Alleged Mission to Pegu ". IA. 34.180-86. 1905. The 365. SMITH, V. A. silence of the edicts concerning the mission diproves its reality. “Unpublished Aśoka Inscription at Girnar". IA. 38.80.1909. 366. SMITH, V. A. An inquiry about a possible Asoka record near Bhimkund mentioned by C. M. in his article “Saurashtra and the Hill of South". Calcutta Review. 1878. “Asöka Notes". IA. 32.364-66. 1903. 1. Mahendra, brother of Asoka. 367. SMITH, V. A.

·379. STEIN, Otto. “Y 377. SMITH, V. A. Early History of India. Oxford. '1924. Ch. VI. Asoka Maurya. p. 162ff. Appendix H, The Inscriptions of Asoka: Bibliographical Note. pp. 180-83. Ch. VII. Asoka Maurya (contd.) For Asoka's Dhamma, etc. cf. pp. 184ff. 378. SPEYER, J. S. "L. ASOKAN HIBLIOKORATIIY 91 II. "Thc Dhamma ahimilias, or Censors of the Law of Picty : Two mo. dern Indian p2397lleis (o wla's Dharma Maliimitras. III. Aloka's father.Conies, His latlics. Confessor was Upagupta, the son of Gupta. 365. SMITNI. . ":Notes". 1:1. 3.4.200.03; 215-51. 1903. IV. Consult Ofiris in India and Greece. pp. 303.01. 1. Persian Influence on Mautyan India. pp. 201-03. VI. The meaning of Sangrik: in Roxci: Edict II. p. 215. VII. The meaning of silicio in the me: clict, and revised trans, of the cdict. 1 346.S. VIII. The kenalapults and Satiyaputra Kingdoms. pp. 3.18-51. Satiyaputra id:titiri with Tulus conlly. 359. SMITH. V. A. "Noiem". ll. 37.19.3.1. 1905. I.X. The Third Rex Edici, discussion on the last line. It contains also a Vore by F, 1, 17:17:34. 370. S:4:17!1, 1, "ia Voics", 1:1, 35.151.59. 1903. X 4 in Phica's Trover with notice of some discoveries near Patna. 371. Sx!IT!, 1... "W Volls". Tit. 39. Gi. 1910. XI. This cynolony or Sanapai: in Rock Edict II. 372. S:11711, 1. a Xose". 1A. -7.18-19. 1918. XII. Identific:lion of Touri:bapiini. The author refers to the Tämraparņi (Tinneally) river in the Tinnerelly District and not to Ceylon. 373. SMITH, V. The Edicis of Alboka. London 1903. Trans. pp. 3-41; Communlary pp. 3.76. 374. Sx11711. 1. A. 0:1 die Identity of Satiyaputra observes that it is represented by the Satyamangalım 10.1 in the Coimbatore District JRAS. 1919. 58-1 (corroic 1 lo S. K. Aiyangar's paper (set above No. 3) and in his Revick of thic Dezinnings of South Indian History. JRAS. 1919. 596-99. 375. S:11711, V. Avla: The Buddhist Emperor of India. Rulers of India Se. ries. (ist edn. 1901 ; 2nd cdn. 1909; 3rd can. 1920). Ch. I. The listory of Asoka (pp. 11-71) ...Asoka was both monk and monarch at the same time" (p. 35). Ch. III. The Monuments (pp. 107-148). General information. Ch. IV. The Rock Edicts (pp. 349-204). Translation of all Edicts (page icferences to the 2nd edn.). The Oxford History of India. Oxford. 1923. Book II, Ch. 2. Asoka Maurya and his institutions ; diffusion of Buddhism. pp. 93-110. For Rummindei inscription and Daśaratha's inscription see p. 102 and p. 117 respectively. 207 5 376. S:SITII, V. A. 1 VOJ. 11.22-2 ly Indian ·92 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY .... To be . "The conclusion seems to be that the term Yona in Asoka's time has been restricted to the Western peoples outside India To be strict, therefore, one cannot say that Asoka means by Yona Greeks alone, though essentially he might have thought the subject of these five kings (viz. Antiochos, Ptolemaios, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander) to be Greeks 380. SUBRAMANIAN, T. N. “Satiyaputra of Asoka's Edict No. 2". JRAS. 1922. 84-86. “I identify the Satyaputra with the Kośars of Kongunāļu". 381. SUBRAMANIAN, T. N. “Petenikas of Asoka's Rock Edict XIII". JRAS. 1923. 88-93. Petenika (= Sk. Paithanaka) 'identified with the Sātavāhanas of Westem India. 382. SVARUP, Bishun. "The Antiquity of Writing in India". JBORS. 8.46-64; 99-119, 1922 ; 9.347-52. 1923. Especially Introduction ; VII Formation of Brāhmi alphabet, 383. THOMA, P. J. “The Identification of Satyaputra". JRAS. 1923. pp. 411-14. Satyaputra = ruler of Satya Kingdom (probably Kolathiri) which lay towards the north of Chēraman's Kingdom (Kerala proper). 384. THOMAS, Edward. “The Early Faith-of Asoka”. JRAS 9 (NS). 155-234. 1877. Asoka was originally a Jain and was afterwards attracted towards the Buddhist ideals and doctrines. 385. THOMAS, E. J. "The Question of Zoroastrian Influence on Early Buddhism". Dr. Modi Memorial Vol. pp. 279-89. 1930. Regarding the Aśokan yona the author observes, “What conception of the Yonas, Asoka had in his mind, is naturally not easy to prove, but it is necessary to point out that it is an entirely gratuitous assumption to hold that for Asoka Yona meant Greek as distinct from Persian." 386. THOMAS, E. J. “Buddhaghosa and thee Date of Asoka ”. IC. 1.95-96. 1935. The number of years elapsed between Buddha's death and Asoka's Abhi. sheka given in Buddhaghoşa's commentary on the Vinaya is not 228 but 218. 387. THOMAS, F. W. "Sanskrit as a Spoken Language". JRAS. 1904. 460-65. the Edicts of Asoka represent a real speech of the time, a common parlance of the people ... ucāvaca (9th RE) may have reference to the following passage : atha kholüccăvaca janapadadharmā grāmadharmāś ca etc. Āśvalāyana Grhyasūtra i. 7. 1-2. 386. THOMAS, F. W. " Asoka Notes". IA. 37.19-24. 1928. No. 1X. The Third Rock Edict. (See above Smith No. 369). 389. THOMAS, F. W. -- " Ubalike and Yukta”. JRAS. 1909. 466-67. The derivation of ubalika- <ud + bali supported by the Artha sastra form ucсhulka ; the meaning of the word yuta- as 'officer' supported by the · Arthasästra use.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPIIY 93 390. THOMAS, F. W. "Los rivisili d'Agoka". JA. Sér. 10. tom. 15.507-22, 1910. 256 is thic numlxr of nights i.c. days and nights during which Asoka was away from his home. The author also surveys all carlier efforts to determine the meaning of riveas and the No. 256. 391. THOMAS, F. W. "Rupnath Edict of Asoka". JRAS. 1912. 477-81. Notes on samana, nolakana, pakama, amisā, sāvana, 392. THOMAS, F, W. "Notes on thic Edicts of Asoka". JRAS. 1914. 383-95; 751-52. (1) pradoika pp. 383.6; (2) mahmätra pp. 386-7; (3) yukla (gula) pp. 387-91 ; (41) aflablogiya pp. 391-92; (5) samāja pp. 392- 94; (6) cgri-skoridho pr. 29.1-05; additions to his notes on afhabhāgiya and samaja pr. 751-52. 393. THOMAS, F. W. "Noies on the Edicis of Asoka". JRAS. 1915. 97-112. (7) mukla-dananukia pp. 97-99; (8) paligodlia-palibodka pp. 99-106 ; (9) GS!'as0-l'istasika pp. 106-8: (10) sainsarana pp. 109-12; (11) pradeliku again p. 112. 394. THOMAS, F. W. "Noles on the Edicts of Asoka". JRAS. 1916. 113-23. (12) t'irasa pp. 113-19; (13) Some minor points; (i) tam athan, (ii) tadait'an, (iii) nijlali pp. 120.23. 395. THOMAS, F, W. "Açoka, the Imperial Patron of Buddhism". CHI. Ed. by E. J. Rapson, Vol. l. Ch. XX pp. 495-513, 1922. This chapter gives the general appreciation of Asoka's rule, his family his. tory', his ordinances and institutions, and liis personality as revealed in liis edicts. pp. 509-05 Asoka was a Buddhist monk. pp. 509-10 Trans. of R.E. IV and P.E. VII which are styled as 'The Testament of Açoka'. 396. THOMAS, F. W. "Sanskrit Masculinc Plurals in -ini". JRAS. 1924. 449-50. 397. THOMAS, F. W. "Bhāsa and Accusatives Plural Masculine in ani". JRAS. 1925. 101-07. 398. TROYER, A. "Remarks upon the Sacred Inscription of the Allahabad Pillar". JASB. 3.118.23. 1834. 399. TURNER, R. L. “The Future Stem in Asoka". BSOS. 6. 529-37. 1930-32. In the inscriptions of Asoka these two tendencies (viz. the extension of the işya- suffix and its addition to a present stem) are seen further developed. 400. TURNER, R. L. "Asokan vása- 'year'". BLSI. 2.161-64. 1932. The Asokan inscriptions have three divergent forms for 'year' and these substantiate the view that there was a tendency to differentiate várşa- (neut.) year', varşa- (masc.) and varşa- (fem.) 'rain'. 401. TURNER, R. L The Gavimath and Palkigundu Inscriptions of Asoka. Hyderabad Arch. Ser. No. 10. Calcutta. 1932. Review : W. Printz. ZDMG (NS.) 11 (87). 97. A. Duncan. AR (NS.): 30. 386. C. E. A. W. Oldham. IA. 61. 220.1. 1932. E. J. Rapson. JRAS. 1933. 4491. Description of the Find Spot & Language ; Text and Trans. Index of the words.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 102. TURNOUR, G. "Further Notes on the Columns at Delhi, Allahabad. Betiah, etc." JASB. 6.1049-64. 1937. 103. Venis, A. "Somc Notes on the Maurya Inscription at Sarnath ". JPASB. (NS.) 3.1-7. 1907. No. 256 refers to the year of Asoka's coronation reckoned from the year of Buddha's Illumination. Text and Trans. of the Sārnāth inscription together with notes on the Minor Pillar and Rock Edicts. 101. VINKAT Rao, G. "Asoka's Dhamma (Dharma)". S. K. Aiyangar Comm. Vol. pp. 252-63. 1936. Asoka was a convert to Buddhism. .... From the time of his conversion to the end of his rule, he remained an upāsaka, with progressive zeal in the cause of his new faith". It contains notes on upāsaka (pp. 258-59), sarighe upayite (pp. 259-60), dharma (pp. 260-62). -105. VENKAT.ISUBBIAH, A. 'Athabhāgiye". IA. 60.168-70 ; 204-07. 1931. ațlabhā. giye aşlabloga (-lējassvāmya)-bhāgi. 106. VENKATESWARA, S. V. Satiyaputra in the Second Rock Edict of Asoka ". JRAS. 1918. 541-42 ; also IA. 48.24. 1919. They were a people or country with Kanchipura as capital. -107.- VIDYALANKAR, Satyaketu. Máurya Samrajya-kā Itihāsa (In Hindi). 408. VOGEL, J. Ph. "Epigraphical Discoveries at Sarnath". EI. 8.166-71. 1905-6. I. Inscriptions of the Asoka Pillar' : Text, Trans. and Remarks. 409. VyAs, Suryanarayana. "Samrāt Asoka' athavã Samprati". (In Hindi) NPP. 16.1-65. Vikram Samvat 1992 (A.D. 1935). The author arrives at the astonishing conclusion that the edicts ascribed to Asoka do not belong to him but to king "Samprati". They are again more related to Jainism than to Buddhism. 410.* WALLESER, Max. Das Edict von Bhabra. Zur Kritik und Geschichte. Leipzig. 1923. Review : L. D. Barnett. JRAS. 1924. 485. 411. WALLESER, Max. "Zur Deutung des Edikts von Bhabra ". ZII. 3.113-15. 1925. 412. WESTERGAARD, N. C. See above Jacob, L. G. and .... No. 175. 413. WICKREMASINGHE, M. De. Z. “On the Etymology and Interpretation of Certain Words and Phrases in the Asoka Edicts". BSOS. 6.545-48. 1930-2. (1) Parisă pi yule añapayisati gaṇaņāyari RE. III (Girnar). (2) Ta aja devānampriyasa .. divyāni rupāni dasayitpa janań RE. IV. (Girnar), (3) Save kāle buijamānasa me .... pațivedatha iti RE. VI. (Gimár). (i) vacasi = 'in the chapel (or temple)'. (ii) vinīta = 'a path leading to the various parks'. 414. WILSON, H. H. “On the Rock Inscriptions of Kapur-di-Giri, Dhauli and Girnar". JRAS. 12.153-252. 1850. The author was the first scholar to dispute connection between Buddhism and Asaka's dharma. Cf. the concluding observation on p. 234f. 6 ·ta ASOKAN DIBLIOGRAPHY 95 415. WILSON, H. H. "Buddhist Inscription of king Priyadarsi”. JRAS. 16.357-67. 1856. Taxt, Trans, and Observations on the Bariat-Bhabra Edict. .... Priyadarsi, whoever he may have been, was a follower of Buddha". 416. WINTERNITZ, M. Allistory of Indian Literature, Vol. II, (Eng. Tr.) Calcutta. 1933. Appendix III. Bhäbrú-Bairat Edict of Asoka. pp. 606-609. We shall thcrcfore not be unduly bold in arguing from the Edict that, at the time when it was written, there was a canonical collection of Sutta and Vinaya texts in the Māgadhi language". 417. WOOLNER, A. C. Asoka, Text and Glossary. Punjab Univ. Orient. Publ. 2 parts. Calcutta. 1924. Reviews : S, M. Edwardcs. IA. 55.180. T. Michelson. JAOS. 46.26-1-65. J. Charpentier. JRAS. 1926. 135-37. Part I. Introduction : List of Inscriptions, Location of Rocks and Pillars. Contents and Tilles of the Edicts, pp. ix-xviii ; Scripts pp. xviii-XX ; Dialects, pp. xx-xxii. Text (in Roman Script) pp. 1-52. Part II. A complete Index of Asokan words pp. 53-151. Index of Sanskrit roots. pp. 153-6. 418. WOOL.NER, A. C. "Quinquennial Circuits or Transfers of Asoka's Officials ". Joum. Punj. Univ. Hist. Soc. 1.108-12. 1932. Objections to Jayaswal's rendering of anusaviyāna by 'transfer '. (see above No. 181). LIST OF SOME INCOMPLETE REFERENCES 419. BARTH, M. Journal des Savants. 1897. p. 65ff. 420. BÜHLER, G. WZKM 9. 175fi. 421. BÜHLER, G. Academy. 27th April, 1895. Preliminary note on the Nigliva Edict. 422. BÜHLER, G. Anzeigen der phil.-hist. Classes der Winer Akademie. 7th Jan. 1897. 423. BÜHLER, G. Trans. Vienna-Academy. 1897. (Quoted by Smith, JRAS. 1897. 618). 424. DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. Academy. 14th July 1877. p. 37. 425. FÜHRER. Pioneer, Dec. 1896. Points out the importance of Paderia inscription for the topography of an. cient India and the sacred history of the Buddhists. 426. MICHELSON, T. AJP. 1909 and 1910. 427. MICHELSON, T. TAPA. 40. 428. MORRIS. Academy. 1891. 429. NEUMANN. Trans. of the Digha-Nikāya 2.225f., and R. Accademia dei Lincei, Rendicanti, 22. 695ff. Discussion on lāti at Sahasram and the No. 256. 430. NOBEL, Joh. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 1924. 26ff. (For Bhābrū edict). 431. PISCHEL, R. Academy. 11th Aug. 1877. p. 145. Forms vivutha and vyutha < Pāli vivuttha and vyuttha < Skt. vyuşita- and vyuşta. 432. PISCHEL R. GGA, 1881. p. 1321. samāja = 'battue'. 433. PISCHEL R. SBA 1904. 807f. (for Bhābrū edict). .

·96 ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 434. SENART, E. L'Epigraphic et l'Histoire Linguistique de l'Inde. Comptes rendus de l'Akadémic des Inscriptions. 1886. pp. 66-89. 135. SENART, E. JA. Sér. 11. tom. 7.4341. lali = (cf. K, VIII, F). 436. SENART, E. Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Incriptions. 1907. p. 25. For Samath Inscription. 437. WELLER, F. Asia Major. 5.166. 1930. (For Bhābrů edict). 438. Classical Philology. 5. 439. Journal des Savants. 1877. 440. The Canara High School Magazine I. No. 1. p. 65ff., No. 3. p. 101ff. SOME ADDITIONS 1. BARUA, B. M. Asoka And His Inscriptions. Calcutta. 1946. Part I deals with such subjects as Personal History, Empire, Administration, Dharma, Dharma-Vijaya, etc. Appendix : Asoka and his Dhamma Culture by: Dr. Ishwarlal Topa. Part II deals with the following aspects of the inscriptions : Bearings on Literature, Bearings on Dialects, Phrascology and Style, Grammar and Pho. nology. Reviery : M. A. MEHENDALE. Social Wefare, 25th July, 1947. 2. BARUA, B. M. Asoka's Example And Brahman Animosity". Modern Review. 87.59-62. 1947. "Asoka does not seem to have interfered with the Varnasrama-dharma ; he duly honoured and actively supported all sects, the Brahmanas and the Sramanas of all orders and denominations. The sectarian caprices of certain later Brahmanist writers need not stand in the way of our appraisal of the shaping influence of Asoka's great example". 3. MAJUMDAR, B. K. " Asoka's Services to Buddhism". The Nery Review, 26.27-30. 1947. The popularity of Buddhism all over India and outside due to the missionary activities of Asoka. 4. MEHENDALE, M. A. “The Message of Asoka". Bharata Jyoti, November 10, 1946. Asoka's ideas about dhamma and his contribution to the maintenance of religious harmony. 5. MEHENDALE, M. A. " Asoka va tatkālīna Samskriti" (In Marathi). Chitramaya Jagat, November, 1947. Aéoka's teachings, his Administration, and the significance of the dharmacakra symbol. 1 ! NOTE ON BIBLIOGRAPHY An attempt is made here to classify the above Bibliography according to the subject matter of the entries therein. The importance of arranging a Bibliography in an alphabetical order as above for ready reference need hardly be stressed. The subjectwise classification given below of the above articles by giving references to their num bers in this Bibliography will help the reader to pick out those articles and works which ·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPIIY 97 interest him most. Incidentally this classification also indicates the various aspects from which these inscriptions could be studicd. 1. Text, translation and Notes (some of the articles give only the text or only the translation). (il) of all exlicts together : 26, 28, 34, 92, 101, 142(a-8), 171, 194, 206, 2-18, 269, 302, 33.1, 3.17, 373, 375, 117. (b) of some or all Major Rock Edicts : 21, 37, 44, 51, 54, 58, 59, 64-70, 76, 78, 172, 173, 175, 179, 195, 196, 263, 270, 282, 283, 306, 317, 318, 319, 322, 327-331, 337, 338, 310, 363(VII), 395. (c) of some or all Major Pillar Edicts : 37; 50, 52, 57, 71, 72, 119, 195, 214, 277, 279, 280, 320, 321, 332, 333, 392. (d) Of Minor Rock Edicts : Saliasram, Rūpnāth, Bairat : 48, 55, 129, 160, 323 ; llysore Group : 56, 60, 289, 290, 291, 339; Bhābrã : 37, 201, 210, 323, 335, .115: Maski : 170, 303 (also 132); Kopbā| 401 ; Yerragudi : 13, 1.4, 258-293, 350. (c) Or Minor Pillar Edicts : Sürnithi : 47, 403, 408, 436 ; Säñci : 47, 161 ; Allahabad : 47, 52, 163, 245, 321 ; Rummindei : 63, 84, 242, 255, 376; Nigāli Sigar : 63, 355. (1) Or Cave Inscriptions : 53, 78, 174, 278, 323, 376. (8) Doubtfully attributed to Asoka : 83, 155, 223, 237, 366. II. Discussions on some passages in inscriptions : A passage occurring in a particular cdict will have very probably been discussed where the whole edict is studied. The cntrics numbered below only treat of some specific passages selected for discussion. (a) Major Rock Edicts : General : 45, 215; Re III : 125, 344, 369, 388, 413; RE IV: 86, 162, 413; RE VI : 413 ; RE VIII : 43(ii), 96; RE XII : 78(86); Separate Edicts : 78($3), 244. (b) Major Pillar Edicts : General : 215; PE IV: 35, 140 ; PE V: 87; PE VI : 344 ; PE VII : 30(4), 344. (c) Minor Rock Edicts : General : 22, 27, 94, 109, 125, 252 ; Rūpnāth : 165, 260 ; Bliábrā : 151, 152, 358 ; Maski : 117. (d) Minor Pillar Edicts : Sārnath : 165. (e) Cave inscriptions : 78(87). III. Notes on individual words : Here also a particular word will have been probably discussed where the edict in which it occurs is studied. The following list mentions only those articles where some specific words have been dealt with. (a) On various words : 75, 78(84, $5), 102, 133, 157, 164, 165, 176, 181, 182, 188, 189, 193, 194, 215, 227, 235, 242, 243, 244, 249, 271, 338, 393, 394, 404. abhihāle : 73; adhakosiya : 124, 147 ; adhigicya : 231'; agniskandha (and some other words in Major RE IV): 2, 23, 392, 413;'anubandha : 227 ; ambäkipilikā : amisā : 12, 42, 391 ;anusanyāna : -12, 181, 297, 298, 418; anyatra : 78; āsinava“: 78, 227 ; athā : 235; athabhagiya : 262, 297, 298, 364, 392, 405; ayaputa (and some other words): 29, 62 ; bhāge arime: 352 ; bhatamayesu : 30; cikīcha : hari- 368 ; deva : 205 ; devānampiya : 199, 359 dhaṁmacarana : * 13 180;

·0) ASOKAN DIALOX RAPHY mrzlipi 185; dhiainclav;hlin 30; dharnavijaya 107; duālale : 216, ***, 352: (nampalipadaye : 2:1:1 ; chaca : 155; cladalhi : 213 ; gana. 3:1:"297, 298, 13; 86160: 227, 291; Pilnikilala : 180, 352; kubha: %*:; 10;1;:29,4; lüli : "29), 135 ; lukso : 232 ; malamilro : 102, 298, 372, 357, 3:2; 1:01:folo : 180; muh:10 : 227, 393 (alen daramul:ha); r!'c': 175; 13:00:isa : 305, 227 ; nosavla : 3), 235; nijhali : 12, 30, 171, 39: ; ::n mira: 316; pada : 61 ; palan.a, palai:ama : 391 ; pali- Botic : 303 ; poisi : 13. 178, 207, 203 ; pofiredala : 205 ; Pigadasi : 333; précsil:(: : !16 injulia ; Tajuk:6 : 20.7.), 181, 247, 297, 298, 299, *?. 393 ; :61:ai:la : 368 ; 901 r;i : 391 ; saihodli : 24, 29, 43, 98 ; ovidrih: 257; scriisi:(: : 12; 50:ūjo : 25, 43, 200, 274, 297, 203, 392, 32; mipai: : 371 ; 5Grochora : 6, 130, 159 ; silma: 391 ; simale : 357 ; ubolika : 125, 217, 262, 299, 303, 359; ncăraca: 387; ulli:010: 1.9, 233, 23; I'aco and taco-blinil:o : 1, 12, 182, 298, 310, 413; lis.ca(bbi): 130. 253, 364 ; l'irilo : 18, 182, 310, 413; yulla: 43, 307. 31 : 360 : see alxsve raju:. 11. Tiiu V. 25% and allicd problems : 6, -3, 6, 92, 120, 121, 125, 129, 130, 131, 158, 159, 160, 166, 167, 168, 211, 212, 254, 255, 261, 370, 03, 429, 435. 1. loquisic Studies! : S,'19, 25, 39, 40, 89, 92, 136, 142(i-1), 145, 146, 145, 163, 191, 191, 226-229, 235, 316, 315, 316, 325, 326, 334, 395, 397, 393, 400, 417. Vi. Palacgraphic Studies: : 29, 81, 92, 103, 145, 157, 176, 212, 213, 222, 242, 316, 335, 352, 417. VII. Social and Economic Aspeels : 7, 28, 225, 297, 298. VIII. Chronology : (a) Asokan : 6, 118, 122, 129, 169, 186, 250, 251, 301, 347, 345, 356. (b) of the Edicts : 12, 141, 142(k), 3412. (c) Dates of Edicts : Re XIII : 115, 312. Rünnath : 153. 1X. Studics in Blübrā Edict : la) General : 10, 41, 43, 99, 99, 249, 411, 416. (b) Special with reference to the identification of passages : 11, 95, 97, 100, 114, 116, 203, 209, 211, 236, 239, 261, 265, 266, 410. X. Identification of Places, Peoples, and Kings : (a) Alikasundara : 115. Antiochus : 85, 281. (c) Asoka : 345. (d) Kāluvāki : 15. (c) Paladas and Andhras : 38, 187, 353. (f) Petenikas : 230, 381. (8) Satiyaputra : 3, 4, 5, 9, 21, 33, 77, 110, 111, 112, 263, 284, 286, 295, 300, 368 (also Keralaputra), 374, 380, 383, 406. (h) Yavana : 138, 351, 379, 385. Places : Aparāmta : 187(II, III); Ashashu : 183, 187(V); Jambudvīpa : 188; Lumbini : 378; Tambapamni : 307, 372; Tosali : 305, 349 ; Suvamnagiri : 259. 1. Also cf. J. Canedo, Zur wort- und Satzstellung in der alt- und mittle-indischen Prosa. Indische Palacography. Eng. Tr. Appendix to IA 33 (1904), and G. H.-Ojha. Palaeography of India. 2. Also cf. Bühler.

·ASOKAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 XI. Asoka's religion and his mission : (a) Asoka, a Buddhist : 7, 16(?), 28, 29, 48, 53, 82 (personal religion), 93, 127 (personal), 139 (later liſc), 1.12(11), 150(?), 171 (IV-V), 188, 194, 200(?), 208, 218, 248 (personal), 291, 296(?), 307 (later life), 313 (personal), 3-13, 362, 375(1), 376, 377, 334 (later liſc), 395, 404, 415. (b) Asoka, a llindu : 91, 101, 103, 107(VII), 107, 108, 109, 154, 304, 414. (c) Asoka, a Jain : 177, 236(?), 316, 354 (early liſe), 409. (d) Asoka, an Ajirika : 139 (carly liſc). (c) Asoka, a non-sectarian : 13, 15, 82 (in his tcaching), 127 (in his teaching), 215. (1) Asoka, a missionary : 28, 187(V), 218, 289, 312, 365. XII. Administration : 7, 28, 29, SS, 140, 142(1), 171, 187(IV), 297, 298, 341, 354, 369, 418. XIII. Authorship : 48, 49, 1.12(1), 171, 207, 256, 324, 334, 347, 356, 357, 360, 409. XIV. Individual works on Asoka : 7, 28, 153, 218, 248, 347, 375. XV. Chapters on Asoka in different works : 32, 100, 171, 192, 197, 198, 206, 269, 274, 287, 3-6, 376, 377, 395, 107. XVI. Notes on findspots, their nomenclature, ctc : 31, 36, 79, 80, 90, 91, 123, 144(?), 156, 184, 190, 202, 267, 272, 275, 276, 292, 336, 361, 370, 398, 402, 414, XVII. Progress of Studics, Bibliographics : 28, 113, 135, 171 (introduction), 299, 375, 377 (C. VÌ).