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·Table of Contents. CHITET I , The Khalsa rıllages Physical Features, I cgetation, Soils and Painfall PIRAS Pages 1 The Lhal a villages 1 2 Physical configuration 1 3 Streams Vegetation 9 5 Soils 6 lunfall 1 CII 1 PTTR II Ime alter tl and 7 astoral population Cultuated Area Crops Agriculture, Lattle 6 7 J 10 10 7 Agricultural and pastoral population 8 Cultivation aren 9 Principal Crops 10 Vethols of Agricult ire 11 Irrigtion 12 Cattle C11P1TR III Tejures, Tiscal Ilestory precious to the Summary Settlement 13 Tenures 14 The Ralstoi conquest 15 Thngurs e tutes 16 Pie Rahtor villages 17 loun ling of villages in the Khalsa area 19 Resume of Tenures 19 Effect of Summary Settlement on tenures 20 liscal arrivements prior to the Summary Settlement 21 Tahsıl Anurgarh 21(a)Tahsıl Suratgarh 22 Tahsil Huumingarh 23 1 insal Bhadra Tahsil N2jgirl Conclusions CII IPUI The Surnar, Settlement 26 General 117+lue of the Summary Settlement 27 The measurement 29 The 1 sessment 29 Status of chaudhris under the new arrin cments 30 Jounder of otlicr cultivators in the farm 31 Chabs 32 Assessment circles 33 The pitch of the nese ment and the revenue lates "1 Comparison with rent mtes in the Hasar Di trict 3. Tliu werhing of tic Scttlement Vizamıt Smit, arh 36 Tah ils Bhadr and lygırlı 37 The Clunk 12 I! 13 13 11 17 18 19 20 20 21 92 23 21 25 26 26 27 25 ·Paras, PAGES 35 ... 35 The Nali area 39 'Tahsil Anupgarlı :10 Subor linate Revenue Staff General conclusions 36 ... 39 . ... 38 CHAPTER V. een ... 38 39 .. .. ... ... 48 19 . 50 .. 5 1 ... ... Proposals for the Solilement in progress. Preliminary 13 Cicncrul principles Their application to Bikaner -15 The first system applicd to Nizamnt Suratgarlı The Scconel system applice to Nizamat Suratgarlı 17 System proposcl .IS Assessment of waste in Suratgarlı 19 Sajji income 50 Future treatment of chaks 51 Talısils Kolar, Rajgarh and Bhadra ... 5: Applicability of the first system of assessment to these Tilsils 53 Thcsccon system Other tracts 55 Resume of rights in regard to possession of land, Proprietors. :50 Tenants 57 Alicnations and transfers of proprietary and other rights 58 Pitch of the assessment in the future 59 Assessment rates 60 Talisil Rajgarlı 61 Talisil Bhadra 62 "Tahsil Xohar 63 Tahsil Hanumangarh . 0. Talsil Mirzarrala 65 Tahril Suratgarh 66 Tahsil Anupgarh 67 Other tracts 68 Final results 69 The Nali arca 52 33 55 56 ... ... 57 ös 53 59 ... ... 00 ... ... ... 61 61 ... .. ... ... 62 62 03 63 ... : : : CHAPTER VI. 68 Settlement Operations. 70 Tlie nature of the work involved in the Settlement 71 Method of Survey 72 Progress of the Survey 73 Establishment and expenditure 69 69 ... .. APPENDICES. mento Statement 1. Area and Revenue. II. Proposed rates and assessment. III. Progress of Survey. IV. Establishment and expenditure.

·CHAPTER I. The Khalsa Villages, Physical Features, Soils, Rainfall 1 The hlalsi villages of Bibanti are situated in various portions of the State Ti Khalsa lla,es. Lacluding the Tibi yıllages, with which this settlement is not concerney they number in all 654, of these, 438 ure situated in a practically continuous block in the northern Nizmat of Surntgarh, which consists almost entirely of khalsa villages In the castern Nizamıt of Reni, there are 147 khalsa villages, situated for the most part in Tuhsıls Bhadr and R jgırh, the numbers in these Talısıls being respectively 68 and 39 The Bikaner Tuhsil has the next largest number of Such villages, 21 ml-While the remaining few are very sparsely scattered through the other Tihsıls of the State It will thus be seen tlint the majority of the Khal n villages are situzted in the noi theru and eastern portions of the State The Bihar er State is situated in the northern corner of Rajputann, and thc ,reater part of it is included within the limits of the Ily call configurat on unproductive anıl ill watered plan of undulating and luch stretches north and north west of the Arivallis It is The southern, central, and western portions of the State form a plain of the lightest class of sandy soil, broken at shoit inters als by ridges (dhora or tha) of almost pure sanc, which, in some parts, more especially in the centre and south are of very considerable height Ocasionally an extensive level expanse (tal) of filmer sol murbed by the ab ence of these sandy ridges is met with South west <£ Bikmer Cits towards the Jaisalmer border, there is a trict of level, firm, and somew hit stonsoil, which is furly productive under gool runfull we is known as the Magra In the south western portion of the Ampgarh Tahsil, the uren known as Chitrang presents curious features an extensive plain of liard les el soil, luch, owing to the excessive presence of untur il salts, 19 unfitted for the procluction of crops The saj und lanı plants, from both of which soda 13 estensiely manufactured, grow, lionever, in this arer in abundance Loir sind hills, which ber a fur crop of grass, occur here and there in this tract The northern limut of the sandy tract may be roughly dlrunn at the oll bel of the Ghogar, svluch runs in 1 westerly direction throngh the Suntgul Mizumat Light soil is inet with for some distance north thie Glugger but the lofts sant hulls characteristic of the centri and western portions of the State come to an abrupt stop on its soutliern banh The northern boun lars of the sandy tmct (dhora) runs erstward along the southern bank of the Gluggar to tlie village of Rangmahal, a few miles ast of Suratgarh , it then turns m 1 south eastern direction through the Noliar I ili al and finnlly atins southward, in 4 more or less definite line along the Western boundary of the Reni lizimat into the Sujan Farh Dramat, $0 012 into Vinrwar Borond the Glnggar, the soil bromas more les cl and leca sindy 15 Nemo 101 thusard, ul thin northern 1 ortion of the Sumth Nizamnt is the ·6iscons. ( 2 ) most fertile part of the State, so far as quality of soil is concerncit. Iu Tahsils Nolar and Bhadra north-cast, and cast of the boundary of the central sandy tract described above, we meet with fairly level soil intersperscil more or less thickly with sand ridges, but these are of no great height. They becoine less frequent as the castern boundary of the State in Tahsil Bhadra is approached, and here the soil is generally level with a considerable admixture of loam in place of san. Turning south agnin sandly ridges and light soil are common in the linjgarh Tahsil, in west of this thic central sandy tracts are again met withi. There are no rocky hills in the State except at the south-cast, corner near the point of trijunction of the borilers of Bikaner, Jaipur and Unrunr. 3. "The old lad of the Glaggar is a curious physical feature. It has been already referral to). In former times, the Cilaggar was vo doubt a river of considerable size carrying a large volume of wnter, and prolalily joined the Sutlej after flowing through Bikaner and Bahawalpur. This state of things has long since caused to exisl. Tlie led is now (lry except after tlic rains, and cven then the water marcly flow's more than a mile or two west of Hamningar). A Rnbahn from a branch of the Sarlina Crnal runs through six villages in the Northern angle of the Virzuwala Tahsil. Its object was to give these villages the benefit of thic waste water from the Cannl, but there has been no flow for several years. A small nula or shallow depression runs worthward :icross the border of Shekhawati into : few villages situated to the south of Hajgarh. In years of sufficient rainfall, the stream brings down il certain volume of water, but it is of little or no use for agricultural purposes. The Western Jumna Canal runs westward across the Hissar Doriler as far as Bhadra. Practically only waste water comes down it and the aupply for irrigation purposes is uncertain. There are no other streams what ever in tlic Statc. 1. With the exception of grasses, which will be noticed below, Bikaner can boast of but a very scanty vegetation. The commonest Vegetation. trce is the jand or khejra ; in the more level and firmer soils the beri is soinctimes seen, and the kikar is occasionally met with north of thic Glaggar ; the babul, a stunted hikar, and the phey are common on the sand hills, especially the latter. The sajji (salsolu) is an important and valuable plant which grows plentifully in the firm soil north of the Ghaggar and in the Chitrang arca of Anupgarh ; as noted above considerable quantities of soda are manufactured from this plant. The lani, a plant of the same species, but of a darker colour, is generally found in conjunction with the sajji. It yields soda of an inferior quality. The pala bush is common in the more level and less sandy soils. The jal, kair and ak are also not ufreqnently met with. Foils. 5. The nature and distribution of soils in the State generally will be clear from the above sketch of its physical configuration. It will only be needful here to make a few additional remarks on the soils in the northern and eastern portions of the State which contain the bulk of the Khalsa villages. In the portion of the Anupgarh and Suratgarh Tahsils, which lies to the south of the Ghaggar bed, the soil consists of a more or less continuous succession of ridges (dhora or tiba) of light sand, between which are valleys locally known as johul or druri of firmer and, in some places, of loany ·(3) soil These valleys occasionally expand into level plains of considerable estent, and are then known as tals The soil on the summits of the ridges is generally too light for tillage, but with suitable runfall fur crops can be raised on their sides (utar) and especially in the valleys which benefit by the drainage of rain water from the sand hills Too heavy rain will, however, wash away the seed sown on the sides of the ridges, and the utar fields, being of lighter soil, annot stand continuous cultivation for so long a period as the pohul or tal fields, the soil of which is firmei Immediately north of the Gluggar, in the Anupgarh and Suratgarh Tahsıls, the soil is light and sandy, but more level than that to the south, and it becomes inore level towards the north The soil in the northern portion of the Anupgarh Talısıl 19 locally known as bagg. It is generally lesel and principally consists of n light loum, which would be productive under sufhcient irrigation Thc soil in the northern portion of the Suratg irh Tahsıl is of the same kind, but although there are no sunily tbas the level 15 frequently broken by pieces of light rising soil called maira Continuing northw zrels into the Virzanali Tulisıl the soil becomes more level (cun) anel firmer, sand vany place to a larger zdını tule of lorm The extreme western portion of the localı fahsıl conting some light candy soil, and in the south cistern corner there is some mura lind, but more than lif tlic Talısıl, und especially the northern und north estern portion, is a les cl cspinse of good firm loim (hati), which in places becomes clay ish i fow los sind lilla are occasionally met with The loamy soil stretches right ucross the upper portion of the Hanumangırl falısıl to the borders of the Hissar District, and improved, ff any tlung, 18 we go eastward It is of 2 yellowish tinge anii 14 locally hnown 7 pule mitte It retains moistinc well and with proper urigation it would be ciable of producing the lughest classes of crop In a fen villages in the north cant coiner of the Hinumingarh Tahsıl, there is some lightisit ancien muira soil, the iclica prolibly of an incient drunge linc locally known as "Xal' Troin north to south the soil in the Hanumangarh Talısıl gradually become lighter (polo) und more intermisc with sand, and the level is broken here and there loy Sandy mairas of gentle slope In fict, thic Hanumangarh Trhal on the mst exhibits much the same grn.lations of oil from so ith to north 2do the Surntgarlı and Mirzala Tahsils on the west The loumy soul of the upper portions of the Mirzanalı and Hanumangarh Tahsil, ilthough intrinsically superior to the lighter and more sandy soil to the south, is perliups less adapteil to the scantiness of the local runfall Leg moisture is requisite for germination anl growth in the Inter than in the former, and in consoquen“, 1 crop of sumo sort will grow in the sandy wul on a scinty runfall, under which the lener loim woull remain insown, but with a fuir supply of moisture, the latter will give crops fır supperior to 21 thing that can be taken from the former , oning, morcover, to the greater es aporition from light soil, more frequent fills of rim are required to renew the suppls of moisture that is the case in a loamy one lhe better class of cultivator- in the long tracts recognise thus fict by giving a preliminiry ploughing (par) to such lands in Februrry ou Vircle The result is that the light sandy particles, crried by the fummer durut stons, tre caught in the plough rilge, anl miong with the loun rent r the oil 1liter and more fuble (pl. In thr troctv of sinds loim ·(1) immedintely north of the Chnggar in Tab-ils Suratgarh and Hanumangarh the levcl loam is often overspread by drifts of sand, and its capabilities are tempo. rarily reduced in consequencr; this is frequently caused by the wind carrying off the lighter surface soil from an atbildoned field leaving the land subsoil exposçd. In the changer leid for its whole length froin Anupgarh to Hanumangarlı the soil is a hard lo:111, which incrriz-24 in krilness and consistency till the centre of the bod is reached. The almixture of clay increases its we go enstward ; and the soil becomes of a darker tingre. About Ilanumangarh the action of the floods in carrying off the silicious particles has mule the soil of the Glagar bud almost entirely a clay which cannot be cultivated mless well moistencil by floods. The area of the Glagar bed is knoon its the nali, while the tract on cither siile of it na dlhura or rohi, according as the quantity of light us -vil is greator ur les The quortion of the 1anumangarh Tatlısil south of the liberar is generally a level plain of lighti-li lo:um broken here there by rently sloping and hills, which grauually develop into : Scression of sundy ridges with loumy valleyo between 1- the limit of the central -:my frict is approached on the sonthern borlor of the Talvil. The northeastern portion of the Solar Tahsil, incluling Solar it:ell, in fairly level, sund the soil is generally and lo:um interspersed with bits of rising ground of lighter soil, and this continues into the northern portion of the Bhadra Tahsil, the soil becoming mere level and the quantity of loan greater towards the coast. In the south-western portion of the Bhailm Talısil we come to the neighbourhool of the central samly truet, and the poil liere consists of light sandy ridges of considerable licight with tals of firmer but still candy soil between. Thic tals arc, of course, proferred for cultivation ; the firmer soil is not, so casily caught on carricil away by the wind, the rainfall sinks nuore in situ in the lul than on the sides of the ridges from which it drains ofi, and thirilly it is easier to work the plough on tlic level tal than on a sloping rilge. East of thin, the sand ridges become less frequent all of less hciglit nul the soil more level and with more loam. In short, in the castorn portion of Bhadra to the south of the Canal the soil is a good loam well adapted by a sufficient admixture of sand to the conditions of the local rainfall; it is generally level with the exception of a few bits of lighter rising grom here and there. In the south-eastern corner on the Rajgarh border the soil is more loamy than elsewhere. South and trest of this, thic soil of the Rajgurh Tihsil gradually becomes less level and the sand hills are more frequently met with and are of a great height. This Tahsil may be describerl as a tract of light, ineren saundy soil, but the tibus or sand ridges are less ligh and more cultivable than in the central sandy tract to the west, and extensive tals of sirmier soil are common. Innfall. 6. In the entire absence of artificial irrigation, and with an almost imperceptible area capable of being benefited by natural floods, the rainfall is, of course, the natural factor of prime importance in the agricultural economy of the State. Though primarily neeiled for the grain crops, it is scarcely less necessary for the grass crop on the quality of which thie large number of cattle in the State, forming one of the principal parts of the wealth of the rural population, is almost exclusively cependant. In addition to ·( 7 ) The more eusterly chals were generally taken by such persons, but it was difficult to dispose of those situated more to the west In many cases in Tahsıl Suratgarh and in Talısıl Anupgarh (which was not settled till St. 1947) the chats were finally leased to the chuudhris of the villages from which they had been originally cxcluded The persons with whom i chal was settled were prictically lessees of the chach for n term of years, and they received a patta or lease containing the conditions on which they held As lessees they were not to collect rents at rates in excess of those used in friming the assessments of villages in the subdivision of the Tahsıl in which the chal was situated The assessment of the chal itself which was payable by the lessees, had been framed at rates slightly lower than the village rates In the above as well as in other respects the lessees of the chals were in the same position is the chaudhris or farmers in the villages, they had a small initial profit on the area cultivated at the time of the lease, but in order to meet the progressive assessment of the chrks year by year and to secure margin of profit for tliemselves they would have to get a certain aren brought under cultuntion erch yeur Though there was apparently no clear and definite decision on the point I inagme th it as between the farmer or chaudhri of a village and the lessee (gırında) of 1 chak there was this difference that whereas no landlord claim of any sort was conferred on the chaudhrı or village farmer it was contemplated that the lessee (gırında) of a chal would have such a clum in or ler to provide him with a greater inducement to develope cultivation in his chak Such claim was subject to limitations qx de crul cel above and was to be of a temporary nature at first and to ripen into a perinnent one if during the period of his lease the lessee fulfilleil the conditions imposed on lum At all events it is pretty clear that ininy Punjab Sikhs who have taken chals or shares thercof look upon themselves as holding what is practually proprietarı right in the soil of these chats subject to the payment of the Rrj gasessment The de rec of success sluch his attended the above measures for increasing the cultivated area till be noticed below June 32 lor the purposes of assessment the Talısıls in which the Khalsa villages Acwpusment ccés or kub were situnted in continuous or fairly continuons blocks were duae into circles in the orthodou nanrer I cluelin; the Vali nel wluch was not dealt with in the Summary Settlement the Hanımıngırh Tahsil was dauded into three circles , of these two lny to the north of the Nalı zrez and one to the south, of the two former, the northern onc, calleel the First Circle consisted of the tract of firm loamy soul which has bech already described, and the southern one, called the Second Circle, of the trict of lighter but still loomy soil to the north of the Gbagnr The part of the Trhal south of the Glager was called the Third Circle, The Suratgarh Tahsil was devuded into two circles , one cilled thc Utaradh consister of the trict north of the Charger, and the other, called Dhora, ite xinly tract to the south of it The Sali or Gharger area was as in Hanumangarh excluded from the settlement After tlie completion of the Settlement a les Tihsil 17e constituted with its heil quirters at llirzayı ala and it consisted of de ·( 28 ) western portion of the First Circle in the Hanumangarlı Tahsil, of two villages from the Second Circle and the northern half of the Utaradh circle of Suratgarh. As already noticed the Anupgarh Tahsil was not settled till St. 1947, (1890 A. D.) and then only for two years. Excluding the Nali area, it was divided into the Baggi circle to the north of the latter, the Dhora I circle consisting of the eastern part, and the Dhora II circle of the western part of that portion of the Tahsil which lies to the south of the Nali area. 33. ment and the reventic ratcs. The Bhadra Tahsil was divided into the Tal circle which included the loamy tract on the Hissar border, the Tal Tibba circle in the centre, which included villages in which there was more sandy soil, and the Tibba circle on the west which consisted of more purely sandy soil. The Rajgarh Tahsil in which the soil is generally uniform was not divided into circles. In fixing the rates to be used for calculating the fixed assessments of villages much importance appears to have been attached to The pitch of the assessthe amount of the collections for the decade previous to the Settlement and to their incidence on the area cultivated at Settlement, but little attention appears to have been paid to the rent or revenue rates prevalent in the adjacent British districts. As a general principle it appears to have been assumed that because the State had prior to the Settlement nominally not realized anything from the cultivators on account of waste land that therefore the previous collections had been all along paid by the cultivator from the profits of cultivation and that he had enjoyed the full income from the waste without having to pass on any share to the State ; this led to the further assumption that the incidence of former collections upon the area cultivated at Settlement was a more or less close approximation to the rate at which the cultivator could fairly be called upon to pay for his cultivated land in addition to meeting an assessment on the waste area which he had hitherto enjoyed free of charge. Both assumptions were obviously incorrect ; because the State had not chosen to levy anything from the cultivator under the express form of an assessment on account of profits from waste, it did not in the least follow that as a fact the cultivator did not pay a considerable portion of the amounts levied from him under whatever name from the profits which he made out of the waste, and especially from his cattle which grazed there. In dealing with previous collections care seems to have been taken to confine the process to collections connected with the land and to exclude others, such as customs duties, fines and a large variety of cesses of other kinds; but the above remarks apply even after such exclusion is allowed for. It thus came about broadly speaking that in addition to the average amounts which had been collected in previous years the farmers or thekadars had to pay an assessment on the whole waste area occupied or unoccupied after deduction of one-third in Talsils Bhadra and Rajgarh and one-fourth in the Suratgarh Nizamat. The rates used for calculating the assessments do not appear :noreover to have been tested by applying them to particular villages and considering whether the villages would in view of their condition pay to the farmers the sums so calculated. The rates used will be found in full detail in the vernacular Settlement Report and in Settlement Il appended to this Report.

·Anis 7 4ں rtsinth IT t T ( 29 ) In Izlısıls Bliura und Rajgarh the rate on cultivation tried between 5 annra 3 pies per Bikaneri vigha=( 37 acre) in the eastern part of the Bhadr Tahsıl to 4 annis 3 pies in the Rajgarh Tahsıl generully. The rate for occupied vrste viried from 9 pies to ( pies and for that which was unoccupied from 6 pies to 3 pies per bigha In the Hanunin garlı Tahsıl tlie rates for cultivation in the three circles taking them in order from the north, were respectively, 4 annis 6 pies, 4 3 pies, 3 annis I pues, per pakka bigha, ( acre) The rates for occupied and unoccupied waste were i anna, 9 pies, 6 pies, pler, 6 pies, 4 pies per bigha respectivelt In Suitgarh the rates for the two cucles recognised Utaradh and Dhora, were foi cultuı ition 2 1901 9 pies, and 2 annas 3 pies, per Bikanerı bigla , for Occupiel waste 9 pies and 6 pies inil for unoccupied waste u pies and 3 pies In comparing the t rites sith those pres alent in the Hissar und Cumpar Tot I crozepur Districts it has to be borne in mind that they are ped by cultivators whose status is that occupied by the tenint rather th in the proprietor or biswadar in British territor's The tenant mys rent to the proprietor who pays revenue to Govern ment, and the rent alirrys e.cee ls the revenue, in fact as a lsrond principle the revenue is half the rent The issessment rate> paid in Bilaner should, there. toie, le comprred with the rent intus prev uling in the adjacent British districts rither than with the resenile rites 1 ou comprison, I take the rent rutes mevailing in the Hausar District in 1556 87 shortly after the Summuy Settlement now unde discussion sunil trvct djammg the Buluner border and nevriy due erst of Rajgırh the 71011e rent mite was 6 annis 2 ples per acre which is equivalent to 229 annas par Bilinen bujha, in a trect to the north of this, but still adjoming the border incl cxtending up to the boundary line of the Rajgarh and Bhıdrı Talıyıls, the ucrige rent mte in the cise of villages hekl by non-cultrating proprietors was 8 runis 10 pues per acre, equil to 3 28 annas per Bikaneri bujha, and the renty 11 these villages wicre more or less of the nature of full competition, rents bein: mil for cultisited land held for a succession of years by tenanta at walk whether croppel in iny pirticular you or not The rate for cultivate land useil in ulculatinthe filed augensmen in Tshsil Rojgarh way is stited above 4 20 annus per lopha or neuly onc anni more than the highest of the tro avenges given above wluch pply to tracts scy simlir in soil to the Rajgurl Tul il but if ing thing les nanus Thu u crize of full or competitior rents prud by tenutnt will for luu held continuously in a triet uljoining the Bhindr Tilsıl south of the canal 1113 11 uuna 1 pies pei icre, equel to 4 19 annis per Bikaneri bija In tmct 1190th of this gun the aver ces 4 ! nas per bigha but only two of its ulla es adjom the Blıdrı Tiszt, the bulk of them lie inuch further eastward towards Hi sir, ko th it the compariso11 is not in tins case i satisfactory one In one part of the I atteh ubul Tehwl adjoining thò north erst corner of the Bhuri lalısıl and contining the village of Biw us as the urige rint rite 111mmas 1 pic per zere, erquni to 2 98 innan per Bikanerı bijha, but the rente in tu cu acre no of the nature of full competition rents ulthie roll of the In 3 ·( 30 ) tract in question was perlinps somewhat more sondy than that in the adjoining Blachia villages. In the portion of the Sirsat Inhsil lying to the south of the Ghngcar and ndjoining the northern portion of the Bludru Tahsil the average rent rate at the Settlement of 1982, was about it anons per acre, which gives 1.85 annas per- Rikaneri bigha, but the rents in this casc again were probably not full ones and the rent rate rose ilfter the Settlement, but was probably cren in 1881, less than 20 annns per Bikaneri hinha. It will be clear that the rate for cultivation used in Tahsil Bhadra, riz., 5 numas :3 pies per bigha was considerably in excess of the average full rent of cultivatel lanel at that time prevalent in the adjoining portions of the Bliss:ır District. Escluling the southern portion of the Sirsa Tahsil, for which I have no statisties nt linnd, rent rose between 1886-87 and 1890-91 in all the other tracts of the Hissar District dealt with above with the exception of the tract in the Fattehalad Tahsil. The rise has, however, been slight and the average rent rate for cultivated and is in all ases still below the rates irscil for assessing cultivated land in the adjacent portions of the Rajgarh and Bhadra Talsils at the Summary Settlement of St. 19.12. The rents which we have been comparing with the latter rates are, it must be remembered, the result of il competition for land and are paid in a tract more developed and enjoying grcater political and economica! acvantages than the arijncent parts of Biknner. The rainfall and the soil do not prolably differ much, but it is clear that to assess cultivated land in Bikaner at a räte liglier than the average competition rent paid in adjoining British tracts is :l proceeling not. free from danger and in a succession of bal years likely to lead to disaster. As il fact, however, the seasons have been fairly favourable in the Listern Talsils since the Settlement in the assessments, ils noticed below, late been paid. The only two other Tahsils which adjoin British territory are Hanumangarh and Mirzawala which march with the Rolii tract of Tah-ils Sirsa and Fazilka. In 1886-87 a large area in the Sirsil Rohi was paying over 8 annas per acre as rent, and the average rent rate for the whole Rohi tract was 8 annas per acre, at the time of Sirsa Settlement in 1882. The average reut rate in this tract was tierefore probably over 8 annas per acre (= 5 annas per pukka bigha) in 1886-87 and this includes rents which were probably not of the nature of competition rents. Had the first and second circles of Hanumangarlı which adjoin the Sirsa and I'azilka Rohi been more fully developed and had the rainfall been less precarious the rates of I annas ( pies and innas 3 pies, used for these two circles would have been, I think, fair; as it was I am of opinion that they were too high to be used in calculating a fixed assessment to be paid by farmers for land which iniglat, not improbably be abandoned during the period of their farm and so thrown uselessly on their hands unless they consented to allow them to be cultivated at a rate lower than that at which they had been assessed. The Suratgarh Tahsil does not anywhere adjoin British territory. The assessment rates there used for cultivated land can only be compared with those used in the Hanmangarh Tahsil. The Suratgarh rates were, as already stated, 2 annas 9 pies per bigha in the Utaradh circle lying to the north of the Nali area and 2 annas 3 pies per bigha in the Dhora circle to the South. These rates are taken on the Bikaneri bigha, the equivalent rates on ·Ž ( 31 ) the palla bıịha in usc in the Hanuman gul Tahsıl nould be 464 unnas and 1 1 nonas The Utaridlı circle mte is thus lugher than the rate of sunnas 3 pies usel in the somewhat similar, if anything slightly superior, second circle of the Hanumangarh Tehsil and al oth in the rite of 4 annas 6 pies fixed for the first circle in Hanumangarh which is certainly superior in regard to soil and perliaps in the matter of runfall also The Dhora circle rate sımlarly is higher than the rate of 3 annas 9 pies in the third circle of Hanuniangirl, where the soil 18 more level and less sandy Prima Eicie the rates should, so far as rainfall is concerned, decrease from east to west, and I know of nothing in the circumstances or physical features of the Suritgarlı Tahsıl, which would justify a higher rte for cultivation in that Tahsıl than in Hanamingarb This illustrtes the danger of trusting to the amount of zverage previou> collections without reference to generii mo lifying considerations It will be seen from the above comprrison that the asses ment rates for cultis ition used in Tuhaily Rajgarh, Bhadrı, Hanumangarh and Suratgarh reembled the majority of the rents paid in the Hıssır District, with which they Imve been compareil, in being intended to be pau, the latter in fact were, by cultivators holding their land for a succession of yerrs and paying continuously whether in any particular year they obtained a crop off it or not The analysis made will probably have ma le it clear that the assessment rates certainly du not err in being too lenient It in difficult to give any opinion is to the sutableness of the rates for waste lin 1 Those for the unoccupied wiste when the deduction made from the total waste arer is taken into account, were, looking to the quality of the grazing anl the large profits ma le froin cattle especially in Nızımat Suratgarh, probably fur in themselves, but the weak point in the is essment of the waste, au tracts where there were lur,e areas of unoccupiel waste way that the farmers who were responsible for the payment of that assessment, were not allowed to realize from the cultivators practicılly any portion of the profits wbich the latter made from their cittle or in other word from the waste, the only niethol in which the farmers coull make such land pay them wz8 by getting it brought under culti vitinn ud this, of course, coull only be done gradually 35 The working of the Settlement from 2 fiscal point of view is evulnted in Statement I, attached to this Report The demand fixed at Settlement is in evert aise represented as 100 and the nicmgumul demın l and collections from Settlement up to end of St 1949 (Virk 1893), tre shown in the form of porcentages upon th it initial demand The truul dem in l nul collections of the yeir, St. 1949 are also shown by the sime mcthol The reuuilt in the three Tahsıls of the Suritgich Yızamat rettled in St 1943, in that the verige demind lies been 9 per cent bose and the evenge collections 21 per cent below the intral demını fixed at Settlement The increase in the deminel 18 cinefis due to the progressive asse-sment As uruly atitel, 16 51 18 orijinully intended to make the assessments progressively mnul merements to b impo-cd in each of the five years for which the Settle ment w 15 male, but this mtention was abincloned an i the increments stoppet after St 191), and the litriol of the Settlement has been extender till a nes as csenient cin le inule It will thus be seen that the nsscavinents fived he not by any meins lx en fully realizeil in the Surtqırh Nizamnat Th ma bio nf thett! ha ha * Thalltuur extent at 1! but the tief te wa Ina lcquatt ·( 32 ) The tract has since Settlement suffered from it series of bad seasons causing listress which it one time deepened into something very like fumine, and a large number of the cultivators, always somewhnt insecurely attached to their villages in such i tract, luve left for parts where thcre Wis il prospect of casier means of livelilool for inen au cattle, and this emigration would in all probability have tnken place quite irrespective of the lightness or severity of the assessment. In addition to this during the yeill's St. 19.17.48 the revenue administration of the Nizamat appears to have been insatisfactory whatever it may have been before, and supervision over the Subordinate Revenue staff who appar to have had a Inrge share in the collection and landling of the revenue uns especially lax. Neither nnture nor the fruilty of man have this allowed the Settlement : fair opportunity of showing how far it was suited in fiscal and other respects to the particular circumstances of the tract and it would be unfnir to vlefinitely Iny the blame of whatever failure may have occured to defects in the Settlement. At the samne time it is in my opinion beyond question thut i somewhnt hari bargain was driven with the thekullars or farmers, and it is they rather than the actual cultivators who have suffered. The farmers or chaudlıris of a village were responsible for at fixed assessment, made up of a sum calculated by applying a certain rute to the then existing cultivated arca of the village, and of another sum similarly calculated but at lower mates on the whole waste are: of the village after delucting one-third of that portion which was moccupied. On the area cultivated at Settlement they would not liope to make any profit since they might only collect rent from it at a mate not exceeding the rate it which the sun assesserl upon it had been calculated, and if at any time the cultivators sloulil abandon any portion of it the farmers would be still responsible for the assessment although their receipts would be by so much diminished. To meet the ilssessment on waste the farmer's initial assets were grazing fees from outside cattle, and in a large number of villages receipts from sajji, but these were generally far from cqual in amount to thc waste assessment and the fariner was not allowed to secure any share in the profits which cultivators made from cattle gruzing on the waste by levying grazing fees or otherwise. * As already reinarked the only way in which he could make the waste pary was hy getting it cultivated, but this could not be done at once and was entirely contingent on tlıc occurrence of a succession of yairs of good rainfall ; and further, even when cultivation liad been extended by: waste land being broken the increase in the farmer's receipts would be more or less completely swallowed up by the increased amount, which he would have to pay to the Raj under the progressive assessment. Statement I shows that in the last year St. 1949 the collections were considerably in excess of the demand fixed at Settlement though generally balow the average demand since Settlement. The excess is due to the collection of the arrears of past years. These the farmers, or in a large number of cases, the subordinate Revenue Staff collected from the cultivators, and the farmers have maile no profits froin thesa collections. In regard to the demand and collections in respect of the current year accounts show that in the Utaradh circles of Mirzawala and Suratgarh, where cultivation has decreased considerably since Settlement, the fariners have generally paid to the Raj a good deal, and in many cases far more than they collected from the cultivators even with the addition of sajji receipts. The difference represents so much out of their pockets. ; יש *This was somewhat modifica at least in theory in St. 19., but not to an adequate extent.

·( 33 ) 30 In the l'astern Tihsils of Nohır, Bliadm und Rajgarh 99 per cent of the demınd fixed at Settlement in St 1942 has been on the Tih in Bhadra a d Raj pour Perige collected each year, and from * fiscal point of view the Settlement has thus worked very well even though the qusessment rates on cultis ition appe ir to have been dangerously high, looking to the precirious nature of the rainfall That the demand has been collected in full is clue to the fact that the drought and scarcity pres llent in recent years over large parts of the State does not appear to have spread to these Tahsıls , cvery yeu there lias been, if not a plentiful, at least a sufficient rainfall, and the conseruenicu is thit in place of a diminution in the cultivated area as is the case in the Suratgarh Nizimat, there has been a considerable increuse as shown in Stitem'ut I Another rerson for the satisfactory state of the collections is that in place of the chuudlhris being the sole farmers as was genomlly the case in Surtgirl, most of the other cultivators were joined as co sharers in the farm, ini thus any los arising from the firm has bien le ened by being spreid over alırger nunnlır of in lividuals But even so severil of the Rajzırh villages are in a somewhat depressel and broken down con lition, and have suffered from an emigrition of cultivators, and in this Tahsıl anl Bharu the cultivation rate, which m-asurey the severity or lightness of the assessment so far as the indusa dual cultivator is con“ rol lus on the whole pirassel sow-what leavily In partul proof of tlus, it may be noticed that the werage rents wluch cultivator> wulu obtuning in St 1949, in the Tal, Tal ſibba and Tibba circlcs of the Bhalı Tıbsıl for lind wluch hal been unoccupied waste at Settlemrnt but hul ban subsequently bro ilit un ler cultuation were 4 a uns 2 pries 3 unnas 3 p es in! 3 innas 4 pres par bizhi respertisels, while the 243033ment rites usel at S ttlemant for ciltuatel laul in these three crcles x re 5 1999 3 pies, , annas, ini 4 annis 9 pies respectively The rults ir puobilily not full competition rents bit tha firmeis no doubt tried to get as much 19 they could, and they show that the assessment rates in fact cxcude l the rents vluch cultivators wera willing to 1 ay for nenly cultivated land In the remunu, tricts of the State which were settled in St 1942 13, the asses menta appear to live worked well, the collections in no tmct averaging less than 96 per cent of the demand fivel at settlement The rates in the c tricts varied from ulla, e to valla,e so that it is difficult to analyse them Toc Chika 37 The exclusion of escens ti aste from the village treas at Settlement and its formation into thals or blocks which were leased to out suder, lius resulted no doubt in an increase in the revenue, but the working of the c chals has not been very satisfactory, either from the point of via of the State or of the lesec The chwuchris of the villages, when the chihs rire cut, ind in Tıhsıls Virzawala and Sarit rh there were fes in which this winit done, complainel loudly of the diminution of their villa e ircıs, but there cannot be any doubt that the State was perfectly entitled to exclu le waste reis from the villages, the chiudhris as already shown at length, had no lindlord cl um over 1113 land, and the State on the other hand had pretty ontinuously asserte l and exerci el such a clum to the unoccupued waste Thuru ippers it first to liat lxen a strong demand on the rt of culti titors from the rijtcent trict of the Pungh and the Cis Steluj States for the ·chuks which had been forined, and in nearly all cases leases were given. The clemand was of course strongest for those chaks which were near the Sirsa aud Ferozepur borders in the north-eastern portion of the Nizamnt; for those situated more to the west there was a loss strong demand and many of the lind to lic settled with the cultivators of ndjacent villages. The development of the chach's once taken up dependel almost entirely on the nature of the subscquent seasons. When these turned out bad in succession they began to be abandoned. In the majority of cases the lessces never settled in these chacks permanently, they came after the rains to row the Kharif and perhaps some Rabi and to pasture their cattle; when the linrvest had been rcaped and the grain prepared they would return to their original village. When for several years there was no rain or only a scanty annount, in the case of some chaks none of the lessees came near them nor inde any arrangement for the payment of the State revenue ; in the other cases some only of the co-slurers in the lense would come and Pay their slure of the revenue or some of it while the share of the absentecs would accumu. Inte as irrcars. Sooner or later the absentec's share in the lease would be can celled and transferred to some one else who was willing to take it and pay cithier the whole or a substantial part of the arrcars due from the absentees. In many cises where no new lessee was forthcoming the whole chuk or a share thereof as the casc might be, would be held under direct State management util such time as a lessce or lessces were found. The result has been that in my cases it is now very difficult to iuscertain who in fact arc entitled as lessces to holil the chals 11s no clear recorils of the changes oferteil from time to time appear to lure been kept. Under the circumstances sketcheil above any increase of cultivation in the chaks was not to be looked for, axl Statement I in fact slows that it has as a general rule decreased. This is due to the fact that at the time of Settlement there were within most of the chaks il considerable mumber of ficlds which had been held for various periods hy resirlents of the villages whence the chaks had heen cut. These fields they were allowed to hold under the lessces of the new chak but as a fact they generally preferred to abandon them and the decrease therehy occasioned was not and owing to adversity of seasou could not be unde gcoil by brcaking up land in the hitherto unoccupied waste. In view of the above considerations, I fancy that but very few of the lessees of chaks have, so far from ohtaining any profits from their leases realized from the chals even enough to meet the assessments imposed together with the arrears, due from previous lessecs, which they paid on entry; against this must be set the fact that the assessments of the chaks have not been fully paid up as a very general rule, but even so I imagine that the taking of a chak on lease in the Suratgarh Nizamat bas not hitherto been a very profitable speculation. The fact is that if outsiders are to be induced to take up and cultivate waste land at a distance from their present abodes in a tract which is comparatively rainless and in which the State has not expended any capital in providing means of artificial irrigation, such as canals, it can only be done by allowing them to bave the land on extremely casy terms for a considerable perioul, bearing in mind that if a lessee is to settle permanently in a chak: he has to expend a .considerable amount of capital in erecting buildings, digging tanks, &c. To make him pay a heavy finc on entrance on account of arrears due from previous defaul- The ting lessees is not the best method of inducing him to settle permanently.

·One en 11 Inren ( 35 ) stirprising thing is that persons are still found willing to take up chaks or shire thereof on payment of such fines which are often large in amount plan ition of this seems to be that the arer available for grizing in the adjacent British districts, especially in Ferozepur, appears to be contracting say much as increase of population accompainel by extension of cultivation takes place anıl many of the chals appear to be taken up for grazıng rather than for permanent cultivation At the same time increase of population is causing a continuous division of holdings, ind they are in consequence becoming too small to support the cultivators dependent on them The latter are therefore in vious to obtun more land where with to eke out the proluce of their present holdings, and are willing to pay considerable sums for such land on vluch, however, they do not inteni to reside permanently To iuduce them to do so and to abandon their pre ent permanent libitations would require that they should be able to procure the new line on very easy terma 38 A few remurhs are needlerl in regırl to the Nah area Up to A D 1999 the whole of it had been in special why under the direct control and mugement of the Ray by its local officials Lacept in one or two cases no villages had been founded in it and no clinudlırıs Ind been appointed to settle villages The cultivation in the arer hail been carrierl on by cultivators from villages situ itc l at a greater or less distance from its binh The Ray collected its clues hervest by harvest In Thsil Hanuman ful these were for the Rıbı onc fourth share of the produce m uddition to a half keer per maund of the total produce on account of expenses , also Re i per plough usel, cille d jocuri All land citrate 1 for the Minif jul Gannas per και αλλα ειναι In the Suratgırh and Anup ırh Tihoils the Mal area is never flooded and there is in con equence usually very little Rab for whatever there is the lay took from the cultutor one fourth slure of the produce I and cultivated in the Khin pard 3 anna per Bihunerı bigail in the Surnt_arh Talısıl and 25 ini, 11 Anupgarlı Tahı-ıl In July 1989 Munshi Sohu i al made proposals for the settlement of the nei which, as already remarked, had leen exempted from the Summary Settle ment of the Khalsı villages His propo-als were in brief to include certain suitible amounts of the irer within the boun laries of the villages near the banke, 101 to diside the rent into blocks or chnks which were to be leased as had been (one with the «haks cut from the Khalsa villages at the Summary Settlement The whole Mal area of each village end of each chal was to be aseessed at one rite without regard to cultivation or waste The mtes to be used were to increase progressiiely from west to eat, i e, from Anup mrh to Hanumangarh In that portion of the trei situated in the neighbourhood of lianumangarh and to the cast of it uhich ris luble to be flooded, in addition to the que asment bis the above rites an additional am sunt si in to bo level on land actually cultisated with the vid of floods in any year it mites varying with the out turn of the crops from Rs 3 to 8 anits per palla bijah Tlie rmngement* sere approstıl in March 1890 ind the rate for the diri Assessment were five at () pues and 9 pics per lujah (Bih wer) m Talısıls Inupzırh and Gurtgurin re pactuely, ind at " pics, 14 annas and 2 innis jer ·1 1 ( 36 ) pakka bigah in Tahsil Hanumangarh, the rates increasing from west to east. Both the Anupgarh and Suratgarh rates were, it will be observed, higher than the lowest rate in the Hanumangarh Tahsil to the cast. It was decided that the Settlement so made should last for 10 years. The carrying out of the arrangements proposed was taken in hand and some progress had been made when a new Nazim was sent. to Suratgarh. He appears for reasons as to the sufficiency of which it is not needful to enquire here, to have formed an opinion adverse to the proposed method of Settlement. At the same time many of the chaudhris of the villages bordering on the Nali area who either imagined. or pretended that they had some claim over it objected to the leasing of the chaks to outsiders. It was finally decided in April 1891 to stop the carrying out of the arrangements which had been proposed, to postpone any Settlement of the Nali arca, and to revert to the old system of direct management by collecting a share of the produce in the Rabi harvest and cash rates on aren actually cultivated each year in the Kharif as had been done before. Previously to the above decision possession of some of the Nali chals in Tahsil Hanumangarh had already been given to intending lessees and the limits of such portions of the Nali area as were to be included under the original proposals within the boundaries of villages on either side of it had been more or less definitely marked out. There seems to have been no clear decision as to whether these proceedings were to hold good under the arrangements finally adopted but the intention seems to have been that they should. As a matter of fact the lessees mentioned above or some of them are still in possession though they have not settled permanently, but the boundaries of their chaks cannot now be accurately traced either on the ground or in any map or other record, as far as I have been able to discover. The limits of the Nali area proposed to be included within villages are more or less definitely recognised and can be probably more or less accurately identified. I have no statistics showing what the result of the working of the arrangements finally adopted in the Nali has been. In regard to the reasons for not carrying out the original proposals which were entertained it may be said without much hesitation that the claims of the cliaudhris of the adjacent villages to portions of the Nali area were groundless ; they had no landlord or soil claim even in their own villages, and even if they liad it is pretty clear that the State had all along in a special manner kept the management of the Nali area in its own hands. The principal reason for the adverse opinion which the Nazim of Suratgarh formed of the proposed arrangements appears to have been based on the fact that in 1890 there were unusually heavy floods in the Ghaggar, which enabled a large area to be cultivated for the Rabi. He thought and no doubt rightly that the receipts of the Raj in that particular year would be far larger under 'the old system of' bntai collections than under that proposed and upto that time approved. The treatment of the Nali area in recent years is a somewhat curious incident in the Revenne history of the State, the papers regarding which are unsually voluminous and intricate. 39. As already mentioned the tract included in this Tahsil was given in patta to Maharaj Lal Singh in St. 1928 and became Khalsa Tahsil Anupgaili. on his death in St. 1945, A. D. 1888. The Talisil was settled on much the same plan as had been employed for the other Khalsa tracts in St. 19-12-13. The whole area was measured between A' D: 1888 and 1889, * ·open to th Jel to N zamat burat gal sured to the lan llozd in gool und in zeryf veir it is 2 matter of 1 doubt whether the orduury chu lliri kould save the blince of 1 food ye ult) meet the deficiency of a bid one Experience seems to show thit as artificully created lindlords do not act in this manner Vy impression is that nnless a very light asse-sment were impusel most of the chaudhu lanılloid, is the Suratg iri Nizumat would be at the end of a few yeur, either hopelessly il arrcır, or else exproprnted in froul of outsiders to whom the villa, e liud bu trusferred by forfeiture and sile I cannot therefore recommend for this truct a system whereby the chuchi would be made solely responsible for the payment of a fixed assessment Thu system if adopted in Tihsıls Rugırl in l Bhadrı would not be second of the objections note l above, is there population is more fred and the cultivators more attached to their villages, but, as has been already noticed, m most of the villages in these Tahsıls practically all the cultri ators becime joint kırmºrs during the currency of the Suminary Settlement and jointly responsible for the payın at of the assaysment If the principle of filed issessment is to be mamtuned in these two Tahsıls the second of the tito systems enumerated above will have to be adopted The matter will be dealt with bulow 46 It is now necessary to consider the suitabılıty of that system to the Suratgarh Nízumat It consists in converting the whole The Second System app body of villoge cultivators into an artificiallı joint boily with joint rights and Imbuities mensured in the case of exhi individual cultivator by the amount of land in lus separate possession In ԴԻԴ 43 Huse been detailed the circumstances under shich it cannot be especte l to work well me these circunist inces are completely existent in the truct un ler liscussion Village population 19 not fixed and 15 liable to great fluctuations in times of scarcits Tribal and clarnish sentiment likely to attach cultu ators to thur villages is practically non existent, neither is lund so valuable nor is its produce so certain as to induce the cultivator to stay and brave out 2 succession of bad seasons or ei en one or two If then a fixed asse-sment were impo cd and distributed among those cultivating land in the village at the time of Settle ment in proportion to the rrea held by ench, it would be very proluble that it the first oncurrence of a period of tio or three ycus of short runfall the distri bution would have to be made afresli in order to adapt it to the nerv state of things crused by the emigration of former cultivators The systern Tould involse, as already stater, the conferment of jout landlord right in the village waste on the uliole body of cultontors resident at the time of Settlement, but waste land is so extensive that it has little value in a proprietary sense, and the bestoval of such a right woull supply little or no inducement to the village body to hold together in tines of scircity and meet the fixerl assessment imposed upon them Aguin a very considerible portion of that fixed assessment in the mise of any particulır village must of necessiti in a tract 1 here waste is so abunilint in calculated Tith reference to the area of nuste included in the village bound1-109, in otlıcr words it will be imposerl on account of profits inade from the waste Now where waste is so extensive it by no incans follows that the arca cultivatul by nng inddual wall le r fur nicasure of the profits which he makes from the ·() village waste or to put the matter in a different light, us that nota of such grortion of the linessmentirs is due to the waste which he may be fairly called upon to pay. To take the case of a Natiu a Rath residing in the same village; the Jat will cultivate a fair area of land and will also pasture cattle in the waste and realize some profits from them; the Rath will cultivate a far smaller arca in all probability but will at the same time pasture a larger number of cattle and make a larger income from them ; but since the whole fixel assessinerit, rithout viistinguishing the portion imposed on account of the cultivated area of the village and that imposed on discount of the wastc, is clistributed in proportion to urca liclul, tlic Jat will in reality pay a larger proportion of the latter than the Rath thong! the latter makes more out of the waste. Such a clistribution would thus be of the nature of a fine on cultivation and would ainout in inany villages to making the cultivator pay revenue on account of unoccupied waste really due from a noncultivating cattle breedler who used the waste far more than he did. The inequality coull to some extent be remedied by compelling all cultivators to pay grazing clues (bhongo); tlic total amount of these in any given year would he set of ageinst the fixed assessment and the balance only listributed in proportion to alredt hell in inclividual possession ; but this course would occasion further complication in the village accounts. On the whole then I do not think that thic sccond or is it may be called the joint village ski-tem would be likely to work well or smoothly in the Suratgarh Nizimat or be likely to give youll results. 17. One main result of the above cliscussion of the suitability of the two systems unler which a fixed assessment can be imposed 7uc vocecin propical for in invullen Siza in the Suratgarh Nizamat has been to bring out the concluimuat Suratgarh. sion that a fixed assessment is itself unsuited to the tract in question, mainly because population is fluctunting and the amount of land held in cultivating occupancy varies very considerably from time to time. We found that for this renson it was impossible that the chaudhri landlord would be able to pay a fixed assessment for a tern of years without distinction as to the quality of the scason unless it were pitched very low, anil that for the same reason a fixel assessment for the payment of which the whole village would be jointly responsible would scarcely be expected to work well. In short it seems nccessary as a general rule to abandon the principle of fixed assessment in this tract, certainly as regards assessment on cultivation. My opinion in this matter is influenced far more by a consideration of the fluctuating nature of the population than by that of the prec:urious nature of the rainfall and agricultural results. Were population morc fixed and dienser, in spite of the latter (lisadvantages I should certainly advise a fixed assessment to be distributed as found most suitable over the entire cultivating body of a village. The principle of fixed assessinent being abandoned it becomes necessary to consider what system of collecting the land revenue is most suitable. On the whole I am of opinion that the systein under which the State generally collected its revenue before the Summary Settlement, viz., by a rate on area held and cultivated was in principle far more suitable to the tract than a fixed assessment; and the old system had no doubt been found by actual experience to be the most workable one. Whatever system is adopted the revenue collected under it from year to year should fluctuate, not with the out-turn of the harvest nor with the area ·1 ( 45 ) 1ctu illy konn but with the mount of land held by each indylul cultivato 11 bctlier cultu nted in any piticul ir verr or not The system w loch uppears to me suitablc is as follows No one would 1 ma le re-ponsible for the payment of a fised lump assesment on the ullige med consequently n joint landlord claim to the village area would not be confli: 1 on any one, the unoccupied waste would remain at the cli-po al of the State The lolding of each culti itor would be assessed by pplying to it fiscal riti per bigih for occupied write and for cultivation as ear-ting nt Settlement Inc cultus ztor so long as he resided in the 'village would be responsible for t1119 amount and if bi extended his hol ling by breaking up and cultu itin lindd (moulor) which had lutherto bưen inoccupied il estt, tlus »ould lc regulel 14 permanently incorporated in his holding and would cause a purminent incruan in the amount due from him en cultivaturs settlm in the villae dor11, the tei in of Settlement woull be dealt with on the same principles and no 11. lt ful occapier of land would be ejected by the Otite so long as he pud the rusenice duc on his holding Alindonment by a l'esident cultivatoi of lund occupie? co 15 to ab ole lium from responsibility for payment of the assessment imposed on it would not 1 permitted withm the term of Settlement If the cultivator abindoned us holl ing anil left the village, none of the remuning cultis ators would be hell respon sible for payment of the amount due from him The I nil rould reinun ento in lus nime for such period as inuy be mot suitable prolmbly three years the meantime the State would be at liberty to hand over the land for interne li ute occupation to any other cultivator , if the original occupant returncl bli the esprition of three yeurs he would le entitled to rechter on lus lindol paring up all n rears due for the time of lus absence which lind not been really ell and also compensation to the intermedinte occupit for disturbance Should he not return within the three yerr period his nime would be struck out ou occuput of the land and lus right to it be held to hue lapsel Culta atory sho continued to reside in the village would as a general rule not wish to abundon their chun to land which they held, and even if they did to allow thein to do so and to take up freski land in lieu of that entered in the Village papers as occupied by them at Settlement would obviously be productie of grent confusion and tlie same wonill be the ce with the nba lonment of -hand taken up after Settlement The State has always recognised the right of the first clerrer and lus heirs to liold all land brought tinder cultivation by la continuously on payment of the revenue assen cd, it is therefore only fur ti it the hollers of such land should so long as they continue to risule in tlic ullere be responsible for the payment of the revenue asscasel on it without interra tion for at least the term of Settlement It is clear thnt under this sistem te would be considerible reduction in the revenue recensed by the State succession of bad years when many cultivators 1 ould probably lento their well nges sont perminently, some for shorter or longer periods, on the other bunu it must be borne in mind that sliould the trict be froure l with a furly continu ous succession of good or as enge yeurs during the period of Settlement, certain ly an unlıhely contmgency, in consequence of uluch the village population should increase considerbly and cultivation be citended the State woull at once renp the adı anthe in un inmedinte inci case of revenue ·( 46 ) Under the system the village chaudhris would revert to their position of official rent collectors, but of course under closer supervision than was usual in former times. Each year shortly before the Kharif harvest a field inspection or girdawari would be made in each village, and on the result of this a jamabundi or rent-roll would be prepared based on that drawn up at Settlement but modi. fied by the inclusion of land newly broken up (nautor) since the previous year and the exclusion of land abandoned by cultivators who had emigrated or by the entry of such land in the name of those holding as temporary transferees till such time as the right of the emigrant should be held to have finally lapsed. It would be the chaudhri's duty to collect from each cultivator the amount shown as due from him in this annual rent-roll. For this and his other ordinary duties the chaudhri would receive certain perquisites, viz., an allowance of 5 per cent on the rent-roll of the village, provided that he properly fulfilled his duties in connection with its collection, and the usual marriage and weighment fees. It is a question for discussion whether it would not be well to allow chaudhris to hold a certain area rent free. It is a very ancient and usual method' of remunerating the official headmen in the case of non-landlord villages of the type prevalent here and up to the time of the Summary Settlement it had been a very general custom for the chaudhris to be so remunerated ; its abrogation is one of the chaudhri's strongest complaints against the present arrangements. The rent free area would be of course strictly defined and care would have to be taken against the surreptitious extensions of it common in the part. As between a system of fixed and one of fluctuating assessment, it is usually urged that the former is far more simple and easy to work. The easy and smooth working of a fixed assessment depends in a great measure, as already pointed out in discussing its applicability to the Suratgarh Nizamat as a whole, on the nature of the tract to which it is applied ; even if the out-turn of the crops is precarious it is at least necessary that the cultivating population and the cultivated area should be fairly permanent in amount and not liable to great fluctuations in bad years or in a succession of such ; where this is not the case a system of fixed assessment will soon come to be nothing more than a system of frequent distribution and re-distribution of the fixed assessment over a fluctuating area of cultivation. Again the difficulty of working a system of fluctuating assessment depends on whether the assessment varies with the area occupied or cultivated, or with the nature and out-turn of the crops actually produced in a given year without reference to the area occupied or cultivated. To appraise , the out turn of crops on a given holding for the purpose of assessing them is always a matter of difficulty and requires constant inspection and supervision on the part of the superior officers and consequent trouble and annoyance to the cultivator ; it also offers endless opportunities for dishonesty and oppression to the inferior staff ; but where the matter for enquiry is the area occupied by cach cultivator whether wholly cultivated or not, without reference to the nature and amount of the actual produce of liis holding in and given year the greater part of the difficulty disappears. No Settlement however complete and perfect at the time of its introduction can possibly work satisfactorily of its own accord: it is necessary that a competent Revenue Staff should be constantly supervising its working, in other words oiling the wheels of the machine ; unless therefore a proper system of revenue administration is inaugurated it is impossible for any ·( 49 ) (11) The right to cut and sell the sajjl on the unoccupied waste of th villige mght be lusel annually after the probable out turn of the crop had been ascertuned to the chudhri, and such of the ville, cultivators as were willing to take the lease This would involve ? separate annual arrangement for each village in which there was appreciable quantity of sapp growing (11) The State might cut ankl sell the saygı directly by the agency of its officnly without the intervention of iny lessee The averige annurl income from sajj in any village is a matter which almost defies accurate calculation and assessinent The plant itself is the spontaneous produce of vaste land over which under the arrangements proposed for the Suratgrrh Nizamat the State retains a landlord claim and the plant it self is thus peculiarly the property of the State The most suitable coure would therefore seem to be to esclude it from consideration in connention with a Settlement between the state and the cultivators Regarding the matter as an extra Settlement one the most practicable method by which the State could realize its income from say would be the second of those enumerated above The lessees would of course be entitled to protection against wilful or negligent demage to the crop while growing but they would acquire no sort of right to the soil on which the crop gren Fut te treatment of cb1kg zmnt. 50 The system propounded in the three previous paragraphs refers to the villa re in existence before the Summary Scttlement an! the purath uh not to the chals or blocks of for the most part unoccupied wuste luud demircited off and leased on progressile Assess ments to out widers As alreuly noticed in the latter part of para 31, the tenuru on which these chals have been hield hitherto is probably somewhat different from those subusting in the original villages The lessees generally hold the chals jointly in undisided shares and look upon themselves as having a land lord, in fact an almost proprietary claim to the land included in their chak, so much so that in several cases the lessees have in connection with the measure ment operations nose in progress applied for internal partition of the chals u accordance with the shares on wluch they are held under the lenses As firts ain be ascertuned it was appirently contemplated at Settlement tlıt the leapun (yırındas) should in fact be in the position of landlords for the term of the leases, the full landlod right being in some respects louted, and tlıut this post tion or statnis should be made a permanent one at the next Settlement if tle conditions of the lense had been in the inter al satisfactorily complied with It would not be of much use nos to enquurc u hether thns 128 been done, for at is pretty clear that those chals in wluch the landlord right of the lessees is not recognized as perm inent for the future will le alındoned forthwith by their present lessee's They will certainly not consent to be reduced to the position of more oficial rent collectors or to give up their landlord claim to the waste an i it seems therefore useless to attempt to introduce into the chals the systems proposed for the villages of the Suratgarh Nizamat The only course open 15 therefore to recognise those who have lutherto been in the someu fint unsatis factory position of lessees as haring a lanıllord claim over the whole area of their chuis in proportion to their shire in existing leases and to frame a liglit fixed ·( 50 ) assessment for each chak for the payment of which the whole of its present lessecs will as far as the State is concerned be jointly and severally responsible but as between themselves in proportion to their shares. It will be needful to define the rights of those who cultivate land in the chaks but are not lessecs, i. c., have no recognised share in the leases under which they have hitherto been held. It is obvious that the status of these cultivators under the system proposed will be that of tenants of some discription. The majority of chuks are still quite undeveloped and it is clear that till their development has at all events reached a much more advanced stage than it has now the landlords will in order to induce tenants to settle be inclined to treat them with consideration in the matter of ejectment and rate of rent to be paid ; some few chaks are however so far developed that the rights of the tenants should be put on a clear footing now. Prima facic new tenants settling in chaks are not entitled to the same consideration from the State as the older cultivators in villages would be supposing that the chaudhris were made landlords ; and to unduly protect such tenants and thereby limit the power of the landlords to make as large a profit as possible out of their property in respect of which they are under considerable responsibilities, would be to destroy in a great degree the main incentive for the landlords to develop their chaks. On the other hand it is clear that all tenants who have been up to the present settled in these chaks by the lessees, and are now permanently resident there have had to face the difficulties and undergo the hardships which usually befall the first settlers in a newly founded village ; these are more than usually severe in a tract like the Suratgarh Nizamat and this state of things will continue for the next few years. In my opinion a fair rule would be that all tenants who have permanently settled in these chaks up to the time from which the new Settlement comes into force or within a period of five year's succeeding that date shall be deemed to be occupancy tenants in respect of all land which they may have already bought or which they may within that period bring under cultivation unless they settle on the express condition that they are not to have such rights. The rent payable by the tenant will be arranged by agreement between himself and the landlord at the time that he settles and in the absence of any express agreement will not be liable to enhancement for 5 years from the date of settling ; the amount of the enhancement to be in all cases decided by judicial decree. This arrangement will not infringe unduly on the landlord's rights nor will it leave tenants who have settled without any definite understanding with the landlord as to their tenure entirly in his power. Cultivators resident in the villages from which the chaks were cut who still hold fields cultivated by them before the formation of the chaks will have an occupancy right in their fields and pay at a rate of rent fixed for the term of Settlement. The above occupancy right will descend by inheritance in the direct male line of descent from the person or persons first declared occupancy tenants, and Bhadra. 51. It has been shown in Chapter III that in Tahsils Nohar, Rajgarh Talsils Nohar, Rajgarh and Bhadra, which contain a large number of Khalsa villages we have the same type of non-landlord village presided over by the chaudhri or official headman as in the Suratgarh Nizamat, but in the former the superior status of the chaudhri is more or less markedly shared by those nearly related to him. The effect of the arrangements made in the Summarý Settlement on the organization of the villages in these Tahsils has been ·(1) sketched ir para 30 In most of the villages the whole body of cultrators fith certain exceptions like ding the currency of the settlement become joint in the profit and loss of the farm of the village on a fixed assessment W licre the village assets consisting almost entirly of the rents pard for occupied land were less than the amount of the assessment of the occupied land the Inlince was made up by a further distribution among the cultivators not necessarily in proportion to alea lield, but in some cases by a rate per house or per plouch When there was an excess it was either distributed among the cultivators or else expended on some object of common utility such as digging a tank or sinking a well or perhaps more frequently was misappropriated by the chaudhri who pro bably mule over a portion to such of the cultivators as were sufficiently strong or influential to insist on having a shire 52 It will be clear from the last paragraple that the first of the methods ar systems of assessment enumerited in mra 44 19 not Arplcability of the fitt nystem of as e me t applicable in the present condition of the villages in these Tihsıls. During the term of the Summary Settlement the chaudhri not having retained the farm (theha) solely in his own hands as las been the case generally in the Suratgarh Nizumat he cannot be sud to have muintunert his superior status and it would be out of the question to now con vert him into an specially artificial sort of chruthri landlord The general objection to the system detailed in pura 45 would apply still more strongly here Were the system othersise suitable the specal objection uged in that paragraph with reference to the Suratgarh Nızımat would not be applicable, as the era of unoccupied waste in very much smuller, cultivation is more extensite, runfall so fu as it goes more cert un, population moie fixed and sullage assets lys fluctu iting 53 The second system of joint villiges jointly responsible for n fixed assessment will generılly be most suitable in the case of The second system these three Tahsıls There are some traces of trible dis tribution , land, though it cannot be sud to here any great value, 13 inore in demand in consequence of a denser population than in the Suritgarh Nizamat, the area of unoccupied waste is far less and in many villages small, agriculturl results are not so precarious and the population is for all these reasons more The distribution of a fixed assessment over the wholc body of village cultivators in proportion to the area occupied by each, would therefore in all probability be far more permanent and therefore more sorbable than in the mse of the Suratgarh Nizanjat Under this system the annount to be pud uur inch cultivator for the land in lua occupation at settlement will be fixed and this will be the amount of his contribution to the total fixed assessinent for the term of settlement The whole cultivating body will have a joint landlord clum to the arcı of the unoccupied uzate, and my culti itor will, with the con ent of the other cultivators or of their reprı sentaties, the chaudhris, be entitlelt break up lınd therein, (nautor) In such land he wi be cleemel to Inici right of occupancy so long as he pays rent for it at a fixed mte The total of all runts pou in this way for new cultivation in the unoccupied wiste will be ! ulage 74-ct, the property of the joint boly of village cultitors to bu 11e! citler in defrying cominon sallige expenses or set off against the fixed asse iment, the balance to be di tributed in proportion to the arcis of loldm, IN permanent ·(52) rccorcici at Settlement. It may be advisable as a general rule to exclule village meniuls aurl such like from the joint borly. In such a case they would be jurntecteil in thc possession of their holdings and have to pay for them at it fixel rato. The above proposal is of cour:c open to the objection that the joint loudy so formed is an artificial one ; this is of course truc, but under the circumstances iletailed above it seems probable that the joint holy will hold together except perhaps in an extraordlimary :-eries of ball year's culminating in a famine. The unoccupici unste being small the system is not here open to the objection nirgerl in the latter part of paralli with reference to its acloption in the Suratgarh Nizamat. Other tracte. Resume of rights in te. Propriсtors. if any, 54. In the case of old villages in which there are survivals of a group of cultivators asserting and exercising a landloro claim over the entire area of the village it may be possible and advis. able to make such a group responsible for the total fixcil assessment of the village and to recognise their lauor claim and at the same time any system hr which the rights and liabilities of the individuals of thic lanrllord group have been measured and which may have survived. The other cultivators would be recognised as tenants holding under the landlorıls but with occupancy rights over their holding In other villages in tracts other than those already dealt with, the decision as to the system of assessment to be adopteil will have to be made on the lines already indicated ; in all probability the system proposed for the three castern Talısils will be found mostly generally suitable. 35. It will be well here to give a clear statement of the rights in reference to possession of land which under the systems describgard to canion of landi. cd above will be enjoyed by clifferent classes of cultivators, leiving for consideration in the next paragraph the extent, to which a power of alienation should be allowed. In the villages of the Suratgarh Nizamat in which no village bodies jointly responsible for a fixed assessment or having any landlord claim to the area of the village will be formed and which for convenience may be called raiyatuur or khaturtar villages, every cultivator holding land on his own account, i. c., not holding land subordinate to and with the express permission of another cultivator as part of the latter's holding, will have a right to hold such land and any other land which he may break up from the unoccupied waste, permanently subject to the due payment of the State revenue or rent. Cultivators settling in the village subsequently to the introduction of the netr Settlement will have an exactly similar right over their lioldings. The right to the permanent possession of land will be heritable in the ordinary course of succession as governed by local custom. The holding over which the above rights will be recognised will be divisible in cases in which there are two or more cultivators interested jointly in the same holding. This heritable and divisible right to hold land is not an innovation but merely a more or less clear defination of existing custom based on the widely recognised claim of the first clearer and his decendants which has all along been in fact recognised by the State. Leaving aside the question of the right of alienation or transfer, each cultivator will be thus practically proprietor of all land held on his own account but will have no such claim over un- < ·O‘apiel miste lind As igard, the chaxs in the Surtgarh Nizmit the lecsccs, 1101 to be recognised as landlorils, will live, with 1 similar reseruation, a similar proprietary right over the urers of their respectic chals, the right will be joint one if 110 putition has hitherto tabelt place, if it has, each landlord will hold in separata proprietary possession such portion of the chan as his been 7ssigned to him at the pritition and 1 chak jointly held will be divisible Partition should not however bor allowed to affect the joint responsibility of the landlords for the whole rever ic of the chak In the joint village, in Tahsıls Nohar, Bhadrı anu Rajgull, ench cultivator who 19 ini le z membei of the joint bɔdy will liave in respect of all land held in seprite possession by lıım ind on his oirn account a proprietary right similar to that enjoyed by culturtois in the raiyanuar villiges in the Sur tuh Nızımat, un leyird to the unoccupied waste the whole joint body will have a joint claim the right of (ach indiudurl being mersured by the aier of his sepzrite proprio tly holdin: In the ol ler pr. Rahtor villages in which there su vive groups of cultivators n lo assert and cruise a recognised landlord claim, whether joint or divided, over the whole irer of the village, such cultivators will be recognised as land Joris ind will have proprietary rights of the nature described above, individually as iepires, so much of the urca nu is held in ceparte possession and jointly as regarrils the rest The proprietary night is and has practically all along been recognised in these cases not so mucı on the ground of first clearince ng on the grounl of descent from the original founders or settlers in the village 56 Theie remains for con leration the case of those tho cultivate land 111 2 villige but in respect of it do not come within any of the classes of proprietors defined above In the raiyatırar villige- sucl cultivator, will practically only be those who occupy a portion of the lmg of a proprietor with his consent either cjr ss or implied of such 11. I the cultivatot is by local custom not regirded as the dhanı (master or owner) Nor is the linel regrried as his home field, (gharu Khel), and when it crme into possession it hul in almost all cases been previously brought under cultivation It would therefore be unnccessary if not inaddv nble to confer occupancy rights on the cultivators of such fields as gunst the proprietor except in very exceptromal and special circumstances The mise of non proprietary cultivators now settled or who will wettle in the future in the chals of the Suratgarh Nizamat 1119 been dealt with in ri 50 The occupıncy right therein mentioned will upply only to land brocken up by the tenant and not to land brought under cultivation by or at the expense of the landloril and then made over to a tenant In the joint villages of olur, Bhudri and Raigarh Tihsıls three claes will arise - Tat lity (1) Land held on their own account by culen ators now resident in the village but who for some reason may not be included in the joint body It will be the best course to confer on the cultis itors of such land the saine proprietary right 95 the members of the joint body will enjoy in their own holding , but without any clarm to the unoccupad isete or to 1 stare in the profits of the rilli, ·( 51 ) (ii.) Land held by a cultivator in a separate proprietary holding and with the consent express or implied of the proprietor, The status of such a cultivator will be the same as that laid down in the case of the Suratgarh Nizamat. (iii.) Land brought under cultivators in the unoccupied waste by a cultivator resident in the village, whether a member of the village body or not, or by a cultivator who may come and settle in the village in the future. In such cases the cultivator or first clearer should in accordance with a well recognised custom be held in the absence of any express agreement to be an occupancy tenant holding under the joint village body, his rent once fixed being only enhanceable at Settlement. Fresh cultivation in the waste would only take place with the consent of the joint body or of their representatives the chaudharis. In the pre-Rahtor landlord villages the cases which will arise will be :- (i.) Land held by cultivators now resident in the village, and which was brought under cultivation by them or by their ancestors. In such cases the cultivators should be held to be occupancy tenants of such land under the landlord in whose sub-division (panti) of the village the land may be situated. (ii.) Land previously held and cultivated by the proprietor of the panti or by a cultivator who has abandoned it and subsequently made over by the proprietor to another cultivator. Here no special claim to a permanent tenure arises and it will be advisable to regard the cultivator as holding without occupancy right. (iii.) Land which will be broken up in future by cultivators now resident in the village or by those who will settle in the village hereafter. In the absence of express agreement such cultivators should be regarded as occupancy tenants of the land so broken up by them. The extention of cultivation here contemplated could of course only take place with the consent of the landlorl in whose sub-division of the village the land was situated. In short, except in the case of the chals in the Surntgnrh Nizamat, the principles observed in the definition of occupancy tenants nro (i) thnt over land held at present by a non-proprietary cultivator who is himself the first clearer or the descendant of the first clearer, he has an occupancy right, (ii) that in respect of land which a non-proprietary cultivator muy in future break up and bring under cultivation, the customary permanent. Tenure of the first clearer will be deemed to exist except in the absence of a delinite and clearly proved ngreement to the contrary, and the cultivator will be bielel to bo an occupaney tenant in respect of such land. The occupancy right should be as is the one with the customary permanent tenure of the first clearer, heritable in the direct mul on oll closcent an, in cases where the occupancy holding is a joint onc, livilla, ·( 90 ) 57 The question whether, and if so, how fir the proprietary ind occupancy tenures described above should be capable of Alena on and transfer of alienation and transfer is a large one and an perhaps 1 Torretary and other scarcely be fully dealt vith here It is generlly statel that no cultivator in the h halsz villages has any right or title to alienate his holding by sale or mortgage and it is frequently urged that sich a right should be conferred in order to increase the credit of the cultivator and thereby put him in a position to raise funds whicrewith to meet 'the land revenue demand of the State and so render the collection of the latter more Ikhty secure In pir Vlith regard to the first of the above propositions, instead of relying on any alleged absence of right to alienate it is more to the purpose to enquire whether alienations of land are as a fact cu-tomiriig mide in the State As fir as my experience goes alienations with the exception of 2 tr insfer of 2 field for temporary cultivation are very rare if not vltogether unknonn The allegedl absence of a power of alienation nray have something to do with this but they really important reason is that in the greater part of the State land is of sol httle value owing to its poor quality, the sarcity of the munfall and other surrounding circumstances that it is practically not a marhetible commodity Under such circumstances it is necessary to enquue how far the definite bestowal of a power of alienation on the cultivator would have any effect and secondly how far on other grounds it is expedient to confer such a poster Land being apart from the absence of the latter of itself of little or no value as a subject of trunsfer for value it is hard to sce how the mere crertion of power or right to make such transfer Rould suddenly convert laul into a marketable commodity This can only be brought about by th“ grilunl clovelop-ment of the country, inciease of population ani otlıcr pro ays”, i+hich will have an effent in incrersing the dumud for land and its prolu In the cistern portion of the Suritgirl Nazımit the state of mittars is for sp cul r’isons somen dat different 37 in connection with the subject of the ch ths it lies b-en shown that there is a rising demand for lini u the uljacent parts of Ferozepore, &c, and that cul try tors from those parts are daroits of taking up linl in the cistern portions of th» Hinumin ırlı un 1 Virzuwılı Tıhsıls The conferment of an unfettered Power of alienation on the proprietors of chatz und on the cultivating proprietors in villages in these pirts scull no doubt result in the trinsfer of a goolsleal of lind into the hunds of cultivators and probably also of the truling classes in the ljucent British districts To judge from tlie minner in which chals have boen tuben up and abindoned in the parts in question, much of the alienation would bs of the nature of land jobbuug and land woull by acquired not with the object of founding nos villages thereon und bringing it under permanent cultı i tion but with the object of re selling it at a profit If considerille quintities of Ian 1 thus came into the hands of persons resident not within tlie limits of the State but in Britielı Districts the collection of the ici enuc due on such lin! would become a matter of difficulty is experience slinus in the ca c of the chals, and one of the mun objects for which the best.nl of a power of when it » 1124 been recommended youll be dcfented In addition to this the state of things non becoming so incruisingly notice able in some British districts, indebte Ines, of proprietors an consequenti orp ·( 56 ) tion of proprietary rights in the hands of the nioncyer classes accompanied by al Qeyrndation of the former proprietors to the status of tenant would be repeater 01 il smaller scalc, but perhaps more certainly since the new Bikaner proprietors would not live the traditions attaching to a long periori of recognisel proprictary right to act as an inducement to keep out of the toils of the money lender. The above causes for hesitating to confer :n unlimited power of alicn:- tion do not, it present at any rate, exist in the other parts of the Sunt? where there are no specin circumstances in existance to give an appreciable value to lam, and the question of a power of alien:ition b.com 's in their case rather : the retical than a practical one. At the same time al general power of alienation to proprictor or occupancy tenant resiling in the same villnges is, I think, it right which the State might concedle without any harm. It would frequently be al convenience to a cultivato: whose circumstances lind reteriorated and who had come to have more land on his hands can lie coull manage or cultivate properly to dispose of a portion of it to a fellow cultivator in the village who could do more with it than lic himself couli. The right would be conferred on proprietors and orcupancy tenants 1.12 would enable them to transfer their holdings by sale, or mortgage, or lease to any other proprictor or occupancy tenant resiling and liokling land in the same village lot to no one else. A proprietor or occupancy tenant would also be allowed to let the whole or a part of his holiling to any one even though not a proprietor or occupancy tenant of ihe village, but not for a pericol excecliny 5 years. The power of alienation coulil gradually as foun.] :nd sisable be extended beyond the limits laid down above. It is inaulvisable to confer at once il widle power of alienation which cannot be limited in the future iſ found to be lovling to unsatisfactory results. Pitch of the assessincnt in the future. 58. So far as regards a right to hold land without (listurbance and its clescent by inheritance to the heirs of the present liolders, the persons responsible for the payment of the State land revenue will be treated as proprietors, but the bestowal of this name does not carry with it new rights; what has been proposed amounts merely to a clearer definition of what are in fact the present customary rights of the cultivators concerned, but in a somewhat indefinite form. The fact that the cultivators who in future are to pay the Government revenue will be treated as proprietors is not therefore in itself any sufficient reason for reducing the pitch of the assessment. In the British districts it may be laid clown as a broad general rule that the revenue payment due from proprietors is pitched at 50 per cent of the net assets, the net assets being measured by the more or less full competition rent rates which tenants-atwill are ready to pay for the use and occupation of land. The position of the cultivators in the Khalsa villages who paid revenue to the State has hitherto so far as the pitch of the assessment was concerned been more analogous to that of tenants than to that of proprietors in British territory. There is no reason why this principle should not be maintained and the rates to be used for assessment purposes in Khalsa villages compared not so much with the revenue rates as with the rent rates prevalent in British territory, so far as such comparison is practicable.

·Aement rates 59 Unform 15€<<ment mtes can only be at futorily formed for tucts in wuch there are 2 lirge number of villages situated in a fairly continuous block and winch by rerson of proximity present certun ener il phosical features of the 2016 Lind The Khulz villages atunted elsewhore than in the three eastern Tih-ls Rugtrh, Bhadr and lohur and in the foui Tthsıls of thr Sur itgarh Nizımit ar generally not situnted in continuous blocks but are scattered here and there, it is therefore il ficult to firme ases men* ritus in such cists In friming assesment rates it will be well to mnuntun the cucles or sub divisions of Tthsıls made at the time of the Summary Settlement for this purpo e in the cise of the four ſıhsıls of tlic Suritgarh Nizinat ind in Tahsıl Blindri The reprosent rly wcierl differences in soil Statement II shows the rites for the 15 cssment of cultivated and waste land which seem suitable for the vari0n19 Tahsil, in 2 tyment circles in which hluals vallages 11e found, it also wmpires them with the aites used in the Summuy Settlement, and in columns 9, 10 and 11 re enteel the gross total assessment obtuned us wplying the rates proposed to the present cultivated anel waste rrets of the villages. The figures for cultivated zrer which hue been used in the cılculation are those obtuned in the last firdauuri (of St 1942), and are th a largo extent dependent on the urer melsurements in 1 cilculations of the Suminary Settlement The waste area lias been obtunel by deducting the present cultivated rei iscertained is abo e from thie totul arer as mensured at tlie Summry Settlernent The area firu s ur therufor most entirely dependent on th 1st S ttlem“nt masuremonts unl the somewhat unreliable nature of these Das already been noticed Hunce the resulting assessment alan in the columns 9-11 can only be then as approximations inore or k s accumte The si Tahsıls in which khalsz vlliges form continuous groups Inie been shown first as the Tobsls un ) circle issessment intes framed in these asez tre more satisfırtory ad rcluble than tho c m the other Tihsıls where the villages to brasses ed are more or less wels mittere The rates shown are in all cases per Bikanerı bigih ( 37 of an ucre), ev rept in Calısıl Hanumangarh and circles I and II of labısıl Verza ila u bere the bigihof in ucre or 1 69 of : Bık meri bigli As regards the Tihsıls of the Suratyırh Nirmat Stitement II lcals only with the tree of the original villages not with those of the chals constituted nt Settlement The circumstunces uncler wuch they have been since held and the constant changes which have taken place in the holders together with the uteryening periods of direct mingement which have occurred in many ms4 render accounts of aerige collections almost useless 15 any indication of the revenue which they muy fonly be espectel to yiell in future As aireuly remurked in para 37 it will be neeelful generally to lysess these chaks on a lover scale than the villages in oriler if possible to induce the landlords to settle cul Iittle mul on thus be trvators and des clope cultis ition in them perminently obtuned from a consideration of their circunistinces un framg standardi isce49 ment mtes for the various circles in the Surgarh Vizamat, and the best courin consequence is to exclude them in the proces- unel in judgin: hou for tlu resulting rates are suitable ·( 58 ) In framing the cultivation rates in the Rajgarh and Bhadra Tahsils, a good deal of reliance has been placed on the average rent rates paid in the adjacent portions of the Hissar District and on rent paid by cultivators to the farmers, (thekadars) for land broken up since Settlement in the three circles of the Bhadra Tahsil. No very late statistics as to rents paid in the Sirsa and Fazilka Talsils are available but such as there are have been referred to as far as possible in the case of the cultivation rates in the Hanumangarh Tahsil. The rates in the other tracts have been made more or less by a process of comparison with rates in the above tracts allowing as far as possible for differences of soil, rainfall and general developement. Much reliance has in all cases been placed on a comparison of the assessment resulting from the rates proposed with the accounts of average annual collections since the Sunwary Settlement. At present there are no statistics available of rent rates annually paid in patta villages, these are being prepared for purposes of comparison. Some detailed remarks as to the rates in cach Tabsil and circle are made beloir. 60. So far as the figures go, in this Tahsil as in Tahsils Bhadra and Nohar there appears to have been an increase in the cul- Tahsil Rajguh. tivated area since Settlement, but the increase has not been so great proportionally as in the latter Tahsils. Previous to the Summary Settlement the tract appears to have been always hardly treated in the matter of land revenue demand. The rate of 4 annas 3 pies per bigah cultivated used for framing the assessment at the Summary Settlement was in my opinion certainly too high, (Tide para 34 above and though the demand in this tract has been usually paid, inspection of the villages shows that this has been done with difficulty in some cases. The Settlement Officer himself appears to have been of opinion that reduction would in future be required in these villages, (Vide para 148 of the vernacular report on the Summary Settlement). The average rent rate paid in adjacent villages in Hissar is 2.8 annas per bigah. These rents are probably fairly full competition rents and indicate what a cultivator can afford to pay. There are at present no statistics to hand as to what rates are paid by cultivators for land newly cultivated since Settlement.* These will shortly be ready. The Rajgarh cultivator especially in the border villages is to some extent burdened with customs dues, and some villages complain that they prevent cultivators from neighbouring Hissar villages coming in to cultivate land temporarily in a good year. On the whole, I think that 2 anvas 6 pies per bigah is the highest rate which can be safely used in assessing cultivated land and this rate agrees fairly well with the result of rough assessments framed by me for a number of villages after inspection on tour. The rate for waste I should fix at 6 pies per bigah on the whole waste area. A consideration of the number of cattle in the villages shows that this rate is not too high and rainfall being, as far as it goes, more secure than in other parts the grazing is usually good. The waste is in proportion less extensive than in the Suratgarh Nizamat, but for that reason there is little or more of it lying useless, in excess even of grazing requirements, and what there is therefore more valuable. I see no reason for assessing occupied waste at a * NOTE.-Since wiiting tlic statistics have been received. They give 3 anuas 1 pie per biyalı as the average rent rate for nautor, ·Tahıl Blut in hi her rite than that Fluch is unoccupied The former is generilly land wluchi hri been mor or less evligasted by prerions cultivation unl is lying fallow for 1 time, it pro lans, sonº pale in parts but tha grizing on it is not as good generilly is that in the unoccupied Faste 01 Here gun in spuit of the incrcase in cultivation, I think thnt the assessmº it ritos uvel a Settlement were too high, at all events to apply them to the present area would give an absurdls lurju increuse in assessment The rent rate of 4 annas 4 pies in the uljacent Hissir villages is a fully competition rent rite pud by tenants at will for cultivated land which they hold foi a succession of years, the rent being paid Verrly whether the land is sown or not The 3 2002s rent rite is not such a full rent, but is dependent on custom modified to some extent by competition The theknd ers holding under the Summary Settlement ire not allowed to collect for either old or new cultivation rent it n rite lugher than the issessment rite, they may of course tahe lower rents They have generally done so in the Bhasir labsıl and column 6 of Statement II, shows the average rent realized from cultivitors of land broken up (nautor) since Settlement and which pre sumably they would not take up at the full assessment rate In regard to the Ingher one of the tivo Hissar rents it is to be remembered that though the cultitors to be assessed ure to be regarded for that purpose as the tenants of the State still it is scarcely advisible for the latter to treat them in regir to the pitch of its demand 28 1 ruch renting landlord would treat his tenants it will 1 farly developel trict under British rule The locul naufor jent is paid it must be borne in mind for new land which Irus comparatively recentis been brought un ler cultivation while the assess ment rite now to be frimed will be applied to land which has been longer under cultivation as well as to nautor land The assessments to be im posed will moreover be fixed lump as e sments to be pruul up by the joint village body even if cultivated lunl is abundoned Tor the Tal circlc, 2 whole 3 anni 3 yies per big ih is a fur rate for cultivation and the result of rough uillage neses ment made on tour lead me to think that it would be unsafe to go higher thin this for circle rate Some of the village on the eastern border will however probably be able to stand more than this This site being fixed for the Til circle 3 annis and 9 annis pies per bugih tre by comparison suitable rites for the Tal Tıblı incl Tıbbr circles, and agree furly with the result of roug's assessments made on tour Themte for waste can be put at 6 pies per bigih on the whole waste, 11 Nigarh, the reinırks mide with reference to that Tabsıl apply here I or the Tih il 98 1 whole these rites in spite of being lower than thio e ri ed at the last Settlement Elle a slight increise i na e ment Thus is clue to the incruase in cultitated in 62 The mtay for cultivation ued in this Till at Settlement were fır lower than those used in any part of the neighbouring Bahndra Tahsil The soil is as 7 rule lighter and more sands thon in the TilanTil Tıbbi circle of Bahnrı bit less so than that in thic Tıbba circle and there )» al o inore ribı grown than in the latter annis 9 pies per bigah is a fur rite for enltitron in tius Tahel gencrills This is aqualent to 37 inhis picu ucie The average rent rate in the adjoining Brimr circle of Tahlloh ·(60) Sirsa at the Settlement of 1879–82 was about 5 annas per acre which so far as it goes would show that the above rate is a fair one. The Bagar rent rate was probably not a full competition one but to some extent regulated by custom. The rate for waste should be 6 pie per bigah on the whole waste area as in Tahsils Bhadra and Rajgarh. Owing to increase in cultivation the above rate, which is inuch the same as those useil in the Summary Settlement gives a considerable increase in assessment. 63. The rates used in this Tahsil and in the Suratgarh Nizamat.generally at the Summary Settlement were far lower than those aclop- Tahsil Hanumangarh, ted for the eastern Tahsils. This was undonbtedly necessary and the principle will have to be observed in any new Settlement. As bas been already fully shown the tract in question though generally possessing an intrinsically superior quality of soil has a more scanty and precarious rainfall and under these circumstances the effect of the natural superiority of the soil is to a great extent lost ; in fact, in a year of short rainfall the harder loam is, as compared with a lighter soil, comparatively useless. The proportion of waste area is far larger and the tract is as a whole in a very unrlevelopel state and cultivation las decreased since Settlement. ; No very recent statistics are available of average rent rates paid in the adjacent villages of the Rohi tract of the Sirsa aud Fazilka Tahsils which generally resemble as regards soil, the First and Second circles of the Hanumangarh Tahsils. At the Settlement of the Sirsa District in 1879–82, S annas per sacre appears to have been a common rate of rent for tenants-at-will in that tract. This would be equivalent to 5 annus per bigalı. Since then the Rohi tract has developerl greatly owing to the introduction of canal irrigation and cultivation las largely extended, but the Hanumangarh Tahsil has in the meantime been stationary in the matter of development and cannot be regarled as cual in any respect from a revenue or rent paying point of view to the Rohi tract in 1882. Previous to the Summary Settlement the highest bigah rate which the Raj crer took in this Tahsil was 3 annas per pukka bigahi or if cesses be taken into account something over this. In my opinion 4 annas per pukka bigah, equivalent to 2:36 annas per Bikaneri bigah, is the most suitable rate for cultivation in the First circle of the Hanumangarh Tahısil. The rate for the whole area of waste, may be put at 8 pies per pukka bigah=472 pies per Bikaneri biyah. This rate is lower than that proposed for waste in the eastern Tahsils, but here we have a larger area some of which is comparatively useless as it is in excess of grazing requirements so that as a whole bigah for bigal the waste is not so valuable. In this Tahsil the soil though not extensively sandy becomes lighter as we go southward, so that for the Second and Third circles 3 annars 9 pics and 3 annas 6 pies per pukka ligah cultivated appear to be suitable rates. The rate for the whole waste arca in these two circles should be 6 pie per pukka bigah cquivalent to 3. pic per Bikaneri bigah. The waste is more extensive than in the First circle and the remarko made above apply with greater force. The assesse ments resulting from the application of these rates to existing areas agree fairly well with the rough village assessments made by me on tour with it view to ascertaining the revenue paying capabilities of the Talisil, but their total fulls short of the average annual collections of the whole Tahsil since Settlement by ·1171 la ( 61 ) come Rs 3 300 or 17 per cent Tliere is however little doubt that in this Tehsil and 10 the Nimmat generally much of the revenue paid since Settlement has been pud not by cultis ators from the profits of cultivation but by the theladers ont of their own po hºts by virtue of their re pon ibility for the fixed assessment my impression as th it this was especially the case in the In-t yeri, Samlat 1849 Oi t'r whole, I do not s~ my way to proposing lugher rites for cultivation in this I Voil than those suggest It mu t be borne in mind that, as ali eady pro po e there will be no fised lump resessments on the villages cxcept as regards the waste and even this will not necces irılı bu frune m the case of each village it the westerit s proposedl zbove but will depend largely on the number of cattle ictually owned by the ulla re The sum entered in column 9 of Statement II 18 the initial imount of revenue which the Raj will obtun from the cultivated area l'his applies to all the Tahsıls in the Mizmat wd renders comparatively useless 1 comprison of the sums obtuned by applying the proposed rates to the areas at present cultivated and rate with the averge annual collections of past years The above proposals us to rites do not apply to the \ili nrei Tlus Tihel lies to the west of the Hanumuinguh Talısıl At Settlement it may included partly m the latter and partly in the Suritgarh Tılsıl the northern portion which is churacteris el by i soil of furly firm loun was include l in the l irst circle of the Hanuman Sarh l'ihsıl The runfill is probably less than in the latter Talısıl and the proportion of cultuated area is sinaller The northern portion or First circle lo citumly iferior to the First cicle of the Hanumınguh Tahsıl and the popu Iition includes 1 lirger proporcion ot Vuosilman Rathis who are inferior cultı } Ղtol 3 On the whole lower rites are needed than in the first circle of the Hanuimingarh Tihsil 3 annis 9 pies por bigili is fur for cultivation and 6 pies per big th for waste The resulting assessment on pre ent treas is in excess of the lycrire innanl collections since Settlemant The above proposals will also In applicable to two vloges upcluded at Settleinct in the Second circle of the Hamzırh Ttlısıl but now in Virzu a Vy rough village assessment fr une i on tour were made before the cultivit l iren had been iscertained by the prd torri, on areas roughly state l by the cultuntors ot cach village and these wcre in most cises too small Allowing for this the assessments made agreed furly well with the result obtained from the rites nos proposed The Utn ulla circle of Mirzay all was at Settlement included in the Surat Thc soil is lighter and inferior to that in the First circle of this ruhsil and also to that in the Second circle of the Hanumangarh Tahsil which lies to its eist The cultivited area has decreased since Settlement and is now only 7 per cent of the whole arci in the cise of villages as aguinst 13 per cent at Settlement The rate for cultivation should be louer than that in the First circle to the north which is the same as that in the Second circle of Hanumangarh I should therefore fix the rite rannas per Bılanen bigal equuvalent to 3 38 annas per pokbe logh The rte on 1?-tc should be 34 pies per bigalı (Bilanc) = pues per pabbt bigl The sum obtained for the whole Tahsıl by implying the proposal sites to custing areas slightly exceeds the gierige annual collections 65 The Utaridh circle of the Surityarh Talısıl is similar as regards coil ind de elopment to the acljoining Utanih circle of the Tak Inter! Virzirali Tihoal to the north Coltration is 11 per cent The total sun of the total area in villages, the same rates ire suntil le girh Tihat?

·( 62 ) .. by applying these rates is less than the average annual collections but in this circle, especially in the last yeur,thic collections were in excess of the amounts actually paid by cultivators to the thekadurs ; it also agrees fairly well with the rough assessments made on tour but is somewlint below tlicir total. The Dhor circle of this Tahsil lies to the South of the Nali area and is on the confines of the central sadly tract of the State. The soil is light, sandy and uneven and sand hills cover most of thic arcal. There is a larger proportion of cultivation than in the Utaraulh, 19 per cent as against 11 per cent. The light soil though intrinsically inferior to that north of the Vali area yot has compensating rivantages under slıort rainfall. The soil is infcrior to that of the Third or southernmost circle of the llanumangarh Talsil. The rate proposed for that circle was 3 annas pies per pakka ligali equivalent to 2 annas per Bikaneri biguh. Suitable rates for this circle will be 1 anna I pics per bigalı cultivated anul 3 pies per bigaile on the whole waste arca. The sum resulting from applying them to the present cultivated and waste areas agrees fairly closely with the average omual collections and with the total of the rough village assessments made on tour. The above mates clo not apply to the Vali arca. 6li. In Tahsil antipsarlı only 3 per cent of the whole area is cultivatel. Tie immense areas of waste are lo n great extent useless als Tal-ilmarh. they are far in excess of the grazing requirements of even the large lierils of cattle which are owned by the Raths in this Tahsil. It is therefore useless to attempt to frame rates in this circle which shall have any meaning. The far greater part of the revene demand must in the nature of things be on account of profits from grazing anıl it is quite out of the question to attempt to estimate these by any rate per bigalı. Il :1 rate for cultivation is nccled it should not excecil probably 1 anna li pies or 1 annn !) pies per bigalı as rainfall is peculiarly precarious. The sum of Rs. 16,000 entered in column 11 of Statement II is a mere rough estimate of what the revenue demand might possibly be in the villages of the Tahsil having regard to average annual collections in the pist. The only course open in tixing some revenue demand for this Tahsil appears to be to assess the holding of each cultivator separately and to frame a fixed grazing assessment with reference to the number of cattle owned by the village whicle will be paid by cach resiilent in proportion to the number of cattle which he mily lave each year. The Tahsil is practically a desert and as such outside tlie scope of Settlement operations as ordinarily understood. The arrangements in regard to the chuks in this Talısil appear to be in a hopeless state of confusion. Their boundaries are generally not demarcated and many of them have been leased to the chaudhris or other residents of the villages whence they were orginally formed and are tiuus agnin practically parts of those villages ; all will probably have to be treated in this way as far as possible. 67. The remaining tracts of the State may be dealt with together. In them the Khalsa villages mostly scattered and not situated in continuous or fairly continuous blocks. Any general Tahsil or circle rates cannot under such circumstances be more than very rough guides to the assessment of any particular village in the tract to which the rates refer. Those proposed and shown in Statement II have been framed both with reference to the annual average collections in the past and also to the principle that the rates should as a rule clecrease from east to west, i. e., broadly speaking with the rainfall. Other tracts, ·FW *! ( 63 ) The final result of applying the rite propo - to be pred tel and mute arets of the ball di : escluding the area aclulel u cake wtham mit anıl also the Talı rei is to bring out a 492 of 1)-2,4 mo't isimli be the total estinate for a fired lump a e ment 2: t. r tom friming firel lum ? e ment> trure universalls a bored. T. mnt belot the arerige apaul colle trol. since St. 192457 It mu t le bonne in and that the culurte vi iz mate is the are notulls under tillage i en plongboard upon - 1999 na remont nor in progres the land which hab tava: of measurement or in the rear imeltels prueinag malba -1 . com vated and this will in all prolabilıts re-alt in an are mithe rate-popo ed for culturation rould have to be a ) --120_O estimat, for an giver al firel lump a ta ment. Tilam IT 9 09 Tbo abore propu als do not anp's 19 Wenn pre-ent an ler a s tem for disierent rates are taken i (role pari 31) Corpo te * :*e? Iuliare but not arriel ont cone portons op vier ro'1 within the external by indaries of the silla vingi - ir will po'ably hare to be re preted The rescu a fets chris in the Hanulningarh Talıcılız int! zap- BION 2, it , lyfore the abortuse ctet control and management of the State Fiell. ! the Xali area wh ch has fyra incluirre cl. bonn la pague encalls more or les pointe de la who rainfall an 1 other circun taman V. are the 5171 caltratar will gent-1]ls tilts In the uny.xup jyrtion of th Ta': 25.Ie- :S ciale Pithin ang sulise lysur laties kustin_cay incnt of the Bay offimul- inatter, annak are not so onmon an Icultat - nga foydalan 119 statistics to sout what progno 99 of the 12's a: whole very small, *px-gally in the futurn is met WA WE to- ta print this put our 4 rl by v tomto et direct omtral ani maarunt li ti L.I.IN in the village Inun kn s all t9 dni 'itint, puriyer This arm trung ata siki aš in 21- og fetterel is an; sal. I L410114 of 75 wgy olla eri the str Sale span in s ill for ingen 7:*::*- portion of the 1ko in ito mula e levenir tue figlit auf fr t'?99 ning I can t ? expers forowa tion ar 11 vrchris quith #staff.. b) 2. u'Infor}}rran be dona della miaíur th ist eine in q' II won!!! up ·( 64 ) Turning to the question of low the State revenue may best he realized from the Nali arca, it is pretty obvious that in regard to the portion included witliin village boundaries the system of lump fixed assessments village by village is even less suitable than it would be in other parts of this Nizamat where its :pplication (loes not as it fact appear to be proper, as alrearly shown at length. Further the grazing in the Nirli :trek is generally poor, and those species of grass which are adopted for grazing purposes do not grow in anything like such abundance as in the lighter upands on either side. The icultivated Nali srca is not in short worth much as pasture land so that to impose a lump grazing issis - ment as recoumenced elsewhere is out of the question. For the areas not included within village boundaries fiscul lump assessments of any sort are obviously impracticable for there are no persons who coull be made responsible for the Hillment of A system of usessment per inelividual Boliling seems therefore to be the only feasibile one. The char i, C., that portion of the area in which the main stream of the fools flows, w the case of llammangarlı and for a short distance to the went i of it consists of laul clayey soil which has to be well moistenert hy flooils hefure it can be tillel. The other portion of the Vali area in this part and the whole of it to the west of this can be cultivated on rainfall alone, but the soil being generally : firm clayey loam especially towarıls the centre requires al greater rainfall than the lighter plans on either side. The Xali area generally benefits to some extent by the drainage from these uplands. Besicles wheat which is confined to the flooled area, the only other in portant Rabi crop in the Vali area is trumira, but it may almost be considered a Tiliariſ crop as it is soun anielst thic growing jarcar an baru before they have ripeneul. Except in years when the flooils are especially high very little barley or grain citlier singly or mixeil or incleed any other sorts of Rabi crops are grown. The table in the margin gives statistics for three years of the flooded Years. Whet. Barley. Gram. Taramira. area croppeci with wheat, barley, gram and turn- St. 1911.45 10,097 102 mira respectively. In St. St. 1947-48 29,811 534 1,437 2,932 1944, the whole Nali St. 1949-50 flcoded 5,631 49 78 3,943 and for some distance Areas in pakka bigahs. iest of Hanumangarh. The flood subsided in the iniddle of September. In St. 1947, the volume of the floods was far greater than usual and the water passed beyond the western boundary of the Hanumangarh Tahsil into one or two villages of the Suratgarlı Tahsi). The food did not subside till the middle of October. In St. 1949, the volume of the floods was apparently considerably less than in St. 1944. The crops are nearly all grown on rainfall alone ; in some cases when the land (kachhi) at the margin of the Nali area after having been flooded emerges in time for Kharif sowings it is sown with jawar and gawar. The principal Kharif crops sown on rainfall alone are bajra and jarar. Bajra is unsuited to the firm soil but the ignorant bagri cultivators insist on cultivating it though j near appears to be taking its place to some extent. Agricultural results are on the whole peculiarly precarious, in the flooded aren owing to uncertainty in the time and volume of the floods and in the remain- 5 13 arca was מון to ·(Go) der owing to the unsuitability of the yınerilly scanty rainfill to the firm and in some places hurd cluyey loain soil Under these circumstance, I do not think that even in the portions included within village arcis 1 here cultivating po cession 15 fairly permanent i system of fivel assessment holding by holding payable y carly whether the arer held is in any pirticular year son n or not is suitable. I should recommend a system assessment by fised rites on the area actually soun cuch year This is in principle the sy tem now in force, but the intiquated and Inconvenient system of bata for Rabı crops ought to be alnındoned and esh rites substitute I for it In the adjacent Sirsa Tahsıl a system of fluctuating assessment is in force for land flooded by the Gh isgar The issessment is made hirvest by hariestat crop rites per acre on the area son n , if the crop fails entirely nonsessment is imposed and if the produce 15 joo the area affected is assessed it bolt rites llt ciop rates are Rs As Whent 1 8 per acre Other Rabi crops and Jau au 0 12 do Other Kharif crops (except Rice) 0 8 do These rates were frimed to iepresent one sixth of the avernge grosa pro duce of these crops per acre sown The shore of the Rabı produce taken by the State in the Nalı urea is, is already stated, one fourth On this scale, the other elements in the cultivation vi, estimates of price and yield, remaining unltered, the above rit s 07 tha pakkı biguh would stind 19 follows RS ASP Whert 1 6 6 per pubbı bigalı Other Rubs crops and Jawar 0 11 3 do Other hharif crops (except Rice) 07 6 dlo The estimates of yield in seers per pukla bigth and of mice in secrs per rupce which wery, use l in framing the above rates were 18 follors Crop Yield Price Whent 100 24 Rs Barley 150 18 Giam 150 12 100 Bajra 70 33 Bajra is sown in the floo led area in Sirst It is a sometrhat difficult matter to arrive at a fair estimate of the verge rates of field in the flooded Nali area of Hanumangırh If the statistics relating to the lalai taken in bt 1947 48 for the Rabi crop arc to be trustel the total yıeld of crops and the averiges per pubba bigih perc is follows Aren in pukka Total yield in lzera je yield per Crops bigah maund pulla bigath Whent 29 8241 1,82024 211 Secrs 334 939 Burley dlo Gram 1 137 179 slo Turimir 9,639 do 2,932 132 Juar 32 3,15 6,104

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·1 1 in la consulerable mırgın has to be left for a possible future fill in prices yers when there is a citonsite ner under Izbi crops it 15 provible that a consulerible portion of the pro luce will be in excess of the loul emind, spouilly in the out of wlient un l birley anl it will be exportel t) udljicent Britislı territory , in such as the 1xle of the crop to the cultivator will cupuuul mure or less on the price which can be obtained there after paying the Cilstoms export duty On the whole, I shoull estimate average prices in seers przuen as follows, for the purpo e of z złung the State share of the prosluce of floolal crops in tlic llinumangarh Nahi heit 21 Seurs Hurley 33 rlo Grim 32 do Faramiri do Janar 32 lo The value of one fourth shire of the yiell of one pubba bigth of each of the above crops on ou tloolel lund in the Hanumıngırh Nil at the estanutes of userage stell and pricu frame above woull stind thus, the Sirsa rites per pubha bigal enhanced to the one fourth standard being added for CNP-un Tale Enhanced Sirsa Rates is. RsA Whent 10 1 G C Birley Il 3 0 31 3 Gum 13 0 11 3 Tirumura (1) 0 11 3 JUVET 0 11 0 11 3 Othc: blauf crops (escept Rice) 0 In 2 Jdition to one fourth share of the prodire of Rabi crops, the State Thus mounts tıkes janar at Re 1, per plough cultı ying lanıl for the Rabi to about 11 annis per quid hul bigth as one plough cin preprre about 10 bigalis for the Rabı harsest in the floo le ? Nikt arer In regids to the su 4 rates for pacar and other klarif crops it must be borne in mind that they apply to crops soin with the aid of floods, wlule, as shown above, the mujor portion of the I harf crops in the Ntlı rrcr of the Surat garh Nizimnt 11e soka on land winch is nezer reached by the floods at all The crop rites wick, 1 shoukl recommend for cach Tahsıl for the pur poses of fuctuating assessment are us to:lons is 11 Tahsız Crops 1. O per pruhha Ingol Ilunumingmirli Il leat 0 14 0 do All otlier flooid Habr cropis riooded bharf crop ( mo tis 0 120 clo 9 0 0 jarcar ) All other crop souva on rin fall alone do per Biban mli Surtgirl Anupmrly All crop All crops ·( 68 ) קט at ; The six annas rate per pukka bigah would equal 31 annas per Bikaneri bigal. The rates in Tahsils Suratgarh and Anupgarh were the whole of the cultivation is on rainfall alone are thus lower than in Hanumangarh. This is justified by the decrease of the rainfall from cast to west and by the fur smaller proportion of Rabi cultivation. The above crop rates would be applied to all lands sown as measured the girdavari ; iſ the crop hacl entirely failed in any field the assessment on it at the above rates would be reunitted while a field of which the produce was poor would only pay at half-rates. There is a small portion of the Nali arca in the Hanumangarh Tahsil which is included in chahs of which possession appears to have been given to intending lessees at the time of the abortive Settlement already described. The lessees have not settled permanently but appear to insist on rctaining their chals. The best method will be to demarcate the latter and to fix a liglit lump asse-sa ment framed with reference to the circumstances of each chak. CllIPTER VI. Settlement Operations. The nature of thic Work mont. 70. In order to carry out the proposals made in the last chapter a surrey of the area of the Khalsa villages will be needed with the involved in the settle exception probably of those in the desert tract of Hanumangarh. The main object of this survey will be, (i) to ascertain the areas of cultivation and waste included within the boundaries of each village, (ii) to ascertain the limits and area of the holding of cach cultivator. The information thus obtained will supply materials for framing the fixed lump assessments of villages where that method is adopted, and also for fixing in all cases the payment which each cultivator will liave to make in future in respect of land held. In many of the older villages also enquiry will have to be made as to the persons who by vertue of an inlicrited and hitherto recognised landlord claim are in future to be held responsible for the payment of the revenue and entitled to the common income of the village. A field and a register of fields and other subsidiary papers will be prepared for each village measured. The survey is needed not only for the immediate purposes of the Settlement but also for the proper future working of any system of revenue aclministration which shall have any pretensions to be satisfactory. In fact in a country in many portions of which cultivating possession changes much, it is a matter of great importance that a reliable record of all changes shall be kept up, if, let alone all other matters such as disputes as to rights, &c., the State revenue demand is to be realized without confusion and delay. These remarks are perhaps only fully applicable to the more cultivated and developed parts of the State ; to the Anupgarh Tahsil with its 3 per cent of cultivation which is not likely to increase for a long time to come, they have scarcely any application whatever. The tract is a desert and scarcely affords any field for anything resembling revenue administration as usually understood ; and a cultivated field being a rarity כוונון .

·(09) it is grotesque to tilh of field siries in connection with it Village borud nilts irc "ru to cut, Hut if they do thics are not dein umtel in muy recognible lupe or form nor ire there any np from whuch they could be i lentified It 1s in fuct difficult to see what object could be gunel by cuen a sirip of the citernal boundarics of villages The trict is neithcı more nor le-s ilian a huge (ypense of waste mitli collections of huts or houses, wluch rrug in some places Ise diçmfied by the name of villages, scattered qar ely oscrit Any resonic to be realized must be fise with refcrelict to the number of louses and attle In cach of the inhibitel units, to employ the usual pri aplicrunlır of a Settle ment, such masurement, rates, &c, la little short of absurd The other principal portion of the Settlement work is of courz geccssment or filing the amount of the Stntc demand either in lump on the village for : tum of years or otherwie The matter has been deilt with at length in the list chupter The method of survey eniy loyed in thit ly the sight and planc table The procedure briefly is as lwlows The distances bet Netlofs tres ween pillars on the village boundary arc chained and accu ritely recorded, subsidiary stations wluch nd in the plotting of the boundary ind of the fields within the village arer are also set up and the distances between them are chained and recorded, is also the perpendicul 1 distances of boundary pullars from lines joining subsidiary stations , with these material, rendy the amın or mersurer by means of the sight, pline tıble crous et ff and scale mibes an accumte plot of the village boundary anel of all subsıdıry stitions 11 hen this slone, the fields are plotted one by one within the already plotted village bunnerry The method conduces to speedy and accurate work The system of square neisurement would probably give cven more accurte results but as the waste arm in many parts is so extensive much time would be s isted by this inethod in cutting waste Innd uselessly up into squires The area of cultivated fields and occupied waste is calculated by inersuring perpendicular distances with the chun and that of unoccupied waste by taking out such distances by scale measurement thus saving the labour of actual chain ang In the Hanumangarlı Tahsıl and in Circles I and II, of the Mirz is al Tah. sil, the chain ised is that known as the puhla jarib, and is 824 feet in length, In all the other a square of tho chuins is equal to one pubha biguh = acre Tahsıls the chain to be used is the local chain, 631 feet in length , 2 squirc of two such chains is equal to one Bilaneri bigah= 37 of an icre The maps irc drusn to scales of 8 or 10 chuins per ach according as the longer or shorter chain is used These scales are equat ulent to 220 and 212} yards to the inch respectively 72 At the time of my joining at Bikaner in August 1992, no preparations of apy sort what ever had been made for the prosecution ITOgress of the Survey of Settlement work There were no survey materials of any description fit for use The only staff to land were the ordinary State Putivaria, Gırdasars and Naib Tahsildars but they were almost without prcep Hon ignorint of any form of Settlement Norb, nad cien in tbc et ·( 70 ) their orlin:ry duties were very far from satisfactory. The State had at my recommenuention entertained two patwari teachers for two or three monthis before my arrival, but in that short time and with such material to work upon little improvement could be made. In short the orrlinary subordinate staff was in August 1892 utterly worthless for Settlement purposes. The whole work had to be and was begun ab initio. The first step was to collect and train il staf of amins or measurers ; this was taken in hand at once and drangements made for-their training all the Sarlar; some oflicials of a higher grade were also entertained for the supervision of the Settlement Staff and the ordinary State Girdla wars anil Patwaris. At the end of September a 'yirılurrari or inspection liell by field of the Khariſ larvest, was unlertaken. So imperfectly had the work been done in past vears and such was the worthless character of the subordinate Revenue Staff that the work took over three months to accomplish. Meanwhile ineasurement apparatus was being prepared as fast as local resources in this direction woull permit and the school for training the measurement stall was removal to Suratgarh as it woulil there be nearer tlic scene of the major part of the Settlement operations. Measurements were began in the lamungarh Tahsil of the Suratgarh Nizamnt in the end of February 1893. No operations were awlertaken in the Reni Nizamnt until I hal in opportunity of inspecting it which I did.in l'ebruary and March. 'A school for the instruction of the measurement stafi was opened at Rajgarh and supervising oflicers were síppointeil for the Reni Nizamat and for the Tahsils. Vc:17_mcht work commence at the end of Jay in this Nizamat and in the Bikaner Tahsil at thic end of April. Statement III, shows the progress mule in measurement operations up to June 1st 1893. The truc arca mesured is somewhat in excess of the amount shown in the Statement is it does not include the inoccupial praste of several villages the actual measurement and survey of which has been completed but the arca had not up to date been taken out by scale. Probably the actual arca which had been surveyed and measurel up to June 1st was not much under 1 laklıs of pakka bigalis. Some 10 or 12 villages are under measurement in the Reni Nizamat, but work had not commence long-enough to show much progress by the beginning of June. The preparation of the Field Register and other subsidiary papers has of course gone on concurrently with the actual work of measurement. Excluding the Anupgarh Talisil the area of the Khalsa villages of the State by the returns of the somewhat rough measurement made at the Summary Settlement is 22,89,771 acres ; the area of the Anupgarh Tahsil is 7,72,398 acres, giving a total area for the whole of the Khalsa villages of '30,62,169 acres. The above figures are of course owing to the methods of measurement employed at the Summary Settlement no more than approximations to the real facts. be Of the above area 1,75,000 pukka bigah equal to 1,09,375 acres my taken as having been surveyed up to the end of may, leaving a balance exclusive of Anupgarh, of 21,80,396 acres still to be surveyed. * - * NOTE.-Up to 15th August 1893, 3,25,236 acres including St complete villag-s have been surregel.

·5 73 tart onut cntcr ( 71 ) It mis be estimated that when the fall strength of the meistring stiff both pats quis and specul etmins baring completed tlie training stage is in full working order and initial friction of various kinds is Overcome about Iblis of acres on the worrige will be measured in 3 months, gang 8 lakhs of icrcs per y car Thus of course assumes that the hot weather wull continue to be as favour able for surscy work 18 it has bcen this year At tlus mate the survey of the hlialır villazcy, excluilmg those in Anuparli, will require a period of ? scars w I months from the present time, and this would put the date of the comple tion of the survey at about the end of March 1896 If the Anupgarh ullages are inensured the rate of progress in their a-c will be conuderibly more rapu ind thcy will probably be completed in another six months, supposing tlint the hot wether of 1896 is not very severe, otherwise it will be inpossible for work to proceed in them at that seison In my mise the whole of the Settlement operatins both survey and subsidiary would not be finally complete much betore the end of the hot weather of 1896, or more than 3 genrs from the present time thus making the whole period of Settlement operations counting from Ingust 1892, somen hit over you An increase in establishinent which of wurse vould imply increased innuul expenditure would shorten the period, but with the present establishment the above is probably a fairly approximate cstmate of the time which wll be required to coinplete the Settlement operatous artisfactorily Statement Il shows the e table bment and cypenditure budgetted for the year April 1st 1893 to Varch 31«t 1891 the establiment "? 14 2006 future actually entertained on June 1st 1893 and its monthly cost ane the actual cypenditur iucnrred under all heads from August 1892 to Vay 31st, 1893, a period of 92 months During that period n sum of Rs 30379 has been spent on the Settlement or cxcluding the pay of the Settlement Officer, R- 17,819 The Statement explus itself Of thic tu sapuunten luut ole on la 100 p m hos inimcdiate charge of Settlement operations in the Suiatzarlı and the other on Rs 120, of those 10 thu Ren Nizarat The former official is Diun-ı Gopi Cliand, a Deputy Supermtendent of Settlement in the Panjab, whose services huve been lent to the State He jomerl in the September 1892, and las since worhed withi zcal, industry and exceptional intelligence It is largely owing to his great exertions The other Superin that a good start has been made in the Sumtgarh Nizamit tendent Muulsi Inayat Hlussun, is also a Punjab Deputy Superintendent, le fırs only lately joined Of the Deputy Superintendents, the services of tuo lasc been lent to the State, and the other four linse left British service in the Punjab to come and work in the Settlement Of the Iield establislıment bu lzettel for dl hrs been entertained with the exception of some mun sarıms or subordinate inspecting officers and some amis or surveyor Under expenditure other than tliat on establishment the cost of mcasurment apparitus is a furly hervy item amounting to Rs 2,588 since the beginning of the oporations It consists largely of the cost of 150 sets of inpantus complete which are being mule up locally , herrly, the trhole mount required lius now been received It will be indispensably neces-ari for pıtwars' work esen after the Settlement is completed so that it is not solely a Settlement charge wt A ·( 72 ) of lithographic printing of forms for measurement and other purposes will also be a heavy charge in the future. It will be obscrved that a considerable part of the establishment does not as yet receive the full pay of their posts. On the whole Rs. 70,000 is probably by no incans an over estimate of the average annunl cxpenditure which will have to be incurred on Settlement Operations up to the time of their completion, i. c., for a period of at least 3 years from the This would give as the total of future cspenditurc, Rs. 2,10,000, which with thc expenditure already incurred would amount to something over Rs. 2,40,000. It may therefore be said that the Settlement from beginning to and will cost something under lakhs. The assessable annunl lanıl revenue of the Khalsa villnges excluding the chals and the Nali arca may be put at roughly 3 lakhs. The Settlement would thus cost 83 per cent of one years land revenue of these villages. BIKANER: P. J. FAGAN, present time. 27th June, 1893. Settlement Officer.

·STATEMENT No. III. PROGRESS OF SURVEY.

·STATEMENT NO. III. Shurinn l'rrup??, di surrej. Irrnirlerdenpin June 144 8:11.1. أه .S۱ FA 1; ::. -: دار) {{ - . Total, 1: ، . معهم مهم مهم }.{1} 11:11 ::: زازا,1,1| (۱,۱۱۱ هه را به ۱۳۲۰ )۴,۱( bimalis امر به مع معهد . 1( تیران,2,371 ;ان را 1 } \r/۶ : Bilanci ۱,i:::.. په 1,175 ..:) :.:.: !!.. - ، :: }. 1.:::: 2,041, أ. 1:11 .::55 هد (.1,404 4,5,627 41.15 (3.35:: "", ai 11 0 ۲۰۰, ::. ( ا ) ! . مو ·STATEMENT NO. IV. ESTABLISHMENT AND EXPENDITURE.

·STATEMENT NO.IV. Showing Establishment sanctioned and entertuined, and the expenditure under all heads up 10 June 131, 1993. 2 3 + 3 th S 10) ESTABLISISIEST SLYCTIONED IN BUDGET FOR 1893-91=ST, 1930. ESTADISISIE:ST TXTERTAISED OS 1ST JUST, 1893. MAJOR IIEAD, SECTIOX. Expreruliture for months of 1891, i. r., from Isi April, 1833 to 3int May, 1833. Total expenditure funge 1899. 9:3, 1, 1, from August, 189 10318 Marel, 1993. Total expenditure np to date ier'., from luglisi, 1593 to 31-1 May, 1893. KERKS. Detailed heads. Detailed hacks. Muntlily cost. Innual cost. Voutily cost, Rs. Salarics of Establishment. 1. Settlement Officer. Rs. I. Pay and Contribution (average). 1. 1'.y and Contribution I 2,501) 1.100 ks. 101.711) 1.166 17,600 13.1!0 1,100 2.800 10,710 II, l'ield Esablishment. 1.166 110 121 20) 17,600 1.300) 1,101) 10 1 11. I Superintendent du, ? (vintributinns carlat 10) p. 111. :) llurse :01:1!1e30.2.11 at 1.1 300 197 31) 720 II. I Superintendent do. 2 Contribution cach at 10pm. llorsc allowancos cach at li per incnseni. Total Superintende:sts 4 Deputy Sup.lts. at 60 ,to su p. 11., ni crage at 70. m. 2 Deputy Supilts. at 60 p. an. Contribution o Tiorse allowances at 17. M. 1,200 Total Superintendents 59% 1.267 1.8.19 ... 1 290) 120) 10 ... 3,300 1,110 120) 1,090 | Deputy Saputi il 60 do. cho. at for Contribution i loiro allowancesat 1 ... ... 90 90 1:2 000 6,000 160 648 870 Total Deputy Suplts. Total Supets, and Deputy Supet. 1,318 Tola! Deputy Supilis. 'Toint supilts. Deputy Supults. Soj 10,260_ SUO 1,910 2,137 3,377 3 Nunsarims at 3.7 107 ... 1,260 012) 70) 13 7 do, at 30 210 2.320 210) 30 Hadalanrs at 20 at 1.1 at 14 600 7,200 ? Jiunsarims at 2.3 no 1 Madaulgar at 17 do. alo, 19 do. at 12 16 cia. 31 do. S 13 do, 10 0 do, at 15 2,200 2.923 750) ...... *** Madalyar; are surrey inins. 2,000 atli) 228 100 132 90 GO clo, ... at.10 600 7,200 Total Sub Fiold Estabiliment 2,203 27,150 . Total Sub Pickl Establishing!t ... 1,219 2,215 2,923 3, 110 ·Ticler T101 г. JI -O Colin ei tu 113 Lot 1 ut T1 11 rr 1 I wit hirilir ! Irt RII Attr11111 To lis 0 ) 80 113 Tallicht 310 Tal Fi'i 03 III 13 710) ile ex Older N I (ich 10 40 . ܕ ܐ ܕ ܢܐI ܐ 1 Viliar ir 1 118 15 2011 I Clerk 1 renler 14 --Javeri 1 "I R 20 - 30 serime 11-11eric i Il oru kucILT 1 Chans 3 lintas @ Nei Of cus@1.5 ! Tenti telier i haluar 1 Rhislınt 1 Blunt IND 210 IS) J 22 12) & 21 10) 8 2 I (ris 3 1 OM 1991 II @ 3 D 87 2 3+ $3 3 I klar 1 Rhilt 1 B1111 2 230 3h) 1 231 Surin eile 2 10 tirs on T. 91 01 + 1 2 1mshes on 8 40) GU 16 43) 7.LI 132 Seperilerinin ,'harris o Te 15 Ihrririle 10) Parmio RS 8 102 29 1 111 11 Da, kty Sporen enler 6 Mohairs on Rs lo 30 1990 Drpul wwoprintenden + Mul Arits mrel on 10 90 119 92 ion 101 43G 232 2110 1 12 Total Oflice Istabliment Total Estallishment 6 72 Tot i Ofta c E tilhnent vf3 Jig 1 / 20 91 Total Etui nu 382 G 914 17 0 21112 l'atwaris asi iratus atjoitty ar II si tina Misceilut cous 1 00 10 300 JI I u sastatue Stilliery ar 1 tunting Vi cellu cous ! Irag 312 3r 3 100 133 • It is inclul cotiftreter atitis #ch as the taller # 1111 cmli for IC apre in Suur to Surt, 2011 srl 1183 2 7 340 Settlement of a 2 Fuj-cruten lenin Once Fstabiliment Other Items 0 t(H) un 20 Lettlement officer perutin lente Offic Fsta? lishment Other items 31 17 11 111 207 2 100 43 R16 1111 1337 ettlement for Printer leita 6 Depaty Superinten Ints 10 fo 250 no 19.0 1 100 • Thuja in iil Tritellano nll 1 1111 ont frto In It u titlul to 1 1 ſur Tours Actilement cert 2 Superinten lerts 6 Deputy Superin en kents 2 110) 116 271 3) 133 390 33! 113 GRAND TOTAL 70 852 GRAD TOTAL 8901 21.30 3.9

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·The following is a very brief Note on the present state of Settlement Operations 1 1 surennt The general prunciples goscening the Settlement, together with arus annount of nirniles prictical detul, were lud dusn in the printul Settlement Report These Inse, with one or two minor emendations, been accepted by the Council In addition to the printed report I have prepared a Note, which is bein, t: in-luted, and copied, in which tre contained full instructions as to the carrying juto practice of the principles lul in the report These two papers will, I think, enable the Settlement Officer to clispose of practically every question wluch cau we in completing the Settlement operations "I hc appended Statement do I gnes details of irer and number of villages mesured up to November 15th The Smvey work in the Suratguh \izamat lins pio gressed most satis faltouls In the Harnum ingrrl Tabsıl where there is the largest proportion of cultivation it is now practically complete Tahsıl Anupgarh will not be inersi rel, ind, is the proportion of culty itel rei 10 Tahsıl« Suratgarh ind Muzlu la fir smaller than in Hanumıngarh, it is probable tint the mersurements in this Nızım it will be complete soon after the con inencement of the hot weither The bulk of the Settle nent Stuff is now at work in the Nizamat The measaiements in the other Nizimits will trhe longer, as in them there is, generally sperking, little unoccupied waste, in the nunher of mupamte fiells o survey numbers 1, therefore much Irger As soon, however, > the Suratgarh Nizainst is nen completiou tht Amins an be drafter thence to 1 ther parts 3 All the papers to be included in the Settlement Record, except the Kliatin, are prepared concurrently with the actual nork Settleme tyre of neisurement The Khatauni in the villages, of which the measurements bave been coinpleted, will now be taken in hand Detailed instructions in the matter, together with forms, hate becn printed and a-sued Before the Khatuunt can be prepared, in cases other than those of villages in the Suritgarh Nizamat, it has to be decided whether the tenure of the village is to be joint or otherwise Tor this purpose ? genealogical tree and a file of enqmry are preprred, and on this orders are passed In this way, the tenure has been fixed in the case of a lirge number of villages, including nearly all those in which (as above) 2 decision on the point 19 needful; and the measurements of which bave been completed Tlie Settlernent Officer should have no difficulty in disposing of the rem uning cases on the princi ples emploved in the cases alieady decidle? That which is the essentul portion of qsessment work in a trict like Bibiner luich is generally ho nogeneous throughout large Asaesemedt areas, la, the firing of the pitch of the insc-sment, or in of in the other words the assessment or retenue rates lias been fully Settlement Report In the Suratgarh Nizanit, exæpt in tl 3 1 ·( 2 ) in that of a few villages, on further process of assessment will be needed, as the tenure will in all cases witli the above exceptions be khatawar. The 'Chaks. generally differ little among themselves except so far as income from Sajji is concerned, and there should be little difficulty in fixing their lump assessments. The same remark applies to the Khalsa villaves in other parts, the tenure of which will be generally joint, and which will be assessed at fixed lump sums. In a given tract there is generally little to choose in point of prosperity between one village and its next close peighbour. The general revenue or assessment rates will give an approximate estimate of the assessment to be fixed, and the Settlement Officer should have no difficulty in making the small additions to or deductions from this estinate nceded by any special circumstances found in the village. I have left English notes on a large number of villages made after inspection ; if translated they may be of use to the Settlement Officer. 5. Statement II appended gives details of the expenditure up to the end of Novenber, 1893. The accounts up to that date are not Expenditure. as yet all closed, and the expenditure entered in column 3, is therefore, to some extent an estimate although a very close one. The total expenditure on Settlement operations incurred from the August, 1892, when I joined at Bikaner, up to the 30th November, 1893, is Rs. 60,734. There will in future be a saving under the head of " Settlement Officer's pay. With this exception, columns 2, 3, and 4 appear to show that the Budget Estiinate for 1893-94 is a fairly close one, althcugh the year's expenditure will not reach the estimate. The subsequent progress of measurements scems to indicate that the estimate of the period which would be required to complete Settlement operations made in para 72 of the Settlement Report was excessive, and that they will be concluded at a much earlier date than was anticipated. This will of course effect a considerable saving in the total cost of the Settlement. BIKANER: P. J. FAGAN, 20th December, 1893. Settlement Officer.

·STATEMENT I. Progress of Suri ey. AREA MEASURED IN BIG AUS. Name of Nizamit or Tibil. No of villages No of villages under measurement REMARKS. complete Cultivated Yaste Total Nizamnat Suratgarh 110 23 2,91,721 5,17,156 8,08,877 l'art of this area, ie, that in Hanumangarh T: e in pikkı big he wluch 1 69 of the local or Bikaner bigan Up to 151h November, 1843 Do Rent 37 15 1,21921 86,698 2 16,622 Do Sa lar 21 11 44,780 91,056 1,35,816 Do Do TITIL 109 32 4,66,123 631910 | 11,61,395 ·STATEMENT II. Expenditure. II E AD). Amount sanctioned for 1893-1 1. Cost actual and estimated from April 1st to 30th November, 1893. Balance of allotment. Actual cost from August 1892 to 31st March, of 1893. Total cost from August 1892 to 30th November, 1893. 3 Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. A.--Establishment Settlement Omicer 17,600 12,465 5,135 10,710 23,175 Field Establishment 38,010 17,520 20,520 5,175 22,695 Office Etablishment 5,232 3,054 2,178 1,620 4,674 Тот.31. 60,872 33,039 27,833 17,505 50,544 , B.-Apparatus, &c. ... . 3,000 3,058 -58 2,257 5,315 C.-Travelling Allowance 2,300 897 1,403 1,111 2,008 V).-l'ontingencies 1,080 2,082 2,598 785 2,867 5 GRAND TOTAL 70,852 39,076 31,776 21,658 60,734 BIKAVER: (Sd.) P. J. TAGAN, ·( 12 ) area of land to bu lield by him retcnie free This Trer ull be akillated thus. An trer curl to 15 per 1000 bigths of the total area of the village will be taken aud thus will be cured among the Chaudharis in proportion to their shares in the Chundhar snbject to z milimum limit of 100 bigibo per Chandh in Where the slage bras leen partitioncıl mto pattes for the parpose of Chaudhar, thic above Jillises will be crlculater on the area of the palte Eich Chaudharı will be entitled to ti Cmision of so much of the full revenue on his holding as rould w the 1ssessment it the cultivation rite on the resenne fice are falling to bis skircus cultivated aborc The custom ny vill ge dues of a Chrendharı will be Dhol jwar and Dhart Mapa in 11!! uges where such clues have been customırıly collected up to the Fresent time They will be collerted under the system, and at the rates luther to in force in auch village Shundae Chaudhar sill be entitled as heretofore to thuc in the e due, [sec (4) nove], but not in the emoluments : e, the Pachols ra in tlic Chhut (d) In the greit in ijority of cases tlic post of Chaudhart 13 lield jointly b3 tilo or more Chrudharıs, i e, their authority extends leil n of C! tllar Joutly to the whole nr 2 of the village They will often want to partition the Chaudhar, i e, to hre sepirite portions of the village hrei, correspondus to their shares in the Chardhır, assigned to them not in proprietory right, but in which to cercise the claties and from which to dmv the emolanents and customıry ducs of the Chaud' are The matter can be dealt with in the in inner lad down in detul in tlic directions for partition (-) All suits und Claus relating to Chiudharis should be heard and disposa el of by the Reventie Department, and they should be ex cluded from the juu duction of Col Court 471 C2 IX-Papers to be included in the Settlement Record, &c fertimit record (n) The following pipers rhonll be bound up in one plume 1 Khasrne Daddbust khasrat Hend katan 3 Khasrae l'aimaish Akalarni rith paje foral The Shoras should be ajunted by Vasans on cloth mal lept unfoldied in suitable tu Doncs 1 I of the de-triba IV above) on nende of the khatiuni in the case of joint villages there shoulli tion of slowing the distribution rites for culta ation and LDI, Idna Khan dare a fich kue been calenlited in accordance with the sui method, (hee met l'he above papers, whicut bound in one olnme, sill together with the Shayras, from the Settlement Rerord, and such Neco- 1should be hepiteither in the Record Room at the Sadur or in the Vizamat The khalsa or preliminari map, the genulogieul trec (Shayru Nab) ilu ď to the files relating to the village tenure (Surat e dehi) and the files re? method of distribution (Tufrih: buch) shoull be bent his 11!} im Eastas ·( 16 ) (b) For the use of the Puticari copies of the following papers should be bound up in one volume :-- Patwari's copy 1. Khasrac-lladabant. 2, Klasmac-learl katan. 3: Khasrac-Primaishi (columns !, 8, 19 only). 1. Khatauni with page totals. In addition to this volume, the Particuri should be supplied with a cloth copy of the field Shajra, like those which have already been prepared in many villages. He will risc tliis copy in his orlinary work, and make on it the corrections anually necessitated by extention of cultivation or division of fields [sce X() below ]. It will be seen that his copy of the Khasra will ouly contain the entries relating to are calculations. A new form will have to be printed for this. X-inual worh nurlan. mal lifiers Grine Wari, («) The most important portion of the Pancari's work, and in fact the whole basis of the revenue administration in the Khalsa villages will be the annual Girdumari of the Kharif' and Rabi crops. This should be done in accordance with the printed instructions issucd for the work in the current year. Some slight alterations will be needed in the headings of one or two columns in the Khresrne, tiirducuri, nised this year. This I have explained to Rai Sabib Munshi Nolan Lal. Caltic Emuncratic:1. The Kharif Cimawari shoull be completed by the end of October, and that of the Rabi by the end of March. (6) In the villages in Nizamat Suratgarh and in the few Khatairrer villages clsewhere in which it may be needful to collect grazing dues (Bhunga), the Patwari should, after the cattle bare returned to their villages in the rains, count them anıl fill in the printed Khrisrae mirueshi shumari. The form used this year should be employer for the futurc with one or two additional columnis, to supply the (letail of kinds of cattle needed (see part Vabore). When the cattle have been counted, the Patwari should calculate the Bhunga due from each inhabitant of the village on the play laid down in part 1. (c) Immediately on the completion of the Kharif Girdarcari the Khatauni should be prepared. It would be more regular to vlefer this till after the completion of the Rabi Girdawari but the Khatauni will be indispensable for the current preparation of the Fard-i- Bach, and as the greater part, if not all, of the land intended for Rubi will have been ploughed at the time of the Khariſ Girdiwari, the khatauni will show very nearly the correct state of the village cultivation in the past Kharif and the coming Rabi. Any little Rabi cultivation not included, will be counted as cultivation in the next year, and appear as such in the Khatauni of this year. The Annual Khatauni should be prepared in the same form as the Settle. ment Khatauni and should show each field number separately.

·men fant Barto Amendmont ot the field In cacl Khat dar $ lsm; the fields in existence at hettlement si onla be shown first and totallc«l,214 under them those broken up and culeu in thic holding subsequent to Settlement In Khatavar ailliges thic iucli-won of such nens fields will of course give rise to at ncrease in tlic revenue of the lulling (d) When the hkalaun hius been prepared anel, where Dhun ja is callcet ed, the laril maresha shumari compicted, the preparation of the lard Bach will be 112 4255 in attor It will be practically an abstt «ct of the khataunt and the Farul maresku human The form used tlus jeir will be qutable with one or tno iterations u luch Imeetplectect The fickts need not be entered in detail in the khatann (e) An important item in the Patuarı's annunl work will be the amena ment of lus cloth copy of the lielu tlap After the rard Mapy : Cach ins been completul and distributul nnd the Puticari las conpleted the nork of guing receipts for resenue pind, he should correctis plot so all nes fields into lun cloth map, 1 e, buth new cultration from the 1 iste, (Nautor) and also not field, formed by the des inon or partition of former fields The new fields should receive fractional nunbers This, if the last number in the Khasra 18 201, in a neu field is broken up from the waste numbered 151 on the Shajra the nen field nu? le lumbered or if fickt No 152 is disided into two parts the new field, sill be fa and is) (1) In a tract so entirely dependent on precarious runfull 13 Bikaner remissions and suspensions of the rescnue will be not un Remiss on and suspensions frequently needed It is out of the question to expect that any fixed retenue, however light, will in such ? country be paid with absolute regularity. The causes of fulure to pag may be broadly said to be (1) Laluc of crops and (II) cmgration of cultivators, itself a consequence of (1) The first cause well equally affect Khalawar and joint villages The second «ill be felt In the Khadarar in the joint sillages wuch will be assessed at fixed sums villages the departure of cultivators will automatically cause a reluction of reicnue but not in joint sillages It still, therefore, be nece-sarj at times, mi a succession of bad years, to remit revenue in joint villages in which much land has in consequence of the departure of cultivators gone out of cultisation, and similarly in Khatavar villages cultivators will, although they fiase not loſt the Village, often need relief in order to induce them to stay Suspension is of little or no use in a country like Bikaner If relief is to be gien, it should take the form of remission P, J LAGAN, BAKAXER Settlement Officer 17th December, 1893

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