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·lort politisked to France under the thule
SCIENCE FAUSSE ET PAUSE SOT KALAS
English traslation Hutchlason & Co (Publishea) Lid. 1960
Pablushed lathe tuitid State of America
Back Books, Inc. 1960
Libery of Copen Cuping Card Nomber: 60-14374

·CONTENTS
Profeo
Ewa Daher in San
II
مل مل به مکمرB
55
95
Igg
The Sigulerits of Ma
Buy a Malam
Bologna Uwy od Dwart
Bwou et Cons
153
173

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·1983 H WOW a samol Siloster child
doing as we ZZ bestik, kad nepal busto ou is.
mie Haritas she Prow Motion at the Uniwersy
& Homes, on os al of the story and at the lo
ose me perty mandartly As, and the full
es the child of the golden bok om Christendom, 40
patib ressed in the Tots at the tow To colate and
pret kas Christenty must hasan berited from the y con be
smagsned! is the same your best the watk lect infotai kusterket
Avonwers, Ralland was e forte com u. Two mars
Later Ingolstrierus, aber scholar published a refutation of
Rellenars hway and Rollander's degant and barned reply mas
not long asamy Annier xholas Libares by wow, colletot all
that has been written on the subject and has kas man CRECERTIGES
Ewy
one of these trmartable works smid han bera geik perfect
O nas is my the tooth had really been geld. In when a gold
secast was senlly consulted, it was Éxman that the inte har
her stufelly rooted much gold lang But this all the learned
Imants wou written forst, the middle cod a Who
Nockey i serier than toodeps this model in every fold Oo
series w menu s drobno se sabattity to others
asstry facts, as it is by pecious aplamaisons of vegna
phone. It wheres mots de mest Lodh primeries for
atrag at the trit, ka no hold whers that nelle ar to content
OT
(Foxsa Historie de Onco)

·CRROR AND DECEPTION IN IGIENAI No scientist has ever managed to avoid all the pitfalls of hr work. Evto Puteur for all hus car thought and ho strict and scrupulous approach had to retrace ho tops on more than one occasion Screntific aron (whuch by the way may be very fruitful when they are committed by great minds) genenally bear the indindual stamp of thar perpetrator. However the hlutory of xdence abound also with ample of collatar errors that have given time to catire schools of falx thought. Such large-scale deluvons met our utention f only because they illustrate the power of preconceived ideas the moment any authority claims to have observed a dod-cutent phenomenon many other though nather h's dupo nor deliberate swindlers, are likely to declare that they too, have reen the manne thing I believe that of all ach infectious llupon there b nonc to compare with the remarkable story of N nayThese were decovered by a procesor of physhes, whose subsequent studres eruabled him to list all their properties and even to measurt thor wave-lengths. Many other noentiris repeated be operiments and made striking obervations of a phenomenon which when all a aid and done, wie und outade thar fertle Imaginaton Tho whole busineh, o remunocent of the bruin-ttorms of a psychotk or of a Kenano by Jula Romains, happened more than fifty years ago and is now almost forgotten. If we reall it neverthele, we do so because of its great interest for the scientific hustorian the detailed study of the course of a false theory may turn out to be o instructive us that of scientific truth (12) ·IRROR AND DECEPTION IX JOIINGI At the begioning of 1903 the dortinguished physicst, M René Blondlot - Profesor of Science at the Universty of Nancy und Carte posat a tho da Saas-like to many of he calaguas at that time, was devoting bb attention to the Audy of X-ray discovered a short while arller by the German phyncat Röntgen Smce ray could not then be polansed Bloudlot tred to develop a polarization technique and, in the coune or the work be ame acow new ny that more qwte datinct from X nay and which onlike the latter could be polarized 1 It la not uncommon for dentro to Aumble scoo facts quite cracornected with ther original rareurch Previous I had arribed polariatoa to X rayu wben, in fact, it was produced by the new my thu tror Waxvoldable before the Etudy of refraction effects had been completed. Only after that study did I become convinced that I was not uckling X-ray bat an entirely new type of radubon, (Proceeding of the Arda dos Saco 23 March 1909 ) The new nag bad characteristic properties they could trave through metal and a grat many other pubrunca porraally opaque to all known spectral radiation Bondlot furet decovered ho nay in the radiaton Cminating from an X-ray tabe, but be soon detected them in many other ndations abo particularly in thowe ernitted by landament bune, Nenit filaments, and, more reperally in nadatron fruro ordinary sources of light and heat He named these new raya N-rays a tribute to Nacy the aty what they were docovered. N-raduation ma pot a dmple form of nadution but , combination of bod of diffamt radiation produda a Cormon effect. In partialar whenever N-rays happened [ 19) ·ILKOL AND DEOLITIOX IN JOIENCE to write a mal part of flame or for that matter any lummous object, they increased the brightne of these source of light. Another of ther effects wu to increase the phophorescence of certain chemical compounds, for instance, of calaum pulphide. Of all the N ny effects - Bloodlot noted - mcrew of phosphorescence wu the andert to obecrve, the periment being very carily mt up and repeated Frar demonstration purposes. It was said to be helpful to obrove the effect of N-rays on reflected light. Whenever I penal of N-tays wu directed at a pecce of white paper the cattered light became appreciably more interac. Needles to Ay different individuals obeerved this intconfiadon lo different man Some people appreciate the increase in the bnghtne of * wall source of light due to N-rays straight away and quite easily while others find that the increase be hardly perceptible, and only after repeated attempto do they manage to obrerve it with any certainty The delicacy of the effects and the extreme care needed to observing thos, must not be allowed to stand in the way studying * phenomenon which has made us familiar with a radiadoo hitherto unknown. Moreover Bloodlot added by img a powerful Neront filament (200 watts) - 1 source particularly nich in N mayı - und by depending with the protective glass cylinder the nadiution became so Intense that to my mlod everyone with cya to xe annot fail to obectve It I elezzetary preactions were taken (avoiding cyc xuln, being relaxed refrlming from anoting) the observaton of N-rayı zod of allied phenotamu can be made by anyone, wooost without exception, and I have only [14] ·ERROR AXD DEOEPTION IN SOIENOL encountered three or four people who werd unsucce ful Pursuing he methodlal inquiry Bloodlot oever ceared making further important ad ognificant decorerla. As ww to be anpected, it was not long before the run wu found to be a source of N rayz, nys of moler origin lending them selmo to pocentration by qurte lenes. Furthermors, N-ray could be mored by certain ribetanca which, in turn, were capable of re-emitting them u secondary radiation (Proceedings of the Academia de Sud, 9 November 1903) This property of storing and re-emitting N-nyo wa characteristic of quarts, carbon mphide, of vanou types of rock, of fagment of Himestone, and of boca, etc, while alumniarum, wood, dry or mount paper and parafin, were frictly lucang in it Once produced, tho koondary radiation wu old to continuo for the guy but only if the surface of the emitting bodies wu very dry This followed from the well-known fact that even the thinnert layer of water actiu a barrier to N-nya Then came an altogether unexpected dscovery N-rays not only produced an increase in the brightness of lumlaou bodia, they also had the direct effect of increasing the intenety of vbul mabom. At for this remed per donial how could N-rays which were created by even tho thlonert film of water portrate into the humoun of the cye? Immedutely the bypothetis pugrated belf that, aplike pure water impure liquids were no barrier to N-rayı Experiment wat once to confirm the valldity of the hypothes the sightest trace of sodium chloride ww mough to reader water trumparant to N-radiation. [15] ·ERROR AND DICIPTION IN SCIENCE 001764 respectively Who could have uked for better reulta? Although I cannot use the degree of approamation of the rerolos with any great acancy I nevertheles believe that the relative croni are la than 4% February 1994 brought yet another discovery and ante of the greatest importance. At let, arccorful photographs had been taken nos, admittedly of the N-run themselves bat of their effecto particularly ou u electric spark. From then on scientists could stody N nay Teets by an inproachable method (unfortunately it ridded no more than and result in forty attempu) a method which completely eliminated all mbjective and personal factor, thu do pelling all the objections of those who, having liked to observe the N-rays themselves bad goat out of ther way to put their very datence in doubt No wonder that Dr H. Bordiet lecturer at the Lyon Medical School took there bllod critia to tuk in the following words such obterren have only theoreelvo to Hame no doubt they wed faulty technique or else the source of nadiation was impared in any case, the existence of N-tart will never again be put in douby, particularly Dom that ther action has been recorded whole mahboxel Le by a purely objective method Almost at the same time, a most delicte operiment was being performed by another scientist, Dr Th. Gudlog. Guilloa. work not only fucinated Bloodlot, but lorpired hime to put forward. ppplementary very fruitful, Idea If Nrin intensifed the brightness of a given source, motely orber ray, the valled inhibbon, Douat bave the opposite cffect? No booner bad this comerx effect been postulated when (18) ·IRROX AXD DLOEPTION IX 1DIENOL 15 metence was proved porumentally The 'inhibiton became known as the Ni nys, and bar invatigabon mu to complement the work on N raya The study was onder taken with the same pairataking patience, and the name cientific impartiality that had been the ball-mark of the entire research project. Blandlot went on to measure the reaction of N, ray and to determine theur mare-lengths. He durcovered that Home mobances were either cactove or predominant sources of the new type of ndlation. Furthermore, N, nap hud all the fundamental properties of N-ray they could be stored by certain mbetance which re-exifted them by way of secondary radiation and they were onltted by Aubstances under to anal fren. In short, satematic Audy abowed that N, taya were the entitheos of N-raya. Thu Ni-rays reduced the brightne of light emitted normally but increased that of light cotted tangentually whic N-ray had precocty the opposite effect. Bloodlot was no longer the role conqueror of the new domam he had opened up - in ever greater munber of dentats joined him in bu arduous labour Macó de Lepinay managed to show that sound vibrations gave rbome to the embadion of Nair in the victvuty of the antraodo Guitton detected N-mn in the Dagoetic field of a bar magact and of an Hotdouclator Bichat observed them maging froza bquified go Charpenter from one and Aramatic fubstanca Lunbat froca soluble fermant Coleon from cbemal ractions during the formation of basic salta Mordover Charpenter observed that N-ttyy were con docted by a copper wist and, more generally by all sub- Aanco trumparent to them, and Boyard recorded the [19] ·ERROL AND DEQIPTIOX IN SCIEXOR If an experimental subject contracted both hla urms, there Wan Decax in brighten the region of the cervial cnlargement it be contacted one arm only the Increiro to bnghtron was most pouceable on the correspooding ddc. The reader will marye at the ingmious way in wuch the perimenten had perfected their techniques By amilar methods, Charpentier was studying the topon graphy of certain pofidal nerve centres, and, in particu lar the pre-motor und motor areas of the cerebral cortex. The subject was eaked to speak (ether loudly or rolly) while u Kostrve korean mu pred over the latt side of his crunlum. The Kreen became brighter as Brocas area (located clinically m u preliminary experimcut) was approached. No much effect could be detected wben the screen wat passed over the aght dde of the orantım, laust not in the case of normal rubfects. Charpentier went further #ill be found a way of detecting putt mental certion (unaccompanied by any outward ogna) from a distance. If a mubject merdy thought, coccentrated, or accuted & mental operation (calculation, reasoning) the men would automatically become bughter It had become powdble to demonstrate the mental effort of willing or concentrating not only to an external obectver but even to the mbject himsell, who coud Dow observe himself thinking André Broa, for hu part, studied cerebral radiations by means of a mall lead tube beastoy grooved wood plug impregnated with phosphorescent calcium pulphide. If the tabe mu pead are the cranium, the alcune sulphide changed its brightness, and it was quite obvious that olmum loss of bright occurred scar the cerebral () ·ILROL AND DEORPTION IN JOINT forura (intercerebral faire, forure of Sytyros, fare of Rolando) The periments ont ausly repeated and art rood practice in N-try techniques Naturally cough, the internaty of cerebral nudition vaned with the intendty of mental activity Thus, in the one o dogo anacrtheted by ether for by any other mothetic) J Beoqueral od A Broca found an initial antalon of N-ray in posto However the dog went mder mort completely the ani len duninached until finally the N-an give way cotapletely to Ni nyu Stronlarly of respiration wu creared by DCTVOTA actition, 2 Rabahlo roon ppbed dear the modullary respiratory contro regatered an intense emision of N raya, whille Impeded reparation gave rise to the allon of Ntan The physiological effects of N-ray were legion they enhanced not only our bual acuity but also the senativity of the retira (J Becquerel) and our write of woel (Char penter) bertmg and taste. Ther effect on the who mory ures of the corte w demonstrated by pewng source of radiation (ablado of tempered sted for instance) over the left side of the centum, wbro un mareak in the brightnes of the total object could be oberrod orer most of the posterior parte al lobe and the neighbounng occipital lobc. According to the discoverer of this method (Charpentier) the momum effort was produced when the abycct nu beld some four centimetra bore the occpital lobe. Thiba potition corresponded to the hotteoty Morcorer Ny could be made to act on the medallary centre. If a mall source of N-tky rere placed above the [99] ·ILXOL ARD DEOIPTION IN NOIENOL praxented i paper to the dado de Soakes 09 au of primuy myopathy while the fioul emision of Ntry had remained normal, there way a deatute of radiation from the levd of the digital attenon and 1 further decrture from the level of the deltoad the differ enco clearly reflected the differences in macular topt unumpaired facial muchas complete atrophy of the deltold, and partial atrophy of the muscle of the forcum Lo a aux of right-dded paralyos hemiplegia) dating from the patient's childhood Dr Fabre noticed that the Naar were being emitted from tbc nght temple, the centre of speech (centre of Broa) normally atuated in the left bemaphere of the brain, having been supplanted by a centre in the night hemisphere. Fabre also reported the emution of N-ray through contractions of the uterus dunng labour the Intematy of the embadon belng proportional to the force of the contractions Finally Charpentier and Meyer by performimog apert mends on Living dogs, discovered a most cunow fact that prombed to her far-taching clinical applications when the appropriate Kreen wu tompregnated with certain chemial substances, notably with alkalolds, the effect on that screen of phypologlal nedladon was gready increased. Morcover the increases were beator since they occurred adunvely to the aux of organs affected by the particular mbstance digitalis - which affect the action of the heart- IDCCHd the intendty of cardiac radiation willc pilo arpioe which emlatos glandalar recretion increased the intematy of glandular radiation. Similarly chloral Increured attebral radiation, thyroid extract Increaxed ( 16 ) ·XXROX AXD DICTION X SOIEXC thyroid noduktus, testosteron inated testicular radia c. Paryucins were now in a poetion to me whole battery of screened and differential xeitsity each cated to the Lovestigation of particular orghe Tha, in brief, was the high degree of perfection that racach on N radiation and physiological raduation bad attained by 1907, lew than two years after in incepton Het was an imposing clefice of positive facts with larm reaching aflects not only in plysch, Declogy and medicmc, best is all the theoretical and sppfied sciences What a pity then, thus the whole edifice had to come tumbling dowis only few months later It Wut not imply a case of reinterpreting or doarding some of the mumptions The whole of Hondo framework ms thrown out, hook, line and sinker Doubting voice had been rated from the very beginning af Bloodlot decovery and me prielle objections had nero been alerxed effectively Sull so wount of doubting or criticam tud been able to hit the triumphant progrets of the raw dance. An the world had clearly obrerved a phenomenon that had never exbuted Then, almost over night, the hypnotic well was broken. The Nascy group and storia aithful managed to put up one vigtis resistaxe, but the whole business was dropped and buried oock and for all. Nran, Narays, and physiological reduction would never again grace the pages of scientific fournah, in wext they had cut po merrello * figure. (47) ·ERROR AND DIOPTION IN SOICXCF requirt little Preudociences are important factors in our social life If we were to take stock of the followers of nadserthoda, of Astrology of metapsychias, etc me should docover that they far outnumber the more carth-bound clontists. Nor do theme mystifient need to opend a great deal of their energy on propaganda - their urmala ccounserent In France, and I fear in the rest of the world alo, radiesthou takes first place among theme pseudondeadfic ddudons. Its root loc car back in bottory but radioborin only ame into its own in 1927 when it was given its present name by tho Abbé Bouly According to los disciples, po to 80 per cent of our fellow men ponien a special Laculty a arth some wat were wuch enables them to discover much things u rubterreDean pources of water or od depodt or ore, human remains, and so on. Radiesthesia u prethed by means of an amplifying logtrument - ning or a pendulum - which is set into motion by a muscular reflex due to the unconscious per ception of the prerence of the demred object. The experts are divided in their interpretation of this strange gut or divination some giving an occult and others & physical aplanation. According to the latter the object itself cmits rome form of radiation which those with the special Laculty an recerve while the former believe that, lille (depathy or dairvoyance, the special gut Lone of second right Some of these experts are particularly adept at diagnosting the son of a foetus by holding a pendulum above the mother's abdomen, Slagt uxo thar gift for medical duagoen detecting visceral lesion, saios of latent morbidity parduc infestation, etc. (30) ·EXIOR AND DECEPTION IN TOIIXO: Tho type of wird miestore very popular fodeed. particularly since it aan de detener mang no more than a drop of blood of urine or of allya, ar die hair a photograph or even a simple piece of paper on whuch the patient bus placed his hande. There objects dmply bocze the mental concentration of the diagnostican Odo exch practitioner working with no more than a angle halr i prd to burve taken the blood prout of patient thousands of miles away (the pactitioner' wm m Pracs, the patient on the baland of Manthus m the Indian Ocean!) Similar teladiesthac procedures are used for locating spring or mina, the ampert working on map or on regional chartt Rucherbeda corts in many different formira. Thus follower of the Turenne method to . palents Wavelength with a pecual rod which is eight metros Loog when toed to more A DOT gubject and shorter in auto of loa or organic deficiency Other aperts in a pack of playing ardi baaring medial information. The packthufiled and cut and daalt out on the table, and a pendulum in corpulted in the presence of other the patient or of his representadre When the peredelu paano to a partacular card, a1 that remains a to read off the dugodly Bart rudtetherla doas more than mody diagnose dice, it also procribes the appropriate therapy When a pendulum to let to rying over un morto eat of viaba containmg various medicaments, it will infallibly come to rex over the required cure. Alorcover curo an be effected from distance. This b done by setting off "Lerounable wara wtuch break up bacteris, or else hep to locate the mate length of the affected orgam (31] ·ERROR AND DIOCPTION IN IOILXOI special revice (Dot to mention the free publicity of the popular megtan) There are spearl shope for sciog the vanout paraphernalia used in nediatheus whakbonc rings, black ebony Mermet pendulums, plotic Loond pendulums, ivory-upped peodulims for work og maps or on Anatomical cuarts (300 fnna) Le Gall bimcuillc pendulums (coding us much » 880 frana including balls and chan) and high-grade penduluma for mineral divining (3 500 (nano) specully kmitted pendulums made of kemi preous Moncs - gate, chalcedony wunstone (2,000 franc) Nor can any of these proces be guaranteed they are abject to fluctuation and were taken from French caulogue dated 1930 As for the public, who would be surprised at lta incredible gulbalty? The man in the street lacus the training to red through all the verbrugt of people who give themselves dentific un and who use to improuive a vocabulary It is only for to add that the practitioner - just like other healer'-do in fact produce aures for certain psycho-vomatic coroplaints, dmply by agention. No doubt, the more the patient A truck by the magie enchantment of the techniques, the more effective the cure becomes. At Gilas point, the reader might well object that the bang the Cuk, wuch practions may be aid to play some woeful part and should thercore best be left alone, The rate the quite extra cous problem of how nuonal person ought to behart wben faced with utterly imitopal behaviour which precisely because of 18 imationality has soole effects on man brettad attitude In the core of the healen morcover it must always be borde in mund that while they may produce cure they men alle have the detamental diet of diruding people (4) ·IRROR AND DIOPTIOXIX aTeXOL daparately in need of medical attention, from cooruiting qualified physican While we may my thuat so reputable xente ha crer tale adiesthan clowly the same b pot true of met prychla Thos Freud and Care believed in telepathry and Crookos, Oliver Lodos, Crowford and Richet un tele kinesi, le the materializatoa o pechic forces. At the very moment, crious cientist look with too favour on the Perumpental work of Rbloc, who cium to bave shown, by Krict entretical methods, the eastence of atra-OOTY perception and the effect of mind over matter 11 Experiment rich us than of Rhmc and Tyrell on extra mory guc dog, aperience ach a thome of Gibert Murray on thought anderence, and the numerous parduc records of telepathy and clairvoyance Puggeht that some people at lax ponc poublito of knowledge which are not confined within the ordinary channel of ke perception (Julian Halcy The Upss of Man Ohutto & Windos, 1941 p. 90) I patronally am CDTVIAced that that is not o ounce of truth in any of these pot1001 Unta I am proro wroog I shall coatime to take all Anche phenomenon (occult mortent of objects, location, materialization, etc.) for grade wiperstition. As regards the alled mul phenomena (telepathy premonidons dairvoyance, etc.) I think that some lot be attributed to pore colpadec and others to moundous or far more frequently - to deliberate deception In my own youth, I performed a great number of [ 35 ] ·IXROX AND DIOPTION IN SOITNOG experiment with mediums both at the bott me Avibay and aloo clocwhere to the course of this work, which was fairly comprehensive while it luted, I am to the conclusoo that under even half-way adactory conditions it qute impossible to observe by kind of rapenormal phenomenon whatsoever Moreover I hare found that all believers in Dictapoychias have to undeaufic a bantal atutude that they reem hall marked by nature for creadog and entertaining every possible kind of blood. Metapoychilas beliels wually fulfil Hrong omotional needs, and give a great deal of paychologial relief in that they arbor Athly an Innate propeady for magia or chic confirm the chicace of life in the hereafter la any am belief to tetaptychun u almost invariably the result of mo rront Asced to believe that the antial faculties are completely derdened I time after tuos, a medrup Guide to briog convincing proof of her prowce, we are told 'Surely you cannot expect her to perform to order or clk Its your own obatmcy and your own rcplicium whilch are at Guit- medium, just like hyperventive mechanu u thrown out of caur by the slightest jall. The medium can only function wccfiably in an atmosphere of nonpathy and not wbica Larth blocking the medium annot produce roula. If we object to darkness, we may be told that, Juni photographic piate chanot be dacloped in bright light on medium might only function wiben the lights are dimmed If we all for the light so besmished on in the middle ole rance, to me of the medium has mored from her place we shall be told that this is the last thing we must da The medran mmgtot die of shock. And if we should happen to catch the medium out, no that (55) ·KROL AXD DLOEPTION IN TOIENCE [has to admit the deception, we are pure to be cho particular fnwd cannot be blamed od meta whole. Nor doa tenuto y to doubt the own part of future result. The medmm may n out of contact with the higher forca u thu r time, and, in order not to disappomt u, thic ammlated effects which normally she would have lifficulty m producing in the right way and so w of the foregoing, the reader might find it extremely to explain why a number of landing scientists ccept the findings of metaptychia. Actually their aura little waght, for when it comes to unfamiliar tentats are often completely uncrithaal. Incapable ption thamalra, ind med to obecrying nature, sever dcoetves, they are hard put to it to rispect ffnnd. Ormore, cionthat art arten carried away by ther ghly developed imagination. This is what Ango my of Ampére (and his romarts apply with equal 7 other dentista) dro's gullibilty hu become mort proverbial, that gallibüity was the direct rerult of his own rich ition and genhusk On hank of any unwal ent, after ha initul astonishment, be would quickly ila sharp od fertilo mind to bear on the problem ding an poudbildes that would have confioed of lemor Intelligence, he would leava do konc d until, pomehow be had managed to fit the nant loto the frumcwork of cance c Ango him wpected all forms of datryonce through wall or otha opaque bodia) he felt that [37] ·ERROR AND DIOIPTION IN SCIENCE he would be lacking in hy ssentific duty iſhe used to take part la cances where mich phenomena wat allegedly demonstrated provided only that he was allowed to uſe gard huell against bong tricked Though Angos approach showed a great deal of landable impartiality the type of attitude an godsend to all nudlen Heart Poincaré wo much wier when he aid that he wou qute macapable of judging the validity of Aperimenu in metapacha One has to be on the alert all the time and keep wl one's wits about ooc Being ucapable of doing the, I should certainly be an etry dupe. Thex aparents would only #TVC Pome purpose of they were performed in the prevence of an uwonka, man, who onlike me u mained to spot any Aleghut of hand, and rf, furthermore they were performed in broad daylight and before a amer. (Quoted by Marcel Boll.) If metapaychio revels in the apport wome landing centuts bave given it - and those tientists are commandy ophed - chining cumplan of broedmindednews and La collectual freedom and only the better to dende the pichendedoce of orthodox clepce which on the whole hos so far refused to be taken in by these strangt pbanomena. Orthodox karenw we reprorched for rejecting the finding of metapoychias out of hand. The reproach is completely unjotified, and many - to my mind lar too many - have curaed their backs on metaprychlos only wter arcul and uoprejudiced investigation, A Cutnot put it to wel The non orthodox never realne how much the "onthodor" are on the look out for any new tacts, and with how much real and cathom they throw there is lnto the study of unusual phenometu ( 38 ) ·IEROX AXD DEOIPTIOX IN Jon Ox The greater the folt to the period theoria, the greater ther interest in the Day findings No ooe an deny that orthodox socce, too ha committed grave mates, and that it ba oten beer alty of recting truths wben it ought to have welcomed them. No wouder that the quaclu proclam thok danical blunden from the house-top the refusal by the deed a Sconces to Lecept the agence of fol man and a meteoritas, or the refurl by the Academia de Mierw to accept Porteur'ı work, We muut therefore admit that credibility »very relative ter, and that dibelief may well result from westrated faith in at blnhed browledge. Let us also admait quite frankly that the outright rejection of metapyetja - like all outright rejections - cartes a moorure of mtellectual chak. For my part, I have no bentation in running thus rut, dace, from peomal experience, I have every reuon to believe that, to all intents and purpose, it altogether negligible If we ut ever to put a stop to Detaporchical delimon, or to pecudoucentific deturbocus to general, it will be la by a frontal attack than by re-aduatton, and formato ed brow Our young me be imbrred with impal spirt Imumunized painst the written or printed lic, and provided with lotellectual foundation on which gallibility andot prompo le met teach them the meaning of councidence, probability adminiblo coodusloot, laglal o facce, WuID them und uncoudous rexistance to the truth, plain to them the value of net and experimental prool nod, abort - put them on the guard against accepting hearty ( 19 ) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN JOIZXCI evideoct. This is bort done if they could be made to Demorize the story of the golden tooth and I they were molded to pondet over the ad hotory PN rays 1 reinember that in my own edotaxtace I read the metaprychical works of Albert de Rochas with icen interest In hu Ederorisettes la sevahid de Rocha dacribed mponment in which s katne rubject douinguished the polar olan electro-magnet by its distinct polar canations the North Pole having a blue and the South Pole med AUTA. Now young as I then was, I could not per that realized that the whole bruncu - reported with so much scientific objectivity' - wa utlet nomcnse from beginmry Lo end Similarly whenever I wu told about kame ruper Donnal phenomenon, I was in no position to reject the cvidence out of hand Since then I have become a d-made repek, and have Howly come to appreciate the lact that many a book consists of nothing but lich, that encore ubrarra are derated to the works of impostors, and that the most intelligent und bau informed of men do not always talk the icot Dance or male the leut mustahan I have learned that no fact is ever reported fut us it happened, since however truthful and diwnterested he may be, every without prone to HD.COMXyoua fabrication Above all I have learned to tupat those itry Night and uxorciono modification which can no twit a fact that it becomes comething quite different If only the valuable acquistion kepticum could be handed to others on a plaster! Alas, each one of us has to Acquire It for bussell, and to bar the launts of those who will for EYET ACCUSe hun of being a doubting Thomas (10) ·IL101 AXD DIOETION IX JOILXOS The third countrite datunon ve hall dictio the story a Michuria biology perfect comple of the pitfala of Ideologral dogianti Font we looled at the scentists then at the witch-doctors, and now we shall atch a glimpse of the floatia La France, the whole ad brates tarted m 1948, when the post Look Angon launched a bocabubel in the Journal Errow Angoa bad appointed homeet the chacupton da Dow biology recently adopted by the Catral Committee of the Comminat Party of the U.S.S.R. In no other country Aregon wrote ferically and at no other time has so much publicity been given to cientific doudon. For the first time in history the work of an entire prople a bound up with scientdic romarcha Prom 1948 to 1952 Michurin buology was in full and Domy owing All potloos of camaal gonctions were rejected, Wateru baplogy wu put oa trul, Mendelian Inheritance was domed the naving of a monk, od mutation was wld to be too accidental to matter the contence of genes Rad the continuity of chromosoma wu denied, and hence the entire chromosome theory Fertilization by thr angh spero we denked # bogoods monconception, are the Freater the number of spermatosan mit with one ovamo, the Dae vigorow the remli. It gien out that graft hybruds were doar evidence for the inheritance of acquired characters that changes in the environment produced changes to the herodity of an organismo and this led to madden varbuots, so much so that we peces could become transformed into another under our ray See Thune could angender whert, weeds could prodoc Deeful plants and vegetable cells could be formed out of cymal, etc The better to Montrate the nature of the lo credit ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCIENCE twentieth-century saat ditor, we add the following quotations Our Michunn bology has proved beyond doubt that vegetable speda an be engendered by other vegetable peda. In other words, Alichura biology has shown that plants belonging to one spead are engendered dot odly by other plant of the amo species, for instance rye by rye, barley by barkey etc. but under notable conditont, by other special u well. Today we have a great deal of evidence to phow that rye aan be rendered by wheat, and what more by different species of wheat. There speaa of wheat ao abo engender barley just u rye an engender wbcat. Onn an engender wild at Everything depends on the condicons wocks which these planb develop. (Lyxenko 1950 Deritas suatus Bulaga La Nouvelle Revuc critique, 1953 ) What 20 amazing return to the crude transformuat do that held sway before Ray and Loacta! And now for a return to pre-Pasteurun dens Cells, Mme O Lepechinskaya writes, muluply not only by dmnon but abo by decompoustion into minute granula which develop in turn to give rise to new cells with pew properties. In my studies of lloc juce, this biologis added 1 hart found that the crysuls, which form in the juice on Addluon ofaudele nad give rise to cells (Quibon swargus 1953.) And the bacteriologist Bochian proclaimed the ponaneous facration of virus and bacteru All these theories were proved by experimenu whox puanlity taka u bock two or three centuria In the Proceedings of their hademy of Science, we can read that mbbaus an transmit tiet-bite murs to their dexendants, that chickens change their araia whor another rains (4) ·IIROL AND DLOIPTION IN JOITXOE wbrte b ntroduced into thar car, that ghant cow with mototrout udden have been bred, that fantastic hybride hrve been produced, and that chicha fatbered by wrenal coch hure been butched out, etc. All these fabraukoms went hand in hand with crude Locations punkt anyone who refused to accept the evidence Such people were decne u idalists, meta phraict, boogvou obeunantots, fubfien und perverton of dience, reprezentativa of a lyg didiculou, cholestky impotent biology How deplorable an en in which cienco, debard and Rupefied by politics, kiva un pretext for an ugly palernic wbone aburave und mmpesoned abortations belong to the market-place and not to the intellectual aoul We have Do denre to go into the root and of the great fallacy Idealogrcal prejudice, Stalin, personal Influence, plam Ignorance or fear of being out of Hope. What doc concern is, however the fact that the monacat Michurlaum was proclaimed officul dogma in the U.S.S.R., the vzt mujority of communit throughout the world, accepted thu kientific monstraty s gospel truth.21 In Frpce rome party biologata Lopt silent, une were Ho male us to bellere the wbole buones, and some who loc better took the official line for the Ale of the are No doubt they felt it was thar duty to put party dicipline before respect for scientific truth. Sum, I am do spert on the moro delicate aspects of partinan monality As for the ordinary party member who could not be aspected to be correttant with the sentific penciples et Fake or with the roul problems involved, who could Wame him if be followed blindly what tbone who ought to hoc ( 43 ) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN FOIENOL known better led the way? Morcover the new dogita wu reductive by its very audacty wo strikingly different from the prudence of Orthodox balogy How casy to make the dashing approach for resolutionary thougtat! How tempt ing to believe that only because it wu befogged by dan prejudice did bourgeois soience oppose the great revela bons of proletaruan kamee! Every man jack of them now beld car-cut opinions about the trummon of acquired characters, the mechan home of heredity organic evolution, the origin of cells. Thom who did not agree, were capitalet lidopitulo and enemies of the working day. Whoever was not for Alichuria, whoever failed to believe in Lysenko s tomatoes or Lepechioduyas granules, betrayed the people by his very lack of futh He wu amply a supporter of social iniquity. political gror Parlamentnams, journalists and laboratory workers - all fadded in the public exprcmon or enthusiasm for Michurin The following urade os taken from an article by Georges Cogniot, in L Hasanud 11 "There are great days for brology - the dawn of the new biology which will change living nature One peed Rarely be Do Xcientist to realize that two diametrally opposed tendencies have crystalloed in biology the progrese materials tendency land on the Sortet naturalit Lichunn and the idealist and mural tendency founded by the reactionary blatoglas Weananny Alende und Vorgan A decaye blow has been struck at the theory of mutation a theory which bs the encroyo all national thought. Painting out that its no accident that the utounding victory over nature took place in the country of the practical ( 44 ) ·ERROL AND DIOLITION LK NOIEXOL mus rebuilder of the wodd Cogniot continued "The progret to wudan of all mation will rqoice over this adhtool confirmation of the truth of dialectial material. They will golce over the new deat of reactionary idou, bordle to ther emancipation. The glory of Mar thoughts onhanced ven further Marat atuation has found a new weupon to combating the aptalig zaalt au concloace And Molotov mluted the triumph of 'troc science bared no materialle principles, over reactionary and outworn idealist concept in cientific research (Address to the Specnl Sadon of the Moscow Soviet, 6 November 1948.) What are we to conclude?' Waldock Rochet added by robce. Qulto dopply that metaphyma and philosophical Idealim t u braka on the development of science, while dialectical material za ta powerful instrument for los advancement. And Robert Boundry la Berry (June 1939) We aan hoc a clear difference to objective which goa fur beyond the field of Korekce. We have, in fact, two opposed philosophical and model conception And Robert Coban "The victory of Michumi hu pot bhology on it feet. Tho wbole of Rwab behłod Lywnto And equally certain of prodaiming the truth, Jeanne Levy of the Pens Medlal School, wrote Ther them (le the theats of Michurin biologico) springs from the very polodples of dulcctical materialien, the most powerful tool in Kemtifte thought What has remained of all these dogmatic effimiona ( 43 ) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SOIENCE today? Nothing whatsoever Alichuna biology foundered pitfully and it two heroes, Lysenko and Olga Lepechio saya, were domosd u common demagogues In recent true of La Pest M Marad Prenant aplained it all us follow "The deappoanince of Stallo, and the Twenueth Congren of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R have at DC couTk. Theda of the ardute and formal oppontion between bourgeon and proletarin KIDCC has been dropped and only the indisputable idea of different trends of centific work under different economic Sykem bas been retained. Hand in hand with the change went the relegation almost to the pount of complete oblivion, or people like T D Lysenko and Ogla Lepechin- Honya, around whom, a complete mythology had been built up over the year In the pume uruck, Prenant idention the many grave mutatas, committed by Lysenko i wpportert gainst the scientific method He adoul that *Lyxenko s biology foundered because of it theoretical weakness that all of intervartal wbest" on no longer be hard that the gant hostroma cow failed to bear guat calves and that 16 craator Shaumyan, wu domed long go for handios la reports that were far rettayed from the truth and that the decidon tukan by the Twentieth Congrow to culuvate Amenan mabe hybrids, be based on the accepiance of the Mendelian theory of heterou uod is therefore an official donavowl of Locako and his methods And, with tumpencluable logos, thb Alanxist llotaged conclado that axlence is soon alandoned fit fubaliotas fummary approoomitions and hollow formulee without wald aperimenulescence for the serious and conception study of the facts (461 ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IX IOIENOL Similar oponlods are opened by Mramo Altri (La Sunta de las Koks burgo) who reproacha Olga Lepechmakin - and ebewhere Lyrenko - for havmg fallen victim to a vitalia(1) ator and for haying adopted 1 completely beurd position. As for Bochian kpd ho ponfancois origin of vtruma and bacteria, Aloud thinks they are not cven worth abang The only defender of Michonn biology left today is M. Roger Garody 11 The alleged desgrace of Michurin boology in the Soviet Union, nochmg but . fuloficatoa for pollocal onde Lot year's publication in the US.SR of . Taxtbook of Dialectial Materialien atwalately do proved that allegation One has but to read the book to appreciate that every angle law of dulectia and every ogle principle of materialiom has been illustrated with cumpla talon from the world of Michionn and ho follower Onpage 116 the theona ollende, Weemann and Morgan art ated u amplo of metaphysical theories, which under the deceptive doak of neo-Darwion, land to a doulaf evolution and to theories of preformation M Garandy notwithstanding, there a no doubt that the great days of Machurn bordogy whilch prossded so many mentional benchido for commune paper and Journals - the creation of life, the creation of new speare, the collapo of Mendelo-Morgunun geostia - have pered. There remain, and that only on the most chantable of view, One doubtful facts and nguo interpretabon which orthodca genetia annot u yet aplaun but which, once they are understood bort fully coay be fitted into the general Inmcwork and which, in any case, are no rara whatever for the song and dance Alichurin biolog ts made about thom. 10 ( 47 ) ·ERROR AXD DECEPTION IN ICIIXOL Need we stron that the more recent apenments or Benoit od hos collaborators (on directed mutation in ducks under the action of DNA. XCP 81) are no cor roboration of Michuna bxology? Those who und the experiment u evidence for tho heredity of acquired traits and for claiming that they spelt the dath of Morganaan theory amply showed that they had no idea what the experiments were about. If we have thought fit to reall this ad adventure and if we have dwelt at length on the role and fall of Alichuria biology it was not to prove bow right we have been al along.17 cor for that matter to attack - under a xientific cloak - an idea of society which we believe to be eminently Torpectable and which we should be willing to cupport if only it did not go hand in hand with the mox abeurd add retrograde intellectual obecurunur. Ve have discound Mchunia blology amply because it drive home at Important lawan We amply cannot shrug off the whole fair with Well, anyone can make a mistake in kence, and Michurin biology was just another of those taientific error of which o many have been committed, particularly in biology No, Michur brology was wiroh an ordinary crror It was delusion based on urologue and troutin We havt men what importance and what philosoph weght yesterday : Mardts attached to the doctrine. If we imagine how they would bare rejoiced in victory we shall be chery of forgetting the unforgivable choific, histon and philosophle lies they prolered all along the controten) [ 48 ] ·IILOR AND DIOPTIOX IR LIEXOL Ofcou, we must not pay them back in thor own cou. We must over daim that her cience has trumphed per proletaran dicoce, that only the idealist approach in buology is fruitful, that reactionary and metapbysical philosophy is expenor to matawiam. We mut amply and firmaly declare - and it a our right and duty to do so that e dolce tre bad counselon for the wornuis, that po dentist an it ha cone by the Vermut comp+* (* cocopa thu a ather Caulty or de too delicate to DADI Late) and tnt Claude Bernard i nght to the day whien be claimed that all doctrisal ditambapo hattery at just po many impediments to the arch for the truth. REFERENCES 1. All contents N-ety Sumary of the poper prokcated to the Aced to be des Scienca by R. Hoodlos Gauthier Vaar, 1994 Nuray nod Nan Actrelitts medicales, Bailliere, 190g Note to the Saw wille w Haplochy, February 1904 Unliko X-TTY, Mary were not covered all at once # wu thanbo to hta methodial racerca dorected quite adherent ther M. Hoodlot bad the bonour of discovering the new aduon The wooderful dacorery remarkabl cample of the power of Het Boendfac Osothod when I got hand a head with moduction and aspalom (Bordier). Second freudo-scence Snaiper Juouary 1940. S "Ceology and Radiother by Col. Albert de Blomme Law Schim July September 1995 When the souls led short of probabhty tho apero daloed Dktopbaanth that the saure dextrpancy w foto coqui [ +91 ·ERROR AND DIGESTION IN JOIEXCI proof of their powers • . pooltire dberepancy would bare been St., Cudoof Ra mwenys, Janary 1946 A Lumière La Cronomencie ou detination par le paaduk L Rod Deus df, 1 April 1976 * Tbe reader may real Kanto pronouncement on the role of Dorance to superstitions It b no eary matter to acquire the wwdom and learning the canal pelosopher what better way con of doguing that shortcoming than to put out theories about thing that cannot be seen or understood by anyons, and which can consequently be fudged in any way whatever without on adversary being able to ratomy one. I take the following quotation from an article pabraubed in Caleros de Parma (Lo Querella de Vaccination') in which LL Lanrenne, Procesor at the Clermont Fanud School of Art, medallart of the Armor Alhorar describe the annge aperi- Cace wat in by a reader Thiba Lady wa watching over one of her daughter, a few months old, and not yet vacclassed. Se nocked that tbe child cya doplayed a black ring cround the brin. From berfunding in a book on Irlacopy the realized that much nog were clour son of "morinationShe used bet radiobetot what the potron wu and be "dagnosed polecaing by Jmper vaccine A homeopathic dilution of the recipe aud the black sing to dhappear WCO Spencer Browns clical study la Rew that partiya 1954 "ACD Darlington The Fall of Li Allen & Vowlo, 1993 p. 96. Garing the roulu of sportment stond to be an ey badut to drop to for those who have bttle apuude but great confidence in ruch work Tho aperiments of hammeret were probably dotated by hemmaer biocl Thore of Afcburin und Lyken.LO WITE at finde pot faked at all. At first theor Wert Largely due to modernu bi bandling and fotoprouton Sweet addents are made aury by the experimenten ignorance of the Handard methods of conducting apoti und their oTT ( 50 )

·ERROL AND DIOPTION IN ILIEXOX
powerny dextro brochu cooluga which they are certains
the not conces, the morally right cocunog, md therdore
the only conclude that ury honest mun cho ruch. When the
deterrent of dentific con tre withdmin the auta
become a carlatan ofernight Natanally what force
wica hod ka superioon. But bertuby gormoo to the master
beret inod to the krymt And, furto the long ten youn, frod
Lodgoonance have crerywhen marched side by dde m expound
fing the roulu of Macharias and Lyrenko's work to the public
Fraud wwe matter for private enterpriece. But Dow it has been
mude State monopoly
a The Vatican' infunction Christiam ut fortides to
delod opłowo which they know to be contrary to atth. They
must condder these opbookon to be an with only abc appear
ance of truth.
HS bly my lie dowows for hetik
La At by clue Wohn's 1935-
"In the Americi, M. Gartudy pabal Mondd empirical
otworn.com of his bars and of the yoy limited and modert
conculoos al Mondom.
CL Jan Rostad Lo G C Baler und
LAm Birlash
( 51 )

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·2 Biology and the Law

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·TE To layman might not realize that our laws are primarily based on man, natural history The Law i, becerily deamed by ind for a specific living peau In this species, reproduction b canl the ratio between the money close to unity fertilization is internal and offspring ure produced viviparoudly The oces are dalna from birth, genitally remain unchanged throughout filfe and konal maturity is only attened afhet e mumber of Joan Clearly of man vert an bermaphrodite Uke tbc mail if be changed sex like the mollux Croparla if he were born fully developed like the greaca-pig, or if he could grow a Dew had llc the earthworm of the latworma, our law would be largely inapplicable Thb bos been appreciated by many great writen throughout the agen! But we do not have to leart the real world to learn that In mome Ange tribes ignorance of elementary bological facts you band in hand with specul legislation. Thus Lodigeno Melaneuans, who fail to appreciate the caval relation between sexual intercourt and partunitlog necerlly Organge their Damilia along matriarchal Lunch At all time, wiltos Julliot de la Monanditre, biolograal Dotions have influenced funily law In his recent #udy of tadog Lay M Robert Chabanne has shown that, if most medieval caponists recognized paternal authority in marrlagt, It ww not so much due to priptural autbority - which, on the whole, favours the equality of the cou to the fact that they were keeped in the Carmanic [39] ·LROL AND DECEPTION IN 101Lxat tradition which happened to yiee with the scientific belies of the time. In the Middle Ages, women were thought to be bapcally akin to animals, the active proaple of generation beng lodged in the man and his seed. The woman s role was amply restricted to recaving and nurtur ing MAD I seed Woman wu abort all in wtrout. The Increasng part played by woman in roodern law and ber cver-growing legal independence may be explained by Advanca in biologial knowledge which have led to the rejection of the fute views of the Middle Ages." To derify specific points of law rms have often been forced to consult brologists and physcuns. The editor of the Code Napoléon for instance, wied Fourcroy (o famous chemot under the Consulate) to fix the atrevac limit of pregnancy The law having been promulgated for normal meo it bus wnetimes been cinbarrassed by certain abnormalities or aberrations which arike sponuncualy in the human special Speaking of these abnormaliuc, Isidore Geoffrey Sulae Hilart hus dressed the close relationship between low and phyrology many problems before a court, and partacularly the question of sex determination can never be solved without the advice of a competent physician The laws of all nations recognize that the members of the soortler which they govern, are divided into two gra case of individuals on the base of ken differences. Oocol ther dapat ba codowed with duties from which the other exempt, and abo with nght or which the other deprred Thus from the moneat a child, a b offically recognized, the main course of io life but he is fitted into one of the two great cases, whose functions in the family and in society are not only different but almost opport ( 36 ) ·- BIOLOGY AND TEC LAW In the respect the law pather allons Dor forexco any intermediate popildlitos This attitude must write the physiologbt omstaken, or at least as a crude over-simplifation. Sane ladivduals exhibit both male and female characteristics, and cootrary to traditional belief, score of the hatuaphrodites omply annot be fitted into are of the two remategories, ather beate they bure undifferentuted x organs (ocutral bernuphrodition) or cle becauc their cual argens cont of an aporal number of male and female parts (mhed hermaphroditum) Today the question of a much more complicated than Iddore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire could ever have pospected, for the modern biologist conidan kual difference under three largely todependent heading godetic, gonadis, add Romantic, Thim, que of precocow ex reveral differenca between the genetic and goodic fictor) are Lnown to edat ddo by ade with care of adult sex rereol in which individuals with female gomds acquire maxculine romatic characterptia a repult of supranatual tumown (differences between the gonadic and momatic facton) Recently Perthahoe Sheriff refined a petition by the Secretary of the Reporter-Gedent's office for authonty to make corrected entrla in the register in the course of a fifty year-old father of two children wbo was ud to be changing ho xi. The Sheriff beld thus, Riming change orahad take place, • section of the Registration Act, 1854, could not be invoked to correct the entry of birth it was directed towards the correction of an autry which wo erroncour when the infoption we vete Another błotograal problem to anberries the larger the [37] ·LLROL ARD DECEPTIOX IX ICITXOI che of the double monoter (i angle trunk with two hads) rouluing from the imperfect division of a angle embryo What does the Law make of arch a crature? Ought It to be comodered as one individual or us two? Does it at to one name or to two ? Can it marry WYTI it inbent us Onc person or u two? How can legal Anction be applied la case of a crime committed by one of the pair? Lawyers may argue interminably on ruch questions ladore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire wrote, and on a score of others anung out of them, but, once the mientific facts can be established the problem pa ample one, so much so that In all countries where double monsters were kpow. common sense has generally resolved it in the coc way every two-headed double monster no matter whether wich two wparute trunks or not, Is como dered two individual and every double monster with angle head no matter whether it had two trunks or not, un sepie individual The determination of the kgal Hatins of a double popster is therefore devoid of any great difficulty In mooi legal codes, questions relating to inhentance or to testamentet dupoutions are resolved by the simple opedicat coming tbc heads? According to Sant Hilaire, ryncephalı monoter (100- stent with a single, compound hand) would confront the Law with further problem. As it happens, tho problem - purdy mademic since all ruch moasten art etthet klobor or live for at most two houn Certain types of double monstrodly and gorance or ther auxes, an lead to a gaat deal of mbarderstanding nad ruffering Thus double monster may be the morbers retarded twin brother rather than her offpiring (cole or ( 38 ) ·BIOLOOY AND THE LAW fortal includon) In unmarried glits, as in roman reparated from thar hraband, this may wel give am for catan imputation which the physician ought to put into the nght light Even the simple and relatively frequent cu of twins has been the subject of legal argument. Prologeniture was of old .ccorded to the second-born, ít bang argued that, having been concaved and formed first, it ought to occupy the rear of the atera. In modern law howerer Kanionty In accorded to the first born. To conclude this list, we might recall that, in the abr teenth and even in the eventeenth centung, women who gave birth to monsten Wert aucly punched for 'havmg had muul relations with animals Nowadayı our knowledge of man hu advanced so far that much crude erron, bewed on blological igboronice, need Do longer be commtted Even so, crceptional phenomena may will give me to file interpretations in fact, und henco in low If Mn. Haldane o Hght in marating that partheno recals (virgin birth) may occur spontaneously in one out of 100,000 or 1 000 000 bartha (u happena in turkeys) we an ently forence that this freak phenomenon may give rhoe to defamatory scatoa Burt pertbebogenedlae quito apart, it a certain that new biologial finding must have incritable repercusions lo the kapal feld. The influence of biology on the Low b manifold nod at be camined from different viewporta On the one hand Lology provide furt with new data by the (59) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN 101rxet light it has throw on the problems of paternity on the other hand to the attent that new boological techniques modify human behaviour le to the extent that brokasy tead to create an how bwlogra with unforex attributes i force the Law ather to discard order to modify some of 15 present atituda Lat fir all cousine what are lisht biology and shed on the legal problem of tablohing the paternity of an alleged father French law holds tbat paternity an only be proved wohet it an be shown that physcal contact between the socher and the alleged father took place at the um of conception which in turn u calculated from the date of burth. No unce the work of gesetkuks on the tranamition of blood groupe, the above method hat caused to be the maly powable An cumination of the blood groups involved (the group O A, B AB, than factors, Mand N anugero, etc.) et make it prouble to wabib groetic incompatibility between the blood of the child and the blood of the alleged Curbey Thought #imposable - at least for the moment - to abort by Assological analyut that a given child as the offering a given father it an sometimes be shown that #given child com Sky mud meus olh Leto look at some imtiple complo. Achild of group A or B cannot have two parents of grang O hence of the mother belongs to group the Geber cursor. A child of group choot have two partsses of froup N fence if the mother belongs 10 group N ebe Gather cannot. A Rhesus pouine child cannot have the Rhenn negatne parents hersee if the mother is Rhe negathre, the father cannot be etc. (60) ·30 BIOLOOY AND THE LAW In practice, mestigation of paternity involve blood tests of the three mterested para the allered lathat the Dother and the chuld. Sucis to be extends reliable in they are carried out by a competent serologia. The n, of course, theoretical persubality that a mutation of the gene, in the germal cells or the parenti, tray kad to a falar dugnous, but tho u extremely improke. In fact the improbabilty become an suport bilety i more than CE CIKC argument can be mastered in favour of rejecting patcruty According to Andrt Tétvál the discovery of the Rh factor gruan a man wrongly accused of paternity « so per cent chance of provning has innocence, while prevkastly hos chce was merely 35 per cent. As our knowledge of kereditary blood characters progresses from day to day * mecta likely that there will be an ever-growing number of cars of relucd paternity Serological evidence has been accepled by many courts unct 194 At first, French purses rejected it as being contrary to the general trend or Fresxcha Laboral in which puternity cannot be published or duproved directly (Tribunal de la Sans, ragenent of se November 1993) but such evidence has since been accepted tanrckervedly by the Thermals of Nice (7 November 1937) or Abx (1999. mubject to content by the interested parker) of Lille (1947) of Montpellier (1948) end of Pau (1949) Alcareover by the Decree of 15 Jaly sessu braucie gan has been amended to the affect that so affliation orders an be conndered by the court exc band teu har hown that the decadent cannot be the father of the child. In general, Jurats bank apon blood tertu as arrumania) (65) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCIENCE rather than direct evidence In ase of deputed paterons blood texts aan only be called for by the court after ube husband has offered other evidence, es concealocat of birth. Would it not mean undermining faith ln marrays Sanatki ubed, if the allowed every husband to challenge ho paternity by alling for blood tesu? Hears, it by only in cerun marginal cake that the law authorite blood tao u additional evidence. The Lax must protect rather than diturb the social order and it is for better to force an odd illegitimate child upon a couple, than to break down ryterually the very walls of the conjugal cdifice 11 The question of blood tab a very delicate ooc. Such texts must never become cocrovs, for that would be a vtalatroo of the right of the indruidual. True Acron bois ito quite intolerable that a defendant should be aloned to relike a blood tat dmply beau he objects the personal inconvenience of being pricked with a needlc ('the deficodant who refuses to submit to blood test aberto ho individual night") But even so, all a court an do u to call for a blood test and, in ax or refusal, draw io OW conclusone. As Sabatket pointed out, society and never harc authoner Over the human body This true forturi of arch format matters as the question of paternity No doubt, in the ca* of no harmia un ammation as a mpk lood test, any reful to coraply may lead the court to rupea a lack of docerity on the part of the recalatrant party - It is up that party to run that rok. But the anctity of the human body mat retain the rule in civil Law In any cuts, all request for a xerological opinion must ( 6 ) ·BIOLOOY AND TEZ LAW come from the courts themselves, RDS, according to Roger Mark, 1 privately trunged tests may bare very welons consequences. By tablishing that given para annot be the father of chid, the rerulo 'may lead to the most warlow upbanal in rocn) and family relations, the donuption of marital harmony phyucal violence against the wife, the breaking of emotional bonds between a man and a child both of whom the Law may contain to continoc living under one rool, axclusion of the child from a family from whuch, under present condition, it has every right to expect Rome affection, and the amoying and pointia resentment irat a verdict in aa where the scientific refutation of paternity rung counter to a previom legal deadon Sunce cren om official blood tranfudon centre may have difficultia m keeping information kriet (and tho doputo the fact that such centra ere Dot xt up for the purpose of tathafying public aronity) no private practitioner ought ever to lend bleef to the nortgabon. Not only is there Do need for him to do so - the weeken after 'boological truth ut not ill and consequently not in need of his obstance - but mortover in so doing, he may bear the displeasure of the court. It is even questionable whether in the absence of a definite court order the triple intervention (blood tert of father mother ind child) legal, and if it is pot an offence under the law governing voluntary mladom Furthermore, a diclopire of the resulo may well be Inter preted us a breach of professonal mecrecy (Article 378 of the French Penal Code) Mate concludo with the following remarks "The It keem right and proper that blological dbcoveria be given their rightful plece la paternity questions, it would be unrotoonable and unsettling if we loved marital doubt, ( 63 ) ·CRROR AND DECEPTION IX CIPXCE n aspicion and anxiety to be unleashed through unauthorurd blood test. If we were to dose our cras to such practxe, it will only be a few years before department store will offer putertuty "photomatons to hatudy the inde cunodty of the crowd. That would xrve neliber family por personal intact, Vc art dryer mad" Nictzsche wrote "not by doubt but by certainty In England there Dot Hatutory power to compel the parues Lavodved to tubmit to blood grouping tone. A Select Committee of the House of Lords in 1939 gave its approval to a Bell which would give a defendant in paternity to the right to immuu on blood tay, but the Bill lapred owing to the outbreak of war The present position in the courts that evidence m respect of blood groups us admbuble Tho evidence would be given by an expert Incompaubility of thexc groups may disprout paternity but compatibility is not accepted a conduttve 14 It would of course, be much better f, ade by ode wich negauve ictu disproving paternity there were partner best establihung it. Now this is by no meam beyond the parem of future scrological development, and would auto veniable legal upheaval so long however as proof of paternity do not invohe an abroguion of bodmdoa mphith, Suvather think they can only be socially advantageon When paternity came to be a mystery a great social iniquey will have disappeared Each of the parents wil then be faced with cqual ropotability for their common child. It will no longer be posuble for the man to pospe his responsibility upce the state will welcome this chance of casing the financial burden of public child asistance [64] ·BIOLOOY AND TIC LAW Hlemi tunamber that in exceptional cosa lology can con bow adduct podine proof of paternity This happens when the father ho certain rare genetic trutt Thus, Cockayne luo mort than one hundred skin conditions aloes for which the genetic background bs koow. In addition to thes, certain akin aboormalies are always Inherited from father to on and never occur in women." Bfare than twenty years ago a Norwegian women gave birth to a child with abnormally short figer. This con dition & called Brachydactyly (atrophy of the middle phalamı olach frogor) und be known to be the reult of dorainant genetic factor This means that brachydactyly b, and an only be, transmitted directly by one of the parents. If the mother b portal it follows that the father most Decemarly be abpormal. Now m this particular core the waterged father happened to be the only man in the area with brachydactyly and the court, tuling the advice or Docbicou, ford to favour of the mother 10 Orto L Alohr who reported this incadent observed that the father had one chance in two of not transmitting bus aboortrahty (ince he was certain to be beterosypu for thos particular gene)" but had drawn the wrong aard and pounded but child. Biology bau cometimo made possible the legal identification of babies particularly in as of subsutartis such cos are reported by Wiertos (1998) and Franceschetti (1940) LJ, Luther of two twins, Victor and Pierre (omd HI Jan) happened to me a chid (Erle V) in the strert with [es] ·ERROR AND DLOUPTION IX JOIENOL a maling semblance to his son Victor He made inquiries and discovered that young Enc had been born on the amo night and in the pame malcrosty ward as hs own children It struck him at once that the babios mot have been mbotituted, and that Eric V was Victor's idential twin At hba request, Franceschetti arried out blood tort which establohed That Pherte J could not belong to the J Floudy 1 That Herre J could belong to the V Family 3. That En and Victor belonging to identical blood group, were identical twins This fact wu, orCONTT corroborated by a skom graft a mall cutaneous section taken from Enc being grafted on Victor and mc T. The goals took, which they could not have done had the two boys not been identical twine." Franceschetti conclopon wtu clear Pierre and Enc, born In the same hospital and on the mame night, had been exchanged by metake. The court, in ordering the return of the children to their respective parents, demonstrated 10 faith in the findings of brology Not so long ago, the French Preu rabed a clamour about the so-called Roubaix ar. A Alme Picket and a lot Wahl bad both given birth to a child in a dinuc of that town on the eme night (18 August 1950) The hospital author tres clauned that alme Wahl had been delivered of boy and Mme Piouct of a gut Mme Wahl immediately protested that there had been ! rubrtitution (the midwife had told her that she had helped to deirer girl) but Alone Prevat misted that there bad been no mutate Eventually dime Wahl took the matter to court. A long legal battle ensued tul blood tests amed oat by Dr [ 66} ·MIOLOGY AND THE LAW Houllec n 1957 finally gare incontrovertiblc proof that the children had been subsatuted Lom Janne could not be the child of the Picerets but could be the child of tbc Wahl, white Hoori could not be the child of the Wahl, but could be the child of the Pancti. As a result the Triand Col of Lille (19 June 1937) ordered Loire Jeanne to be returned to her real parents while Little Henri - unwanted by the Premet family - wm abo domed to remain with that family who bad agreed to Look after him. Tho court judged that it would be detrimental to the physical and moral weare of little Jeanne Louise of her return to be matural parent were delayed pending an ppeal It granted M. and Mme Peact the nght to see Loule Joanne on the first and third Sunday of every month, and abo on the second and fourth Thursdayz This decision to infumated Mone Beact, that he made it known that she would opporo iu execution by force Nor wu be alone in her resentiment, the Pres accuring the mapatrato of uprooting unfortunate children on the archaic umuruption that blood tes are more important thao huppuden. In fact, no decision the court could buvo taked would have been pati actory all round. In the cad (September 1937) It was deaded that both children be sent to the Anne boarding school at the munispality's opens, the two farmlia abaning the children during thar holiday. The comprombac, grated by M. Provo, Deputy- Mayor of Roubans, w ucceptable to the two familia Thun, at leart for the moment, this painful todo Kettled though the legal battle will contine (1960) To proud the aubaitution of children, their idcotity court [67] ·LLOR AND DZOLTION IX ICICXQL be preserved from the moment of birth nocording to C. Sanns, the only ſeeine method to take the DCW boma baby's ſinger pnats, which do not change throughout in individual life However tho method prevent practical difficulties (cherched fists, shallow ridges, etc.) As an atemative, prints of the role of the feet can be taken Car more auty It has also been suggested that a real be placed on the baby a umbilicus, or that both mother and child be marked with nk that would only be detectable under ulow-noket Light, and that would subsequently drappear without lauring a trace Speler in bu Lo Relate to Hospitals and Kinded lasteten hom grd cda., page 284, ny that there appear to be do reported cakes on rubelltution of baba bord in an England hospital. If proved an action a law would arbe. Whether the borpial suthanta would be liable or not would depend upon whether they had lapsed from tbc sandard of reasonable care. The waking or a new born baby face print on a farm giving the mother name and recording fint details of the child might be good evidence that the authorita bad not been negligent. Letwa bow look at rome ke pa problems and from artesdal mcmnation. It has always been a banc emption in law that births reault achosively from phyral coniact between father ood mother Now boology has changed all that. No longa wll a buband be able to dison Hill cooxcived lo he absence his payial presence at the loc (8) ·BIOLOOT AND THE LAW benog lodevant (telegt) Similarly the husband aberence at the time of conception is no longer a valid obfection to blood tests for investigating his paternity Savutia ha pointed out that utificial Insemination came i porprize pot only to French lay but to the law of other ration & well. A century ago, no lawyer would have forekeen that one dry the act of fertilization would be duocated from whalisation. This docution Exces the lrwyer with a great many probleem. Though there are berdly any legal difficulta in the cuc of unmarried mothers, and very few in the case of married worden artificially meminated by their own berbands, the problema de considerable in the cake of the Doarried woman who obtain ber ata from an anonymous donor (artificial lemimation with a donor - AID) Now If the husband does not consent to AID the Den may be said to have committed adultery and this u bow the Law ought to interpret ber action. But even whero the husband has given hin coaxent, the Law will holds that adultery has been committed Article 106 of the Condo Alman Kod It s by no means certain that the husband may not toc tha fet in a divorce plea. Quilte apart from that riek, jornu are generally hostile to AI.D., which they ke hosting a bologally adulter own) Intruder upon the natural family thus aperiting the focial order In fact, hubanda wthe content to LID umply adopt the children of strangers and pay there chidsen off their own. The action may hart grave rocal coorquences, and docton cambot be too ful be taking every precaution spalne posible dalma by the married couple, the child, the donor and even the donor's wife. [69] ouro ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN IDIENCE In some countries, docton into that the child's future be safeguarded ather by a life-Insurance policy or chec by 10 adoption order which protect the child from being doinhented on the grounds of bs adulterous conceptoo. Sometimes, doctors will insat on choosing a donor of the white blood group us the legal fatbos thus thwarties may posible proof of non-paternuty by Wood tests, and obsia bing any claims aridng in this way It goes without aying that the donor has no claims whatsoever on the child, all lagal nghus being verted in the legal father In September 1951 it so happened that a Danish woman divorced the legal father to marry the blological father It u an interesting fact that custody of her child mus ghen ho the former Ia Mfaloua v Meclara (1958) S.LT 18 the Scottish Court of Serpon beld that for adultery to be committed there had to be two partres physkally present and engaging in the new act at the same time and that articul insemination did not stay this text On 10 September 1938 the Home Office named the member of the Fatt abam Commuttee appointed by the Horne Secretary and the Secretary of State for Scotland to inquire into the practice of human artificial imemnation and its kagal consequences, and to consider whether any change in the law wus desirable This committee is a proxent still att The Royal Cormoon on Alarruage and Drvorce 1951- in its Report (Cod. 9678 of 1936) recommended ln part 99 that the acceptance by 1 wife of artificial laxmination by a donor without the coment of her husband should be made a new and spente ground of divorce 170) ·BIOLOGY AND THE LAW A foder gaetia have born that a great many physical and metal mortalitios ut tranmitted with almart matbematial precidon. We have already mentioned the the of brachydactyly but there are far mort wriom congenital abooruitles congenital bone delocts, con fenital catant, Huntington i choros, coderma pigmentrun, Devons and muxular degeneration and ammurobc fuvolle Idrocy In order to halt the trubomood of those Genetic dcfectu, a number of countria (twenty-two stato of the United States, Germany Spritzerland na) bare accepted the principle of the preventive sterilla on of certain ategorta of detiocan. At the time of writing moro than 50,000 indivdual have been sterilized in tho United Suato Sterihgton u u simple operation that do not mo palr mual potenty Thargh a great number of furenga jungs favour the idea of cogenic sterillation whest, admittedly limated, results would unquestionably have a favourable effect on the blologial health of society at langs, mort French Jurists are formally opposed to procedure which they coulder an unmamunted attack on the freedom and diyalty of manland In England the opinion given by the Medical Defence Union in 1948 was that Herbation on cogenic grounds alone a Illegal, but that it is not so if there are therupeuuc reason. The patient i content, and aloo that of bb spoax, bould fint be obtained to loon Eutics for Dutws, by Hadded, at pege 197 (Eyre & Spottinwoods, 1938) In Brory v Drony in 1994 it was paid that sterlotion of the male illegal Stephen Diger y Crew Luxt Ulat curation is mayhem lo Franc cunkc lagtalatiod b till restricted to the ( 71 ) ·ELLOR AND DIOIPTION IN 1CIENCE half-hearted and almost pontlen measure or prenupeal medial cammation the only conccmon to Lounge Hervicu s long and courageous battle According to Articic 63 of the Cards Gint (amended by the statute of 2 November 1915) enery andidate for ournage must proxent the manage officer with a medical certificate But that , in fact all there be to it candidata with untos factory cerufialo are aot precluded from damage, por are such candidatos legally bound to communicate the contents of thar certificate to their future marriage partner. The camination a abaolutely recres, and it was left entirely to the candidates on conscience and sense of responsibility to take what steps he chooxes. Seraber ports out that this characteristic of the basic atutude af Freoch law Any acceptance of enforced euycnus would be taotamount to giving the sate virtual control over wbat i mou speafically personal in the human body and what mankind ha consequently looked upon us the most loviolable attribute of indviduality Man would no longer be treated u o person, bat u an instrument for propagating and improving a race which in turn would be controlled absolutely by the State. Nerrog, too condanne 111 mereurd of this kind no matter what the politkal system, allergenic measur imposed by force trke us o reprehensible. Aledical dictatorship b no better than political dicutorship we can only low voluntary congeniss. And in the same vein Even if such metro should opc day prove perfectly Justified from a scientific point of view we should nevertheless remain opposed to the implemen tation wt fully agree that it be regrettable that lattiduals 17 ] ·BIOLOGY AND THE LAW tainted with hereditary defects should be mounted the nght d procreation, but how an we go further than rolantary engenda, that Amply uppeal to the patient's good onto aod commence, without extablishing a modial police system that would be an attack on hunan liberty ? J Carboander is a little lan emphatic 'Being rooted in prychology our matrimonial Law giTC Do comideration to beological, physical, facts. No doubt, this attitude b a relic of the anontaal veroon to the facts. The human body never entered into the Carl, u it were. In the Coman a purely portal being. Apart from the determination of the legal 150 of puberty there is no further mention of the part played by the human body in marriage. But blology may not have spoken its log word, and may well prove to be progressive factor that will set the tono for conjagal tartitutions of the future. Scientific advances, lizo wokentific abores, bave confronted the modern world with new problems concerning pot only the health but also the purity of the race, and those problems must purely be reflected in our matrimonial laws. During the youn of the Occupation, Frenchmen know how to realet the contagion of German raculum in the field of marriags but they pey find it for more difficult to reject the idea of cogene TOCLUL Ilmost French furto obetinately ding to their oppodtion to cogenic iden, it b pot po much became they dolle tho limited mottura genetiants are trying to introduce, e became of thar for at the acemos to which a 'blologscal cooception of the low might lend once the fruil barrier will protecting the fadividual apalpat collectint preure a let dovr.. Some gepeuldt, 10c H J Muller in Angla, have gone (73) ·ERROR AND DECLPTION IX SCIENCE o lur us to rugger mich fortes cugear mesara #the artificial insemination of female volunteets with samen fra apertor indivduals. Not justified thaugh his most may be by genetic consideration, it coust be conceded that Rich veterinary procreation must strike many u scandalous The Inviolability of the person, the liberty of the indindual, the uaed nature of their indmacy have already lost, for the modern jurtatit conscience, a great deal of their meaning The rights of the individual seem to be deacting in the evergrowing rgbus of moety and if tbexe nghts were ever to be adminuered by an inspired dictator with a midon to fashion a drw humanity by applying the findings of modern buotogy he might stop short of nothing And Savatier og on to ay Already buotogios have established that with metbodia organization of artificial Insernination, ane vintc dopor cho feruite 20 000 women ingually Is there any reason why come biologically impared dictator should not organize the melection of "dite danon by the Heriloution of all ouber mulos? That would spell tbe cod marriage and all that us human, moral and judicial in it On a pooraller scale, however phiyaclans, and partxcularly Frends phyzicians have long been derrounding the danger orconiangulacous martures, and have clamoued for krat sactions spring them Such marriages are genetically harmful since they encourage the prodon of rett latent genes. In the offspring of nich unions, the catan defects (abrum, daf-fautem, etc.) greater than in the offspring of normal union 'Since martuago contracted between relath od prikgt of aircting their unfortunate u ( 74 ) ·DIOLOOY AND THE LAW as there may be moc doubt almal the corect probability However if future diagnodi front A bort of legal problemos i also pored ugnutim re the transplantng of an ornorth from oor the graves of Infirmubas, we may be permitted to view luch panino u fractions of public hygiene and we are bound to point this out to tho public legidatura It remu imredible that when we dloplay oo much tklode for the welfart of our children (and it ba malny with an cyt to child welfare that the Cold nad speaks of the indrutulility dal marriage) the Low bould not bo primarily cotorrad with curing ther chief good ne thelr Intl It would take us too far afield to do the frontion of enforced birth-control in detul We shall parts camint the specific ar of the mother who has contid (urman mantes during the fint wechs of pregnancy knw the virus responsible for that discax has strong intalupo estret on the embryo ro that there there every danno un boormal child being bort. In there drum run there be any objection to wo induced artin etiket, fp France at lout, is megal cecept where presarry carlos & mortal rial for the mother? The foloma de Mas bus, in fact, prando com main to go into the very question and has stru multed mscobers of the Archdioces the Sciences with a palliper forint, and landing personalities in Othey foule. At this abover ance the birth of an abnormal chit mately should turn thu probability lato certainty, like the right to let aboormal children be bord lots in World? Indmdes ( 75 ) ·INOX AND DECEPTION IX JOIENCE ather to another part of the Ame individual (wtoplastic grafing) ar elke to another individual (homoplastic grafting) Legal difficultio utoe mainly in the case of bomo plastic grafa for which no restitution in knd an ever be made It goes without aying that alan grafts must never be performed without the donor a full coment, which spears that the donor must be fully advad what part of his body is to be removed, and what consequeco much remporal may have on ha health and furthermore, that he is told to what we to which the fragment he has provided will be put (Savutkr) Io any one, the whole buncu i sudded with legal difficulties since doctors, who are the only persones permhoed to mutilate the human body are green that mandate "pecifically for curative purposes, and not for weighing up the damage to one body against the health of another po matter if the mutilation is performed with the donors Content a The underlying legal principle here, as in the art of aruficial Insemination and voluntary Acrilization, as the belief that the Law mut defend the individual frorna hotel and that, even where he consent to ruch experiments, he does not thereby make ho action les indicable For the time being homoplastic grants are amed out very acepuonally since they are generally uporaccesful, cxccpt between identical twins, and in the air of our embryonic orgam (brephoplasuc galo) llowever with improvements la giuſting techniques, i s likely that homoplastic grafu will become more and more the order of the day This day mas well has been brought nearer by the Amerlan brologist Snel'. doscos ITT [] ·BIOLOOY AND THE LAW af en enhancing mbounce which belp the organiem to over-come lo pediaty Also, Medawai periments bure shown that crabryos can be treated in much 1 way u to develop lasting talmance towards homoplastic mite Brophoplastic grafts, taken from stillboo children or premature foetics, rane special legal problems ancerning the rights and conditions of removal Tbc rude o truc of corneal grafa (berato-plastic graſts) which here become so common that the Law him been forced to restrict the Laterval in which the removal may be arded out to eight hours after death (Decree of October 1947) Morcover by the decree of 7 July 1949, ruch operation have now beco legalbeed whenever the deceased has, by testamentary disparition, bequeathed his cras either to a public lootituthan or to a private charlty * Dubculta muy arme when the deceased. faroilly are opposed to the removal of the cya. It scoa doubtful If the machinery of the Law can be set into motion quickly enougt to force them to comply with the provinons of the will, though in that come the chadty or institution in question could take action for damages ugutout the person or periode repoble. Hatod legal arguments have been arried on even about the far more straightforward question of Wood-tramfinon. Haman blood being a living torus, a part of the body it b not a poredlon od can therefore not bo mold. The dooor may be lodemolfied but be cannot be pad. Moreover in Franco hlood transfusions may only be arried out by poblic to tltutions (1954) Slace no one an be compelled to ftve hite blood Senter proid that the Decree or 14 April 1934. whereby certain categories of military [77] ·ERROL ARD DIOCPTION IN 10IENCE n woman give birth to a chid that is not getxetically her omp would the real mother be the woman who nourished un bort the foetus, or she who provided the gem all? Clearly bxology aan disocute the act of maternity frutas it an drocute the act of paternity We koow that the permatopoor hu a double function fortübration and trumnon of hereditary character Now by gynogeneos (a type of parthenogenem stimplated by spermatozoa) we an already produce offspring that owe nothing to the father accept the fertilaung Itimulars, the father playing no part in the transmission of genes (Not to mention Michurin genetics, according to which number of spermatogou can take part in the creation of a single individual, which in consequence, would have a number of genetic fathens!) There is morcover the case of triplody (by wbuch individuals may be produced who gezethaally speaking of two parts mother and one part Cather) and abo the development of ovn in which the maternal muchew has beco replaced by the nucleus of an embryo of the one species (Boggs and King's method) The product, in that cux, b no longer the mother's child or at least, she has provided no more than the cytoplam The child & larrely the offspring of the embryo providing the oudeus, or other los retarded brother or younger twin. Then there the core of androgeoest by which lodm duals are born who, having only palernal chiromonones, are almost the occlusive offsprings of their father and fioully there is the well-known as of parthedogcaces, where the offspring bacurely the mother's child. Parthenogenetu in the human specia is already withia the realms of posibility Sinee pather busband for boy ( 80 )

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·ERROR AND DECEPTION IX SCIENCE him to ofaguard thox Aubjective rights of the bodivdaal without which our objective lays would no longer want ther name. It is not up to bology to direct the low but up to the law to direct the used to which Hology a to be purt (Savatier) And this is what Nervoo has to ay While It bold out promic, each dentific discovery abo ban danger In asuing the value of haience, the jurist, us every other humanist, owes it to himself to preserve a XTC of proportion dance may serve him as a gude but never ma model the ultimate purpose of the law to astablish order Wben G Renard wrote that bealogy b not a lawgiver be stated . truth that is valid to the day The cast between biology and the Law blog in some raspects, fundamental. It may be conceded that, while tbc bilologut is sometido included to look upon dan u a purely physical entity a protoplannic aggregate of slun, flesh and blood the jurbat scos him in dl hus phydeal, spiritual, mora) and social compladty" One could therefore agree with Savater that the juris a view of man is by far the Haber It a po over-cumplification to ay that btobogat kod Jungs sometimes appear as the protagonnts of two different but equally respectable atutudes, between wtuch it to difficult to make a chotce. It to bard to tell who is mort humade, more idealistic, and more moral-he who rejects Cuzcoa on principle as being a violation of individual liberty and dignity or be who is opposed to the transtodon of organic defects and who would save future generations from the inevitable suffering dibents and misery it berkesan in lo train." It kems quite probable that this kgal kmouthty to biological changes in the resection of the mean anyority (84) ·1 DIOLOOY AND THE LAW of a pren social group, the reflection, u lt wers of the pocnal asper-oro. Morcove jurista certaunly play a beoefdal role in delaying the introduction of certain soontific methods which, while quite aceptable m the end, cannot be prung oo mill-prepared and reluctant public. But of furnts are oo old ground when, as defender of Individual liberty they oppone all nich cocrcrre carros a the compul cry sterilmton of certiun defectures, their podtion becomes weakened when they anathematiro all now oentific decoraries and the potential benefits such discordia con baton on man. While we must concede their agitation at new methods that attack the very roots of our traditional dotroos of maternity paternity and individuality He met bo realbo that no protests will ultimately be able to halt the march of clence. Whether we like It or not, whether we dentre it or not, wbetha the coordnance are good or bad, It seems that biology will provide women with the mans of burving Catbedan children in the near future, and that, when that time comes, there are bound to be certain women - cod pot the wordt or the best of them alther - who will woh to avail thcouchra of the new method. Once they have made up their mind, so legal protests will be able to stop them from prctang 'Virgia maternity and while the first of those viigia mother might shock public opinion, they just like the first women wbombmitted to artificial imemination or practmed pallew child birth, will not remain alone for long Sumilarly nothing will Hop people from improving the physical or mental maturo of their children by Ruitably chon dare of DNA All the anc, cren berg legal solicitude may contime to fulfil , alutary function. Though the law must eventually [ 63 ] ·this thert ut arous auktions on the ultimate principle all nasty between the a1. Some of the word daalth byla Deant to lively lecture on Tbe Rights of Wooc poble ERKOR AXD DIEPTION IX SCIENCE accept Kaentific achievements as accomplished facts, it will will have to protect the atizen by prodibing the way włuch these new toob are to be applied. It will will be the Laws function - and thu do mean task-to defcod cod protect the individual cvery least part of whom dervos the respect that u duc to the whole. Io brief while the Law will have no option but to bow down before blological fact, it need not reliquoh one bota of the human spirit with which it raffined and cool its noble role of preserving respect for the traditional valud of human liberty and dignity ESSAY II REFERENCES "Thun, André Alauron 'Ecophaga (varna Diamond due to O'Grab) do not allow swimmers to bure their shoulder lont try doplay the aphrodisiac glanda on thar arms Ilonen bave not as yet astuvad complete coacpalom English Low Sweeping constitutonal changes beve bera chord by vario meistra nich utbe Sar Drequalification (Record Act, 1919, and the Life Peenges Act, igy (wteach personal worden to make a lined place in the House of Lands for the former troc) Important legal changes bare boca brought about by the Alerried Worben Property Act, 18o and the Low Ashima (Garried Women and Tonicoon) Act, 1934. which contatott married woman in Ni respects or sho were forma senke. Dopra lo The Chorus Lar by Storm in 1933 [86] ·DIOLOOY AND THE LAW "The act Creet were le perturbed by their mother than by their futben dath, tace they too believed in the malo biological supremacy (w Edo of Acchylus) *Heted these between 106 od 6 days (Locre Lylatie chaude, vol. VI p. so Fact, rod X, p. 13) In modern French Low the bolt i foed between 18o and you dey Io England jodidel notice in talen of the last that in the ordhary mure of oturt delivery octum in, or about, nine months from fruitful mtercouc Jad.chal notice bo taken of the fact that the normal court not always take on turg, and that the actual perrod may be condenuhty le or considerably more than the portal man period of 175-180 day. The lowt partod conddered by the Elle court period operation which could not bevo exceeded 174 day. The womClat v Chet (1939) - AN ER The lonport period drifted powable by a mapcity of the Hound of Lorde wa In Prot mu v hoon (1931) 1 Al E.R. 114 Hao It wa beld that the court was not entitled to DC podidal motia that a chilld born 360 days after the last contun between hodand and wife wa pot the child of the hoband. "When tho nature of herneplodita wu pot yet undcoltood, murlad people of todeterminat were executed for profuding the merament of marrin I doublo Dopater were to have a child, and fauch fraction of the master more to chabo the child its own, forcon modade would be faced with an utrały inwalubke problem Dr Martin Historier aus Almbres depuis rebral asped me yours, Retwald, 1880) "According to Surel (Histety do mas. Por rol II p. 954) « double mooier who had abbed to death, wu Toprired became of the topocence of one of his cocottuen! perion The beppered to the reventeenth century Dr Martin of the opinion that such clemency w l-udrived Tbo mootter ought not to bere been reprieved, for helt turned loto an habitual criminal, the law would have born the full respoo blity' (the p187) ( 871 ·ERROX AXD DECEPTION IX ICIIXCL . * See De Le Duplicit monstres por inchenon, by De Lacbèse, Part 1873 • The only appreciately true of Rhow facton, but we cannot bere enter into a detailed dictadion of the rery complet Lacta tovolved ** The vahdity of these fenetic deroantration puy wel bar reducod by Increua in the nute of mutation due to the one of utora MATY 11 L pre Rus, Alba Alichd, 1930 Napoleon ald that the Saate had no interest baterer la challenging the afiliation of legitimate bidra Ruan Delos to Norimber 1932. 11 For the bedlal maher of wich tot m Vol of The Bride Engrampera Alubo Pretor tod ede, at pho, uod den article, Blood Groops to Afiliation Cor 90 J.P.N. 355 W lubatud Alarmathieste Stand Alondras, o U.P. 1933 Hendy Di, Moron & Co, N.Y., 1937 11 Subjects wbo are bomarygous for brachydactyly aro Dhok vlable "Too Hatencat la not strictly correct. In tory corptional cho uldn mila an ake between dryrock twice (Sce p. 101.) 1 Chanarth, Thes, Montpellier 1899 * Sueden hos balioed abortion to be of Great people contraced during pregnancy The matter in England to work extent roverbed by section 38 of the Oftecas Amainst the Norton Act, 1861 and by the locant Life (Prokeration) Act, 1979. Dy the former met Itku fclogy for toy pero unlawfully to do ter or curs to be adedistered wory potion or other nodicos thing or to the toy instrument or other me to any woman bester pertunt or not with atest to procure mbaariure. IA A. (1939) - K.A. 687 tw bold that an hortion coroderedar to the lotereo of the moubet mental bealth waa lawat In June 1997 American Birgeous wird kase of the duxit Supreme Court to riborse Leonard Mondka, sed [X] ·pontility Such mal woull null, tapon BIOLOGY AND TIL LAW hectopars, to donate coc of Mo Idney to bla twin lrothet Loon. In string its consent the court protected at the part concerned gulrot 207 dni o atminal actions that might have Taulted from the operation Phymologists are still not reed whether kehto-plantka Be the mail. It xooms that the odds of the red come do not Te roch, but are replaced by autonomous cele Sertia has pointed out that only momblo or bemorable property as be kelly bequeathed The cyos por los lalo ctbet atpory the tani muading *The French Eyo-Bank, founded in October 1948 by the Aonde des more on wobr relateral 8,000 bequest of your More than 2,000 metta have already loren performed. In the United States, the Ew Band for Split Ruration (NY) be contact doce 1995, recetva fifty promes my curry gorith The State of New York requires the formal connect mect of Ho, even when the deporal of the you use plan ham wilttan wil in England compel grafting operations were placed 00 u rauler legal beads by the Coroaul Grain Act, 199* TH. ha pronda that of any person apresa request in writing on at any time or bly in the prokace of two or more where that blacyou babaed for therapeutic purponct, then the party lawfully povedou of the body atter death may authorize down of the cya from the body for me for thor parpone Sed the abicial debate on blood tranſion what this dat Darbasp of Prof. Loures (19 Lund 1953) La Apple to meet there Hyour de la treaptariam songates, September eggs. Medewer wat bu bow that tomatian tersecam bomoplastic grujo may prodore veritable conta con un The clepce or the future D. Peal Chowhat the wron offero much food for philosopboal thought om be pated, the late "odhrituar brecome more to me La colt to deters, particularly rental puterileri become . ( 89 ) Our orn

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·3 The Singulanties of Man

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·3 The Singularities of Man ·IRKOR AND DECEPTIOXIX JCIENOL Intel Turu Identical twins might well be called one of mature scurcal and relatively frequent czperimenis Let us rool that there are two types of two plurravuilar twito (artong from two of Dort on) who are called Internal twins, and unl ovular tmos (ariong from a single avam) who are know Idendaal twint Twinning, fraternal or identical, is an excepuron to the pormal cycle of the human speciet witch colic the dog and the at, suruparouk The car of pluri-orular twins which means to remalt frota 1 superabundance of gooudo-tropic hormoncs, can hardly be called an experiment of nature. In any cax, Bache twinning aan enlly be induced artificially in uniparous anumaba (rheep cow) by appropriate bormonal treatment. la tha connexion we might mention the recent can of the birth of quintuplets to a couple treated for stubborn Herility The biologist us for mort interested in identical twim u an exceptional cample of natural polyembryooy in our tpeana Cooderably rarer thuo pluri-avular twios, tosi ovular twins occur once in every thite bundred ova and the known wo of unwavular tripleus, quadruplets aod quia tople are very much rater niil, The Ariking soremblinct of wentaal twill need not purpose is doce urording to Dr Apert'i happy phrase they are but the repring of ont upd the amc individual. Profesor Sunait has reported the cax of two blentiezt twins in Amena whose resemblance with so great that thes mother could only idedufyrbem by having their fingerprint when and Pexcal muy certainly hure been thinking or Identical twins when he wrote that two soular font [90] ·THE IROULAUTIEI OF XAX Desther of which a particularly imudng by itself, Day mu by their romblance Whecter two umrovular embryos do not fully separate, We have double manters or Slamex twins - hence Etienne Waf) comment that idential twin ure but the result of double monstrosity arned to the extreme Le in recall that polyembryony po exceptional in buman being2 the normal Aatr of certain species of mammals. Thows the female of the umadillo (e knall Americano dentate) lays a ningle egg which gives birth to a number embryos (four m the care of the Texa umudilo and ught to twelve In the case of the Argentinian anda ditto) Sirolarly the one of the warm Lambrias transpordi GEDET dy gira berth to two individuals, and 10 bryozon (wall aquatic lovertebrates) 000 cu produces hundreds of Inc. The same is true of ac Dcct. Polyeonbryonay in the human rpedo -- or for that matter the armadillo - Dot, a w previously thought, tho tuult of the orim i fint divibon blastomere) but occun boring later lagt of embryonic development. It u topletely unknown why the embryonic dupllabod tala place in carton on. Some heve blamed it on hormonal etdenda others, like Fournier hare blurred syphilitác afections ochen again have put the blurne on various ma. Be that wit ony - All that we can ay with certainty that certain human famla bave a genetic tendency produce Idential twins, and that this tendency i mommitted particularly by the male progenitor LA . Dumber of animal, polyembryoay can be produced sperimentally by nanou means, es by the mechanical actionation of the germ, or by the action of appropriate hemlal ubatanci Ellennc YolT and Hubert Lutz ( 97 ) ·ERROX AND DECEPTIOXIX QILxet dmccted the crnbryonal des of dock to obtain up to fist abryor from and the manne germ cell Thee methods do not prove effective in all arumak, but where they are, we can conclude that a given pumn hu much me potentiabircs than it normally displays. Even without having carried out pmilar penent an the human ovum - and for very good rol, 1001-We know from nature a own twinning crperiment that the human gerta has ruch potenties to a high degree. We krow that if, by one method of anorber we managed to divide the human ovum, arck fragment will be able to produce what she sarmal ovom produces under ordinary condition. Thus the famous aux of the Dronac quintuplets has the me burological Agrificance os Hubert Luty Add Evean Wold's laboratory experiment From the Dronne quintupicts know with cerranty that the human ovum hu the samxc polyembryook potentul as ebe duck e morgen and that it differ from the 87 of certas axcidians or mecta which lack that potential From nature : experimenu on identical twiss, we kocha furthermore, that in cur species, the fortiled s * k* determined identical twins are always of the while fraternal twins may or muy not be. Actually the proof w no longer crucut since we have a great deal of opher comviding evidence in favour of presociow -deterisuria tron. But fifty yean belore the advent of get, this ang ment mas part of the stock in trade of toologists. We shall not dwol on any arhet polnu of loterest ansang from this Petrcnt of outure suspt to exalion that by providing Individuals with perfectly alike hereditary tralls Tafure enables us to make dearer datinctions between the repor trve influence of hendity and environment ·TAI LIXOULARITIES OF MAX Dudrcode Apother lea common, but very interckung abnomulty on boormality within an abnormality we might mythe general inverpon of the internal organ Detrocard »in effect, bot uncommon in double monsters, where the heart of one of the pair has it uh mchoed towards the nght, the apa lyring below the nght oppla instead of the left. This poptional inverkon tail . fimctional levernon, abe left ade recaving de-cygenated blood and thr nght side recetvmg caygenated blood. Other thoracic kod abdominal orgits are am luty inverted the nghit lung with its three lobes occupying the left part of the nib angs, while the left lung with its two lobe occupia the right. The liver on the left und wo are the ascending colon, the crecum and the appendis, while the spleen and the descending colon are on the night. In short, the internal organu hart become the mirror image of the normal powod. Spectacular though the abnormality th it and Lottle inconvenience, provided only that it complete. According to Exctwald, organic inversion in urally food in all double monsters that are found at the thoru and secully affect the left partner only In idential human twish it sometimo happen that while ooc of tho twiss has hos are inverted, the other one ho pot Furthermore, mert a mirror cymunery w often found in identical twins, are frequcotly taken u mpor igre of organic cieron (the bar whorts growing doctwtke udd mth.clockwimo respectively moles of birthmarts on the right or left chees respectively etc.) Abo, Spemuan and Folkenburg't aperiment on Trious have shown that artificially induced two bave an abnormally high rate of organ invention. [99] ·IL101 AND DESITION IN CIENCE Moreover itu believed that in the case of human artaa myernon, a normal twin may have pershed in the embar ons mat, o that every person with such an INVESOR would be the role furvivor of a pair of idential twins. As regards the socdence of the aboormality radiologista atimato vary between a la four thouand and one ka forty thosund. Six hundred and fifty cars hare so Lar been mentioned in media literature. Miomat Cuer Naturt o experiment with identical twins, by berage the exception to the rule, has the further advantage of allowing o to venify the law of individual speafidły According to that law orgura cannot be transferred murnfully from one indivduri to another All human beings bchave us if their ty Aiffered from A type of wper patriotim verging on thophobia. Norer malling between identical twins alokrated preclucly because they are, in effect, ose and the amc humuua baby and because in their car bomoplastie grafts are inDEKUA to kutoplastic grafts. The lact that a kidacy could succes fully be grased from Richard Herrick to bka dentical twia Ronald (Boston, 1943) shows bow great an act * identical twin can be, representing as he donna ready supply of organs for emergencia con condition of course that the twin is willing to make the sofice. It is reported that * Orta Aladan cromed hall the world in an arroplane to bring a few square centimeters of skin to his twin brotber who had boce kverely injured in the legs and abdomet Bladen was the only man in the whole world who could provide this nal but or tipue in forensic medidne this mit tolerance of identical twins hus octavosalty bera (100) ·TAI SINGULARITIES OF MAN ed for xdentifying bebia rubstituted m mitaanity wurde Now Medawar - the famous pecalig on animal grafts - recently found that it might be possible to induce graft tolerance even between Internal twins, L. Kas of brilliant asperiment he showed that umalo sac u muce could be made to tolerate grifta by for instance, infecting cella from a more B into the anbryo of moud A. Skin poetbally grafted from B to A will live, and thus would Certainly not have been the cure if the ombryo bad not been treated or educated to this way Theme Openmont have not yet been applied malcally bot already some immunologists are welgtimg the poma bilita of inducing tolerance to a particular dooor--father or mother for Inst.cc - in the human embryo, so that all human being could nhart in the advantage now enjoyed cadoudy by idential twine. Be that it may this aperiment of indaang graft tolence in embryon , m Lact, performed by nature bervell in twin calves, where pootancowa graft anong phuri-ovular focina Gequently occur and continue to live. Thus to borde out by the fact that, in the majority of theme twin calves, the blood forming - or haemopoet - cha of mixed (chimeric or moms) geactic ongin. It is believed that under very coceptional condiuons Rich xed blood cells an occur in human being also (in one fraternal twin out of sy ten thorod) In fact ove such core has been reported that of the twenty-five-year old Ain Mck., who was found to contain a mixture of two senetically different types of red blood corpuscle Mr MICK owed the peculurity - which took genetian by surpree to the lact that the hed shared ber mother's rin ·IRROR AND PEOLTTIOX IX SCILACL womb with a male twin (who had died at the 48t of three months ud af wbor ochtenee she was un mirt until the laboratory text revealed the mange composition of her blood) She hanell wus group but her twin had been Group , and his heamopoctic cells spontancowly gralled in the cornbryonx bate, conturated to produce A corpoados tirenty-five years later Needlem to my change of embrytale top must occur even more frequently between identical twins, what however they cannot be detected once the two subjects are renetically idenuaal. As Medawur' pointed out, chimers are some of nature's yout remarkable product. In fact, Aladarar's cute periments on grat tolence in embryos wat first gested by the natural osperiment of chimerk aaltt. Cearly advances in gralling-techniques will product on ever-growing number of euch human chimet e realize that the may have criou repetagsions on our daud motoru of man o individuality but we feel that this no the place to dexcun them In this connodion, it must be mendoned that grafting a not the only ause of chloetas, one genetk mutattaro during embryonic development may give it to organ oda different composition to the rost of the body This phens menon of outrask metalon b furis common in cameo and partxularly inxects where individuals may comune duke and female or diferent nacial chanderia. Such abonmalities hart abso been oberird in birde Dr Tissot recently mentsoped the core of a cock (reared ( 102 ) ·THE FIXOULARITIIS OY VAN by Greenwood in Edinburgh) whose sight ude wu Sumox und whose lot Rhode Island, - if one facetious comfurer bad stack the two halra together The lodicrow Pptrico Whoightened by the fact that, while the nght half of the beak and the right foot were white (Sun) the Lett half of the beak and the left foot were yellow (Rbode Luland) This cock w cross between Sma and Rhode Luard, the two hrun having divided out in the off spring Perhaps the cure a different-coloured eyes fall into the mino category It has been pud of Jan Clark, the film actre- 'the glo with the odd cyes - that she inhented her brown eye from ber German mother and ber błuc cye from bo Swas father an aplacation that is not genetically unacceptable. You might, if you wish, call Jan Clark. ngular woman Print Ma od Medo Bonn Bate further pecullarina of our species can be found in the womal sphere. To begin with, there the typucal com the dichotomy between the mornate and the genetic toality K J Moort and AL L Barr's remutabte periments - fint on att ind then on other vertebrata Including man have shown in unsuspected exml differ ence in the appearance of the cellular mucleus female cole, ritably faced and saipod, reveal mall spot of chromatine close to the internal surface of the nudar membrane. This spot, which is a veritable condary ml chancteristic on the microscopic sale, is quito distinct from the chromosome dispanty between the timo mes, which is very much more difficult to demonstrate [103] ·ERROR AND DEOZPTION IN ICIZACI Thanks to this distinctive characteruk, ye can tell wherber & given cel is derived from a male or fran ſemak, no matter of the cell is uten from the blood the Hm, from Kaprings of the mouth or the vagina, from the rood of the hair or from bong or teeth. Furthermore physcing have loog bech futur with the scalled Turner Albright tyndrome (orirun agenada) characterized by impuberty and walloca of wakat. Formerly them symptoms wett attributed to early damage to the overler, and the object was quite natanlly taken to be gessetically femak. Now the examination of their cellular nude by the Moore and Bart technique bus whown that practially all these subjects happen to be male. From Josti szperiments with rabbit (the roaults of which can be applied to other mammals escluding nen) we know that whenever a very young male embryo Chatrated, it will present femirums characteristics The embryonu teucle makes the male, Jout declared. Thus it s extremely likely that the Tamer Albright syndrome as the rerull of a natural experiment in carton, during wbkati sbc male gonad u prevented from serveung ito horarios thus producing the fombine appearance of the Albafer? In the connexon, we must also mention the Pettersson Bonneet tyndrome which causes male objects mih - descended and generally stenke tenirder to have the appearance, imtincts, taste and utaperament WOKO. Thu myndrome a bereditary and in many camihes it be transmited through normal females. A number of hypothere have been put forward to explain this phenomenon and in parcular it has been puggested that these ITKITS may be the roult of the presence of schud stock of chrotron tomia (triploidy) Realty (who is the leading authority on (104) ·THZ IROVLARITIE. OF KAN polyploidy ma mammah) while not completely domusing the hypothests, prefer to think of interxe X revised men whore YY chromosome constitution and undergone i prevocar change. The Barr test will undoubtedly belp to receive the problem whether the interna are in fact biologically pecuur Other human atas pour la gestically female sub- Jeets (chroscope formula XX) Here the carly sca veral sorters the repult of an excess of suprarenal bor made, the effects of which are 10 pomercrpecu comparable to those of male harmona. They are often the renulo of benign turnoon, and when such tomou occur in the embryo, the transformation of a female at a male a almort complete. If they occur at a later stage, the reult may be sich superfidal egna of vinlity us, for instance, se Lund in hearded womncs. Sometimes mich ungular women have been officially registered as bon. kulty PAL mention the car of one surca person who contracted a marriage with another WADAD. Her gundalar Sernunity was only revealed at autopay More extraordinary all as the case recorded by Da Constantins at Torello (1948) recalled by Eurense Wolf in bu Lut Comprar á *** Here a twenty-five year-old subject has male genitale thongta with only one testicle on the left ade He had no beard, ha limba wiere rounded and his bíp promuncat len a la parotomy was performed to inertigate severe abdominal pain, it was discovered that the right ade contained in of female wes orpus uterin, Fallopian tube and one onry Bosh the female and the male organs were is function order the aun showing utmatalable Hans of ovulats and the testick containing fully developed spermatozoa that could be draw off (103) ·ERROX AND DLOUTION JX SCIENCE The Asbject was thus a simultaneous mirce of table osa and sport Theoretically at least, he could have been both father and mother According to genetic laws, tad Belf-fertilization been poxible in his catxe (21 it was in that of Witschus hermaphrodite frog) all the children would have been girls Now for a few words about a phenomenon that waximci makes the headlines adult women turning into men, and Prople voering from masculinsty to feminialty or from femunsty to masculinity are certainly singular even thout their trumformation often involves plastic surgery a hormonal therapy The reader will remember the story of Robert Correll the brilhant arutor and the father of two daughter, who rubrequently turned into a woman. Il he was genetically female, s.c. having the set chromonx Contattitutron XX he was, of cours bound to have had female offiepring only Sult ku cake was shrouded in to much mystery for u to expres an opinion whether a dorthing In fact, resemble the resulta artificially produced in front and newth Frmale Lines of Dent Another well-knows hooun singulantys the family with duproportionate number of chůdren or ook parekular Wc koow that in man wat is generally determined by the edistence of two genetx dans of sperma those with chromodores producing girls and those with ) chrom ·THE SIXOULARITIES OF WAX producing boys since both types are reprezented sa qual mucaber the sound are evenly distributed throughout the Now a certain bumes lisses of descent there us a complett abuence of art of the extes in the well-known CBC of the Camily in Nassy (repeated by Loenhart and Vermelin) to whom pot a nagle boy was born for three generation Madame B's grandpareng hind six dangtitest all of whom give birth excusvedy to daugtiten (& 2 & 4, 2 and 9 spectively) a grand total of thirty-three daughter la two groteration. The third generation was also compoud Eretirely of (19) girl. Hence the three generation produced reversty-two girls in seventy two berthur With It is practically mapouable to attribute all thia to pure chance, it were difficult to role the ausenc of this feraumparas tendency in mothers with what we Locw of the Gather's role in kex determination. I tho explanation to be mught in the ows suffinity for sporta coche with Y chromosomes (an abeslutely wild imumption sace Dot Angle car nich wekective ferulnation i known) it the fact that correus uterinc recreou use tone for spermatozou with Y chromosomes, or finely so the Lact shar the huissonal stato during gertatxo ba hortito to malo Svetures? Is usy cox it ons likely that this fournipatan tendency to trusted from mother to daughter in the cytoplasm of the ovuke. -* typical cample of cytoplasma transition is the animal kingdom. A trallarty dopropumuonate ce dikembukwas with me countered by Hurts when in 1916, he ichigated a family which, in ten generation, bad produced only two girls in thirty-five birtis. Alorerrer one of the girls wunmil, an inter-ka that there was ke doubt when wir [ 3071 ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCIENCE should even be registered a female. Nothing is point about the other gul, except that she died at the age two Those two dngalar famules constitute patunl caperiments that we all have difficulty in interpreting It xem clear that if ever it should succeed in repeating patarts method, we shall have gone a long way towards molting the problem of voluntary sea determination Marouk Medya's Sets of Cans When discuting the Pettersson-Bonnier syndrosac, MC Dentioned the assumption that this nagulanty might be the result of an additional set of chromosomes (pols ploidy) Natural polyptordy - not uncommon in Amphibua (frogs, news, etc.) where specimens have been found with cells containing three or cien four su or chromosom ostend of the normal pour Natural polyplondy was also found in mice when Beatty and Fischberg made a Hody of ten-day-old einbryos. Experimental polyplody can maly be produced in amphibu, and it appean to bart been indaced in rabbits and pages by Hagsquot and Bane after anfaa imemination with dictically treated mon For the Doment there o no reluble andrace of poly ploidy in man, though its existence must nou be diumbard out of hard Polyploidy in vertebrates is difficult to detect once it has no external symptoms of it, whereas, la loret tebrates and plant, it is usually accompanied by ganiton IA any ax, there an be little doubt that one WOODETI 1T) LC male chromosomes in addition to their owe chromosomes. These women are not doinguished by (108) ·THE JIROULARITIES OF HAX coyu pecuunties, and their gectic singularity (X1 instead of XX) only becoisa apparent from the regular trusemicon of gende It is equally possible that there are men lacking in Y chirucagonC, LC, with the chromosome formate XO instead of the womal XY The bence of the Y chromodore Doctor o the stoccarthy where it is accompanied by Kellity Facklas Mas Strange tborgh the questions may pund it u permundble to whether human beings an be born in the abovence of Sertilization, just us happens when one out of ten thomand to a hundred thomand turteyn bs batched from e virgin Such virginally bore creatures would indeed be the most singular of beings. It will be remembered that when Mn. Huldades article on the subjert in the Lancet became the Robject of a nation-wide qury by the Siretty Postarih number of women wrote in to say that they had given birth in this way One of them Mre Emmauno Jona ww caktonned by a panel of physcians and geneticist who con cluded that, because of certain genetic peculantic of Dother and daughter the darm could not be damped out of hand. Beatty to his recent Partim ad Pabloid lo Norma Dermlight (Cambridge, 1957) devota en tatire chapter to a discumon of the powdhilta of spoo tancom parthenogenesis on mammals an ho remmars apply equally well to man Conturia o epaiment - Beatty writes tell us that the younge Dot born d'amunal nola there be beca * prior intervention of permutoton. Yet we have to [ 109 1 ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IX ICICXOE camples of openmentally induced parthenotec development 10 mammalian cobryou. There froula git komt encouragement for ung Ilony would the animals lic identified ? A little reflection shows that there are difficulties. The first and probably the most important u that the animal breeder is not expecting parthenogenesis. If no apparently unin minated female mammal produce an offspring the breeder us more likely to attribute the event to a mualliance, or to an error in the records. Further alsteder would do be opected to publicize an inexplicable barth in pedigree stock. Sumilar conoderations might weigh in breeding or laboratory animals In man unmarried mothers have tamctima corded that no Gather was involved but the validity of each daim is normally ignored. As Beauty abends, spontaneous parthenoptrots would be even more difficult to detect in married women. If the child u born at Dormal term, its angular ongia would not even be suspected, and if the child is born out of CITD it might be described as an instance of super focus toa In the particular care of our species, parthenogence offspring would necemarily be female though Dot pero arily a faithful replica of the mother - her younger twin, uit were Tha i due to the fact that the parthenogtoetac ovuk aan double its chromosomes after first having under mae chromosome reduction. Though complete parthenogedeus in man xetrus ratber improbable, partial ar ruduncntary parthedogrush does in fact occur in our speaker. Phypoams are Camilwr with dermoid cyou of the orary (up to 15 OF 20 yu bere bron found in a sogle gland) Thek ott kem to have a berrede (no) ·TAL SINGULARITICI OY VAN tarya ndal origin. In 1891 Mathw-Dual, and particy Lnly bo pupil Répon, put forward the theo that they cysts were the results of an atypical declopment of a virgm ovak, a theory that is still beld by marry biologists, and by (and, Witachi and Mainger in particular Thu Witschi mentina Neumann i grunge obecreation of an ovary with two distinct cyst containing strands of dack and for bar respectively in thu cax, the mother - who must hart beea dark haired - thought to have carried dark and a fur hair gene, both of which were potent la tho cyst-producing orale. In nich rudimentary parthedogenic, Vaadel mw an andeniable tendency of the human ovule) to parthenogenetic development Ho thought it very likdy therefore, that human orala could accenfully be wubjected to cxperimental partenogenem That's of Embryos w Toma In this quick survey of human singulantas, we cannot more the memorable wat od Albert Peyron, even though we will do not know whether hot was min of folyar min of genius or -- why not? - bit of ach Atyron claurned to have obscrved certain terticular terutamata (tumount of the tertide) in man containing hun dreds of thousands of embryo-Illertructure, When Profesor Lroousin rent him the famous tumour No. 11ory Peyron docted it into thirty thoumnd Luca, cuch of which showed protino of Cabrio-like sometara, Peyton obeered their Toonblance to normal arly primate crabryon, and con distingubbed ther Acceneve maga of morphological development postulation, formation of the newtentank ainal of the molti anty ste [11] ·ERIOR AND DEOEPTIOXIX SCIENCE By means of this yety Arioge aperiment nature has provided the embryologut with the means loodying those quly stage la human development which are otherwise difficult to observe. Peyron even went to Ear u to coralder the potability of culturing the structures, the prododo sectionally propagated human being - grange perper the for the future, thal Where does the minery of embryou in the textile spring from? Is it a form of spermal parthezogenen como puated by polyembrony both at off by or related to, * torticular tumour? Peyron carefully datinguished thox panthenogenetic and polyembroruc tuctura from parwuccrobryoud bodka cured by foctal inclusions and retembling the car or double monstroalty It a cearly to that ategory that we muu attribute the cor of male parthenageDesa reported by MAL Lombard, Fatuod and Legtruse to the destroy Whiw In 1953 llere. four-month-old foetus wus found in the abdomen of . twenty-monthrold boy Though Peytoo : discoverier kete u fint moct with almost rederal reprom eminent biologeu like M Caultery and P Wintrebare were quick to realize their comportance. Since then, lass wort hu been confirmord by a creat many other leading bolognes. When J A Gallard (1956) wrote that polyembryony was but one of many wars in which the conbryonal bud can destlop, he did not detract from the mout of Peyrou s magnificent work eod from the value of his extraordinary publication flore over in hu om work, Gaillard made me of Peytop i atraordinary collection of testicular tortortuta. Extra ordinary Is the word that crops up in cytry docuandono the work of a man wtor names ineparably Inked with the (111) ·THE SINGULARITIEI OT KAN hostory of embryoids, and who has probably opened up in entirely sew chapter in human biology Luty recent time of the Journal of Ciod Pelbalno R. Winatan Enına docume the proence of embryo-like Hructura m burdan teratoma testa. Eruma noted the similarity thoxe pull bodies to the sudy developmental stages of muramalian Embryos and that they sometimo mimic the form of boonul arly human embryou. He thinks that some light might be thed on ther development by transplanting thein on nate. I annot hade my purpore at the absence of Peyton i same on the bibliograpby of Evang's paper La any tax androgences or malo parthtbogeneos mother of mature a trance asperiment revealing at it does, the unruspected potentwiba of the male garminal comie. Il we shonld ever manage to discover the nature of the different facton producing this phenomenon, we are Art to and that there will be important consequences In perimental embryology 4 Voat of Perthwgonou A curiou variant of pantheogenesis-gytogenes - could well be called parthenoroc through the sperm. Somelima - both under natural and aperimental conditions - I peta will become completely inactive once it has entered the ovun Tho need not impede the ovum 1 development but of coura, the offering will be devoid of patrmal chroposoma Gypogeneala may pomer when the para has been pub mitted to radation or to chanlal pobons, or even when it belong to diferent species from that of the ovun In ·ERROL AND DIOPTION IN SCICACE that came gyorogerie's u lantamount to preudo-bytudes tlon Gypogine in man wa docused as long ago u igro, when the great French brologet lios Delage Attributed 18 occurrence to the prerence of sperms that had become impuued through alcohol morphine, cocune nxcounc, or syphilis' Delage conduded his paper by mying It A pot impose able that we might meet partenogenetic indisdaab in the street without ever suspecting thar mot singular origin. This happena became that ungulanty has not beinad by any obvious sigru. Only by the careful observation of susceptible subyeces can we hope to form a final opinion on thu subject. Tob work ought to be of great interest to baclogais, though it is medical practitioners who have looked after a farrily for a mimber of generations and who know the nonological bruort of all its members, who are particularly qualified to carry at out. Delage also cavaged the powbility of parthenopenews due to defective pairing alluding decrectly fro the very excepuonal but nevertheles qublushed fact of crual Intercourse between human beings of other sex and animals Tho mame suggcnion was recently made by L. Downoure Ha pouble aplanation for the birth in 1897 of an anext phalic (headle) moastet The roomster's mother mua Artetaycar-old girl who shared a arvan near Ixcoy with her father and a monkey She had had no contact with the outdde world and malicious rumour had it that the girl was haviog iecestions relations with ber Gather Bounourele prefer to think that the monster was the (114) ·TIL SINGULARITIBI or MAX Totalt of lexual intercourse between the old and the monkey though I mitt cooler that, in thu casc, incat who meu aby box unlikely explanadon. We have just camined a number of natural comments me undoubtedly authentic, come len trustworthy Aroogit the latter I would incude the alleged antence of telegony Cartan breeden and even certain docton think that, bcaanne of un effect of a pressous art, edam can, by second ors, produce progeny rokmblmg the first Thus Futupaan woman marted to a negro could remarry · European and gire berth to coloured child. Some biologots have recently tried to explain tho placzoroenon by umuming that the DNA (deroxyribonucleic mod) of the first are 1 sperma hus had a modifying effect on the dam i ovula This would be nature way of producing in man what Bonant achieved aperimenually in b duct While I mynell think that telepay be just a myth it is only fault to add that wo emunent i aturalis u Alfred Giard believed on it firmly mough to write "Tbc direct action of the first make on becquent progany bu Lact whose racological consequences bare pot been miliciently noted. To me odont [thoc caoequences) would felfy the rigpondHght which poblomen of old otupated to themsekso on their robfect bridal night. At i tme, wber the pobillty tool foranost place on the social scale, tbe ezentoe of that right might well bust belped to looprort the nuce. Children bom under that Idflococe, might have played fod u pret a mole u bertards m aldne (115) ·ERROR AND DICIPTION IN 101&XCE the fundard of the lower class and in prepannt the enapopatron of 1789. " How odd to bar telegray wed a justification of the jus A kartu und to find it ated as one of the factors of the French Revolution! We could add to our list of mans alleged peculuribas by cuentroaung the growing of a third act or seeth, quoted by Esaunus Darwin Sugaud de la Fond and even by the scepocal Fontenelle but we must end hate, and more what coachudons we have reached. Tlc have mentioned very brrcity that some of nature ! caperiments such a polyembryony the Turc Albright syndrome and dermoidal cylis, have already thrown much light on human brology Other phenomena, auch w andro genen in terticular oumoun, and the doproportionare propagation of one parucular sex are not yet fully under stood but may well tell as a great deal in the future. The copertocats of nature are particularly shable unce we annot perform analogoua laboratory experiments on man. But even our study of zoology and boutoy can also beriefis greatly from, for instance exch nataral operiodu as the partie castration in ucets, the femination of Cubs under the action of acculine the custence of ICT exes in Drasotels, the masculinawon of old hens and old ben-phasnu, spontaneous sz transformation in super bians and birds, the fusion of our in Asos ibe clerce of freemardas fimperfect females of the or Lind, twza bora with emale) hox nz glands are makulinised by the make twin RA ctc While certain aperiments of nature an only be intet preted by laboratory aperiments, the resett Is cooally the Occasanath, though ignorant of the means sature (116) ·TITE SIROULALITILS OF WAN sploys, we can mitate her proceda, ag in the awe of polpenbryony On other occasions, we cannot copy her o matter what procedure we ux. This is the cake with Gemertmine which we annot reproduce apenmentally despite all recent advances in hormone, and particularly * HANDG chembtry Hormone treatment does, in fact, prodaar modification of the secondary cul character of the mummulin foctus, but no matter what dong la given or at what itage of embryonic development, the Kructural terations of the fecule gland found to free martinan CODOT be actosevad asperdentally We have mentioned the effect of natural on laboratory patients. Thus the phenomenon of paradtec cartrition ha Agented rearch on the scandal bormones of the tavertebrates the contence of chimeru io Draghtele has Prested experiment on pigruentation hormone thc discovery that the blood of maut dizygotic caldo twaa la partially chimeric has margested experiments on the Cakennce of embryos with respect to graiing On the other hand laboratory apperident have often Quad noentista to look for natural experiments, whose atence is aspected the moment their powibelity has been appreciated A whole methodologial trata on the relationship between natunl und laboratory aperurnent could be Witten Frines Bacon wu one of the first to force, and to note, the importance of deviating instanca 1c. citon of nature, thinp which we ngue and monstrous wheran matut smal hard to us unbedden by dedining and deflecting from her ordinary count Nor most we deurt from inquiry with regard to them until the act of the deckenston b dkcontred. For be wbo Lcow the way of nature will more asly obectve ber [117] ·ERKOZ AND DEORPTION IN JOIENCE deviations aloo and egun he who knows her deviations wl more accurately doabe her way And Bacon added that we must make a collectog or particular natural hostory of all prodigies and monstros birthy of Nature, of everything in short, that is few rare and unusual in Nature. But the most be Acroopaored by . most ngid Kruturry that confidence may be established Thero (withasa) must be drawn from start and trustworthy hotory and from true reports It u my sincere hope that, in these pages, I have beeded that advice. REFERENCES Newly born babes, lajected with paternal leucorytos at birth werd gtven med en stor from the father when they were per month old Aner screo needs of obecrration, these grafts were a living loodruff Troy. BwZ, USA1937) • Medawar The Vapeurs of the batrituel, London, Alethuen, 1957 Lo riala filles (Dragan) korpe loos produce a barte prepoadence of femak propery this peculiar kx desorbution pathological and is probably a word by a rima (a lalaglowns and Poulog nr 1457) A Vodd La Porte Daun, 1975 R 278. Sex René Didaus la Tom & Ter a la prestang walindate Lefranco, 1911 •Hintegradas des offrentenes kirdions Las tayo atsis on ko opo duka Buletin de Savocation française pour laude do Cancer vol. 43. 1956 'Dariprastel San o Exigot Bodies in Torona Toss Ja Aith (1937) 10, 31 (118)

·THL INDULARITIEL OT MAN
'La Gard decovered microscopic structura rolling tho
Som pega o bom cobryo development to an onurlan tumour
This would probably be another instance of perthenogeneda.com
polymbryouy (Car 1957)
• La portalas pancas pad alle ander dans Papier konaine? Biologie,
My lºl:
Woda Holt Mry 1957
ulurd: Contres reddes, 1903
[119]

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·4 Biology and Maladjustment

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·* thu cay we shall docus the influence of biologia factors on human conduct and particularly on the conduct of maladjusted children and adolescents A child is called maladjusted whers, becaune of phytal or mental aberrations, It has become incapable of adapt ing to the miles of Dorul life without specul medical, edacation or social steps. It to believed that in Franco alone, there are about 500,000 such ctoes, and their achtence deurly poemes very gravo pocul and educatonal problemos, particularly ince many of these maladhosted children are quite unfit to live any kind of pormal life and often trod towards delinquency While moet physical abertabor can be down to spring from biological amics, It is difficult to define the role of bicingy in paychological or character deflonca. Two factort go into the making of man-or for that matter of all living beings laternal (hereditary or genetic) lacton and actual (environmental) facton. While the hereditary factoq ure pecewarily biological, the environmental factor an be biological u wel u prychologlal or social To investigate the problem fully therefore, we must front comme all the heredlory factod and then all the OTTOamental factors which an effect man's biological Aructure at any tage of his developercut. Let us beglo by rcalling mode basic facts A child a therurult of a foot contdbution by bla paret, och or wbora wppliar cell, a minute spect of protoplom from the clogy of calls that constitute their bodian ibon [in] ·ERROR AXD DECEPTIOX IK SCILICE the Catba sperm penetrato and feruilco the mothers otle, the owule becomes in om The ovum te to the womb i whore wall it develops mto un embryo, a foctus, and finally into a baby Thu, the parent microscopic contributions forro be very couou bridge from one generation to the nod, and determine the child's entire heritage. Moreover we know that this inheritanke os arred was only the wlar och geton cell Le in the somewhat denser region of the cel containing the chromosomes. Each parental nocku contain the Ame murber of chromosomes (14) and hence it Bobrows that ach of the two progenitors makes an equal contribution to the chud's brological heritage Thu is not the place for giving een a gumman dedip tion of the mechanics of heredity Suffice it to ay that the chromosomes themsches are made up of a comber of een rouler particles, the genes, and that every onckus Contam tom of thousands of genes, ach of which play * dostinct role. Moreover genes an add in different Hatas, each pate conferring different properties upon them. According to iu sate (or iu chemical composton) 1 gnt gene will determine eye coloration, harr colour or texture, the shape of the nose, the blood group, etc. Deffer eat grand an counbine in every possible way to prodoce all the tuing differences between individuals that we obecnie in daily life Forumplicity let in prppose that man were & specta with only tuo different sets of gene producing respecthely brown or blue you and dark or Laur hair Thar combina tion could result o foar distinct mduviduals, sz. Individuals with brown eyes and dark hair indidual with brown (124) ·BIOLOOY AND HALADJUITMENT ga and for her indendurbs with buc eyes and dark huir and finally individuals with blue cyo and fur Let us now poftulate an additional act of eno producing COLOR or five hur the three mets together could produce wbt different individuals, viz. individuals with brown eyem, dark and fine hair individuals with brown cyes, dark and COX lar individuals with brown eyes, fair and fine baft Individuals with brown yes, far and courte hair ctr. typa of We shall not bother the reader with a lot of all powable Dubinations, but shall umpty mate that I wou of genes con Bu mome to combinations and hence to 3 ladricuelo Since theranda of sets of goo aint in the breme spood, the number of possible commabona a quite eftronomical. By applying the formule, we can thow that Aby doon an, potentually produce millions of rulon of Combichoon, e number far asceeding the world's actual population. It followed that there u very little if any chanc that gone would combine in puch way u to produce two identical individual. In the lottery of birth the ano mumber for dever drawn twice. Hence every human belog starts with fretic inheritance that is strictly hb alone and that Flampe bb biological industulity - his uniqueness-right from the part of ho life lentokential ongloality u due to a unique Asociation of common clarocais, just od syropbones comunt of the combination of only a few notes and all literary matter pieca of only a few ketien Mankind individual pomerili tia ut so great that A were our pecto lo alt for another billion years, Do one individual poed ter be duplicated and it goes without paying that this unique [103] ·ERROR AND DEOIPTIOX IN SOIEXCE plays a paramount role in man s relations with his CTY TON mont "The profound sorrow we aperience on the dath of a frend Schopenhaver wrote, s due to our feeling that each individual por something indefimable that is be alone, and hence absolutely irreplaceable. Orow pudindex impohle The notion of biological uniqueness is felt intalthy by every man. No man has a true counterpart, thoogte be may have an identical twin resembling him in every morphological and phypological detail. But at thb exception Amply proves the rule identical two are DAUT the chance rezulo of two separate mnions derived from the Amcovum, they repult froun the same combinadon agencs. The fact that two individuals may be us like a two peah merely kives to emphasize our own muqueden. If two have so often captured the imagination of poets and particularly of dramatists - from Anuphanes, Arortopbaner Yenarchus, Alex of Thurlum, Alenander through Plauto Menaechni right up to Jean Anouilh in our own umc - I think this not so much due to the fact that the twin theme lends itell so well to cornic stations of mistaken identity u to the dramatic domat doclosing the real - od umque - Ladividuality of cach of the patr Now that we have taken stock of manumquence, WC may well ask if certain combinabond of groa are han marked for producing maladjusted Individuals, or at least individuals who have difficulty in adapting than even to ther environment. As regarde phyucal abortcoming the answer is quite dar congenital blindness, dafron, bonc and muscular deficiencias, uod many other aboormalibo ach us bacmophila all angrert adaptation prob- [126] ·Tho bring is to the formidade radicau the by degeneration of perve to care abo we tal, es Many other type of idiocy and meenal detay awd se) WYllam ducem progrourentador de recrution, cerebral atrophy congoutal cartoral wann, Fredrucos unde, neurofibromatada, and Hnotucoins choret in cdothymia, in rcbusopbrce and Eartain forts of Though ler obviou, the role of bactity in abondensable picpey Orer and bovo the main conditions, for tutely are, there are a great mard dcficco dom which the goretic factor that mae decaire, end to what the balance on the wrowe The rendor will appreciate that only wank for Codora.cat ruodon theo la Katika mc auto Deed Dot Decomarily be madjusted local Herceliar Encton which were perfect adaptura u crore DIOLOOT AND MALADJUSTKENT lemt Similarly a great many mental deficiencia rre brown to be congenital, to have been imputated upon the e Phenylpyruvic oligophrenu s a typical comple of tha type of mental deficiency It airmonteed by a recoave genc, Le. It can only be produced when both parou carry that groc, elbet la lo lautett form. Phenylpyruvic oligophrenia could be abled chemical diocy dince the provence of phenylproico (chemical mbetence which results from an error lo metabolism in the bombe la the main enterian m the bagnons of this disease Fortunately phenylpyruvic oligophrenia la very rare, les fodidence bemag of the order of one la twenty-five to fifty nition of the population. juvenile murotte idiocy (abo panchaced by a recente heredany kan are probably * T * complete maladjustment. procesor [1971 ·ERROR AXD DECEPTION IN SCIENCL transmision of mental laculuia, and of character and instinctual units. Though some have clared that mtdi gence, will-power attentirepecadurance, perversity 483TCvenca and tunidity skill and cluna, cruelty and imnubility are headed down directly frota father to mon, I myxel am very sceptical of the tertion. Tnxe, that an be no doubt that different individual inherit different intellectual and comotional apeates, but that so far us he ADO It seems only logical that genets spedfiaty should lead to prychotogral specificity just as it leads to physeal spedficacy Thu is also born out by the fact that, m dogs or naa for instance, we can aclectively breed strum diffong in beluviour and last bat not least by the study of idential twins which has shown that individuals with the name hereditary factors are psychologically skin. The psychological resemblance between parent and child, which uaren arled u further evidence for the hereditary trady mpion of prychologial truts, strikes me sindabble evidence once here it is difficult to detingush heredity from imiutron of the parent or from the influence of the home. A pozat closely connected with our subyect, is the corridabron between certain psychological hereditary and physal truth. Mme Llore Bourde has suggested that each blood group is wrocured with a certaa type of behaviour and that agnificent Harixial difference would be discovered if the distribution of blood groups in the professional clands were investigated. Othen have tried to correlato body type (astheak athletxc pytac) with temperament (schoond, sydord) or to correlate constitutional factor with extrovert und latro vert behaviour While the whole thing strito me u voor [128] ·BIOLOGY AND MALADJUSTMENT what puc und dabuonis, there u unqoatianably mone counsoa betrieen phytology and prychology of only berate the effects of canetbola (le tho total mas of Izgattoos derived from the internal organ) or even us ! rout of coing ouelve la the mirror Cearly ou tomperment would be affected by what the glo reveals talloons or shartnom, strength or weatnes, beauty or oglma lo boed, there seems to be bottle doubt that genetic differences be partly responsible for man mental and behavion diferenca Profesor Heyer the fudou child pryshuatrod, put it as follows 'When we carefully collect all the data on 1 child a beredity for at last two genonaboot, together wuh Jl the data on iu home and paul environment, we a bo longer be atfied with the theory of constitutional morbidity with the poychoanalytical theory of envirock macdtal promo, or with political and economic a planation on peruding the date, we must cooclude that the emotional climate of the child, home and schoot Ezvironment have a direct effect on his conduct, that poor moctal coadition and poverty facilitate poychopathological mod matbocial reactions, but that, all things being cqual two ordboary chüdren brought up under the Am coodi Lons and in the eme bome will behave difftrently wbile two Dobrygotic twins will behave in an apprecubly omastar Cuction. The role of heredity is undeniable" Since children are born with diunct peychological apach te, which reader theu trore or les adaptable to a me Arvironment, we might wel ut if the parents way of life an affect their children, Inhentance. This is the hotly (119 ·LILOR AND DECEPTIOX IN JOINCI contented problem of the innenbuion of acqured chanc ten. If its proposent are correct, those purtau who lice normal life, who acquire the correct social response, who adapt correctly to the diviroment, harc better chance of produang adjusted children than peronta who are badly adapted While I do not wab to discum Nil the pros and cool of the Argument I may be permitted to point out that the boolog al finding in the matter are quite clear the parents behaviour - good or bad - hus no effects whatsoever on the genes they transmit to their children. True, a partai my transmut those peychological traiu favour or oppodng adaptation that be helf hus mhenlad, but hoc aan Dever trantunut the method whereby be ha utilized his own genetic gros or handicaps. It might be noted that Even no, the diecta of parental alcoholem seem to be one of the aroma of mental aberton, character dhordert und dalin quotycy Hert in important to make a distinction the direct action of alcobolion on the geroa cola os questioned by a greut many greaalss the mere fact that Everton and Pearoa (1910) were able to maintain that the descendants of alcoholia at allen Aperior to the children of totul mbetainen, ahom that the problem is by DO PERDS Wenght forward * somnc would clafin On the other hand, it must be remembered that the alcoholic - the true akobolo-to generally a psychopath and an arpety neurotic. If ho own mental abatuta # hereditary he may of cours, transmet it to his om det cendant Quite apart from thuc bowerer peternal alcobolim by affecting the mmooth count of pregnancy and the children's curly home life may have enou repercumin (190) ·BIOLOOY AND KALADJOITWENT on the child s future. Worte stil, maternal alcoholion may rectly affect the development of the foetus through the Bloodream, o of the nurseling through the mother's The ho boronght the doctoon round to the mother's bobogaal taflorence, so much more important than that of the father whore almost instantaneous blologial role 3 restricted to contributing his gends to the child. Let u look at the fertilized ovom, Lc. the human being In the unicellular stage. Even at the cody Hage man, by Virtue of hu genetic heritage, is already a perfectly dutinct tadındaal. Hunan inequality begins at the moment of conception already in the ury speck of protoplasm which the ovan, the needs of happiness and unhappipe have been plented. Tbercafter pure genetic determinar will be tenopered more and more by cuvironmental fact.com Now the child, carllet corvitopment to obtrusty the mother's womb, with which the embryo, and later the factus, will rest in intimate capodon for the nine months of stubon. Here, gain, the child may be affected by different infances for contrary to what I myndl have wetten, all womba ure pot Idendal. There la the question of the mother sure. We know that the moldoce o palcom which is one of the awe of mental defickocy (according to Shuttleworth about 5 per cent of all the feebike-minded are mongolian Idiot) is Dutch frater in children with relatively older mothen (from thirty eight yen opwarde) In addition, mongolan Idiocy is a congenital deficiency - bere we here . dak cutropic of the interaction hereditary and convironmental facton, He birre arady mentooed poe effects of matermal [igt ) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCIENCE alcoholem on the foetus and the child Equally barmful eficcts an be produced by other intoant or drog Alcoting, morphine, nocou funes, the cyer Increasing hubut of taking tranquillieeti pichas phenoterbutoos, prepargan, and largecti la may also affect the foctus, prodeong certain type of kukaemu and posibly atriain changam the nervous system. Other outeraal factors which may damage the foetus uc macmua of pregoercy dubetes, ardiac and arculatory Imufficiencia (which cause the blood to become deficient in aygen) the accurve recretion of much hormoon as cortisode malnutrition and mechanical cumpremton due to tightness of the amnion Spedal mention must be made of the role of vore. From the remarkable work of the Australian ophthalmologut Greps we know that German moules, that datively rolld infection, mary care abnormalities of the foctwa, heart, an and cya, if it contracted by the mother during the fint two moaths of pregnancy Oxbor virus and prochactal infectious (syphilo) an aux DAVON lepon Finally the mothers prychological attitude may also have an apprecable effect on the foctu. Her moodu communicated by way of the sympathetic syston to the foctus : humorul caytronment deparving it of, or enriching it with certain hormon or speciel substances auch as the recently dbcovered marotonine In the last few years, vinan poychiatrists and particu Jarly Phylos Greenacre, uod Françouse Dolta bave promed the effects of the mother's mood on the foetut Tub is for from being a return to the old rives tale that mothers band thoughts aan au bet child to hart pou or burth- [139) ·DIOLOGY AND KALADJUSTMENT marty or to the recent dalm made by I forget which phary paper that the mother's memoria become inscribed on the bral of the foetus. What it doe man is that there 1 LcIching coaysction that repeated material tumuli an met up and muntain 1 muate of inntabilty and hyper activity which, together with constitutional factors, and moxder a certam typology Thus, a child can bo bord com or at least predispod to amuxty or to puno philo, when itt mother refuse to come to terms with her pregnancy or when the bu had conjugal or other difficulties durmg that period Finally that may be blood incompatibilitles between mother and Loctu. If the motber i Rbows pegative and the foeto Rbenu poative, Rhenu antibodies may develop pe into the local circulation to cha haomolydı, Fourteen percent of all are of infantile excephalopathia I due to blood Incompatibility and Herrey think that Lom dintiliua may also result from the mode anc. The procent a child u baun, it laces a Dcw set of rule Even if the comfinement was normal, the child may have had traumatic aboclos due to prolonged labour the use of forceps, or to the twinting of the cord Also, the fire brath taken by the newborn child u due to the effect of Wight, or sometime definite, wsphynı remiting from the reparation of the placenta Alternal rypbitts and the consequent war lesions predispose the child to obstetric trmca. Little, discere comomonly utributed to obletne Cooditions, and the wunc trust be true of many ma of [139] ·ERROR AND DECEPTIONIK SCIENCE cerebral lalons which only become manifest dunns subacquent infectious diserica At last the child la in its col It has a hard post behind it along history full of incident. The child mght well be called a biological cux-book Even ius genetic heritage has left no Higmata, even if its pre-natal adventure and its burth have left the child updathed - it has ready been rubiect to a host of inſoences affecting its future life and adapta bility for better or for worke. The munseling, As Amold Gesel has shown, ap bode vidual whouc psychological personality u aprened by his mood respondence, pociability rengtivity patience fucal expresbon, well-confidence agility and toattenca Even at the curly stage it a tremely difficult if pot attarly imposible to dutinguish between the uncling hereditary and acquired trait, because - and tho cannot be around cnough - the baby • personality has already been roulded by a great many environmental factors. I have seen that these factors mill play an aer increang role breast feeding weaning child discares, teething trouble, cte, run their incritable court. The child. bolognal structurt may not be directly affected by auch nervous des u oncephalitis, by glandular upacta particularly of the thyroid and the hypophysis by hepatita, dubetes, etc. In many cases, ocuro. pathological hereditary traits 4ggravate the poychological consequence of organic fiction Nor aan aart, psychologlal influences be gportal Spitz has shown the effects of muternal love on the earliest [19] ·HOLOOY AXD VALADJUSTXENT Hard of the child life, und Freudlade haie troed and analyzed the mbeequent influences of the camlly coviron toent. While I do not wish to mimmite the rulue of the prycho-amalytical contribution - I atuach great importance to Freud .teaching and belleve that they are not yet roffi cently applied and apprecuted at least in France - it would be a crude ertor to opposto paychoanalyals to the convinang cridence of biology and organic pathology The connecon and Interrelation between biology and prychology cannot be emphaned too krongly No doubt frustrations, childhood conflicts, fraternal Jealoumy and the attitude of the parents, play a capital role in the reseau of maladjusted behaviour However there prydbological mfluences are tempered by the child hereditary contation and conrercly the biological pructure la modified by these poychological factor. This it be come imponible to separate the prychologlal att froon the biologlal crent that invanabły procede and follow il Freud hund pever motook the role of constitutional factors in the fate of the Labido and in the face of the DCLOU. AN Bouvet' said Freud, who wa fimt ud fortanost i neurologist, WU Devertheles unable to build up 1 coherent peurological optan wrch A DOC Dome way Connected with organic utirdier Accordcy to Freud hereditary constitutional fuctont my count for the ftation of various metinctuel cherylos atrage of derdlopment which would pormally be supened. The heightened angetuul crogenous Knutlity of the anal Done an Gaur Ilbudene ftation on thgt torx in a way that is charactenutke of the stage of developincot known as the inal Hare The one point of view li lield by Federn and (135) ·KRKOR AXD DLCLATION IN ICIENCE Inherited such genes, if that mother had been more careful, if the confinement had been atter if the child had not contracted a dock at an early 45t of it had had different horne, uf it had not been the only child, of it could bare rublimated given instinctual tendency and turned it to good effect instad of harming society Nor doo the exhaut the possibiliter Some children might have aduted to life in the country but camot adjust to le in the dty ochen might have become adjusted to an intellectual life but annot adjust to the life of a manual labourer and me LITH. In general it a true to try that bad economic coaditions often aggravate a chud a lack of adapantion. How many maladjusted people would not have been able to live a normal Luk had they been born to better drcumstance, blend with art and attention, a good education, and stricter parental controli Material difficulties, at least would have been spared them and hence the detrimental, and sometimes the penerting effects of deprination and mory would not have been added to thar a wilonal and moral difficultia There is no need to adduce further evidence once in a society likc oun which according to Cuartos Richet bestows everything on the focus of the ricb inequality of crturortance and or educabar, and their brutal consequence on the individual, are too obvious to merit duscorgon Everyone knows that deliaquency-ro oficni con poquesce of maladjustment - is much more widespread in the lower dums - 80 per cent of delinqoents corpe from poor familia. No wronder then, that Heuyer could writt that the causes of joreale delinquerscy art rocul and not moral Renan realized thu when he mud long yo (138) ·BIOLOOY AND HALADJUITMENT What Lind of chance is it, I make you that all criminals gan from the de clas? Strange thoogt It may sound, it is true to my that mocual dave differ not only m thar lifa Spectancy but also in ther crime espectancy! An individual social origu may be the deading factor in turning maladjustment into delinquency Thun while . Teuladjusted chid born in a hovel may turn into a danger oua criminal born into a good homo it might mardly have turned into core of those good for nothing playboys who haunt the ben and the anno Of cours, delinquency odias in the upper clamos alao, albet under a different gube lack of kouples and wharp Practice ander the protection of the Law In the cya of the Purchaloget these men are more akin to burglar than to torpectable tndernen. Finally in this npid and necemurily incomplete au- Dary of the curo of maladjustment, we cannot ignore than spodal demorallaing Deactor wbuch though pertup charac terhatic of all aga, wo certainly characteristic of ours. I cannot reut diting M. Braunet 1 words In the wrect, our children are the daily wtrwa of citry kind of human degradation and depravity The pleards all them to a way of life where pecca me Abouting above everyone choc and trending on other peoplas too Nowevendoni purvey Jourdab, allegedly written for chadren, full of horror drawn knives, and painted revolver Adult papers are in no way different Theur beadlines, too, kteam with murder and the culd cannot help xeing madonal reports on the stall or on the Lamily table Hall-droed women adom the papers Every page and are bound to arome precocow Croatia that must ultimately impede the child 1 botroal wou! ( 199 ) ·ERROX AXD DIOLITIOX IX ICIIXCL educauon Children are shows the wrech of Ktoplane and the latest atomic weapons so that life must appear to them made for destroying what imaginative mods bave acated and history & the courtant invention of Dordna In the entravagances of a pin-up gul or of a multi-millionaire and in the latest dictates of absord fushton, the child is made to discover the meaning of modern life. Raison enough for becoming maladjusted. Reasod enough, indeed! But even , we an add, - to Brauner s hanh though not mur bort UniverAl insecurity due to the terrifying advances of nuclear science, low of tradicional certainty the decline of absolutes, the destruction of all former values, the champion of human life, a general and all-embracing xcepticum which recbe nothing but immediate planpure, the march of automation, the fantastic acceleration of the rhythm of life, the plautades of school broadcasts, the growth of public exhibitionvon complucency about the unhealthy corded und perverre to the point of preferring decadeace to rigour the bravado of the pornographer the bad comple set by men in high place the weaken of a len hop whose bad conscience make it fear strength - in bo of the fruity of avilution that has failed to ondow io knowledge with meaning its power with limits, its freedom with 10 daal It would be wrong to emert aleguncally that maladjust ment is becoming increaningly re-poychologlat may amply have improved their dagaones, or else the CVET growing comploties of social life may have raped the required standard of adaputon. But if maladjustment had in fact grown in modem tuma there would be no shortage of reasons for this increase. Aledical adinca 200e, by [140] ·DIOLOOY AND MALADJOITNEXT vulating the efforts of matural sclection, and by ading the brinal of 2 back of indmduals who would otherwu have due la infancy most have contributed to a higher rate of phrydal zod mental maladjustment. Since the problem of maladjustment impinga upon foralle - and even op adult - delinquency we cannot Sport altogether the equivocal question of moral rapou bility and liberty We have just luted - and by do macam y-the mud genetic plynological, pathological, por chological and socialogical auses of abnormal bdaviour We have seca how in the genesis of maladjustment, beroditary factor cooperate with the environment, and how satural inequakty u the handmaiden of human inportice. The dghitecath-century philosopber Helvetius postulated the fundamental Identity o wll human beings, and their qual capacity for virtue once, he argued, how otherwiec could Divinc jorice or even scalar justice expect the mox Tokala from different machines? Would God have given all Den the ame Lay without giving each of them the mare means of obeying thust Law?" No matter what our phlorophic or religrou coarction may be, I think no anc an contine to entertain the ide that all over ate equally capable of functioning for the common good. Nobody would deny that by virtue of thor robe, their hormoon, their nervous constitution, thar carly conditioning some were beve the greatest difficulty in behaving in socially acceptable way Than what the great paydologut Robert Courtier had to ry on the effects of hortivo Prychologlal Ilse aan be largely influenced by hormonal The town facts about cretinitn depraslon, agluudon or corpor othenia or impubaye behaviour kare no doubt of their bormonal [141] ·LXROX AXD DECEPTION IN ICINOL ongin - the effects of the thyroid the cuprarenal the gomada and the pituary are quite olviow. From Amenan satiria it appean that in certain corrective intitutka twenty per cent of the chudren puffer from endocrine complaints, and it in this light that we must comider the delicate problem of hunan responsibility According to Candrost the pupprtzon of cual hormona may sometimes have a good afect on the behaviour of criminals ? To which Aleu Carrel who b the last person to be accused of acne materialom, added courageously "The Chnstun virtuos are more difficult to practice when the endocrine glands are defiorent. And what is true of hormones u equally true of all other brologial conditions no matter in which way they are award No kas certain are the effects on personal adjustment of prychological zhods and stater even though axche effects cannot be detected chemically or microscopically poor rece, uncontrolled emotions, a guilt-ridden aubcocco are just a real phenomena u endocride kartond. Thu is the great files of life unfolds before our minds cye the chance encounter of the parental chromonchoa, the secret prt madallue of the embryo and foctus, the dresu of barth the long period of infancy with all its lurking danger, hereditary ducers and motortudes parental poglect social adversity -- indeed, all the advert factors that mund in the way of the arduou tauk of the child i adaptation to adult life we begin to feel the sagging doubt that the term responsbility may be derad of all meaning I frankly confers that I cannot understand what Jean Paul Sartre mean when, In the murde of hb metaphysics of liberty ho maintans that man is what he is not became of his physiologial organisation por even beat of bu [12] ·BIOLOGY AND MALADJUITVENT CYTOCOL but Amply because he ha constructed houdt" by bus own action Personally I obetinaldy cling to the opposite view that Doud b What be is become he is born of a specific gerto, nad bocinse that germ bus bren subjected a host of aternal Orchenlace Without whing to act the part of the bumprou boalogat whio pronounces glibly on philosophical probleme, I mut inuut that two berys born or identical terms and mubjected to Identical influence, must be Kentral pot only phywcally but abo paychologically and moet therefore behave in idental waye If any philosophy ETC to prat me that and be loggically condkant with that fact, I should gladly grye It my ampest comidereuon Until that happen. I tout rungo myndi-end mthout any plezore, for I duike sbeltering behind any head of bome of those who are alle determinien Though deterreinura are not concerned with question of respond by and ment they can, deverthelem, caprea moru fortements At John Stuart Atill put it tho probicho of morul Latiosta a not the problem of the freedom of the wall. Vrtnown action are loved and admired, and and action art decried, no matter if they use performed freely or The determiniet judga moral conduct the antic judges work of art - by its effect. The dont not mean that the determunist questions the welwner of all model anciano (which themeletres constitute fecion determuning conduct) Ha kdom that mach papction may by sample, tway many from the path of delinquency wbo would obeta bat have thalo to temopation camp otherwie. (143) ·LATOR AND DECCPTIOX IX IGIENCE But enough of philosophy Far better to devote oce to the prevention of maledjurtment, than to yzia specult tion about human responsibility When we spaak of prevention were for largely to blow logical methods of avoiding, or inclinabing the organk causes of maladhatment. As regards the genetic factor proper Le. the composion of the parental germ colk, there u btule we can do at the moment, once the only cffectht means of moddying this hentags, and of cradicating harmful gene would imtive corrave eugenic mcat Such caturas run counter not only to our Lame, but to public opinion also The care of the child mint therefore begin with the care of the factus moral and physical hygiebe an tbc mother a part, great arc, Ivordance of inconciats, infections, emotional upects, fatigue and also of Some authors have udred medical abortion wbere ube mother has contracted German measlo during the fort two months of pregnancy (whers, us wc bave seen, the foetus a particularly senuitive to the teratogenas oferta of the rubelle mo) Sonne have even muggested that all young girls be inoculated with the now as a presente measurt, while others have thought that specified soron therapy might protect the fortus The battle again alcoholism is part of the battle against maladjustment. Quite apart from the direct afects of maternal alcohol.com on the foetus, the social dilects of paternal drunkennen an ruin a chid, lufc fut a cooly Here we touch upon a paramount problem dracul hygiene, which could be solved fairty quickly were is not for ube Inexcusable lodty of our politicians who by tbar ukenet, [14] ray."

·our country BIOLOOY AND WALADJUITWERT barve become the virtual sccomplice of the pompoen of Advances in obstetric techniques ought to reduce ppreciably the incidence of birth traumata which u we have been, are the direct cons of a number of mental or caructer deficenda According to Soviet obstetrician the proces of pamles childbirth hus reduced to per tent the coma in which forcepe ore called for and thus the bocidence of menungal hectoortbage in the newly born. Doce the child & born, all the resources of modem medicine must be wed to prevent those organic troubles walete give rae to maladi in tuxent, or to cure them if they cao no longer be prevented. Here anti-baotia, sulpha Amph etc, borbame and chemical therapy (glutamic tod) Rod (Enceptionally) shock therapy and perro-purgery cao play an tocrowding part. Geating, tog, he been used in certain types of paycho- Sapcal aberration May and Hungaard, particularly were Luceradul In grafiling a thyroid gland, baken from a foetus On a young boy In our speare, grafts of embryonic organs are the only grafo which take prafts of adult organs are boot talented by other individuals. However advances in this field may be expected, ubet Modemas and Snelle maak hold out hope that the Obertucho of organic specilaty may Important advances can also be aperted io prychobiology and particularly in pycho-chemistry An murely bew type of chomutry belog constructed, and there is DO that why its finding sbould not be applied to our per ticalar fleld. We could my qulte generally that the ethalogy of maladjustment is much that there to hardly ode medical blological discovery that has no therapeutic appliations (143) be overcococ.

·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCILNOL to the problem. If I bare ignored psycho-analyts in this conneuon it b only because its cflects ut only indirectly biological Before I condude just a mord about the important social and human role that some maladjusted people can play So far we have con dered maladratment wa met thort coming, a handicap that is as much a burden for the bearer with for others. But there sa form of superior maladjust ment in which certain inadequas are balanced by acceptronal gifts. Though thex gifu may not spring directly from the maladjustment imell, there an be no doubt that they bear iti mart. The names of Kefla and Van Gogh spring readily to mind. Needles to my the fact that many genuses were maladjunted docs not mean that we ought to encourage the spread of maladjustment All it mean las that we mw support genius lapite these bandianph Heuyer tells us that many paradoua, who called moet ably at home and in school were yet able to load an acceptable and useful social life, thanks to creative gifts which they evinced even in their anguish and in ther defiance. This merit a brief docummon of a cortoon mundenstanding concerning the term maladjustment. Many have caused that it would be wrong to try to adapt an indevidual to a fociety as imperfect us ourt. All och anderrours could only perve to make man mrvike, thus prevenung all hope of future social program. The only answer I can give u that adaptadon bo pot just another term for conformity or approval, and that when prychologists and prychlatrist peak of adaptation it be not the political or economic fracture of society they have in mund Just beame i man u adjuted to the basic seeds of [146] ·BIOLOOY AND WALADJUITMENT wodal life-to social aistence - because he has leart to recept wuferlag and to submit to the discipline or work and or fellowships, because he has faced up to reality instead of cap og into muytbe of day-dreams every time be pects Loure, deceit « [rmtration - in short rot because bc bas mbonert, w, and virile attitude to me and to others be boed not necessarily be party to hypocry and social injustice Qulce the contrary the am and his indignation ho need to submit and he revolt would be all the more eflective for being actult rather than infanult, adjusted nther than neurodc. Nor mut we confound the kind of adaptation we have in mind with quite another type of adaptation For the Durwinban, the best adapted metabene of pecies ne thom best fitted to succeed over their fellow in the truggle for II. If we apply the way of the ten to me, the best Adapted people would oftca be the greatest cheat and van those who do not shrink from any means to get the better of thar competiton, who having tho kart kruples, bavo the greatest freedom of action. It goes without mying that when we wbh our chudren to become adapred it a bot that khod of adaptation we desire. We hope by adjusting them to life to endow them with humano virtue, 10 give them dreams beyond profit und lu, to teach them to place Ideal and dute belore their own immedlatt Interate to belp improve the society of Ich they are a parh that hypocrisy bonne and Toler will not be bosound and rewarded they are [ 147 1

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·5 Biological Unity and Diversity ·LIKOR AND DECEPTION IN SOIENOZ * specialized udut The diveron of labour Dot ratricted to the cconomic world, its growing influence an be obtened in the most wanted social spheres. Paltal administrative and judicul functions are becoming more and more spedaloed. The ame is true of artistic and somentic wort also We have gone a long way since the tune wbon philosophy wus the only science it has put into a multitude of special duoplines, ach with objects, methods and approaches of its own. Augrote Connte abo complained about the fragmentation of science. What would be ay today when every discipline whittled down and pulverized to the point where no man of koence an pretend to grag more than a mall portion of even his own branch of knowledge? So raped Is this drive towards specializatxon, that it effects can be felt within the short span of one life To take . perone comple, it be no longer posible, u it wou in my youth to darm knowledge of biology we merely study some spect of genetics, embryology for munology hostology ecology or endocrinology It because of this increase mologia that team-wort in research as becoming more and more epential. Need we mention the proliferation of medianc into gastro-enterology Ophthalmology radiology Otorhinolaryngology neurology phthlaology urology dermatology etc ? Not to mention gerontology and podology. Or take the umple of language which anginally nothing but a d of exclamatiom, evolved by coming disumet torms for auch noton and for each shade of ideo or feeling This fremstible march from unity to deveraty i pot without drawbacks or we dangers Economst bave long deplored the mad coarequences of the divsion of labour (154) ·part de pin Finally m pedagogues have ralled long 4go, specializa pornalization in early life I dlater skill anel cence ind iethoorry are becoming more and more specialired, it ba perluapa unawid ble that the Individual should allow suit but k l in Now that we have wated the problema kt tumine itu reference to bola To do so, we truth abetve What doc DIOLOGICAL UNITY AND DIVERSITY which, by leading to the performance of monotonoun and restricted tasks, robes work of all its pornal meaning Marx Lectoed mecbanuation of dismembering man and the reader will reall Jean-Baptiste Say a batter reflections on the workman whore wole tuk it was to turn out the aghteenth Cord, for his part, strongly denounced the spiritual dangera ring from the departmentalization and free Tentation of knowledge Deploring the fact that knowledge an no longer euist entire in any one brain be presel the hope that some men would devote their lives to gallet tog knowledge u auch thus afeguarding its unity and integrity In the medical field many specialists have ceaver to look upon thar patients whole men, conddering them Frontend so many orrus, if not parts of organd, within consequent restriction of judgement that may burcler in fetihlm. All inema are complained away as pituitary dine orders ar related to the proportion of cholesterol in this blood too may be e grave danger to education since only a wide cultural background can lay the intellectual foundation for [nothul inquiry Some, true halt maintained thar dicexy Admittedly dowolve into . mere cog in the great machine, a me cell In the great orpunom? He may bold, the better trinal or kentimental preferenca [153] ·ERROL AND DECEPTION IN ICIENCZ to look at the poustive facts. Ile shull bara by Coxtaldannag the trustion from uraty to differtatuation in the dardap ment of the human being A human being a colony of differeat type of cells, auch type conting of millions of individual. Nane cells, bonc cells, blood cells, epithelial celk, gland cella muscle celts etc. are just to my characteristic and subte types differing in form uze, function, bufeturne mod be havour Each cell coosists of a nudes and its surrounding proca plasm called the cytoplasm The miceun contain the chromosoma consting of genes which in turn, meron to cont mainly of deoxyribonuclat aad (DNA) DNA has recently been the subject of a great deal of discumon in connoon with the directed thrustion of ducks, and 11 currently thougbt to form the chemical baws or heredity All kumaha arme from a angle of the orum, which, turn, la formed by the Union of two germ cells the matera ale and the pastral peatozat. The audeat of the human om contado 48 chromosoroch24 of wtuch are derived from the father and 24 from the mother The development of the human being 4 the repult of a xquence cel divisions the ovum dividmg tato tiro all, the lato four aght, etc. At the cell divides, wo do the chronowethan to that cocidents excepted, every call of the body receiva tbe 48 chrotome of the ovum Since the human ovom weigta ban than a thousandth of milligram, while the newborn baby weighs roughly komen pounds, cel divisions deatly involve cell growth Nor us that the whole story As we have ken, an organism is not a colony of amlo cells. In other words, at some skin (156) ·HOLOGICAL UNITY AND DIVLUSITY the development, a procen of collelo freten must have uben place In Minot s opinion -- as opinion to which me aun fully aubeulbe - It is thanks to this process that cach me of wis hu become what bend in particular hus received ho nerve cells and bence his meaual faculties And Mlinot added If we flly traderrood the way i wbkh this procem of differentiation openten we should not be far from uddantanding life itd. While I dare not claim that have mamcllc came to understand the pature of cellular differentiation fully it is true to pay that we have larta puat daal moore ince the day Midot wrote those words, mainly thanks to the remart able work of the German biologist Hans Speram who in 1905. W rwarded the Nobel Prize for Phyllory and Medicine. Though Spemand worked barpaty in ditcba, ho rculo can be applied to her animals, The cry of the True ball arond of brownish protopluson turrounded by a transparent membne, The Lamar fert the 81 externally with apply of me Previotaly supplied by the male during the priceful boreplay Some time later this the ruled cost begin to dinde. In tbc cand of rotily one the depending on the temperatunt of ducenter - the cos ha dinded into a large mbet olcella box racinbla. bastule, which in turn, develops into the patrule. Now The morule rcquira central and becomes the from his studies of the morala, the besk-nather the tmbryologirt, for we must respect penalpot torall Dewus coramonly found man included - the mal mulberry and is therefore called normalberty) (157) in poobs and poacha and even on Trim day morala (Latin ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SCILXCE by what procento the mall multcellular sphere las become rranfortixed into a full-grown vertebrata. He know these procene in auch der that he can predict with certainty what part of the future animal wil erite froen wat particular att or none of the marula He knows - for andandired od stereotyped u embryonic daclopment - that the future cprderul celle will be formed in thu pou and the future nerve calls to that (let i note ia pasrng that the differenbauon of the Botochord marks the begrading of embrydok Organisation general) Profitng from the knowledge the cabriolet can carry out a most pingwing though very delicate ciperuncat. (Nomedays the speriment has become yo common, that it u even being curied out under the calpels of studena ) If during the carly stages of the embro, le piece of presumptnc cpiderma s grafted into the rural plate region it will bebare like arvu tusue while a piece of prekumpure neural plate develops in packtral regions into typical epiderms. In other words, the developroct of the embryo at in no way affected by the substitution. It follows its normal course the skin cells beceaning Dent cells, and the nerve cells becoding skin cells At this page the col are sold identical they are not yet dufferentiated - Or they are at leut not yet to the point where they can no longer change their desiny by changing pourron. Thur, all the cell of the young embryo are interchange able. They are ward to be to potent ic. they are facinor n}}-inde cells. We art all at the hour of unity the hour of spedalaston hos Bot yet struck The future of t cell 3 depends on its position, its date can be changed by brople (138 ·SJOLOOICAL CXITY AND DIVERSITY displacement les potential future for cccetta iu normal future. Now let in repeat our experiment with another Thom essere oddler by one houn rato gustule rage) Tho ume tbc solt is quite different. Epadermal cells retpaio epidermal cold and deve cella botin nerve cells so matter to what region they are todo planta In order words, at this fightly later sage in the embryo a life, diferentiation has begun to play an interac able to listverebbe robe. Danctions between alles have become definice and can no longer be broken down by Lay manipulations Thar future settled once and for all No longer jact of all track cells ther parental future no longer exceeds their rol future Spemana und bh collaboratori demonstrated yet another point of capital importance Cell differentiation in pot a Hraultaneous propose but berod locally in an embryonac ropos alled the primary orange It or transplant a prere taken from that region to another part of the are Embryo, we shall find that the organe I no longer form La tar normal portion, but at m if they were under orders from the transplanted region Better will if we tromplant the poort to deept etabryo, with an opping centre os own, we shall ser that the greft will induos tem ruperunnar Organg forming a secondary emborra Thec aperiment ltard so doubt about the role of the primary arrangers. It is in this privileged got that cellular diſtortionnato and then proceeds auch dederen ·ERIOR AND DLCEPTIOX IN SCIENCE tuled region laadmy to the differentuation of Autounding areas, by lind of avalanche effect. It seems likely that cell differentiation is asocuted with the diffunon of chemial substances that are more or los comparable to hormona. We could go a Hep further and out how the primary organizers, the morce of all differentation, arome in the first place. While we do not know for certun it sem Usly that these special zona may result from the fact that 8% not a perfectly homogeneous and botropic cell m this pnmary heterogenaty alone, certain embryonk cells may derive special faculties which they do not share with thar Duster cells Thu bring to a very important point though our voorabc cells are the result of arly cell differentiation, our reproductive cells, the so-called gormn line, are not Biolo- # have long been dixcurong whether the distinction between socuatic and gom cells , m fact, fundamental Without taking ada in this specialist dopute, we are on mfc ground in eyag that everythiag happens av thos were no. In many anomals, the reparation of a special group of cell tbc germo-lide determinants, become apparent from the very beginning of the anual, development. Sometimes in wind of special protoplam can be made out to even the individed or if the little bland be det troyed, the egg will produce animals totally deroud of gum cellThe adsłons, la fact, an early form of castration, artration doit were. Contrary to cartier beliefs, gem cobe ure not distin- (160) ·dal ud more dificult to interpret do pot con coram comter to the conal cocotoo that diuretathathon oorun fatpre How does cytoplastic dui tutto come about? DIOLOGICAL UXITY AND DIILITY abd frous other col by thar porcatul mmortality in bich they ne bow known to start mth many static b) but only by their perosteal luck of differentavon. The try differentiated cell, an therefore produce fino types of cell, differentiated cells like rol which will form the game, and defferentiated cethe weet will form the body Cerm colk wc peser the result of the speculation of other cells - the lack of differentiations contado from bot groenbon to the best londifferent ton may be coudende form of idle capital put oude for the ammals Det to return to col differentiation. Docs it occur in the ce's mockus, its cyroplast, or in bucleus and croplaan together? There be great deal of theoretical evidence that the mudem a gox bucally mohed It can also be shorm axperimentally that D.N.A. (wtucha af course a Oodete aard) has apparently the same comportan la all the colla ora prea udrudun Dul the crucul aperimental tridese stems from the work of Boggsod king, two If the anciews of the undercloped goafrog a replaced with the pokew of cell croce a frog embryo m wuch differentiation hw wready begue, the case will develop normally a { pothing had happened. At this stage or voloprocnt all embryoor ouders are not only equivalent to odc mother but abo to the nucleus of the core Noord differentiation has occurred. I the operimento reported with older aanbryone col muda, iberorult, though he to the cytoplega end not in the Archer American biologists (161) ·CAROL AND PEOPTION IN SCIENCE can Accordog to some anthon, the cytoplasm of cafferent type of celle diffen in the quality of its parapens special clement which resemble gena in that they too reproduce their likenen, Ubat outode the nucleu In any cas Etienne Wolil's work on culturing cobry onuc argam bas shown that all times made up of the Am type of cell (Liver there for comple) cren if they come from dortant species, have a certain Affinity for one another Thu Wolff managed to create what he called aboard orgam by joining piece of liver taken from ductu and mice and growing them together It appeared that not only did the two piece tolerato each other but that they arranged themscire together 4 of they recognised each other From this, Wolff inferred that they had a similar structure, Lc. that there conto a certum molecular kimahip between the cytoplaun of cells of the same type, rrespective of the zoological distance between the species from which the cell are taken Let us now rummanae what we have Ald about blological differenuntion in the count of embryological development (1) Celular differentiatan docs not appear until 1 certan stage of development is reached (a) Differentution directed from a certam embryonic uct (3) A certain line of cells remains undifferentiatod, this line will later give nice to the germ cells (1) Cellular differentiation seems to be proapally or adunvely restricted to the cellular cytoplam. At the cells of a given individual have something m compor and that something could be alled the roleter hottes caducho ( 162 ) ·A Le Dentes cicarly renlved the call in rand faephuspleen. tica Ho from the cell in hippleen, but done their clit Ok, they also have a coronan factor that sh litult het respectively from the cells in Jospha lily a thing With this remark, we have returned to the falte altith problem of the differentution of indryklival withiux pera, one of the chief concern of thiul This (1) The Innate genetic) diferencia behern livilibilith Lact distinguisha ndividual from cellular tilrenthe (*) Genetic differentiation i due parily in this that drench, but mainly to ou reproduction while lily vir combination of a multitude of genes back to him in th ) The type of differentiatlon chaimirile lat 1 Dotolerince of the cells of one individual treat hele of another Morcover this ntolerance incerAW htt* to dulu behaving if they were an Xeliu () than two youths and, forts than ( PTH AN fullylamals develop from the completely news of his embryon development man Kursair RM tage to the most highly dufernunated fix ni list be become oumal . Martina Leporellor primate, poimate before he becomes a boltbl.xnim befort bc becoma o imetumiiri This lahat roo Bor mannt when he lit, fth count of cobryonte development general in NOLOGICAL UNITY AND DISTRITY problem was ducumerd in Chapter IV writter (* 1H 4410 Habe Rutman u follow ut due to the nucleus and not to the legilon Ash dla host of individual typa [ 163 ) before he become a pacific lodevidual ·LIROR AND DICIPTION IN SCIENCE before specul truth and common mit before trut. We might add that individual trait appear! Having comincd both the diffcrcatiation of cells and the differentuation of individuals within a given specie shall now cooeder our los problem the differentuation specie. For not the speca belf the rerult of differenti tion within a given geous and the genus the result differentiebon within a given family? According to the clawal theory of evolubon, a Hock may produce a dumber of branche which in become more and more distinct from one another T cvolutionary differentiation - the mechanam of which not known though it is certunly connected with the r herited cell nucleus - altout larvariably goa hand in har with specialucawa, and a comple will explain the of that tam There be no doubt that primitive manmab had a with five fingert, vaguely resembling that of our frog N the primitive hand must have given rose to the daws of th ararvore, to the hoof of the bone to the flipper of the real the wing of the bat. All these bands go with a certain ofile and with certain babits, and are paid to be pedal fortos of the original cod geel type in which all - quoat forms must have been contuned Hart we have a process that strongly resembles development and differentation of the various type of cells. In fact, the developpent of an individual ha aften b compared to the development of the entre animal ( 164 ) V ·Not being pecully adapted other to swimnirar, or good for cresything Compared with quant animab ifte the prajc, the bat or the sol men rect to be and wil with a purt, candaal structure much to that we mit call himik mammal, the king of maximah Itty been uld d man that hebbc only mumtal that could be called an . pero sawan Arred by completely or lazety Now it is correct to wwert that the future dertlopmesto duterentuated types, just as the parental fotose of the diszdult mured by the germinal that which devold BIOLOGICAL UNITY AND DIVERSITY no eren though the analogy may be a little aperficial le Htos without valut, TO KC extent specialization and dilecatlathon re ruota kind of evoluticowery impan, for nothing new con be born of an over-specialized type Now in the press the bufor advances in life deye been wonight by * rueremban peneralked undifferentiated types and much typet were oled soft or plastic by the philosopher Leroy to empha ze the fact that they played the mare part in the develop meat of the species a thc embryo play in the development of the individual. To set to the example of the hard man - the rest of evolution - bas pstarved the hand of the primitive turma This u. clear ngn that in the line from which man ha spring specialnimo has never gone im far la many other respects too man bu satuled market traits of tho primitive marmnal As Leroy put It man les prekrved with sridding freshdem certala podlogical tralls of the most ancient mamitsess krown. His Ilmbe, market or digith, and arrangemacht of teeth aro running or to flying Dot being good for any one things meni Wrangely primitive embryo (16) ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IX ICICXOL . lethal form of ankylosis, and while the prombe of the future belongs to the inventive muad hypertrophy to gubes the virtues of Initlatire, and cause our Institutions to be swamped by scholasticism. And since philosophy was a la rigidly circumscribed discipling than once, und hence a les differendated form of thmking Leroy looked upon philosophy us the handmalden of future progress and purital renewal I quite agree that the role of non-dufferetubon, the part played by the primitive and the youthful in bological proceeds, must be taken into cooxderation by any student of the evolution of societies, techniques, arts and Ida, I wull remember my bref pokemic on this subject with the phữosopher Julien Benda who stout thinker though her dorlikes any form of antims or contradiction. He had post published an attack on the primitive and Infantic - non-differentiated as we might ay - tendences of modern writer, ' ln which he believed to set clear evidence of spiritual deterioration and deadence. In the name of biology I took the liberty of rerninding him that us for a Irving beings were concerned infantile, primitive and undifferentuted proceres often repicrented progren, actual or potential. The umple runinder made our philosopber wce to red that he accused me of intellectual barbarm and demagogy Julien Bende notwithstanding, should lodrviduals, groups, schools of thought or philosophy and political parties be encouraged to ater for non-differentiation, plaxlaty and immatunty? This conclusion mght be a little too cartow too ngid, too differentiated. And, mortorer it us by no mean certain that, while profiting by differentiabon we aan ( 168 )

·BIOLOGICAL UNITY AND DIVERIITY
Leliberately cultivate non differentiation by io side. Only
mature may have hocke und eat it.
What dog mom cortem that individuk, groupe, or
chools of thought, will not crolyc or advance, change or
dapt themselve unken they contun undifferentrated
lament, the buds of all futart growth and walor they
dun thc wecret of youth m heart and mod.
La ball de l'arow otám pas for
REFERENCES
CLON de Beer Elevad Erle
.LF bet
( 169 )

·No text on this page.

·SHOULD lile to make it perfectly clear nght from the mert that I am so expert on film I have not been to 1 anema for more than twenty yen, nor have I CTCT hud occasion to come scientific filmas on my own work. True, I have collaborated with Nicole Vert und André Labartho in such filmi uL V Canto Donna and fur Fruiu u I Hear but only in the capaaty of entific adviermy contribution bang confined to editing commocntating and agreeting stable pictorul materul. However the role of the anoma in biology - so far raching and impingo on so many fields, particularly on the spreading of combific, and perhaps of philosophxc, knowledge, that even the noo-peaalost may be permitted to offer samme pertinent of general, comment To begla wch, It must be obvious that the artificial cye of the camera ha a great many advantage over the oryank human, cye. It w, for imtance, indefatigable. While the human sye annot follow contindows process for even an hour the aumenı can do wo for daya if not for wiele or months, and without the plightest lack of attention. Alore over while the camera impersonal partul and perfectly objective, the cyt cannot help being jaftuenced by the beholder's cocicious or uncomcow etutuda, his prejudices, his afterthoughth hu deras and lus bopa daun mer kon won an il patau cd, Bacoa aldman sa only what he wants or aspects to me. Adding or puppreting, he rejects or altera reality to ant ble needs Aguin, even could the human eye be perfectly Lopartial, [173] ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN SOIENCE it has only a routricted field of vroon Thus it may not be able to take in an entire phenomenon and may bare to duspetxe and divide it attention by darting from place to place. Each act of concentration on a given pont dmply mean lack of attenuion to other points. The came, the other hand an capture an entire proces on film which an subrequently be analysed and scrutinted at laart - just like a butterfly collection Furthermore, thanks to the ancm - the machine for printing life u Marcel Lberbrer called it - we become tbc maken of cvents, 102 much u we aan force them to run their coane all over again, at will thus rernauting the past in all its original frozhnes Just us a ruthles film director an whip ho acton to respond to ho every whim to an we order the km to spot out to fame, the volcano to throw up its larm, the Irucocyte to pounce upon the microbc, the panamcaum to divide itref, the chromosome to execute its urange balles, the male hippocampus to witho In Labour pains Or else, event for over at our fingertips and ever ready to be reborn under our cyes, can be stopped and frozen into mobility whenever we to dealre it. We ao petrify the privileged moment so that nothing may op our scrutiny The gentiert qures of a speck of protoplom the lour hentation of flagellum, the lightort flcter of cilrum can be aught and detected. No pucnomenon, however transitory an oape our itutioy the moment iu imprunt has been recorded on celulord. By merc aleight of band we can even dter the rhythm of cvent. We can detect movement where we might have et pected immobillty and, conversely observe moton that ve Dormally too quick to be follored. Claude Matrac [ 174 ) ·DIOLOGY AND THE ONENA med that the drems apturos time without Immobilning it, Impoong a new rhythm an adeos of nature that were previously hudden from our In addition to all these advantages the photographic ermulaon reacts to infn-red and ultraviolet ruye to which our retina, and for that matter the retines of pott umab, are inca tive By filming phenomena in the light of these livuille nys, the naturalist an nuke vhlble picture in 'biologlal during the better to study the behaviour of camera-thy anurul Last but not least, the camera makes it posable to pre mive for all time aceptional and unique create. If we add that all these advantages over the human cye apply to all dotances and to all magnitudes the reader will appreclutc that the dne-cuneta bucodowe man with a voltable nCW mere orgun. By improving mans viral appentin and by widening his powers of perception, the audemua hus played the part of an organic and structunl eden od to Our val apacitia In a recently published book, the great Jezuit palacontologist Tollard de Chardin write that the history of living nature might well be alled the elaboration of over more perfect eyes within an ever-mdening world of obrervable crente. Do we not judge un animals pleco in the sale of thing, and the supremacy of mad u the thinking bang, by the penetration and synthetac power of their gare? Our attempts to ne more and better are this Dether fantane, Idle cunoety por lwgury We mure or path And from the ado book I abo quote the following pengt which seem to 4ply with particular force to Dotion pictura We must set out the irreskuible chanso [175] ·ERROR AND DECEPTION IN ICILXCL that are latent a very low proces, what extreme agita tion hidas under the disguise of rent, and originality is embedded in the heart of monotonous repetition. Perhaps it is permusible to condder the acqusition of tho new eye the new instrument of vitron, u the beginning of a new stage in mans beologlal evolution, which is, in fact, continued by all advances in technology Improve menu of val power are by DO Means the only examples of the extension of natural by human invention of phylogeneto by technogedora Mlan ability to count and to reason has been improved by clectronic computer, hus med of locomotion by motor an and aeroplanes, and his reproducthe powers by Aruflonal inseminabon. In our search for the real roots of technology we must look at palentology-buology in the larger scose Lero Goaran wrote. And the Serbuan physiologist Jan Gup in a recent cry on Man and the Inventive Lif strend the fact that laventtie prowas the origin of civilization and of the living world Without dwelling on ruch grire philosophic problems, let us now craniac some applica dons of the apema to mientific roarch. One way in which the camera has particularly shown its worth in the study of the solar prominence, thore Immeoke Jets of gu that are thrown up from the polar surface Some of thote jeto shoot out into space with fantastic speech, to reach heights of well over fire hundred thousand milet Now the French estonomer Bernard Lyot, by wing cxtreme high-speed photography managed to demontrate the actual movements of tbe luminous man, and its return (176) ·State, wu olcd to settle = bet between the more ground at the same me, or not. la ordry H BAVI, MAY badge took a manber of photograplast kihtul at close intervals. As trud, Ldand bakad (kart of California and the winner of the lich mir hwn 411 to study the movements or ocbet animal sivt to turty the flugtatagalb tud be put that '1m yra A Little later in 1882 litrey mod hk uirghitap Later he produced the fire motion prior trusting or ixty operate fnmar Then am Edisoglasjon abun all, the brother Lumbre In 18th and bottom that Owe thor cuad prostients with wood the cir JOLOOY AXD TIL PIXKA to the solar chromophete afect itt vau yngry the rul The ama bus aboo been of true Irly in the mianic eruption, of aurronk, urip the welling of glader, of such physlal plommon » tt man moreteni, nurface lepton, the grant and wipera tron of fames and the propagation with win Mift the reader will forgive in If we CTIOurm the totalt the emnema in biology Here it choxo fied u the Hwly A srihl Merrell rolle and, by od large, the films we taken we are in my tben shown in slow motion mine ti wonit per generally too fast to be observed and carry la duretty "The conseme, Alegran maids Ur Salons in and wrestigating and analyzing move or RL It will be remoanbered that it was thrust or try of animal movement that the names grally Iran In 1878, Badweard Maybridis, en Erpfile Walgruples and a student of animal locomockon working in Unternt - to whether a trotting borx lou all but frian llur [in] ·IRROR AND DECEPTION IN JOIENCE into the great lostrumat of oploration, instruct and entertainment that it has become today In the end of animal movements, speeds of the utmost importance. Thus to analyx the flight of insects mth the's npid wing baat - 250 bats per second in the bea - 25,000 photographs per cond must be taken of each wing-bent is to be broken down into its phene la the core of other blower movements twenty pictures per second may suflict. Ultra-rpd aumerus provide up to 1,000,000 pictures per second, and Professor Bull think that tho an be increased to up to 3,000 000 pictures per second. If he us right an entirely new world would open up to th. But even without ruch powerful ads, Meman was able use hiba very beautiful film of the Night of Insects, to analyse cuch wing-beat, to study stationary flight, glading, acrial manoeuvres, and finally to put forward a theory on the Imechanics of Insect flight It appear that of all imtects diptera (filia) and hymen optera (bean) have the greatest number of wing-beats per second (bec - 250 ſy 160) butterflies are much slower (8-go beati per second) and the cockchafer (46) the rome chaſer (86) and the dragon-dy (20-40) The movemcat of other umab huabo been studied on film the frog a lap the millcpode s nawi-a very strange phcoomenon indeed, once the feet are uncoordinated - the va-borx 1 propubson, the creep of the mariah, the Allgbt of the humming-bırd and the wall of the chiropameet, the movement of lip and mal cords during human peech, man pupillary and pharyngeal reflexes, heart-beat cod pantaldc movement Similarly films have been used to study the behaviour of (178) - ·BIOLOGY AND THE CINEMA plants (partacularly of arnivorou plants) and to obecne the movement of micellalar organs, auch u infundit, bactens, pamatozoa, pigment cells, etc. By taldog high-peed films, De Comandan was able to produce remartably clar pictures of the movement of white blood co-prodes (leucocyta) , according to Albert Ddaunay they throw theroadtve upon microbo ou flock of gull would upon quix pity Di Comandon doe, in fact, dectve special mention. As early as 1909 he managed to produce biological and microbiological film that were dende materpicca and have remained models to tho day No one can look at his films without marvelling ut thear unarpened quality which stands comparison with even the best of modern filio. His, and other films, have played an important role in Our Fody of the behaviour and life of cells. The divan of chrotronoma, nudaar graft in the amoeba, the growth of normal and malignant cells o opters, the clangaton and differentiation of nerve fibre, the Torchon of cells to chemlal gentu, to naduation, to superonuc mares and to electric currents, the destructon of bacteria by lytic Virates or bacteriophages, ont not a few of the principal wubjecta lovertigated. Here we mot draw attention to only onc major discovery due to the camera lhe observation of protoplum currents, too low to be seen with the naked Ys, and only demonstrable by the technique of photographing the phenomenon ut spaced out intervak. By amphindong never before the cloro councwon between life and movement, picture of this intercelular dynamic proces, of tha coorden vital turbulence, here affected out very approach to the problem of life. We aanpot dwell on a pat many other tarlalde [179 ) ·IRROR AND DEOLITION IN IGIINCC echcements of the cinema nucli u fuming the axelmorphou of flich, the spinning of cobwebs, the love-play and combat of certain fishes, or even the mouttering of scent by the root uit bombards us with talcuon partida. All we have time to discuss hon Frisch remarkable work on the language of bees, one of the most astonbhing decotla ever made on the field of animal paychology When honcy-gathering bee comes upon a rich find of nectar-produang flowers, she returns to the hne to share her discovery with her fellowkorken. They quickly foron closed rol iad make strught for the floral provender It b due to von Froach the famous Austrian kienu that we know how the b done. The foraging bec describes figure 8 imide the brie, her speed indicating the distance from the Bowers, and the indination of the figure to the horizontal platform the direction to be followed. The dance language of courr, Inborn. In that respect the bee 1 persor to the human being and thus despite the fact that its brain welghu Icw than a tenth of milligram Not even Fabre, who was often accused of ouggerating the importance of the ipatinct of insects, ever dreamt of anything like tha, nor did Alaeterlinck, the great romanticizer of the bee Once pun truth has proved tranger than ficton. In 1926, voo Frbach - that Chardpollion of the beast Maunce Mathis alled him - took film of this marvel lous dance, and, by running the film at slow motion, be was able to analyze the bees complicated manauvro lo the burve. His films were shown at a number of contific cocgreates, that biologuts and prychologists from every part of the world could share his new found knowledge, und see the dancing language with ther own eyer Before (180) ·JIOLOOY AND TEI CINEKA he dhowed the film, von Frach had been the butt of grant many rrotual gibe. Here the one wu sble to play a condenable role in maging his opponents round, 1 role that is quite datinct from purt recerch. In other histance who thc unemu ho greatly reduced the time it take for a new truth to be accepted. By cabling a dlacoperer to judge the value olho work step by step, and to share his obarva tom and decorera with othen, the concme bus become un unrivallat mean of Kentific communication Animal prychology ako onas greut debt to the cinema. The great Auurlan cantik K Lorens ud film to Audy how And behaviour is affected particularly by the first vbul Images reconed on being hatched, and the hellog filmed the mental development of baby chimpance which they brought up a member of the family In the Beld of human psychology Prxdbommen filmed the maln page of the prycho-motor developonent of child from birth till the age of three he followed the graduat progrew made in the child's powety of probemlog, in the co-ordination of gestures, and to play Gesell wlao obocrve children with the wine art, the uame patience and the pame vigilance that on Frbach had bestowed on hy bees, took films of even the Hightest response of the child popth and lips, of in fint attempt at grupplog md walang and of income in it power of attention. Computing the pychologtaal development of no children, and particulesty of twins, beadaavoured to determine what individualfidon went into their roaking Corell was amphate that filma alone enabled him to carry ( 181 ) ·LIROX AND DEOLITION IN JOIANOC out . ardul and continuous analya's Ence, by tbar cobertacy their unquartsonable authenticity and their quantifrability they ilustrated infandle reports in the best posible kay Finally-if in a somewhat different sphere - we must mention Spius important films on the development of cognition in the infant (the growth of feelings, the beginning of Interest in other, the first Hnile etc.) In particular be utvestigated the emotional te between mother and child Previowly the full effects of thox oc had Dot been appreciated sufficiently and no one could have worted that an individuals entire future can be shaped for good or bad by the mothers early influence Sputz was able to show that the chuld derives hu feeling of secunty from ho other - or ha mother rubedtute. If a child u deprived of maternal love - or at least of a modicum af material love - To troubla in the form of anotional blockages (affect blocks) may result The longer the Atus thon perosts the graver the consequeoco. Spits remarkable films compare the behavour of children are at home wth that of children brought up in day punonescrèchos, etc Though the material coodi trons, distractions and toy may be the une in both and, there is one sing difference in ope aux the child has the mother all to itself while in the other it only bus a portion of her The poet pake truly when he aid of maternal love that though shared by all, each hos hbo fullest part Children who do not have their full portion of maternal love become rotlen, voow, and inhabited The repult withdrawal lack of vitality lebetade, insomnia, fits of tempor nod jealousy and progrexie mental deterioration. All tho a [ 182 ) ·JIOLOGY AND THL ODIYA be read from the children s premont, gesturs, attitudes cod inflections on Dr Sputs twenty thousand yards of What ariko the layman cred Dore forably u that there parlal orphan orphan despite the cure with whuch they are treated - show sgos of physical deterioration stunted growth low of appetite and weaghy malautrition, increased rosceptibility to decus - the slightest cut lading to an infection, the slightest illoos taking and formi No wonder that the mortallty rate for greater in children brought up in minena than in children roared at homoc, Other films-og Moelpu, a film by Jenny Aubry etc. -- hne mich the unde story to tell. Another importaat role of the cinema to preserve - If only on film - animab on the point of extinction Unfortunately porno animal about to be destroyed by mankind have become the fomils of tomorrow Thus, the gonilla, the giraff, the okapu, the bowl have almost left the tertextrial Kenc fiant us the Arper (a genus of aguote famil bird that still lived in the vineteenth century inct we know that Augute Geoffrey Saint Hilare receivoda prennt of its qind the Dude u or Dodo of Muntius (e bard about a large w In with a very rout booked bill that will alsted at the end of the xranterath contury) have already become extinct aloot within living папу Claude Manac was quite right to dalm that before the vention of the cocos, no oplorer or scienthat had even one thousandth part tbc matunl Loowledge that the mou redenury und ignorant of men an ecqure Dowday. The [183] ·ERROR AND DEEPTION IN ICIENCE cinema make us porry to the most keret spectadas of nature, revealing the morets of life from the mitoitely great to the Infinitesimally omall We are brought close to the stan, wo doxand into the ocean depths mre observe all the intimate forms of ufc in their thormunds of faceti In taching - from the elementary school to the uni verity - the anena dawy plan more conrderable role According to Henn Lauger the generations formed by boobs are separated by a gulf from there formed by the dincmua Clarly the utention of the young child, who first and foremost an animustic spectator can be much more purely held by the picture tbup by the word. The cinema aleo has a special role to play in medicine and rurgery Films og Vitacction obviate a great deal of repented animal suffering and rurgical films, cable students to be present at a masterful operation and to obarve in in every least detul with the added advantage that the operation can be stopped and repeated at will. Moreover the film immortalore the ball of the great surgical virtuosos, just u gramophone recorda immorulot great singer Even the purgeon hime can benefit from films of hu own wort by scrutinining his operations, he an rectify or improve certam gotures such films are of historial interest, and not to him alone. Tho bring us to yet another aspect of the docma Wan would not be moved today to see the Curia worting in their thed . they managed to imate nadium, to ke Claude Bernard discating rabbits in his damp callar to watch Pasteur supervang the first loovulation with anti nabo vicane, or to behold the great Fabre working in La Hon ble retreat in Sergran? (184) ·1 BOLDOY AND THE QINIKA No donbt, Pierre Freznay puen the part of MM Fabte adminkly well, but how much bould we dot prefer to see the grand old man himself cren if be played his atra role only hulp well To be furt, I should bo have to mention the films important role in spreading cual hygiene, un improving the means of medical diagnom, etc. But I shall mere draw attention to aoc of the cinema i laant-known pertito polosophical role. I am not so much thinking of films that have tried to give an fugtrioms aplanation of the fourth dimension or of relativity theory but of purely biologral filma nich u thoone taken by Dr Cartuando In 1952, the faraons phytologist, Low Laponu - who made an appreciable contribution to our undertanding of the nervous syntem - presented two very strango pepen to the Lastutul, in which he put forward the hypothesis that cach cell un nof-contained organim, en ndividual uit were, and that cellular Life has porebaloglal us well matorul aspects Mans CODIOUCH, Locording to Luptquc, o MODE port of roulut of all be many cellular Non Now Lap-que claimed that bbs hypotheus a, lo fact, Aroogly borne out by obecradong of the behavour on filis, of such colleas for instance, white blood corprocia Referring to Dr Comendoa famous film, mentioned carlier Lepique maid Whencer I have projected that filma tho ludence has alway show you of being deeply looptood by the spectacle of the tempestrowa monters colliding with, and throwing the dig upon, the id corpusla, the better to forge ther page to e chosen direction For Lapiqu the podtirist phymologbut the soul of the [103] ·IRROR AND DECEPTION IN SOIENCE leucocyte was dan-material but not immortal. Similarly for Haceka, who wa abo a firm believer in cellular conmoted Every Daturalatt who, we mayrell, has obarved the porchologlal activity of unkcellular organus orer many your postrvely couraced that they too, art porced of couscouscat Thos celular soal like any other is made up of a number of remotions, ideas, and soutocal acts. The senatres, the thought and the will of our own psyche are nothing but the gradual developments of that corudounen Le the new poychology and pathology the prychology and prychlatry of the future mit become cellular and concentrate on the paychological function of cell." But the hypothem of the cellular soul or con comme need not be aed to a materialet philosophy and sabo held by a great many dealbats. Cortverrely oude aderlot brologtats, such » L Bounurs reject the hypothesho unfounded. Now utepective of which of the contending philamophuc parta o correch, it u obvious that, and one of them adduce the film o en urimcat in favour of its point of View the cinema has begun to play an important part in even tho branch of knowledge. The once would scom to support Cournat contention that all the difficulta and mysteries with which philosophers have been con corped purucularty (the mystery) of the phenomeoon of human camscounts paring from the very grounds of Ide Fins of cellular phenomeou do, io lect, rugrat, bigbly unt-Garterian sew of life As we watch there vbcow globula feeding dividing and mortg in a given direction, We truly quo the preroon-I must be on the word 186) ·BIOLOGY AXD THE CINEMA imprendon once the argument pronded by the clocma can never be more than intuitive that we are confronting wything but a maching, however comples, mc, for Instance, as cyberneticista art bruly constructing by meam of slectronic hardware It seems that the difference is suphmured even more frongly when we obocrve the ben haviour of a Microscopic mfinonum than when we look at a hyber im Paradoxical though it may wound, the umple cell write un lar more inuitable than the fintahad munal with iu tubes, verres, fibres, nerve impuk- 15 mchania, hydraulic and pneumatus While Grey Water's tortom with their refkend adaptive behaviour and memory and also thmkmg machines which witte and even arpom our power of logical resoning, may wel? remind u of Lailar catures, we fed certain that do machine an ever imitate the quavering of protoplet the vibration of Galicon or the puntan of u repete. $ It monst be emploured that the value of boological Almaroc much further than mere instruction. Whet, on the room, W ro infinoria mwammg mdrop of water or white blood corpuscle throwing the neelves upon bectolar ve cetO to be in diract contact with alhulor lue. The topit won is moore than merely viral we kom to touch and to ked the presence of these living creature we are uced by their alu Wo so the tuberance, the ubiquity of the toysay of life. In fare of the completion of the magnified or undeuod how Pacal could become monited boat a Attempts that he could call it an anere unto ter ( 187 ) ·ERROR AND DEOEPTIOK IR TAILNOL As we look at a drop of blood swarming with corpinces, we are forcibly reminded of Goethe s dictum that each mann * crowd. Indeed we are no longer spectators but actor as wa! We become the companiom, the women of these minute creatura The film take us on eringe voyage - one of those fantastic acurmons into the world of small dimension that has inspired so many wione fior Swift and Voltaire to Maurice Renard. Satufyring what Pro Schuhl he called the Gulliver complex the film, by changing our scale of dimensions, transplant w into other worlds. Juu u the film drive home the relativity of magtutuda, it forably reminds w the relativity Hooc, of bow strongły our ideas depend on the peronal rhythm of our sentations, Sarnte Laguc invented a fictional character LMA by name, whose sensations were so low that, to hum tonth of a recand was like a day and the wall progrewed with metcorte specd. Lantus ww contrated with Radu a being wbomo remations were so quick that even the fastest events seemed almost momobile and fored. By projecting filma at door and rapid motion, the cinema an now turn each of tos Into Lentus or Rapidus, ut will As we see a plant complete its full life cycle within a few mlagte - germination, prouting flowering und fotiation - we ouncives are speeded up and converxly when me are present at the How bunting of roap bubble or watch the cita beat of the dragonth wing we owner Howed down (188 ·BIOLOGY AND THE CIXIMA From philosophy it is but a bort step to sortbeta and it annot be denied that beruty i naduated by some, not by all, nature films. We have only to mention Jan Punlere's wonderful picture of each squatic Rm u the octopus, the a-uchin, daphnlı, the hippocampus, or the vanput. Film of that quality demand year of hard work and much paticDoc - to produce a specude Inmg but a few minuta Financually however the whole thing, ane mght ay & *dead los Moreover the incre monton of documentary films acta dnema managers compering u If they had beard z leper. cry (Raymond Mille) Thus, for the moment at least, it seems unlikely that the cinema will produxc greut blological cpia on, for mostance the developancut of man, beredity the evolution of the animal bongdom or the future of our peaia. Fven so, thanb to the work of crt Comandon, Dragozco, and others, we can already whore Wher joy in the prodigious beauty of life, and the spectacle b further enhanced by the fact that it was not aptured for gain or peranal glory All pature en captivating, the moment lt a magnified and projected on the screen. No matter to what leve wo descend, we como help marvelling at the wonderful sight unfolding before u. The cyt of the lauke, the age of the muhopper a thread from the spider 1 spunderet, the birth of ſly the rwaying of elas, the vibration of the toad , Chront - ach brath-taking in is own way True enough. Jl that beauty in only in the cyc of the beholder But does it not make us marvel at the more at the munculous way na wtuch our Cye an derive so much beauty from nature a treasure-house of spectacla? ( 189 )

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·SAL Beoquerel, J., modd O, 67 Boot-,014, , 36 INDEX ALITTLUS Dr B 7 Alcobolo, go Prephopletke prepost Alok, 106 Ines bo ALW, V47 Proa, A 141, * Ampere, H., 37 Brown, G850 Antiphanes, 116 Drownie DOC, 77 Anoinh, J 106 Bopard, 1r Aport, Dr. Probeer 78 Ango BF 376 Anirod, L, 41 CADO NI J 73 Annopliana, Iro Candrut, Artiban buon, 60 Cartol, A4 55.9 Autry J., 10g Culory 15 SAT BACON R, 117 791 Collar Der K. on, Carolar y Datet, O., 28 Chabanne, R., ఓం BO, 108 Chauspalbom jy Durr K L 1031 Churda, T 781 bart box, 4 Beatty 1045 or 40. 184 Cocbryse, Cook Kepolton 50 Kandio, hygt Blood Cohes R 45 Colon, 9 Body Comendon, 73 BS BS, 191 13 Com A 44 Berle L14, Caracal Dowly Abbey Cerker R., 147 bowly R43 Comel Boterde 106 Liv Conford, u Crepidus. boort, 135 Crooter, or ss. gar Brachydactyly Cocool, Lt. 50 Bruder i ( 193 ) call media 571 boutin 42 Love, for mittu, Bourchet ·IXDIX Cune 11 mdr 8 Antide tadı 17 Cyclothon, in Finnt 00, 1 doll, 191 Cytoplasmic differtatron, 1611 CAILLAR JAMIE DARLINOTOX CD40 Calon Sur F, 95 Darwng, C, 1 6 Garudy R, 47 31 DIKA Cenes, int Debar Y 114 Geactie differtatu ixon, 16 Delbett, 131 Germ coh, 165 Donny Lord, as Certain maken 73.8, 114 Detrocardia Geel An, 44 18 Dronne qumtuplets, g8 Guja) 176 Dortmon of labour St, & Guard, A 99.13 DNA 48, 815 83 1 3. 136, Cortbe on 100 161f Gonadotropk boroDC 96 Dotto, F., 1996 Grace Por Double mooner 87 87 97 Greenwood, og Drago con 89 Greg in Darkhorn, Eger Chullo, 1h 18 Droopbila Cherton, 19 Gulrrer complex, 188 EOTOOI N79 Gynopeaan, Do, 115 Idnon, T 177 Eschwald, 99 HAD SILD A7 Ekertoo, 30 Hedel, EH 186 Enheodogrobce 77 Huorot o0 [corded, 07 HAL Lin 19,109 Ertus, R. (Y'is Exporectitud potapatokaty 100 Hamburger, og Hank, 1071 Hetvetes, 4 FADE 6 Hredity til Falburt 99 Hermaphrodithm, 87 Federn, 1351 Hancu, L. To Feminapuru lag, 1061 Her er trofa 119 Ferra, 11 Lormone tap 8 Fachbere 100 Hoitoon tan 77 Foetul inclusion, 39 Iluaky J 38 Fond, & de L, 6 Fomencllc, 11 16 inTIRNANIAC 74 Fourcroy 16 Inter, og Fournier, 97 France, 1 de Frencocbctd, JAUXIN LO Freeth, 116 Jar, 104 Frosch Ere-Bank, bi Freoty, 4183 Kas F 45 Freud, 'An 196 Lot, I 50 Freud, S. 3), 135 hmlo-piikme, by [ 194 ) ·Lom, 0,42 47 W 80 hoxroma copertment, 46 LAJALTRE A 173 Lobat, 19 Luogoreld, o Laparotomy Lupus Byf Langer H., 184 LanTenDC, L 90 Lc Dante, 163 1. Call, INDLT Bloendar 86 Heodel 0 4 47 51 Hecks Ry 110 2,48 Luin Stolar 41 do Jul, J 6, 149 mot, 157 Lohr al. 63 Solocow 45 Hoogo 13 Moore Jog Morgen, T. 4. 47 A los 1004 Wodne 113 Moulee, 67 Der 11'J Narray 6-33 NOTIKY 161 Narpe, 13 Nenone, 84 Neoman, Newton, 1 17 Nadr 64 N-, iuff Nuclar dilon, 1G J LOCTE Lo couro 6 Leroy 189. 87 Lim Lha T 74 Lou, Proktorit or docemt, on Loui, Liulo darec, 103 67 Sur 033 Loren, K. 81 Lotre procben. 777 Loa, H,971 LwoS, A Lynenko, TD40 Kerk 70 Moon, 78 Maladrerat, 173T Marcel G. 79 Lyon , 8 Puurt ) 18. Tot Pure, go Perthongs Bol, 10m Pal Both og L 13,2 Partenkty ks, com Petron, 190 Pedoorphon 66 Perlope-Maneki nodroom 04. o layu, A Phonok dipopuni, in Morricox, 7.16 Hant, le, on 120 Pahoru Polace Ho Potrebyr 17 Potplady 108 HR E103 ( 195 ) Marug, Mmm, 15 HINNA, 746 bf Louro. A Mathu. Dimli Alry and Heart 145 Wondge E 177 dawet trok or byttf ·IHDLX Prenant, MI 46 Prejud v Prat Jy 6T Presumptive spiderrah, 138 Primary orpolecta, y Procha, 78 RADILITHILIA goll Rauh, Fugt Bay 45 Rcoan. Em Red, ít Ronounct 133 Rue Actor 68, 68.35 Rais, S 3. Rxbet, 15.1 Roches, or de to Roomi ? Ransen, 13 Rogbub aur 6 Soals 43 Stunded, L. 177 Stenfiuationen St Hist, I. 36 X-Lay, 168 Swift, J., 160 Stocephalic mon 38 TILIOIX3511 69 Tortocar tad, TAIT Tetry A., 61 The roar Toro, rog Totsporen con 18 Triplody 104 Toton, 996 1975 Turna Alicht modromc, 104 116 Twin, 966 Tyre, 35 VAQUE J 81 Vandel, Van Gogh, V 116 VAUCIU, 30 Vedet, N 173 Volture 95,168 WALL Mae. 661 Taldeck Hochet, 15 Waher 0187 Wacoa Waum, 44.17 Woer 63 Woa da, in Wintrebert, It Wooch, 101 Hot 976, 195, 16 Want worth, Y 140 SAK*I* Profesor , fi Sartre, J P 146 Ston!, 87 Santier &s, Ey, eg, r 74 the Bz, Agf. By 9 Say, J b33 Schtrophron, 117 Schopenhaue A6 Scholl Profor me sex chance, of sa Dequaldoutoa Act 86 & reta Shaya, 46 butik onth, 19! Sumhe two, 97 Stmund, LC 19 Siin mufti. 731 Sanith, A, 33 Ench, G 143 Spooridon, 1945 Speler 68 Spemma, H 99. 1974 Spencer H 193 Spez, 184 185 Bef 37 XIXASO DI TO Yrty, 13. 114 ZIYKELX 48

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