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·Home Appliances
@ KK Bali 1978
First Published in 1978 by
Orient Paperbacks
(A Division of Vision Books Private Ltd )
36 C Congaught Place New Delhi 110001
Pripted by
Kay Kay Printers
150 D Kaola Nagar Delhi 110007

·1 CONTENTS Tools and Plants 2 Domestic Power Supply 3 Lighting System 4 Electric Fans 5 Electric Heaters 6 Electric Iron 7 Hot Plates 8 Electric Water Immersion Rod 9 Electric kettle 10 Coffee Percolator 11 Egg Boiler 12 Electric Toaster 13 Electric Oven and Tandoor 14 Voltage Stabilizer 15 Refrigerator 16 Room Cooler 17 Electric Mixer 18 Geyser 19 Washing Machine 20 Air Conditioner 21 Electric Bell 22 Heat Conector 23 Cooking Range 24 Battery Eliminator 25 Vacuum Cleaner 26 Emergency Light 27 Electric Gas Lighter 28 Hair Dryer 29 Milk Cooker 30 ISI Mark and Consumers Guide 9 12 22 26 32 38 45 48 51 54 56 58 61 81 87 97 101 105 109 114 119 123 127 129 131 134 136 137 139 141 ·List of Ilustrations 41 1 Table Fan 28 2 Pedestal Fan 30 3 Electical Connections in a Heater 35 4 Heating Rod of a Foot Heater 35 S Embedded Heating Element in a Mica Sheet 39 6 Automatic Electric Iron 7 Electric kettle 51 8 Electric Toaster 59 9 Transformer 82 10 Refrigerator 89 11 Electric Mixer 103 12 Geyser 106 13 Washing Machine 110 14 Electric Bell 120 15 Heat Convector 125 1 List of 1 hotographs Plugs and Sockets 2 Energy Meter 3 Choke and Starter 4 Ceiling Fan 5 Tube Light 6 Electric Bulb Pedestal Fan 8 Exhaust Fap 9 Table Fan 10 Electric Iron 65 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 7 ·11 Automatic Iron 12 Hair Dryer 13 Electric kettle Auto hottic 15 Water Immession Road 16 Milk Cooler 17 Electric Oven 18 Single Hot Plate 19 Electric Gas Lighter 20 Double Hot Plate 21 Electric Toaster 22 Electric Mixer 23 Electric Bell 24 Instant Water Heater 25 Geyser 26 Air Conditioner 27 Room Cooler 28 Desert Cooler 29 Heat Convector 30 Emergency Light 31 Room Heater 32 Washing Machine 33 “ Voltage Stabilizer 34 Refrigerator 69 69 70 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 Photograp' s Courtesy of BAJAJ ELECTRICALS LTD & BHAGWAN SINGH & SONS (P) LTD NEW DELHI

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·ܝܕ
TOOLS AND PLANTS
For effective repairs to your
faulty household
electrical appliances you must be properly equipped
You must have a tool box which should include the
tools and plants as detailed in the pictorial view The
functions of each tool is as explained
Scren Druer Set
A screw driver set consists of four screw driver
shafts of differcat sizes one punch shaft and one
handle which can accommodate any screw driver
shaft at a time The screw driver shaft is just slipped
into the sleeve of this handle and a nog is tightened
The screw driver shaft will not come out instead of
having detachable screw drivers you can have one
piece screw drivers of different sizes A screw driver
as the name indicates is a tool to tighten and loosen
1e drive a screw in or out If you rotate the screw
driver clockwise the screw will be driven in If you
rotate the screw driver in aati clockwise direction the
screw will come out (be driven out)
Pllers
A plier is a tool for catching hold of wires twist
ing them at the cods and for cutting wires It is also
used for holding nuts and bolts and acts as a helping
hand
9

·2 DOMESTIC POWER SUPPLY Before learning to handle and repair our electric appliances (gadgets) it is very essential to know the system of our domestic electric supply To a layman the term electricity is a form of energy which is supplied to factories offices shops and resi Idential buildings through electric wires In a residen tial building (your house) you would notice that the I supply is through two electric wires One of these wires is called the phase wire (live) which carries the and the other neutral wite which normally does not carry live current These two wires are insu lated ie covered with rubber like material (PVC) There is another wire which is made of steel and is accompanied with the above two insulated wires This third wire is called the earth wire or bearer wire The earth wire in the feeder cable of our electrical appliance is connected to the bare body of the applı ance on one end and the thicker pin in the three pin shoe on other end If there is any leakage of current 10 the body of the appliance that will flow in the earth wire and not in our body (on tauching) and we will not get any severe electric shock You will further notice that two insulated wires along with a third bare wire come from the electric pole to your house The two insulated wires enter the 12 ·electric energy meter installed at your premises by the electricity department The bare wire is connected to the body of the meter and it is further joined to the carth wire of your house which run side by side your house wires These insulated wires come out of the energy meter and enter the main switch which controls the whole electric supply to your house If the main switch is in on position the electric supply to your house is available and your bulbs fans refrigerators etc work If the main switch is in off' position nothing works From the main switch we can take out as many circuits as required Each circuit has its individual fuse The earth wire does not contain any fuse and goes to every plug By circuit we mean layout of elec trical wiring Fuse is a thin copper wire provided in porcelain cut outs and at blows out in case of any fault and thus electric supply to the premises will be tripped off Energy Meter The energy meter is installed by the electricity department to record the units of electric energy consumed by your electrical appliances (gadgets) and house lighting The terminal plate (foot cover plate) is always sealed by the electricity department Whenever any official of the electricity department Visits your house to attend any electric complaint or to record the units of electricity consumed by you you should watch that be notes down the correct units i e reads the meter that he does not break any seal of the meter If it happens you should lodge a complaint with the electricity department On and off, you should check that the energy 13 ·meter is in working order For its proper working a disc in the meter with a red spot (which is visible) is always moving in the forward direction whenever you are using the electricity In case the disc stops or rotat es backward (anticlockwise) lodge a complaint with the electricity department Main Snitch The main switch controls the entire electric supply to your house In case you want to instal and connect some new plug or you are repuiting your ceiling fan or repairing any fuse or plug switch off the main switch ie put down the handle of the switch in off position as long as you are working In case of any fire or electric accident (somebody coming in contact with live wire) main switch should be immediately switched off to sa ve the person The cessation of flow of current will release the body The main switch also contains fuses provided in the porcelain cut outs This main fuse blows out in case of short circuit (phase wire and natural wire touching each other due to break in insulation) or fault in your electric gadgets This saves the house from fire hazards which can take place due to short circuits In case of a short circuit there is a spark which may cause fire When the fuse blows out the electric supply is cut off and the spark off is stopped Main fuse also blows out in case of any high voltage surge and saves your electric gadgets from being damaged or burnt Fuse After the main switch individual circuit (path) fuses are provided A particular fuse will blow out of the 14 ·fault is in that particular circuit and the supply to other circuits or rooms will not fail and this will save you from a total failure of supply and panic in your house The fuse in your electrical appliances can blou due to any of the following reasons 1 High voltage surge on the main line 2 Short circuit in your house wiring 3 Over loading by your electric gadgets 1 Faulty electric gadgets 5 Fluctuation in the electric supply lines Whenever you want to repair a blown out fuse put the main switch in the off position Check up the circuit fuses (if any) one by one by taking out (drawing out) the male portion The fuse wire in the blown out use unit out) will be broken Replace this broken fuse wire with the new fuse wire of 5 amp size Three Pin Plugs (Socket) A three pin plug has three holes which house brass sleeves The two sleeves (smaller in size) are of the same size One of them is connected to the phase wire and the other is connected to the neutral wire The third bigger size sleeve is connected to the earth wire These are generally of 5 amp capacity or supply rating For heaters we have bigger size three pin plugs of 15 amps capacity Tuo Pin Plugs (Socket) All the modern house wiring provides earth wire along with the phase and neutral wire But in the old house wiring system to provide earth wire was not a practice In these premises only two pin plugs are 15 ·used These plugs have two holes One is connected internally to the phase wire and the other to the neu tral wire The plug is generally controlled by a switch In on position of the switch the plug is live other wise it is dead The working of the plug can be tested with the help of a tester When the switch is on the tester when inserted in the phase hole will be lighted You should try the tester in both the holes The one with the phase wire will light the tester Without tester it is not possible to find out which hole is connected to the phase wire and which is to the neutral wire Connections of Three/Two Pin Plugs (Sockets) Three pin plugs consist of three brass sleeves pro vided with small screas one per sleeve When you remove the cover of the three pin plug (which is fixed with a screw to the base) the brass sleeves will come out The bare ends of phase neutraland earth wire from the house wiring are drawn into the sleeve and fixed to the sleeves by tightening the screws It matters little to which sleeve you connect the phase or neutral wire But the earth wire must be connected to the thicker sleeve (more in diameter) Then fix the cover to the screw In case of pin plugs there are only two sleeves of same size meant to be connected to phase and neutral wire There is no pin for earth connection Every plug is controlled by a switch When the switch is 10 on position the electric supply will come in the plug In case of off position of switch there will be no supply in the plug When the switch is on test the plug with the help of a test pen in sert the test pen in each hole of the plug Where the pen is lighted will indicate the phase hole the other where it is not lighted will indicate neutral wire hole In earth hole also the pen will not be lighted 16 ·Sre of the Plugs (Sockets) There are two sizes of the plugs The smaller size plug is 5 amp plug This plug is meant to provide electric supply to table fans pedestal fans table lamps and other such appliances which have less wattage rating The bigger size plugs are 15 amp rating These plugs are provided to give electric supply to appliances such as heaters refrigerators ovens hot plates room coolers and air conditioners which have a bigger load or wattage rating Connection of the Three Two Pin Shoe If you remove the fixing screw and remove the cover you will notice three or two brass pins as the case be In case of three pin shoe the two pins are of same size whereas the third one is of thicker size At the ends there are holes in three pins and three small fixing side screws are provided The bare ends of the three wire cable are taken into these holes and fixed with the help of side screws Si e of Shoes Like plugs the three pin/two pin shoes have also two sizes The smaller is 5 amp rating and the bigger is 1S amp rating They are connected to the feeder wire depending upon the rating of the electrical applı ance for which this feeder wire is to be used Sinches Switches are either tumbler type (ordinary) or piano type They are also rated 5 amp and 15 amps The switches which are used to switch on and off the lights fans and five amps plugs rated 5 amp 17 ·Units of Measure Amperes In the electricity wifes a type of current flows which is called electric current The electric current is measured in amperes In a layman term the amperage is the measure of strength of current olts Voltage is the pressure at wbich the electric current flows Thc domestic electric supply is at 230 volts AC 250 volts DC The voltage at which the clectrical appliances are to be worked is always stamped on them or under directions in the folder given along with Watts The power of electric current is measured in terms of wattage or horse power The product of voltage and current is called power or wattage In case of an elec trical appliance if voltage is stamped on it and wattage is also mentioned we can find out current to be drawn by the appliance If the current and voltage are men tioned we can find out power of the appliance The simple relation is Power-voltage x current Watts=volts (v) a current (1) (amperes) 1000 watts=1 Kilowatt 746 watts=1 Horse Power Further if a gadget is rated 1000 watts and it works for one hour one unit of electric energy will be record ed on the energy meter The unit of energy consumed will again be the same if the sum total wattage of our house light bulbs tubes etc comes to 1000 watts It will be half unit in one hour if the total wattage is 500 18 ·watts and so on Cut Out (Fuse Unit) As the name indicates the cut out is a protecting device in an electrical circuit which isolates our equipment (electrical gadgets) from the main supply in case of heavy voltage surge on the electrical lines of electricity department Alternatively the cut out saves our appliances against voltage faults on the electrical lines of electricity department The commercial name of a cut out is Kit Kat The main portion of the cut out 13 wired with a proper sized fuse The general sizes of the fuse wires used are 2 S amp 5 amp and 10 amp In India the household supply is at 230 volts A C or 250 D C whereas in America it is at 110 volts A C In all English speaking and other European countries supply of electricity to domestic residences shops and hotels for general lighting and electrical gadgets is fixed at 230 volts A C You always come across wattage when you go to the market to purchase electrical goods Electrical bulbs are rated from 0 watts to 1000 watts General rating is 40 watts 60 watts and 100 watts Electric heaters are rated from 500 watts to 2000 watts Simi larıly an electrical iron is rated from 500 watts to 2000 watts Electrical ovens and hot plates are rated 1000 watts and above Ceiling fan is about 100 watts rating whereas a table fan is only 60 watts rating Refrigera tor is rated about 1/4 HP or about 200 watts Fluorescent tubes are generally 40 watts rating (4 ft tube) Fuse size for 1000 watts load 900 amperes 1 e 4 amperes 230 Your one horse power motor for lifting water is of 19 ·746 watts rating In case you have a refrigerator normal lighting fans and you use electric press off and on the fuse should be 7 5 amp or 10 amp ie 3 wires of 25 size or two wires of 5 amp or single wire of 10 amp size Repair of Fuse In case a fuse blows out due to fault (heavy voltage surge on the supply lines of electric department or due to over loading by your electrical appliances) pull out the male part of the cut out remove the burnt wire (which will be broken in this case) and rewire the fuse with proper sized wire The connection at the end screws should be made tightly Earth TV sre Normally if we happen to touch a bare wire carrying current at more than 80 volts we will get a severe shock A shock of 230 volts and above may even prove fatal The resistance of our body is very high as com pared to earth wire (which is properly earthed either at power house or at our own residence) If the insula tion of heating element is damaged in our electric gadget the current from the heating element will spread in the body of gadget If this gadget is accident ally touched by us we will get a severe shock But when our electric gadget is earthed that is the body of gadget is connected to the earth hole of the three pia plug then the current instead of floving into our body (on touching will flow through the earth wire to the ground (mother earth) The earth hole in the three pin plug is of bigger size as compared to phase and neutral holes (which are equal 10 size) Similarly the pin of the three pin shoe is bigger in size as com pared to the neatral and phase pins 20 ·Colour of Ilires The three core cable connected to our electric gadget and three pin shoe has three wires The red is generally connected to pbase black to the neutral and green to the earth In case of AC supply (alternating current) connections of red and black wires have no different effectif connected to either of phase or neutral pins but green wire has always to be connected to the earth pin DC Supply Direct currert supply (DC) is always given by pri vate electric supply companies (small companies) Its voltage is 250 AC Supply (Single Phase and Three Phase) It is called alternating current supply Government electricity departments supply A C and modern gadgets (except heating) are used with AC current For heating gadgets the mode of supply does not matter whether it is AC or DC (direct current) In case of single phase AC (household supply) we have got one phase and one neutral In case of three phase the supply is generally given to industries there are three phases in three wires in three phase four wire system for households (big houses having beavy loads) there are three phases and one neutral that is present 21 ·3 LIGHTING SYSTEM Switch The function of a switch is to provide or break connection of the electric supply If you open a switch by unscrewing the fixed screws you would notice that a small brass assembly moves up or down with the movement of switch knob This indicates the presence or cessation with the fixed contacts If the contact between the moving unit and fixed contacts (brass strips) becomes loose the function of the switch will be impaired This defect can be easily Te passed by pressing the fixed brass strips slightly in wards with the help of a screw driver But never repair a switch when the main switch of your house supply is in on position Always switch off the main switch before repairing a switch or a plug in your house or while doing some wiring fittings Plog (Socket) A two pin or three pin plug is provided for giving connection to a table fan pedestal fan table lamp or pedestal lamp etc The fault in the plug can be broken connections at the base It can be repaired by remov ing the cover of the plug If the contact of the shoe pins in the plug sleeves is loose press the sleeves a bit to reduce inside diameter so that the grip of the plug 22 ·sleeves is tight op the shoe pins CLECTRIC LAMP An electric lamp is the most common item of light ing in a house This glows and emits lights when switched on This lamp is fixed in a holder by pressing and turning a bit sideways so as to fix the pins provi ded on its base into the grooves provided at the sides of the holder The electric lamps are either clear (transparent) or coated white (milky) The lamp consists of a filament So long as this filament is intact, the lamp glows and emits light Whenever this filament breaks due to aging or mishandling the lamp does not glow and is said to be burnt and it should be discarded The normal life of a lamp is about six months But it can be burnt or fused even before due to high or fluctuating voltage (voltage more than 250) at night While pur chasing a lamp note the voltage stamped on it Insist for 250 V lams instead of 230 V as 250 V lamps have longer life The general rating of lamps are 40 watts 60 watts and 100 watts NIGHT GLOW LAMPS There are coloured lamps The rating can be 0 watt to 15 watts These emit soothing and faint light The light is sufficient to see things at night in your room and at the same time not disturbing your sleep Your little baby is also not scared of the darkness at night and the light enables you to take care of an infant without putting on the main light and disturbing others also FLUORESCENT TUBES These are tube like glass envelopes filled with spe 23 ·cial gas vapours When switched on these emit day light which is soothing and cool This light is 1ery good for the eyes and is more intense as compared to bulb light The glow is just like daylight and the eyes are not strained if you do your reading in this light The consumption of energy by these tubes is also at least 50 per cent less as compared to the same rating elect Tic bulbs The tubes are rated 20 watts (2 feet tubes) and 40 watt (4 feet tubes) Generally 40 watts tubes should be preferred ind used for domestic consump tron CONSTRUCTION Starter This is a small metallic cylinder and fits into a halder While fixing put the starter (with the side pro vided with two screw ends) in the holder and rotate side ways to make the contact This starter switches on the tubes and then it is out of circuit Choke This is a small step up transformer housed inside a small sheet of metallic box filled with an insulated compound The choke actually boosts up the electric supply to the tube and sets the gas vapours glowing and emitting light A bad or damaged choke will burn the tube also End Holders The tube is provided with a pair of pigs at its ends There are two end holders fired on a metallic strip While fixing the tube let the pins enter the grooves provided in the end holders Rotate the tube through 90 degrees This will make proper connections of the 24

·tube in the end holders and the tube will not fall from
the holders
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
A damaged starter will not switch on the tube To
check remove the starter to begin with Make con
nections at the starter holder by a loop of wire and
switch on the tube if the tube is switched on it ascer
tains that the starter was faulty This faulty starter
should be changed immediately
A damaged tube will get blackened at its ends and
will not glow or will become reddish or start blinking
when switched on
When the choke is damaged it will also affect the
tube So, before replacrog the tube see that the choke
IS in order
25

·4
ELECTRIC FANS
An electric fan is a necessity in a country like India
where summers are long and very hot Thus they are
used by all both rich and poor-in homes in
commercial establishments, offices and factories It is
used to provide artificial or mechanical circulation of
air in the rooms The blow of air to our bodies durog
summer season helps in the evaporation of sweat and
giving coolness to the body Without an electric fan
one would feel exhausted in a closed room
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
An electric fan has a small motor provided with
three wings (arms) The size of wings vary depending
on the design and requirement of the fan The wings
are fixed on rotating part of the motor with the help
of fixing screws or they are attached to the rotating
shaft "The speed of the fan is controlled by a speed
regulator (fan regulator)
The electric fans can be divided mainly into four
categories viz ceiling fap table fan pedestal fan and
exhaust fan
Ceiling Fan
As the name indicates it is fixed (suspended from)
in the ceiling The control switch is fixed on the switch
board on the wall The control switch comprises of
26
simties

·on off 'on and speed regulator arrangement First position is 'off Then there are figures 1 2 3 4 5, and The figures are in the ascending order of speed of the fan At position on the speed is full The size of the ceiling fan is determined by the length of the wings These usually vary from 36, 42, 48" and 56 The 36 size fan is for a very small room about 8 X 8 The 48' size is a normal size which is sufficient to give air in a normal room of 14' by 12 or 12 feet by 12 The 56% size ceiling fan is for big rooms like drawing rooms office buildings, halls and factories etc Table Fan A portable fan easy to handle concentrates flow of the air in a particular direction and at a particular place a few advantages of a table fan Its sizes are 16' and 18 The speed regulator "off, fon switch is fixed at the base of the table fan The markings on the speed regulator are on, off slow medium and fast At off position, the fan does not work At other positions. It is on and runs at a marked and desired speed The speed control arrangement is either made by rotating a selector switch or individual piano switches are provided for off I II and III or off fast medium and slow positions of speed Pedestal Fan The pedestal fan is basically like a table fan but the trunk and base are larger in size and is adjustable in height The trunk is fixed to a broad heavy base to give stability to the fan The speed control and off on switch is provided either in the middle of the trunk or at the base In case of both table and pedestal fans a direction 27

·Fan blads
Stator winding
Grease cup
Resolving
control
Rotor
Electric cord
Piano switches
TABLE FAN
28

·control is provided This is gear arrangement and is controlled either by pressing a knob downdards or rotating it to fix or revolving position in fir position the direction of the fan is fixed and the air flow is only in one particular direction In revolving position or pressed position of the knob the fan starts revolving to cover a 180 degree sweep Exhaust Fan This is a special type of fan which is fixed in ventilators of big halls to pump out (exhaust) foul air of the room The second important use of the exhaust fan is its provision in the desert room coolers In fact in a desert room cooler the main component is an exhaust fan which serves the purpose MIAINTENANCE OF FANS Special care is needed to use and maintain these fans 1 At voltage more than 230 AC or 250 DC (wbere DC voltage is supplied by the electricity department only DC fans can be used) the regulator should not be set at fast position The fan should always be used at medium speed 2 Never forget to switch off a fan when going out of your house Ceiling fans in particular have been damaged when they were left on and the residents of the house left for a few days holidaying After a continuous running of 24 hours any fan is likely to be heated and damaged So make it a point to give rest to the fan after at least eighth ours of continuous running 3 In winter all the fans should be cleaned The Wings of the ceiling fan should be removed washed dried and wrapped in paper and kept in a safe place The body should also be cleaned with a wet cloth and 29

·Fan Blades
Stator winding
Rotor
Grease cup
Revolving 31
Wite mesh
Screen
Control Switch
मानसम्म
PEDESTAL FAN
30

·then wrapped with a clean piece of cloth to be re jostalled the next summer 4 After a couple of years body of each fan should bedismantled and the fan should be cleaned from inside with fresh grease and all the screws and nuts should be oiled 5 Be careful that accidentally or otherwise raja water does not fall on the body of the fan FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 In case of broken connections in the speed regulator the fan will not work The regulator should be opened and broken connections should be repaired 2 If the connections in the body of the fan are broken the fan will not work Open the terminal bor fixed to the body of the fan and check for broken connections and repair accordingly 3 Jammed rotating parts prevent the fan fan from moving and working In such a case dismantle the body of the fan and clean and oil the rotating parts 4 As a general practice on every Sunday make a general cleaning of the fans particularly table and pedestal fans and the wings of the ceiling fans 5 Check for broken insulation between the body of the fan and the base wires provided in the speed regulator and repair the damaged insulation by in sulating tapes Leakage in the body could be very damaging 6 In case everything is in order and the fan still does not work it may be that the winding of the fan has been damaged This can be verified by opening the body of the fan if so the winding should be repaired or replaced by an electrician 31 ·5 ELECTRIC HEATERS Electricity is transmitted to the load centres through transmission lines The transmission line comprises of a conductor wire The size of this conductor wire depends upon the power of the electric current to be transmitted the electric current in turn is the flow of the electrons In a good conducting material the flow of the electrons is normal and there is not much resist ance to their flow These conductors are copper aluminium silver and gold The electric current does not pass through wood rubber plastic and glass etc The flow of electrons is constrained in metals like steel tungsten When there is resistance to the flow of electrons heat is produced in the medium of flow due to internal friction of electrons The resistance or friction of electrons is increased much more as the area of cross section of the cor ductor like steel and tungsten is decreased So much so that when an electric current is passed through thin wires of tungsten and steel the wires become red hot and start emitting heat The wire of tungsten or alloy steel are made into coils (to increase the length of wire) When an electric current is passed through these coils (kaown as beating elements) they become red hot and start emitting heat The bigger the cross section of the wire the higher is the capacity of the heating lement 32 ·Most of the domestic electrical appliances have been develop d by employing heating elements in one form or the other CONSTRUCTION Electric heaters employ exposed heating elements These are simple coils of tungsten/steel wire An electric press egg boiler coffee percolator employ heating elements embedded in mica sheets In case of geysers electric kettles and water immersion rods coil ed steel tubes are used housing thin wire heating ele ments insulated from the inner surface of these tubes by means of insulating power In case of cooking range hot plates and costly geysers steel alloy tube elements made into coils are employed for heating purposes In case of Sunflo and hair drier, a fan is placed behind a heating element When the air from the fan flows over the heating element it becomes hot Electric ovens and toaster utilize exposed heating elements Electric heaters are used both for cooking and heating purposes Although the shapes of these heaters Mary in accordance to usage and purpose they serve mechanically their functioning is the same PLATE HEATER OPERATION Electric plate heater is fitted with a ceramic plate (round or squire in shape) The ceramic plate has slots in which the heating element is housed Through insulating beads the ends of the heating coil are brought out through a three pin assembly One of these pins uncker in size is connected to the body of the heater by means of a bare copper wire The other two pins are connected to the two ends of the coil A three 33 ·pin socket provides connections (through a three core cable) to the electric mains supply Generally plate heaters have only two a pin shoe and two pin sockets Such heaters should handled carefully because in case of these heaters there is always a greater possibility of getting a shock in case there is broken josulation betacen the heating coil and the body of the heater FAULTS AND REPAIRS A broken heating coil can be found out by visual inspection of the heating coil Though temporarily it can be repaired by joining the broken coils together but once the coil starts burning and breaking it should be the replaced Frequent burning of coil means that it has served its life One cause of early burning of coils is the spilling of milk water tea or vegetables on the coil due to over boiling So while working with a heater be care ful that nothing spills over on the heating coil The coil burns at its end due to loose connections and sparking While making new connections at the ends be sure that the connections are right Body leakage takes place (current comes in the body of the heater) due to broken beads at the ends or broken sleeves at the ends of the heating coil It may also be caused by broken insulation at the shoe pins which are coming out of the heater body If the insulation at the ends of the coll breaks and the two ends touch each other the main fuse blows out as soon as the heater is switched on This may also take place when the insulation of the leads in the sochet breaks and phase wire and neut al wire come in contact on loss of insulation Open the socket and see if the insulation at the ends of the wire 34 ·has melted and the bare conductors are touching together In this case remove the three core two core wire from the socket and cut a two inch piece from the end Make fresh connections so that fresh wire ends have proper insulation If the insulation of the whole wire length has been damaged the whole three core or two core cable should be replaced with a bigger size cable and superior quality wire While making fresh connections be sure that the green coloured wire is connected to the earth terminal in case of a three pin socket Hear ng element immung Swatch INPUT AC/DC Supply Electrical Connections in a Heater Ends for mang connector Heating Rod of a Foot Heater MAINTENANCE Avoid touching the body of the h ater or any utensil placed on the heater when the heater is on Put off the heater when you want to remove the 35 ·utensil from the heater When something is spilling from the utensil on the heater which is on do not try to remove it in a hurry without switching off the heater You will get severe shock in case the heiter has not been put off The current in such cases comes from the heating coil through the liquid spilled into the body of the utensil When a heater is being used the fuse size should be proper Otherwise the fuse will blow out and your house will be without electricity FOOT HEATER OPERATION A foot heater consists of a single rod or two rods which are fixed on to a metallic reflecting surface The metallic reflecting surface is a very shinog nickel plated metal sheet bent into a parabolic shape Onc Tod is directly connected and is put on when the heater is switched on from the main The second rod is con trolled from a piano switch provided on the heater The rods are made of ceramic former (round hollow rod) The heater wire is coiled on this former FAULTS AND REPAIRS Loose connections at the ends of the heating rod result in sparking Tighten such connections In case of broken wire at the former the heater wire becomes dead It is very difficult to repair the broken wire on the former The heating rod should therefore be replaced as a whole Damaged heated wire ends in the three pin shoe should be cut and new connections made Sometimes the ceramic former can break due to a fall of the heater In this case also the heater rod 36

·should be changed
When you want to change the damaged heating
rod loosen the end screws and remove the damaged
heating rod Purchase the exact duplicate of this rod
from the market as any difference in its length will not
fit the heater
Sometimes a protector wire arrangement is provi
ded on the surface of the heater to avoid accidental
touch with the heater rod In such cases this wire set
ting or wire arrangement should be removed carefully
before removing the damaged heating rod
37

·6
ELECTRIC IRON
In earlier times when electricity had not reached all
the corners of civilization the iron was heated by
burning charcoal in it
This is still used by washermen At home people
used irons by healing them on Ovens or anghitlis
But now electnc trons are much in use and people do
not use such old style irons at home
In case of an electric press a heating element is
embedded between two metallic plates When the elec
tric press is connected to the electric supply the heating
clement gets heated up and in turn heats the whole press
especially the base As a matter of fact the principle of
electric iron is identical to that of clectrical heater
The electric iron is very safe for ironing the
clothes as in an ordinary press there is every danger
of burning charcoal falling on your clothes Further
It is economical and can be heated up within a couple
of minutes There is no soot and ſumes from an electric
iron as compared to an ordinary charcoal iron
CONSTRUCTION
The construction of an electric press can be divi
ded into three parts
Upper Plate
This is a metallic plate and is provided with a
38

·handle of suitablc shape fitted on it On this plate is prouded a two pin shoe This plate is light (some times hollow) and thin in size as compared to the basc Ilearinç Element Heating element is shaped like a coil of thin metallic wire embedded in a mica sheet The two ends of the coil come out of the mica sheet for providing external connections These ends are connccied to the shoc terminals of the upper plate with all precautions that no bare wire touches any metallic portion of the press w WWW € of mult *** Embedded Heating Element in a Mica Sheet Basc Plate This is a thick solid plate which is quite heavy and the weight of the iron depends upon the weight of the base plate This base plate is very smooth and highly polished so that it does not rust even when it comes in contact with wet clothes Assembly The heating element is placed between the upper and lower plates The upper and base plates are fixed to gether through a centre bolt The handle is fitted to the upper plate by means of screws The handle is made of fibre plastic (fire proof and heat resistant) 39 ·Provision of Earth * ire Inside the metallic assembly provision is made for an carth connection and it is brought to the carth terminal on the shoe Instead of a three pin shoe we can make arrangement for connecting three core wires to the three terminals of the press re so terminals of the heating element and one earth termi nal AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC IRON CONSTRUCTION In case of an automatic clectric iron a bimctallic thermostat control switch is provided on the top of the press The indicating knob can be rotated clockwise or antı clockwise in accordance with the heat required for different materials The settings are nylon rayon silk wool cotton and linen The lowest heating point is at nylon and highest is at linen When the press has been heated to the indicated point (temperature) the connec tion to the main supply is broken automatically and the indicator that is attached near thc handle is switches of Always move the indicator knob to the point corresponding to the type of cloth to be ironed TAULTS AND REPAIRS In case of broken wire in the heating element the iron will not get heated even if everything outside is in order To have an access to the heating element of the iron you will have to dismantle the whole electric iron Visually inspect the heating elements and sce if the wire is broken anywhere In case it is the heat ing element shall need replacement A heating element also needs replacing if it has 1 punctured or damaged insulation Exact duplicate of the heating element 40

·has
tronal Any
Auto control
inob
Yr hen
het femoved
Macben
da OK swom in
control
Healing OCH
Clee tic tupply
AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC IRON
41

·could be obtained from market by showing the damaged one to the shopleeper Broken Connections Due to more resistance at the joints local heating takes place This eats up the metal at the junction (end connections) and the joints become loose When the joints become loose the joints start sparkiog This practically burns the metal at the joints and the connections at the joints break The joints are inside the terminal housing of the press where th leads of the heating element are joined to the threc core wire coming out of the body of the press To detect the broken connections unscrew the cover at the back of the handle of the press This would reveal the terminal connections and you can look for any broken connec tion The other place for broken connections can be 10 the three pin shoe Open the shoe cover and find out if there is any broken connection Short Circuit in the Feed Vire By short circuit we mean when natural and phase wire (bare conductors) come in contact due to broken insulation of the wires This is caused when the size of the cable used for the jron is under sized and the insulation is damaged due to heat in the conductor Such a cable should be replaced as a whole Defect in the Automatic Control Defect in the automatic control is the last item to have become defective in this case the circuit will not be completed and the iron will not be heated as desired If you are able to get a duplicate of your auto matic control replace the damaged one with this new one if the contacts are rusted they should be clean- 42 ·ed with sand paper and washed with petrol Never oil them as the oil is an insulating material If the elasti city of the bimetallic strip is lost then you may forge it at one middle heat point say cotton In this case your automatic control will be lost and you can use your automatic iron as an ordinary electric iron Shocks Electric iron may give shocks due to broken insulation of heating element or broken insulation at the terminal points Heating element with damaged mica insulation should be replaced Insulation at ter minal points can be repaired either by insulation tape or insulation compound Another cause of shock is when out of ignorance or in a hurry someone connects the earth wire with the phase point in the three pra shoe la such a case the body of the iron will get charged and give severe electric shoct on touching MAINTENANCE 1 After repairing the iron you must test it with the help of a test pen Place the test pen on all metallic parts of the iron turn by turn when the iron is on and see that the test indicator does not glow If it glows it means that current is passing in it and it will give a shock when you touch that portion 2 While ironing clothes, as a habit and precaution wear rubber slippers or stand on some wooden plank 3 Never iron wet clothes This will rust the iron and the nickel/chrome polish will get spoiled 4 If the iron is not automatic do not heat it too much and before ironing the garment try it on a Tough and ordinary cloth If it has become very hot you can switch it off till it cools down a bit This will 43

·prevent your clothes from burning
5 In case of an automatic press set the automatic
chart indicator in accordance with the clothes you
press
6 It is a good habit to switch off the iron when it
is being used for ironing the clothes
44

·7 HOT PLATES Heating plates in one upit or two units are a replace ment for gas ovens or coal hearth This is a safer method of heating as there is no danger of gas leakage and fire hazard in your kitchen nor are there any fumes This method of heating is somewhat costlier as compared to gas heating but it is a very safe neat and clean method of heating Where electricity is cheap its consumption of electricity may be equal or even less than gas CONSTRUCTION A hot plate is a modified ordinary plate heater The difference being that the heating element is embed ded beneath a thick metallic plate (generally round in shape) The heating element is fully insulated from the body of the heating plate A double heating plate set appears like a gas oven There is a control switch pro vided in front of each hot plate The indications on the regulator are Off I II and III or low medium and high The heat given out at the plates is low me dium and high against regulator positions of I II and III, respectively The regulation of heat is provided so as to suit the cooking requirement At position 1, only one heating element is in circuit At position II two heating elements are put into circuit A three pin shoe two pin shoe type arrangement is provided at the 45 ·side of heating plate for connecting socket of feeding wire MAINTENANCE 1 Always use a pressure cooker for preparing vege tables meat and puises so that nothing spills over these plates 2 While preparing tea or boiling milk be careful that the milk or tea does not spill over these plates 3 Off and on check the insulation of the heating plates for any leakage with the help of a test pen In case of any leakage do not touch the body of the heating plates 4 The feeder wire should be of proper size that is 3/22 size copper wire for single heating plates or 7/22 Size copper wire (cable) for twin hcating plates The Rumber of wires in the cable depends on whether you want to connect the hot plate with a two pin socket or a three pin socket 5 The connections of the feeder cable should be tight at the socket as well as in the shoe 6 The plug switch and shoes should be of 15 amp size 7 If your kitchen is equipped with hot plates ovens refrigerator etc you must have a separate house wir ing circuit for these controlled from an independent fuse unit This circuit is called power circuit or heat ing circuit FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 Loose connections and molten ware ends in the socket and three pin shoe should be repaired immedia tely 2 An undersized feeder cables will be melted and short circuited on its entire length Such a cable can be 46 ·detected when you do not come across good wires after cutting the cables a couple of inches from the ends 3 Leakage in the heating plates is another fault to be checked This means insulation of the heating element has been damaged or the insulation at the three pin shoe point is damaged The hot plate should be dis mantled to find out whether it is the heating elements of the three pin two pin body shoe which needs a change 6 In case of damaged heating clement the insula tion of heating elements is damaged or the wire of hcating element has been broken the heating elements should be replaced with a new one 7 One general defect that can take place is in the regulator i e the loss of moving arm contact with the terminals of heating element This defect can be repaired by bending the arm towards the terminal points Tips of the moving arm and fixed contacts at the terminals should be cleaned with zero number sand paper and petrol to remove dirt dust and oxide for mation 8 In case the hot plate does not get heated when the switch on wall is put on and the regulator is on any of three position (I II and III) the points to be checked are connections in the shoe socket condition of cable connections at the regulator and the condition of the heating element 47

·8
ELECTRIC WATER IMMERSION ROD
CONSTRUCTION
This is a domestic electric appliance for heatiog
water in a bucket
From the outside it appears as a
chromium plated thin steel tube made into a coil The
ends are housed in a bakelite socket Inside the hollow
steel tubing a heating element is provided which is
insulated from the steel tubing body by placing iosulat
ing compound around the heating element The heating
element is made of a very high resistance wire The
ends of this wire (coil) are taken out from the hollow
ends of tbe steel tubing The electrical connections to
these ends are made in the socket The water immer
sion rod is rated 500 watts 750 watts or 1000 watts
OPERATION
As mentioned above the electric immersion rod 15
used for heating water The water is put into a bucket
The immersion rod is placed in the bucket so that it
hangs from the top of the bucket from a hook
attached to the tod The immersion tod should dip
into the water upto the marked water level on the rod
The three pio shoe of the electric rod is laserted into
the three pin wall socket The electric switch is
turned on Whenever an electric heater or any such
appliance is switched on the house light exhibits a dim
in its brightness This indicates that the electric heating
48

·appliance has started working Another indication that the electric rod is working is that the energy meter disc will start moving fast Yet another indication is the water bubbles which start collecting around the dipped portion of the water immersion rod and a hissing sound is produced But never touch the water with hand to find out if it has started heating because a leaking electric immersion rod will pass current into the water and the water will give a severe shock to you MAINTENANCE 1 The water level in the bucket must be to the level marked water on the immersion rod 2 First place the rod in the water and then switch st on 3 If you want to know the temperature of water switch off the rod take out the three pin shoe from the plug and feel the water for its temperature If you want to heat the water more again put the shoe in the plug and switch on the rod 4 Never touch the water while the immersion rod is on 5 Always heat the water in a metallic bucket and not in a plastic bucket In case of a plastic bucket the heat will damage it when in contact 6 Off and on test your immersion rod with a tester In case of any leakage the tester indicator will glow 7 Never switch on a rod without water If you do it it will be damaged 8 An immersion rod whose insulation has been damaged ie the current leals into the water and \the tester glows when touched with the bucket immersion rod should be discarded as there is danger the 10

·of getting an electric shock
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
1 A general fault is the melting of wre insulation
at the ends in the socket or in the three pin shoe The
wire can be repaired by cutting the melted portion of
wire by a couple of jaches and making fresh connec
tions
2 Sometimes the bakelite body of three pin shoe is
damaged due to sparking at the pins from loose
sleeves of the three pin plug
In such a case pro
per sized shoe should be obtained from the market or
damaged one replaced
3 Be careful about connections in the socket and
three pin shoe The green wire must be connected
with the earth pin The connections should always be
right
4 In case of loose sleeves of the plug open the
plug and press the sleeves with pliers
50

·9 ELECTRIC KETTLE It is a boon to a housewife in winter or in case of an emergency Fill the kettle with water and switch on the kettle Within a couple of minutes the water will start boiling and will be ready for your tea or coffee In winters you can thus make tea while remain ing in bed CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION The electric kettle as the name indicates is a stainless steel kettle Aa immersion type water heater rod is fixed in the kettle in an ordinary type of electric kettle the heating element is embedded in the hollow base of the electric kettie A three pin shoe of suitable shape and desiga is fixed at the side of the kettle body and is connected internally to the water heater rod A three core cable is connected at one of its ends with a special type socket and on other (cable having three wires) and a three pin shoe is connected for making electric connections to the three pin wall plug In case of an ordinary socket you have to switch off the line when the water starts boiling in the kettle but in case of special type socket the con nection is automatically broken by a bi metallic strip provided in the socket at boiling temperature MAINTENANCE 1 The quantity of water in the kettle should be to 51

·Metal) e base
S
Heat gelement
Ebo
Mica pl 1
ELECTRIC KETTLE
52

·the extent that the immersion rod is fully dipped 12 water 2 In case of an ordinary type socket the wall switch should be put off when the nater in the kettle starts boiling 3 Off and on the body of the kettle should be checked with the help of a test pen to check any leakage of current and avoid the danger of an electric shock on touching 4 Never switch on the kettle without water 5 Never use this kettle for boiling milk 6 As a general rule always handle the kettle when the wall switch is off FAULTS AND REPAIRS Broken connections in the socket and three pin shoe could be easily repaired by opening the socket and three pin shoe 2 In case of molten wire ends in the socket and three pin shoe remove the connections of the feeder wire from the three pin shoe and socket Cut out the damaged portion of wire from both ends and make fresh connections to the socket and three pin shoe 3 Any electrical leakage in the kettle may be due to the damaged insulation in three pin shoe fixed to the kettle Remove this shoe and replace it with a new It may be that you are able to repair this leak age by just providing a rubber sleeve between the three pin shoe and the body of the kettle 4 If feeder wire three pin shoe socket plugs and switch arc in order and the water in the kettle does not get heated (when the wall switch is put on) it means that the immersion rod has been damaged A leaking immersion rod or damaged immersion rod oceds replacement 53 one ·10 COFFEE PERCOLATOR For preparing black coffee coffee percolator is an ideal appliance But if you are not accustomed to take black coffee you may add milk to your taste and use the percolator The shape of the coffcc percolator is that of a metallic jar A sieve cup with a perforated lid rests on a shaft The shaft is mounted on a flat metallic base The jar is covered at the top with a glass сар OPERATION First remove the glass cap and then take out the sieve cup mounted on the shaft Fill the water in the hollow Place the shaft in position Put the sieve cup on the shaft The level of water should be below the bottom of the sieve cup Put dry granular coffee (not instant) in the cup and cover the cup with a perforated lid Place the glass cup in position Switch on electric supply to the coffee percolator When the water in the jar is heated to boiling temperature, it starts jumping through the perforated coffee cup into the hollow glass cup This way the coffee is filtered into the bot water After the water has boiled for three to four minutes switch off the coffee percolator and drain out the black coffee from the stop cork into the cups and add milk and sugar to your taste 54 ·/ MAINTENANCE 1 The coffee used should be granular and quantity used should be one teaspoon per cup of water added to the coffee percolator 2 The water level in the coffee percolator should be below the sieve cup bottom or at the point marked water level on the coffee percolator 3 The connections in the socket and three pin shoe should be tight to avoid sparking and melting of wire ends 4 Off and on test the body of the coffee percolator with the help of a pen tester to detect any leakage 5 After use the coffee percolator should be thoroughly cleaned Avoid flushing water on the out side of the coffee percolator as water may leak into the heating element and damage it You should clean the outside with a wet cloth FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 A general fault can be with the connectionsı n the socket three pin/two pin shoe or feeder wire (cable) This fault can be repaired easily as in any of the electrical appliance 2 The current leakage in the body of coffee perco lator can be detected by switching on the coffee percola tor and touching the metallic body of the coffee percolator with 1 test pen at different points In case of leakage the indicator in the test pen will start glowing The leakage can be due to punctured mica insulation of heating elements Such an element should be replaced 3 In case of damaged heating element the coffee percolator will not get heated even if everything else is in order Such an element should be replaced 55

·11
EGG BOILER
CONSTRUCTION
An ces boiler 15 a small glove type electrical
appliance for boiling eggs It is made in two parts
The lower part consists of the heating clement and the
water plate which has 6 round holes for placing 6
Fegs in a vertical position The other ball is a hollow
metallic lid
Water is filled in the water plate (about 1/2 inch
thick layer of water) Eggs are placed in the six round
holes The lid is placed tight on the lower half of thc
cgg boiler The electric supply is switched on Due to
the heat of boiling water and steam the cegs are
boiled They can be half boiled or full boiled depending
upon the time the electric supply is kept on In two
minutes you can get half boiled eggs and in 4 to 5
minutes you can get full boiled eggs
MAINTENANCE
1 Do not forget to put water before placing eggs
in the holes
2 Keep caution while boiling eggs to avoid hard
boiling
3 The lid should fit tightly
4 Check periodically for electric curteit leakage
into the metallic body of egg boiler
56

·FAULTS AND REPAIRS
1 Broken connections in the three pin shoe or at
the terminals of egg boiler
2 Wrong connection of earth wire
3 Leakage in the body of egg boiler
4 Damaged heating element
The first two defects can be repaired easily as ex
plained for any electrical appliance
The leakage in the body of egg boiler may be duc
to broken insulation between the heating element and
the metallic body of the egg boiler A damaged heat
ing element or one with punctured mica insulation
should be replaced The heatiog element can be
inspected by opening the base of egg boiler Visual
inspection of the heating clement will locate its fault
1
57

·12
ELECTRIC TOASTER
Bread slices are best roasted light brown in un
electric toaster The heat is controlled and uniform
all over You can roast two bread slices at a time
The control is either manual or automatic
CONSTRUCTION
This is a small box type metal sheet construction
Two metal strips attached with a lever and provided
with a spring action are housed in a toaster A button
is provided to release the pressure of the springs
Heating elements are provided at the sides to give
uniform heat to the bread slices The slices are placed
on the metal strips and the lever is pulled down
The metal strips are held down in position with the
help of a hook When the side button is pressed the
hook releases the pressure and the bread slices pop out
OPERATION
1 In case of electric toaster which is manual plug
in the toaster and switch on
2 Insert two slices of bread
3 Pull down the lever and hold it down
4 After about a minute lift up the lever
5 See if the toasting is proper otherwise increase
the timing
6 In case of an automatic toaster the time is set at
38

·Real elment
Lovet
SY
Tr770XC:
Stop for pla ing tou
Electric Toaster
the timer and the bread slices after toasting pop out
automatically in an automatic toaster when the bread
slices are lifted up the heating element 18 also switch
ed off
MAINTENANCE
1 After use make sure that all crumbs are removed
from the toaster by opening the small window at the
base Therefore gently shake the toaster to remove
these crumbs But do not insert any brush or metal ins
trument through the base as it may damage the heat
ing elements and spring mechanism
2 Always use three pin plug (shoe) with proper
earthing for safety
3 Do not insert any metallic 13strument such as
Inife or spoon
ule the toaster is on This would
give a shock
4 Do not roast slices of uneven thickness or broken
slices This will jam the toaster
59

·5 Check off and on for any leakage
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
1 Broken connections 10 the three pun shoe or at
the terminals of the toaster
2 Damaged 10sulation at the ends of feeder cable
1 Damaged heating element
4 Body leakage
The first two defects can be repaired easily
For body leakage look for damaged insulation in
side the toaster or at its terminals If the toaster does
not get heated even if everything is in order then the
heating elements must have been damaged The
physical inspection of the heating elements will locate
the damage Hence the damaged heating elements
should be replaced
60

·13 ELECTRIC OVEN AND TANDOOR Oven The electric ovens are of two types Oven is primarly for placing cooked foodstuffs so as to keep them warm This is also called hot case The other type has a provision for baking also CONSTRUCTION The oven for placing food stuffs looks like a small cabinet It has a small door in front Three or four racks are provided for stacking different foodstuffs The sides and the back of this cabinet are made of hollow steel sheet so that the inside heat is not dissi pated easily to the outside atmosphere The heating elements are fully insulated from the metallic body of this cabiact and are placed at the base The temperature inside the oven is controlled with the help of a thermostat control switch The temperature can be set at any desired degree When the inside temperature reaches the set point on the switch the heaters are put off automatscally The heater switches on again when the inside temperature falls below the set temperature Another switch controlling the electric supply to the oven has four positions viz. On pre heat grill and bake During winter, and in cold countries, an oven is a boon for 61

·hores if you switch on the oven the fuse will How
out Such a seder cable should be replaced
In case of sophisticated mers (cooling r* ) the
healing clement is a coiled metall c tube hich is not
damaged easily arú ut a very rohunt teamg clemat
In ordinary osons the heatine clerert it in the form
of a coil of thin lungiion or s'est une *ound sourd a
ceramic former or mica stap These coils have less
life The broken we in the coils can be cauly detec.
tcd The damaged healing element in ams cust reeds
to be replaced
The Icalage a the body of men can be due to
damaged insulation either at tlc oien ferrals or
wrong connections in the three pin shoc or due to
damaged insulation between the teatag clemert ard
the metallic body surface The repair can be car
ried out by providing sucessary insulation by insulation
tapes (P\C. black or empitc lape)
64

·Plugs
and
Sockets

·Energy Meter
GARNA
.
LIOH KUN
20,40*
320/2 er
MACEN pare
Choke and Starter

·Ceiling Fan
Tube Light
w
Electric Bulb

·SU!
Exhaust Fan
Pedestal Fan
Table Fan

·Electric Iron
utomatic Iron
३
Hair Dryer

·F
راستی
ها
Electric hettle
Water
Immersion
Rod
Auto Kettle

·&
Milk Cooler
Electric Oven

·Single Hot Plate
D
Electric Gas Lighter

·Water Heater
HEATAP
os
3
܀
RISM
Geyser

·--
Electric Mirer
Electric Bell

·Water Heater
HEATAP
5
1
Geyser

·Room Cooler
Paucien
fra Alta
14--23inc. 2
งผงะ-42634cd 3.
ELASTI
aflar 15.1
10 web kak <
CAJAX AX22 2017 La I
19. min 42 or
*- 1 16 S 1
91
2
Hudl
-
Air Conditioner
=
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OT.
SA
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·. .
Desert Cooler
- момч
не
— ава
Heat Convector

·ters
* s ***
Emergency
Light
Room Heater

·por
Washing
Machine
SONAX
Voltage Stabilizer

·tout
1
Refrigerator

·14
VOLTAGE STABILIZER
In India the industrial load agricultural load and
general lighting load developed with the advancement
of industrialization and technology very abruptly By
load we mean wattage One thousand watts are called
one kilowatt whereas 1000KW (kilowatts) are called
orte megawatt (1 000 000 watts) When this load is
transmitted from a power house (through clectric Wires)
to factories commercial establishments residences the
voltage drops at the site of load as compared to that at
the power house In sbort we can say that the voltage
of electric supply at our residences is never constant
and equal 10 230 volts
If the voltage is constant and it is 230 there will
be no trouble to our household electrical appliances
But it is never constant Generally ut is below 230
volts and after 900 PM it becomes even more than
230 volts
On every electrical appliance, the voltage and watt
age is printed The voltage is always 230 volts AC
or 250 volts DC In case of AC voltage only, the volt
age can be regulated to near about 230 volts with the
help of a voltage stabilizer It may be noted that the
voltage above 250
instantly damage our
clectrical appliances which are marked to work at 230
volts AC
81
can

·PRINCIPLE NE ܨ1 N The design and operation of voltage stabilizer is based upon the above equation V, is the primary vol tage 1, is the secondars voltage N, is the primary number of turns N is the secondary number of turns I, is the primary current and is the secondary current From the above equation it is also indicated that soltage is proportional to the number of turns in a coil The more the number of turns the more is the voltage A transformer consists of two windings called pri mary winding and secondary winding Thc electric supply leads are connected across the terminals of pri mary winding the output is taken across the second ary winding If the number of turns of secondary wn dings are more as compared to primary winding the voltage at the out terminals of secondary winding will be rr ore 100 INPL OUTPUT Saco trat in ore nude 1 weet 10x In nato Trarsformer 8?

·There are step up transformers which have only one winding These are called auto transformers The supply voltage is connected against part of the winding whereas the output is taken across full winding These auto transformers are utilized in the construction of voltage stabilizer CONSTRUCTION In shape it is like a small box and is made of sheet metal Inside the box is housed a small auto transfor mer By transformer we mean an electrical appliance which transforms a lesser voltage into a higher voltage or vice versa Eight terminals are brought out from the transformer and are arranged in a circle A selector switch is provided in front of the sheet metal box This Selector switch can be rotated clockwise or anticlock WISC on figures marked from 1 to 8 At each figure one terminal from the transformer is connected under ncath the metallic sheet At each figure the selector switch selects a particular voltage This voltage can be read on a voltmeter fixed on one side of the selector swatch There is a piano switch When this switch is turned on the voltmeter s connected in circuit and indicates the selector switch reading When the piano switch us in off position the voltmeter reading comes to zero and the voltmeter breaks out of the circuit At figure 3 the voltage indica ied is the voltage being received from the electricity department if we move the selector switch anti clockwise towards 2 or I the voltage will fall if we move the selector switch clockwise the voltage will increase The voltage indicated on the soltmeier is that which appeurs across the three pin plug provided at the side or back of the voltage stabilizer The type of voltage stabilizer explained 83 ·Ied midually operated voltage stabilizer in case of AD automatic soltage stabilizer there is no scicctor switch The rollinge in the three pin plug (output stage) remains constant that is balneon 200 volts to 230 volts When the voltage from the electricity depart ment (line oltage of mains voltags) falls control relay operates inside the voltage stabilizer housing ard orcreases the voltage so as to sary between 00 to 210 Whenever the line voltage increases the relay again opernics and bring down the voltage The piano switch is a double throw type in one position it indicates the soltage of the mains line and in the other position (down position) it indicates the voltage at the three pin plus (out put voltage) OPERATION The three min shoc of the voltage stabilizer is in sented in the three pin wall plus (house light plug) The pin shot of the television air conditioner reinige rator or room coolet is inserted in the three pin plus of the soltase stabilizer Switch on the piano swich of the voltage stabilizer to find out the reading on the Soltmeter Rotate the selector switch clockwise or antechnisc to bring the softage he woen 00 and 230 Switch off the piano switch You may note that swichins on ard swichinger of the piano skich does roreTeerite sirrly from three min plu; of the Turlage stabiluer This with a provided to put on or pui oir the voltmeter In se cfa muually craratcut voltage subilizer e bare to check the Sollage 17 the solricter off ard on and direcciary by 10 ating the selector \*ich As a re mil mitice check the voltage in Inc nor of 100oering and hefore you go in bed la case of an att3-11 Soltaic stabilire you are ·saved from the botheration of checking the voltage off an on as adjustment of voltage takes place automatı cally The voltage stabilizer must be provided to control the voltage to television casette/taperecorder, stereo, refrigerator air conditioner, mixer and room cooler etc FAULTS AND REPAIRS Whenever the electnc supply stops to the electri cal appliance where a voltage stabilizer has been used first take out the three pin shoe from the main three pin plug (wall plug) Test the supply in the three pin plug with the help of a pen tester If the supply is avail able insert the three pin shoe of the voltage stabilizer Then test the supply at the three pin plug of the volt age stabilizer If the supply is available then the volt age is in order If not then check up connections in the three pin shoe of the voltage stabilizer and repair of the conacctions are open or burnt due to melting of mire ends insulation Brohen Connections inside the I oltage Stabill-er In case the supply is not available at the threc pin plug of the voltage stabilizer when feeder wire three pio shoe and three pin wall plugs are un order then open the sheet mctal box by vascrewing the body fix ing screws After opening try to locate broken connec tions in the transformer or at the plug and repair such broken connections If the winding of the voltage transformer has been damaged (coil of wire wound around a thin metal sheet assembly) the voltage sta bilizer can only be repaired by a professional mecha nic (who will rensad the transformer) The burnt winding can be deterted from itt emell 85

·1
or from blackened insulation Whenever the winding
of the transformer burns fumes or smole comes out
of the voltage stabilizer The burning of the winding
takes place either due to aging or due to sudden high
voltage surge on the clectricity lines in the electricity
department

·15 REFRIGERATOR Refrigerator is a domestic storing machine for your foodstuffs green vegetables and fruits It also provi des a freezer which keeps the foodstuff cold in looks it appears like a steel cabinet or small almırah The inside temperature of the refrigerator is such that the foodstuffs green vegetables raw meat fruits vegetable dishes etc kept (stored) inside the refrigerator do not get spoiled when outside temperature is very high and Kould spoil entables within a few hours The spoiling action of bacteria on cooked vegetables and other Catables is very fast due to heat in the atmosphere But this spoiling action is reduced to practically nil at temperature near zero degrees centigrade The outside temperature is hot in tropical countries like India and can touch degree 50/5 centicrade and even in cold countries like England Europe the temperature is quite appreciable during summer The refrigerator maintains its inside temperature near zero degrees ccntigrade The temperature inside the freezer (proveded in the refrigerator) is even less than zero degrees centigrade A freezer inside the refrigerator is still a smaller steel chamber Ice cubes or ice cream is made by placing trays of plain water or ice cream mixture inside the freezer Refrigerator is a boon for tbe housewife She can 87

·No text on this page.

·Radiator pipes
Mull
NOU
Cooling PPS
Outlet valve
Intet valve
Compressor
REFRIGERATOR
89

·back of the sefrigerator The gas by crpaading in these tubes becomes cool again and is again pumped back into the freezer tubing through the motor in this way the cooling cycle goes on If you happen to touch the back side tubing or even the motor of the refrigerator during summers you would find them unberably hot OPERATION When the refrigerator is to be put into its first ser vice proceed as follons 1 Install the fridge af such a place in the room so that there is ample flow of air to ecp the back tubins of the reinigerator cool ? Put the regulator switch on figure 5 (cold) 3 Check ih-voltage of the stabilizer Transformer (the function of soliage stabilizer transformer has been described in a seperate chiapier on voltage stabilizers) Turn the selector skich of this rolage stabilizer so that the voltage is between 200 to 230 You may note that the three pin shoe of the olt 280 stabılıer is connected to the main surnly whereas the three pin shoe of the refrigerator is connected to the voltage stabilu er plus $ The switch of the soltmeter of soliage stabilizer is sd, usted on position to role the voltage at which the electric surnty is being fed to the refrigerator 6 Plicca tray of ke acam mixture inude she free zer ard close the shutter of the freezer erd door of ite rengcrator S*100on the selmecrator and notc 11c time Aftet tro houn tale out the tray The i c cream should be ready by rot if the loc cream is tradyo Faily ready JOLs tengerator is working 7 When it morlin; GP th fridge has been chueled bring the trob of the relrigerator to bumber 9:

·3 Place your drinks fruits eatables etc in your newly brought refrigerator aad enjoy the fruits of its con veniences 8 An automatic light bulb is provided inside the refrigerator This bulb is lighted when you open the door of the fridge and is put off when you close the door Actually a door switch is provided which puts off the bulb when pressed by closing the door and puts on the bulb when pressure is released from the door switch (when the door is opened) The inside light of the fridge helps to see your food stacked inside the fridge at night even if the room light is off MAINTENANCE 1 Check with the help of a test pen the body of the refrigerator and the body of voltage stabilizer that they do not show any leakage In case of leakage check connections of wires in the three pin shoes If the connections in three pin shoes are allnight ie earth phase and neutral wires are joined correctly to the respective pins then call for the service man to check your refrigerator In case the leakage is in the voltage stabilizer, then get it set right from a repair shop You can repair minor faults of the voltage stabı lizer yourself But do not fiddle with the machine 2 Keep outside body of the refrigerator neat and clean and shining Keep a small towel on the handle so that your unclean hands do not spoil the handle 3 There is a plastic tray placed below the freezer This collects water which falls when the ice melts from the tubing of the freezer Whenever this tray is filled with water it should be taken out and water thrown out There should be regular cleaning 4 Once a week switch off the refrigerator at night and take out all your foodstuffs In the morning you 93 ·will notice that the plastic tray will be filled with water Throw out this water and clean thoroughly the inside of the fridge with a clean cloth Cloth soaked in Siri can be used for cleaning Dry up water from the inside of the freezer also 5 Restart the refrigerator After it has worked for some time place your foodstuffs again in the stacks Wheneser you open the freezer note the formation of ice on the red spot If it is completely covered do not wait Put off the refrigerator for 12 hours as you do on any other day of cleaning In the latest designs of refrigerators automatic defreeze is provided that is the refrigerator will switch off automatically when it is needed 6 In winter the regulator knob should be kept at number 1 and 10 severe winter the fridge should be switched off for few days or a month as the case may be 7 The room where you place your refrigerator should be normally coolic no direct sun rays should Tail 10 the room or on the refrigerator 8 There should be sufticient space betucen the backside of th fridge and the room wall to allow frec circulation of FIULTS AND REPAIRS Velling Insulation Ilires If the size of the wire is not proper or there are loose connections in the three pin shoe the wire insu lation will melt at the ends and will cause short circuit between neutral nd phase wires In that case re move a tho inch piece of wire from the end and recon nect again with the three pin shoc taking care that the green ware is connected to the earth pin 94 ·Damaged Thermostat In case the electric supply to the refrigerator is in order that is the voltage reading is shown on the stabı lizer transformer thc wire from the voltage stabilizer to the fridge is in order and the light bulb in the refrigera tor is lighted up when the door is opened but still cooling in the refrigerator does not take place it means che thermostat (relay) has been damaged This thermo stat relay in fact carries electric supply to the refrigera tor motor In case of thermostat being defective the motor will not get electric supply and thus will not start The cooling of the fridge will therefore stop In that case get a new thermostat relay and replace it While taking out the damaged relay note down the connections for making the same with the new one Leah age of Gas It may happen that even the motor works but the cooling still does not take place This is a case of leakage of cooling gas The leakage may be due to a broken gas tube anywhere behind the fridge or the tubing around the freezer This might have been dam aged either due to aging or bad material or over freez ing In case of gas leakage or damaged tubing servi ces of a refrigerator mechanic will have to be ob tained Damage to Votor In case the motor does not start even if everything 15 in order there is a possibility of motor being damaged As per guarantee clause the supplier of the refugerator is required to replace the motor or repair It during the guarantee period Therefore you should approach the supphet for attending to the faults of Scaled ccoling unit the under guarantee clause 95

·Defect la Licking
The light can be defectic cither due to fured bulb
or defect in the door stitch In case of ſused bulh you
can replace the bulb in case of damaged door switch
this can also be changed Remove the wires from the
door switch and join them together If the bulbs
lighied when the refrigerator is on it means the de
fect is in the door switch Ir the door switch is al
right and the bulb is also in order it means there is
Sote defect in the light wiring
Tor merding wiring delect call for the sences of a
refrigerator mechanic
96

·16
ROOM COOLER (DESERT COOLER)
The commercial name of a room cooler is desert
cooler During summer when hot air starts blowing
ordinary fans cannot cool the room The circulation
of air effected by an ordinary ceiling or table fan is
that of the room air itself which is hot due to outside
temperature The room cooler on the other hand cools
the air before it blows it into the room This cool air
replaces the hot air of the room and by and by the
room becomes cool The air blowing into the room
from the room cooler is cool and refreshing
PRINCIPLE AND CONSTRUCTION
When water evaporates from a surface of any
material body it renders it cool ſhe same principle
is utilized in the working of a room cooler (desert
cooler)
The blower in the room cooler is coupled with a
Water lift pump When the blower revolves it lifts water
from the tank of the cooler and flows it into the ducts
from where the water sprinkles over the wood packing
placed at the side and back of the room cooler The
blower sucks the air through these wood wool packings
The water then evaporates on to the wool packing
making it cold The air which is drawn through this
wood wool packing and blown into the room with the
help of a blower becomes quite cold
97

·pump The appearance of a room cooler is box type The sides and the back are perforated The back side plate is detachable Wood wool packings are placed against the perforations In the bottom six inch portion there are no perforations on any side and is used as the tank for housing water Inside the room cooler is fixed a motor On this motor is attached a special type of fan blower and a lift pump The lifts the water from the tank and drops at in the slots provided at the top from where the water trickles down the wood packings making them wet The design of the fan is such that it sucks air from the back and sides and blows it into the room from the front On the front side of the room cooler most of the portion is open to allow easy passage of air A plastic decoration type grille and louvres are provided in the front The hot air when it is drawn through the wet wood wool packings become cool and humid The room cooler is generally fired in a window so that its back and sides are open to the outside air for easy suction OPERATION I Fill water in the tank so that indicator in front of the room cooler indicates water level full 2 Put the humidity control switch (provided on the top of the cooler) to cool position This humidity control switch is called Aquadial The other extreme position of tbis switch is Vent At vent no water will flow on to the wood packings and only dry air will be blown into the room Aquadial switch Is kept on vent position during rainy season This switch is put at mid position at night when the outside 31r (during summer) becomes comparatively cool 98 ·3 Insert the three pin shoe in the three pin wall plug Switch on the wall switch Put the Off and On switch provided in front of the coolet panel in aay position los medum or high depending upon the individual requirement 4 When you want to switch off the cooler first switch off from the panel switch of the room cooler and then switch off the wall switch MAINTFNANCE 1 Whenever the cooler starts blowing hot air observe the water level on the indicator You will find it to be empty For filling water in the cooler switch off the cool r I et the motor stop and then fill fresh water 2 Preferably fix the room cooler in a window if you want to keep it portable then keep it near the window(back towards the window) so that it can draw fresh air from outside 3 Check connections in the three pin shoe so that the earth wire (green in colour) is connected to the earth pin 4 Check off and on with the help of a test pen for any current leakage in the body of the room cooler FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 Broken connections in the three pin shoe or at the cooler terminals 2 Loose connections and damaged insulation of wires at the ends (near the three pin shoe) 3 Damaged off and On switch of the room cooler 4 Damaged motor condenser $ Damaged motor 6 No cooling 99

·No text on this page.

·17 ELECTRIC MIXER Flectric mixer is a boon for a housewife It is a very useful kitchen appliance for grinding spices, onions garlic and ginger It is both time and energy saving Another use of this mixer is in the preparation of fruit juices milk shakes cold coffee etc PRINCIPLE AND CONSTRUCTION The force of impact is more at high speed This principle is utilized in the construction of guns The more the speed the more piercing effect the bullet has This principle is also utilized in the construction of Imixers The grinder revolves at a very high speed and crushes even salt stones to fine powder The mixers come in three sizes viz small medium The small and medium sizes are for house hold purposes whereas the large size is used for commercial purposes The small size has only one speed and there are no control switches at the bottom The electric mixer can be divided into three parts from construction point of view Base The base portion houses a small electric motor of a fraction horse power Piano type off/on and speed control switches are provided at the base Besides 101 and large ·off/ on position the other positions are medium and fast A small mixer is provided with only one speed Grinder and Blender The grinders are of two types The one required for preparing fruit juice vegetable onion masala and mill/fruit shakes has original steel blades and 15 called blender For grinding dry spices and hard mixes the blades of the grinder are small in size and are made of very hard stainless steel Glass Box / The glass bowl surrounding the grinder is provided with a lid The material to be grinded or mixed is put into this bowl After the preparation is ready this bowl along with the grinder is detached from the shift of the motor The contents are then poured out OPERATION The desired grinder is fitted with the motor The motor shaft which carries a plastic gear arrangement fits tightly into the grooves provided underneath the bow] The contents are poured into the glass bowl to capacity The three pin shoe of the mirer cable is aserted into the plug of a portable switch board If the mixer 19 single speed the switching off /'on is done from the portable switch board MAINTENANCE 1 The motor of the mixer is not continuouslv rated It should be stopped after 1 to 2 minutes in case of preparation of juices or preparatio like milk shakes In case of grinding spices it should be stopped after five minutes and the condition of contents checked 102

·Stupper
-B! nder
-Blades
-Couplin
Electric motor
Speed Control
Sw tch
ELECTRIC MIXER
103

·2 While preparing juices or wet masala for the vegetables, the contents should be pecled off and cut into 1/2 to 1 inch sizes for grinding the ingredients should be broken to pea size and dried or roasted 3 If the mixer stops due to some defect it should be immediately stopped and the cause of defect checked 4 After the grinding or preparation of juices the mixer bowl and grinder should be flushed with water and cleaned with dry cloth FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 Broken connections in the three rin shoc or in the terminal box at the foot of the mirer Defect in the rotating plastic gear arrangement 3 Defect in the prino control switches 4 Defective motor bearing 5 Defect in the mixer motor The first defect can be repaired easily In case of defecture rotating parts look for broken teeth if any If so the gear with broken teeth should be replaced in case of jammed scars dismantle the gears and locate the defect In case of defect in piano switches the main defect can be a broken connection which can be repaired JA case of the mechanism of piano switch having become defective the piano switch should be replaced Since the speed of the mixer motor 15 very high the bearing can be damaged after long use The damaged bearing starts giving cracking noisc Such a bearing should be replaced If the winding of the motor has been damaged then have it repaired from a mechanic Before declaring a motor damaged look for all the possible causes of faults one by one 104 ·18 GEYSER It is a double walled cylinderical vessel white enamel coated from outside It is fitted with a tubular heating element of 1000 to 5000 watts rating The geyser is fitted on the wall of a bathroom at a suitable height Cold water enters through one inlet pipe ind comes out through another outlet pipe The inlet and outlet pipes are controlled with the help of stop cochs Terminals for heating rod are brought out at the base A red electrical indicator is provided on the geyser which glows when the electric supply to the geyser Is on The geysers are of three types - Storage Water Heaters The vertical models (which are fixed head up bottom down) are of 20 116 25 lit 35 lit 50 11t 70 lit and 100 lit capacity The horizontal models have a capacity of 25 lt 30 lit and 50 lit These are either fixed korizontally on the wall or can be mounted on the floor The outlets can be one or more than one depending upon the size of geyser The rating Portable Geysers The water capacity is about 15 litres of heating element is 3000 watts There is only one hotwater outlet 105

·Therm ste
Tubet atin
element
Douwe wall 3 hou
INLET
OUTLET
Terminal box
GEYSER
106

·Instant Water Heater This geyser is either electronic (without a normal heater element or is provided with a heating element of 1300 watts to 1600 watts rating It is fitted either at the tap point or at the shower point CONSTRUCTION The inner container is made of heavy gauze copper sheet coated with tin on either side and the outer container is pre treated against corrosion with super enamel finish A thick layer of glass wool is provided between the inner container and outer container to effect thermos action (no heat from inside can radiate to outside cold atmosphere) There is an automatic thermostat temperature control (the heating element will be switched off near boiling temperature) However arrangement is made so that the electric supply to the water heater discontinues when there is no flow of water into the water heater an OPERATION In case of storage water heaters open the control valve to the inlet pipe and keep the outlet control closed This will fill the geyser with cold water Switch on the electric supply The indicator lamp will start glowing When the water in the geyser is heated to nearly boiling temperature the thermostat control will automatically cut off electric supply to the geyser The indicator at this temperature will also stop glowing Now open the outlet control valve to drain hot water In case of portable and instant water heaters both inlet and outlet valves are kept open The flow at inlet is controlled to have outlet water at desired temperature (18 case the temperature of outgoing 107

·water is low decrease the supply of water at intet and
vice versa)
MAINTENANCE
1 Before electric supply to the geyser is switched
on ensure that the inlet water supply valve is open to
the geyser
2 In case of instant water heaters avoid using hard
water as this water contains mineral salts
3 In case of leakage of current in the water taps
check for connections of earth wire in the three pia
sboe and at the terminal plate of geyser Also check
for broken insulation at terminal plate
4 The feeder wire should be of proper size and of
copper
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
1 Broken connections in the three pin shoe or at
terminal box or terminal plate
2 Damage to the wire insulation at ends
3 Damage to the wire jasulation in its entire
length
4 Damaged heating element
5 Damaged thermostat
The first three defects can be removed easily as for
any other electrical gadget
The damaged thermostat can also be replaced The
heating element is the last item to be damaged In case
of damaged heating element it is better to get the
geyser repaired from a professional electrician
108

·19 WASHING MACHINE Washing machine is becoming very popular with all middle class families and particularly in families where both husband and wife are working It makes the washing easy and economical Further you are saved from the botheration and delays at the cost of a dhobi CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE The washing machine is fitted with an electric motor of 1/4 horse power to the shaft of this motor is coupled a metallic hollow ball having small ridges on it The shaft is passed through a water tight gland so that no soap water can leak through the soap water housing and fall on to the electric motor The motor is not visible and is housed in the lower portion of the washing machine The upper half portion is either square in shape or round in shape Head of the round metallic ball emerges into this hollow por tion The soap water or Surf water are put into this portion along with clothes for washing A hose pipe 15 provided to drain out the dirty soap water after the clothes have been washed and wrinsed A provision is made and attached to the washing machine for wringing the clothes The principle of centrifugal force is utilized in the construction of washing machine A metallic hollow ball having small ridges on its surface is coupled 10 109

·Met 1 h i bod/
Chamber
put
ER I 2 XL
ha!! la
Pack 8 m310
in the glad
Motor hold
ง
WASHING MACHINE
110

·No text on this page.

·than fifteen minutes Thus you must change the lot of clothes and the machine will get rest automatically 2 When the motor stops rotating even though both the switches are on immediately switch off the machine and remove the clothes The stopping of the motor may either be due to over loding of rotating ball with clothes or some button or cloth might have got stuck with the ball or in its grooves Remove such clothes or buttons very carefully by rotating the ball in reverse direction by hand This will loosen the stuck in garment and you should remove the cloth slowly to avoid its tear 3 While working with the machine check the body of the machine with a test pen off and on so that it does not show any leakage of current and a resultant electric shock on touching * It the motor is jammed due to some unknown cause do not keep the motor on It will burn the motor 5 If the motor gives some cracking or unhealthy sound immediately stop the machine and try to find out the cause of the alarming sound 6 Do not use the machine when the voltage of your house falls below 200 volts due to fluctuation on the electric lines of the electricity department At low voltage your house fuse will not blow out and there is no safety provided against low voltage At low voltage the motor gets damaged FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 A broken connection in the three pin shoe or at the terminals of the motor of washing machine 2 Wrong condection of earth wire 3 Sucking of rotating metallic ball. 4 Defect in the body switch of the machine 112

·5 Defect in the electric motor
The first two defects are minor and can be repaired
easily as already explained Even defective switch can
be repaired easily or changed if broken
Regarding sticking of rotating ball locate visually if
any thread piece of cloth or broken buttons have slip
ped into the groove If nothing of the kind is noticed,
try to rotate the ball by hand if the ball does not
rotate it means the packing material in the gland has
been damaged You can try but it is a bit difficult to
replace the packing material yourself So ask for an
electricians assistance
Defect in motor should be traced out whether the
fault is minori e broken connections of the winding
This can be found out by opening up the motor For
repairing the motor the motor should be removed
from the washing machine The motor should then be
opened Broken wires can be repaired easily If the
motor winding coils have been damaged take out the
burnt coil and get a new one of same sized wire and of
same weight/number of turns Then put this coil in the
motor and make the necessary connections
Grease should be given to the rotating parts of the
motor regularly and periodically to provide smooth
funding of the machine and prevent its rusting
Caution
Do not wash very thin or embroidered and silk
sarees in the machine as they are likely to be damaged
by the rotating ball
113

·20
AIR CONDITIONER
An air conditioner is an appliance which iceps the
room temperature pleasant both during summer and
winter Besides keeping the temperature of room con
trolled it does not aflect the normal humidity of the
room During summers you can enjoy the temperature
of a hill station in your room with the help of an air
conditioner and during winters your room is warm
and pleasant The temperature can be controlled to
suit your personal requirement
PRINCIPLE AND CO\STRUCTION
The principle of refrigeration is utilized in the
working of an air conditioner The only addition is
the blower which sucks in hot air of the room through
one set and blows in cold air through another set of
ducts/louvers The ait sucked in from the room passes
over the cooling pipe assembly and becomes quite cold
before it is blown into the room
The air conditioner is 1 bor type construction con
sisting of three major units and can be divided into
following parts
Cooling Unit
The cooling unit consists of a compressor and sets
of cooling tubes The cooling gas is compressed in the
compressor and in liquid form st is sent into cooling
114

·tubes placed around the blower The gas in these tubes expands and bring down the temperature on these tubes to sub zero The gas after cooling these tubes is drawn into another set of tubing placed at the back of the air conditioner Water trickles on this set of tubing and cools the gas (which had become hot after shedding coolness in the first set of tubing) This gas is again drawn into the compressor It is again compressed to liquid form and pumped into the first set of cooling tubes Thus the cycle of cooling gas goes on Blower The blower (a type of fan) is designed to such air of the room from the front grille and blow it out after cooling it into the room from the top louvers Water Tanh A water tank (small in width) is provided at the top of the air conditioner The water from this tank trickles on the back set of tubing and cools the gas Once filled the water is sufficient for eight hours Controls Exhaust if you open the exhaust the polluted air from the room can be exhausted to the outside atmosphere Ventilate If you open the ventilate fresh air from outside can be drawn into the room 'os and On Suches The 'off and On switches have on off fan and cool positions At fan position blower starts working At cool position both blower and cooling units are working 115 ·Thermostat Thermostat control at heater will work only as heater whereas at other positions it works the au conditioner for cooling At cool it is maximum cold The other positions are for lesser cold The thermostat control is an automatic control for room temperature When the room temperature comes to a set temperature of the thermostat the air conditioner automatically stops OPERATION 1 Insert the three pia shoe of the fccder cable into the three pid wall plug 2 Fill the tank with water 3 Switch on the wall plug 4 Rotate the control knob to cool position The air conditioner will start working 5 Rotate the thermostat knob to cooler position 6 The blower sucks air from the room through grill and blows into the room through louyers Thear after passing over the cooling tubes become cool FAULTS AND REPAIRS 1 Broken connections in the three pin shoe or at the terminal ends of the air conditioner 2 Damage to insulation at the ends of the feeder cable 3 Damage to the blower 4 Damage to the compressor 5 Leakage of cooling gas 6 Damage to the heating elements In case of first fault the air conditioner will not get electnc supply and will not work even if the control kpob is rotated to cool position or heating position Open the cover of the three pin shoe and 116 ·look for any broken connections Also check up for broken connections at the air conditioning terminals In case of damaged insulation at the ends of the feeder cable cut out a two inch piece from the ends and make fresh connections If no air blows out of the air conditioner when it has been switched on check for any damage to the blower It can exther be a broken connection to the blower (which can be repaired castly) or the motor of the blower might have been damaged Get it repaired In case of damage to the cooling unit the com pressor motor will not work and no cooling will be produced Check up if it is the motor which does not work In case of damaged motor get the repair done from the air conditioner repair shop or from the supplier in case the damage to the cooling motor has taken place within the guarantee period In case the cooling gas has leaked due to damage to the cooling tubes the damage to the cooling tubes should be repaired and cooling gas refilled from air conditioner repair shop The cooling in this case will not take place even if the compressor motor works properly In case of damage to the heating elements до heating will be effected by the air conditioner in winter season A damaged beating element should be replaced the leakage of electric current in the body of the air conditioner can be checked with the help of a test pen If there is any leakage check up from broken insulation of electric wires in the air condi tioner MAINTENANCE 1 The connection of earth wire in the three pia 117

·shoe should be proper
2 Ensure presence of cooling water in the water
tank csery morning
3 The foeder cable size should be proper
4 The room where the sir conditioner is installed
should have air tight doors windons and sophilators
The doors should be prouded with jutomatic shutters
The number of open doors windows and venulators
should be as less 75 possible
5 The air conditioner is always fitted in the all
so that the front is open into the room and whol of
back body protrudes out to dissipate heat it the
outside atmosphere
6 Automatic voltage stabilizer must be used with
the air conditioner as a safeguird against fuctuating
voltage of clectricity
118

·21
ELECTRIC BELL
CONSTRUCTION
An electric bell consists of a small electromagnet
There is a imoving contact (moving arm) This moving
contact carries a small metallic ball point which
strikes against a gong (Metallic semi circular attach
ment) When an electric current is passed through
the coil of an electromagnet the magnet attracts the
moving arm and its point strikes against the gong
When the arm moves towards the electromagnet
the connection of electric supply is broken and the
arm goes back to its original position In doing so
the connections of electric supply are again made and
electromagnet again attracts the moving arm Thus
to and fro movement of moving arm causes striking
on the gong
The components of an electric bell are illustrated
in the diagram The magnetic coil is wound with a
thin copper wire
OPERATION
When the push button of the bell is pressed at the
gate or in the verandah an electric current is passed
through the coil and the electromagnet attracts the
moving arm towards it When this arm moves toy ards
the magnet the electric circuit is broken and the
electric supply to the magnet ceases The electro
119

·Electric Supply unc
Electro magnet
Push Button
Armature (solt iron)
Maying contact
Hammer
Gon
ELECTRIC BELL
120

·No text on this page.

·4 In case the hall point is found tourhir: the
metallic gone on inspection the hell in that case will
not sound and the adjustment scres in that cu
should be moved out
5 In case of damascu (1970) electroms most 1
the tell will not work Such n coil needs renl.cemert
The bint coil can be detected from its smely
cordition or from its smelt
122

·22
HEAT CONVECTOR
A new development in plate heaters/foot heaters is
the Sunflo The housing of this heater consists of a
heating element and a small fan to blow out heat
from this heating element In other words the air
which comes out of this heater is hot and makes the
room um Just hike a desert cooler for summes it is
a room heater for winter
CONSTRUCTION
As shown in the figure (page 125) it has a box type
construction (the width being quite small as compared
to other dimensions) The control switch has four
positions Off I II and Fan At position I one heating
element is switched on long with the fun On
position II two heating elements are switched on
along with the fan At position off only the beating
clement works and the fan stops At fan position
only fan works and the heaters are off
OPERATION
Insert the three pin shoe in the wall plug Switch
on the wall plug Rotate the control knob of Suollo
to position I or II keeping in view the intensity of heat
required and the size of the room
MAINTENANCE
1 The feeder cable size should be at least 6 mm alumi
123

·nium or 5/22 copper The insulation of the undersized cable (if used) will be damaged on 2000 w load 2 The carth wire connection in the three pin shoe should be proper (green colour wife should be connec ted to the thicker pin of the shoe) 3 The body of the Sunfio should be checked persodically with the help of a test pen'for any leakage FAULTS AND REPAIRS I Broken connections in the three pin shoe or at the terminal points of Sunflo 2 Melted wire ends 3 Damaged fan 4 Defect in the control switch 5 Current leakage In case of broken connections the electric supply to the Sunflo will stop and neither the heaters nor the fan will work Check up for broken connections in the three pio shoc or at the terminals of Sunflo Repair the broken connections In case of melted wire cads the phase and peutral wires when in contact cause a short circuit and the insulation at the ends of wires melts This in turn will blow out the house fuse whenever the Sunflo is switch ed on For this fault look for damaged insulation of wires either 10 the three pin shoe or at the terminals of the Sunflo In case of damaged insulation cut the feeder wire by two inches at the ends and make fresh connections In case the insulation of whole feeder cable has been damaged replace the feeder cable If either one or both the heating elements have been effected you can automatically know that fan is damag ed The fan no doubt will work but the air coming from the Sunflo will be either cold or less hot The damaged heating element can be located by dismantling the Sun 124

·fo and inspecting the heating elements The damaged
heating element has to be replaced
In case of damage to the fan it will not work and
no hot air will flow out of the Sunilo The fan will not
Heating element
Electric fan
Wire mesh
Control Knot
Host Convector
work even if the Sunflo is switched on If it is a
broken wire connection to the fan it can be repaired
casily But in case of damaged fan motor it will have
to be repaired by an electrician or the fan may be
replaced as a whole
In case of defective control switch the Sunflo will not
work If it is a loose contact between the moving arm
and the fixed contacts this can be repaired by bending
the contact arm strip The fixed and moving contacts
125

·should be cleaned thoroughly with the help of petrol In case of a burnt control switch and burnt contacts the control switch should be replaced In cisc of lezlage of current into the body of the Sunflo look for bare suire (fceder wire) coming in con tact with the metallic body of Sunfio or broken insula tion between the heating element and the body of the Sunflo 126

·23
COOKING RANGE
An oven when fitted with heating plates is called a
cooking range The number of plates vary from two to
three The heating plate is in the shape of a tubular
heating coil Additional controls for these heating
plates are also provided
The shape of cooking range resembles that of an
ordinary cabinet type electric oven At the top of this
cabinet (on table top) are provided two or three heat
ing plates
In short in a cooking range there is provision for
keeping cooked foodstuffs hot provision for baking
and also provision for cooking meals on the hot plates
The heating elements both inside the oven and that
of hot plates are called heating tubes which are quite
tough and have a long life
OPERATION
To open and close the door pull gently and push
the door knob gently to close
At the back is an exhaust hole keep it initially
open for about 5 to 7 minutes so that moisture can
escape Then keep it closed till the duration of the
cooking
Switch D in the cooking range is used for con
trolling the radiant hot plate on right hand side
Switcu C is meant for controlling the radiant hot
127

·plate on left hand side The respective positions for these switches mcans When on 0 OFF When on 1 LOW (Low heat) 300 watts When on 2 Medium (Only one coil working) 600 watts Whep on 3 High (High Heat) 1250 watts Switch B 18 a thermostat switch which regulates automatically the temperature of oven chamber as required in the range of 50 C to 300 C (120 F to 570 F) Pilot Lamp is for Oven only The oven switches On and Off according to the inside temperature reached and the pilot lamp lets you know it by its On and Off Switch A is for controlling the heating elements in the ovea The switch positions denote the following When on 0--OFF When on 1-Both top and bottom elements working LOW -Low heat (300 watts) When on 2-Only top element working medium heat Medium -Grill (600 watts) When on 3-Both top and bottom elements work ing High -High heat (1200 watts) FAULTS AND REPAIRS The general faults and their repairs could be followed as outlined in the chapters on heating plates and overs 128 ·24 BATTERY ELIMINATOR Transistor radios portable record players and stereos portable television sets and tape recorders are battery operated By adding to the cost of above gadgets an in built arrangement is provided so that these sets can be operated on AC mains also When the AC supply cord is plugged in the battery of the set is isolated The consumption cost of batteries is quite high as compared to the electric consumption charges If the sets do not have an in built arrangement for operating them on the AC mains battery eliminators can be made use of the battery eliminator is connected to the AC mains through a suitable electric cord The transistor radio record player tape recorder or any such equipment is connected to the battery eliminator at the indicated plug (output DC) CONSTRUCTION The battery eliminator houses a small step down transformer and a semi conductor rectifier circuit The transformer steps down the AC voltage from 230 to 6 volts or 12 volts This 6 or 12 volts A C is then conver ted into 6 or 12 DC volts by passing it through the rectifier circuit A red indicator is provided which starts glowing when the eliminator is connected to the AC supply A flush type switch is provided to switch On Off the DC supply to your set So that no confu 129

·sion takes place while making connections with the
battery eliminator at the input socket it is mentioned
230 volts AC and at the output socket-6 volts or
12 volts DC
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
Battery eliminator is quite a compact and robust
equipment The transformer and the rectifier circuits
are very rarely damaged The damage to the transfor
mer is only apprehended when there is accidental rise
of AC mains voltage The battery eliminator in that
case will give out smoke The repair to the transfor
mer or to the rectifier circuit should be entrusted to a
mechanic The other faults which can be attended
easily are loose connections at the plug or shoe
broken connections at the plug or at the socket of the
battery eliminator
130

·25 VACUUM CLEANER room The cleaning of your house with the help of a vacuum cleaner is most scientific and hygienic In ordinary Sweeping dust particles are spread into the air of the These dust particles are thus inhaled and cause sore throat and infection in the respiratory system Fur ther these dust particles after fioating in the air for some time agara settle down on your furniture and other articles of your room and make them look un clean In case of a vacuum cleaner no such nuisance takes place The dust is sucked through a flexible pipe and dropped into a plastic bag through the pipe CONSTRUCTION The vacuum cleaner equipment consists of a rotary pump which is worked with a small high speed elec tnc motor There is one inlet and one outlet to this rotary pump At the inlet a long flexible pipe is con nected ending into a broad mouth The outlet of the rotary pump is connected to a flexible bag (which is detachable) through a small pipe The pump and motor arc housed in a sheet of metallic casing Rotary pump is in fact a vacuum pump From the inlet pipe dust is sucked in From the outer pipe this goes into the plastic bag The suction is so strong that cien pieces of stone paper wood ard other foreign material are easily picked up and the sur- 131 ·face of the carpet (where vacuum cleaner is being used) is rendered cleap The long inlet pipe helps in not moving the pump trolley too much in the room The outlet bag after cleaning the room can be detached and the dust material spilled out The empty bag can be again attached to the outlet pipe and the vacuum cleaner is ready for use ag310 FAULTS AND REPAIRS Loose or broken connections in the three pin shoc or at the terminal box of the vacuum cleaner as the first possibility for non working of the vacuum clea ner The three pin shoe (plug) and terminal box at the vacuum cleaner should be opened and necessary repair should be carried out In case the end insulation of the electric cord has been damaged or the wire ends have melted cut out a two jach piece from the ends and make fresh connec tions Damaged Motor In case the electric supply is 10 order and the elec tric cord is in sound condition but the vacuum clea ner does not work the cause may be a damaged motor In that case the vacuum cleaner will have to be disa mantled Find out if it is a mere broken connections at the motor terminals Smell the winding of the motor If it gives smell of burnt material the motor should be repaired by an electrician or it should be given to the electrical goods shop for repair Puncture in the Suction Pipe If the suction pipe is punctured due to mechanical fault the working of the vacuum cleaner will become very much inefficient Proper suction will not take 132

·place in the pipe and dust material will thus not be
lifted The punctured suction pipe should be replaced
as a whole
Defective Rotary Pump
Number of faults can take place in the rotary pump
such as damage to the bearings loose packing material
in the gland The faulty pump should be immediately
repaired by an electrician
+
Jamming of the Pump Bearings with Dust
To keep the vacuum cleaner in the best condition
it should be thoroughly cleaned from inside once a
month
133

·26
EMERGENCY LIGHT
Whenever the electric supply fails everybody in
the house feels panicky and a frantic search is made
for a match box and a candle to light up the room
Sometimes the candle may not be available and one
has to sit in the dark till the electric supply is resto
red
In commercial establishments and operation thea
tres the failure of clectric supply may result in theft
or danger to human life To ward off this situation
emergency light has been developed The model of
this light is shown in the pictorial view
CONSTRUCTION
An emergency light is a double element vacuum
coated beam with replaceable bulbs It has switches
for dim and bright light to suit one s requirement
In addition it has testing push button pilot lamp
and extension socket self regulating and self controll
og battery charging system of 6 V battery Once light
ed an emergency light works for 24 hours in continu
ous operation
OPERATION
Connect the unit to 230 V AC mains supply The
pilot lamp will glow indicating that the unit has been
connected to the supply When switched on, the battery
134

·circuit gives light
Test switch has been provided to test the unit
When the test switch is pressed the battery circuit
will be connected and a red indication light will be on
MAINTENANCE
1 Place the unit in the position as shown by the
arrow mark on the label Do not tilt the unit as
this will cause the battery acid to leak
2 Do not connect the unit to mains unless the red
and black wires inside the unit have been connected
to positive and negative terminals of the battery res
pectively
3 After connecting the leads to the battery apply
vaseline to avoid corrosion of the terminals
4 After every two weeks add distilled water in all
the three compartments (cells) of the battery to main
tain the acid level
5 The unit should not be left idle for more than a
Week It should be connected to AC mains at least for
5 to 6 hours a week keeping it in On position
6 When the unit is not required for use during
holidays keep the emergency light in Off position and
disconnect it from AC mains
135

·27
ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER
In order to light the gas and to avoid the use of
match box electric lighter is being used by house
wives It is economical and safer as compared to
conventional use of match sticks for lighting is ovens
and gas stoves Match bor becomes damp and taopera
five during rainy season burnt out match sticks of
ten dirty the kitchen and there are also charces of
burning the fingers All these could be avoided with
the electric gas lighter in your kitchen
CONSTRUCTION
The body of this pen like gas lighter ss made of
Slame resistant butrate resin Thc cap of the lighter is
protected by an anodized aluminium grille
A push bution is provided on the body Press this
button gently for switching on the lighter Bring the
lighter close to the stove Leave the button almost
immediately Under no circumstances should the
lighter remain tighted for more than about fiseseconds
Rated at 230 volts this lighter 15 suitable for opera
tion on A C supply only
MAINTENANCE
1 Avoid contact with the cap of the lighter while
it is in operation
2 Avoid handling the lighter with wet or oily hands
136

·28
HAIR DRIER
This 15
very handy equipment for ladies for
drying and setting their hair contours The ladies hair
dressers also make use of this while giving artificial
curls to the hur During rainy reason or in winters
the hair drier shall dry up hair fast if one is in hurry
CONSTRUCTION
Hair drier primarily consists of a small fan and
a small heating element The air from the fan blows
over the heating element and becomes hot Provi
sion is made to have independent switch control for
heating element The heating element can be switched
off when not required A three pin shoe is connected
at one end of the electric cord (cable) whereas the
other end of the cord is connected to the hair drier
The heating element and the blower fan are housed
10 an unbreakable bakelite body The shape of the
hair drier is horn type and it has an easy hand grip
The whole equipment is quite light and easy to
handle
FAULTS AND REPAIRS
1 If the connections in the three pin shoe are
broken or loose the working of the hair drier will be
impaired The three pia shoe should be opened and
necessary repairs should be carried out
137

·2 If the heating clements is damaged the fan will
work but the air blown out will not be hot Opeu the
hair drier and fiad out of the heating elements
damaged or there is a break in connections JT the
heating element is damaged it should be replaced
with an exact duplicate which can be bought from the
market by showing the damaged one if the conacc
tions have been snapped they should be rectified
3 In case the fan has been damaged no air will blow
out of the hair drier Open the hair drier and check
the connections of the wires and also smell the fan
motor if the connections are broken the fault can
be removed by repairing the connections In case the
fan motor gives sone burnt smell and does not rotate
it needs replacement An exact duplicate drier fan
should be purchased from the market by showing the
damaged one and immediately replaced
4 In case insulation of the electric cord has been
damaged at the ends fresh connections should be
made after cutting a two inch piece from the ends
138

·29
MILK COOKER
Crying over spilt milk is a saying that many house
wives have often taken literally For unless the milk
is watched while on stove or gas it boils over and
spills
To overcome this hazard a milk cooker has been
introduced Generally the milk cookers are heated
externally by a gas oven or electric heater But milk
cookers with embedded electric heating elements are
also available It is provided with an automatic
whistle which gives a prompt and timely warning as
and when the milk starts boiling The sharp whistle
never fails to alarm the bousewife The mill cooker
can be easily stored in a refrigerator
OPERATION
While using the milk cooker keep these in mind
1 Remove the stopper on the whistle and fill the
outer chamber with about one full glass of water
2 Replace the stopper and pour the milk into the
inner container
3 Cover with the lid and place in an oven or as a
heater (for external heating) You will hear the whistle
blow when the milk boils
MAINTENANCE
1 Always pour water in the outer chamber before
139

·issued to the manufacturers for their products by the Indian Standards Institution itself The manufacturer who wants to get ISI mark for his product is required to submit five samples of his product to the Indian Standards Institution These are tested by the Indian Standards Institution for their standards of quality Then an Inspecting Officer of the Institution Visits the factory premises of the applicant and selects samples at random These samples are also quality tested A few samples are also collected from the market They are also quality tested If the Institution 15 satisfied with the overall test results an ISI mark is issued to the manufacturer for his product Then that manufacturer can stamp on his product the I$i mark After every six months the samples at random are taken from the factory premises of the manufacturers and quality tested so as to casure that the quality of the product is not reduced by the manufacturers with the passage of time and they misuse the ISI mark and fool the customers It is ensured that ISI mark is a guide to the customers for sciecting products of best quality If the customer has a complaint against some ISI approved product he can also write to the ISI authorities CONSUMERS GUIDE In the manufacture of Electrical Household Appliances Bajaj Racold Johnson hase a big name In the manufacturing of light httings and lighting items electric fans and motors Philips Cromption GEC Sylvania have an equally reputed name in the manu facture of certain items such as electric fans electric irons electric heaters washing machines electric kettles some local manufacturers have also come up 142 ·If they use the best raw material and ensure the quality control the items manufactured by them (which are comparably quite cheap) can also serve your purpose But there is no certificate of quality and guarantee about such locally manufactured items and sometimes they can miserably fail and even endanger your life while in use of proper quality insulating material has not been used in their manufacture For the guidance of the consumer a table is given below As a principle go so for the best material even though at the face of it it may appear a bit costly Name of the item Manufacturer s name 5 Black tape 6 PVC tape 1 Screw Driver Set PYE Gedore 2 Pliers and Cutters Gedore 3 Spanners Set Gedore 4 Test Pen Amarjyoti Meena Philips Hillion Steel Grip 7 There Pin and Two Pin Plugs Bajaj Kay Veto AMCO 8 Three Pin and Two Pio Sockets Bajaj Kay Veto 9 Switches Bajaj kay Veto 10 Electric Lamp Philips Crompton Bajaj Sylvania GEC keselec 11 Flourescent Tube Philips Crompton Bajaj Sylvania GEC Keselec 12 Starter Philips Crompton Bajaj Sylvania GEC Keselec 13 Choke Philips Crompton Baju Sylvania GEC Keselec 14 Electric Fans Crompton Usha Bajaj GEC Orient Rallifan 143 ·Bajaj Racold Bajaj Racold Bajaj Johnson Racold 15 Electric Heaters 16 Electric Press 17 Heating Plates 18 Eletric Water Immer sion Rod 19 Electric kettle 20 Coffee Percolator 21 Egg Boiler 22 Electric Toaster 23 Electric Ovens 24 Voltage Stabilizer 25 Refrigerator Baja, Racold Bajaj Racold Bajaj Racold Nita Navlight Bajaj Racold Murphy Bagaj Jobsson Racold Bajaj Gem Weston Kelvinator Gem Godrej Allwyn Voltas Racold Gulmarg Bajaj Bajaj Racold Baja) Johnson Racold Bajaj Johason Racold Voltas Bajaj Arco Bajaj Racold Sunflo Bajaj Johnson Racold Johnson Bajaj 26 Room Cooler 27 Electric Mixcer 28 Geyser 29 Washing Machine 30 Air Conditioner 31 Heat Convector 32 Cooking Range 33 Vacuum Cleaner 34 Emergency Light 35 Electric Gas Lighter 36 Hair drier 37 Milk Cooker Bajaj Bajaj Racold Bajaj 144

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