·NSE-PWC/34.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
WHEAT CONFERENCE
Held at Simla, on Thursday, May 10th, 1934.
PUBLISHED BY TDE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI,
USTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRES3, SIMLA.
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·No text on this page.

·List of persons attending the Wheat Conference, Ma Government of India (1) Tlie Ilonour abie Khm Labidur Mian Su T'azl i llustin, KCSI, I CIE, Kt, Member in charge of the Depu tuent of Education Ilealth and Lands (2) The Ilonou able $1 JOOLPII BHORE, CSI KCID, CBI, ICS, Níember in charge of Railway and Commerce Deput ments (3) The Lonourable Sır T'rink MOYcr., Kt, CSI, CBI ICS, Member in charge of Indistries and Laboui Department (4) I be Honoui able Sir JWDIES GRIGC, ICB Member in charme of the rinance Department (5) Şır ALAN PARSONS CIC ICS Societary to the Govcrunt of India Finance Department (6) Den in Lahadur Sir T VIJAY ARAGIIAT ACHARYA, KBC, Vice Chauman, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (7) Mr G S BAJI 11, CIC CBC, ICS, Secretary to the Gov erninent of Indi! Depri tinent of Education Ilea th ind Lands (8) Mr RD CHANDRA, CIE MBL, ICS Joint Suciptary to the Governnent of India Department of Education Health and Lands (9) Dr W MICRAL D Sc Offs Agricultural Expert Tinperial Council of Agricultural Research (10) A1r MSA HIYDARI, ICS Deputy Secretary to the Govern ment of India Department of I'ducation, Health and wands (11) Dr D B MELL, CIL OBC, D Sc, Dnector General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (12) Dr N D CALDER, Director of Traffic Railway Department (13) Mr J B SHEARER ICS Under Secretary to the Government of India Finance Department (14) Mr A M LIVINGSTONC Marketing Expert Imperial Council of Agricultural Researcn (15) Mr Mi VAIDYANATHAN, Statistician, Imperial Council of Agri cultural Research Bombay- (16) Mr W J JENKINS, Chief Agricultural Officer, Sind L33EEL ·List olasants irom whom Government of In-lia Publications are available. ENLAND. TEE IICII COUSTISSIONER FOR INDIA, INDIA JOUSE, ALDWYCI, LONDOY;IY. C. PALESTINE. Steim.sizky, Jerusaluun, INDIL (6) PROVIYIL (YVEYT IM D:POT. SLADU 15:- Saxerintendont, Governont Press, Jount fluvl, sirke BWN1Y:-Superintonclunt, Governinunt Printing and Stationery, Quitori, Bombay. Sind;- Librarynttichos lo tlo Oliwofthw('n nii tainnurin vimi, kiri hi. UNITEO PROVINCES UV AOLA AND OLDI:-Supxrinlendout or (Ivyrerniont l'n:23, Unitxl Provia xi01.1:18 17 Oudb, .اميرا وادث PUNJAN;Suprintendunt, Covornnent Printing, Punjab, Libor Bonsai :mSuperintendunt, Govornıncnt Printins Bormi, 1.31. CENTRIL PROVINUES IYO Benix:-Suprinten lunt, Civera Hont l'rintin, Control Provincer, Fagper. A3S11:Superin londont, 21352113 Sovrutuit Press, Shil!!!.. BAR AND OR1931:_Supresinto a lunt, (iver nat Prislissa, Bihrani Oriski, ?".0.7inlerhuth, P.13. Nortui-\VEST FROSTIER PROVINCE: -Lungur. Crusvern vont Printing boil Statia:wry, Pusk..yir. (6) PxLVITE PONA-SELL.CUS. Aero Storos, Karachi City. Vate on Co., Publishers, Coorgo Town, Luras, Vcasri, G... Albert Library, Dicc... Association Press, Calcutta. Yownsend C., Lui., Calcutts, Mours. V. Banorjea & Bros., Ranchi, Moszr3. G. Nurth Inrlin Cloristian Irisct and Book Sociaty. 18, Cliva Banthiya & Co., Ltl., Kucleri Roul, Ajaior. Ruxl, illi 1,61. Rongal Flying Club, Dun Dam Cantt.. Oriont. Boo! Supplying Igungy, 15, Shukratar, Poona Bhnwnani Sons, Now Delhi. City. Bombay Book Dopxt, Girgaon), Bombay, Oxfont Book anl Slitinnory Company, Delhi, Lahoro, Book Company, Calentt.. Sina, Vuernt and Cul'ultimo Booklover's Resort, Taiku 1, Trivandrum, South India. Paulit Co., Bonbvy, feu. J. JL. Burna Book Club, Ltil., Rangoon. Perihli & Co., Rirols, Ver. 1). Butterworth & Co. (Incm), Lui., Cslcutta. l'ioncar Brod Supply Cn.. 20, Shib Virisyan Du Lac, Calcutta Book Agency, 10-1, Shumna Chamn Doy Calcutta 571219, Cloth mar Dilhi. Street, Chleuth. Popılır 131 k Dant, Grint Isl, Boinbay. Chatterjco & Co., 3, Bachram Chattorico Lano, Colontti Punjo kuligiour Rysk Socioty, Lesligro. Chukursurtty, Chatterjco & Co., Lh., 13, College Square, Pasvikrit foak Dupot, Suinith Street, Loro. Calcutta, Razuth Iraivi & Sons, Patna City. City Book Co., Vasas. Ron Chri frit Covinde Sone, liitbeluvi Roal, Bombay. City Book Ilouse, lleston Road, Cawaporo. Hou Chinir S714, bnbs R10li. Commercia? Baal Co., thort, Rubin Krislina Soni, Biokschlory, inorkuli, Lahoro. Das Gupta & Co., 51/1, Collogo Street, Calcuttur. Ron Kritn.) Bror, Opposito Bisbrambar, Poon. City. Dcoran Book Stall, Poon. d. Riin Siriin Lil. kstri.113sbobol. Delhi and U. P. Flying Clubs, Ltd., Delhi.. Pz nezly Book Depot, Slitio r.ro Jirt, 11233mor Orto, English Book Dapot, Horozoporu. D.111, English Book Dopot, Tuj Road, Agra, and Sadjar Bazar, Rv Sonu, 3, K, L Elrarles Road, Rzivalpindi, Jhansi. Jurrio und Pellizwar, lleisry, J. English Bookstall, Karachi. Buy Chow lhury & Co., 03/3, .Lautoja 3Tukherjco Road, Falsir Chand Marinh, Pezintar Cantto Cilenti, Tono Book Agency, New Dulbi and Simia. Rochou • Sons, Tsir.. Gaya Prasad & Sons, Agm. koja Co., Karielii. Gopalakrishna Kono, Pudumandapam, Hadras, Vossra. Roy Chowilhury i Co., 11, Collezo Squan, Calcatta, E.11. Verirx. .Y.N. Grantha Dandir, Cuttuck. Simpson Willinn Co., 127-B, The Wall, Crtvapore. Higginbothams, Andras. Survir Sons, Is, College Squsro, Cslcutta, seurs Hindu Library, 137/6, Balaram Do Stroot, Calcatti, J.C. Hydornbart Book Dopot, Chauorghat, Ilydoralad (Deccan). Sarkir Co., 2.56.5.21 Charan Da Strost, Calcutta, Haur. Imporial Book Dopot, and Prcas, our Jena Usjid, P.O. (Mnchhliwalan), Delhi. Indian Army Book Dopot, Dayılbagh, Amn. Scientific Publishing Co., 3. Taltola Lino, Calcatta, Scahachiloni In lian Army Book Depot, Jullundur City and Darga. Shivji & Co., P. O. Chau'i.ganj, Cuttacks. Sisulipitain, 1233r3. ganj, Delhi, Indian Book Shop, Bonarcs City. Sliri Slunkar Karnauks Pustaka Blandara, Jalamaddi, Indian School Supply Dopot, 309, Boj Bazar St, Calcutta. s. P. Book tall, 21, Budhwar, Poons. Dharwar. Insurance Publicity Co., Ltd., Liboro. International Book Servico, Poona 1 Srivilliputur Co-operativa Trading Union, Ltd., Srivilli- Jaina & Bros., Mori Gate, Dolhi, Mosers, J. V. puttur (S. I. R.J. James Murray & Co., 12, Govt. Placo, Calcutta (for Stindard Bookstall, Quetta and Lahora. Stanslard Rookstall, Karchs. Meteorological publications only). Kali Charan & Co., dunicipal Market. Calonths Stindard Book Dapot, Lahory, Dalhousio and Dulbi. Kamala Book Depot, 15, College Squiro, Calcutta Standard Law Book Sovioty, 5, HastingStrust, Caloutta Kamals Book Stores, Bankiporo, Patna. Sturlard Literatura Company, Ltil., Calcutta. Karnataka Publishing Houso, Bangalore City. Strients' Emporium, Patna Keale & Co., Karachi. Students' Popular Depot, Kacheri Rd., Laboro, Kothari, Raipura Road, Baroda, Mossrs. 11. C. Sirat and District Tra‘ling Socioty, Surat. Krishnaswami & Co., Teppakulam P. O., Trichinopoly Tricker at Co., Ltd., Bombay. Tirnprovala Sons & Co., Bombay, Messrs. D. B. Fort, Messrs. S. Labiri & Co., Calcutta, Mossrs. S. K. Thecker, Spink & Co., Ltd., Calcutta, Law Publishing Co., Mylapore, Madras, Tripathi & Co., Booksellers, Princes Stroat, Kalbadari Lawrence and Mayo, Ltd., Bombay (for Meteorological Road, Bombay, Mossrs. N. IL publications only), Union Storcs, Indoro City, Local Self-Govt. Institute, Bombay. Univorsity Book Agency, Kachari Road, Lahore. London Book Co. (India), Arbab Road, Peshawar, Upper India Publishing House, Lul., Literaturo Pela04 Murree, Noivshera, Rawalpindi, London Book Depot, B. & 1 Ba'ar, Bareilly, U.P. Amniuddaula Park, Lucknow. Malhotra & Co., Quetta, Messrs. U. P. Varadachary & Co., Madras, Messrs. P. Mohanlal Dossabhai Shah, Rajkot. Vijapur & Co., Vizagapatam. Nandkishore if Bros., Chowk, Benares City. Notaron & Bros., Te kalam P. O. Trichinopoly, S. India, Wheeler & Co., Allalabad, Calontts and Bombas, aunt. A. H. Young Mna & Co., Ajmer. "Agent for Pablications on Aviation only. Y ·Proceedings of the Wheat Conference, held at Simla on Thursday, the 10th May, 1934 The Conference met in the Members' Room in the Assembly Building at 11 AM, with the Honourable Mian Sır Fazl 1 Husain in the Chan 1 hc Chanman in opening the Conference said I must first welcome the representatives of provinces who have come from long distances after taking a troublesome journey, unpleasant in these days at sacrifice of time and comfort I would not have ventured to give you that trouble but for the encouragement received from you in mower to a question put to provinces--the wheat producing provinces – whether under existing circumstances they would like to have a consultation between themselves to study the present day troublesome problem of wheat prices The response was such that it resulted in our inviting you to come liere and consider this difficult but at the same time very important problem What is it that is peculiar about the wheat problem to day ! There are two things which are peculiar about wheat as compared with other agni cultural products Firstly, wheat is the one thing for which they have had, I helieve, separate international conferences I believe a wheat con ference is sitting in London now and there is something peculiar about wheat, that is very elusive They did not come to any conclusion last time and such reports as have been received about the wheat confcrence that is procre ling i l ondon now do not seem to be very encouraging so far as arriving at results is concerned The second thing about wheat in India is that we are more or less isolated There is no import of wheat because of the Wheat Act of 1931 and there is no export because for some years our prices have been above world parity These are, so far as I can sce, peculiar features about the wheat problem in India Internationally we dre out of it Within India we are so to speak controlling home mari eta Then there are three questions which I should like to be considerer in the light of the statistics that have been provided and in the light of such information as representatives of the wheat producing provinces may possess The first question is--is it a fact that the fall in the case of wheat prices in India is greater than the fall in the prices of other gu1 cultural products in wheat producing provinces ? Statement No VI and Graplı Vo V I believe, deal with this That is the first question which probably you would like to consider The second question is lou dro wheat prices governed in the different provinces in India ? What deter mines them ? It will be noticed that there is considerable vainition betwcen the wheat prices in different provinces Is it due to the supply in that province and the demand in that province i Is at due to railway freight and incidental charges from the different wheat producing centres to the consuming places, or is there any other reason Statement No X, I believe, is relevant to this question And the third question which alises is, does the wheat produce of a year bear any direct and definite relation slup to the price of wheat during that year, taking into account such stocks as may have been handed down from the preceding year ? This question concerns the all India basis as well as the provincial basis Statements L33EHL ·ii United Provincesma (17) MIr. P. M. KIIREOUT, I.C.S., Secretary to the Governnicut of the United Provinces, Agriculture Departinent. Punjab (18) The IIonourable Sir JOGINDRI SINGII, Kt, Minister, Agriculture, Pumjab. (19) The Honourable Mr. D), J, Lorn, C.I.E., I.C.S., l'inance Jem. ber, Punjab. (20) Khan Bahadur Manivi FITCII-UD-Din, Officinting Director of Agriculture, Punjabs. Central Provinces (21) dir. R. N. BAXIRDI. 1.6' S., Revenue Secretary to the riovernmeni of the ('entral Provinces. (22) Nr. J. II. Ritu, Director of griculture, Central Province. .

·in Maulv. F'atel-ud d111 Prices for wheat are fired in the minds as follows The grower brings lus produce to the market and it is heaped in front of his commission agent's shop In the afternoon the buyers ud their brolers come along and an auction is lield at cach lieap Ot coiirse it is all done secictly There are very few mandis in the Punjab wlicro open auctions are held The bids between the broher of the buyer ud the commission agent of the seller are secret, until some understummy is ainned at and that is the price fised for that heap After thic day's transaction these commission agents get together and find out the average price paid in the day and that is the market price for the day Ant that price forms the basis for the tiansactions ou the following day, though it docs not govern them And that price is telephoned or telegraphed to other mandis in the province Ilonourable Nr. D J. Boyd - The mandis mainly concerned arc Lyallpur, Okara, Amritsar, to some extent Ludhiana, and Hapur and Muzaſtarnugar, the latter two being in the United Provinces, but also governing Punjab prices The dealers in these different mandis exchange telephonic communication in the morning regarding the prices arrived at on the Previous day, and those form the starting price for the next day Alsg commucation is made regarding stocks in the mandıs and stocks coming On that the brokers of the dealers make their bargaius, gencrally secietly, as described by Jlaulvi Fateh ud din. Chairman - Are the buyers mainly middlemen or actual buyers! Honourable Alfr D J. Boyd--Mainly middlemen Firms like Owen Roberts would probably have their own buyers in the mandzs «27143 buy direct. Charman --But have not people like that ccased to be buyerSinco cxport was stopped ? Ilonourable Nr D J Boyd ---They buy for the army Then of course the prices are tremendously upset by gambling In Amritsar we have two exchanges that lave upset prices very badly indeed It is really a process of salta gambling that goes on in these exchanges The e\clange, tlıcın selves stanıl to win cvery time because they merely record transactions and take commissions, and the people who win or lose are those who offer to buy or sell wicat l'ortunes are won and lost on these crchanges to are not quite sure that they ought not to be suppressed and are watulung them. In recent months they have not been prominent, but last ycar llieir dculings weic on such a large scale that you could not get along the sticets of Anritsar whicle they have their offices and we were a food deal pc.- tu.bul On the whole, loncier, tlic effect scems to be to ra sc thc pice a littlc and therefore as a province we do not object But . bad crash is bound to come sooner or later We expected it last December and a few crashes did come but not on the scale we evpected On the other hand we found onc peculiarity, that wlicht was travelling backwards and forward between Lindore and Amritsar As regards our larvest thuis scar I should ay we are beginning to suspect that the outturn will be 10 per cent les than we estimul Tho crop is not thresiung out well The late whicat is producin, u lot of Nirncllcd uriin, and the estimate of the British Cotton Growm. Issiciation, based on dcliuile experiments in their owu threshing, is that it IS ·2 No. 1, V and VI, I believe, bear on this question. A correct appreciation of these three, what I may call fact finding questions, will help us in understanding the problem which we have to face. With your permission I will proceed straightaway to state what the problem is. The problem is this, that according to our latest wheat produce forecast, we are in for nearly 10 million tons of wheat and including what we believe we have ia hand, we are in for about 10.5 million tons of wheat. We are toll that our normal consumption of vlieat is about 9 million tons. Therefore we are 15 million tons in excess of our actual requirements. That is one fact. At all events that is the estimate. I may mention here casually that our facts are really estimates. In other matters you make estimates and ten next year you have a chance of verifying them. Then you come to what I might call actuals but so far as I have been able to gather in these things we are always at estimates and never at actuals. Experts will perhaps be able to tell me when the discussion is carried on whether there ille apy actuals at any time, with the help of which we can verify our estimates or correci them. Well, we have here 10,5 million tons according to our estimates available for consumption and our consuming capacity is only 9. What should be the price, under the circumstances, of wheat ? That is really the problem. A glanec at tliese statistics will show that we were presented with just 10.5 million tons of wheat in 1930 and the prices were very good. In 1931, we had probably 9.3 million tons produce and the price went down to Re. 1-7-0. In the next year the produce was 9.6 million tons and the price was a little higher. In the next year it was 9.5 and the prices still went high. Therefore to a layman it woull appear that when the produce was 105, the price was very high. When it was considerably less than 10.5 the prices fell down. When it was a little higher, the price rose a little, but when it was considerably higher, the price also was higher. Therefore it is difficult to deduce from these facts the conclusion, the larger the output, the lower the price. Still it is a very arguable point and no doubt discussion will be most useful on this point. I need hardly add that so far as the importance of prices go, it means a matter of about 40 to 45 crores one way or the other. If the prices are on the basis of 1933, the producer, the land owner and the Government stand to gain very considerably. If the prices are of 1931 and 1932, they Jose by about lialf and the consumer to that extent gains. Then very closely connected with this is the problem of the agency which operates ill muindis and which directly or indirectly has a hand in fixing prices. No doubt a close and intimate knowledge of this organisation will enable one to judge to what extent its operation is fair and above board or is due 10 chance and defective knowledge and to what extent this organisation can be made to act in a fair and equitable and reasonable manner. These are really the two problems and I have indicated those questions with the sole object of leading on to the solution of these problems. I should not say that we must solve them. It may be that after discussing the whole matter very thoroughly we find that there is some further investigation to take place before we can solve then. However I feel confident that whether we solve the problems or not we will have gained in kuowledge and experience and if we do not find a solution we shall certainly be aearer the solution at the end of the discussion than we are at present. Honourable Mr. D. J. Boyd...Might I ask Maulvi Fateh-ud-din to explain the method by which prices are fixed in the mandis of the Punjab ?

·than the price of wheat at the ports of any producing or cyportm country 'lleruſore, it is obvious that we pust consider this question in Vio light of a probible full ju prices 14 tlie Churman lias sud, on lui unnt of the lire crop thuis veir Own to the parity of wheat prices lucia wluch iri much abole world prices there is sbsolutely no chinco of 113 i Tport of wine at I thin! I am right in any many thit not 1 4ilo conf wheat has been exported to Lurope durm, the list two tim kalchi As his leur pointed out the whit crop the Ci pri misc, to be consulerably in Us of normal cun umption and therefore it scoms to inc tint tlc problin e lasc to Cundu 19 what inciny (lll dipted tu incerc whit consumption m India I niet helppel to any SUR Lion of restriction of it Instruction of ini 13 pidi oli me can w put mto ulet in 191bc prurit countries where wheat is itin on an (uormous scil but in Iudu sher it is pro lucul b mullion of small (ulturturs and constitutes a large part of thur il ricultu 1 tluuk guy attempt to restrict cultivation and tlicreby reduce the wcalti ot tho country is not at all to lit adused In Sind under the Lloyd Barre, WC larc a icry lirc arca under what tlus car Chauman Could you tell us what is the artig Hr Jen/ins -107 million acres, ind with future des clopment of thic arer under tlic Sullur Barrige it is antic patid that tius fing all wll reich million acres That mcins addı: another half a million tons to the forescut 1} milion tons estimated to be surplus to Inılız consumption At tlir beginning the Chairman 2 ci threc questions Is it ? fact th ttlic fill in whicat prices is compared with other wricultural products is greater in the it proclucin; province, llc lase got ligunes prepared by the Imperial Council of Aricultural Re circii Statistician and person ally, ia ing the nu\t iuport int brun crop in Smd, nimely, rice I do not think thit the full in ulicat prices 14 any gruter than the fall in TICO prices Probably, in Sind thic fall in the price of rico l19s been per Vlule I am dulong with this question I should like to emphasis the intur impendence of these two ciops from the standpoint of consumption and in front out that, in iny opinion one of the 10 rons which is militime a, inst an increased consumption of weat in India is the large quantity of chci' rice which is being brou, lit into this country from Burn 1825 informed before I left har ich by i certum ulient truer that critain parts of India where they normally used to send 10000 tons of wlirat now tule only 20 000 tons The reason for this d craise the 11 mously sail, was due to tlic chlap rice pr ucci in Indn and even to a greater extent to the chciper rice imported into India from Burmi Chairman But Burmpa is India Air Toni1915 Well imported froin one part of India to anothinr understand that there are 5 million tons of surplus lion in Burmi in so I do not thuul are at the end of this finding of our nail nts with Burinese rice In considering the question of increase in consumption wich I think is the only possible method of lealing with this problem I would li u to go on to the question of railway frights whil: I tlunk 15 an inpas int factor in the solution of the question which in un discus sing The fieight rates at present charged on wheat in the Tin b ind Sind are, in my opinion and I think in most peoples' opinion totally d s I ·likely to be 10 per cent. below estimate both for irrigated and irrigated land. That we suspect has got rom thic mandis and we think it is lielping to keep prices firm. But we are terribly troubled. I have here several notes written by an extremely able ofiicer, dr. Puckle, who was put on special duly for a few weeks before going on leave. lla had imple leisure and opportunity for working out this wheat problem. Ilis noies are very valuable, but at the end of every one lie has to Cuntis time it is practically guess work. The stopping of the Indian rail-horne statistics in 1922 was a tragedy of the very first order. If we hari tem then tloro would be only one unknown intor, consumption. We have liar several guesses made at consumption by the Board of Economi: Inquiry it!d by individuals, and ire really do not know me about ii. I propos. this next year to get the Board of Erolumio Inquiry in tale a saries of years and to try and arrive at some standard of (oldempti). Whenbare got that, with the figures we now get from the Indian rail-borne sialisties, I think we will arrive at some certainty. But at present the 0.1!1.711 of prices and production and consumption leaves yoll simply bewillere:, :? what the disturbing factors ile it is very difficuli in sayOne Lize:or is the enormous increase in population. During the last decenniuin 11 arisi has increased by 6 per cent., whereas the populaiion has increase! 10 per cent., so that the increase in popuiation is outstripping the ar, a mudur wheat and wheat is the staple food of the population. That is a very favourable factor, and also the spread of the habit si cating when all over India. There is still room for it to spread in the l'unjab ami a od sical of room in other parts of India. That also is a very favourable factor. Chairmanı.. Statement No. IX, column 3, shows the progressive consumption since 1921. Docs that reflect the increase in population ? Honourable N[r. D. J. Boyd.Ilow is that figure arrisel af ? 11. Vaidyanathan explaire that the only methnich po«sible for calculating stocks is to fit in a straight line to the figures of balano avail. able for consumption' for a series of years, from which the trenil of annual consumption can be deduced, and the progressive annual stocks calculated. This is the method adopted in all Economic American Universities. studies in Honourable Nr. D. J. Boyd._-There is one other factor which to my mind is very serious. We have got the wheat agreement biniling 22 countries of the world. That agreement is merely an agreement not to export beyond a certain quantity. In order to implement that ayrıenent they have to restrict their production. In this country we are doing exactly the reverse. We are increasing it as hard as ever we con witli the Súkkur Barrage, and that is I think where the menace, at any rate for the Punjab, comes in. I do not suppose we can stop wheat growing in the Sukkur Barrage, but it is extremely unfortunate that it should have occurred at a time of agricultural depression. Chairman._ I should like to know what Sind thinks of this. Mr. Jenkins.--After what the last speaker has said, I feel myself rather in the position of the farmer hanging himself in expectation of plenty. When I left Karachi on the 7th Nſay the price of wheat was lis, 21-12-0 per candy of 656 pounds. This price is as high as the price of wheat anywhere else in the civilised world, and is certainly greater ·7 M Jenkins Yes (To Sir Alan Parsons) When I referred to reduction of freight without a scrimination, I meant that no particular place is to have any pre ferential rate I want a percentage reduction I understand that the freiglet on wheat is at present on a suhedule rate on the railway accord ing to the distance which it is taken Ni Calder --The reason for the reduction in the rates from the Punjab to Calcutta is because of the competition by sea via K ir ichi ('1 arrman ---Your point is that the freight from Lyallpur to Calcutta by rail is less than the freight from Lyallpur to Karachi and from Karachi to Calcutta by sea / Mr Jenkins --Yes Chairman - Is that so 9 Mi Calder —Yes Chairman – Will you kindly turn to Statement No XI Lwallpur to Calcutta by rail is Rs 104, and Lyallpur to Karı:hı is Re 0 11 8 while from Karach to Calcutta is Ke 059 Therefore the freight from Lyallpur to Calcutta via Karachi is Re 0 11 8 plus Re 059 or Rs 113 Alr Jenkins - You have also handling and transhipping charges vro Karachi to be added to it Mr Calder - That was taken into consideration when the rate was fixed From the information we have, we reckon that the new lates to Calcutta are cheaper than the rail cum sea rates Chairman --As a matter of fact during the last year the consump tion in Calcutta of wheat has not been very great How 19 it that provinces other than the Punjab have been feeding Calcntta to greater extent than in the past? How is that I do not understand Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd-We have worked on the understanding that Billar supplies the United Provinces D1 Teel I understand Sir, also that the production of fiour Sind has fallen considerably (uirman --I am going to look into that Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce ---The United Provinces is self supporting us ieguds wheat Chauman - I should like to know from the Central Provinces iep sentative whether there is a great deal of wheat in the provinre N1 Ritchie - There is Hon'ble Si Frank Noyce-Do yonr consumption and production in Cential Prouinces balance ? 11 Bancrjce --Yes Sir 1r Ritric --That is with a 101 anni crop and acrile of 3,400 000 Chairman --Our figures are not correct Mr Bancriee-Our normal consumption is 625 to 650 thou and tons and with this outturn and creage we get an equilibrum between constimp a in an ·6 proportionate to the value of the producc. (All this stage lie meinber gave dilterent freight ligures.) The result of this has been in ravince consider. ably exports of whicat by rail from the Prejub tu Karachi, and although this may it jirst sight seem to benutit una triends in the P!nai, 1 should like to sont out that it does not, becaust it limits the re' from which buyers make their purchases, and kamchilus been, and by its position will continne to be, the main centrul wheat market for India. I have also the authcrity of the trade in Karachi Cor stating that large burrin Calcutta proter to inake wheat purchases in Karaciii ild to maintai: large stucks there, but owing to the excessive freight rates they are at present prohibited from cioing so. The result is that instead of purchasing a lakh of luiis, storing it in Karachi and shipping to Caluulta when requiryd, they buy much smaller amounts from the mandis in the Punjab. Anotlier effect which the righ frights lave is to restrict the movement uf whical, and I believe that the first step towards obtaining an increascu Consumption is to incluce an increased movement of the crop especially ju The carlier months. A general reduction in ireight charges when the whcat is loving or tends to more would increase that movement and would tend to raise prices. I would like to amphasise, and I have the authority of my Government for saving so, that any reduction in frights shouki int he lisensitory but should be applieci uvir all railways. The Bombay Corominent are definitely opposed to any proposal which would rond to clivert tracic from Sind, and the reduction of the freight rate from the Punjab to Calcutta anel Bombay las tended to stop the movement of seats from the l'unjab to Karachi which I think is detrimental to the interests of the cultivator and certainly so to the interests of the con::mer and the trader. There are other forms of liovernment intervention in altem is to raise wheat prices. We have the unfortunate example oi the Linitril States Government through the Federal Farm Board which attempted to regulate the price of wheat and which resulted in a colo: al failure. This lieperi uobody, and inust have cost the United Starcs Covernment a very large sum of money. I do not think that anythin; of th:t sort can be contemplated here. Certain countries, such as argentine, France and Germany, have endeavoured to raise their internal wheat prices by a system of bounties on exports. That is entirely out of the nesition in India at present, because we have no export and as long as our rezaain so much above world parity there is no chance of any export, prives This brings mr back again to my original contention that the only method of dealing with this question is by fostering consumption in this country, and that, I maintain, can be done by a general and indiscriminatori redaction in freight rates, and by starting a publicity campaign on “ Bat more wheat" lines. Chairmon What particular grain would you reconipenrl to throw out of consumption? You cannot expect people to eat more wheat vitliout giving up eating something else that they are eating. Mr. Jenkins.-Personally I think some of the inferior millets even rice can be replaced by wheat as a staple food. It would be altogether in the interest of the country and the physique of its inhabitants. Rice is oi' cnurse a very important food crop but in Sind we are doing our very best to discourage any large increase of rice cultivation. Chairman. You are differently situated from Madras anrl Bengal. Or ·9 If (ther countries are raising the price of home produce, I think we cannot stand stul We might as well call for further informatiou on two points The first is the price of a unit of labour in India as compared with the price of a unit of labonr in other countries Chairman - Well, if I may interrupt, to day we are meeting to deal with the question of the 1934 wheat, sonie of which is already in our hands and the other threatens to coine on our bands within the next few weeks The question that you have raised will be the question whichi, I hope we will be able to discuss next month when ne bave the crop planning Conference dealing with all crops but we cannot go into ali these things to. day in order to see whether something can be done in the immediate present for the current wheat crop The fall is relatively greater in the Punjab How is the position in the United Provinces ? Mr Kharegat --Prices have all fallen more or less in about the same proportion There is no appreciable difference The most important point is that within the last fortnight oi three weeks the price of wheat has risen very considerably It went up in the last fortnight of April from 18 seers to 16 scers and in the first week of May it went up to 141 seers but the moment thev heard about this conference, the price dropped again to 154 seers MIr Jenkins In Karachi the use is evidently due to the manipu'ation of the Marwarı group at Hapur That is an additional argument for facilitating the early movement of the crop In Karachi they anticipate that the collapse will come much soone2 than October Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd ---In Punjab it has not dropped so much A1r Bancijee-In Central Provinces the price has not fallen as much as that of rice and jonar (hairman-We come now to the second question of prices in different provinces, Statement No VI Ur Jenkins -Statement No VI gives the price of wheat in different P'10vinces It is rather interesting to notice that the average price of wlicat for the whole of India is in the vicinity of Rs 270 pei maunu If the cultivator is getting Rs 270 per maund there would be 10 reison to complain at all It is lowest in Bombay and in the Punjab it is Rs 1 14 0 It is highest in Bihar and Oriss i I would suggest that an examination of the causes of these differences in ght lead to some useful result The ligures are given in the first column of Statement No VI, 113 the harvest prices in different provinces are given The average of these figures for the whole of India is 27 per maund If you can stimulate the future trade by enabling stocks to be beld in Karachi Chorrman Stocha in Karachi could be held only for the benefit of Bombay and Calcutta and for no other reason Nr Calder - The consumption is about 120 000 tons in Calcutti ILon'll V. D 1 Boyd-It is certainly much more than that about 240,000 Mr Caldes --You gurranteed about 2 250 tons of wheat per week I remember that figure Our point was that any reduction in the rail rate It is ·8 tion and production. Part of our wheat from the wheat growing areas goes to the non-wheat growing areas. llon Ble Sir Frank Noyce (to Punjab representatives). You are anticipating an outturn of 10 per cent, less than the forecast. That will mcan a decrease of three hundred thousand tons. I wonder whet!!er the other provinces are anticipating a similar decrease as compared with the forecast. Mr. Kharegat.-The United Provinces are. million tons Plon'ble Sir. I'rank Noyce.--That means about half a less ihan was anticipated. That is satisfactory. 11011'ble Sir Jogenitra Singham. I think that the problem is a difficult one and 3100 only a clifficult one but a very important one. As the Chairman pointed out, the margin of profit has almost vanished and cultivators have neither the purchasing power nor the money available. If you want the villagers to meet their taxation and other money demands, money must be pushed into circulation. But it is not a problem of one crop only. As Mr. Jenkins from Sind pointed out, prices are interlopendent and crops are also interdependent. Cereals of all kinds are sold at various places and the prices are governed more or less by supply and lemiad of all the cereals. So far as our information goes money plays an inportant part in regulating prices and therefore to regulate prices management of money in various countries began. Now it is difficult to know what our money is, and I am sorry the Hon'ble the Finance Meniber is not here because he could help a little in raising the level of prices or keeping them at their present level. I think if ire are to begin raising the general level of prices, we have to look into the money requirements of our population. How much money a man needs and liow much money is put in his hands both for paying his taxes and mecting his other demands. Till you go into his fundamental question, it is impossible to tackle the question of prices. You have got all the consumption figures and we have gone carefully into these. The quota of wheat per bead of population in the last decade has been reducců between the last census and the present census in the Punjab from 4.1 to 3.9 and the prices have gone down. So far as our trade was concerned up to 1921, Karachi used to take 60.30 per cent of our produce and 30 per cent. went to the United Provinces and Sind. There are now no exports from Karachi. The surplus produce now is consumed either in the province itself or in other provinces. There is the question of developing the home market as Mr. Jenkins, said, and as you said, Sir, we cannot develop the hope market for wheat unless wheat is to replace some other cereal. Thera is one factor, Sir, which I think needs further examination. General Moraw in a very interesting statement that he made in a speech in Fug. land said that a very large proportion of our population was not properly nourished. If that is so, then there is good market available. Chairman..--You suggest that the people want nourishment. Hon'ble Sir Jogendra Singh.-Yes. If we increase the purchasing power, people will eat more wheat and get better nourished. In the inatter of raising prices in India, I should be very grateful if Mr. Livingstone. who comes fresh from the Ministry of Agriculture, could teli us liat they have been doing in England in raising prices and in fixing the price3 of various commodities and how they have regulated them.

·11 Chairman-But the excess previously was not more than usual And if you re right and Mr Kharegat is right, and a 10 per cunt tall in production is expected this year, then really you are going to produce 9 millions only, which is no more than is required for internal consumption Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd We have started with some stocks this year Claiman -Only 6 It is not a large figure Hon'ble lr D 1. Bryd -Exactly a veur ago I was, discussing wheat prices with Mr William Roberts He is very much interested because le sells a tremendous quantity and lie sud to me that next harvest the price of wheat in the Punjab so fır as 'ie could see would go down to Rs 170 and he was right ually in Gu nwa' one day it was Rs 140 And the reason be gare was the enormous acreage coming under wheat in Sind He said the Punjab prices were bound to slump Chairman —How does that work out 1 How was Punjab wheat cxcluded by ind i Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd-We have figures deſinitely showing that our export to Karachi has gone down most terrib'y We used to export in quite recent years 400,000 tons, and that has gone down to 150 000 tons, and we uspect that to disappear We are really in a very parlons condi tion owing to the growth of the Suhhur Barrage Mr. Jonans --I think there is another thing to be considered and that 15 the quest on of flour This import duty on wheat, while protecting the cultuator, is a definite disadvantage to the flour mills Chauman-That is a separate problem and as I have intimated we are going to have a look into it Perhaps Dr Meek can give us the total tlou expoitel Dr Meek --I have not got the figure here, but it is said to be fallu. off Charman-That was anticipated Then you attribute the depression of wheat prices in the Punjab to the development of the Sulba Barrage 1 Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd - That is the only reason we can find Mr Jenkins --If that is the case, how does Mr Boyd esplain the fall in 1931 before the wheat area in Sind started to develop into the Barrage ? Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd --In 1931 the slump began all over the sould, s very much wider cause than anything like this Mr Jenkins —But is that not a more important reason even luther than the development in Sind ! Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd —Yes, but at the same time you have given us some figures of the Punjab imports showing how they have gone down in simply a catastrophic way, entirely due to the fact that you get most of what you want from Sınd 1fr Jenkins ----I think that might also be due to railway freights prohbiting imports If they were reduced I think the imports into Karachi would be as big as ever they were Chairman-But why should they get it from Lyallpur when they can get it from Sukhur to Karachi at about 4 annas less now ·10 would not increase total despatches to Calcutta. The Punjab Government guaranteed the rebate scheme. Chairman. Let us turn to Statement No. VI. During the last four years I find that there has teen considerable variation except in one or two cases. The Central Provinces shows the least variation-Rs. 2-4-0, Rs. 2-12-0, Rs. 2-6-0 and Rs. 2-7-0. When we come to Bihar the variation is considerable--Rs. 3-9-0, Rs. 3-8-0 and then all of a sudden it comes to Rs. 2-14-0. During the first three years they remained firm. Now, the difference between the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province is not quite intelligible to ine. I suppose the figures for the North-West Frontier Province are of the last tlıree years. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. I do not know enough about their production. Chairman.--I believe their production is in excess of their consumption. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. In some of the northern districts of the Punjab the prices were definitely higher than at Lyallpur for the whole season. Chairman.--Mianwali does not produce much wheat ? Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.--I would not have thought so but the last figures show that it did. Chairman.--It seems to me from the discussion that we have had on this question No. 2 that the following points emerge : that the uniformity of rate in the Central Provinces durin, tho last four years is due to the province being self-supporting and that it has been generally balancing its (lemand und supply. Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce..I take it, tliat is also true of the United Provinces. Mr. P. M. Kharegat.-The figures show that there has not been very much variation, Chairman.--You are soaring high, the price even now is Rs. 2-9-0, while next door to you in the Punjab it is Rs. 1-14-0. Bihar also lias been enjoying high prices, in the current year and during the previous three years prices are much in excess of prices in any other province. Prices in the North-West Frontier Province are not quite intelligible, and the prices in Sind, on account of expansion of wheat production lue to the Sukkur Barrage, tend to get assiinilated to Lyallpur prices. So Sukkur and Lyallpur seem to be getting nearer to each other. As for the Puujab, is there an explanation why in 1930 the price was as high as Rs. 3 and why in 1931 it went down to Rs. 1-9-0, and why it rose to Rs. 2-11-0 in 1933 ? Mr. Jenkins.--It rose again because the prices came to export parity and wheat started to move abroad. Chairman-That was in 1930-31. What about 1933 ? Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. In 1933 we started without any stockz.

·13 or Mi Kharegat --No Mr Bancrjee -I might as well urge on behalf of the Central Provices that nothing should be done wluch would result in Central Pro vinces wheat being displaced in the local markets by Punjab wheat Sind wheat Chui nun-I can appreciate that It is very natural Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd —Sir, as regards one of the remedies which I suggested, an increase in the demand for wheat in India, of cause the best way of irriving at that is to improve the general puri 1750ipower of the people, and their general prosperity That will go further to remo e our ills than anything else But actually one scheme was suggested to us, namely, to persuade the railways, to begin with, to bare i through rulway freight from the Punjab to Calcutta without any break Sahanpur I understand you begin afresh the calculation from Sihiranpur on the East Indian Railway 1r Caldır - Yes At present there is a through rate Voimally ve do start afreski but at present there is a lump sum rate of Re 10 4 Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd --If tve always had the through rate, our freight to Calcutta would be reduced by sejen annas a maund Then a scheme wis proposed to us of opening godowns in Calcutta for the sale of standardised wheat It would be properly graded It is i purely pio vincial scheme and we have not definitely made up our minds about it It has not been seriously considered hy the Government That is merely a scheme that has been suggested to us for improving our prices But it is a possibility Of course, if you carefully standardise your wheat which would be done in Calcutta and not in the Punjab, after it had arrived, you might create a deníand for that particular kind of wheat in Calcutta but at would help one particular province and it is not going to help all the wheat producing provinces Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce ---As a result of the discussion, the problem scems to me to be entirely a Punjab problem Churrmun -Punjab cum Sind Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce-I do not think the Sind problem is so acute as the Punjab problem C'haurian - They have got very little consumption in Bombas 2014 Calcutta to take off the enormous quantity they are producing Hon'ble Mr DJ Boyd --The bistory of our own colopics shows that it the beginning of each colony, we export large quantities of wheat from tho Punjab, but the population very quickly overtakes production and after a few years those colonies are not erporting An Americın professor wrote a monograph on the subject and his figures clearly showed that Sind will have the same experience It is 7 serious position in the Punjab It looks to me as if we shall liave to shut down several of our departments unless we can find another crop to take the place of wheat Hon'ble Su Jogendra Singh --You cannot take wlicat as in solated crop, you have to tahe all the crops together Otherwic the Punjab and Sind get solated with wheat Tliere is no other remudy but to take the genes al prosperity of the people In a normal year ne proluce about 51 millions of cercals of which 3 millions are wheat, and we find that ·12 Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce. After all, you are getting anything fr 150 to 200,000 tons from Sind. I do not see what a reduction in railw freight from the Punjab to Karachi is going to do. You have got 130,0 tons in Sind, and that makes all the difference to the Punjab. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyn.I hope, Sir Frank Noyce, you will not a courage any proposal for the reduction of freight from Lyallpur Karachi. Chairman. But what is the object of it ? Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.Well, we could compete a little bit bet with Sind. Chairman.-But how could you ? Sind is ahead of you by the distai between Lyallpur and Sukkur. Hon'blc Sir Joseph Bhore. It is a permanent handicap). Chairunun.--Yes. Therefore you cannot by reduction of freight o produce any result, unless you correspondingly increase the freight fri Sukkur to Karachi, a position it would be difficult to maintain for a length of time. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyrt.--The longer the distance the less freight ! Well, if this reduction goes a certain length the difference be reduced very considerably. It will give us a chance of competing. admit that it cannot help us permanently. Chairman.--I think you had better push on with a wheat-eati propaganda in Sind itse.f. Mr. Jenkins. It is rather difficult to encourage people to eat wh and at the same time raise the price of it, especially when rice is so ch". Another eflect will be, if wheat prices go up, that a bigger acreage will down. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. Actually we can only see two possible w out. One is to increase the interual demand for wheat, and the other to stop any increase in area under wheat. Chairman. There has been no increase in the irrigated area un wheat during the last 3 years in the Punjab. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd..Ve are at a stage of equilibrium in Punjab. Chairman. It is the nionsoon that increases or decreases the area. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. The proportion of irrigated area has g up considerably. It is 56 per cent. of the total crop. Mr. Jenkins. The only step we have taken in that direction is discourage the sowing of late Sind wheat, because that always fetch !ow price. Chairman. Well, reverting to the question in hand, that is to s the current year's wheat, the problem is really, as we have now discuss it, limited to particular attention being paid to this problem byt Punjab and Sind. The United Provinces are only apprehensive lest ! Punjah depressed prices in future hurt them. Otherwise there is no present problem. pressi ·13 any break Hr. Kharegat ---No. Mr. Banerjee.--I might as well urge on behalf of the Central Provinces that nothing should be done which would result in Central Pro. vivces wheat being displaced in the local markets by Punjab wheat or Sind n heat. Chuirman.—I can appreciate that, It is very natural. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.—Sir, as regards one of the remedies which I suggested, an increase in the demand for wheat in India, of course the best way of arriving at that is to improve the general purchasing power of the people, and their general prosperity. That will go further tn remove our ills than anything else. But actually one scheme was suggested to us, namely, to persuade the railways, to begin with, to have a through ruilway freight from the Punjab to Calcutta without at Salaranpur, I understand you begin afresh the calculation from Saharanpur on the East Indian Railway. ur. Caldır.--Yes. At present there is a through rate. Normally we do start afresli but at present there is a lump sum rate of Re. 1.0-4. Ilon'ble Ir. D. J. Boyd.-If we always had the through rate, our freight to Calcutta would be reduced by seven annas a maund. Then a scheme was proposed to us of opening godowns in Calcutta for the sale of standardised wheat. It would be properly graded. It is a purely provincial scheme and we have not definitely made up our minds about it. It has not been seriously considered by the Government. That is merely a scheme that has been suggested to us for improving our prices. But it is a possibility. Of course, if you carefully standardise your wheat which would be done in Calcutta and not in the Punjab, after it had arrived, you might create a deniand for that particular kind of wheat in Calcutta but it would help one particular province and it is not going to help all the wheat producing provinces. Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce. As a result of the discussion, the problem seems to me to be entirely a Punjab problem, Chairman.-Punjab-cum-Sind. Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce.--I do not think the Sind problem is so acute as the Punjab problem. Chairman. They have got very little consumption in Bombay and Calcutia to take off the enormous quantity they are producing. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.The history of our own colonies shows that at the beginning of each colony, we export large quantities of wheat fronı the Punjab, but the population very quickly overtakes production and after a few years these colonies are not exporting. An American professor wrote a monograph on the subject and his figures clearly showed that Sind will have the same experience. It is a serious position in the Punjab. It looks to me as if we shall have to shut down several of our departments unless we can find another crop to take the place of wheat. Hon'ble Sir Jogendra Singh.-You cannot take wheat as an isolated crop ; you have to take all the crops together. Otherwise the Punjab and Sind get isolated with wheat. There is no other remeily but to raise the general prosperity of the people. In a normal year we prorluce about 51 millions of cereals of which 3 millions are wheat, and we find that ·12 Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce. After all, you are getting anything from 150 to 200,000 tons from Sind. I do not see what a reduction in railway freight from the Punjab to karachi is going to do. You goi 130,000 tons in Sind, and that makes all the difference to the Punjab). Hon'ble lr. D. J. Boyil.--I hope, Sir birank Noyce, you wil not disto courage any proposal for the reduction of freight from Lyallpur Karacii. Chairman. But what is the object of it IIon'ble Nr. D. J. Boyd.---Well, we coulil compete a little bit better with Sind. Chuirman...-Dut low could you? Sinul is ahead of you like the distance between Ivallpur and Sukkur. IIonblc Sir Joseph Bhore. It is a permanent lianliwij). Chairmyn..Yes. Therefore you cannot by reluctiou at freight only produce any result, unless you correspondingly iner ile the ireight from Sukkur to Karachi, a position it would be dificult to maintain Tor zu length of time. FI 01'ble Ir. D. J. Boyil. This longer the distance the less the freight ! Well, if this reduction goes a certain length the difference will be reduced very considerably. It will give us a chance of competing. I admit that it cannot help us permanently. Chairman..I think you had better push on with a wheat-cating propaganda in Sind itse.f. Ar. Jenkins. It is rather difficult to encourage people to eat wheat and at the same time raise the price of it, especially when rive is ::0 cheap. Another effect will be, if wheat prices go up, that a bigger acreage will go down. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.-- ctually we can only see two possible ways out. One is to increase the internal demand for wheat, and the other is to slop any increase in arca under wheat. Chairman. There has been no increase in the irrigated are under wheat during the last 3 years in the Punjab. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.-1Ve are at a stage of equilibrium in the Punjab. Chairman. It is the nionsoon that increases or decreases the area. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.—The proportion of irrigated area has gone up considerably. It is 56 per cent. of the total crop. Mr. Jenkins. The only step we have taken in that direction is to discourage the sowing of late Sind wheat, because that always fetches & low price. Chairman.---Well, reverting to the question in hand, that is to say, the current year's wheat, the problem is really, as we have now discussed it, limited to particular attention being paid to this problem Punjab and Sind. The United Provinces are only apprehensive lest the Punjab depressed prices in future hurt them. Otherwise there is no pressing present problem, by the ·16 Chairman.--Perhaps you may see him and get into touch with him and get his thesis. He has sent an extract. There is a very short noto intended only to be suggestive which our marketing expert has very kindly prepared for my private use. He had no time to study the problem or to develop his ideas, but still be thought he might make his suggestions on this point. I do not think he will object to the Punjah seeing that note, or perhaps having a talk with you if you find it necessary to do so. I know that many people sell their wheat to dealers at a rate which may prevail on a particular date, in July, 1934, and so on. All these men who are purchasers are not really purchasers in tlie ordinary sense except perhaps those who buy for Jails and for the Army and things like that. Others are just dealers. There ought to be some way of getting fricndly with them and so on. If consumption and output are the same, you can fix any reasonable price ; it may be Rs. 2, it may be Rs. 3 or it may go down. Hon'ble Ar. D. J. Boyd.—The Punjab Government are making a heginning by putting on an officer prior to the appointment of a Marketing Officer to explore the ground for a foreign market. He will probably keep thein informed, but in the meantime he is to gather facts regarding the present position for the Marketing Officer. He is certain to tell us a great deal which we do not know just now, and the way will be cleared What we want to do is to obtain a higher price for the product than it is at presept and I think that it is practicable. I know an enormous quintiiy of wheat from the Punjab has been sold forward at Rs. 1-14-0 per maun.l. Chairman..Well, I may say that the price may go down still further. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.For the current year there does not scem to be inuch prospect. Chairman-Why not. It can go down any day. Is there anything else which you would like to say ! Mr. Jenkins. I do not think so. Chairman.—You, Mr. Kharcgat. Mr. Kharcgat. I suppose an enquiry will be nade as to what consumption figures really are. It would be worth while known that, if possible. Chairman.-As I have pointed out, we do not deal with actual amount of whicnt-whether production or consumption ; we deal with estimates. You have always estiinates never being checked by any one. Tliin is the condition of production. The question of consumption is based on higher mathematics ratlier than on realities. I think you have to concentrate yourself on India being a self-contained unit in the inatter of wheat for some years to come and to so regulate your administration as to make it inflict least loss on the provinces, because as it is the prices do not come up to the cost of production. Other things are even vorsc, Next inontil we will be able to discuss oil secds, ricc, etc. There may be something in them. The idea at present is that we are telling the Punjab and Siod first to publish their revised estimates of output and sccondly thcir taking interest in the mandio and seeing that cverything is above board and that 28 a matter of fact the prices are reasonable prices as far as possible on the basis of production. 1.33EIL . 0 ·14 a there is a total surplus of unconsumed cereals of about a millions, or 36 per head of population. 36 per liead of the population, that is what we have got to get absorbed. To this surplus we contribute about 600,000 The conclusion is tons which is equal to about 1.1 of a ton per annum. that there is a surplus in the normal year of 6 million tons of wheat and 75,000 tons of other cereals. But the interdependence of crops you cannot ignore. If the price of rice goes up the price of wheat also goes up and vice versa. The whole problem will have to be taken up as a whole. Chairman, It merely comes to this that as regards the first part of the problem whether in view of the stock anything can be done to raise the prices the first thing to point out is that the Punjab and United Provinces state definitely that the forecast is to be reduced by 10 per cent. And is there any reason why this information should be withheld from the public Saucral [embers.--No. Dr. Veric referred to the tables and said : If you estimate 10 per cent. smaller crop than has already been forecasted the position is going to be rather favourable and that I think is the reason for the rise in the whices. If you look at Statement No. VII, and compare the last price given there with the present clay price it will be seen that the price has increased by 20 per cent, in the last month in Lyallpur. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. We began cutting on the 13th April, but it has not gone on very far. But the crop of one big farmer shows deficit of 10 per cent, and at the same time we are having reports from districts that the late sown crop is producing less than anticipated-it looks as if we should deduct 10 per cent. from our estimate. Dr, Meek.United Provinces also said 10 per cent. Mr. Jenkins.--I do not think that in Sind the difference would be as much as 10 per cent. Chairman.-Then it would be 10 per cent, in the Punjab and United Provinces and perhaps 5 per cent. in the case of Sind, Hon'ble Sir Frank Noyce.--It seems to me that we cannot withhold the facts from the public. Chairman..The last point was about studying to what extent the agencies at the mandis should be organised. It is really necessary siudy the effect of satta gambling on wheat prices. last year the Punjab owed its high price to the satta gambling. Personally I think Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. Not entirely due to that but it helped. Chauman.-The unnatural phenomenon of larger crop and still higher prices was probably induced by the operation of these venturesome middlemen who indulge in this pastime. There is a gentleman ju the United Provinces I think Mr. Kharegat might know him-he says he had studied this problem very thoroughly and he wrote to Sir Harry Haig about it asking hin to inform me about it. Misra, M.A., Ph.D., who obtained his doctorate from the London University His name is Dr. L. M. on the strength of a thesis on Indian Commodities Market Speculation. He hails from Shahjahanpur. Nr. Kharegat.-I have heard of his name but I do not know hin personally. to ·17 WHEAT CONFERENCE, 1934 The following statistics and graphs have been compiled by the Statistical Section, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research Statement I „Estimates of area and yield of wheat in India from 1924 25 up to date (1) for British India, (2) for Indian States and (3) total for India Statement II -Areas under wheat (a) Irrigated and (Unirri gated in British India from 1924 25 up to-date Slatcment III -Estimated prodi ction, exports and imports of wheat in India (including Indian States) for the Vears 1924 25 to 1933 34 Satcnucnt IV --Areas under principal crops in the main leat giowing provinces in Batish India (with percentages for crops to total area) Statement V -Harvest time prices of wheat in selected centres in Punjab United Province, Bihai and Orissa, Central Pro vinces and Bombay from 1929 up to date (conpared with average of five years ending 1928) Statoinent VI --Harvest prices per maund of certain important crops in the mun wheat growing provinces from 1925 26 up to date Statement VII ---Wholesale prices of wheat (the maximunt prices in the first week of April July, October and January) at Lyallpur, Karachi, and Bombay for years 1913 14 and from 1926 27 up to date Slotement VIII --Statistics of Internal Movement of wheat for years 1920 21 and April-September 1933 (with figures for 1931 to 1933) Statement IX --Calculation of stocks of wheat in India (bg Stat18 tician, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research with note by him) Graphs Graph 1-Area of wheat in India from 1924 25 up to date (for British India, Indian States and whole of India) Graph II -Estimated yield (similar to graph I) Graph III — Average yield per acre for wheat in British India Giph IV --Acreages undei irigated and unirrigated wheat several provinces in India Graph V-Harvest prices of important crops in the wheat groting provinces from 1925 26 up to date Graph VI--Balınce of wheat available for consumption su Iudia (from 1920 21 up to date) some a UI ·16 Mr. Jenkins. We have got no mandi system in Sind. Chairman.—That is so, I know. Hon'ble Sir Jogendra Singh.-We slould have uniformity of rates and measures. Chairman.--An excellent idea. It is bound to come up in the Crop Planning Conference. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd.What about suggestions for a limitation of the wheat area in Sind ? Chairman. So far as Sind is concerned. if we take up that question, it will have to be taken up on the ground that the Government of India is keenly interested in the Sukker Barrage scheme bringing in as much return as possible, and if it is found by Government that by promoting the development of wheat they do not stand to gain as much as they would gain hy substituting something else in its place, they will soon abandon wheat. We do not want Government to start taking action on charitable basis. Hon'ble 11r. D. J. Boyd.-It has been done so in other countries. It is a question of extension of area. Chairman.--Quite. What we have been discussing before this conference was whether it is not possible in the Punjab to substitute something for wheat either in irrigated areas, part of them being reduced by 10 per cent. or in the un-irrigated areas. That of course is a thing which ought to be taken up. As you say, the Punjab prices are lower than those of any other province and since you have not yet decided, in the near future anyhow, whether it is not wiser to look ahead and substitute something else in the canal irrigated areas and, if possible, in the barani areas for wheat, you will perhaps, undertake such an examination. Mr. Jenkins.-We are doing the same in Sind. I am sure the Bombay Government would not consider any proposal to restrict the under wheat in Sind. Sir 7. Vijayaraghavacharya.—But Sind is the only Province in India where it is possible for Government to do something in the matter of control of crops. Here Government have a million acres of land for disposal. If uncontrolled cultivation of wheat is allowed in Sind a large quantity of surplus wheat will be thrown on the market which is bound to depress the Punjab prices. Chairman.Supposing the increased output of wheat continued to depress prices and the prices went down to one rupee, Sind will have to take stock of the position and take suitable action. As to the Punjab, it will have to consider whether 5 per cent. of the irrigated area under wheat should move on to oil seeds, but that again is a matter which cannot be even considered till the whole problem is before you, reference to your own province, but with reference to the whole of India. not only with Sir T. Vijayaraghavacharya.Burma is contemplating all kinds of licenses and restrictions about groundnut. Chairman.-We conclude now. Hon'ble Mr. D. J. Boyd. We have to express our cordial thanks to the Chairman for convening this Conference which has at least served to clear our ideas. area ·STATEMENT II. Arcas under wheat (a) irrigated and (b) unirrigated in British India (In million acres ) Punjab. United Provinces Central Provinces *Bombay excloding and Berar Sind Sind Buhar and Or1398 Others Total British India Crop foar (Ist July to 30th June) Trriga ed Unutigated Tntal Irrigated Unirrigated Total Irr gated Unirigated Total Irrigated Unirrigated Total Irrigated. Unirrigated Irrigated Total Umrigated Irrigated Total Unirrigated Unirrigated. Irrigated. Total Total. To tal for Bombay (including Sundla A B rital 1921 26 4 7 5 0 9 7 2 945 74 | 04 3 26 3 30 (192+ 25 35 1 61 1 96 26 118 80 62 1 18 88 lo 9 24 7 1925 26 144 9 5 3 5 3 4 6 9 03 3 47 3 50 (1925 26 331 15 1 50 20 91 1 16 47 1 24 97 14 1 23 8 19 1926 27 5 0 4 4 9 + 3 8 2 9 6 7 053 65 3 70 15 1 10 1 25 20 23 43 27 92 1 19 43 991 33 99 14 1 24 0 1927 28 5 1 3 9 9 0 1 8 5 7 7 5 21 1 22 1 43 16 20 36 20 1 00 1 2051 70 I 21 80 16 4 24 4 1928 29 15 3 4 7 10 013 8 3 3 7 1 02 3 g 3 70 On 3 18 3 20 04 | 2 961 3 00 24 | 1 38 1 62 20 17 37 26 95 1 21 48 82 1 30 10 3 14 5 24 8 1929 30 5 6 14 3 9 93 8 3 4 7 2 16 1 13 1 29 30 31 64 26 94 1 20 93 1 37 10 6 14 0 24 6 1930 31 5 3 4 0 9 3 3 6 10 17 6 043 063 10 19 1 51 1 PO 25 30 55 6 95 1 21 46 08 1 14 10 1 14 5 24 6 1931 32 4 9 4 2 9 1 3 8 3 9 7 7 053 45 3 50 261 66 1 92 25 20 45 25 97 1 22 49 73 1 22 10 0 15 1 25 1 1932 337 FO3 6 8 6 3 7 4 0 7 7 06 344 3 60 20 1 45 1 C5 61 26 87 25 99 1 24 661 24 10 4 14 4 24 8 05 3 45 3 50 22 1 66 1 88 83 24 1933 34t (Third 5 1 4 4 9 5 3 7 4 4 A 1 forecast April 18241 1 07 25 97 1 22 Not avai | 1 17 Not available 26 4 lable *As separate figures for Sind are not available in Agricultural Statistics figures hare teen taken from ProFincial final forecasts | Those figures are proviai nal Final figures will be availallein Augnst 1034 NOTA.-The figures in this statement for the years 1924-25 to 1931 32 are taken from Agricultural Statistics, Volume I ·18 STATEMENT I. Estimates of rell and liclıl of Vhcat in India. Yicid (in inillion tons), Area (in million acres). Crop yrar lst July to 3uth Junc. Total. Total. Indian States. Britisha India. British India, Indian States. 8.9 7. 1.7 7.1 31.8 1924-25 8.7 23.8 6.7 30.5 1925-26 9.) 7.3 31.3 7. 1926-27 7-8 7.8 32. 1927-28 8.6 1.3 7.3 32.0 21.S 7. 1929.29 8.9 1.5 10.5 24.0 7.0 1929-30 32.) 7.0 2.6 7.6 1930-31 1.S 25.1 9.7 33.8 1931-32 7.6 1.9 21.8 33.0 8.2 1932-33 1.9 9.9 8.0 26. 8.5 :3-4.0 *1933-34 (Third forecast April 1934). *TŁo final estimates will be availablo in August, 193.1. Note 1.-Wheat in India is normally gown betweeu October and December, and harvested between March and May. NOTE 2.The figures in this statement are taken from " Estimates of Area and Yield of Princi, al Coops in luuia."

·TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 . . juma . 3 ]. TAL INTERIA COMMISSION A. Constitution and Terms of Roforoncs B. Expert Advisors I, INTRODUCTION . ☺ 111. THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORG.LYUZITION OF 're: Units Yrio:: 3 1 0 7 3 3 3 0 9 . A. Purposes and Functions . 1. Research a. Sources of information b. Rango of subject matter 2. Dissemination of knowledgo a. Publications b. Education c. Library and inquiry servicce 3. Advisory functions a. Typical cases and proceduro b. Advico and recommendations on other problo. 4. Fisheries, forestry, and non-food agricultural producti . a. Fisheries and marino products b. Forestry and forcstry products c. Non-food agricultural products 5. Agricultural credit 6. Commodity arrangements. 7. Administrative functions 10 . 11 12 13 13 • 15 . B. Constitution. 1. Nature of the Constitution 2. Membership 3. Limitations on powors of the Organization and on obligations of lombers 18 10 16 17 17 C. Administrative Structure and Managemont 1. The Conference 2. The Executive Committee 3. Standing advisory committees 4. General and special conferences 5. Director-General 6. Staff 7. Regional and liaison offices 8. Organization and methods of work 17. 17 18 18 © . . 18 IS 19 19 20 20 21 + . 22 D. Relations with Other Organizations 1. Other international bodies 2. Regional and national organizations E. Expenses F. Miscellaneous 1. Legal status 2. Interpretation of Constitution 3. Languages G. Need for Early Action APPENDIX I. CONSTITUTION Annex I Annex II 23 23 23 23 23, . 25 30 30 APPENDIX II. MEMBERS OF THE INTERDI COMMISSION ON FOOD AND AGRICULTUBE FINAL ACT 31 ·FIRST REPORT to the GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS by the INTERIM COMMISSION ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE I. THE INTERIM COMMISSION A CONSTITUTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 1 The Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture was established by the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture held in May 1943 at Hot Springs, Virginia, for the purposes stated in the following recommendation “ WHEREAS "1 Freedom from want is difficult to achieve without concerted action among all like minded nations to expand and improve production, to increase employ. ment, to raise levels of consumption, and to establish greater freedom in international commerce, “2 The successful carrying out of the recommendations of the Conference in the field of production, distribution, ard consumption of food and other agricul. tural products in the post war pericd will be the most important prerequisite for the achievement of freedom from want, and requires the creation by the governments and authorities here represented of a per marent organizaticn in the field of food and agriculture, therefore "The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture 66 RECOMMENDS "I That the governments and authorities here represented recognize and embody in a formal declaration or agreement the obligation to their respective peoples and to one another, henceforth to collaborate in raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of their peoples, and to report to one another on the progress achieved, "2 That the governments and authorities here represented establish a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture, and “RESOLVES: "1 That in order that every practicable step may be taken to attain these and the other appropriate objectives set forth in the declaration and specific recom mendations of the Conference, an Interim Commission for carrying out the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture be established, “2 That each of the governments and authorities here represented be entitled to designate a representative on the Interim Commission, and that the Interim Commission be installed in Washington not later than July 15, 1943, 3 That the Interim Commission perform its work with due regard to the exigencies of the war, through such form of organization and personnel as it may deem appropriate, and formulate regulations covering its expenditures and submit to the member governments and authorities a budget and allccation of quota contributions, "4 That the functions of the Interim Commission be to formulate and recommend for consideration by each member government or authority (a) A specific plan for a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture; (b) The formal declaration or agreement referred to in the first recommend. ation, in which each participant shall recognize its obligation ·TABLE OF CONTENTS PAUD 1 1 ]TEE INTERDI COMMISSION A. Constitution and Terms of Roforonco B. Expert Advisers 3 31. INTRODUCTION 111. THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORG.1.VIZITION OPTIE UNITED NATIO 7 . 8 8 S 9 9 A. Purposes and Functions. 1. Research a. Sources of information b. Range of subjoct mattor 2. Dissemination of knowlodgo 2. Publications b. Education c. Library and inquiry sorvices 3. Advisory functions. a. Typical cases and proceduro b. Advice and recommendations on othor probloms 4. Fisheries, forestry, and non-food agricultural productos a. Fisheries and inarino products b. Forestry and forestry products c. Non-food agricultural products 5. Agricultural credit 6. Commodity arrangements . 7. Administrative functions 10 ܐܐ 11 . 13 13 15 . . 18 10 B. Constitution 1. Nature of the Constitution 2. Membership 3. Limitations on potvors of thio Organization and un obligations of Juinbors 16 17 17 . 17- 17 3 18 C. Administrative Structure and Managemont 1. The Conference 2. The Executive Committeo 3. Standing advisory committees 4. General and special conforencos . 5. Director-General 6. Staff 7. Regional and liaison offices 8. Organization and methods of work 18 19 19 19 19 20 21 23 33 D. Relations with Other Organizations 1. Other international bodies 2. Regional and national organizations E. Expenses F, Miscellaneous 1. Legal status 2. Interpretation of Constitution 3. Languages G. Need for Early Action APPENDIX I. CONSTITUTION Annex I Annex II APPENDIX II. MEMBERS OF THE INTERISI COMMISSION ON FOOD AND AGRICULTUBA FINAL ACT 23 23 23, 25 . 30 30 - . 31 34 to 66 . .

·FIRST REPORT to the GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS by the INTERIM COMMISSION ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE I. THE INTERIM COMMISSION A CONSTITUTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 1 The Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture was established by the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture held in May 1943 at Hot Springs, Virginia, for the purposes stated in the following recommendation “WHEREAS “1 Freedom from want is difficult to achieve without concerted action among all like minded nations to expand and improve production, to increase employ ment, to raise levels of consumption, and to establish greater freedom in international commerce, "2 The successful carrying out of the recommendations of the Conference in the field of production, distributien, ard ccnsumpticn of focd and other agricultural products in the post war perıcd will be the most important prerequisite for the achievement of freedom from want, and requires the creation by the governments and authorities here represented of a perparent organization in the field of food and agriculture , therefore The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS 1 That the governments and authorities here represented recognize and embody in a formal declaration or agreement the obligation to their respective peoples and to one another, henceforth to collaborate in raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of their peoples, and to report to one another on the progress achieved, "2 That the governments and authorities here represented establish a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture, and 6 66 “RESOLVES: "1 That in order that every practicable step may be taken to attain these and the other appropriate objectives set forth in the declaration and specific recom mendations of the Conference, an Interim Commission for carrying out the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture be established, *2 That each of the governments and authorities here represented be entitled to designate a representative on the Interim Commission, and that the Interim Commission be installed in Washington not later than July 15, 1943, "3 That the Interim Commission perform its work with due regard to the exigencies of the war, through such form of organization and personnel as it may deem appropriate, and formulate regulations covering its expenditures and submit to the member governments and authorities a budget and allocation of quota contributions, "4 That the functions of the Interim Commission be to formulate and recom. mend for consideration by each member government or authonty (a) A specific plan for a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture ; (b) The formal declaration or agreement referred to in the first recommende ation, in which each participant shall recognize its obligation ·TABLE OF CONTENTS Pada 1 . 1 4 1. TRE INTERIJE COwnISSION A. Constitution and Terms of Rufurunco) B. Expert Advisors II, INTRODUCTION . + 111. THE FOOD AND ORICULTURE ONOASTALPOX OY 20U817.:: Sir 1 3 3 A. Purposes and Functions , 1. Rescarcli a. Sources of information b, Rango of subject mattor 2. Dissemination of knowledge Q. Publications b. Education c. Library and inquiry service.) 3. Advisory functions a. Typical cases and proceduro b. Advico and recommendations on other problems 4. Fishories, forestry, and non-fuuci oricultural prolis. a. l'islicrics anil marino produots b. Forestry and forestry product.3 c. Non-food agricultural product3 5. Agricultural credit 6. Commodity arrangements . 7. Administrativo functions 1 11 • P 13 15 13 .B. Constitution. 1. Naturo of the Constitution 2. Membership 3. Limitations on powers of the Organization and on obligationi o: llunburs . 17 C. Administrative Structuro and Sanagemont 1. The Conferenco 2. The Executive Committco 3. Standing advisory committees 4. General and special conforences 5. Director-General 6. Staff 7. Regional and liaison offices 8. Organization and methods of works . 18 13 IS . 19 1 + + 20 20 0 1 D. Relations with Other Organizations 1. Other international bodies 2. Regional and national organizations E. Expenses F. Miscellaneous 1. Legal status 2. Interpretation of Constitution 3. Languages G. Need for Early Action APPENDIX I. CONSTITUTION Annex I Annex II 23 23 + 23 . 23 . 30 30 APPENDIX II. MEMBERS OF THE INTERDI COMMISSION ON FOOD AND AGRICULTUBE FINAL ACT 31 394 to 60 .

·3 United and Associated Nations, and the Commission was convened in Washington on July 15, 1943. The Commission now presents its First Report, which has the unanimous concurrence of its constituent Delegates.. B. EXPERT ADVISERS 3. The Commissiou felt itself to be in need of technical advice in regard to many of the subjects referred to it by tho resolutions of the Hot Springs Conference. It therefore decided to ask certain distinguished scientists and economists conversant with problems of nutrition and agriculture to act in an advisory capacity. These experts constituted the Scientific and Economic Panels which advised the Commission on thoscope, functions, and methods of operation of the permanent organization on.food and agriculture. It is appropriate to record in the forefront of this Report the Commission's deep appreciation of their invaluable assistance. The panels were composed as follows: ECONOMO PANEL Chairman: Dr. H. R. Tolley (United States), Chief, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture, Professor H. F. Angus (Canada), Economics Department, University of British Columbia. Dr. Antonin Basch (Czechoslovakia), formerly. Head, Research and Economics Department, National Bank of Czechoslovakia ; Economics Department, Columbia University. Professor J. D. Black (United States), Professor of Economics, Harvard University. Mr. R. R. Enfield (United Kingdom), Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Professor A. G. B. Fisher (New Zealand), Professor of International Economics, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. Dr. Alexander Loveday, Director of Economic, Financial and Transit Departnıent, League of Nations. DIr. Ansgar Rosenborg, Economic, Financial and Transit Department, League of Nations. Professor T. W. Schultz (United States), Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Chicago. SCIENTIFIC PANEL Chairman : Professor J. A. Scott Watson (United Kingdom), Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford University. Dr. E. C. Auchter (United States), Administrator of Agricultural Research, United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. G. S. H. Barton (Canada), Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Dr. F. G. Boudreau (United States), Chairman, Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Dr. R. E. Buchanan (United States), Director, Agricultural Experiment Station and Dean of Graduate School, Iowa State College. Dr. André Mayer (France), Professor and Vice-President, Collège de France. Professor L. A. Maynard (United States), Professor of Animal Nutrition, Cornell University. Dr. Paris E. Menéndez (Paraguay), Director of Central Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture. Dr. T. H. Shen (China), Vice Director, National Agricultural Research Burcau ; Member of National Resources Commission. Dr. R. D.'Sinclair (Canada), Dean of Agriculture, University of Alberta. Dr. M. L. Wilson (United States), Dircotor of Extension, United States Department of Agriculture.

·2 (I) To raise the levels of nutrition and standards of living of its own people; (II) To improve the efficiency of agricultural production and distribution; (III) To cooperate, so far as may be possible, with other nations for the achievement of these ends; (IV) To undertake to submit periodically to the other participants, though the pernianent organization, reports on the action taken and the progresy achieved toward these ends; (c) Such proposals or reports as are necessary to give effect to the recommendations of the Conference; “5. That in the preparation of a plan for the jxrmanent organization the Interim Commission give full consideration to the following: (a) The relation of the permanent organization to, and methods of 11.3-ociating it with, other institutions, national as well as international, which already c.xist or which may hereafter be established, in the field of focd und agriculture and in related scientific, economic, and other fields; (b) Provision for membership in the permanent organization, in due course of governments not represented on the Interin Commission; “6. That in considering the functions and duties to be assigned to the permanent organization the Interim Commission take into account: (a) The promotion of scientific, technological, social, and cconomic research; (b) The collection and dissemination of information and provisioin for the exchange of services (c) The submission to member governments and authorities of recommendations for action with regard to the following: (I) Nutrition; (II) Standards of consumption of food and other agriculturul products; (III) Agricultural production, distribution, and conservation; (IV) Statistics and economic studies in the field of agriculture and food, including the study of the relation of agriculture to world economy; (V) Education and extension work in the field of food and agriculture; (VI) Agricultural credit; (VII) Problems of agricultural population and farm labor; “7. That the Interim Commission further consider the desirability of assigning to the permanent organization functions in the field of: (a) Development of agricultural resources and orientation of production, where necessary; (b) Agricultural commodity arrangements; (c) Agricultural cooperative movements; (d) Land tenure; (e) Other subjects on which recommendations have been made by the Conference; “8. That the Interim Commission also consider the initiation of preliminary statistical investigations and research into the problems with which the permanent organization will deal ; “9. That the Interim Commission be deemed to have been dissolved when the permanent organization has been established; “ 10. That the Government of the United States of America be invited to take whatever preliminairy action may be necessary for the establishment of the Interim Commission after the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture has completed its work." 2. Delegates to the Interim Commission were designated (Appendix II), pursuant to paragraph 2.of the above Resolution, by the Governments of all the ·nc 5 12 Moreover, the frontiers of scientific discovery are constantly expanding and opening opportunities for further progress. 13 Thus mankind is equipped with new knowledge, the heritage of all men new mastery over the forces that determine human well-being is possible, which men and nations can oxercise, if they will, to better the lot of the vast majority of people But to put this knowledge to full use requires forethought and action ade. quate to the ends desired 14 The modern knowledge of nutrition must be shared, in simple practical terms, among increasing numbers of people until it finally reaches all The modern knowledge of production must be shared among the world's farmers Producers must be enabled to get the materials and tools, and to apply the methods, necessary to increase the world's production to the point where all can have enough food Those released from agriculture by its increased efficiency must be enabled to find useful work in other pursuits Workers in cities and towns must be enabled to get the products they need from an expanding agricultural production, that is to say, stic and foreign trade of earnest consideration to those who, for one or another reason, are at so great a disadvantage in the economic system that they cannot obtain the means for reasonable nutrition Finally, research, which has already accomplished so much, must be stimulated and made even more respon. sive to the need of discovering ways of reconciling the changing numbers of the world's peoples and the quantity of things produced and distributed to meet their requirements. 15 Scientific developments have shortened the distances between countries untıl all are now near neighbors Thus the discontent or the overweening ambition of one profoundly affects all others, strife at one place can quickly become world. wide, and cooperation is thrust upon us if the world is to avoid being brought ulti. mately to the verge of ruin 16 But these same scie things through cooperation ti freedom from want of food on its own effort, for nono ca of things that may be done by other nations But in a world in which distance has shrunk and the pace of events has quickened, each nation can reinforce what others do far more readily and effectively than in the past The possibilities for good have increased as greatly as the possibilities for evil We can now reasonably expect to solve the problem of freedom from want if all will act together 17 Progress will necessarily be gradual Men do not readily adjust traditional ways to new conditions and there are many obstacles to be overcome But a start can be made at once Changes in the economic and social arrangements of nations will be needed The redirection would not be wholly new, it is in line with an evolution that has been hastened in our time III THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 4 PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS 18 In pursuance of paragraphs 4 (a) 5 6, and 7 of the Resolution quoted in paragraph 1 of this Report, the Interim Cominission recommends for the approval of its constituent Governments the Constitution (Appendix I) of a permanent organization for food and agriculture, hereinafter referred to as the Organization 19 The remainder of this section of this Report is devoted to an exposition, supplementing the Constitution, of the purposes and functions of the permanent Organization as the Commission has envisaged them, and of its structure and organization, its methods of working, its relationship with other organizations national and international, and the need for its early establishment References at the ends of paragraphs are to the corresponding Articles of the Constitution ·4 4. Thexo expert advisers have contributed in largo measure to tłu dischargo by the Commission of the duties laid upon it, by their expert arul comprehensivo advice on the problems referred to them and by the devotion and Irby which thoy have given, separately and in cooperation, to their voluntary task. The Commis. sion cannot too highly commend their services or too fully recognize it: own indebtedness to them. It records with satisfaction that their advice on all the matters referred to them was unanimous, 5. The Commission has utilized the services of consultants from other organiza. tions, national and international, to assist in certain phases of its work. It particularly desires to record its appreciation of the assistance roured by Mr. C. Wilfred Jenks, Legal Adviser of the International Labour Oflice, who has contributed un. sfintingly of his experience and skill in tho proparution of the Constitution. II. INTRODUCTION 6. It is unnecessary to the purposes of this Report to include in it any general statement of the important considerations supporting the proposals and policies embodied in the Final Act of the Hot Springs Conference. It is appropriate, however, to state briefly hero the general considerations of which the cominixion hos kvin mindful in formulating its recommendations, so far as they relate to the circum. stances under which the recommendations are made, the conditions indler which effect will be given to them, and tho general purposes they are designed to achieve. 7. In the struggle for food, mankind has been indifferently succesful. If millions have enough, more millions have too little, and many starse. This had been thought to be inevitable, but we now know that it is not. Recent discoveries and developments have made it possible unrler certain conditions for all men and all nations to achieve freedom from hunger, which is the first step toward freedom from want. Indeed, we can now expect to do much more than be free from hunger. The way is open to move toward new levels of well-being which men hare hitherto thought unattainable. 8. First among the developments that have made these things possible is progress in scientific production. The natural sciences have shown us how to increase the productiveness of the land. The nature of the soil has been explored, and incthods of management have been developed to maintain and increase its förtility. Great progress has been made in the breeding of both crops and livestock, and strains hare been created that are far more productive than their predecessors. At the same time scientists have found new and surer ways of combating diseases and insect and other pests that constantly menace the food supply. 9. Along with progress in these fields, immense strides have been made in the development of tools and machines to do work formerly done by hand labor, so that it is now possible for one man to till enough land and produce enough food to feed many more people than before. Equally important have heen developinents in handling, processing, storing, and transporting foods which make it possible to overcome many of the former handicaps of season and distance. 10. The result has been to open the way for greatly increased production from the same primary resources, a more even distribution of the supply of food both geographically and over periods of time, and finally a release of large numbers of people from the production of good. These people could produce other things and perform other services needed by their fellow men. 11. While these developments have been in the making the physical nature and needs of human beings have also been explored. The advances in the science of nutrition within recent years have been comparable in importance to the earlier discoveries in bacteriology, which opened the way to control many deadly or handicapping diseases. Chemistry and physiology have given us a vast amount of new knowledge regarding the relation of food to human well-being. We now know that certain diseases, which affect immense numbers of people, are caused solely by failure to get enough of the right kind of food. We know what foods the human body needs not only to prevent these diseases but to build resistance to many others, lengthen the span of life, favor the birth of healthy children, and raise the power of many individuals to do physical and mental work formerly thought to be beyond their innate capacity.

·with Resolutions II, III, and XV of the Hot Springs Conference. In order that these reports may serve as a basis for concerted planning and action by the DIember nations it is important that they give the information needed for drawing an accurate picture of the conditions in any country and throughout the world in regard to nutrition, focd consumption, prcduction, and the factors influencing them. The Organization, being charged with the responsibility of cbtaining and making use of these reports, is therefore given the right to determine the lines on which they will be made and to arrange that they be furnished promptly. [Art. XI.] 29. The regular collection and systematic presentation of relevant statistics obtained from Member nations and inteinaticnal authorities will be fundamental; and continuity in the statistical series collected will be important to ensure accurate interpretation of current and future trends. The Organization should receive regularly all published statistical material, and should also bave access to uppublished material relevant to its work. The basic statistical data in many countries are very imperfect. The Organization should devise effective methcds for obtaining more accurate statistical information at minimum expense, and should also make the services of its technical staff available to any government needing assistance in organizing or improving national statistical services. New methods of sampling, for example, which have recently been developed, are known and used in few countries. [Art. I, XI, XII.] 30. All other relevant sources of information should be used, including the results of special inquiries and surveys, or the work of special committees set up by the Organization ; reports ard other material obtained through regional and liaison offices of the Organization ; information furnished by national nutrition organizations, by any agencies that may be set up under the auspices of the Organization, and by research institutes and scientific societies; and reports and other material obtained through reciprocal arrangements with other international authorities. (Art. XII, XIV.) b. Range of subject matter 31. The range of subject matter covered by the research, fact-finding, and interpretative work of the Organization will include all the branches of the natural and social sciences relating to focd, nutrition, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. It may be useful to list some of the particularly relevant subjects as a means of sketching in broad outline the scope of the activities that would contribute to the main purpose of furthering improvements in prcduction, distribution, consumption, and nutrition. The importance of the interrelationships of the different fields and of collaboration with other institutions should be emphasized at all times. (i) Natural sciences including human nutrition in relaticn to health, animal nutrition, biochemistry, plant ard animal genetics, plant ard animal physiology and pathology, soil chemistry and physics, entomology, mycology, bacteriology, and meteorology. (ii) Technology-including management, selection, and breeding in relation to crops and livestock; animal feeding and care; soil fertilization, drairage, irrigation, and other conservation and development measures; protection of crops and livestock from natural enemies; agricultural engineering; prccessing, storing, and transporting food and other agricultural products. (iii) Economic organization of agriculture including the production and successive stages in the distribution, marketing, and consumption of food and other agricultural products; the coordinated expansion of consumption and production; the efficiency of factors of production in terms of physical output and cost per unit; methods of reducing costs of production and distribution ; scale of enterprise ; economical use of labor and machinery ; provision and use of credit; demand and prices ; gross and net income in relation to output and consumption; trends and fluctuations in production, prices, incomes, and other factors bearing on the relation of agriculture to the general economy; domestic and international trade and other aspects of national and international economy, Frith special refereyco to their bearing on food and agricultural problems.

·0 20. Throughout this Report references to the purposes, functions, dutie:-, ant powers of the Organization are to be interpreted as extending to fisheries, marin products, forestry, primary forestry products, and fibres and other non-food agri cultural products. (Art. XVI.] 21. The purpose of the Organization is set forth in the Preamble to the Consti tution is to promote the common welfare by further ng separte and collective action by the Member nations to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to secure improvements in the efficiency of the production and distribution of all foud an agricultural products, to better the condition of rural populations, and thus t contribute toward an expanding world cconomy. 22. The means to be employed will include the promotion of resarch, tho dissemination of knowledge, the exchange of services, and the making of recommendations for international and national action, in which the Organization might in somo cases be directly involved, with regard to the improvement of nutrition, the production, distribution, and consuniption of foods and of fibres and other agricultural products; and the development and conservation of agricultural, forestry, and marine resources. [Art. I, IV.] 23. These are important and far-reaching undertakings. They should be envisaged as far as possible in their entirety, so that their interrelationships may be clearly seen. But the Organization will have to develop gradually and it will probably be a considerable time before it will be able to cover the whole field dus. cribed in this Report. It should be established at the earliest practicable date sinco there are matters falling within its scope which call urgently for action. 1. RESEARCH 24. One of the principal functions of the Organization will be to promote research in the fields relating to its work as a means of meeting the needs and helping to solve the problems of the peoples of its member nations. Competence and persistence in the search for knowledge, and fairness and courage in promoting it3. application, will establish a solid basis for recommendations and action. [Art. 1.) 25. A vast amount of knowledge in the fields to be covered by the Organization already exists. To be more widely and effectively used, it needs to be adapted to local conditions and re-examined as conditions change. In addition, new knowledge must be sought. 26. A great diversity of research in the natural and social sciences is suggested by the range of subject matter and the sources of information discussed in later paragraphs. While continually safeguarding and fostering the freedom of inquiry necessary to science, the Organization can do much to stimulate such research throughout the world ; suggest and initiate projects, in many of which several institutions in more than one country might cooperate; coordinate such projects whenever possible ; arrange for the use of procedures that would give comparableresults; and keep research workers informed of one another's progress. The Organization should facilitate the exchange of personnel among institutions and the collection and exchange of important biological materials--breeding stocks, for example and in some cases lend the services of members of its own technical staff to an institution or a country. Whether the Organization should supply equipment or given direct financial aid to research institutions is a matter of policy to be determined by the Conference, The question should be left for future decision whether, by arrangement with the governments primarily concerned, the Organization should establish research stations of its own. (Art. I, XII.] 27. In sum, the Organization should lead in stimulating, promoting, and, whereappropriate, conducting research focussed on world needs in food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. To carry out these and other functions, it will need to assema ble a great deal of information from all parts of the world. But it should not only gather data ; it should find out and say what they mean. a. Sources of information 28. One of the principal sources from which the Organization will gather information will be the periodic reports made by Member nations in accordance ;

·. . services 9 37 To what extent, and in what ways, the Organization will be of assistance to cducational institutions other than those at the university or professional level cannot be forcscen at present Nat ors differ widely in their educational system, which are peculiarly a matter of national concern But while the rural school systems should be one of the most important factors in nprouin, rural life, it is in fact in mo t countries at a disadvantage in comparison with urban school systems, and in both urban and rural schools there are creat and often unrealized opportunities for teaching young people clementary but important facts regarding frnda nnd nutrition Despite the difficulties involied, the Orżanization should be promoting caprcity, assisting in surveys and studies to determine needed improvements, and in other stays [Arl 1 ] 38 Varous countries are interested in furtzerug adult education, particularly of the kind exemplificd by agricultural cat sion, home demonstration, and similar Such serviccs depend largely on local instructors and leaders who glo personal counsel and assistance and denionstrato methods to help producers and homemakers apply the principles of good farming, fool preparation, putration, and home economics, or domestic science, in their daily work and living the Orgas nization should be prepared to aosist governments in determining the necd for theso services, to promot dequate training of worbers, including opportunities for study in other countries when this would be advantagcous, and to assist in other ways in widening the usefulness and improving the methods and standards of such services [Art I.] 39 The Organization will be interested in improving the effectu eness with luch adult education services could use such channels as newspapers, radio, and motion pictures to spread practical information In addition, it should furnish authentic information for the public regarding its own activities To what extent it sirould elaborato services of its own, designed specifically to furnish material for tho press, radio, and other popular media, will depend upon the courso of its desclop. ment Whatever may be done in this dcld should be safeguarded with unusual caro against the risk of cxploitation and misrepresentation for purposes of commercial or other ropaganda [Art I) c Library and inquiry sercices 40 As the worh of the Crganization becomes widely known, it will probably be called upon to answer a large volume of inquiries on mam subjects Iurn-hung adequate information in response to these inquiries will in it elf bo an important service in dieseminating knowledge Partly for this purpose and also for its other worl, the Organization will nccd an extensive library, hept fully up to date [.ir I] 3 1DVISORX FUNCTIONS, 41 Vich of the work of the Organization will be of an advisory character. This will include making reccpn endations ranging from a subgetion on sono mi ncr roint to drawing up and sulmitting for approval an claborate program of action on a com; le problem, ard fiem aduce o ven to a singlo Jenler nation or even canaleinst tution to advice gren to all Jcmler natıcı- (.lt 1,11 ) 42 The Organization should have this side scope in its advisors functions pl ont sourfthir llot Spring Conference It is, Los ser, Si cand mulato and adopt fornui sccommendations to boi crnacht arit of ads sory services may be des cloped of als formal character [IH 1,11) 43 lhe eſſets en s of advice and recommendations dejendy on thc giais. fications of tio o who go them, the dequac of their preparitory work, thur understanding of variations in local conditions, and thor ability to unilt th co. upcr ition of Venibor nations The Organization should progressels ctiblah its coni cctions and buld up a staff with a wide and of qui sucat ons and exc. IC lli Orhuzation will thus be cquipped I take theintutise in fliniulati, tuco... picndations designed to stimulate action by one or mort nat (I. or interidt.01 +1 . ist Juni ·18 (iv) Other social factors including food habits and customs, the distribut of population between agriculture and industry, population movements, la tenure, consumer and producer cooperatives, and rural organization genera rural schools and other rural institutions; rural roads, communications, and r electrification ; rural housing, sanitation, and amenities. (v) Public measures of regulation and assistance : In modern states pub authorities legislate so extensively in regard to standards and practices, a provide aids of so many kinds in connection with the matters included in each the preceding sub-paragraphs, that investigations in these fields by the Organi tion are too broad to be covered by any list. They would relate, among oth matters, to special planning techniques, legislation affecting the eradication deficiency diseases, measures for improving the diets of vulnerable groups, reg lations for control of plant and animal diseases and pests, grading and standar of market and nutritive quality, subsidies for production or consumption, co mercial policies, and measures for increasing consumption by the distribution special terms of accumulated stocks. 2. DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE 32. The need to make useful facts about nutrition and the consumption ar production of foods far more widely known is so great and so essential to progre. that promoting the dissemination of knowledge is to be given equal emphasis wit research. The Organization should employ various means to this end as the nee arises. The development of a program of publication will be important from th beginning. Promoting education in the fields relating to the Organization's wor will be another important activity. [Art. 1.] a. Publications 33. A considerable variety of publications will probably be needed, some fo official or professional use, some designed to meet the needs of particular groups o producers and consumers and those of the general public. High standards shoul be the aim in every case. Duplication of work adequately done by others should b avoided, and the possibility of cooperative ventures should be fully explored; th Organization might do much by this means to promote world-wide coordination o efforts-for example, in the preparation and publication of scientific abstracts. [Art. XII.] 34. It is not possible at this time to forecast exactly what publications the Organization will find it useful to issue. Among them might be a periodic summary based on the reports by Member nations; a periodic world survey of the state of nutrition, consumption, and production together with an analysis of the determining factors, with special attention to interrelated developments and the policies of different countries; a periodic digest or review of legislation and administrative rulings relating to food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ; abstracts, reviews and bibliographies of scientific literature ; regular bulletins dealing with crops, production, trade, stocks, prices and other data and their interpretation; and a journal or journals containing articles for the general reader on problems and progress in the fields covered by the Organization. It will clearly be essential to publish an authoritative and comprehensive yearbook of international statistics. [Art. 1, XI.] b. Education 35. The publications of the Organization will be educational in a broad sense. It should also promote more specific educational activities in several importar fields, with the central purpose of furthering improved nutrition and adequate production and consumption on a world-wide scale. [Art. I.] 36. With a view to raising the standards of professional services and making Them more widely available, the Organization should be prepared to assist mental and other agencies in planning for expansion or improvement of the work of institutions of learning in the fields related to its work. It should be in a position to serve as consultant to institutions on courses of study and methods of training. It might well act as a clearinghouse of information on facilities for study and research in institutions throughout the world. It should encourage and facilitate the exchange between countries of students, teachers, and professional workers. [Art. 1.] govern.

·9 37 To what extent, and in what ways, the Organization will be of assistance to educational institutions other than those at the university or professional level cannot be foreseen at present Nators differ widely in their educational systems, which are peculiarly a matter of national concern But while the rural school systems should be one of the most important factors in improving rural life, it is in fact in most countries at a disadvantage in comparison with urban school systems, and in both urban and rural schools there are great and often unrealized opportunities for teaching young people elementary but important facts regarding foods and nutrition Despite the difficulties involved, the Organization should be able to perform a useful service by advising on suitable courses of study, promoting adequate teacher training in appropriate subjects, acting in a consultative capacity, assisting in surveys and studies to determine needed improvements, and in other ways [Art 1] 38 Various countries are interested in furthering adult education, particularly of the kind exemplified by agricultural extension, home demonstration, and similar Services Such services depend largely on local instructors and leaders who give personal counsel and assistance and demonstrate methods to help producers aud homemakers apply the principles of good farming, food preparation, nutrition, and home economics, or domestic science, in their daily work and living The Organization should be prepared to assist governments in determining the need for these Services, to promot adequate training of workers, including opportunities for Study in other countries when this would be advantageous, and to assist in other ways in widening the usefulness and improving the methods and standards of such services [Art I.] 39 The Organization will be interested in improving the effectiveness with which adult education services could use such channels as netvspapers, radio, and motion pictures to spread practical information In addition, it should furnish authentic information for the public regarding its own activities To what extent it should elaborate services of its own, designed specifically to furnish material for the press, radio, and other popular media, will depend upon the course of its develop. ment. Whatever may be done in this field should be safeguarded with unusual care against the risk of exploitation and misrepresentation for purposes of commercial or other propaganda [Art I ] c Library and inquiry services 40 As the work of the Ciganization becomes widely known, it will probably be called upon to answer a large volume of inquiries on many subjects. Furnishing adequate information in response to these inquiries will in itself be an important Service in disseminating knowledge Partly for this purpose, and also for its other work, the Organization will need an extensive library, kept fully up to date (art. 1.] 3 ADVISORY FUNCTIONS. 41. Much of the work of the Organization will be of an advisory character, This will include making recommer atrons ranging from a suggestion on sono minor roint to drawing up and kubunitting for approval an elaborate program of ac ticn on a com; lex problem, and from advice given to a single Memler nation or even a sngle institution to advice given to all member nations (Art I, 11] 42 The Organization should have this wide scope in its advisory functions to enable it to achieve the objectives of the Hot Springs Conference It is, how(scr, a much moro delicate matter to give advice on some subjects than on others Special procedures are provided by which the Conference of thic Organization may fornulato and adopt formal recompiendations to governments. In addition, a sido rartets of advisory services may be dereloped of a less formal character (zri I,IV 43 The effectiveness of advice and recommendations depends on the qualı. fications of those whogh e them, the.dequacy of their preparatory work, clickr understanding of variations in local conditions, and their ability to cnht th co. operation of Member nations The Organization should progressively establish its connections and build up a staff with a wide range of qua ificat ons and exz CTILUCC. The Organization will thus bo equipped to tabe the initiatis un formulating recom. wendations designed to stimulate action by one or more nations or internatio.]

·. 18 (iv) Other social factors including food hubits and customis, tho distribution of population between agriculture and industry, population movomonts, land tenure, consumer and producer cooperatives, and rural organization generally rural schools and other rural institutions; rural roads, communicatione, and rural electrification; rural housing, sanitation, and amenities. (v) Public measures of regulation and assistance: In modern states public authorities legislate so extensively in regard to standards and practices, and provide aids of so many kinds in connection with the matters included in each of the preceding sub-paragraphs, that investigations in these fields by the Organization" are too broad to be covered by any list. They would relate, among other matters, to special planning techniques, legislation affecting the eradication of deficiency diseases, measures for improving the clicts of vulnerable groups, regu. lations for control of plant and animal diseases and pests, grading and standards of market and nutritive quality, subsidies for production or consumptiori, commercial policies, and measures for increasing consumption by the distribution on special terms of accumulated stocks. 2. DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE 32. The need to make useful facts about nutrition and the consumption and production of foods far more widely known is so great and so essential to progress that promoting the dissemination of knowledge is to be given equal emphasis with research. The Organization should employ various means to this end as the need arises. The development of a program of publication will be important from the beginning. Promoting education in the fields relating to the Organization's work will be another important activity. [Art. 1.] a. Publications 33. A considerable variety of publications will probably be needed, some for official or professional use, some designed to meet the needs of particular groups of producers and consumers and those of the general public. High standards should be the aim in every case. Duplication of work adequately done by others should be avoided, and the possibility of cooperative ventures should be fully explored; the Organization might do much by this means to promote world-wide coordination of efforts--for example, in the preparation and publication of scientific abstracts. [Art. XII.] 34. It is not possible at this time to forecast exactly what publication; the Organization will find it useful to issue. Among them might be a periodic summary based on the reports by Member nations; a periodic world survey of the state of nutrition, consumption, and production together with an analysis of the determining factors, with special attention to interrelated developments and the policies of different countries ; a periodic digest or review of legislation and administrative rulings relating to food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ; abstracts, reviews and bibliographies of scientific literature ; regular bulletins dealing with crops, produce tion, trade, stocks, prices and other data and their interpretation; and a journal or journals containing articles for the general reader on problems and progress in the fields covered by the Organization. It will clearly be essential to publish an authoritative and comprehensive yearbook of international statistics. [Art. 1, XI.] b. Education 35. The publications of the Organization will be educational in a broad sense. It should also promote more specific educational activities in several importar; fields, with the central purpose of furthering improved nutrition and adequate production and consumption on a world-wide scale. [Art. I.] 36. With a view to raising the standards of professional services and making Them more widely available, the Organization should be prepared to assist govern: mental and other agencies in planning for expansion or improvement of the work of institutions of learning in the fields related to its work. It should be in a position to serve as consultant to institutions on courses of study and methods of training. It might well act as a clearinghouse of information on facilities for study and research in institutions throughout the world. It should encourage and facilitate the exchange between countries of students, teachers, and professional workers. [Art. 1.]

·area. 11 food, and provide alternative employment. Usually, however, the solution of the problem requires the enlargement of foreign markets for the export products of the b. Advice and recoinmendations on other problems 46. In addition to dealing with the problems discussed so far the Organization Frould furnish advice and make recommendations in many other cases, some of which will be of a more or less routine nature. The initiative in making proposals might be taken by one or more Member nations or by the Conference. Suggestions might be made to the Conference by general or special conferences, by the advisory com. mittees, by the Executive Committee, and by the Director-General. The Executive Committee should be especially well qualified to act as an intermediary for proposals for action to be considered by the Conference, which in turn yould submit recommendations to governments. The Director-General would not make ţecommendations directly to a government unless it requested him to do so. [Art. IV, V, VI, VII] 47. Although a distinction is drawn throughout this discussion between the initiation of proposals by governments and by the Organization, the point should not be overemphasized. To exercise its functions effectively, the Organization would necessarily develop close working relations with governments in the course of which suggestions and advice would naturally be exchanged. [Art. 1.) 48. The Organization will be in regular communication with governments in connection with their reports and statistical and other retuns. Governments will both ask for and expect to be offered suggestions for action on their part which will amplify the information supplied and make it comparable for the various countries. In response to requests, the Organization might furnish expert advisers who, together with local officials and technical personnel, would constitute special committees or missions authorized to investigate and report in accordance with their terms of reference. In general, such inquiries would have in view the making of re. commendations for action. (Art. I., XI.] 49. Similarly, the Organization would increasingly have occasion to map out' surveys and other undertakings--for example, a world agricultural census, to be. repeated at intervals--to be carried out in cooperation with the governments con. cerned. For these surveys too, special committees or missions made up in part of local representatives would be effective machinery, and useful advice might be ex. pected frequently to result. The Organization would also have regular advisory relations with national agencies such as nutrition committees and research councils. (Art. 1,} 50. In addition, collecting and disseminating information would in themselves involve indirect advisory work which would have considerable influence. Each nation would be given the benefit of the experience of others, objectively examined as a subject of common interest. The force of example should lead governments to find out more about conditions affecting their own people, and stimulate them to introduce measures for improvement which have succeeded elsewher, and, equally, to guard against the repetition of mistakes. 4. FISIERTES, FORESTRY, AND NON-FOOD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS a. Fisheries and marine products 51. Fisheries furnish a considerable part of the world's food supply ; in some areas they are more important than agriculture as a source of food. Vitamin-rich cils extracted from the livers of cod, sharks, and other fish have in recent years assumed great importance in nutrition and therapy. Fisheries also furnish important by. | products, such as fertilizer materials, protein feeds for livestock, industrial oils, leather, and various chemicals. The technical and economic problems of those engaged in fishing require largely similar treatment to the problems of those engaged in farming. Improving the production, han lling, storing, processing, and distribution of fish is vital in any conorted effort among nations to rais; the nutritional lovels and the standards of living of populations. 52. Few if any types of food prod 'ction yield returns as quickly as docs fishing, This fact will be of special sigaticance after the war when there will be a general .

·10 authorities. Its initiative in making suggestions and offering dvice to nations individually and collectively would be especially useful in cazes in which coordinated action is required in several fields or by a number of countries. For it variety of reasons, a nation may feel itself inhibited from initiating u discussion of probleine, the solution of which appears to demand modifications of the policies of othr nations as well as of its own. In such cases, particularly, the Organization would be in a [Art. 11.) favourable position to initate discussions and make recommendations. 44. The advisory work of the Organization would in appropriate (54*3 be done in cooperation with other international authorities in related fields. (alrt. 111.) a. Typical cases and procedure 45. The Organization should be ready and willing to meet requeits from one or more states for advice in regard to policy or for other assistance. The extent to which the Organization's advice in regard to the problems of imividual countries will be required will of course vary greatly as betscen countrius in different stages of agricultural and economic development. But improvements resulting from sound advice given to particular countries will in the long run redound to the common benefit and by their general as well as their particular effects will promote the basic purposes of the Organization. The following might be typical cases and procedures : (a) In some cases an international convention, in the sense of ir formal agree. ment to be ratified by a large number of nations, would be the most effective instrument to accomplish the desired objective. Or the Organization might framo a model code or form of treaty as a guide to Member nations. Either of these methods would be suitable for agreements on such matters as the standardization of terms, assaying samples, biological material of various kinds, weights and weas. ures, containers, certain trade practices, methods of appraising the nutritive values of foods and the adequacy of dicts, and nieasures for preventing the spread of diseases or of pests. [Art. IV.) (b) In other cases the Conference would act by means of a resolution or by adopting reports embodying proposals for action. Such a resolution or report might call for common action by the nations affected, the acceptance of common or related policies or changes in policy, or the creation of an institution for the common use and benefit of a group of nations. [Art. IV, XIV.] (c) Raising the nutritional level of the population will in miny countries in. volve long-range programs including the expansion and reorientation of production, the building up of food processing and consumer-goods industries, the improre. ment of markets, and the expansion of such services as transportation and electric power. Complementary shifts in the production and trade of other countries would often be required in such cases, and outside capital and technical assistance might be needed. The Organization could perform a useful function by helping to de termine the need for such far-reaching developments, drawing up plans, coordinating action by various countries, presenting the case for loans from international credit agencies, and furnishing advice and technical assistance in other ways. [Art. I, IV, XII.) (d) Similar but even more difficult problems occur in the case case of countries or regions in which such developments and improvements cannot materially relieve the poverty and malnutrition of large masses of people in a reasonable time. In some regions chronic poverty is in part the result of age-old traditions, high net rates of reproduction of populations, and the lack of education, the inadequacy of roads and communication facilities, and the absence of opportunities for industrial employment. These problems are not insoluble, but they require long-continued effort and the cooperation of many agencies. The Organization should play a leading part in such long-term efforts. Where famine is a recurrent risk the Organization should obtain information on probable requirements and sources of supply, and facilitate arrangements with the governments of Member nations or with appropriate international agencies for finding the necessary men, money, and materials, free or on special terms. [Art. I, XII.] (e) Another type of problem concerns areas where climatic or other factors have led to specialization in the production of one or a few export products. Every practicable effort should be made in these areas to diversify product on, grow more ·Of many 59 Tho Counmission recommends that, in accordance with the situation in each caso, the Organization should establish close working relations with any existing international agoncioz co icerned with forestry [4rt XII, XIV] Non food agricultural products 60 A considerable part of the world's agriculture is devoted to the production of commodities othor thin foods These products are of special importance becauso of tho contribution thoy mako to the money incomo of farmers sinco niost of them require processing a d yro sold 19 ruw materials for cash. Some of them are neces. sities of lifo , others contributo in an important measure to human health, dignity, and well being Tho Orgruzation should accord these produdts consideration conimensurato with their importance to agriculture and to social welfare 61 Fibros constituto ono of tho major groups of non food products Of theso somo, such as cotton, wool, Anen, and silk, aro consumed mainly in clothing and house. hold goods, others, such as jute, lomp, abaca, sisal, and henequen, are used in tho form of bags, ropes, cords, and nets Other categories of non food products includo the oils and fats used in paints and soaps , hides, skıns, and furs used in clothing and in industry, boverages n id buverigo materials, and tobacco It is characteristic of most of theso produc's that their markets are international in scope and that consumption increases and decreases with fluctuations in general prosperity also, product1012 over the world tonds in peacetime to run ahead of effective demand, with a resulting dopression of the living standards of producers At the same time many of those products are espocnully subject to inter commodity competition, including the incrousing competition of synthetic materials 62 Lxisting information on consumption capacity and effectivo demand for somo of thoso produces 11 different countries, and on the relation of consumption levels to standards of living and lovols of well beng, is meagro and inadequate compared with the simo information in relation to food and nutrition In sponsoring orguizing, uding, or condacting rescarch designed to develop more complete in forniation, tlo Organization will have an opportunuty for service to consumers and producers While such fundamental facts are being sought, however, much can be done to increaso and broaden the consumption of many important products--for example, clothing, household textiles, punts, soaps-through a general expansion of world economy, including agriculture, industry, and trade [Art I ] 63 The functions and activities of the Organization wall in the nature of the case includo non food as well as food products, with respect to such matters as agri. cultural organization, agricultural credit, commodity arrangements, scientific and economic research, and education [Art I, IV 1 64 The Commission recommends that, where appropriate, the Organization should establish close worhing relations with other public international organizations concerned with non food agricultural products (Art XII.] 5 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT 65 The Commission has given careful thought to the functions that ought to be performed by the Organization in the domain of agricultural credit It is manifest that the basic purposes of tho Organization will not be achieved unless international crudit for agricultural projects is made available and effective on a considerable scale, and it follows that the promotion of a wiso and liberal administration of international 3 3 s - to be realized 1 agricultural cri methods shoul be reflected in that portion of international investments which may be directed towards agriculturo may bring about quicker effects upon world economy than larger supis needed for Jonger term developments ·scarcity of animal proteins. During 1939-44, as during 1914-18, fisheries have been substantialy replensihed, and at the cnd of the present war well-stocked fishing grounds will constitute one of the world's few reserves of foods, 53. The work of the Organization in this field would follow the same general pattern as in agriculture, including research, education, advice, and recommendation, It should examine the possibilities for expansion of present fisherics, since in many parts of the world known marine resources could without harm be exploited much more intensively to supply food for human beings feed for livestock, and materials for industry. It should encourage systematic exploration for virgin marine resources and evaluate the possibilities for their development. It should encourage the setting up of additional research laboratories to study biological, economic, and technical problems related to the fishery industry throughout the world. (art. I.] 54. In their migrations among the waters of the world, fish have no regard for national boundaries. The conservation and wise and equitable wic of fishery resources is therefore in many cases peculiarly a matter for international agreements, treaties, and conventions. "It would be the duty of the Organization to help to for mulate and to propose such international arrangements. Its should also perfoni functions in relation to credit, which will be needed for the development, expansion and rehabilitation of many fishery enterprises similar to the functions suggested elsewhere in this Report in connection with agriculture. [Art. 1, 1V.] 55. As in the case of agriculture, the Organization should take the necessary steps for cooperation with other bodies--in particlar, the International Labour Organization, which is concerned with the social conditions of fishermen ; the Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Copenhagen); the North Atlantic Council on Fishery Investigations (Ottawa) ; and the several bodies administering internationa fisheries. [Art. XII.] b. Forestry and forestry products 56. Foresis occupy approximately 22 per cent. of the land surface of the earth. They play so important a part in the conservation and building up of soil and water resources that it is impossible to plan conservation measures on any extepsive scale without including forest management and frequently afforestation in the plans. In most countries forestry and farming or grazing constitute possible alternative uses of much of the land, and a significant part of the forest land in many countries is owned or operated by farmers. Indeed, forests are perennial crops, natural or man-made, and their products compete with or supplement other farm products for certain important uses. Farmers are among the larger users of forest products, especially for fuel, building, and equipment. For these reasons many countries include forestry as a part of agriculture in their governmental organization. 57. World forest supplies have been altered by the war. New supply problemus. have been created and new uses developed. In some countries progress in improved methods of forest management and utilization is being made at a faster rate than ever before. Thus there are not especially urgent reasons to consider forestry in world terms and to take concerted action to bring about more efficient growing processing, and distribution-of forest products, the balancing of production and distribution with needs on a world scale, and the prevention of disastrous overuse of forest resources in some countries while those of other couutries go to waste for lack of effective demand, to the end that the world's forest resources may make their full contribution to the needs and the well-being of the people of every nation. 58. As in the case of food and other agricultural products discussed in this Report, these objectives would be accomplished through international cooperation in bringing all branches of science to bear upon the biological, techrological, economic, social and other problems involved in the production, distribution, and use of primary forest products ; in establishing a factual basis upon which nations, individually and in concert, could build policies and programs ; in helping to work out such programs and in promoting widespread education and public understanding of forestry rroblenis. The Organization's work in forestry would thus closely parallel that in other fields. (Art. I, IV.]

·L 15 71 The Commis910n recommends that the Organization, or in the eyent of its not being established in time the Interim Commission itself, should participate in tho international conference which it proposes should be held to formulate the principles to which all commodity arrangements should conform It further recommends that the Organization should be represented on the directorate of the proposed interna tional authority and should be associated, where appropriate, with the working operations of that authonty through mutual consultation ard reference [Art XII] 72 As in the case of angements, the Organization will have an impo ncern in international agricultural commodity arr. い。 more be entitled to propose particular commodity arrangements to the proposed international authority, or in the absence of such an authority to governments, and to suggest the provisions of the arrangements so proposed Similarly, the Organization should be entitled to propose that any existing agricultural commodity arrangement should be modified or terminated (Art IV) 73 The Organization will have a special competence and interest in regard to such arrangements as they promote or hunder better orientation of production through agricultural adjustments and whether they may be effective in providing opportunities for supplying consumption needs from the most efficient sources of production For example, the Organization may well study the effects of monopolistic practices, excessive price variations and similar phenomena in order to stimulate appropriate international action for maintaining a check upon the first and for diminishing, or even for preventing, the second On its own initiative, or in response to requests either from the general administrative authority or from the individual commodity control concerned, the Organization may conduct inquiries regarding any international agricultural commodity arrangement, and should furnish to governments, to the international commodity authority, or to any authority dealing with an individual commod arrangement, information, analyses, advice [Art 1, IV) 7 ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS 74 In carrying out the duties already outlined, the Organization will nocessaruly undertake certain administrativo work 75, In certain circumstances the Organization might perform admiwistrative functions in connection with a wide range of international conventions or agreements on such matters as those already mentioned It might also, in agreement with the countries concerned, perform or organize services of an international character, such as the control of locusts and other plagues, or the search for and distribution of biological materials for the control of predatory insects and noxious weeds (Art I, IT] 76 The Organization would be free to accept and administer endowments or guts for the furtherance of its work, being careful to ensure that the terms are not such as might cause embarrassment to the Organization (Art XV] 77 The Organization would be empowered to expend, if it should so decade, part of its funds, contributed by Díember nations, to establish fellow słups for training expert wokers or carrying out researh projects, to found research institutes, or to make grants in and for other purposes In such cases its funds should bo used, borrerer, only for projects that have a regional or world significance and that would not be undertaken without such assistance (Art 1] 78 To the fullest possible extent the Organization should utilize the facilities and resources of other organizations, both national and international, for the achievement of its purposes and in general should be cautious about undertaking the supervision or administration of executive agencies in fields related to its work (in II) 79 The Organization should be entitled to consider any proposals that might be made or itself to make proposals for the distribution on special terms, to those whoso consuniption is relatively very low, of abnormal stocks of fool or other anri. cultural products, and it should be empowered to assist other unternational Lodes in ·14 66. The Commission conceives, however, that international credit and insestment, whether related to agricultural or industrial developinent or to other purposes, would most suitably be administered by a single international authority charged with the appropriate functions in respect of all such purposes. It recommends that such an authority be established by agreement botweon the governments concerned, and that adequate arrangements be made for including the provision of agricultural credit among its functions. It further recommends that tho Organization, or in the vent of its not being established in time the Interim Commission itself, should be repre. sented at any international conferonce that may be convened for the purpose of setting up an international credit and investment authority. 67. Credit will be needed for many agricultural developments--for example, the re-equipment of agriculture, mechanization, land reclamation, irrigation, afforestation, and increased storage, processing, and marketing facilities for agricultural products. Agricultural credit should, however, he interpreted not only as covering its conventional forns but also as including credit for eljust. ments in other parts of the economy in the interests of agricultural revrientation and better standards of nutrition, 68. The Organization will have a direct concern with all these matters, and it is clearly appropriate, if it is to be enabled to exercise an influence in its own field commensurate with the purposes for which it is established, that it should be recognized as a complementary body to the international credit and investment authority with specific functions in regard to agricultural credit. (Hil...] 69. The specific functions relating to agricultural credit which the Commission recommends should be assigned to the Organization are as follows: fall. 1, 11, X11.) (a) The Organization should participate in the management of the interrational credit organization through representation on its governing body, in order to provide for due consideration of agricultural interests in the determination of general international credit and investment policies. (b) Applications for international credit for an agricultural purpose should be considered by the international credit authority only after examination by the Food and Agriculture Organization and in the light of its recommendations. (c) In appropriate cases, and if the Food and Agricnlture Organization should so recommend, the borrowing country should be required, as a condition of the loan, to avail itself to the fullest extent, in regard to the projects for which the loan is granted, of the technical services and advice of the Organization. 6. CODDIODITY ARRANGEMEXTS 70. Resolution II 7 (b) of the Hot Springs Conference instructed the Coninission to consider the desirability of assigning to the Organization functions in the field of agricultural commodity arrangements. The Commission has recognized the important role which such arrangements can play in (a) coordinating internationally diverse or conflicting national price and marketing policies and programs ; (b). eliminating excessive fluctuations in prices; (c) mitigating some of the effects of trade cycles ; (d) maintaining adequate supplies for consumers : and (e) ensuring markets for producers while promoting desirable adjustments in agricultural production. Commodity arrangements for non-agricultural products have a similar role to perforni, and to secure fairness of treatment, avoid confusion, and establish con. sistent policies, the Commission recommends to its constituent governments that international commodity arrangements for both agricultural and non-aġricultural products be coordinated under the supervision and direction of a single international authority. The Commission further recommends that principles governing international commodity arrangements for all classes of products should be formulated by a special international conference and that thereafter there should be established an international authority to review in the light of experience the application of the principles so formulated and to coordinate and supervise the administration of indivi. dual commodity arrangements.

·17 87 Initial membership is for a period of not less than fire years Because of the adverse and fluid conditions arising from the war and its aftermath, with which the Organization will have to contend during the early stages of its development, it is thought that five years is not too long a perıcd for any paticn to pledge its adherence and support (Art XIX} 88 Provision is made for withdrawal of membership by any member nation after the expiration of an initial five year period, withdrawal being subject to fulfil. ment of financial obligations to the date of withdrawal [Art XIX] 3 LIMITATIONS ON POWERS OF THE ORGANIZATION AND ON OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS 89 Adequate work covering the entire field indicated in this Report will be only gradually achieved Any change in functions which would involve modification of the provisions of the Constitution requires a two thirds majority vote of the re presentatives of all the Member nations and no such modification can impose a new obligation on any Vember nation without its consent [Art IX] 90 The particular obligations undertaken by Jember nations by acceptance of the Constitution are as follows (a) to make specified reports to the Organization, [Art II] (b) to contribute to the expenses of the Organization, (Art XVIII). (c) to accord appropriate diplomatic privileges to the Organization and nzembers of its staff Art VIII) (d) to respect the international character of the responsibilities of tko Orga. nization s staff (Art VIII) X2 91 As indicated in paragraph 89 nf this Rerort the Constitution specifically provides that a new obligation ca amendment of the Constitution, u Member nation [Art XX] 92 Subject to this restriction of the power of member nations to impose new obligations on each other and to the further restriction that no amendment of tho Constitution involving a new obligation shall take effect even as apong Alember nations prepared to accept it unless two thirds of all the Member nations thall have accepted it, amendments may be made, and may take cffect, on adoption by a two thirds majority vote of all member nations (Art II] CAD\IINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND VANAGEMENT 93 The success of the Organization will depend on the quality honcsty, and usefulness of its work It should be equipped to perfcım the wide range of duties proposed in the Final Act of the Hot Springs Confererçe ard should accordingly mations should be able promptly and effectively to determine its program of work The work done should be so widely known as to assure the full backing of public opinion and be of such high quality as to command the re pect of all proſenicnal The Organization should be in a position to hcep itself fully informed of the nceds policies and prictices of Vember-naticus and to draw on the ads sio and services of scientific and administrative cipxerts througlicut the world 'The staff should be 'ghly competent in the different licids of activits of ole Or amzation, and its character should be genuinely internationni 1 THE CONFERENCE 9. In order to assure that largest nieasure of re posible direct control to Vember gorernments the Conference should con 2-t of repre entative of tl.cz Soi crnments It would be advantageous of governments were to adopt the richi of nominating to the Conferenco respons_ble minuters harithe, zurhont in the proprinte fields of activity accompanied bi per.ois sath speenl Lowlxdne 31. matters of fool, agriculturi, anul public licaltii [ Art III) 2 TIIE CTECUTIVT COMISIITTEE 93 The Executive Committeo wall facilitate action in the intensals Lk &**** melings of the Conference Its members wult bu nomuted bs arul 113 -08 specifically durial from the Confinnea. Tho Coil titution ciapowers the Court o ·16 administering such schemes. The necessity of coordinating such propoli with the policies of other bodies should beborne in mind, together with the risk that such action might delay necessary basic economic adjustments by giving prora 211 inducement to continue production despite the lack of effectivo comand for their output. [Art. IV, XII.] 80. Much of the foregoing discussion assumes that other international storia ties will be created with administrative responsibilities in related fires, in that the Organization will promote its own purposes by maintaining close inul reperative association with these other authorities. A different situation would ari-t if tchother authorities were not set up. If governments were prepared to authorize the Oryani. zation to fill, in whole or in part, somo of the gaps created by the absence of 18h other authorities, there would be a case for its undertaking further executive repon. sibilities. [Art. XII, XIV.] 81. In particular, the Commission has recommended that the "tv-tituent governments estab ish international authorities to deal with international deliti il whole, and with commodity arrangements as a whole, including wriculum malit in the one case and agricultural commodity arrangements in the other. f, 1130437" such international authorities should not be established, or if their effective upcration should be unduly delayed, the Organization would uncontually find ilself criously hampered in the promotion of its primary purposes. The ('ornmission has the confident hope that this situation will not arise. If it should, the Commission conceives that it would be the duty of the Organization to represent to governments that appropriate international credit and commodity arrangements, applying to the agricultural field alone, should be made. In that event, it woull no doubt be appropriate to propose that the administrativo functions involver should be performed directly by the Food and Agriculture Organization itself. [lrt. I, IV.] 82. Collaboration with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation adminis. tration also has its administrative aspects, especially in relation to agricultural rehabilitation. The Organization might well have functions to perform in connection with rehabilitation work that may need to be continued beyond the life of the Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The Constitution of the Organizatioil permits it to assume such responsibilities at the appropriate tine. [wrt. 1,11,111,111.] 83. The Organization may initiate or concert plans with governmeni, in cooperation with other appropriate international bodies, for the procureme!!! anci distribution of supplies of food and producers' goods to relieve famine resulting from floods, drought, earthquakes, or other calamities. [Art. I, IV, XII.] B, CONSTITUTION 1. NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTIOX 84. The Constitution is so framed as to provide for the essential powers and duties of the Organization as envisaged in Section III A of this Report; to give scope for development within existing provisions according to circumstances; and to permit of considered amendment to meet undetermined future conditions, including more particularly the future framework of international organizations, 2. MEMBERSHIP 85. Original membership is accorded to the nations represented at the Hot Springs Conference, as and when the Constitution is accepted by their gorernments; but provision is made for the admission of other nations to membership, with full rights, duties, and obligations, by a two-thirds majority rote of the representatives of all the Member nations. [Art. II.] 86. In view of these provisions, acceptance of the Constitution by twenty governments is deemed to be necessary and sufficient for its entry into force. In reaching this conclusion, the Commission has had in mind the desirability, for the reasons indicated in Section III G of this Report, activo operation at the earliest practicable date and also the circumstance that of bringing the Organization into under present conditions of communication acceptance by the governments of several of the United Nations may be deferred for a considerable time. [Art. XXI.]

·+ 19 I receive their instructions exclusively from the Organization. In the past a few governments have followed the highly undesirable practice of supplementing the salaries of their nationals on the staffs of certain international institutions. Governments should refrain from offering remuneration to any of their nationals on the staff of the Organization, except for services previously rendered, such as pensions. Senior members of the staff should receive diplomatic privileges and immunities, and other members of the staff should be accorded all the facilities and immunities accorded to non-diplomatic personnel attached to diplomatic missions, or alternatirely thoso facilities and immunities which may hereafter be accorded to equivalent members of the staffs of other public international organizations. [Art. VIII.) 102. An Organization of this natura circumstances. From one point of view, .' more with caution. It must make its we ... tho high standard of its contributions. It should play a great part in guiding policies relating to nutrition and agriculture throughout the world, but it cannot do this with its own staff on a big scale all at once ; for a fully functioning and efficient organization cannot be built in a day. The Organization will havo a difficult course to steer. It must on the one hand be in a position to take vigorous action in the critical period just after the war when conditions are fuid and before yested interests have become established. On the other hand, it must follow a policy of careful development, involving the painstaking study of its complicated problems. Thoso concerned with its creation must be fully alive to these considerations. The solution may bo found initially in calling temporarily to the aid of the Organization experts from universities and from national organizations who would be unablo or unwilling to devoto more than a relatively brief period to international work. 103. The Organization would therefore be well advised to make a number of temporary appointments at the outset while taking amplo time to choose thio permanent staff carcfully and awaiting the release from war service of persons of the ability and training necded for its work. 7. REGIONAL AND LIAISOX OFFICES 104. To facilitato much of the work described it would be desirable for tho Onga. nization to have liaison offices in convenient centres in various parts of the world to keep in touch with conditions in a singlo country or a region including soveral countries. In somo cases it might be desirable to establish regional offices. Such partial decentralization would better enable tho Organization to take full account of the diversity of conditions with which it must deal and to maintain closo association with public authorities and scientific and other organizations whose cooperation in its work will bo required. [Art. X.) 8. ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF WORK 105. Tho Director-General will need tho assistanco of such officials as a treasurer, a legal adviser, and a director of personnel. The heads of divisions or departments, or whatovor may bo tho titlo of the main administrativo units, night constitute an administrative board responsiblo to tho Director General, or their collectiro culationsbip might bo less rigidly defined. Tho Director-General would rely on the standing or special committees appointed by the Confcrenco to advise on various aspects of tho work, 106. The number or preciso nuturo of tho divisions required to handlo tho work cannot be determined at present. Each principal ficld of work might coiuiituto a division--for examplo, human nutrition; tho sciences and technology of ugriculture, forestry, and fisheries ; cconomic and social questions; statistics; Qucation atul publications. Subdivisions might bo mado in a number of ways. 107. Arrangements for coordinating tho work of tho divisions, on whatever basis thoy my be created, will bu especially important, sincu tho problems lo bu dealt with in most cases demand simultaneous attack froia uany sides. For example, a problem of regional soil consFration, ow of tradicating i Urticicney dimus, or ons of shifting proluction to moru-nax.ded.crons in a given ana mizhi deu ull thu combined work and spcial knowledge of every division. I unit of the Organllestiva ·18 to delegate to the Executive Committee any postin other than those prescribed in paragraph 2 of Article II, Articlo IV, paragraplı l of Irtirlo VII, Irticlu VIIIand Article XX. The Commission regards it is important that the Executive Committee should be composed of porsons who, by virtue of their adıninistrative experiency o other special qualifications, can contribute to the attainment of the purpose of the Organization. Subject to this primary consideration, the membership of the E.e. cutive Committee should reflect as varied 18 pozriblu iill experieru of the different types of agricultural economy of the world. The Constitution provides that there shall not be more than one member of the Committed from any ember ruition. [Art. V.] 3. ST.AXDING ADVISORY CO33UTTEES 96. In order to keop the Organization in close touch with current scientiſo and economic thought and practice, the Conference should appoint standing com. mittees which would have continuing respoilsibility to advise the Conference on the various aspects of the Organization's work. Such advisory committec shoulil con: sist of persons selected on the basis of their qualifications as scientists, technical experts, or economists, or because of special experience, ind may include representatives of international organizations working in related tiekis. [ire. I'I.) 97. These committees should meet suveral times it year. They would be invited to comment on any subjects referred to them by the Conference or the Director- General and would also be entitled to initiate proposals. Their reports would be submitted to the Conference and would frequently be published. 98. It may ultimately be found necessary to establish a committes corresponding to each main division of the Organization. If the begin standing advizor ning, however, it is proposed that advisory committees should be established for nutrition, for the scientific and technical aspects of agricultural production, for economic and social questions, including agricultural couperation and social welfare, and for statistics. or other 4. GENERAL AND SPECIAL CONFERENCES 99. The Commission considers it important that machinery should be provided whereby the Organization could be in close touch with public opinion, receive sug: gestions in regard to its work, and obtain the support of rupresentative bodies actively concerned with food and agricultural questions. Tho Constitution provides, therefore, that the Organization should convene general, technical, regional, special conferences for the purpose of bringing togother representatives of responsible groups concerned with the fields of activity of the Organization. A general con. ference might be in the nature of a forum in which problems, experience, and points of view would be discussed, suggestions brought forward, and recommendations made which the Organization would take into account in shaping its programs of work, Governments would see that the delegations from their countries to such a general conference were fully representative of the interests involved ; indeed, it might be possible in some countries for national conferences to be held at which the delegations would be nominated. The Conference might itself invito representatives from international bodies. The Conference would make the preparatory arrangements for such conferences. [Art. VI.] 5. DIRECTOR-GENERAL 100. The Director-General will be the responsible head of the Organization. He will be responsible for selecting and organizing the staff, and will direct it in the carrying out of the functions of the Organization, and in the execution of the policies adopted by the Conference. [Art. VII, VIII.] 6. STAFF 101. The staff should be competent in all of the branches of knowledge required to give a solid foundation to the work of the Organization. It should be drawn from different regions and, subject to the overriding consideration of competence, should collectively represent as many geographical areas as possible. In making initial appointments, due regard should be had to the importance of retaining freedom of action to enable the Organization to include in its staff, at a later date, personne from areas not yet liberated from enemy occupation. Members of the staff should ·21 116. The Interim Commission intends to submit separately recommendations regarding the International Institute of Agriculture, 117. The governments concerned will probably in due course consider the futura organization and adaptation of the work now being done by the League of Nations and its various committees and sections in connection with a general settlement of the structure of international authorities after the war. Working arrangements should meanwhile be established between the Organization and those agencies con- Hected with the League which are active in related fields. 118. The resolutions of the Hot Springs Conference contemplate that the Organ nization should convene periodic meetings of representatives of national nutrition organizations or committees, and the proceedings would presumably be reported to the Conference. The contemplated reports by Member governments would also presumably include accounts of the work of these organizations, together with a statement of progress otherwise achieved in nutritional matters. It is further contemplated that the Organization would periodically publish a summary of Díember governments' reports. By a resolution adopted in 1937, the League has practically identical responsibilities, and the governments of the nations that aro members of the League were requested to furnish corresponding reports. Joint technical committees might with advantage be set up, therefore, to arrange for the orderly assumption by the Organization of activities previously developed by such other agencies. [Art. VI, XI, XII.] 119. There are a number of subjects in which the Organization, following the recommendations of the Hot Springs Conference, will have an interest in common with that of the International Labour Organization, and others in which their in, terests will be closely related. Conditions of agricultural labor and work in thó field of cooperative organizations are cases in point. 120. The International Labour Organization has adopted a number of con. ventions and recommendations concerning agriculture, and has appointed a committee concerned specifically with agriculturo. Labour conferences of American States and the first Inter-American Social Security Conference dealt with the extension of social services to farm families; and a permanent committee on migration for settlo ment has been proposed under the auspices of the International Labour Organiza tion. The Food and Agriculture Organization should agree with the appropriata authorities of the International Labour Organization on arrangements for cooperstion, (Art. 111.] 2. BEGIONAL AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 121, Tho Olgunization will need the cooperation and support not only of governments and other international authorities but also of regional and national scientific and cconomio institutions, both public and private, which are concerned with food and agriculture. Esperts from regional and national institutions inight be appointed as members of tho standing advisory committees of thio Organization ; members of tho stalls and research workers from these institutions should bo associated for varying periods with tino work of its special committees; and the Orgia nizatiou should entrust tasks to tliese institutions and engago in joint undertakings with thein. It should exploro tho possibility of concluding arrangements with appropriate institutions whereby they would carry on wors on behalf of the Organi. zation or in association with it. (art. XII.) 12:2. Precedents of the kind exist. For example, tho Ilealth Organization of tho League of Nations entrusted to the National Institute for Jelical Research (London) tho custody and distribution of international :.. tions and other related tasks; and a Conferei, mi! :.:i!. relectod tho Vutriton Research Laboratory nt.: ...: recyrch in nutrition in that region. 193. There are advantages in having abstracting and other information «rvices supplied as far as possible by institutions that are already doing outstandinzly yoou work of this kind. The Organization should thereforu soek arrangements whereby certain junescut inforwation service, which are cstcnsivo and valuable, inizht recuso ·20 experienced in coordinating the findings of specialists in many diverse fields might present a unfied set of recommendations giving due weight to the differont elements of the problem. 108. This kind of approach should characterize all the work of the Organization. It should bring every necessary skill to bear so that a given problem might be solved not only adequately but without the delays likely to result from an uncoordinated piecemeal attack. 109. A major part of the Organization's work, as has been made clear in the earlier discussion, would be to define problems that should be attacked and to assist those most closely concerned in planning the necessary action and carrying it through successfully. In many cases the most suitable method would be to appoint a committee of experts, drawn in part from the staff of the Organization and in part from local or other especially qualified experts and administrators, to investigate', report, and recommend possible courses of action; jn some instances such a committee would be sent out on a field mission. Makirg use of such temporary of such temporary committees would have great advantages. It would not be possible for the Organization itself to have a staff large enough to deal with all aspects of the great range of matters within its scope. The committees would provide flexible machinery and a greatly widened range of personnel to meet specific needs; they would serve to simulato local interest and the active participation of local authorities, who wouk ir maliy cases serve on the committces. Each committee would be dissolved when its work was accomplished. [Art. VI.] D. RELATIONS WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 1. OTHER INTERNATIONAL BODIES 110. It is important that international agencies should pursue related courses, and that their activities should not conflict. The nature and degree of closeness of association required among international authorties will differ in different stages. Even when the general structure of future interratioral organization is agreed upon and the basic relationships among authorities determined, scope must still be allowed for relationships to develop. Accordingly, the Constitutior enables the Organization to enter into agreements with other public international organizations, defining the distribution of responsibilities and methods of cooperation. [dri. XII.) 111. The Constitution permits the Organization to fit into ar.y future general framework of international authorities that may be agreed upon ; assures freedom for it to work with other international authorities, present or future, and in particular enables it to invite representatives of other international authorities to participate, without the right to vote, in the meetings of the Coaference. [art. III, III, XIII.] 112. There are certain international authorities which not exist and with which the Organization should agree on provisional working relationships. Some of these are war-time agencies while the activities of others will extend into the post-war period, 113. In the first category are such agencies as the Combined Tood Board and the Middle East Supply Centre, Cooperation with these is desirable because they will have acquired data which may later be turned over to the Organization and be of value to it. For example, the recent study of the comparative levels of food con.. sumption in various countries made by the Combined Food Board should prove of great value. [Art. XII.] 114. The resolutions of the Hot Springs Conference recognize that a transition will have to be effected between the concerted arrangements of the United Nations in regard to food and cther supplies during and immediately following the war, and their policies in shaping longer-term adjustments of agricultural production and levels of food consumption. 115. For these reasons, it is felt that there should be the closest assocation between the Organization and agencies concerned jrimarily with the shcrt-term problems of food and agriculture. [Art. XII.] ?

·23 130 Accordingly, the Commission recommends that the scale set forth in Annes II be accepted by the governments concerned for application during the financial ycar in which the Constitution comes into force and have so provided in Article XIV of the Constitution In devising this scale for application in respect of the first year, the Commission has adhered to the view that in an international organisation of this character no one nation should contribute more than twenty five per cent or less than one twentieth of one per cent of the total expenses It has also provided that cach Vember nation may deduct from its payment to the Organization the amount contributed by it towards the expenses of the Interim Commission [Art XXV1 F. MISCELLANEOUS I. LEGAL STATUS 131 The Constitution gives the Organization the capacity of a legal person to perform any legal act appropriato to its purposo which is not beyond the powers granted to it by the Constitution [Art XV) 132 The Organization is further given the immunities and privileges custo. marily accorded by Member nations to each other, and as a corollary of the bestowal of theso immunities, the Conference is required to male provision for the adjudica tion by an administrative tribunal of disputes with its staff, which in the absence of the Organization's immunity from suit would be the subject of ordinary legal process [Art IV) 2 INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 133 Provision 19 made in the Constitution for the reference to an appropriate international court of any question or dispute concerning interpretation of the Constitution, in such manner as may be provided by rules to be adopted by the Conference (Art XVII) 3. LANGUAGES 134 Tho Constitution lerves the question of official languages to be determined by the Conference Pending such determination, it is provided that the business of the Organization shall be conducted in English [Art IXIII) G NLED FOR LARLY ACTION 135 Tho Commission has given earnest consideration to tho question whether the Organization should be brought into being at an carly date, or whether its establishment should be deferred until after the trar 136 There aro undoubtedly considerations in favor of the latter alternative During tho war, and probably for a considerablo period thereafter, it wall Lo impos sible for tho Organization to recruit all of the lughly qualificd personnel essential to full operation It is 3 matter of tho greatest importance that the Organization should not begin its work without the inspiration and direction of much of the biglient caliber and competence in their fields The success of tho Organization will depend on the quality, honesty, and usefulness of its work, and on thic cxtent to which, by its vorh, it can make its disinterested authority and inqucncc felt false start would mean n liandicap from the beginning 137 During tho var, also, many of the governments and other bodies with which the Organization would work will be so preoccupied with other matters as to bo unable to grcit completo cooperation 139 The onro valid considemtions to a realistic vict, but a rcalıstio vic# calle for deeper analysis In the period immediately following tho cessation of hostilitet thcro will be niny scrious problems in nutntion, fool and agriculture, in many pirts of tho world, calling urgently for solution This period will be characterized by con ditions of fluuits particularly farounble to the adoption of sound and thoroughgoing measures to meet the problems There mill be botla need and opportunty for tho hind of mtcruational advice and influt nec wluch it is the purpose of the Organization to provule It would be lanıcntable if none were to be prorided Indeed if that uniquo opportunity to realize some of the high purpa-cs of the Hot Springs Conferenco ·22 wider circu'ation and perl aps be extended to hose parts of the field which are not not covered. The Organizat on shou'd explore such possibilitics, for example, with the appropriate authorities of the Imperial Agricultural Burcaux, the Pasteur Ins-- titutes, the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and antional research councils or academies in various countries. (art. I, XII.] E. EXPENSES. 124. Under the provisions of Articles IV :nd XVIII of the Constitution the Conference is empowered to approve annual budgets for each financial year after that in which the Organization is established and to determine the apportionnent among Member nations of the required total contributions thereto. 125. In regard to both these matters, however, it would be convenient if specific proposals, relating to the year in which the Organization is established, were to be formulated in advance by the Interim Commission, both to provide the Organization with a financial basis for immediate operation and to afford the Governinents of the United Nations an indication of the measure of financial obligation invclved at the outset by acceptance of the Commission's proposals. 126. The Commission has accordingly prepared provisional estimntes, based on varying hypotheses, of the expenses likely to be incurred by the Organization during the first five years of operation. For this purposc it has drawn on the experience of existing international organizations and has had the assistance of a number of their officials. 127. After careful consideration of provisional estimates so prepares), the Commission recommends that the average expenditure by the Organization during the first five years should be estimated at about $5,000,000 per annum. 128. Considerably less than this amount is likely to be spent in thc first year, however, by reason of unavoidable delays in the recruitment of the necessary expert staff and in the initial preparation of operational plans. The Commission, therefore, reconimends that the budget of the Organization for the financial year in which the Constitution comes into force be that set forth in Annex. II to the Constitution. Al capital fund will be needed to meet the unusual expenses involved in getting the new international organization started and to provide funds at the beginning of eaclı financial year before national contributions have been fully received. 129. The Commission has found it difficult to devise a wholly satisfactory scale of apportionment of expenses. It has considered whether such a scale might be formulated, based on such factors as capacity to pay modificd, e.g., by the desirability of maximum and minimum limits to contributions, the importance of agricultural production, national income, foreign trade, etc. If this could have been done and if' world conditions were normal, such a scale might have been adopted by the Conference for an indefinite period, or, at least, for the five year period referred to above. The abnormal circumstances created by war and enemy occupation, however, and the impossibility of knowing when they will terminate, render it impossible to formulate a scale which is likely to be regarded as satisfactory except for a very short period. During the first or second year the Conference probably will wish to consider, in the light of the conditions then prevailing, the equity of the scale which the Commission now recommends. This scale, recommended for temporary use, iş based upon ! relationship among the Member nations growing out of that seeepted by them in respect of pre-war international organizations, but adjusted as follows: (a) the assumption of 54.5 per cent of the allocations by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China ; (b) the scaling down of the allocations, as a measure of temporary financial relief, for those countries that are occupied by the enemy, or that have, in consequence of the war, suffered from major economic disasters; and (c) the placing of certain countries on a uniform minimum allocation. The result of (b) and (c) has been substantially to increase the temporary allocations to the remaining countries. When world conditions improve, the proportions allocated to these countries will have to be correspondingly reduced, ·25 APPENDIX CONSTITUTION OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS PREAMBLE The Nations accepting this Constitution, being determined to promote the common welfare by furthering separate and collective action on their part for the purposes of raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of the pooples under thoir respectivo jurisdictions, securing improvements in the officiency of the production and distribution of all food and agricultural products, betterug the condition of rural populations, and thus contnbuting toward an expanding world economy, ganization of the United Nations, hereinafter ich the Members will report to one another on the fields of action set forth above ARTICLE I (FUNCTIONS OF TAL ORGANIZATION) 1 The Organization shall colloct, analyze, interpret, and disseminato information relat. ing to nutrition, food and agriculture 2 The Organization shall promote and, where appropriate, shall recommend national and international action with respect to (1) scientific, technological, social, and economic research relating to nutrition, food and agriculture, (b) the improvemont of education and administration rolating to nutrition, food and Agriculture, and the spread of public knowledge of nutritional and agricultural science and practice, (c) tho conservation of natural resources and the adoption of improved methods of agri cultural production, (d) the improvement of the processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agrı cultural products, (e) the adoption of policies for the provision of adequate agricultural credit, national and international, (f) the adoption of international policies with respect to agricultural commodity arrange inents 3 It shall also be the function of the Organization (a) to furnish such technical assistance as governments may request (b) to organize, in cooperation with the governments concerned, such missions ag may be needed to assist them to fulfill the obligations arising from their acceptance of the recom mendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, and (c) generally to take all necessary and appropriate action to implement the purposes of the Organization as set forth in the Preamble ARTICLE II (MEYBERSHIP) 1 The original Members of the Organization shall be such of the nations specified in Annex I as accept this Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Article XXI 2 Additional Members may be admitted to the Organizaton by a vote concurred in by & two thirds majonty of all the members of the Conference and upou acceptance of this Consti. tution as in force at the time of admission. ARTICLE III (TAE CONFERENCE) 1 There shall be a Conference of the Organization in which each Member nation shall be epresented by one momber Each Member na to its member of the Conference The of alternatesr associates and advisers 11 thout the right to vota except in the case of an alternate or associate participating in the place of a member 3 No member of the Conference may represent more than one Member nation # Each Membor nation shall have only on3 vots 5 Tho Conference may invite any public international organization which has res ong bilities related to those of the Organization to appoint & representative wlio shell participato in its mcetings on the conditions prescribed by the Conference No such reprosentative shall vo the r to yoto ·24 were to be lost and the fluidity of the immediate post-war period were to be allowed to become set and rigid with the growth of vested interests, it might prove impossible, for many years to come, to gve effect to the purposes of the United Nations as expressed in the Final Act of that Conference. To delay the beginning would be to delay the whole program. 139. Personnel must be assembled ; cooperative relationships must be established with organizations and governments; problems of nutrition and of the production and distribution of foods and other products must be clearly defined and studied, and their relative urgency must be determined; a considerable amount of information must be collected and analyzed. In sum, a good deal of preliminary work will be needed to make the Organization a going concern, ready to discharge its responsibili. ties. 140. These considerations greatly outweigh the argument against starting at this time: The Commission believes the main difficulty-assembling an adequate staff can be overcome by developing a carefully selected nucleus of permanent personnel aided by artgroup of competent.experts employed on a temporary basis-in other words, loaned by governments and institutions. This might be desirable-in any event; under present conditions it is the most practical procedure. 141. In the light of these considerations and because it is mindfull of the dangers of a return to national policies of self-sufficiency, the Commission urges its constituent governments to take, with a minimum of delay, the action required to enable the Organization to be brought into effective operation, on a nucleus basis if necessary, at the earliest practicable date. The sooner it is established, the sooner will it be able to bring to bear upon post-war probleins of reconstruction the disinterested, international, and instructed advice and influence the provision of which is the essential purpose of the Organization. 142. The considered view of the Commission is that, whatever the difficulties, the Organization should be established as soon as possible, and that governments in a position to do so should make every contribution in their power, by releasing suitable personnel and otherwise, towards making it an effective and authoritative nucleus for dealing with both immediate and longer-term problems of adjustment in food and agriculture. The Commission so recommends. For the United Nations Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture : L. B. PEARSON, Chairman, 2 ·Their responsi- The 27 2 The staff of the Organization shall be responsible to the Director General bilities shall be exclusively international in character and they shall not seek or receive instruc. tione in regard to the discharge thereof from any authority external to the Organization Member nations undertake fully to respect the international character of the responsibilities of the staff and not to seel to influence any of their nationals in the discharge of such responsi bilities 3 In appointing the staff the Director General shall, subject to the paramount importance of securing the highest standards of efficiency and of technical competence, pay due regard to the importance of selecting personnel recruited on as wide & geographical basis as is possible 4 Each under its constitutional procedure, to atio privileges and immu. nities and to munities accorded to nonto accord to such other ter be accorded to equl. ARTICLE IX (SEAT) The seat of the Organization shall be determined by the Conference ARTICLE I (REGIONAL AND LIAISON OFFICES) 1 There shall be such regional offices as the Director General with the approval of the Conference may decide 2 The Director General may appoint officials for liaison with particular countries or areas subject to the agreement of the government concerned ARTICLE XI (REPORTS BY MEMBERS) I Each Member nation shall communicate periodically to the Organization reports on the progress made toward achieving the purpose of the Organization set forth in the Preamblo and on the action taken on the basis of recommendations made and conventions submitted by the Conference 2 These reports shall be made at such times and in such form and shall contain such particulars as the Conference may request 3 The Director General shall submit these reports, together with analyses thereof, to the Conference and shall publish such reports and analyses as may be approved for publication by the Conference together with any reports relating thereto adopted by the Conference 4 The Director Goneral may request any Member nation to submit information relat. ing to the purpose of the Organization 5. Each Member nation shall, on request, communicate to the Organization, on publica. tion, all laws and regulations and official reports and statistics concerning nutrition, food and agriculture ARTICLE XII (COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS) 1 In order to provide for close cooperation between the Organization and other public international organizations with related responsibilities, the Conference may, subject to the provisions of Article XIII, enter into agreements with the competent authorities of such orge nizations defining the distribution of responsibilities and methods of cooperation 2 Tho Director General may, subject to any decisions of the Conference, enter into agreoments with other public international organizations for the maintenance of common services, for common arrangements in regard to recrutment, training, conditions of service, and other related matters, and for interchanges of staff ARTICLE XIII (RELATION TO ANY GENERAL WORLD ORGANIZATIOV) the following entrusted onsibilities. 2 Arrangement Organization shall b &ions of Articlo X majority of the voi vided that no such 48 set forth in this Constitution ABTICLE XIV (SUPERFISIOV or OTHER ORGANIZATIONS) The Conference may approve arrangements placu . tions dealing with questions relating to food and agricu when »h the was ! 1 way 4 ·20 7. The Conference shall clect its own officers, regunto its own procedure, and make rula governing the convocation of sessions and tho determination of agenda. 8. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Constitution or by rules made by tła Conference, all matters shall bo decided by the Conforenco by a simplo majority of tho votes cast, ARTICLE IV (FUNCTIONS OF THE CONFERENCI:) 1. The Conference shall determino the policy and approve tho budget of the Organization and shall exercise the other powers conferred upon it by this Constitution. 2. The Conferenco may by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast make recommendations concerning questions relating to food and agriculturo to be submitted to Membor nations for consideration with a view to implemontation by nntional action. 3. The Conference may by a two-thirds majority of tho votes cast submit conventions concerning questions relating to food and agriculturo to Dionibor nations for considoration with a view to their acceptance by tho appropriate constitutional procedure. 4. The Conference shall make rules laying down tho proceduro to bo followed to secure : (a) pruper consultation with governments and adequato technical preparation prior to consideration by the Conferenco of proposed recominondations and convontions; and (b) proper consultation with governments in regard to relations botsvcen the Organization and national institutions or privato persons. 5. The Conference may make recommendations to any public international organization regarding any matter pertaining to the purpose of the Organization. 6. The Conference may by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast agrco to discharge any other functions consistent with the purposes of the Organization which may be assigned to it by governments or provided for by any arrangement between the Organization and any other public international organization, . ARTICLE V (THE EXECUTIVE COJDIITTEE) 1. The Conference shall appoint an Executive Committeo consisting of not less than nina. or more than fifteen members or alternate or associate members of the Conference or their ad: visers who are qualified by administrative experience or other special qualifications to contribute to the attainment of the purpose of the Organization. There shall be not more than one member from any Member nation. The tenure and other conditions of office of the members of the Executive Committee shall be subject to rules to be made by the Conference. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Conference shall have regard in appointing the Executive Committee to the desirability that its membership should reflect as varied as possible an experience of different types of economy in relation to food and agriculture, 3. The Conference may delegate to the Executive Committee such powers as it may determine, with the exception of the powers set forth in paragraph 2 of Article II, Article IÝ, para. graph 1 of Article VII, Article XIII, and Article XX of this Constitution. 4. The members of the Executive Committee shall exercise the powers delegated to them by the Conference on behalf of the whole Conference and not as representatives of their respective governments. 5. The Executive Committee shall appoint its own officers and, subject to any the Conference, shall regulate its own procedure. decisions of ARTICLE VI (OTHER COMIDIITTEES AND CONFERENCES) 1. The Conference may establish technical and regional standing committees and many appoint Committees to study and report on any matter pertaining to the purpose of Organization, 2. The Conference may convene general, technical, regional, or other special conferences and may provide for the representation at such conferences, in such manner as it may determine, of national and international bodies concerned with nutrition, food and agriculture. ARTICLE VII (THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL) 1. There shall be a Director-General of the Organization who shall be appointed by the Conference by such procedure and on such terms as it may determine. 2. Subject to the general supervision of the Conference and its Executive Committee, the Director-General shall have full power and authority to direct the work of the Organization. 3. The Director-General or a representative designated by him shall participate, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the Conference and of its Executive Committee and shall formulate for consideration by the Conference and the Executive Committee proposals for appropriate action in regard to matters coming before them. ARTICLE VIII (STAFF) 1. The staff of the Organization shall be anm with such procedure as Mat hom 7 ·Their responsi. 27 > 2 The staff of the Organization shall be responsible to the Director General ilities shall be exclusively international an character and they shall not seek or receive instrucons in regard to the discharge thereof from any authority external to the Organization Tho [ember nations undertake fully to respect the international character of the responsibilitas f the staff and not to seek to influenco any of their nationals in the discharge of such responsi ilities veral shall, subject to the paramount importance and of technical competence, pay due regard to on as wide a geographical basis as is possiblo 4 Each Member nation undertakes, insofar as it may bo possible under its constitutional procedure, to accord to the Director General and senior staff diplomatic privileges and immu nities and to accord to other members of the staff all facilities and immunities accorded to non diplomatic personnel attached to diplomatic missions or alternatively to accord to such other members of the staff the immunities and facilities which may hereafter be accorded to equi. valent members of the staffs of other public international organizations ARTICLE IX (SEAT) The seat of the Organization shall be determined by the Conference ARTICLE X (REGIONAL AND LIAISON OFFICES) 1 There shall be such regional offices as the Director Goneral with the approval of the Conference may decide 2 The Director General may appoint officials for liaison with particular countries or areas subject to the agreement of the government concerned ABTICLE XI (REPORTS BY MEMBERS) 1 Each Dember nation shall communicate periodically to the Organization reports on the progress made toward achieving the purpose of the Organization set forth in the Preamblo and on the action taken on the basis of recommendations made and conventions submitted by the Conference 2 These reports shall be made at such tunes and in such form and shall contain such particulars as the Conference may request 3 The Director General shall submit these roports, together with analyses thoreof, to the Conference and shall publish such reports and analyses as may be approved for publication by the Conference together with any reports relating thereto adopted by the Conference 4 The Director General may request any Member nation to submit information relat. ing to the purpose of the Organization 5 Lach Member nation shall, on request, communicate to the Organization on publica tion, all laws and regulations and official reports and statistics concerning nutntion, food and agriculture ARTICLE XII (COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS) 1 In order to provide for close cooperation between the Organization and other public international organizations with related responsibilities, tho Conference may, subject to the provisions of Article XIII, enter into agreements with the competent authoritios of such orga Dizations defining the distribution of responsibilities and methods of cooperation Conference, enter into agroo tenance of common servicos, nditions of service, and other tho coo ARTICLE WII (RELATION TO ANY GENERAL WORLD ORGANIZATION) 1 3 following paragra ontrusted onsibilities 2 Arrangenents for defining the relations betsscon tho Organization and any such goneral organization shall bo subjoct to the approval of the Conference Notwithstanding tho provi 810ng of Articlo y a two thirds majority of tho yot stitution Pro vided that no such 10 Organization OS Bet forth in this Constitution. ARTICLE XIV (SUPERVISIOY OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS) Tho Conference may approso arrangements placu tions dealing with quostions relating to food and Agricu Organization on such terms as may bo agreed with the lumpula. -- tion concerned ARTICLE IV (LEGAL STATCS) The Organization shall havo tho capacity of a legal person to perform legal act approprato to its purpoco u lucl 18 not beyond the powers granted to it by this Constitution.

·20 7. The Conferenco shall olcct its owi oficeri, regulat its 1397 piniriure, mud mako rules governing tho convocation of sessions and the determination of an endise 8. Excopt as otherwise expressly provided in this constitution or by rules malo by th: Conference, all matters shall bo dccider by the Conferenco by a simple injority of the vote: cast. ARTICLI: IV (FUNCTIONS or Tur Coxx1RCE) 1. The Conference bliall determine the policy and approve the budget of the Organization and shall exerciso tho other powers confurred upon it by this Constitution. 2. The Conferenco may by a two-thirds majority of the tota cat maku recommenda: tions concerning questions rolating to food and agriculturu to lw submitted to Jiurnbur nation; for consideration with a viow to implementation by national action. 3. Tho Conferenco may by a two-thirds majority of the votr's Ciut subinit conventions concerning questions relating to food and agriculturo to Jembur nations for considerustion with & viow to their accoptanco by tho appropriato constitutional procedure. 4. The Conference shall mako rules laying clown tho procedure to lo followed to securo: (a) pruper consultation with government: and acquato technical preparation prior to considoration by the Conference of proposed recommendations and conventions; and (b) proper consultation with governments in regard to relations between the Organization and nntional institutions or privato persons. 5. Tho Conferenco may nako recommendations to any public intornational organization regarding any matter pertaining to tho purpose of the Organization. 6. Tho Conferenco may by a two-thirds majority of tho votes cast agreo to discharge any other functions consistent with the purposes of the Organization which may bo assigned to it by governments or provided for by any arrangoinent botween the Organization and any other public international organization. ARTICLI: V (Tut EXECUTIVE CONDUTTEI:) 1. Tho Conference shall appoint an Executive Comrnittce consisting of not less than nineor more than fifteen members or alternato or associato members of tho Conferenco or thoir ad. visers who are qualified by administrativo experiency or other special qualifications to contribute to the attainment of the purpose of thio Organization. Thero shall bo not noro than one member from any Member nation. The tenure and other conditions of office of the members of the Executive Committeo shall be subject to rules to bo mado by the Conference. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Articlo, tho Conferenco shall have regard in appointing the Executive Committee to tho desirability that its membership should reflect as varied as possible an experience of different types of economy in relation to food and agriculture. 3. The Conference may delegate to the Exccutive Committeo such powers as it may dotor. mine, with the exception of the powers set forth in parograph 2 of Article II, Articlo IV, para. graph 1 of Article VII, Articlo XIII, and Article XX of this Constitution. 4. The members of the Executive Committee shall exerciso tho potrers delegated to them by the Conference on behalf of the wholo Conference and not as representatives of their res. pective governments. 5. The Executive Committee shall appoint its own officers and, subject to any decisions of the Conference, shall regulate its own procedure. ARTICLE VI (OTHER CODIITTEES AND CONFERENCES) 1. The Conference may establish technical and regional standing committees and may appoint Committees to study and report on any matter pertaining to the purpose of the Organization. 2. The Conference may convene general, technical, regional, or other special conferences and may provide for the representation at such conferences, in such manner as it may determine, of national and international bodies concerned with nutrition, food and agriculture. ARTICLE VII (THE DIRECTOR GENERAL) 1. There shall be a Director-General of the Organization who shall be appointed by the Conference by such procedure and on such terms as it may determine. 2. Subject to the general supervision of the Conference and its Executive Committee, the Director-General shall have full power and authority to direct the work of the Organization. 3. The Director-General or a representative designated by him shall participate, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the Conference and of its Executive Committee and shall formulate for consideration by the Conference and the Executive Committee proposals for appropriate action in regard to matters coming before them. ARTICLE VIII (STAFF) 1. The staff of the Organization shall be appointed by the Director-General in accordance with such procedure as may be determined by rules made by the Conference. 4 ·29 ARTICLE XXY (FIRST FINANCIAL YEAR) The following exceptional arrangements shall apply in respect of the financial year in which this Constitution comes into force :--- (a) the budget shall be the provisional budget set forth in Annex II to this Constitution, and (b) the amounts to be contributed by the dſember nations shall bo in the proportions set. forth in Annex II to this Constitution : Provided that cach Member nation may doduct there; from the amount already contributed by it toward the exponsea of the Interim Commission ARTICLE XXVI (DISSOLUTION OF TIE INTERIS COMBLISSION) On the opening of the first sorsion of the Conforenco, tho Unitod Nations Interim Commis. sion on Food and Agriculture shall be deemed to be dissolved and its rocords and other property shall become the property of the Organization.

·28 2. Each Member nation undertakes, insofar as it may be possiblo under its constitu. itional procedure, to accord to the Organization all the immunitios and facilitios which it accords to diplomatic missions, including inviolability of promises and archivos, immunity from suit. and exemptions from taxation. 3. The Conference shall make provision for the dotormination by an administrativo tribunal of disputes relating to the conditions and torms of appointmont of mombers of the staff. ARTICLE XVI (FISH AND FOREST PRODUCTS) In this Constitution tho term agriculturo" and its derivatives includo fisherios, marine products, forestry, and primary forestry products. ARTICLE XVII (INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION) Any question or dispute concerning the interpretation of this Constitution or any interna. tional convention adopted therounder shall be referred for determination to an appropriato international court or arbitral tribunal in tho manner prescribod by rules to bo adopted by the Conference. ARTICLE XVIII (EXTENSES) 1. Subject to the provisions of Articlo XXV, tho Director-General shall submit to the Con.. ference an annual budget covering the anticipated expenses of tho Organization. Upon approval of a budget the total amount approved shall bo allocated among the Member nations in proportions determined, from time to time, by the Conforenco. Each Mombor nation undertakes, subject to tho requirements of its constitutional procedure, to contributo to tho Organi. zation promptly its share of the exponses 80 dotorminod. 2. Each Member nation shall, upon its accoptance of this Constitution, pay as its first ontribution its proportion of tho annual budgot for tho current financial yoar. 3. The financial year of the Organization shall bo July 1 to Juno 30 unless tho Conferenco should otherwise determino. ARTICLE XIX (WITHDRAWAL) Any Member nation may give notice of withdrawal from the Organization at any time after the expiration of four years from the date of its accoptance of this Constitution. Such inotice shall take effect one year after the date of its communication to the Director-Genoral of the Organization subject to the Member nation's having at that timo paid its annual contrib11- tion for each year of its membership including the financial year following the date of such notice. ARTICLE XX (AXENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION) 1. Amendments to this Constitution involving now obligations for Momber nations shall Tequire the approval of the Conference by a vote concurred in by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Conference and shall take effect on acceptance by two-thirds of the díember nations for each Member nation accepting the amendment and thoreafter for oach remaining Member nation on acceptance by it. 2. Other amendments shall take effect on adoption by the Conforence by a vote concurred in by a two-thirds majority of all the members of the Conferenco. ARTICLE XXI (ENTRY INTO FORCE OF CONSTITUTION) 1. This Constitution shall be open to acceptance by tho nations specified in Annex I. 2. The instruments of acceptance shall be transmitted by each government to the United Nations Interim Commission on Food and Agriculturo, which shall notify their receipt to the governments of the nations specified in Annex I. Acceptance may be notified to the Interim Commission through a diplomatic representative, in which case the instrument of acceptance must be transmitted to the Commission as soon as possible thereafter. ceipt by the Interim Commission of twenty notifications of acceptance the Interim Commission shall arrange for this Constitution to be signed in a single-copy by the diplomatic representatives, duly authorized thereto, of the nations who shall have notified their acceptance, and upon being so signed on behalf of not less than twenty of the nations specified in Annex I this Constitution shall come into force immediately. 4. Acceptances the notification of wh ch is received after the entry into force of this Constitution shall become effective upon receipt by the Interim Commission or the Organization. ARTICLE XXII (FIRST SESSION OF THE CONFERENCE) The United Nations Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture shall convene the first session of the Conference to meet at a suitable date after the entry into force of this Constitution. ARTICLE XIII (LANGUAGES) Pending the adoption by the Conference of any rules regarding languages, the business of the Conference shall be transacted in English. + ARTICLE XXIV (TEBIPORABY SEAT) The temporary seat of the Organization shall be at Washington unless the Conference shoull otherwise determine.

·31 APPENDIX II ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE MEMBERS OF THE INTERL COMMISSION (AS OF JUNE 29, 1944) L B PEARSON (Canada), Chairman PI TCHEGOULA (USSR), Vice Chairman PV Tsou (China), Vice Chairman ECUADOR AUSTRALIA S E Durán Ballén F L McDougall Minister Counselor of the Embassy of Ecus- Economic Adviser to the Australian Hugh Commissioner, London dor, Washington (appointed July 7, 1944) Emilio A Maulme BELGIUM Cocomercial Counselor of the Embassy of Víscount Alain du Parc Ecuador, IVashington Commercial Counselor and Minister Pleni EGYPT potentiary of the Embassy of Belgium, Washington Anis Azer Charles Léonard Minister Counselor of the Royal Legation of Agricultural Attaché of the Embassy of Egypt, Washington Belgium, Washington Monir Bahgat Agricultural Attache, Royal Legation of BOLTYLA Egypt, Washington Rene Ballivian Financial Counselor of the Embassy of EL SALVADOR Bolivia, Washington Carlos Adalberto Alfaro BRAZIL First Secretary of the Embassy of El Salva. dor, Washington CM de Figueiredo ETHIOPIA Minister Plenipotentiary Yılma Deressa CANADA Vice Minister of Finance of Ethiopia L B Pearson FRENCH REPRESENTATIVE Minister, Canadian Embassy, Washington Andre Mayer CELE Professor and Vice President, Collége do Carlos Campbell del Campo France Commercial Counselor of the Embassy of Christian Valensi Chile, Washington Financial Counselor of the French Delega- CHINA tion to the United States, Washington PW Tsou GREECE President of the Agricultural Association Kyriakos Varvaressos of China Governor of the Bank of Greece and Ambas. Senior Adviser to the Ministries of Food and sador at Large for Financial and Economic of Agriculture and Forestry of China, Matters Chungking Athanasios Sbarounis COLOMBIA General Director, Alinistry of Finances, Guillermo Eliseo Suárez Athens Commercial Counselor of the Embassy of Colombia, Washington GUATEMALA COSTA RICA Francisco Linares Alanda Second Secretary of the Embassy of Guate- Francisco de P Gutiérrez mala Washington HAITI Ele Garcia First Secretary of the Embassy of Hartı, CUBA Washington Felipe do Pazos HONDURAS Commercial Attaché of the Embassy of Julán R Cáceres Cube, Washungton Mariano Brull Ambassador of Honduras, Washington Minister Counselor of the Embassy of Cuba, ICELAND Washington Thor Thors CzechOSLOVAKIA Minister of Iceland, Waslungton Professor Dr Václay My shiseo Czech Technical University, Nasaryk Aca INDIA demy and Czechoslovak Agricultural Aca Sır Gırja Shankar Bajpai demy, Praha Agent General for India, Washington DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Adnsers Mano E de Moya SK Kırpalanı, India Government Trade Munister Counselor, Embassy of the Domi. Commissioner, New York nican Republic, Washington Humphrey Trovelyan, First Secretary ta' the Agent General for India ·- 30 ANNEX I NATIONS ELIGIBLD FOR ORIGINAL MEJIBENSHIP INDIA AUSTRALIA IRAN BELGIUM Iran BOLIVIA LIBERL BRAZIL LUXEMBOURG CANADA MEXICO CHILE NETHERLANDS CHINA NEW ZEALAND COLOMBIA NICARAGUA COSTA RICA NORIYAY CUBA PANANA CZECHOSLOVAKIA PARAGUAY DENDARK PERU DOMINIOAN REPUBLIO PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTII EQUADOR EGYPT POLAND EL SALVADOR UNION OF SOUTI AFRICA ETHIOPIA UNION OF SOVIET SOCILLIST REPUBLICS FRANCE UNITED KINGDOJI GREECE UNTED STATES OS ABENICA GUATEMALA URUGUAY HAITI VENEZUELA HONDURAS YUGOSLAVIA ICELAND ANNEX II BUDGET FOR THE FIRST FINANCIAL YEAR The provisional budget for the first financial year shall bo & sum of 2,500,000 U. S. dollars, the unspent balance of which shall constitute tho nuclous of a capital fund. This sum shall be contributed by the Member nations in tho following proportions :- Per cent Per cent Australia 3.33 India 1.25 Belgium 1.28 Iran 71 Bolivia • 20 Iraq. Brazil 3.46 Liberia .05 Canarla 5.06 Luxembourg 05 Chile 1.15 Mexico 1.87 China 6.50 Netherlands 1.38 Colombia .71 Nowy Zealand 1.15 Costa Rica 05 Nicaragua 05 Cuba 71 Norway .62 Czechoslovakia 1.40 Panama 05- Denmark. .62 Paraguay .05 Dominican Republic 05 Peru... .71 Ecuador .05 Philippines Egypt 1.73 Poland... 1.19 El Salvador 05 Union of South Africa 2.31 Ethiopia.. .29 U.S. S. R. .... 8.09 France 5.69 United Kingdom Greece 15.00 .38 U.S. A... Guatemala 25.00 .05 Uruguay Haiti. .58 ·05 Venezuela Honduras. .53 • 05 Yugoslavia Iceland .71 .05 Provision for new Members 2.00 . . • . $ 4 Total 100.00 Done at Washington this.... day of... one thousand nine hundred and forty.. irl the English language, in a single copy which will be deposited in the archives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and of which authenticated copies will be transmitted by the Director-General to the governments of the nations enumerated in Annex I to this Constitution and of Members admitted to the Organization by the Conference in accordance with the provisions of Article II. IN WITNESS WHEREOF We have appended our signatures :

·FINAL ACT ·3 32 Urbano A. Zufru İRAN: Commercial Adviser to the Resident Com- Ali Akbar Daftary missioner Counselor of the Imperial Logation of Iran, Amando N. Dalisay Washington Research Analyst, Philippino Commonwealth, H. Hadjeb-Davallou Washington First Secretary of the Imperial Location of POLIXD : Iran, Washington Wieslaw Dornaniowski IRAQ : Cornmercial Counselor of tho Embassy of Darwish Haidari Poland, Washington Director of the Central Agricultural Expori. UNION or Soutit AFRICA : ment Station, Baghdad A. T Brennan LIBERIA : Director and Doputy Head, Union of South Gabriel L. Donnis Africa Government Supply Mission, Wush- Secretary of State of Liberia ington LUXEMBOURG : W. C. Naudé Hugues Le Gallais Attuclio of the Legation of the Union of South Africa, Washington Minister of Luxembourg, Washington J. A. Siegruhn MEXICO: Coinmercial Attaché of the Legation of thie: Rafael de la Colina Union of South Africa, Washington Minister Counselor of the Embassy of D[exico, UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS : Washington P. I. Tchegoula Vincente Sánchez Gavito Chairman of the All Union Combino " Eks. Counselor of the Embassy of Mexico, Wash. portkhlob”, and Member of tho Governington ment Purchasing Cominission of tho Soviet Union in tho United States NETHERLANDS : Adviser: M. P. L. Steenberghe B. I. Groudinko, Government Purchasing President of tho Economic, Financial and Commission of the Soviet Union in the Shipping Mission of the Kingdom of the United States Netherlands UNITED KINGDOM : L. A. H. Peters Edward Twentyman Agricultural Attaché of the Embassy of the Second Secretary, Ministry of Food Kingdom of the Netherlands, Washington. Advisers : NEW ZEALAND : Redvers Opie, Economic Counselor of the Walter Nash British Embassy, Washington Minister of New Zealand, Washington Robert Rae, Agricultural Attaché of the A. G. B. Fisher British Embassy, Washington Counselor of the Legation of New Zealand, P. H. Gore-Booth, First Secretary of the Washington British Embassy, Washington Adviser : UNITED STATES OF ADIERICA : B. R. Turner, Second Secretary, Legation Paul H. Appleby of New Zealand, Washington Assistant Director of the Bureau of the NICARAGUA : Budget Alberto Sevilla Sacasa URUGUAY : Secretary of the Embassy of Nicaragua, Washington Juan Felipe Yriart Tirst Secretary of the Embassy of Uruguay, NORWAY : Washington Anders Fjelstad VENEZUELA : Delegate of the Royal Norwegian Govern. ment for Agricultural Affairs in the United M. A. Falcón-Briceño States Commercial Counsellor of the Embassy of Venezuela, Washington PANAMA : YUGOSLAVIA : Ricardo A. Morales Branko Cubrilovich Counselor of the Embassy of Panama, Wash Formerly Minister of Agriculture ington George Radin PARAGUAY: Special Representative of the Yugoslav- París E. Menéndez Government Director of Central Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Paraguay THE DANISH MINISTER ; PERD : Henrik de Kauffmann Minister of Denmark, Washington Juan Chávez Count Benedict Ahlefeldt-Laurvig Minister Counselor of the Embassy of Peru, Washington Financial Counselor of the Royal Legation. of Denmark PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH : J. V. Rechendorff Secretary of the Royal Legation of Denmark.. Joaquin M. Elizalde Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE COMMISSION : the United States Howard S. Piquet ·33 BRAZIL contd ALFEU DOMINGUES DA SILVA, Agricultural Attaché, Brazilian Embassy, Washington PAULO FROES DA CRUZ, Agricultural Attache, Brazilian Embassy, Waslungton CANADA GS I BARTON, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Chairman of the Delegation GEORGES BOUCHARD, Assistant Deputy Dlinister of Agriculture TW GRINDLEY, Secretary, Canadian Wheat Board IF ANQUS, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for External Affairs and Chairman of the Canadian Iood Requirements Conimittee L B PEARSON, Minister Counselor, Canadian Legation, Washington D B HINN, Deputy Minister of Fisheries CHILE J MANUEL CASANUEVA, Director General of Agricultural Services of the Almistry of Agriculture, Chairman of the Delegation CARLOS CAMPBELL DEL CAMPO, Commercial Counselor, Chilean Embassy, Was lington VICENTE IZQUIERDO, Corporation for the Promotion of Production CHINA KUI PING WEN, Vice Minister of Finance, Chairman of the Delegation HSI TE MOU, General Manager, Central Bank of China Tsou PING WEV, High Adviser to the Ministry of Food LIJ HENG, National Health Administration YANG SHI TSE, Director, Department of General Affairs, Ministry of Food CHAO LIEN FANG, Ministry of Agriculture SHEN TSUNG HAN, Ministry of Agriculture LEE KAN, Commercial Counselor, Chinese Embassy, Washington YIN KUO YUNG, Ministry of Economics Cau CHANG KEVG, National Health Administration COLOMBIA CÉSAR Garofa ALVAREZ, Miaster Plenipotentiary, Economic Counselor, Colombian Embassy, Washington, Chairman of the Delegation Luis TAMAYO, Colombian Consul General, New York, New York JIARIO CAMARGO, Representative of the National Federation of Cofee Growers of Colombia, New York, New York COSTA RICA J RAFAEL OREAJUNO, Vice Chairman of the Inter American Developinent Com miss on, IVashington, Charrman of the Delegation CUBA AMADEO LOPEZ CASTRO, Secretary of the Presidency, Chairman of the Delegation ARTURO MANAS Y PARAJON, Executive Committee of the Cuban Sugar Stabiliza tion Institute, Secretary of the Asociacion Nacional de Hacendados of Cuba FÉLIX HURTADO Y GALTés, Under Secretary of Public Health RAMIRO GUERRA Y SÁNCHEZ, Honorary Representative on the Inter American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee FELIPE DE Pazos y Roque, Commercial Attache, Cuban Embassy, Washington CZECHOSLOVAKIA JAN V HYKA, Commercial Counselor, Czechoslovak Legation, Washington, Chairman of the Delegation EMANUEL SAHÁNEK, Arting Chief of the Section of Agriculture and Economics, Secretariat of the Council of Ministers ·34 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Hot Springs, Virginia Mfay 18-June 3, 1943 TINAL ACT THE Governments of Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt El Salvador, Ethiopia ; the French Representatives; the Governments of Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Icelund, India, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Now Zcaland, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippine Commonwealth, Poland, Union of South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia ; Having accepted the invitation extended to them by the Covernment of the United States of America to be represented at a United Nations Conference on lood and Agriculture; Appointed their respective delegates, who are listed below by countries in the order of alphabetical precedence: AUSTRALIA H. C. COOMBS, Director General of Post-War Reconstruction ; Chairman of the Delegation F. L. McDOUGALL, Economic Adviser to the High Commissioner, London E. MCCARTHY, Assistant Secretary, Department of Commerce and Agriculture J. B. BRIGDEN, Financial Counselor, Australian Legation, Washington J. W. BURTON, Departinent of External Affairs BELGIUM VISCOUNT ALAIN DU PARC, Minister Plenipotentiary, Commercial Counselor, Belgian Embassy, Washington ; Chairman of the Delegation L. BORREMANS, Commercial Adviser of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultura | Attaché, Belgian Embassy, London EDOUARD J. BIGWOOD, Professor of Physiological Chenistry and Nutrition of the Faculties of Medicine and Sciences, University of Brussels ; Adviser to the Belgian Government ; ton BOLIVIA MIGUEL ETCHENIQUE, General Representative of the Banco Alinero de Bolivia in the United States ; Chairman of the Delegation RENÉ BALLIVIÁN CALDERÓN, Commercial Counselor, Bolivian Embassy, Washing- JORGE ALOÁZAR, Member of the Sociedad Rural Boliviana ENRIQUE TARTIO GUZMAN, Agricultural Engineer BRAZIL JOAO CARLOS MUNIZ, Ambassador to Ecuador; Chairman of the Delegation EURICO PENTEADO, Commercial Counselor, Financial Attaché, Brazilian Embassy, Washington JOSÉ GARIBALDI DANTAS, Superintendent of the Production Financing Committee, Ministry of Finance NEWTON DE CASTRO BELLEZA, Assistant to the Minister of Agriculture; Director of the National Defense Section, Ministry of Agriculture JORGE KAFURI, Head of the Price Control Division, Office of Brazilian Economic Mobilization WALDER DE LIMA SARMANHO, Commercial Counselor, Brazilian Embassy, Washington ·37 HAITI ANDRÉ LLAUTAUD, Ambassador to the United States, Chairman of the Delegatiori PIERRE CHAUVET, Chief of the Service of Control of Industrial Development, Department of Commerce and National Economy EDOUARD BAKER, Agronomist, Department of Agriculture HONDURAS MARCOS CARPAS REYES, Private Secretary to the President, Chairman of the Delegation (GREGORIO REYES ZELAYA, Collector of Customs COLONEL JOSÉ AUGUSTO PADILLA VEGA, Military Attaché, Honduran Embassy, Washington ICELAND THOR THORS, Minister to the United States, Chairman of the Delegation OLAFUR JOHNSON, Director of the Iceland Purchasing Commission in New York HELGI TAORSTEINSSON, Director of the Iceland Purchasing Commission in New York INDIA SIR GIRJA SHANKAR BAJPAI, Agent General for India, Washington, Chairman of the Delegation PM KHAREGAT, Vice Chairman, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research SIR DAVID MEEK, Trade Commissioner, London E S MALIK, Trade Commissioner, New York W_R AYKROYD, Director of the Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor, S. India IRAN MOHAMMED SHAYESTEH, Minister to the United States, Chairman of the Delegation HOSSEIN NAVAB, Iranian Consul, New York, New York SULTAN MAHMOUD AMERIE, Iranian Trade and Economic Commission TAGAL NASSR, Economic Commissioner in the United States IRAQ ALI JAWDAT, Minister to the United States Chairman of the Delegation LIBERIA GABRIEL L DENNIS, former Secretary of the Treasury, Chairman of the Delegatron LEO SAJOUS, Director of Public Health and Sanitation GEORGE A DUNBAR, former District Commissioner LUXEMBOURG HUGUES LE GALLAIS, Minister to the United States, Chairman of the Delegation LÉON SCHAUS, Counselor and Secretary General of the Luxembourg Government MEXICO MANUEL J ZEVADA, Under Secretary of National Economy, Chairman of the Delegation EDUARDO MORILLO SAFA, Assistant Secretary of Agriculturo Luis PADILLA NERVO, Assistant Secretary of Labor DIANUEL MARTÍNEZ BAEZ, Assistant Secretary of Public Health ROBERTO LOPEJ, Director of the National Bank of Foreign Trade NETHERLANDS J P L STEENBERGUE, President of the Economc, Financial, and Shipping Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Washington, Chairman of the Delegation G H C HART, Vice President of the Economic Financial and Shipping Blission and Chairman of the Board for the Netherlands Indics, Curacao, and Surinam , Vice Chairinan of the Delegation ·CIMON P. DIAMANTOPOULOS, Ambassador to the United States ; Chairman of the JULIO GÓMEZ ROBLES, Under Secretary of Finance; Chairman of the Delegation ARTURO A, BICKFORD, Mayor of Guatemala City and Chief of the Office of Econo 30 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC J. M. TRONCOSO, Ambassador to the United States ; Chairman of the Delegation RAFAEL A. ESPAILLAT, Commercial Attachó, Embassy of the Dominican Republic, Washington ; Vice Chairman of the Delegation ANSELMO COPELLO, Member of the Board of Directors of the Banco de Reservas E. I. KILBOURNE, Member of tho Board of Directors of the Banco do Reservas ANDRÉS PASTORIZ), Deputy to the Congress, and Comptioller of Cocoa and Coffe J. MI. BONETTI BURGOs, Deputy to the Congress, and Comptrollor of flour HARRY E. HENNEMAN, former Vice President, National City Bank ECUADOR ALFREDO PENAHERRERA VERGAR.1, Sub-secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture Industries, and Mines ; Chairman of the Delegation GUSTAVO ADOLFO Fassio, Ex-President of the Medical Surgical Society of Guayn ARTURO MIENESES PALLARES, Research Assistant, Office of Labor and Social In formation, Pan American Union, Washington PEDRO LEOPOLDO NÚXEZ, Ex-Minister of Public Credit and finances EGYPT HUSSEIN BEY M. Evan, Under Secretary of State, Jinistry of Agricultura ; Chair man of the Delegation HUSSEIN BEY FAHMY, Under Secretary of Supplies EL SALVADOR HÉCTOR DAVID CASTRO, Ambassador to the United States ; Chairman of the Dele gation VÍCTOR C. BARRIERE, Director General of the Budget MIGUEL ANGEL GALLARDO, Office of the Director General of Health ETHIOPIA YILMA DERESSA, Vice Alinister of Finance; Chairman of the Delegation ARAYA ABABA BERHANO TESAMIMA, Secretary to the Governorate of Harar FRENCH DELEGATION HERVÉ ALPHAND, Inspector of Finance ; Director Economic Affairs of the Freni National Committee; Chairman of the Delegation PIERRE BERTHAULT, Member of the Academy of Agriculture cf France ANDRÉ MAYER, Vice President of the College de France, Paris ; Bember of ? Academy of Medicine of France GREAT BRITAIN RICHARD LAW, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Chairman of the Delegation J.P. R. MAUD, Ministry of Food J. C. DRUMMOND, Ministry of Food R. R. ENFIELD, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries G. L. M. CLAUSON, Colonial Office L. C. ROBBINS, Economic Secretariat of the War Cabinet Offices J. E. MAGOWAN, Board of Trade SIR KENNETH LEE, Ministries of Production and Supply E. TWENTYMAN, British Food Mission GREECE Delegation GUATEMALA LUIS BELTRANENA, Dean of the Faculty of Economic Sciences mic and Financial Coordination ·39 UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ALEXEY D. KRUTIKOV, Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Trade; Chairman, of the Delegation VASSILI F. STARCHENKO, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissarg. of the Ukrainian S.S.R. VASSILI S. NEMCHINOV, Professor, Director of the Timíryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow, DAHITRI D. MISAUSTIN, Professor, Member of the Collegium of the People's Coni. missariat of Foreign Trade GEORGI F. SAKSIN, Assistant Secretary General of the People's Commissariat for- Foreign Affairs PAVEL Ť. CHTCHEGOULA, Chief, Foodstuffs Division, Government Purchasing Com. mission of the U.S.S.R. in the United States UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MARVIN JONES, Judge of the United States Court of Claims and Assistant to the Director of Economic Stabilization ; Chairman of the Delegation PAUL H. APPLEBY, Under Secretary of Agriculture W. L. CLAYTON, Assistant Secretary of Commerce TROMAS PARRAN, Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service MURRAY D. LINCOLN, Executive Secretary of the Obio Farm Bureau Federation MISS JOSEPHINE SCHAIN URUGUAY ROBERTO E. MACEACHEN, Minister to Cuba ; Chairman of the Delegation FRANCISCO GÓMEZ-HAEDO, Professor of Political Economy, University of Montevideo VENEZUELA JOSE JOAQUÍN GONZALEZ GORRONDONA, President of the Import Control Commission ; Chairman of the Delegation RAFAEL CABRERA MALO, Chief of the Nutrition Section, Ministry of Publio Health and Social Assistance ROBERTO ALAMO IBARRA, Institute of Immigration and Colonization *YUGOSLAVIA BRANKO CUBRILOVIC, former Minister of Agriculture; Chairman of the Delegation MIRKO MERMOLJA, Economic Adviser to the Yugoslav Government Who met at Hot Springs, Virginia, on May 18, 1943, under the temporary Presidency of The Honorable Marvin Jones, Chairman of the Delegation of the United States of America. The Honorable Henrik de Kauffmann, Danish Aſinister at Washington, attended the sessions in response to an invitation of the Government of the United States to be present in a personal capacity. Warren Kelchner, Chief of the Division of International Conferences, Depart. ment of State of the United States, was designated, with the approval of the President of the United States, as Secretary General of the Conference, and Ralph H. Allee, Chief, Division of Latin American Agriculture, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, United States Department of Agriculture, as Assistant Secretary General. The Honorable Marvin Jones, Chairman of the Delegation of the United States of America, was elected permanent President of the Conference at the Plenary Session held on May 18, 1943. The Exccutive Committee of the Conference, composed of the Chairmen of the Delegations, and presided over by the President of the Conference, constituted a Steering Compittee of its members composed of the following: MARTIN JONES (U. S. A.), President of the Conference, Chairman JoÃO CARLOS MUNIZ (Brazil) G.S. H. BARTOX (Canada) 17 TO PRG-WEN (China) ·w 38 NETHERLANDS-contd. P. HONIG, Nomber of the Board for the Netherlands Indics, Curaçao, and Surin L. A. H. PETERS, Ayricultural Attaché, Notherlands Embassy, Washington A. H. PIILIPSE, Member of the Economic, Financial, and Shipping Mission I. SNAPPER, formerly of Amsterdam University and Peiping Union Medical Coll NEW ZEALAND RICHARD MITCHELSON CAMPBELL, Official Secretary, High Commissioner's 0 London : Chairman of the Delegation GEORGE ANDREW DUNCAN, Director, Export Division, Marketing Department ERNEST JAMES FAWCETT, Director General of Agriculture NICARAGUA LEÓN DEBAYLE, Ambassador to the United States ; Chairman of the Delegation GUILLERMO TUNNERMANN LÓPEZ, Manager, National Bank of Nicaragua NORWAY ANDERS FJELSTID, Cabinet Minister of State (without Portfolio); Chairman of Delegation HANS YSTGJARD, Minister of Agriculturo KARL EVANG, Surgeon Gencral, Public Health Services KRISTIAN FIVELSTAD, Commercial Counselor, Norwegian Embassy, Washingt Representative in the United States of the Ministry of Supply and Reconstr tion ARNE SKAUG, former Chief of Statistical Division, Ministry of Supply and Reco struction ; Acting Manager of the Norwegian Government Disability Servic New York, New York PANAMA RAMÓN ANTONIO VEGA, Manager of the Banco Agro-Pecuario e Industrial ; Cha man of the Delegation PARAGUAY PARÍS E. MENÉNDEZ, Director of the Contral Laboratory, Ministry of Agricultu Commerce, and Industry ; Chairman of the Delegation PERU GERARDO KLINGE, Editor of La Vida Agricola, Director of the Banco Agrícol: Chairman of the Delegation PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH JOAQUÍN M. ELIZALDE, Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the Unit States ; Chairman of the Delegation MAJOR GENERAL BASILIO J. VALDÉS, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army ARTURO B. ROTOR, Secretary to the President of the Philippines POLAND WIESLAW DOMANIEWSKI, Commercial Counselor, Polish Embassy, Washingto Chairman of the Delegation TADLUSZ LYCHOWSKI, Chief, Economic Section, Polish Ministry of Commerc Industry, and Shipping, London STEFAN KROLIKOWSKI, Deputy Chief, Agricultural Section, Polish Ministry o Commerce, Industry, and Shipping, London UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA ANDREW T. BRENNAN, Commercial Counselor, South African Legation,- Wash ington ; Chairman of the Delegation ANDRIES P. VAN DER POST, Senior Trade Commissioner of the Union of Soutl Africa, London ROBERT WEBSTER, Consul of the Union of South Africa, New York, New York JOHAN A. SIEGRUHN, Commercial Atiacké, South African Legation, Washir.gtoi WILLIAM C. NAUDÉ, Attaché, South African Leonn Vashington ·T ) - 41 A. Food 4. Measures for improving standards of consumption (education, etc.) COMMITTEE 3 Chairman : JOSÉ GARIBALDI DANTAS (Brazil) Vice Chairman : CIBON P. DIAMANTOPOULOS (Greece) Vice Chairman : GABRIEL L. DENNIS (Liberia) 1 Secretary: A. W. PALMER (U.S. A.) B. Other essential agricultural products 1. Pre-war consumption levels in various countries as influenced by :. prosperity or depression and by buying power of the population 2. Reasonable national and international goals for improved consumption with sustained employment and expanded industrial activity SECTION II ESPANSIÓN OF PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION TO CONSUMPTION NEEDS Chairman : ALESEY D. KRUTIKOV (U.S.S. R.) Vice Chairman : SIR GIRJA SHANKAR BAJPAI (India) Reporter : MURRAY D. LINCOLN (U. S. A.) Secretary: F. F. ELLIOTT (U. S. A.) Assistant Secretary: CLAYTON WHIPPLE (U. S. A.) COMMITTEE I Chairman : G. S. H. BARTON (Canada) Vice Chairman: J.M. TRONCOSO (Dominican Republic) Vice Chairman : YILMA DERISSA (Ethiopia) Secretary: BUSHROD W. ALLIN (U.S. A.) A. Measures for direction of production toward commodities, the supply of wbich should be increased B. Measures for shifting production out of commodities in chronic surplus COMMITTEE 2 Chairman : HÉCTOR DAVID CASTRO (El Salvador) Vice Chairman : STEFAN KROLIKOWSKI (Poland) Vice Chairman : CÉSAR GARCÍA ALVAREZ (Colombia) Secretary: PHILIP V. CARDON (U. S. A.) C. Measures for improving agricultural productivity and efficiency COMMITTEE 3 Chairman : JOAQUÍN M. ELIZALDE (Philippine Commonwealth) Vice Chairman : ROBERTO ALAMO IBARRA (Venezuela) Vice Chairnan : PARÍS E. MENÉNDEZ (Paraguay) Secretary: MARK L. NICHOLAS (U. S. A.) D. Measures for development and conservation of agricultural resources COMMITTEE Chairman : E. JCCARTNY (Australia) l'ice Chairman : ANDRÉ LIAUTAUD (Haiti) Vice Chairman : VARCOS CARÍAS REYES (Honduras) Secretary : CONRAD TAEUBIR (U. S. A.) E. Opportunities for occupational adjustments in agricultural populations * ·40 RICHARD LAW (Great Britain) SIR GIRJA SHANKAR BAJPAI (India) ALI JAWDAT (Iraq) MANUEL J. ZEVADA (Mexico) M. P. L. STEENBERGHE (Netherlands) ALEXEY D. KRUTIKOV (U. S. S. R.) BRANKO CUBRILOVIC (Yugoslavia) The following three members of the Executive Committee served on the Committee on Credentials of the Conference : J. RAFAEL OREAMUNO (Costa Rica), Chairman MOHAMMED SHAYESTEH (Iran) ANDERS FJELSTAD (Norway) The Drafting Committee, composed of the Chairmen of the Technical Sections and three additional members appointed by the President of the Conference, was constituted as follows under the ex-officio Chairmanship of the Conference President: & JOÃO CARLOS MUNIZ (Brazil) G.S. H. BARTON (Canada) Kuo PING-WEN (China) HÉCTOR DAVID CASTRO (El Salvador) RICHARD LAW (Great Britain) HƯỢUES LE GALLAIS (Luxembourg) ALEXEY D. KRUTIKOV (U.S.S. R.) - In accordance with the regulations adopted at the opening Plenary Session, held pn: May '18, 1943, the Conference was divided into four Technical Sections, with Committees, as follows: SECTION I CONSUMPTION LEVELS AND REQUIREMENTS COS i Chairman : KUO PING-WEN (China) Vice Chairman : MANUEL J. ZEVADA (Mexico) Reporter: W. R. AYKROYD (India) Secretary: FRANK G. BOUDREAU (U. S. A.) Assistant Secretary: E. F. PENROSE (U. S. A.) COMMITTEE 1 Chairman : KARL EVANG (Norway) Vice Chairman : Tsou PING-WEN (China) Vice Chairman : MIGUEL ETCHENIQUE (Bolivia) Secretary: HAZEL K. STIEBELING (U. S. A.) Assistant Secretary: KATHERINE BAIN (U. S. A.) A. Food 1. Character and extent of consumption deficiencies in each country 2. Causes and consequences of malnutrition 3. Reasonable national and international goals for improved food sumption COMMITTEE 2 Chairman :, ROBERTO E. MacEACHEN (Uruguay) Vice Chairman : EDOUARD J. BIGWOOD (Belgium) Vice Chairman: J. MANUEL CASANUEVA (Chile) Secretary: HAROLD A. VOGEL (U. S. A.)

·43 I DECLARATION 1 This Conference, meeting in the midst of the greatest war ever waged, and in confidence of victory, has considered the world problems of food and agriculture declares its belief that the goal of freedom from want of food sutable and ade. for the health and strength of all peoples, can be achieved 1 The first task is to complete the winning of the war and to deliver millions people from tyranny and from hunger During the period of critical shortage the aftermath of war, freedom from hunger can be achieved only by urgent and Art 'efforts to economize consumption, to increase supplies and distribute them the best advantage 2 Thereafter we must equally concert our efforts to win and maintain freedom from fear and freedom from want The one cannot be achieved without the other 3 There has never been enough food for the health of all people This is justi fied neither by ignorance nor by the harshness of nature Production of food must be greatly expanded, we now have knowledge of the means by which this can be done It requires imagination and firm will on the part of each government and people to make use of that knowledge 4 The first cause of hunger and malnutrition is poverty It is useless to produce more food unless men and nations provide the markets to absorb it There must be an expansion of the whole world economy to provide the purchasing power sufficient to maintain an adequate diet for all With full employment in all countries, enlarged industrial production, the absence of exploitation, an increasing flow of trade within and between countries, an orderly management of domestic and inter national investment and currencies and sustained internal and international econo mic equilibriuin, the food which is produced can be made avılable to all people 5. The primary responsibility lies with each nation for seeing that its own people have the food needed for life and health , steps to this end are for national deter mination But cach nation can fully achieve its goal only if all work together 6 We commend to our respective governments and authorties the study and adoption of the findings and recommendations of this Conference and urge the early concerted discussion of the related problems filling outside the scope of this con 7 The first steps toward freedom from wint of food must not await the final solution of all other problems Each advance made in one field will strengthen and quicken advance in all others Once the Work already begun must be continued }far has heen won decisive steps can be taken We must make reads noir II INTERIY AND PERMANENT COMMISSIONS FOR CARRYING OUT THE RECOMENDATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONI ERDICC ON TOOD AND AGRICULTURE WHEREAS commerce, Freedom from want is difficult to achieve without concerted action among all like minded nations to expand and improve production to increaso employment, to raise levels of consumption, and to establish greater freedom in internatianal 2. The successful carrying out of the recommendations of the Conference in the field of production, distribution, and consumption of food and other agricultural products in the post war period will be the most important prerequisite for tho and authorities here represented of a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture, thereforo ·42 SECTION III FACILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION Chairman : JOÃO CARLOS MUNIZ (Brazil) Vice Chairman : BRANKO CUBRILOVIC (Yugoslavia) Reporter : G. H. C. HART (Netherlands) Secretary : HOWARD S. PIQUET (U. S. A.) COMMITTEE 1 Chairman: J. P. R. MAUD (Great Britain) Vice Chairman : JAN V. HYKA (Czechoslovakia) Vice Chairman : GERARDO KLINGE (Peru) Secretary: FRANK A. WARING (U. S. A.) A. Relation of national and international economic policies to agricultural problems, with special reference to the facilitation of the movement of agricultural products in commerce 1. Expansion of international trade 2. Broad policies for assuring increased production and consumption in general COMMITTEE 2 Chairman: G. A. DUNCAN (New Zealand) Vice Chairman : EDUARDO MORILLO SAFA (Mexico) Vice Chairman : RAMÓN ANTONIO VEGA (Panama) Secretary: FREDERICK L. THOMSEN (U. S. A.) B. Improvement of agricultural marketing, processing, and distribution COMMITTEE 3 Chairman : HERVÉ ALPHAND (French Delegation) Vice Chairman : A. P. VAN DER POST (South Africa) Vice Chairman : ALFREDO PENAPERRERA VERGARA (Ecuador); Secretary : FREDERICK V. WAUGH (U. S. A.) Assistant Secretary : FAITH M. WILLIAMS (U. S. A.) C. Special measures for wider food distribution 1. Improvement of consumption of low-income groups 2. International disposition of commodities in over-supply COMMITTEE 4 Chairman : M.P. L. STEENBERGHE (Netherlands) Vice Chairman : HUSSEIN BEY M. ENAN (Egypt) Vice Chairman : JULIO GÓMEZ ROBLES (Guatemala) Secretary: ROBERT M. CARR (U. S. A.) D. Buffer stocks and commodity arrangements to assure equitable prices: and adequate supplies SECTION IV RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTINUING AND CARRYING FORWARD THE WORK OF THE CONFERENCE Chairman : RICHARD LAW (Great Britain) Vice Chairman : AMADEO LÓPEZ CASTRO (Cuba) Reporter : F. L. McDOUGALL (Australia) Secretary : LOYD V. STEERE (U. S. A.) Assistant Secretary: BENJAMIN GERIG (U. S. A.) The final Plenary Session was held on June 3, 1943. As a result of the deliberations, as recorded in the minutes and reports of the respective Committees and Sections and of the Plenary Sessions, the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture approved the following declaration, resolutions, and recommendations..

·A 45 ) Agricultural production, distribution, and conservation, Statistics and economic studies in the field of agriculture and food, instudy of the relation of agriculture to world economy, Education and extension work in the field of food and agriculture, -a) Agricultural credit, Problems of agricultural population and farm labor, That the Interim Commission further consider the desirability of assigning ermanent organization functions in the field of Development of agricultural resources and orientation of production, where ) Agricultural commodity arrangements, ) Agricultural cooperative movements, · Land tenure, ) Other subjects on which recommendations have been made by the Conference, That the Interim Commission also consider the initiation of preliminary ? investigations and research into the problems with which the permanent ont on will deal, + That the Interim Commission be deemed to have been dissolved when the organization has been established , 10 That the Government of the United States of America be invited to take taver preliminary action may be necessary for the establishment of the Interim *1 after the United Nations Conference on Food ard Agriculture has comtits work IIT IMPROVEMENT OF NATIONAL DIETS The United Nations Corference on Food and Agriculture Having revierved the information submitted by the several delegations on conme on deficiencies and the relation of food to health throughout the world and deeply impressed by the dominant role played by adequate food in the reducof sickness and death rates and the maintenance of health, CLARES 1 1 That the first essential of a decent standard of living is the provision to all of those primary necessities which are required to promote freedom from d.sease, for the attainment of good health, 2 That the most fundamental of these necessities is adequate food which be placed within the reach of all men in all lands within the shortest possible 3 That ample evidence has been presented revealing the existence of malnutrition in every country, with its inevitable consequences of preventablo all health, and 110, RECOMMENDS Thit the governments and authorities here represented (a) Immediately undertake the task of increasing the food resources and im. proving the diets of their people in accordance with the principles and objectives and to other governinents nnd authenties liere represented their intention of sa (6) Undertake periodically to report to one another through the permanent ganization recommended in Resolution II on the state of their national nutrition and os chemy forces ·44 The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS: 1. That the governments and authorities here represented recognize and embody in a formal declaration or agreement the obligation to their respective peoples and to one another, henceforth to collaborate in raising levels of nutrition and standards of - living of their peoples, and to report to one another on the progress achieved ; 2. That the governments and authorities here represented establish a perma. ment organization in the field of food and agriculture ; and RESOLVES: 1. That in order that every practicable step may be taken to attain these and the other appropriate objectives set forth in the declaration and specific recom- -mendations of the Conference, an Interim Commission for carrying out the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture be established. 2. That each of the governments and authorities here represented be entitled to designate a representative on the Interim Commission, and that the Interim Commission be installed in Washington not later than July 15, 1943; 3. That the Interim Commission perform its work with due regard to the exigencies of the war, through such form of organization and personnel as it may deem appropriate ; and formulate regulations covering its expenditures and submit to the member governments and authorities a budget and allocation of quota contributions ; 4. That the functions of the Interim Commission be to formulate and recommend for consideration by each member government or authority : (a) A specific plan for a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture ; (b) The formal declaration or agreement referred to in the first recommendation, in which each participant shall recognize its obligation : (i) To raise the levels of nutrition and standards of living of its own people (i) To improve the efficiency of agricultural production and distribution; (iii) To cooperate, so far as may be possible, with other nations for the achievement of these ends (iv) To undertake to submit periodically to the other participants, through the permanent organization, reports on the action taken and the progress achieved toward these ends; (c) Such proposals or reports as are necessary to give effect to the recommendations of the Conference ; 5. That in the preparation of a plan for the permanent organization the Interim Commission give full consideration to the following: (a) The relation of the permanent organization to, and methods of associating it with, other institutions, national as well as international, which already exist or which may hereafter be established, in the field of food and agriculture and in related scientific, economic, and other fields; (6) Provision for membership in the permanent organization, in due course, of governments not represented on the Interim Commission ; 6. That in considering the functions and duties to be assigned to the permanent organization the Interim Commission take into account: (a) The promotion of scientific, technological, social, and economic research ; (6) The collection and dissemination of information and provision for the exchange of services; (c) The submission to member governments and authorities of recommendations for action with regard to the following: (i) Nutrition; (ii) Standards of consumption of food and other agricultural products ; M ·45 ü) Agricultural production, distribution, and conservation; (iv) Statistics and economic studies in the field of agriculture and food, in- " the study of the relation of agriculture to world economy ; (5) Education and extension work in the field of food and agriculture ; (vi) Agricultural credit; (vii) Problems of agricultural population and farm labor ; 7. That the Interim Commission further consider the desirability assigning to the permanent organization functions in the field of: (a) Development of agricultural resources and orientation of production, wherenecessary; (6) Agricultural commodity arrangements ; (c) Agricultural cooperative movements; (d) Land tenure ; (e) Other subjects on which recommendations have been made by the Conference ; 8. That the Interim Commission also consider the initiation of preliminary statistical investigations and research into the problems with which the permanent organization will deal; 9. That the Interim Commission be deemed to have been dissolved when the permanent organization has been established ; 10. That the Government of the United States of America be invited to take whatever preliminary action may be necessary for the establishment of the Interim Commission after the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture has com... pleted its work. TII IMPROVEMENT OF NATIONAL DIETS The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture Having reviewed the information submitted by the several delegations on consunuption deficiencies and the relation of food to bealth throughout the world and being deeply impressed by the dominant role played by adequate food in the reduction of sickness and death rates and the maintenance of health, DECLARES: 1. That the first essential of a decent standard of living is the provision to all men of those primary necessities which are required to promote freedom from disease, and for the attainment of good health; 2. That the inost fundamental of these necessities is adequate food which should be placed within the reach of all men in all lands within the shortest possible time; 3. That ample evidence has been presented revealing the existence of malnutrition in every country, with its inevitable consequences of preventable il} health ; and RECOMMENDS: 1. That the governments and authorities here represented : (a) Immediately undertake the task of incrcasing the food resources and improving the diets of their people in accordance with the principles and objectives outlined in the findings of the Conference, and declare to their respective peoples: and to other governments and authorities here represented their intention of so 6) Undertako periodically to report to one another through the permanent organization recommended in Resolution [I on the state of their national nutrition and on the stops being taken for its improvement. Obviously this is impossible for governments shoso territory is entirely or partly occupied. by chemy forces. . - ·44 The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the governments and authorities here represented recognize and embody in a formal declaration or agreement the obligation to their respective peoples and to one another, henceforth to collaborate in raising levels of nutrition and standards of - living of their peoples, and to report to one another on the progress achieved ; 2. That the governments and authorities here represented establish a perma- "nent organization in the field of food and agriculture ; and -RESOLYES: 1. That in order that every practicable step may be taken to attain these and the other appropriate objectives set forth in the declaration and specific recommendations of the Conference, an Interim Commission for carrying out the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture be established. 2. That each of the governments and authorities here represented be entitled to designate a representative on the Interim Commission, and that the Interim Commission be installed in Washington not later than July 15, 1943; 3. That the Interim Commission perform its work with due regard to the exigencies of the war, through such form of organization and personnel as it may deem appropriate ; and formulate regulations covering its expenditures and submit to the member governments and authorities a budget and allocation of quota contributions ; 4. That the functions of the Interim Commission be to formulate and recommend for consideration by each member government or authority : (a) A specific plan for a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture e ; (6) The formal declaration or agreement referred to in the first recommendation, in which each participant shall recognize its obligation : (i) To raise the levels of nutrition and standards of living of its own people (ü) To improve the efficiency of agricultural production and distribution ; (iii) To cooperate, so far as may be possible, with other nations for the achievement of these ends ; (iv) To undertake to submit periodically to the other participants, through the permanent organization, reports on the action taken and the progress achieved toward these ends; (C) Such proposals or reports as are necessary to give effect to the recommendations of the Conference ; 5. That in the preparation of a plan for the permanent organization the Interim Commission give full consideration to the following: (a) The relation of the permanent organization to, and methods of associating it with, other institutions, national as well as international, which already exist or which may hereafter be established, in the field of food and agriculture and in related scientific, economic, and other fields; (6) Provision for membership in the permanent organization, in due course, of governments not represented on the Interim Commission; 6. That in considering the functions and duties to be assigned to the permanent organization the Interim Commission take into account: (a) The promotion of scientific, technological, social, and economic research ; (6) The collection and dissemination of information and provision for the exchange of services; (c) The submission to member governments and authorities of recommendations for action with regard to the following: (i) Nutrition; (ii) Standards of consumption of food and other agricultural products ;

·The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture I That the several governments and authouties here represented undertako pri otell (a) To ascertam tho prusaknet of specific deficiency duerses among their resnt le peoples, (6) To deal with them by suitable dietary ind therapeutic mezsures, (c) Io take appropriate steps to pruvent their recurrence VII NATIONAL NUIRITION ORGANIZATIONS (VAEREAS 1 A sound food and mutrition policy must be adopted by each government of national dicts aro to be progressively improved, specific deficiency discases euminated, and good lealth achieved , 2 Such a policy requires the guidance of a central authority with special competence and responsibility to interpret the science of nutrition in the light of national conditions and to proposc to the appropriato authorities practical means for extend. ing its benefits to all sections of society, The United Vafions Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS 1 That the governments and authorities here represented (@) Undertale to establish national nutrition organizations, if such do not now exist, entrusted with the responsibility of ascertaining food consumption habits and the nutritional status of different sections of the population, such organizations to be composed of authorities in health, nutrition, economics, and agriculture, together with administrators and consumers' representatives etc , to be provided with adequate funds and facilities for the efficient conduct of their work, and to have the authority to bring theu recommendations to the attention of the public and to those agencies of government wluch deal with agriculture and the framing of economic and social policy; (b) Re-examine and, if necessary, reorganize existing agencies and review legislation concerned with health, agriculture, and nutrition to the end that food and nutrition policies may be efficiently carried out VIII EXCHANGE OT INTORMATION AND EXPERIENCE WHEREAS 1 Experience has shown that national nutrition organizations receive consimethods derable benefit from periodic exchanges of views and information employed, obstacles encountered and progress achieved 2. Governments participating in a common undertaking will wish to collaborate so that levels of food consumption may become more equitable not only among the different sections of the population in a given country but among the several nations on of the world as well, The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS That the several national nutrition organizations exchange information and esperience and provide mutual assistance both directly, when desirable and through amended in Resolution II to which they should sults of their investigations into national diptary on the progress achieved in raising the level of be population, ·46 IV DIETS OF VULNERABLE GROUPS VU WHEREAS : 1. There are special needs of vulnerable groups, such as pregnant and nursing women, infants, pre-school and school children, adolescents, workers, and individuals receiving low incomes ; 2. Families with numerous children in low-income groups are particularly pulnerable; 3. Social, economic, and health measures of various kinds are or should be provided for these groups; 4. Wide experience has shown that direct measures to supplement inadequate -diets have been economical and fruitful; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS: That the several governments and authorities here represented undertake positive measures for the improvement of the diets of the vulnerable groups enumerated above. V MALNUTRITION AND DISEASE WHEREAS: 1. Malnutrition is responsible for widespread impairment of human efficiency i and for an enormous amount of ill health and disease, reduces the resistance of the ibody to tuberculosis, and enhances the general incidence and severity of familiar diseases; 2. Mortality rates in infants, children, and mothers are higher in ill-fed than in well-fed populations ; 3. Food consumption at a level merely sufficient to prevent malnutrition is not · enough to promote health and well-being; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the governments and authorities here represented : (a) Initiate or continue the study of the relationship between malnutrition and impaired bodily health and vigor; and, in particular, investigate the rule of inadequate food consumption in the causation of, and mortality from, all those diseases which constitute their most serious health problems; (6) Direct their attention to the study of health and well-being and of the nutri- -tional and related factors which are necessary to secure and maintain them ; (c) Consider the most effective means of disseminating knowledge of correct feeding among all sections of the population. VI DEFICIENCY DISEASES WHEREAS: 1. The progressive improvement of diets will result in better health and even- -tually in the elimination of specific deficiency diseases, and a great deal of unneces- -sary suffering could be avoided if an immediate and concerted attack were made upon them; 2. Progress in our knowledge of nutrition makes it possible to seek out, treat - successfally, and prevent the recurrence of the conimon diseases resulting from, -specific deficiencies in the diet; 1 ·47 The United Yations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOGLIENDS: 1. That the several governments and authorities here represented undertake immediately : (a) To ascertain the prevalence of specific deficiency diseases among their res. pective peoples ; (6) To deal with them by suitable dietary and therapeutic measures ; (c) To take appropriate steps to prevent their recurrence. VII NATIONAL NUTRITION ORGANIZATIONS WHEREAS; 1. A sound food and nutrition policy must be adopted by each gorernment if national diets are to be progressively improved, specific deficiency diseases eliminated, and good health achieved ; 2. Such a policy requires the guidance of a central authority with special comhe light of national means for extend. The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the governments and authorities here represented :- (a) Undertake to establish national nutrition organizations, if such do not now exist, entrusted with the responsibility of ascertaining food-consumption habits and the nutritional status of different sections of the population ; such organizations to be composed of authorities in health, nutrition, economics, and agriculture, together with administrators and consumers' representatives, etc.; to be provided with adequate funds and facilities for the efficient conduct of their work; and to have the authority to bring their recommendations to the attention of the public and to those agencies of government which deal with agriculture and the framing of economic and social policy; (6) Re-examine and, if necessary, reorganize existing agencies and review legis. lation concerned with health, agriculture, and nutrition to the end that food and nutrition policies may be efficiently carried out. VIII EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND EXPERIENCE WHEREAS: 1. Experience has shown that national nutrition organizations receive considerable benefit from periodic exchanges of views and information on methods employed, obstacles encountered, and progress achieved ; 2. Governments participating in a common undertaking will wish to collaborato so that levels of food consumption may become more equitable not only among the different sections of the population in a given country but among the several nations of the world as well ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMENDS: 1. That the several national nutrition organizations exchange information and esperience and provide mutual assistance, both directly, when desirable, and through submit periodic reparts on the results of their investigations into national dietary habits and nutritional statns, and on the progress achieved in raising the lovel of food consumption throughout the population;

·46 IV DIETS OF VULNERABLE GROUPS "WHEREAS: 1. There are special needs of vulnerable groups, such as prognant and nursing women, infants, pre-school and school children, adolescents, workers, and individuals receiving low incomes; 2. Families with numerous children in low-income groups are particularly vulnerable; 3. Social, economic, and health measures of various kinds are or should be provided for these groups; 3. Wide experience has shown that direct measures to supplement inadequate diets have been cconomical and fruitful; The United Nations Conference on Food and lyriculture RECOMMENDS: That the several governmonts and authorities here represented undertake positive measures for the improvement of the diets of the vulnerable groups enumerated above. V BLALNUTRITION AND DISEASE WHEREAS : 1. Malnutrition is responsible for widespread impairment of human efficiency :and for an enormous amount of ill health and disease, reduces the resistance of the body to tuberculosis, and enhances the general incidence and severity of familiar diseases; 2. Mortality rates in infants, children, and mothers are higher in ill-fed than in well-fed populations; 3. Food consumption at a level merely sufficient to prevent malnutrition is not · enough to promote health and well-being; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the governments and authorities here represented : (a) Initiate or continue the study of the relationship between malnutrition and impaired bodily health and vigor; and, in particular, investigate the rule of inade- .quate food consumption in the causation of, and mortality from, all those diseases which constitute their most serious health problems; (b) Direct their attention to the study of health and well-being and of the nutri- - tional and related factors which are necessary to secure and maintain them; (c) Consider the most effective means of disseminating knowledge of correct feeding among all sections of the population. DEFICIENCY DISEASES WHEREAS: 1. The progressive improvement of diets will result in better health and even- - tually in the elimination of specific deficiency diseases, and a great deal of unneces- -sary suffering could be avoided if an immediate and concerted attack were made upon them; 2. Progress in our knowledge of nutrition makes it possible to seek out, treat successfully, and prevent the recurrence of the common diseases resulting from ; specific deficiencies in the diet;

·In many well adapted to the production of food, the prod and marine products and their disposal on dome najor source of income, aud tho income so derived determines to a large extent the abilities of these countries and regions to secure adequate quantities of the right kinds of food, The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMIENDS. 1. That the permanent organization recoinmended in Resolution II (a) Investigate the possibilty of the development by the nations of the sporld of national standards of minimum consumption of certain non food agricultural and marine products taking into account the varying climatic and other relevant condi tions of the different countries, (6) Arrange at an early date for comprehensive studies of the probable futuro capacity of the world to consumo specific agricultural and marine products in this group, taking into account in this connection the probable effect of synthetic and other substitute products, (c) Give special study to the development of means by which regions which are not tell adapted to the production of food may share in a world wide improvement of nutrition in keeping with the purpose of the Conference XII CHANGES IN PRODUCTION IN THE SHORT TERI PERIOD The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOVVENDS 1. That, as a first step in overcoming the general shortage of food, every effort should be made by countries whose agriculture can be expanded in the short term period so long as this is required and so far as the conditions of individual countries require or permit to increase the acreuge under crops for direct human consumption and even to hold back the rebuilding of depleted livestock herds essential though this rebuilding will ultimately be as well as the production of other crops which compete for acreage with essential foods, 2 That countries whose agriculture has been inpaired should in the unmediato post war period utilize to the full their agricultural resourcas to bring about a rapid increase in food production, oven if this involves 2 departure from tho use of tho mesources which in the long run will be required and even if it delays a return to production policies which are desirable for technical economic or nutritional reasons (for instance, in Europe there may need to be a concentration in the first wurs on vegetables, brend grains, and other products where production cin mature quickly ind which yield more calories per acre than livestock), 3. That, pursuant to the above purpose, countries which liwa boun producing more than normal output because of freedom from onemy action should (a) In the short run maintain such production, (6) Whenever possible, increase production further provided transport and the means of production, etc , are avulablo, to assist in meting abnormal de tu unds, tho degrco of shortago of foodstuffs upon the course of tho war and on tho from tho present until the torinınation of the par for each of the nations which has escap d enemy meision to continuo to stress the necessity of production of thoso products which are requrei by other products for home consumption, subject to the requirements of the Fur effort, That every effort should be mado now and immediatels after the war by countries in a position to do co, to erpind the production of farm machun und implements, fertilizers, and other materials including improsed seeds, stal to the to the agricultural producing countries, s' fit as the exigi ncies of the wir ļx mit.

·48 2. That representatives of the several national nutrition organizations meeti regularly under the auspices of the permanent organization to exchange views and to make proposals for any national and international action necessary to facilitate the progress of their work. IX 1 DIETARY STANDARDS WHEREAS : 1. It is essential that there be some measure of the extent to which food supplies. should be increased, and of the character and extent of the dietary improvements. which need to be carried out; 2. This measure is best provided by dietary standards or allowances based upon scientific evidence ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS: That the governments and authorities here represented adopt as the ultimate goal of their food and nutrition policy, dietary standards or allowances based upon scientific assessment of the amount and quality of food, in terms of nutrients, which promote health, and distinguish clearly between these standards and the more immediate consumption goals which necessarily must be based upon the practical possibilities of improving the food supply of their populaticrs. I COOPERATION OF EXISTING ACENCIES WHEREAS : 1. National nutrition organizations were established in many countries before the present war and various national and international health and nutrition agencies had achieved considerable progress in the study and improvement of diets and foodconsumption levels in different countries and regions ; 2. If no time is to be lost in moving toward the goals set out by the Conference, it is essential to make full use of the information and experience acquired by these agencies; The United Nations Conference on Food anıl Agriculture RECOMMENDS : That in the establishment of the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II, in any projected regional branches of that organization, and in any national nutrition organizations, due account should be taken of the work and experience of existing international regional or national agencies concerned with food, health, and nutrition; and in any such plans, the possibility of enlisting the cooperation of such agencies should be fully explored. XI NON-FOOD PRODUCTS WHEREAS: 1. Many of the non-food agricultural and marine products are constituent parts of the means to human health and welfare-to an extent which merits consideration for them on a plane with food; 2. It is of great importance to consuming countries that there should be a regular and adequate supply of these commodities, and to producing countries that they should be enabled to orient their agricultural enterprises to world demand-;. 3. The Conference has not found it possible to reach conclusions as to the effective capacity of the world to consume specific products in future years ; 2 ·51 XV LONG-TERM PRODUCTION POLICY JYREREAS : 1. It is recognised that a secure, adequate, and suitable supply of food should be a cardinal aim in every country 2. It is recognised that this can be achieved only as part of a world-wide policy of industrial and agricultural expansion; 3. It is recognised that in order to secure this result producers should receive a fair return for their products ; 4. In order to attain the highest nutritional standards, a progressivo expansion. and, where necessary, reorientation in agriculture will be required ; 5. It is desirable to formulato a body of principles which aro applicable to agri. cultural policy in appropriate form in all countries ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. (a) That the inherent natural and economic advantages of any area should! determine the farming systems adopted and the commodities produced in that area ; (6) That farming systems should be so designed as : (i) To maintain soil fertility at levels which will sustain yields and ensure adequate return for labor ; (ii) To protect crops and livestock from major pests and diseases ; (iii) To favor steady employment throughout the year; (These three ends, in general and save in exceptional circumstances, can best be assured by balanced mixed rotational farming and by avoidance of single-crop production or monoculture) ; (c) That production of nutritionally desirable foods which can be obtained from elsewhere only with difficulty or not at all is a special obligation of the agriculture of every country ; (d) In every region subject to drought (occasional or in the form of sharply marked periodic dry seasons) suitable measures should be undertaken, partly by storage and partly by diversification of production and development of water re. sources and cultural practices; (e) Land used or likely to be required for agriculture should be protected] * V) The spread of existing knowledge by education and the development of new knowledge by research shou be constantly promoted, and that in these matters nations can cooperate to great advantage; 2. That, subject to these principles and with the object of expanding production, of the foods needed for its people, each nation should undertake to direct its policies (a) Increasing the efficiency of production in present producing areas through the introduction, as rapidly as conditions permit, of better farming methods, suitable modern equipment, improved varieties of crops and strains of livestock, and soil conservation practices ; (6) Dereloping any suitable undeveloped areas, where this is economically feasible, through the use of such measures as clearing the land and large-scalo drainage and irrigation projects; (c) Fostering desirable changes in the pattern of production, designed to give greater emphasis to fcoda rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins ; By encouraging the production, particularly in areas near consuloption: tirely perishable and high in value and which are also the foods required in greatlytinters, of such products as vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, and meat which are relaincreased quantities for better nutrition ; from erosion ;

·50 XIII COORDINATION IN THE SHORT-TERM PERIOD WADREAS : 1. It is the consensus of tho Conferonco that, despite all efforts to increase pro-- duction, supplies of essential foodstuffs and cortain other agricultural and marine products and of the necessary instruments of production, such as fertilizers and machinery, and the means of international transportation will all be inadequate to . meet basic requirements in the transition period, which may extend for several years, after the cessation of hostilities ; 2. It is essential for tho preservation of life to socure, through equitable distri.. bution, the maximum advantage from such supplies as may bo made avaiable ; 3. It is in the interest of producers and consumers alike to avoid social and ! economic ills due to monopolistic practices or to violent fluctuations arising from i unrestrained competition for inadequate supplies, in the prices of food, the instru.. ments of production, and other necessities, including industrial goods ; 4. It is in the common interest of all that agricultural production be soundly reestablished and expanded with all possible speed in countries now temporarily occupied by the enemy as soon as thoy have beon liberated; 5. These objectives can be achieved only by the concerted action of govern. ments in the stimulation of production and in the allocation of supplies ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS: 1. That the governments and authorities here represented, for so long after the war as shortages continue, affirm the principle of mutual responsibility and coordi. nated action for : (a) The increased production of necessary foodstuffs and other essential agri. cultural and marine products by all possible means, subject only to the exigencies of war, in each country where such expansion can be accomplished economically, eithernow or in the future; (6) The transportation, distribution, and utilization of such products; (c) The prevention of speculative and violent fluctuations in the prices of food, the instruments of production, and other necessities, including industrial goods, under the conditions of scarcity that appear certain to prevail after the war; (d) The post-war readjustment of agriculture to achieve a progressive and. balanced expansion of production and consumption throughout the world ; 2. That these governments and authorities take, individually and in concert, whether by conference or otherwise, all necessary measures, both domestic and international, to secure the application of this principle and the achievement of theseobjectives. XIY ADJUSTMENT OF PRODUCTION IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SHORT- TERM TO THE LONG-TERM PERIOD The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That countries whose agriculture has been impaired should progressively modify their short-term allocation of resources to conform more closely to the longterm plan aimed at better nutrition and greater efficiency in production (for instance, in certain parts of Europe this might mean increasing the production of milk products as herds can be re-established, accompanied by declining production of grains) ; 2. That countries which will have been producing during the short-term period more than normal output because of freedom from enemy action in the war or which have undertaken new lines of production, should progressively adjust the allocation of agricultural resources to conform to a long-term coordinated production plan for the best use of these resources on a world scale, based on better diets for their owki people and on the international demand for nutritionally better food. 1 € ·63 3 That the rate of interest bo as low as possible and the conditions regarding initial cost, redemption, eto, be as favorable as possible for the borrowers, particularly with a view to helping the small farmer, 4 That, in view of the importuca of agricultural credit, its requirements be duly recognized by international action taken as a result of this Conference XVII COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTS WHEREAS 1 The cooperative movement has been of very great importance in many countries, both to urban and rural populatious, especially in agricultural districts where farming is based on small units and in urban areas of loi income families, 2 The proper functioning of cooperative societies may facilitate adjustments of agricultural production and distribution, as Members havo confidence in the recommendations and guidancu of their own cooperativo organizations, which they Lnow operate in the interest of their members and of society in general, 3 The democratic control and cducational progiams, luch are features of the cooperative moveinent, can play a vital part in the traming of good democratic citizens and assist in inducing a sound conreption of economic matters, The Unitel Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMENDS 1 That, in order to make it possiblo for people to help themselves in lowering costs of production and costs of distribution and marketing (a) All countries study the possibilities of the further establishment of producer and consumer cooperative societies in order to render necessary production, marleting, purchasing, finance, and other services, () Each nation exanino its laws, regulations, and institutions to deternuine if legal or institutional obstacles to cooperitive development exist, in order to make desirable adjustments, (c) Full information as to the present development of cooperatives in different countries be made available through the permanent organuzation recommended in Resolution II XVIII LAND TENURE AND FARM LABOR WHEREAS Agricultural productivity and efficiency and the well being of the tiller of the sol depend largely upon the system of land tenure and conditions of farm labor, The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS 1 That each nation make a careful survey of existing systems of land tenure and the other conditions of agriculture within its boundaries to ascertam whether changes in these systems and conditions are necessary or desirable to promote the productivity and efficiency of agriculture and the welfare of its workers and that special attention be given to the position of the agricultural worker as compared with that of the worker in other industries, 2 That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II give every assistance in this study IIX EDUCATION AND RESEARCH WHEREAS Through the inadequacy of agricultural education, existing knowledge being very imperfectly applied to agricultural production , ·52 (ii) By oncouraging the oxpansion of livestock production in areas capable of growing or economically shipping in the necessary feerlstuffs ; (iii) By limiting the production of bulky, casily stored and transportod energy fooʻls, in areas where thcy cannot bo procluced ofliciently ; (iv) By encouraging the procluction in single-crop areas of a groter diversity of foods for homo niso, sinco thojo arcas are, in general, listant from the sources of perishable products and are particularly in real of improved (licts; (u) By likewise oncouraying moro diversilied and arlequnto home food production in all farming areas, so that rural pcoplo may have more and bottor food, while eliminating the margin boticon prolucer and consul ner; 3. That, to implement these nimy, having regirl to its indivirlual circum. stances, cach country should adopt the following measures : (a) The framing of policies designed to encourage production within the country of commodities that need to be produced there in greator amounts and limit production of those that should not be produced within the country or should be produced i i smaller amounts; (b) The supplying of low-cost credit or other sids that would help producers to acquire necessary materials, equipment, and machinery for more efficient production and better use of the land; (c) The furnishing of technical assistance to producers where this is needed (d) The development of a program of cducation to help producers understand better farming methods and put them into practice; (e) The developinent of a program of research designed to meet the continuing problems of agriculture within the country; 4. (a) That each nation consider the possibility : (i) Of drawing up periodic reports on steps taken to implement the recommendations set out above, with particular reference to pro:luction, exports, imports and consumption of food and other agricultural and m:trino pro:lucts. These reports should, where practicable, he on a statistical b isis; (ii) Of submitting those reports to tho permanent organiz:ltion recommended in Resolution II ; (6) That, with a view to balancing production and consumption, the permanent organization consider to what extent and by what means such reports inight contribute to international collaboration both on regional and on a world basis in the field of agricultural production, XVI AGRICULTURAL CREDIT WHEREAS : 1. Capital development and adequate credit facilities are necessary if agricultural production is to be restored, increased, and intensified; 2. Agricultural cre:lit in some countries has frequently been obtrinable only at rates which the farmer could not afford to pay ; 3. The agricultural communities in many countries have been unable to obtain information on the organization and development of agricultural-credit systems in other countries; 4. In some countries full agricultural development has been or may be obstructed by difficulties in providing adequate capital; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That every endeavour be made to ensure an adequate supply of credit to agriculture; 2. That to this end full use be made of all types of suitable private, cooperative, and public credit institutions; + ·55 (11) The soil and moisture conservation requirements of the areas covered and the types of conservation measures most needed, (0) To develop soil and writer conservation programis based on the findings of such survojs, (9) To assist farmers in conserving and rebuilding the fertility of the soil, 2 That the necessary implementation of these policies be effected through appropriate cconomic and other measures such as (a) Assisting individual producers in planning and carrying out crop rotations, crop sequences, and other sutable practices, (b) Protection of forest and afforestation of unprotected watersheds where necessary, includng measures for the protection of food producing wild life, to prevent flood damage and to conserve water n-eded for direct human consumption and for irrigation, (c) Building, or assisting in building, dams, terraces, and other structures to minimize the loss of oil fertility through erosion caused by wind or water, (2) Baking readily available to individual producers soil amendments, particullarly phosphates and lime, that will make possible expanded production of legui minous and other soil building crops, (e) Development and employment of farming systems and husbandry practices which ensure soil conservation , () Developing a program of research designed to determine the best methods and practices for bringing about conservation of land and water resources under Tarious conditions, (9) Developing a program of education to inform the public generally of the importance and need of conservation and to help producers to understand and put into practice better farming methods, 3 That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II provide assistance by such means as ,(a) Formulation of a body of principles for the conduct of soil conservation (6)* Collection and interchange between nations of data and information on erosion, erosion control methods, and other pertinent matters, (6) Interchango between nations of personnel technically trained in the development of conservation research and in the application of its findings XXI DEVELOPMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF LAND FOR FOOD PRODUCTION Forh, WHEREAS If freedom from want is to be achieved throughout the world by full development of food producing resources, conseryntion of existing lands and the dovelop. macat of now areas must be given primary consideration , 3. Thero aro largo arcus of land capable of materially adding to the world's food supply winch can be opened to food production if transportation facilities were mado available and insanitary conditions and other deterrents corrected 3 There aro many areas of great extent not now producing or in a low stato of prosluction becauso of lack of water conserving and storing facilities for irrigation, lack of drainage, frequent fiooding by rivers, wastage by crasion dificiencies of plant food, accumulation of all al or improper dei clopment, The Unitul Nations Conference on Foal and Igriculture RECOMMEND)3 Thnt cach nntion undertake Po survey its land and water resources to determino (1) in shit anus, a opened to settlement, production of food could materially be increased, (-) what Af149 if supplied with additional production facilitiw, such as water supply for ·54 2. Man's increasing demands upon the soil can be met orly by the increase of Fknowledge ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That each nation adopt, and carry out as rapidly as conditions may permit, -a policy for : (a) Strengthening and expanding the educational system of its rural areas; (6) Training scientific workers and rural leaders for service in agriculture; (c) Establishing or developing systems of rural adult education (extension *systems) designed to promote technical efficiency among producers, to develop under *standing of rural problems, and to enrich rural life; 2. That each nation adopt a policy of promoting research in all the branches of science, including economics, which relate to food and agriculture, and to this end cooperate actively with other nations by the exchange of knowledge, materials, and personnel; and that, in particular, each nation agree; (a) To promote research in the natural sciences and their application to problems of food and agriculture ; (6) To develop economic and sociological investigation of rural problems; (c) To collaborate with other nations in the collecting and assemblirg of factual information and statistics of food and agriculture throughout the world ; 3. That, as a necessary step in securing effective action in these directions, the "permanent organization recommended in :Resolution II be charged with the functions ; (a) of providing advice, and technical and other assistance, to governments desiring this in co nection with the establishment or improvement of agricultural research and education (6) Of facilitating international help and exchange in the supply of information, services, material, and personnel ; (c) Of assisting in the planning and conduct of any research programs upon which international collaboration has been agreed or desired ; (d) of acting as a central agency for assembling, analyzing, and disseminating factual data on world agriculture ; (e) of assisting in a comprehensive abstracting service covering the whole range of agricultural research; (f) Of assisting scientific societies in the arrangement of international meetings. XX CONSERVING LAND AND WATER RESOURCES WATI WHEREAS: . 1. Soil erosion has in the past destroyed or severely limited the utility of vast areas of land and will in the future, unless checked, constitute the greatest physical danger to the world's food production ; 2. Failure to conserve and control water supplies and to use them efficiently has, in many areas, precluded important potential increase in food production ; 3. To meet the food needs of the growing world population and to ensure high nutritional standards, all land in agricultural use or suitable for being brought into agricultural use should be adequately protected from erosion and from any other serious damage by various measures, including structural work and the insurance of satisfactory agricultural systems and husbandry practices ; 4. The conserving of land and water resources should be regarded as an obligation of governments as well as individuals; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That each nation undertake: (a) To survey its land and water resources with the object of ascertaining: (i) The extent and causes of soil erosion and water losses ;

·1 67 (IV) Be assisted in securing facilities for the importation of machinery and tools where such are necessary : (v) Be assisted in securing and training technical personnel, (v) Undertake programs of public works and, where necessary, be assisted in securing technical advice and access to capital, (vu) Develop sources of employment in public and private services, (C) Where agricultural settlements are possible, approprute steps should be taben to facilitate the movement of poople from overmanned agricultural areas, (d) In order to help in intra national and international migration where these are feasible. () Occupational training should bo provided; (1) Labor bureaus should be set up whero nccessary, (41) Transportation, communication, housing, sanitation, health, and other public facilities necessary to effective settlement should be provided by this country receiving the migrants, (Iv) Steps should be taken to provide for the ccouomic security of the migrants, (0) Where emigration 18 possible, an international organization should support arrangements to provide adequate safeguards for the settlers and for the countries concerned, and to facıhtate the movement through other approprzite means XXIII INTERNATIONAL SECURITY WHEREAS i Freedom from want cannot be achieved without freedom from fear, 2. Policies of aggression and the fear of aggression have induced the uneconomic employment of human and materinl resources, the development of uncconomic industries, the imposition of barriers to international trade, the introduction of discriminatory trade practices, and the expenditure of huge sums on arınaments, 3 These obstructions to a progressively expanding economy cannot he removed without effective collaboration among nations , The Unitel Nilions Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMBIENDS: 1 That the governments and aut termination to achieve freedom froir principle of mutual responsibilty and wovena of international security as will make possible an expanding and balanced word economy, 2. That these governments and authorities take in concert all necessary measures to secure the application of this principle and the acluevement of tlies objective XXIV ACHIEVEVENT OF AN ECONOMY OF ABUNDANCE WHEREAS progres- The first cause of hunger and malnutrition is poverty, 2. The promotion of the full employment of human and material resources based on sound social and economic policies, is the first condition of a general and sive increase in production and purchasing power, The sound expansion of industry in undeveloped and other arets with equality of access to materials and markets" series also to expand production and purchasing power and is therefore indispensable to any comprehensive program for Tariffs and other barriers to international trade, and abnormal fluctuations exchange rates, restrict the production, distribution, and consumption of foodstuffs the advancement of agriculture, and other commodities, ·56 irrigation, improved drainage, or by the correction of deterrents to production, could materially increase their production of food ; (3) the kind, extent, and economic possibility of developments necessary for this increase in food production ; (6) To develop on the basis of these findings policies of settlement and development of a program applicable to the economic, social, agricultural, and geographical needs of the nation of which it is a pari, considering : (i) Physical conditions including (1) soils and climate, (2) health conditions- (3) transportation, and (1) clearing, irrigation, or drainage needs ; (ii) Settlement policies, including (1) the type of farming systems to be established, (2) the scale of working by plantations, small holdings, or cooperative organization of areas for production, (3) measures to prerent speculation and exploitation, and (+) financial and other assistance; (iii) Conservation measures for sustained production of the area, including (1) agronomic and management practices, (2) conservation structures and practices, (3) protection against alkali accumulations, and (4) measures of forest conservation and réforestation. 2. That the necessary implementation of these policies and programs be given through appropriate measures applicable to conditions and needs of each region or area, including: (a) A comprehensive engineering service providing for developments affecting the entire area, such as transportation, improvement of sanitary conditions, water storage reservoirs, drainage channels, and flood protection ; (6) Development of a program of sound land use, including conservation measures ; (c) Provision for technical assistance to individual producers in planning and developing the areas under their supervision ; (d) Provision for financial assistance to settlers for further development and operation; (e) Provision for marketing produce, including necessary processing and preservation. 3. That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II provideassistance by such means as : (a) The interchange between nations of pertinent data and information on erosion and methods of control, land improvements, etc.; (b) The interchange between nations of technically trained personnel to assist in the development of conservation research, etc. XXI OCCUPATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN RURAL POPULATIONS The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : cultural resources-should : tural populations : 1. That, in order to effect the necessary occupational adjustments in agriculcultivation wherever possible ; (0Agricultural efficiency should be improved and new lands brought under Areas which have a large agricultural population in relation to their agripreserving of the agricultural produce of the country, and, where feasible, for the manufacture of machinery, fertilizer, and equipment needed for agriculture, di) Develop industries suitable to the area, particularly for the processing and articles instead of the raw product, and in particular to take advantage of any reductions of trade barriers in the importing countries ; (iii) Be assisted in securing capital for the develcpment of industrial and transportation facilities and for the development of export outlets for processed products, ·59 administration of such international commodity arrangements as may be deemed. feasible and desirable and should include assurance that: (a) Such arrangements will include effectivo represontation of consumers as well as producers; (6) Increasing opportunities will be afforded for supplying consumption needs from the most efficient sources of production at prices fair to both consumers and producers and with due regard to such transitional adjustments in production as may be required to prevent serious economic and social dislocations ; (c) Adequate reserves will be maintained to meet all consumption needs; (d) Provision will be made, when applicable, for the orderly disposal of surpluses ; 13. That international organization should be created at an early date to study the feasibility and desirability of such arrangements with reference to individual com. modities and, in appropriate cases, to initiate or roviow such arrangements to be entered into between anyernments, and to guide and coordinato the operations of such arrangements close relations with such program jonal economic activity to the end ..... all peoples may be most effectively served. XXVI SPECIAL NATIONAL MEASURES FOR WIDER. FOOD DISTRIBUTION WHEREASI 1. Even in the most prosperous countries there are many families which cannot afford to buy enough good food; 2. In some countries, and at some times, hunger and semi-starvation have been widespread , 3. This situation has existed even when agricultural prices have been low and. when large supplies of food have piled up in warehouses of rotted in the fields, and the problem will not be fully met by general economic measures to stimulate production and trade; The United Nations Conference on food and Agriculture nga ihg, or other, measures as are designed to fit local conditious wund wash con (a) Adequate social security measures, such as famıly allowances, social insurance, and minimum wages; (b) Some form of direct action to make protective foods available free, or at low prices, to groups with inadequate diets, (c) Special attention to assisting such groups as pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, children, aged persons, invalids, and low-paid persons , 2. That the diets provided under these programs be based upon the best scientific information on nutritional needs 3. That food-distribution measures be food production and to bring about adjustm on the one hand, encourage tlie production ing in the diets of the country, and adapted to worn other hand, provide an adequate level of living to persons engaged in farming and fishing Perlution IL assist the needs, in helpition concerning thoso programs, and ļ aiding to coordinilu tuvas- Ann ·58 5. Progress by individual nations toward a higher standard of living contributes to the solution of broader economic problems, but freedom from want cannot be. achieved without effectiye collaboration among nations; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS: 1. That the governments and authorities here represented, by virtue of their determination to achieve freedom from want for all people in all lands, affirm the. principle of mutual responsibility and coordinated action : (a) To promote the full and most advantageous employment of their own and all other people and a general advance in standards of living, thereby providing foran increase in both production and purchasing power ; (6) To promote the uninterrupted development and most advantageous use of agricultural and other material resources for the establishment of an equitablebalance between agriculture and industry in the interest of all; (c) To secure for agriculture the stimulus of additional purchasing power through the sound development of industry; (d) To assist in the achievement of these ends by all appropriate means, includa ing the supply of capital, equipment, and technical skill; (e) To maintain an equilibrium in balances of payments, and to achieve the orderly management of currencies and exchange; (f) To improve the methods and reduce the cost of distribution in international trade; (g) As an integral part of this program, to reduce barriers of every kind to international trade and to eliminate all forms of discriminatory restrictions thereon, including inequitable policies in international transportation, as effectively and as. rapidly as possible;' 2. That these governments and authorities take, individually and in concert, whether by conference or otherwise, all necessary measures, both domestic and international, to secure the application of this principle and the achievement of these objectives. XXY INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY ARRANGEMENTS WHEREAS : 1. Excessive short-term movements in the prices of food and agricultural com modities are an obstacle to the orderly conduct of their production and distribution; 2. Extreme fluctuations of the prices of food and agricultural products aggravate general deflationary and inflationary tendencies, which are injurious to producers and consumers alike; 3. The mitigation of these influences would promote the objectives of an expansionist policy ; 4. Changes in the scale and character of production to meet more effectively the world's need for food and agricultural products may in certain instances require a period of transition and international cooperation to aid producers in making necessary readjustments in their productive organization ; 5. International commodity arrangements may play a useful part in the advancement of these ends but further study is necessary to establish the precise forms which these arrangements should take and whether and to what extent regulation of production may be needed; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That international commodity arrangements should be designed so as to pro.. mote the expansion of an orderly world economy; 2. That, to this end, a body of broad principles should, through further international discussion, be agreed upon regarding the formulation, the provisions, and the ·61 promotion of the educative, administrative, and legislative action necessary to achieve. ihis objective;' (c) Promote standardization of containers, both nationally and internationally, along the lines suggested in connection with grades," (d) Assist governments to extend and improve standards of nutrient content and purity of all important foods, consider also the formulation and adoption similar international standards to facilitate and protect the interchange of such products between countries, and agree upon international methods of determination, 3 les Consider the formulation and adoption of international standards or minimum requirements for drugs, insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and other materials used by agricultural producers, in order to prevent misrepresentation in their pre. paration and sale, and to promote the purchase of products best suited to particular uues arket news services adequately prices and supply and demand; y, (9) Urge upon governments the necessity, in the interests of better nutrition and better living, for further research into (1) Consumer needs, including palatability, packaging, food habits, shopping habits, shopping facilities, etc.; (11) Improved methods, with particular reference to perishable protective food and any commodities of which buffer or other stochs may be held, of processing, preservation, storage, packaging, and transport, (111) Economics of marketing, including processing and retail distribution, Collsumer needs, and ways in which the shopkeeper, trader, and farmer can be helped to meet these needs, () The relation of food production on the farm to market demand and nutriand engage in the dissemination of the information so obtained, and urge on governments the need for education of the producer, the intermediary, and the consumer in tho principles of good marketing, and in marketing technique, including processing and storage, 2 That the governments and authorities liçre represented tako steps to ensure that producers and consumers are adequately protected against trade malpractices and against exploitation in the purchase and sale of food and other products of agri. cultural or marine origin, and commend general and specific measures to prevent con. fusion as to quality and country of origin, and that the permanent organization tional requirements, Standardization of containora has not dovelopæl to tho somo oxtout as swandiselta..wu of minne Trinitat on ming niu to waste and confusion in the dilabution of found . 1 1 the most efletting action can w walu ug In some countnca little les ben done to prolat cultunsis fra ospiscatinn na thie purclass of materials used in agricultural praluction *Intematonal macluntry is desirable for the disusuna hon of such informasian and for the promotion of action by cos erabicile lo meko as aulablo cutn pulauanta market is lehet ·international grade standards for agricultural and marine commodities and of pro- (a) Investigate the practicability, and, if practicable, assist in the adoption of widing machinery for controlling the use of any such international grade standards in the establishment in each country of adequate grade standards and technical advisory (6) Give assistance to governments and other national organizations looking to and inspection services covering appropriate products, and, if requested, advise in the 1 The use of any such standards should be voluntary on the part of individual countries and, ! 60 XXVII SPECIAL INTERNATIONAL MEASURRS FOR WIDER FOOD DISTRIBUTION WHEREAS : 1. The provision of adequate food for all the people in each nation is primarily the responsibility of the nation concerned and that this responsibility will be met primarily by national measures ; 2. Nevertheless, undernutrition may continue for long periods of time in certain countries, while they are developing their agriculture and industry, and before they are able to produce internally or acquire abroad arlequate amounts of food to meet the needs of their people ; 3. It is generally agreed that it would be desirable if arrangements could be made whereby a part of current world food supplies could be used to supplement the national food-distribution programs of certain countries 4. Moreover, relatively little attention has been given in the past to the possibilities of developing special measures for wider food distribution in the international field; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II study the possibility of devising measures to meet the needs of countries with inadequate supplies, and the machinery needed for this purpose, distinguishing between methods which would be used in the case of famines following catastrophes, and in the case of "countries where the available food supplies are generally inadequate ; 2. That the problems of developing special international measures for wider food distribution in the latter case be studied in connection with plans in the countries concerned for the long-term development of the national resources, and for raising the -technical skill and the level of living of their workers, and that the above-mentioned permanent organization collaborate with the International Labor Office on this question. XXVIII GOVERNMENT AND OTHER NATIONAL SERVICES IN MARKETING WHEREAS : Improvements in the marketing of foods and other products of agricultural or marine origin are largely dependent upon certain basic government services, including the provision of quality standards, an efficient grading and inspection service, marketing research and education designed to promote improved marketing practicei ties or adulterations and against unfair competition and undesirable trade prac- The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture' RECOMMENDS : 1. That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II : tices; if used, any one grade should apply uniformly throughout the world.

·4. That governments examine transport deficiencies, both internally and in con- Dection with export and import trade, which may be hindering the development of ndannata and pfficient marketing of foodstuffs and other agricultural and marino y XXX INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING THE COST OF MARKETING THEREAS: 1. The maintenance of food consumption among tho peoples of the world at levels sufficiently high to satisfy minimum health requirements calls for the provision of greater quantities of better food at reasonablo priccs ; 9. Except in some countries where consumers largely produce their own food supplies, a substantial part of the total cost of food to the consumer consists of marketing costs (including tho costs of Assembly, grading, inland and sea transport, storage, Tholesale and retau distribution), processing costs, and tlic rewards of enterprise ; 3. In some countries, the provision of unessential services increases the margin between the producer and consumer ; 4 Reduction in warketing costs and marguns can benefit both producer and consumer alle; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMBIENDS: 1. That the governments and authorities here represented take all practicablo steps to reduce marketing, processing, storage and distribution costs, and margins between producers and consumers, particularly by the elimination of unessential services not required by producers or by low-income consumers. 2 That the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II collect and disseminate information on marketing costs and margins in different countries and in international trade, on the factors which determine or influence such costs and mar. ging, and on the steps taken by governments, by co-operative associations, and by private enterprise to reduce them. 3 Im of of thn ) - transportation and other services necossary to encourage it These difficulties cannot be solved boyundavidual or private initiative alone, and governments should assume the responsibility by adequate action to overcome them. Barould also be dirseted to tho possibilsties of reducing marketing, processing, and distriouw (a) Assisting merchants in the adoption of more efficient methods of operation, Effecting suchr reorganization of marketing channels as may reduce to a sinuum the number of stepa nvolved in taking the products from the farms to consumers , charges are not kept at reasonable levels by competition , (0) Regulating the charges of transportation agencies or other factors in marheting of such (0) Assisting an establishing or financing on a sound commercial basis of new and mon ellia cient processing storare and transportation facilities mulating policies named at reducang marketing costs and hence the margin Detrosu yivuudet alec consumer.

·62 above-mentioned assist, if requested, governments and authorities to this end, and, :if appropriate, formulate international codes of trade practices. 1 XXIX ADDITIONS TO AND IMPROVEMENTS IN MARKETING FACILITIES 9 WHEREAS : 1. Many countries are lacking in adequate fucilities for the preservation of essential foods for consumption throughout the year, and for the production, transport, and distribution of these foods to satisfy nutritional needs ; 2. The destruction and disorganization of marketing facilities resulting from the war will make this problem particularly acute in countries which are the victims of hostilities; 3. Technological developments in food preservation, processing, and transport have been accelerated by the war and give promise of contributing materially to the solution of these problems; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : 1. That the governments and authorities here represented take steps to secure the provision of adequate processing, transportation, and distribution facilities required for improving the nutritional levels of their populations; and that the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II study the technical, scientific, and economic factors involved, with particular reference to developments during the war, arrange for the pooling of knowledge thus acquired, and give all possible assistance to the governments and authorities in realizing these objectives; 2. That steps be taken by each country to achieve full utilization of important new technological developments in food preservation; transportation, and marketing, including especially dehydration, freezing, and ocean and air transportation ; 3 3. That the permanent organization above-mentioned take steps to obtain, collate, and disseminate information regarding conditions of marketing, processing, and storage facilities in all countries, including those devastated by war, with parti. cular reference to any increased facilities needed and to the rehabilitation of countries devastated by war, in order to promote the expansion of marketing facilities in a carefully planned rather than a haphazard manner; 1 There is general approval in all countries of legislative and regulatory measures designed to protect both consumers and producers from exploitation arising from unfair trade practices, but some governments have been slow to act in such cases. . The methods of attaining these objectives will vary in different countries in accordance with circumstances and may include action by governments to establish in each country central forgani. zations responsible for the work of carrying out these objectives by means of appropriate legislation designed to assist the production, processing, and distribution of the products of their econo- --my, using the most up-to-date technological methods adapted to the conditions peculiar to each country. Among the objectives of this action are better utilization of foods not consumed in fresh form, the avoidance of loss of the nutritive value of perishable foods, the provention of waste and the stabilization of marketing conditions to induce so far as possible an adequate and even flow of foods to consumers. Special attention should be given to the establishment of local mar. kots, which must be built up hand in hand with increased local production of protective foods to ensure the commercial success of both production and marketing. 3 The war has speeded up the development of new methods of preserving perishable foods, and of facilities for ocean and air-cargo transportation, which will have very important effects upon post-war national and international trade in foodstuffs. Many countries by means of air transport will be able to draw upon much wider areas of production for their supplies of the protective foods in concentrated form, and to transport and distribute such foods to presently inaccessible areas and among sectors of the national populations now having inadequate diets. • Much rebuilding and readjustment of plants and personnel required for the marketing of foodstuffs will be necessary after the war. This offers an opportunity not only to meet quickly the immediate post-war needs, but also to build a marketing system adapted to modern needs with particular reference to the attainment of increased consumption of essential' foods. This will require foresight, planning, and action designed to forestall haphazard reconstruction based on temporary expediency rather than long-term efficiency and adequacy. 4 L 2 ·** 65 Department of State of the United States, and certified copios thercof to be furnished by the Government of the United States of America to each of tho governments and authorities represented at the Conference. FOR AUSTRALIA : H. C. COOMBS. FOR BELGIUM : VISCOUNT DU Paro. TOR BOLIVIA: M. ETOIIENIQUE. FOR BRAZIL : Joao Carlos DUNIZ. FOR CANADA : G. S. H. BARTON. FOR CHILE: J. MANUEL CASANUEVA. FOR CAINA: P. W. Kuo FOR COLOMBIA : CÉSAR GARCIA ALVAREZ. FOB COSTA RICA : J. RAFAEL ORCAMUNO. FOR CUBA: AMADCO LÓPEZ. FOR CZECHOSLOVAKIA J. V. HYKA. FOR THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC : J. M. TRONCOSO. FOR ECUADOR : A. PENAHERRERA Tron EGYPT : H, B. M. ENAN. FOR EL SALVADOR : HÉCTOR DAVID CASTRO. FOR ETHIOPIA : Y, DERESSA. FOR THE FRENCH REPRESENTATIVES : HERVÉ ALPHAND. FOR GREAT BRITAIN : RICHARD LAW. FOR GREECE: FOR GUATEMALA : CIMON P. DIAMANTOPOULOS. FOR HAITI ; JULIO GÓMEZ ROBLES FOB HONDURAS : A. LIAUTAUD TOR ICELAND : MARCOS CARAS REYES FOR INDIA: THOR THORS, POR IRAN: G. S BAJPAI FOR IRAQ: DI. SHAYESTEI FOR LIBERLA : ALI JAWDAT For LUXEMBOURG : GABRIEL L. DENNIS. TOR JIEXICO HUQUES LE GALLAIS. MANOEL J. ZEVADA.

·61 XXXI FISH AND MARINE PRODUCTS WHEREAS: 1. Fish, marine animals, and marine products are essential in high degree to the diet of the people of many countries and play an important role in the nutrition of other countries; 2. The production of fish and marine products is vital to the economy of certain countries, and the adequate livelihood of the fisherman, like that of the farmer, depends upon a balanced world economy; 3. Consideration of questions relating to fish and marine products is important in any program designed to meet immediate and long-term food and other requirements ;: The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RECOMMENDS : . That the general conclusions reached by this Conference apply, wherever appropriate, to fish and marine products, and that these subjects be considered by the permanent organization recommended in Resolution II. XXXII RESOLUTION OF APPRECIATION TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture expresses its gratitude to the President of the United States of America, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, for his initiative in convening the present Conference, for its preparation, and for his contribution to its success. This resolution is to be embodied in the Final Act of the Conference. XXXIII APPRECIATION TO THE OFFICIALS OF THE CONFERENCE WHEREAS: 1. The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture was able to conduct its work under conditions of exceptional efficiency; 2. This efficiency and consequent good results, in no small measure resulted from the wisdom and talents of the Chairman, the Honorable Marvin Jones, whose ideals. of international solidarity were a source of inspiration and stimulus to all ; 3. Without the previous and exhaustive preparation of documentary materials submitted to the Conference by the Secretariat and without its painstaking work, it would not have been possible for the Conference to attain in such a short time the results achieved ; The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture RESOLVES : 1. To express to its Chairman, the Honorable Marvin Jones, its deep appreciation for the admirable manner in which he has guided the Conference and to pay to him the tribute of its gratitude; and 2. To express to the Secretary General, to the Press Relations Officer, to the Assistant Secretary General, to the Secretariat, and to the clerical staff its appreciation for the efficiency and diligence shown in preparing the numerous documentary materials and in assisting the Conference in attaining its objectives. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the following delegates sign the present Final Act. DONE at Hot Springs, Virginia, on the third day of June, nineteen hundred and forty-three, in the English language, the originaľ to be deposited in the archives of the >

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·- 66 FOR THE NETHERLANDS: M. P. L. STEENBERGHE. FOR NEW ZEALAND ; R. M. CAMPBELL. TOR NICARAGUA : LEÓN DEBAYLE. FOR NORWAY: ANDERS TJELSTAD. FOR PANAIL : R. A. VEGA. FOR PARAGUAY : Paris E. MIENÉNDEZ. FOR PERU : GERARDO KLINGE. FOR THE PAILIPPINE COMMONWEALTI : J. M. ELIZALDE. FOR POLAND : W. DOMANIEWSKI. FOR THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA : A. T. BRENNAN. FOR THD UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS : A. KRUTIKOV. FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : MARVIN JONES, FOR URUGUAY : R. E. MACEACHEN. FOR VENEZUELA : J. J. GONZÁLEZ GORRONDONA. FOR YUGOSLAVIA. BRANKO CUBRILOVIC. WARREN KELCHNER, SECRETARY GENER: I CERTIFY that the foregoing text is a true copy of the Final Act of the Unite Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, in the English language, signed June 3, 1943, the original of which is deposited in the archives of the Department State of the United States of America. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I, Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, have hereur caused the seal of the Department of State to be affixed and my name subscribed the Chief Clerk and Administrative Assistant of the said Department, at the city Washington, in the District of Columbia, this fifteenth day of September 1943. CORDELL HILL, Secretary of s By M. L. KENESTRICH. Chief Clerk and Administrative Assista GIPD-M341 EH & ~16.1.45-250.