·No text on this page.

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY

·This book is protected and the Base Contention
w X Tooded by a
portnikout Pro Appocetan nith regard to
reproduction should be too dhe Puha.
E. & S. LIVINGSTONE LTD 1960

·Illustrating
MEDICINE AND
SURGERY
By MARGARET C MCLARTY
DA. (EDX)
Founder Mamber Medical Art Abocado o
Grett Bettem Member Asociation of Medical
trnton (USA) Arthat, Uaked Outerd Horpotuk.
With a Foreword by
SIR ROBERT MACINTOSH
ML D.M., F.R.C.S (EDT), DA
E & S LIVINGSTONE LTD
EDINBURGH AND LONDON
1960

·TO
AUDREY) ARNOTT
God be to my head
And in my understanding
God be in muns gyes
And in my loolang
God be in my mouth
And in my speaking
God be in my heart
And in my thinking
God be at nune and
And at my departong
Santos Presser (155)
Printed ba Oro Bota

·Foreword THIS book of Mows McLarty's is the result of persuaston of bermany nends, for it seemned pity that some of the secrets of ber raccess should not be made available to a wider field. Art in medical illustration purely lies to throwing into relief by i vtriety of means point which cannot csily be made by the ruthor with words ud us corollary this makes for socancy mod eros much labortowo reading. But my economy in time or effort to the rada n not abared by the artist. Dr Johnson tells us that whet b watten without effort is, in general, read without pleasure (or profe) cod certunly this applies to certain forms of medical art for the final dorming, like the deceptively dmple Puris model, - often the outcome of much background thought rod work to donate anything to count or irtelerat Mbs McLarty mentions the virtue in i medical artist, of patience, an atribute almost us essential to fuccem u spertize itself. It makes some of Miu McLarty's collaboriton measy to think of the number of time certum illustration bare had to be modified or redrafted rolely because the mubor bas had scood thoughts on the rubyect mutter Never bus abe re spanded other than to mille undenindingly Of the books written by member of the Nuffield Department of Anuesthetic, Miu McLarty bus Illustrated five (or ten, countmg trumlaton) The Kopt has frequently been criticised the illustratom har etmned nothmg but prute This book should beve a wide oppal for It abom abors md readers what com be done od to artists it on the means of doing it RR. MACINTOSOL. Oxford, 1960 ·Preface THE "HE Concise Oxford Dictionary define the verb ilustrate thos make cier esplan, asplan by couples, elucidate by drawing ordamnent (book, nempeper etc.) with designs. Modern medial Literrore of necessity becomes more specialized and at the same time inter patrooally interestmg so that it is not surprising that text with illustrations more popular than redong matter vode. An illustration to the same in my language I harc sought to set donn some fundamental procedures for the making of drawings, painting and the preparation of charts etc for general medical ilustribing No equipment or drawing montertal is recommended wbuch cannot be easily obtained. Manufacture or Importers Dames md addresses are given xbould there be any difficulty for people oversets. Any prices quoted are those valid at the time of going to press. In a book with comparatively little test could be asked why the Ross Board technique has been described in such detril. The user is that the preliminary stages of this technique ad and should be applied to my dwing, whether it is to be made in half tone, in ink or lo colour The line of pnability has to be draw some best and for that reason Laumaton, moulege, teaching models and the sacuific exhibit are bot dealt with bert. Only material of the widest Interat und of the greatest belp to the majority of workers in this field has been focluded. Medical, printing or drawing terms used in the last we usually ciplained as they appear or they can be found in the glossary Here other terms likely to be of use are defined brtefly lo the Appendo there is a page sbowing the commonet symbols used in the correction of proofs, and sonne aubles of convention icon which can be useful in the preparation of chara I hope that the techniques described may be of assistance to tutton and torchent of medicine ud surgery Many people other than artists have had the cperience of trying to cuplu something and aying "give me a pencil and a piece of paper and I show you Visual under fundmg is true understanding, and the vol presentation of medical and surgraal treatments mod of facts and figuras become morewingly popular I welcome this opportunity to say thank you to come laterna conally famous people the medial professon for whom I have been privileged to make drawings. The late Sur David Wilac, Professor Norman Dort and Professor (ling worth were my first chiles Mir Hamilton Bailey road Air Rodoey Mongol miroduced me to mog others whose name had thor specialios. At the beginning of Torld War II Im fortunate to be in Oxford In Professor Vantosh s Nuffield Department of Amesthetics and with Audrey Arnott we mustried t series of books for this Department, with a toterlude in 1910 when I made dingt for Seynery of Aladeta Tarfare ·The post mu pedod had been spent in part dme prork for the United Orford Hospitals md in free lance work. Thu book was begun eleven yen 40, and would have been abandoned bud it not been for the Interest of Mr Charles Macmillan and Mr Jude Puter of Metan. E. & S Linngitooc. Ther constructive crocians and suggestions have made the work a constant source of interest od to achieve their appronal a goul worth rocking. Mr Parker has kindly written chapter Iv Problems of Reproduction md Printing it bus the uambulable authority of vast experience. Ve bave been allowed to borror large number of blocks and permission to do so has been given mort willingly Acknowledgement has been made as they ppear in the text. The blocks that have been made aspechally for this book bear testimony to the skilled aftership of Mr Hislop of the engraving firm of Halop & Day Ltd. Edinburgh Figures 4 105 133, 136, 137 and 144 ore original photographs taken by myuelf. It be pledare to give itnowledgement to Mo Bremsis of the Department of Anesthetics who kmdly typed this book to the early stages, od to De Latterdale lately of that Department wbo read and corrected the first tat During thn last yeur Mn. Bernard Smith has been most belpful with her typug and Mr E L P Tugwell hus mede points which have proved useful In planning the illustrations. I am grateful to many frends amples of whose work us shown in this book, od to others whose work is not abowo, for all of them bave given me ideas some of which I hope I have been able to pe on MARGARET C. MOLAITY Odord, 1960 ·Contents CHAPTER PAGZ I THL PLACE OF ANT IN MDICAL TEACHING THE FUNCTION OF A MEDICAL DRAWING 9 ITI TRAINING 14 IV 16 EQUTHENT LETTERING 24 VI PERSPECTIVE 32 VII CHARTS 38 VIII 45 TECHNIQUES IN LINE DRAWINGS TECHNIQUES IN HALF TON DRAWING LX 63 х THE DŁAWING OF OPERATIONS 86 XI PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS AND MECHANICAL Ams 103 XII COLOUR 127 XIII FILING SYSTEM FOR LANTEN SLIDES 1:18 XIV PROBLEMS OF REPRODUCTION AND PRINTING 1115 APPENDICES 149 GLOSSARY 152 INDDY 157 ·Chapter 1 The Place of Art in Medical Teaching HISTORICAL NOTE hatory of art as applied to medicine. This dissection of pigs. It seems incredible to us los Uready been well covered by medial Dow that the dissection of a dad human body Luthors and by artists, aspecully in the United abould have filled the ident Romans with Soutes. The writer wlabet merely to mention borror Chronans might be torn to pieces in brely a few historical facts cren if they are the crens, but a dusection of an arendy dead already well known to some who may read body was not permbuble. these puga, bearux It is the post which moulds Uppll the 16th century that had been very the present little dissections we know It Superstition The first medical Tostrution by which and religiou scruples, chiefly that of the meant some pictorul record of the art of bal mteral resurrection of the body were the mg must purely be u old u man himself man deterrenti. Figure 1 u the arliest known whether that record wu drawn or arved representation of a dissection of the human Many beautiful arvmg depicting medal body It u the generally accepted view that mbjects were discovered during some of the Leonardo, Vemalius, mod Fullopios mbo later milor cartoons in Egyps these will be mucceeded Vesallus us Professor of Anxtomy fummlur to the medical resarch historian, at Padun, were the founders of the modern Dot to the fonctul rcader acnce of anatomy A few people may have been reproductions The Fabra w 1 tcrebadon to medial mea of some of the tatoumaal dreng from the rad uthu ulice mod remained the one totaal Fibada of Andrea Varlius, which a one the dialogary of the world for more than two cen was thought to hire been illustrated by curice. This armosphere of reallım, which bad Loooardo da Vind. It may be that these been created by Leonardo (1452 1519), and Thontrutons from the Fabra are till the most Veulius (1514 1562) md the standards of widely known melial Thatrations in the secony enquiry md crccutan which they would today The artist who illustrated the set then, still constitute e dallenge to all who Febria was in fact Stepheo yao Calcan, who are engaged in morning medial mobjects. w reputed to bave been a pupil of Titim. It There is in the library of Orid College, with the pubhcation of the Fibria towards the Oxford, a copy of what is generally accepted us ood of the 16th century that dethroned the the first moctomny book on Engluh, published in matomist Galen (A.D. 130) bo vutil that tune 1698 The engraving are cucellent and ac bad regned as the undisputed tuthority on the work of divers Europan urust od the antomy to spite of the fia that most of his Comments on the dowings were made by the ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY London surgeon William Cowper An arlier curely i combination of skills which must und very similar engriymg is sborn to produce the best illustrations. I Figure 2. lo the late 18th century Cheselden In 1891 un crent of outstanding Importance und arlier Charles Bell and Antonio Sarpa in the history of medical illustration took place. Wtrc three men whose contribution to medial Mor Brödd (Fig 3) went to Balamore As a Pro From MS to the Bodicua Liby Orford, curty XIV th century (Athmoke 992. folio H2 It the serben kom reperuentution of desection fbt operator in bayaran' drept o being addressed by phyton md moet The body has been opened tod baggy heart, lanp mod normach are yo tound. The stort holding the brer (By permbulon of the Corttor) Illustration is quite outstanding. Bell und Saups were both Professors of Anatomy us well as being accomplobed artists and this Andony of Hum Brta. Tunted with targe albom coofinuos -Dy nez Apatomel Da cores od Chopal Obyerno ith Copy der by Wulan Lome Proud & the Theater Orford. MDCXCVIIL Other com The Brosnah Max Tor Docklute, The Libres of Edeburt and Combolo Unna, Trury Collert, Dublaj the Bibbothèquetonile o Art Lonci in the USA student n Lopzig be bad studied the basic prinaples of all ut sort, mod chose lithography sa graphic art. To the aly training & ambuted the high degree of technal finsb he had required and which he was able later to adapt to his mediaal vorkThe tedious hand THOLI (195) Aproval Illustrations, la AU A Brope, J (1954) Antonio Sara1753 114 Il Dot 47

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Edgars from CASSERIO Głube. De persona
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It a importable to look atba pectore watot mintea both from
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(By courtery The
Librom, Dod Colope!

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SUIGERY Fra.) Prodentor Ala Brodel upplnog of mmute dots and the control of Professor Carl Ludwig of Lapug, and to this line which is necessary mn dawmg on stone Physiological Institute, of which the Professor (lithography) ceruumls derelops peticoce and wus bed, am fanous men from all over the the apaaty for taking trouble. world. It is here that Mrr Brodel first heard That Va Brödd had artistic genuts as well about the Johns Hopkins Medial School Lo 1s superb draught manstup annot be denied Baltimore cod in 1894 having worked on the His first medical illu trauod 75 made for Jostration of the anatomy books of Spalte ·THE PLACE OF ART IN LEDICAL TEACHING 1 1 Po. 4 Str Horph Cao tn 1944 when he coming Nud-corproo to the Army holtz and Brunc, be seat to Ameria with the his own field for the druncement of the ihr intention of concentrating on the drawing of trution of medicme. Several yan later Ma medial illustrations. A year later his fdead, Brodel founded the Art Deputment int Johns Horton Becker arived to usist him for Hopkins (1910). He had my pupils not only Tas later tocher old friend, August Horn, mong artists but abom the medial profo ako jotned them la Baltimort. These three tion, con toog fint yee medial xudent men formed 1 onlque term working each in If a xudeat could learn to sketch, bortyor

·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINE AND SURGERY
FIS
Christopher Won't drop of the box of the bruta
howing the anastomod of reach derribed by Vill.
and Lower 664 By murtery of the Bodiesen Library
Ad H M Sadu pod A IL T Robb Smith
From A Horory by Teachers to u Oz/ond
by IL AL Sudur ad A. H. T Robb South Orford
Uorrenty Press, 1950
crudely the Professor ballered that better Hospital, he was determined to have a wrast
observation would automatially follow bring on his souff and arranged for Andrcy Amort
ing with it better memory for facts, to soy la Baltimore for sx months to make a
nothing an be drawn which has not been specul study of the band for his ncurosurgical
understood
work The your following her return from
Professor Brodels first studeat from Briain Balamore, it mus the nuthor's very good for
w Audrey Amot hent out with a letter of tune to laim from her the Ross Board tech
latroducton from Al (o be the mus) Hugh nique and in addition a grat mung other
Cairns (Fig 4) Hugh Curns had studied prinaples of drome which only ı sifted
with Harts Cushing on Boston and returned tacher koors box to aplain. Mas Ardotis
bome convinced of the rule of ralls Intelli dnrings, a few of which are shown in thus
In those days, s 1 Denly book with the author's comments, contain some
Ippolated onbot sorgcon at the Londoa of the best informacon It has possible to give
tot illustration

·THE PLACE OF AIT IN NEDICAL TEACHING to myone working on medial illustrations for teaching should show boy the upparitas Sur Hugh Corms und Profesor Brodd never worked in addition to being endly recognisable met, but tber buming enthusiasm for the job the object flhm ruta. This bould be the in hand could not full to be communicated to ulm of all medial and antic drowing their pupil. They had the gift of orginuation In 1952 the Abbott Laboratores, of North od of inspiriog their pupils to po forth, or Chicago produced three pictures to full pataps it would be more acarite to ay colour from the Fotbergill Collection at the return to the for countries of the world and m Pennsylyton Hospital. These ilustritons, due course to teach and demonstrate to others which are know the 'Fothergill amtomial what they bed lamed. Sur Hogh did not com pelating or the Vuo Riomatyk czugang sider in artist 1 yuxury' but an acabal played a large part in the curly medial tanch member of any medial tam whose un It is lng in the United States Very little bo kdown to taci od to write, as well us to bal the of the artist Jan Van Riemsdyk, wbo was a patients under their cure. Dutchman, ccept that he mde many dirw Here Lod there throogbout the centuras it tags in London for William Hunter around bas been the privilege of artists to mbt 1760 They tre superb pedical illustrations, doctor by maldng dowings or penting of and one is reproduced bere (Fig. 6). It 131 medical subjects. Sir Christopher Wren made red reflection on the pace of modern life that a drawing of the base of the brain (Fig 5), and It would be compdered uncconomic for in many other artists, most of whom do Dot bent artist to spend ruffiant tane to prodoce illus illaxtron momen, have contntrated Musta brations of the altre of the Fothergill punt tons of runou kinds. ing, or even of many of the early illustrations Tbc author while worklag for the Nuffield executed by Mo Brodel, cod his two friends. Department of Anxesthetics bus ken od re Undeniably the treod bow towards drawn to a more modern manter a great may umplicity md speed, concentrating on the pictures which thustrate the watory rad de essential, though the essential bould not be velopment of meatberia Dr Epstein, wbo so itreunlined us to be unrecognbable o has been respoasible for this research, comm Living structural anting on the bauty of some of these drawing Artists have always been dependent on 1 he pointed out, too, that many were in petron, whether that patron was the Pope counte, It seeras that occasionally tbese bumself or un enlightened medtaal men. Many illustrations must have been made, not from trust today have reason to be anteful to na the objects thendres, but from 1 Tebal onneme dozen of Baltimore wbo made it dancription or from the accompanying test possible for the Art Department that to be Where detried merrements were not in placed on a permanent footing cluded It seems thange that matomical In London, Edinburgh, Oxford, and to the dirulags skilfully depicting dissections (which other Univerity towns there are appointments not have detesorded all too spidly) bould for full time medical artists, though it was be accurte, were the drawings of inmimate ndividual mthor employing a trust wbo objects and apparttos were not always to. It fire sboxed the medial scbools and bospitals was decided that there aplanatory Ime dry the nilee of medial utost u perment lngs of histodal objects which were to be used member of the stuff. 7

·T
FIQ 6
The focal len, te bomen to focus les bons opsed,
the placenta s moto the motho (
Bourtay of the Gordon
of the Peontrola Hopi od Libert)

·Chapter II The Function of a Medical Drawing If indeed It is the function of a medial or 100% more and more about loss and loss Kalentific drwmg to demonstrute some point It is certainly true that there are more and or points to other people, than the aim of the mort specialities in the teaching of medidloc, urts sbould be to make the illustration car and this means specialitia ako to the illustru Timul ad and not puake for the reader then of medicine. No one artist an hope to An artist in genel dont what he sech, dal with them all watisfactorily Hoxtver 1 whereas a scientific drohtaman makos in qualified medial utut presented with an Icarute reproduction complete with measure object, m Ida, or series of figures, should ments, to that the object drown could be mude know the type of picture best suited to ilunte by i autem of monufactured, o tbe crte this particular subject. If a picture is intended may be. A medical ilumeridion abould contato for publication in a book, a half-tone drawing something of both the artist and the draghas may be more rutable than a hoc drawing. On man Scale, proportion and perspective are all the other hand 1 Ime drawng may be prefer mportant the technique is a matter of choice able to a balf tone illorserudon if it us for a Klaborate techniques tre of little tose if the journal which may be printed on low quality proportions are fa.corect and the perspective peper Od very thin paper the printing is poor Perspective gires depth and reality from the preceding page often shows through bodo todo.ctive in the trained artist who will # marts or blotches on a half-tone drawing schlere for whatever be is driwmg. To repeat, the trend m medical dmwings It is sometimes i Otter of coatroversy today bs towards implicity concentrating on whether a certain subject should be illustrated the essentials mod laving out claborite detall by an et of whether it should be photo which formerly might have been coneidered graphed. Mort nuborities agree that the necesary For instance, un operation wila secret of poceo m hestnuting scientific mb- my comist of one main drawing abowmg the fecta la to the proper co-ordination and whole extent of the round, followed by several selection of the various media andable. Vinal close up pictures recordmg tbe exceeding and may content of anything from one line to a stages, were formerly the whole word Dost complex protection datwing or they may would have been tododed to ach drawing. mange from the X ny film of a simple fructure, (See Chapter ) through clinical pbotography to the best It has been sad that the medial profesalon fimdus cimen om produce. A umple type of does not want artiste quality and that the projection during is shown in Figure 7 and preliminary sketch is often much more pleasing it illustrata caly what I memut by a vonal to the mm #bo want the picture, then the so ud called Anished drwing. The ideal o not a This book is coacerned only with techniqua cbolce of one or otber but combination of in Illustration med by to test There will both. An artist who has the knowledge and be my occasions on which the illustrton ability to recognise mod select the important of cholce will be the photograph. There is a facta md to illustrate them simply will surely popular wying that speculatt A man who attify the medial cuthadty 9

·ILLUSTRATING SIEDICINE AND SURGERY
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Nike
Tort in
Let we
7
Pro 7
Proxtuloa doma, napke mod ewential o the whol testileg of inctomy
Frou I Distress Regal Animey by Dr P. B. JACKROO.
In the following chapter technique ore to ho work will be enurely different, even
described which have been found successful when using the smc technique. There s one
in illustrating ninous uspects of medical porut bowever on which one cannot be too
teachlog Psychologial type moog aasti insteat, and that i cancy If possible,
TETY so gready that the approach of ach artist crery drawing sbould be chected over by at

·THE FUNCTION OF A MEDICAL DRAWING ut two people before it is made into a lmtern ide or used for publiabon. Those who are piccustomed to malang drawings for publia on would be surprised to know bow emily MOULAR LIGAMENT ANTERIOR TALO IDe mloor slip may be paired' by even us sny # four different parts od the CIALINTUM CERVICA TALI potted the moment it is publisbed. That a Illustration of the arculation of the foetal BIFURCATE Hood fupply which has appared in different LKAMENT orms in several boutomy boods md which lustrate thits perpetuation of error" It may me true that even some anatomist are ture fit. Professor Lost, the calor demonstrator in matomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, hors wald there should be the closest co-operation CALCANEO FALAN octween m author and his artist, or ruthor LIGAMENT od photographer in order to produce a good Fra. Tortrition. Only In this way can the połots Lateral view of the left miklo paket down from under dncussion be conveyed to the reader specimen in the Royal Callert of Soupoor Alom. A TIHO FMLULA LIGAMINT DLLTOO UCAMENT (DIO LAMINA) DELTO LMOLAMENT The Professor recently published textbook on matomy in which he dith many of the Hustrutom himself He felt his Intimate koowledge of the subject compensated for lack of artistic technique, and that has pictures show what they tre mtended to show There two line dirwing are typial of the Profonor's Thastritom od the radar may wonder why be comphins of lack of artistic techniquel (Fig. 8 md 9)* It may rem obtom that m illos trition bould bow what it ba Intended to sbor but in the drawmag ar pboto graphy of human loves there are many matrace where it bethor dimally difficolt to chuce this. For bor AULA MENT PUSTENTACULUN wali ALCANTO- TULAR LGAMENT METATARSAL Pa 9 lett ankle od bed from behmd, drwn from the me doctra Hatod 9 from Aro Rond Apted, by Prolono RJ LAST (1954) Churn Abe Dream II ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY lastence one letter from the human spinchos many aspects, and Figures 10 od 11 demon strate this point. The finished illustrations look compartorely ass but to find the correct points from which to ver ach of the drak ings of this one bone was by no means simple. It is my 100, to misspell words when maling charts. The artist tends to concentrato on cuch letter niher than on the whole word. If be is in thurry ons so often the case errors are liable to creep in. The urtist sbould Deter hesitate to correct with a good grace my mistake borever slight A medical Illustraton is useless if it is mcorrect. In the preface to TÜustralcons of Regronal Anatomy Dr E. B. Jamieson thanks the artist Air Curla Perrcc "not only for his care and skill but also for the good humoured patience with which he spent time in the later stages of a dosing in recul fymog blemishes for which I and not hc ats responsible" Any artist and especalls the medial artist, should understand thoroughly what be u drumg in order to produce sausfactory Illus tritions The doctor or research worker on the other hand hors the speculist knowledge bunt to all probability has not the skill ia ciecu ton which t taken for granted by the artot. As it is hoped that both groups may find some useful information in these pages, some things that are clementary to ane or the other must be included, the purpose being to bep anyone who may be alled upon to do so, to produce good medical or sorentific Wutrition help bim to decide what type of illustration be will use, and having done that, to find waist tace in the actual technique of making the drawing All mechanical aids uod short-cuts are legitimate in the making of scientific illus ndons. to ANAS FIQ. O Three Then alumbo rentebi to mort to the performance of lumbat punctor. (From Like Pet od Spunel Airon by courtesy o Su Robert Aucto)

·THE FUNCTION OYA HEDICAL PIAWING
SUP ART PROCESS
TRANSVERSE
PROCESS
SPINE
INF ART PROCESS
and FACET
PEDICLE
SUP ART PROCESS
and FACET
TRANSVERSE
PROCESS
LAMINA
>INF ART PROCESS
INF and
SUP ART FACETS
SUP ART PROCESS
TRANSVERSE
PROCESS
PEDICLE
VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
FIQI
Loe np of the freonday are at the relena
my clarety bed
From Lund Sverby County
of Sur Robert Home

·Cliapter III Training CONSIDERING the number of first class considered advisable by most autonoos medial schools, muchors and taching 4 The preparation of three dimensional hospitals in Bnain before 1940 the number models (Aloulage) atuh i rough working of artisa fully comployed on medial Illustrating knowledge of the materials anzilable and their was comparatively small After the war subility for different subjects. Moulage 10 hontver there wts in Increased demand for cludes every form of plaster LX, rubber medial illustriuons One probketo nos that plasac, or resla model, od is part of the three so many more pictures are being used, is to year course for medial artists at most of the try to make sure that these illustrations are of American schools The ranous Aloulage pro a really hugh standard. To achieve this the cesses are not described here beatise the medical artist of today should bere obtained techniques in this book seek mainly to assist most of the qualifauons and trioms outlined those wto use pencil ad brusb, or furbors below #bo may woh to employ an artist, to decide hove 1 A better than trenge degree of artistic they would like their material to be Illustrated. ability developed through truong. It is 5 Knowledge of the prenaples of designmg generally agreed that four sun a un art ahibits for demonstrations and for reproduc School n the minimum ume in which suffiancat tion, layout, and letteras, with and without mastery of technique my be acquired. A the use of stencils. Unireruty degree in Fine Art is equivalent to 6 A short course to photography indading 10 Art School diploma, although the actual umple colour photography and micro photo drawing practice is probably not to compre graphy This course should include copying bonuve. from books, pbotographs of obyects, specimen, 2. A basic courte in anatomy under the cod paucous cnlarging and printing, und the guidance of hospital or medial school making of Lantern slides. As the artist often dardonstrutor An ideal method is for the supplies much of the original material for the ertest to work with first year medial students making of lantern slida, i kaowledge of their in the dissecting room, concentrating on preparation, scope kod lumes o very valuable druwings of the parts dissected, and to becom 7 Some knooledge of techniques nuitable ing familar with different tissues. Even oac for reproducdon md their appliadon to limb completely and carefully dissected and medial subjects, with some instruction in daw to of immense value to the student photo-cogramog and other reproduction pro Also the matter of fact «pproach of the medical Excellent evening classes in these student in regard to his matcrial cannot fou to subjects are available in most large towni. be communaled to the artist to hos benefit in 8 Lostruction dorcoptc ilustritions the future, when he will be working in the 1.6 gastroscopy cystoscopy lyngoscopy etc. operating thatre and in the post mortem room. It should not be too difficult to uttage for 3 A basic course in umple pathology and ruition in these qu.lhry subjects In the pbyxology wadey qualified supervinod u United Sata with io cormow population, 14 ·TRAINING there are several wall artabibhad schools what room the urtis will sketch there o freely u the students have whole time teaching m mubare else. medral illustration, this includes the sped Many adminble od accurate drawings have ahtlas listed above. Any artist who hrn been made by skilful and intelligent artists opportunity to acquire my or ull of these postesting very little knowledge of anatomy qualifications will find that hus time bus Dot They made thar daging mder medical been worted, and the knowledge be has gained fuperhion and picked up modlal knowledge will be source of natosfaction to himself they went long. Also, there are many well to those for whom he will work. excellent anwmg by medical men with a In Brion, with oor moch smaller populo flur for drawing and puntlog who have never don, Kingle centrulbed school might be n hed any regular art trataing. A medial utust on the staff of large hos danger of producing tercotyped students. Accordmogły it generally agreed here tbat płal u aspected to carry out driwmgs and the apprenticeship system u probably the most puntings for record purpores, md to make Indtable method for trening, md this can be detailed during mod charts for the teaching undertaken with an atabilahed medial artist of medical student and munta His wort Attached to a bospital or medical school would 10 be med to burnte lectura to Dummy this period, which sbould not be learned societies, md for Jourmak, textbooks, less than one year the student will laurn some etc. A good memory for form and colour is thing of the working od routine of hospital assentul. Most bospital artists are on all at life, and the method of approach to doctor and all under for emergency cars, and they may patient. In tbc wurde be will learn to dbtin be alled occasionally to other boqitus in the ganh physical dgns tad to make drawings of group. Melal aourated film Fuck might be Deeda too. Ito the ausence of medial art patients. Finally be will undertake the record ing of rural procedures in the operating that the artist abould draw what be boom and thentre od muke drawings for research and understands, mher then copy what he sees. matomlaal purposes in the post mortem room For mstance, 1 pbotograph of a port mortem It is greatly to the advantage of the artist dissection might be mdecipherabic, but it that his cqmponent ia so simple. A parocalarly should be completely mtelligible of it is drawn Kensitivt priezt may be drown mader the Doe mainly to the anthudom of Dorothy gube of taking noten, No paraphernalu Davison of Muchester University the Medical Artists Avocatran of Grant Boithin m tccompanies him into the mids at the most formed in Odard in 1949 Same of the there will be a paint boa, a cup of water and duwlog block. Oncati person at oper memben modertake the truning of Audents, ation requires no rerrmanent of the theatre. und Exhibitions are beld every two or three Only the surgeon, hu mirant and the theatre per with the object of mammamg a high sister may touch any part of, of mything actressed to Mise Feria Whiteak, 169 standard of work ® Any enquirta should be actually on the operating able, as thets gowns Russell Court, Woburn Place, London, W CI and clone tre sterile. No other purse or even the matbetost to what I knowo ranke The Role of the Mahal Artha by Dorotty Darbon TL Afackel Pras, JC 19 1997 VOL. DIY supplied to operating thatre. This boor No. 5149. ledge of theatre couture brings confidence, mad free, Jamuoy rtb, 93. Volcom, Na 591 Medal Art by Good Donald T Medc 15 ·Chapter I Equipment UNDER INDER thus thic Item number one is the table desk or doriog-stand, and if a able be chosen it should not be smaller than 54 32 inches (Antiquarun). The aunbors personal selection would be a uble of this size und standard drawing board fitted with telescopic legs for easy angke adjustment Thus type of board has a spring wire parallel motion which ukes the place of IT squire when in use (Fig. 12) An adjustable board od tables more useful than the Compactable Drawis Suand illustrated (Fig 13), beatuse it accom modata refereace books kod quire a lot of working material which is not possible on 1 dnung stand, but for to Art Depertinent the drawmg sund b a essentul plece of equip ment. The advantages of 1 stund are (a) A spring wire morible transparent parald motion (b) easy adjustment for height and angle (c) nan be folded at when not in use, od Occupa very little space (Fig. 14) Fras. 13 md 14 Hecht am be josted by met of telescopke taber, the un bomen hortocal helyt ban 43 band toc mundo 50 1 Fra. A fonderd board Atted with ke mupporti od the vire type perlel moooo, Cocabut such peka Goody portable tout Ainde 10 me 16 ·LQUIPMENT should be posuble especially darmy the time who they are mine A photographed immer of guillotme is one of the most used pieces of equpmcot, all drawing are trimmed it some struge before the finished work is handed in. Areal guillotiore k usually mied in Irbes so that paper or board ca etsily be timmed to an cuc sire (Figs. 16 md 172 Instrument should consist of a compes and dindent The compau may be a combination of both, and the very warfactory The artist muxabo barca T square mod two xt squire, ode 45 mod the other 30,60 A protractor may be needed, and 12-toch or 15 mete transparent ruler A a necessity All these ore best of made of cellulond or peripes, almos mod lettering an be seen through them, which Pin Cock A table or dat on the other hand has to or more drawens where moka, poes, brabes mod potuibly the maller sizes of pepet my be stored. A chair is more suitable to at on then a rool, « H it often necessary to kao back to Titulize and consider what the ratt step will be. Druwbop ke not always planned on peper ny creative mot chiala about his work, and an artit or aftsmin of one of the viral arts can often see this mind o sgeus the wying the fimuhed resuh, long before be pub peal to papa He sees the point before the photograph b taten! A very importint piece of furniture is a plan chent (Fig 197 There are soatly mal able to standard 126, 42 x 29 x4 (Double Elephmot), md 54 x37x* fhati qon) mod day are sold in unit of three or att drtwas, so that to or more this day sind ooc on top of the othe Ere if thert at coly comoar lurge drawings, fint stone im igua) da noort to the hea The EV Three Carott ott og coowoomt od modern medbod filho vedtog mothe moutro por 13. td is brotety of tot Angel Lopocona Co Lad 17 7

·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SURGERY
Fig. 16
The Johnson Soodard trimme The rak bu tarted to 16th
machand metal Hghu roken to the blades to the paper cui
read toe to urt. 13 toch stre,
Ha. 12
Uptronul Goopt
Actul contracbia.
Ahorntnfum alloy boxe
artet marked An.
woott Fitted with
Kouring roletadler
operated metal down.
14 Ach to

·EQDIPHONT un ud to quickly-out* The Canta imuble fountun per-und what a beautifully free -curve of 12 or 15 mcha has to a great extent, flowing line am be produced-Pelikan Fount taken the place of french cures (Fig. 15). This Lodu is a dense black drawing Ink specully flexible plastic curve an be bent to pass prepared for this purpose (Fig 20, 21 22, 23). through the polnu on mphs It s teful, too, The nibe for the Pellken Grphos per tre for drawing large ellipso (Fig. 19). illustrated on page 26 Othet pens tod sendos produce amar results, od which to use a matter of individual preference. This is true uso of pencils and inderrubbers The only wou s Wollf Carbon pencils for me a Roma Bourd, or Essdee Bourd No 14 which the narest Ratesh equivalent An X my viewmg box us not essentul unleu for trading from X-rays, and these tre mually done in that Department where emperts irc milable to get any questions nevertheless it is conronicnt to have me. A viewing box with its illumtastion from behind makes it possible to tract directly on to fully thick peper The lighting in m ut rocom or department should be the best mulable, tod during day light bours the artist aboold it with the source of light coming from the left. As well u ceiling stop lighting there should be a Angleporse or similar dak light (Fip 24 mod 25). Eren though the ceiling Light coffident, o It should be for most type of work, citra Pra fllarptaadion must be mulable if the acadou domunds it. A reducing lem binyılable when drawing The Pantograph (Fig 20) is dexlbed in for publication, o tome ide of the reduced detail and fiction in Chapter X Ito a most size is quickly apparent. meful instrument for charging drawings, Pelikan ik to artadges and in botties with maps, etc., and though it is an item of equip 1 stw ap od pipette are most economical. ment is operation is not a plained here. The Thet mis teman Ilqud to a stencil pen of operation of the Aur brush liso (Fig. 27, bes in the Griphos pea for a long time, and they to be explored, tad this is dood in Chapter ure obainable to 12 colon od black For VIII Drawing papers od bourds those who like to draw with mordinary described with the technique to which they ure belt puita od tre not listed items of A pepe Tent of Imperial (21 inca o equipment for the reason This applies abo proom toy) coa ihoot (2, and to brmbo md colour modh. Prenda cure tre 12 mt raler about 19

·FLEXIBLE CURVE
INK
REDUCING
LENS
COMPASS
+
CAP
DIVIDERS
PENCIL
45
SET SQUARE
T SQUARE
o
inches
12 in TRANSPARENT RULER
millimetres
Pro 19
A compen of 4 cha mintmur lugth from catre of bad po poter with friter
derable divide peal tod pee pood, lov Har Sat to the Beth
Stmdard domenduare of my countrunette Set Glomery British Standard

·SATERPROOF DRAWZMAT
EQUIPMENT
O
Fount Indu
Fra 20
deau bec dolog tok for one to
army kunda parte
Pelican
WATERPROOF
1 DRAWINO INK
Fra 1
Duta tak ortope.
Fio. 21
Whh n ap mod pipette
for Al poncil peol.
ONG
Pia 13
The Orphou drmmy mł touch pen.
y courtesy H Satta ad Patam Led)
21

·FLEXIBLE CURVE
INK
REDUCING
LENS
COMPASS
+
CAP
DIVIDERS
?
PENCIL
45
SET SQUARE
T SQUARE
o
inches
12 in TRANSPARENT RULER
millimetres
Fio. 9
A compen of 4) octos punim leagth from cotre of hand to potet with boter
suprable divide perel od pena pora, bow Half Sam the Beth
Sumbard soosbrunt o formy Instrument. See Goy Delibb Sonderde

·EQUIPHENT PANTOGRAPH * og ra D b 15 WICHT a 2Y** 377 +YO с MCXCR- B O 30 TRACT O Frau CONTROL LEVER SUMP FOR COLOUR OR MONOTONE CONE SPRAY AIR OR OXYGEN Fr. 17 23 ·Chapter V Lettering ROMAN ABCDEFGHIJ BEFORE the advent of stenals the most KLMNOPQRS and several bybnd variations of all of them a b c d e f 8 ha 1) Sanserif Old English od Script (Fig. 28) OLD ENGLISH These old and beautifully constructed letters ut still lised varversally by printers and the pras, if not by mdividual artists No guides on the market the art of free hand lettering is less important than it was The ability to produce neat band lettering is di alatys an imt good Lettering of this type Eduburgh. be Leistung we stend "and there are definitely h 1 m n o p q r s t SCRIPT OCCULoos for 10 use. Whco ordening lettering mudas it advisable to have a wide selection of uphabets from which to choose and Soun dardgraph Stencils are a cellent in this respect (Figs 29 cod 30) The letters are well cut, and the upper and lower aus, 14 the apitals and ordinary letters, tre maged on the same stencil, which ibo contatos Dumoul, punctu ution, etc. The makes for speed and case of manipulation. These stencils are morde in Lizes froon 2 25 millimetras the larger sterella abcdefghyklmnop 123756789C SAXSERIT Before ordering any stencils ok to scco illus trated aroguc, because having seen the must of accessity be divided into two parts. ABCDEFGHIJ types of dphabet available, tbe et mes a b c d e f a bcdefghij ABCDEFGHIJ possibly choose alphabets of condemned letters, is letter which are upright md narror rather than those of a squares type, and there ure piny types from which to choose. Fa at 24 ·LITTERING ME Metrict 17 Hortichait 117 Homes TUTUS Norm1-09 Normly Pro 19 Shop The Soodarderph latest podok bi te. trany 91 od 30 by coortery of G H Solth tod Pretoan Lid. The Adopuble Peobolder peronto to po to be bored metry pothiloa, fmey who be twoned rood end the potuit placed in the compty popronded in the holder und akad bice my found in den Stundedgraph provide pens for each size of For filling my of the Stencil peas if u best Atendil xbese pens bave covered LCICRO to be the Petim Dining Ink Cartridge ap white minimizes the risk of tak labage already mostrated, because in curteidge the from thepen, and they fit lato an adjustable baik cannot be contaminated as an in a bottle, peaboldopsbom (Fig 30). Ioddeatally the where dust and foreign bodies uc bound to Graphos en already mendoned (Fig. 21) has accumulate. Unleu the per is cared fter art of mallarmba raimable for both Stundard acti troke, it is bound to larre in the ink gruph Duo Steneb. The Graphos mb Boche deposit of dost or chalk from the surface key Wafuted bere (Fig. 31). It sborrs of the paper which to turn will make the mot spediseo Ming for arch type of aſb rapplied for less freely through the Renal pen.

·NID TYPE WIDTHS SUPPLIED (heme) SPECIMEN WRITING A RULING NIBS FOR FINE LINES 10 1 OS T RUUNGNIBS for broad Unesond for mnting posters 1, ARC R 11 TUBULAR NIBS FOR LETTERING GUIDES V9 01 07 13 19 V 18 V 31 O 11 ROUND NIBS for round end lines yuVOUEU I 18 U to 4 11 40 Right hand samt nibs for Ni IN square end ines Left hand slant Z ! ! ! nibsfor 11 square ad lines Fio. 31 ·LETTERINO There to m Amalan type of stendl of work is the driving board or And with its where the shant of the letters am be adjusted spring wire parallel modon previously flas forwurde a backweds to suit individual needs. trated (Fig. 12) which support may type of At the time of writing this stencils not yet stendl set square, etc. mulable hers, although it may be ordered Keep your stencils clem. Keep the per from Amana dan, too bicarbootte of soda to the nito abcdefgt vupalsta Pia y The petociple of kuntos with riber is based on the tracing of engarred character an the lettering imde, which are notomconly reproduced on the paper Peach, both ink, wat mk or cren daluced portor od me colour mey qually well be the ih oor betering mode A la pouble to produce opright loped bettermek Standardgraph bo produce a send of a of 5 perts to 100 parts of water will often timilar type, the Doogrpb Scaber which doed tak particles, should the pen or stenca works on the praciple of the Photograph. become clogrod. To be sure of getting certain From the golde, the slope of the letters am be words foto 1 give space, start at the end of the djusted. The artist follow the letters on the noht band word md work beckwards in this guide, where the letter tre grooved tod dot way the sercitling need never become cmped cut through, mod the pen writes at the end of or project too far beyood on Imagloury margin. un arm so that the pork I detty vaible on Try to remember to allow enough space the peper wall dear of the stenol (Fig. 32) between apital letten roche HIM Nand U Anyooc who does not already possess acts of and L sbould be arefully spaced, too, fenab would be well advised to consider this depending on the letters on either side. For coe before purchasing the older typer crimpk, m the word L AMB tbcrc abould There are a few points worth mentioning in belona space between the Laod the dead the moc of fenais, Do not try to the them more space between the Med the B. without a firm T quare, or i celluloid or When working with the larger stenah, for cardbourd step on which to rent the secil. lostince, Udo 7 od upwards, it is best to out Uneven stencing looks cren work than line these letters with a smaller Lite pen mod uneren band Lettering. Best of all for this type 611 in the pace between the lines with a brush, 27

·ILLUSTRATING EDICINE AND SURGERY
The
pen for script and formal writing.
Mr
nib
holder
Gillot
pen
with no 659 nib.
B
IC
Letterung brush.
Pen with felt rub.
Fro +
FG
The Alncbell Poo bolder now at the top and the
mbo mury be trudhat a lot to left and A Letto
brush ar
fett mb will not in very large
Kapt a formal wat
penah
Fro. 33
28

·LETTERING beaure the bigger the Henal pen the more very few guide ling Almy Kocure the paper haly it to blot (Fig. 33). Tus ut mechani with drying pins or scotch type, od poc that al fict id not necemurly due to lack of ikhl the T square is at ngbt mglos to the paper In contrast to the menal pen, however the mod the basis of a good piece of work n there sorpt peri u cake to be m tbe larger sizess in front of you und of unfamiliar with this type of per, the For malonog dotica md duplays Grapbord bext adnice a to practise with the largest wize, cork letters are very weful md an be arranged size 1 on the Mitchell or Gillot ards of with mong effect. These letten ke made of Letirnag Pens (Fig 34) There are stocted cock mut laut I dozen diferent alphabeta od by abopa cling artists materials. in time from 5 25 millimetra. Larger letters For people with rauconably net bandy can be cut on request. The letters have in kettering with a stendl md free hend, tots adhesive backing and are stuck with an addi a matter of prudce. At first it is neceteary tom rubber poloton to my flat surface from to Hghtly penal to the layout, but soon it paper to glo They may be painted or abould be pomible to produce good work with sprayed with my water or a buse point. It A E ĽLEFULLIR UM (:/Z'S 4* UL 2 1 2 3 4 5C L'U&%! üle utlu hlil k l L'UL" P&LIL'KAZ Fig. 35 Graphond len, upper md brewet domenub lable nostra s smoltmeten. 29 ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY ATTN He MV AAAAAABBBCCCCDDDDEEEE FF GHHHHIMIT JJKKLLLLMM NN NNOO000 PPPPQQRRRRRRSSSSSS TTTTUUUUVVWWWXXYYYZZ && aaa aaaaaabbbbcccccddddddeeeeeeeee eeefffffgggghhhhhhuk kkIIIIII mmmmmnnnnnnnnnooo00oooOPPPP aqrrrrrrrrrsSSSSSSsstttttttttUUUUUVV VWwwxxxyyyy zz $ $111223344556 67 7889900 11??"Infiff A() MEETI Ñ A B-BLUE PENCIL LINE MEETING OF C- Fig 16 The Artype sheet tre prooted og rell dheart sette Each letter b toored o required with a base od tired og blor penal pode HDO AB. When the layout complet the rmde bebited off by wodne mier the letten Cand remong the rurple route Fully the leden at Armly rubbed down to eliomate my loc ·LINTERING i pare ccooomal to order the necey begin in the usual y at the left hand margin. words od numberi ither the whole tpba It is important that the words which make the bets, u the korting cost is most rausomable left hand margin of my layout abould form 1 Here again it us a good lda to wute for I ati struight line parallel to that margto in the same logoe, which bo mctode the price list, to wy u printing in a book Loodon Industrial Art Ltd., 3 All Salou Rd., London, W11 Figure 35 is one of the LETRASET alphabets in the analogoe. With so many There are letten from u printed type sheet mechanlal dds byone would be able to wod they am be transferred direct to tny ut produce good poticas, charts and bibellmg. surface witbout trufa film or background. In this antagony too, the Artype alphabet Letra canists of a corrier frame and type beet bould be included. A sheet from their sheets from a large range of apbabets. The catulogue xbow bow thu type of lettering is letters are self adherent to Kodatracc, Astr aved. Catalogoc mod alphabets may be ordered foil, ghus, metal or wood. from Hunter Penrose Ltd. Ferringdon Road, A new feature b that white type sheet now London, E.C.4 (Fig. 36) provide a bexc for coloured letters. The colour More Information on the me of Stools u penetrates the surface of the letters only the given in Chapter VI. In my layout compared white bese reflecting back brilliant colour of words ft is striAble to draw a funt pencil whether the letten me used on a dock or a line down the middle of the paper When the light background White Larut b printed layout b to be band latered, most artist will on blue peper so that the letters may be only lightly pencil in the words fint mking them viable. Lo application the letters are stopped later Thos method corura inent ad pell off the pre-cored about leaving the backing puced layout. Light peocalling may be done, bect fatact down to the last letter and the too, for stendilling, or o alternative method sheets remain dgid mod are unaffected by Is to count the letten in ach word (counting budity and are only rtored. one for ach puce between words) buying When ordering Letraset it u best to uk for decided bow many words will occupy line, a chart of the arrilable uphabets, on coutople dinde the number of letten to the he by tury, is not shown here there are retail ngenta in then raust fencing in the middle of the hc, mort of the large too. The head office is waiting first to left od then to dgtut. After Art & Technics Ltd., 14/15 Monette Street, tbe first line is finished the att hoe shall be London, WI 31 ·Chapter VI VP Eye level Perspective A VP B D PERSPECTIVE O the art ar dnimg an object on flat surface so us to give the impression of solidity or three durocrisons, ud to relate its position to other objects. A nilay track is the cussic cample of the effect of distance on two parallel lines The point at which they upper to meet 1 known as the nishing point (V.P). To find the best vinshing point when drawing 1 given object re quires practice for instance having started drawing it may become apparent that the vinishing point will be beyond the limit of the druwing board It is therefore useful to remember that along thm draming needs a greater amount of perspective than a squat one. The box and the ellipse are the most midely used basic shapes in almost my type of medical or scientific drtwing (Fig. 37). It is usually possible to implify preces of appantu into a basic box shape for the purposes of perspec tive, uod constructing a good draw ing. It is fairly cosy too, to doux un ellipse free hend. The construk tion line for any ellipse de 190 line daw a right inglas on whilch the dire of the ellipse should be measured, tbc measurementi beng qudisteat from the point E CE Fia 37 Simplo perspectrom the form of to be bepes, Atod & Cahon the contruction lina of a chip Dad mate the clipe wuch wok be ved to the part of syrtare 22 ·PERSPICTIVE & wuch these hoes internet (F1, 370) Ilk induce here the matbeautial format for rey mportant that the coastruction wort drawing u elipe o it is socientat com should be at right mgles, otherwise the cod ponied md would be likely to be used by result of drawing bered on a bedly drmm readers of tho book ellipe will anr book wrong. If za making the mitiul penal dawn, mong paper is med It is good perspective to do the boa obuch s odly accerty to draw osse ball of the HT Bearer to the eye considerably thicker than ellips, then take a trdog of this mod slip those which are further away (Fig 38) The under the paper to order to trace me the other lots of the needle bon Figure 38 ure naald to ode. La fua this to a frmoured method of perspective in this dwing, bo which the focus douwing may object with sides which are of interest in the point which is furthest from idential in outline. In ancorary to To FIRST STAGE OF LOCAL ANAESTHETK FOR THE REMOVAL OF TONSIL Pxo Indoo nro tebe Departoser of Art, Radcl lasty Oxford (Reproteaed by country of Sor Robert Horosb 3 33 ·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINE AND SURGERY 0 བྱེད) H E F Fra. 19 Thex picture strate the book perspective of drawing bond to clebt sichept poutions A burn hard bs roughly the shape of an Finally Figures 40 cod 43 urt two drawmg 88 u born on the sales of drawing from which were not done with perspective other Sw publlation. This conut of a loose oblett The lines to the muxhing point bare lar folder of drawings of hands of men, been superimposed on them and having built women, and children it us me of these sbects up the structure of the finibed work it is which is shown in Figure 39 These folden interacting to see how this has worked outt. are publubed by Ermt Ingold & Co Herzo In Figure 41 the ball tone dowing has been genbuchsee. This sedes alto mchudes Hmd tuced (from Fly 40) nod the lines of its and Arm Studies (3 put), and Foot and Les coortruction indicated the drumg is broken Studios (3 pert) down to use the bor md vmishing polot per

·PERSPECTIVE
Dandiagnosti
Fra 10
Dersos of third rentede cykt blockboy the formen
of Moara
(Reproduced by permion of Depart
ment of Neuroloplaal Surgery Recicture
Infirmy Osdordl.
Pra, 4
The brim md band me ootamed within bass box
bape. The bra from the comed the bor 13.4
5.6 meatbe vunos pon IP A kood young
poot within the band i do by acadong the
O of the naor
3$

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY a b Pio. Thos to the coortrucoon of the bord baas been based on the chape, with the line ob pred throth the centre of the Deld of Interem. The bamy dotted One follow the shght diet where thenght and kit ade of the brun meet. spective, whereas in Figure 42 it can be seen the fundamentals of penpective shown in that the same drvmg follom the rules of tbc Figure 37 bear this out. basic age shape of the humn hand. The ink dopings in this chapter were On the next page Figure 43 and 44 sbox drawn with. Gillot pen mod 1 cror quill Dib that these publect), 109, conform to the rules No. 659 md Pelican Black waterproof ink of perspective. There u z Chinese proverb The Grapbos per would bare served equally which says that one picture is worth a thousand wel it has such a wety of mibs that it could words, and perhape there ithartons, and be the only pen in the pera bor 16

·PERSPECTIVE
VP
ale w brod The Principles and Practice of
Diccy w do sada preement of book
Lott. (By contury of Dr. B O Sol
A
Fre. *
Tha domuto bed the boo of perspective
AB od C proud to be marktont pour voice
ther tong bola mate the past two
bo ndiyot

·Chapter VII Charts A CHART is a pictorial record of some obles, and the best of these do not try to pre CTCot or arcumstance in relation to one sent too much information In one picture. It or more other factors A temperature chart is much better to have two or even three simple for instance is a visual record of a patient's charts than one with too many curtos columns illocs. For 1 medial aria the word churt iod comparisons This is aspectelly true when has come to men al graphs, histograms and the chart is to be used os i laptern slide eroty VAPOUR PRESSURE OF NITROUS OXIDE 70 160 50 ATMOSPHERES 40 50 20 15 10 SATHOSPHERES CRIT TEMP 55BP 0 10 20 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 TEMPERATURE C 40 Fia 45 There is common cacopood that the prempurt mode ymder contummy Baud Dutroos ooide lahy 750 lb./inq ms atmospberry). The promote of the mpour abort the bord attrou oond He die bort my order qurd, me with terperature. F. 45 sbom that all the tomperstort of the ligod fails below - Cevapoo Pramore fun below I atmospbere. Abore this compentut the ghoder relre must be closed to prereof the hqud dutros de boulin my At the nipour prenne 3 stmosphere the cylinder het teodmy oromght at temperinore of 10'Cmie ripoor premore will be 40 limpopbetet (By kind permission Prom Prous for the throa by Sor Robert Alcotoh mod Dr With Moshin Racic directed by Dr Epnen). 38 ·CHARTS thong bat b pot ibahay cats for quick making a lantera vide. Lopuritbmx soles par Himlaumia sbould be left on Econoary dicularly must be worked out on a grid paper In words ba bati ruke in the making of charts, tod, beping finished the pesal layout, the oth for mstance, DoTer witte time in minutos then be placed oder nong paper or trang when the word 'mtauta alone is suficient brica and inked ore or inked orer on the The steals which bere been described grld paper itsel, but only If thus is printed in ether in the book are quite head for the mak bloc ink. When mkmk in aumber on in ing of churt. Always cboouc legten wach are pnght cale it is easier to start with the big brought to be rary osły rod, od aloe figure parent to the sake Imc to work out Uma out of ten the sencil selected will have and that they do posiblity of the beter which are slightly condensed A wide number appearmg cumped. This applies Alphabet, comme un apbabet of square of 2150 to ury cupaon or harding which should quat letters, will tend to make a wide cert, not any further than a pren potnt, ar puta with the feet of looking loosely put together color imaginary line. According to start More and more the results of research and with, it u bent to beyta stenalling where medical pactice are presented in the form of the apoion abould finish and work tovrants charts and ublar, and it worth spendng the left Good arrangement and placing arc time condering the bat way to show these easier for the practured artist, but euch chart Texults. Some of the medical fournit request mode is nomething lamed towards making the Chut Do ketiam or Squres shoukl be inked-ia nert and lolos-ta chart on trading paper ou duru and diagrams for pablicaton There or tisdag laen boss the great advatage that Journal prefer their own prloter to peat all the underlying rough my be moved up the lettering sad this, of cours, makes for down, or showtyr in order to find the bett plenant uniformity throughout the poblia place to white to put to the key there # tron. However when the artin puto 2 tbc , the time and mything choc whitta bute to gures, Labelline, etc. It should be done a sppear n the picture. neatly pozable with a definite pho in mind, Mundus XC another weful method for Bach a the "Vapoor Prenme of Nitrom de vol presentation of 1 Hory for statist Onde (Fig. 15), were the curve des slowly mad for min dood don't There is the beganing md neeply a the ear mod fond of information which can be shown by the figures on the upright role more from left mainland, from the outdine robot symbol to oht Figure 46 B a very umple court this commonly used for demonstrating the statistia paald wipplag wu want to convey a bald of the common ilk tur befall mankind, to the up of wahine and to be more interestmg tban more satiske figure abowo mn Figure 47 on two curva. fraal enpressions and restore an be down. In order to be tomate, curve and columns Students have to much to learn a modern would they be roughed out on graph paper medicine, that to destrubic that the muutmum I blue grimph paper used, thc pare bune mort of taformation should be presented in om be mked one on the graph paper indt, 1 Condensed form which an be understood u the bine prida photographically the bible visuality and quickly Any unwald whecke an when muloy a lone block uod innuble, too be apprebended u 1 glumce, om met to the proceus plate which is the first step m modent and tacher alike.

·ILLUSTXATING AIEDICINE AND SURGERY 350 13 HOURS OF SUNSHINE 300 12 250 DEATH RATE 200 1-0 150 DOUBT J F M A M J J A S O N D Two years USA Fros Pia 47 Tub Haak mph by well expleostory the upright mala pced to caption other than the figure (By courtesy of Dr B. O. Scott.) F.motom wil martla en bo coard by the Tumkin forure. As a teaching and I b atten mort cflective FIRST ATTACKS RELAPSES CORTISONE CONTROL CORTISONE CONTROL SEVERE MODERATE MILD UNO CHANGE OR WORSE D IMPROVED D REMISSION Fr. 4 A Historia horing the collect a trattment of picture cobib nich cortboot La relation to the oth Katy o te then. (By courtesy of Dc Troulott mod Protipor LI FM) to ·CHARTS 1005 90F 8o 70 PERCENTAGE WITH PNEUMOCONIOSIS. 40- 20 10 000 20 000 30 000 DUST EXPOSURE (PARTICLE YEAR ) Fr. 40 There betwem do pow. prewed m procent pe ml, tos ad dac perpect of contre potent with a bolo palondoned poctubo.com hypodal deer)By courtory of Promo L. J itu) this type It is a golden rok m the mabog of chouts sunce, Figure 53 would bere been spoiled od dagens to make al lines jut a httle by tryme to latten the width thicker than scores maessary, moderen then Ideas trained into drawings or fingrums madded half millimetre often gres distinctions however timp, are my worth considering to the simplest deagram Bold, form cxecution for 100 thustrations The artist will be ful to the secret of mccon mal turbon of filling his role of nou odootor to the best dretage if he i uwon willms to atrae ce Figura 48 md 49 show entirely different the best my of protetting the information type of charts, which contain the deal which has to be plained. The medial amount of Information for a beton slide. wthor ad tertier muy KDOT Dretty ruke As to do not this posuble to make every wind and boys would be done, but the picture fill the site, & n better to here to una co make soggettoos, which I cer Hoogsted atea niher than that the wateral tainly be comidered even if they are not piekania would appair cramped. For in hry adopted 4 42 ·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SUROLLY ATM 120 TEMPER TUL KEPT CONSTANT 90 1 200 PRESSURE OXYGEN TOLL 120 1000 ATM 1201 90 NITROUS OXIDE TIMMAATU C 1 T CONSTANT T 200 PRESSURE 60 50 FULL US 75 yo I! Orca SLS Free so ends (By kod pet from the for the Archetut by Sir Robert Mucatorhood Dr Wilhem Musim Research derected by Dr Eppna). 6 ·CHARTS Figura 50 und 51 show a chart combined with a degrm, md auch presents in inform ton in two forms md with the addition of colour Each of these figures made a good Lateo slide, but the line of the curre in anch ate tbould have been thicker This is a good type of min ald, but imfortunately the weddition of colour to schematic-drawing dert-combination of this band is not possible Hi the werage medical jourm), us the cost of Fru adding ven one colour to lay picture is con Sbom theme to temperature bloof bend poker odenble. Even m the best medical textbooks, (By courtesy of DJ BO Scotl) the addition or otherwise of colour bas to be comudered very seriously (See Chapter XI). Figure 52 is un idal type of slople chart The value of a medical Thestratton can hardly both for publication and protection. When be suessed in terms applable to other drie facts om be presented in this way they are ingo The dever advertisement may bring in ndeed true vil alds hundreds of thousands of poundı. Tbe Dew The oturt who spends a lot of his time pre operation Illustrated in great detail may have paong mual doplay: nther than Illustrating Ilves to countries where hitherto nothing to operations, certainly not wasting his time. elaborate bas ever been attempted. FA. 50 A cyhoder when Muir contatos apto under prwono 110 Amorpbere. The ware opened and the po Downed to escape tot progrmont hull puran Fhen the person has fallen to 60 morphou the troun om within the truder bestellen, tog, to bar wit mully A prekurt reading tay gt stres m bochondas of the count of anyte rematang the cylmder. As the daranty (represented by entry of color) decreme tere di correspooding to a prestare. Pras The Equal non odide and the depty of the most about the reprecated by benary of colour Ther om priate throuhour capacupent a dept costata sotwhich the proBBUTT sorted by the timzod vzpour on the liquids morphere. As the top opened porco rosade masa od machetely replaced by further repour troo the band be de stude a bull full the domy of the poor od therefore o pror, tre put the ot In bict those remum maled long my otro de corb the board on AA kunt Woo of the amount omtroue oude romag m the abode obe obtamed only by rosto te lodos The hocegualme bom that the per attor or whitun the cylinder roman omuform inline lom then quarter to be the liquid u all formbad the propen the path the conder bern DAN ·UIVET 2. mom ECCL HOST TULUI TATUT o 10 - 00 ILLUSTRATING HEDICINE AND SURGERY LOOO ป Laho Pro. 53 The bow the detailed treatment of patient orer three moocha period. The reduction h to l of the original wte. A Ben Day Tomto wed on the columos bich bow how much blood w miattered (Hy courtesy of Dr B. O. Swa)

·Chapter VIIS
Techniques in Line Drawing
To most of the readers of this book the produced by ruling or drawing lines, Patchong
phrase a line drawmg' wil net worse or crow hatchloge or cortomy Arets of a druw
obiect down on black lack on walte paper A tog with doos of equal of virag stem. The
toc dramog co be curity seproduced by a dentity of the prey areas wil be deterpulosed
Hoc o inc blod, and printed on Dearly by the number of lines ruled or droon, the
anys the case on white peperThere is DO
thickness of these lines and the distin.ce bac
fortmedate of pity toe in a liste donatog twee the lives. The applies to docs abo the
although there that or ctrest of prey on be sumber mod the best of the dot make adher
F. 44
Dass to the Hi Depok Rede dey Crefert
Reprod by cut of x buchen

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY A HMOHC VAG L MANOS AMHANC LUNC - cut OF THE UONGIDS UDHTPOGASTIC auto IMOLL HOU OSTRATOR Mitter Fa 55 The posterdor abdommal mall sboring the releboa of the DOTEL Thu mokey drawing for further illustrions of thiba rapon (From Lael Aeros, Abu Swoos by Courtesy of Sir Robert Marintosh md Dr R. Brya Samith). a light or 1 dark grey effect. For instance, a solution of fish glue und ammonium bu great many vary wall dot give a lighter grey chromate, kad the negative is placed in dose effect the ferrer larger doti. contact with it (es the zinc plate). (3) This It may be of interest here to describe briefly anc plate with the negativt in front of it is how a line block is made. (1) The drawings non aposed to rery strong illumination, and wbuch is stroogly iluminated opbotographed. this makes the glue and ammontam bichromate (2) A prints made from the negative on to insoluble in Fiter but only on the parts of the specully trated zinc, the DC conted with a zinc plate which were aposed to the light ·TECHNIQUES IN LINE DIAWING Faso These at the black reo of the original mund the grey rets may be suppled drtwmg whuch become white in the negative, or ruled with a Ben Dry that. On request allowing light to penetrate on to the zinc i blockmaker will ropply i chart of Ben plate. (4) The zinc plate prished, leaving on Dry tints, ach of which haus i momber its surface an insoluble glue reproduction of and its sufficient to fodiate by the qumber the drawing It is then placed in madd bath, on the chart und 2 der trang peper guide and the add dissolve the zinc in the perts not attached to the drwmg, which parts of the covered by the fish-glue solution, so that drawing bould be appled or ruled. Tricing fimlly what I left to mial reproduction of paper guides ibould be pested on to the back the original drawing of the drawing and folded over the front to made up of rused Imes form i flap covering. Ben Day tints are to the REDUCING ud arous corresponding bloclamaker what Zip- Tone is to the artist. LENS to the black parts of Figure 54 sbow i dowing in which the tone the original drawing. is Zip+ Tooc It is described an p 56 In (5) Lastly the ances this picture, whoxch Illustrates i method od morinted on 1 plaque securmg 1 patient's hands for us abdominal of prood ind is then operation, the tone of the flah could cqually rady for toke. This, m bref h the method of wall have been made by the blockmaker with malanga Ime block, although there are many Ben Day tit. refinement of the blochmaker's skill which need not be discued bere. CORD From this brtef description of bow I loc blod made the rader will no doubt appreciate why editors and publisher expect certain standards in the execution of my drawings sent to them for repro duction. Firm and dean lines are onen tul, bowever thun ar thick they may be The lines thould bre o cren distribu tion of ink, i thin line made with too httle ink is llible to appear broken when made mto block The Lad bath to derigned to remove the soluble portions of the plate, but it can also stort ude wy, so the best at or nigred lina muy *pper rery much thinner on the final plate then they were in the origoal drwmg. PLEURA As Trendy stred, grey does not akt. If be trust docs pot feel com Tbe pedicle of the Teretna bo bete cord to show petent, or if it would ake too long to the commence between the attuu md tot COTCT iny portion of 1 dorms by pamertebral spect (4/Mac od do 47 FIO.

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINI AND SURGLIY
and
IcCNTACTE
Piast
Tbe intercou for torotorony
Anod
Salpcl
6. Serenal penolartery forceps
2. Tocal dator 7 Ronctoa.
3. Traccotomy tube. & Derecey (caremg) for
4 Latrodo.cer
сар
$ Ing ok,
Truchal book
Cd D
Ibestatome mouth propi populer o borral practice.
(Prom Rowd Go on by courtesy of
Str Robert Maantoh Rod Dr Freda B Prati Bennbter).
al
BE

·TICHNIQUIS IN LINI DLAWING Liililish FX A loop of Innent u wetentera fact. The reach ore leta sth Lucaly to the thiet bit of the poetry (y courtesy of Dr Choy Woo Hardhoy the CV Monctory Company pathebt Henky and Narer Openector Surgery oth Pdtalonie Mors The labelling of drawings in deselbed in the the babeta tre priated by the prmter and dapter on Helf-conc, id everything that pacched in by the bloctavaker aplies to half tone dowings applio abo to Vung thrs method, the entist dram In ink Hoe dowings, the only difference before that the leader that th, the lines which unite the ut labelling in a line drawing is induded in descriptive word of number with the place Otse block For reproduadoo it at narty indicated mod the detalptre word or number almay the width of a drawing wbitch will is written In penal. The pencilled labelling determine the reduction and the artiet would would be on u kuni transparent overlay pusted tringt bia label so that thcy do pot bake up to the back of the driving tod folded over more room then be abrałotely Decorury By the front. Thb prorides something from muling foot parallelline te top and bottom which to check the labelling whereas funt ood on ach ade of drwmg, it will be seen bluse peociting on the dining itself is covered where there is most room for plant the by the patch lad do copy b left for chectang. libets, md by orgioy the majority of those Ode pola to bem mond is that it is asendal at the top or bottom, rather than & the adesh to prakt tbe labelling large enough to be very the tout of redaction Dectary ban etty rand chen reduced, but not xo Lurge that tiderably less than of the labels are placed at dwarfs the ilustration A reducunt leo b alongside the picture or bodiacnmtoateh (Ft. tovutable to wopone preparing ustrations 55). It ibonli be the concern of the ute to for publlantion (Fig. 56) In a drawing which mange the labels so that hovere many there has a very great number of babebe the ladert bould not cross me mother although they It they do not oppar corded cya If finally 49 ·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SURGERY & Fro. 60 A duructenwoc loop of otentiac o twenty feet. The nexttery top que and baby prezent. The rebels are boredy ymuibke. By courtesy of Dr Guy ustoa Honkey the CV Moreby Company pubhaben of Horsky mod Barer Operater Surroy 6th Edition - After Mooke may be mgled where decesury Symbols or or grey ground but the cost of reproduction numbers may be used with a key in the ap n greater thm for lloc block. tion. Just a bloc penal does not sbow in A line block us the cheapest of all bloco to line block, different shades of white will also make, and the variation which may be ob be inviuble, so that the label an be printed ained from the simple drawing of a few lines ou gummed paper This a very good to the almost half tone effect achieved by dous method , before they are suck down, they nnd very fine hoes, is almost limitless an be moved about castly until the best Figures 59 and 60 Ilustrate absolute um Unagement u found. pberty achucted by fundamentul knorrledet Soft tuua and abo semi transparent truc and a skilful handling which an be portrayed tures an be illustrated on the turned back only by en run apable of conveying form in flap of tissue lining the ribs m Figure 57 This one or two lines. Until these drwmgs are is i driwmg made from a dissection in the mined dosely one does not douce that there post morten room. is no gradation af Hae, part from the dotted When surgal iostruments have to be shown portion, and yet the chanderbuc look of in ather mogły or grouped us to Figure 58, m testine, the fu and the desentery (the tissue Ink downg is somedma better than . by which the gut is held in place) with its pbotograph. If the rader will turn back hidden blood vessels are all very clearly indi to Fig. 2 It will be seen that the mstrumenti anted. These driving look three-dimensional here changed hale over the centuries. There yet they are compkteły umple. By suggesting ut, howeve plenty of good photographs the blood petek, nather than drawing them, rowing instrument antinged against black the attention on dot draw twry from the ·TECHNIQUES IN LINE DRAWING Fia, 62 FIG. 61 Fra 61 Al word hy been mad, die polot of the director would not be purbed in formon than m mchi Fr. 62 When the forector tato per the rulette to win mod replaced by the lumber poncture Deeds, such to porbed turvely Fa 63 If bone o CDC Cred a route to the durm, the occde to withdrawn until tt bos within the lumen of the director. The um of the director altered, md other attempt at baty the tren Donde by phmg on the lumbur puocture Dcedilo petty Fia. 04 When the tranched, corebro-laul Auld drop from the Deedile. The yellow procure be the ligudentum deyum F. 65 The bol drawing from with the four Arora 6, 62, 63 od 4 ned. The end of the Deadlo has been lett blank. Fra. 63 Figure 6 6s from Lunch Photo Spel. Als, by coster Sur Robot Macobuh. 0 Fr. 64 FA 65 SI ·ILLUSTRATINO HEDICINE AND SURGERY globules of fat which is an important factor in recognbing which part of the small bowel coe is looking at. The cut ends showing the lining bulging out are perfect. SERIAL ILLUSTRATIONS When 1 procedure has to be illustrated Kerally in a number of yes, such us the lumbar puncture kends sown in Figures 61-64 the best thing to do is to make one bauc drawing without needles (Fig 65) This I then photogripbed and the artist positroas the needia on the prints, of which there con Fia 66 Keep the chin up mod be po plece down drie them to beplanen la decal cubesh (Ruhr) be my number each one of course Idential. Much time bs rayed in the way for although the original drraing in this case us a simple one, it would have taken considerable time to re produce it accurately four tacs by hand. Morcover the besic pictures are idential the cye is not districted by any viradad Hive that of the needia Tbe addition of one or more colours is undoubtedly mn usket for line Fio 66 dowings and an be used both to add cm Should nenupulation of the prodal.cod of the tube phuris and to differenziate structures By using be urcentual the dustal end picked up with pur of Mipll foretpr and roaded into the largon orange for the endotructal rubber tube in Figure 66 added dcflcution b achieved in what is after all just a thumb oall sketch. The em pliaty of linc druwings abould appeal to all bo teach, whether by writing or with lapter olida in the lecture theatre, Illustrating Wrong md 'Right's very imply shown in the next two Figures, 67 und 68 The patient is about to bare a dental unacathetk und Nating in the dendet's chair Had this patient been photograpbed, the difference between the Wrong' and the Right position of the mask, so ohght in actual fra Fia 61 would hardly have been apparent. In this If the love border of the por pa to high the Dobacted (word) particular care a downg 1 better illustruita Fleura 66, 67 od from its or Gwed from of a posable error than a demonstration on in then by courtesy of Sir Robot Macontos mod Dr Frode B. Pritt Bento xtual pebeat.

·TECHNIQUES IN LINE DRAWING 1 2 Violet Pro. 69 The first step in the operation for the removal pod bladder (Cholecyutectomy) 3 Fyo. To The ypx dort s pow Halbk, od b b then troldhede to further ttepe in the operation OPERATIVE PROCEDURES sot bare his attention dotracted by the daw Operative procedures too om be abown bates the reaction the ordet should try to very deady mink. Fat and muscle con glisten schlere is, 'Yes, it is just like that he should ud retricton shine when dus by the concentrate on showlog derly amply and apert In medical boats coarne brud drownings realitially what to wanted (Filan 69 77). Trids to catch the eye, if they are pot motor kem out of place. When looking at the illus to emphasize the pomi umder consideration, triam ma melal book the roader should ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINC AND SURGERY Miglur Fig. 71 Fro 77 FIOL 71 and 7. The Boal por of the operation The mourface of the best unted with meerrupted sturch. Finally corruted tabber drain placed thin the wound. Each of the drawtops to this LTKI W reduced by hall (By courtesy of Al. Routney Alangor) thould be avoided. Neverthelou, subtle con made. There ore, too, a great variety of abs pbads and selection are indeed the fundamental of different widths and liability Some differences between the artist and the armer artists all favour rced pens which are flexible MATERIALS FOR LINE DRAWINGS and tympatbetic to use. It a fallacy that ati Most medial artists will have their own lloc drawing should be made with a mopping! pet' tools to the form of peos and papers Higad. There are ordstr who use. fine brush pen, which draw fine lines and b almost These vary coosiderably and are not of great rather than a pen, and most people agree that importance. It us sometimes said that Ether the pen wed should be the result of experi mfe London busFor the author menting with kitral types. For drowlog the same advantages apply to Scraper Board! Thus we bourd sprayed with covering of really thick lines the Graphos (Fig 23) with its large venety of niba Ideal, us the romp for chulk, giving a hard, smooth, white surface. bolding mk makes it possible to draw for long [ok llocs may be scraped off other put in perioda mabout refilling For ruly broad and again omaped off and so on until the line of half in inch or more felt nibs are a chalk furfucc b chausted. Care should be ceedingly useful. A very large range of pers taken when itaping the surface to do to und Ribe u stocked not only by urtist colour smoothly and not with a too polated metru ma but also by the lange stationer ment. The gentle curve on 1 No 22 alpel blade a un dal ceping Instrument. SCRAPER BOARD PEINS If the band is part, the touch light, and the The choice of per depends to I very great peocal coft enough (1 40 x 5B bang ldaal, atrat on the type of doping wbuch has to be domy may be done directly on to Sanper

·No text on this page.

·co 8 TECHNIQUE IN LINE DRAWINGS Board A drawing an be transferred to Scraper Board by placing carbon paper under it and outlinmg the work with a bard, finely pointed 2 or 3H pencil an alternative behod is to rub soft land pendi on to the back of the O dowmg, drawing over the lines of the ogginal yum with a hard (24 or 38) pencilThus lama i soft penal ghost drawing on the Scriper Board. Possibly more labour-saving DO D in the end - the method of drawing the anginal picture on thin typing paper and mans ferding this on to the Scriper Board on the hume way or arbon pencil dirwing men ferred on to Ross Board (sce Chapter VIII) Poster coloun may be med on Scraper Board, but should not be used too wet, unless it is quite certain that nothing will bare to be altered. We colour anks into the chalk tar face, which the reason for using poster colour auther than water colour although the latter may be used BRISTOL BOARD Bratol Board is nother favourite for line darwings. It is made in many sizes, Foolscap, Medjum, Royal and Imperial mod in 2 sheet thickness to 6 sheet thickness. Alterations are made with Process white or by scraping out. Process whute i wbite pafat umilar to Chere white water colour Chinese white sboald mot be used us it photo mphs grey To connect mistakes the tradertymg ink covered with Proces white, which a soluble in uter and when dry is completely op que It is therefore necos tury that the bud nk used 29 Od ZIP-A-TONE RITU LMTWT F19. 73 ZD A Toot sluttend hat, but ben It two Drob equiring PRÉTAX mod PLASTTTONE Ech ry bo obited tum A Tihb & Pute Lid Broud y vatmeter Loodoo, Sy Thr done of the bed by AL Peter Cuil ·ILLUSTRATING HEDICINE AND SURGERY On the wbole, alterations on Bristol Bourd are best made by scraping out. It u always worth while buying the best black ink, which will low freely and even ly It is better too, to buy thu small bottlos ruber than i urge one u it is wennable that a pen or brush will deposit cbalk from Serimper Board, of dust od 0TL froth Bristol Board ud paper into the mk when dipping to the pen or broh. Its not agant to throw try the lost third of the contents of all borla of black ink Line drawinp on truong paper or thang lines or on Kodatrice photograph and reproduce very well and the sur face n cosy to fuck on Drawings on triang paper can be photographed directly on to a duplı ating atcecil. For work of this type the lines should pot be too thin. No one should attempt to make u foal drawing a ink on any surface which he beco moch dry and rubbed op when waiting on any furface other than trading paper the under is the daudert mabod of providing the underlying ghost drawing on which 10 A boy protrubertos on the state of the free for Work wbort to boost potat. Dra from qptc in the Mert u knp College Horpal. The production ZIP A TONE bootloader with the past pape As on Norton at the protruberce pould have Zipt tone commts of beco been record by ball. of cellophane, ruled on anc ude should be waterproof otherwise corrections with lines, Cros hatching or dots, and beyong or utcrtions with Prooms white will nm into whenye underwrict. The properti the mt. The urtbt should not attempt to Zip-1 too abect should be lold on the coret barge areas of mk with Process white. surface to be covered ind finger prestur Fr. 74 $6

·TICHNIQUIS IN LINI DLAWING
1
2
Fr. 77
Mbetting patric brons in the female mod
ale potreby country of HL Rodacy Minppot.)
N... The chaco end the today at the becca
ante et rury well born

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY
181add
tud
Fig. 78
Alake ped min. Petr fractured by Orecorded
trotocobale. La few bow mall que va obod
ned time rich ordena of crocuda ud midence of
Cotton me into soft chua kdoodlemooo
rupture of the unpery budite. Opa domand
puncture of bedde from picule from frotunt of the
puble booc. Caput of beddar defect. Recorery
(Dy person of Surgery Gyulap Obaton)

·TECHNIQUES IN LINI DLAWING
LA U
Rughe Chater
ur
F. 79
A domeckon bowing the disembodion of the bypost od pelet
DATU (Vooled od Norrah) The lett innom boste boor bu bom
toond nd the petre plus herce from the buoni pod
La tolon to the barrel mio the room Fibro ped from
the petri per a to the reture formed to the promote od
bloddo, mi prende co to the lower per the tree The po
Tapetes per a bere deady mero penginy forwarde Dom
the dood te kool perrt Bypowatter Antul Jual
oso)
the placa aumed by medial artists are so the composer Vaughn Williams (Fig. 80)
poor Many people may have seen some of Here is seen the sume motory of Ime supplied
Mr Poulton drawing, for mistance that of to the material sudy
61

·ILLUSTRATING HZDICINE AND SURGERY
PROOFING PAPER
This paper provides an alternauve to
Sorper Board and Bristol Board. The utist
dram with 251 or OH perc mstad of a per
It dot possible to rub out on this paper but
the flow of lins, which so much easier when
using a pencil composites for the fact that
cuing is difficult Figure 81 um stmpde
from Air Donald, 1 Gbusgow wbo hos ob
viously mastered the technique.
If medical artist ann, by the meegrity and
demy of ther pictures, contribute something
to the taching of the medical profession, theo
students will have more time to animate the
mass of maternal now required for a medicul
degree.
Ralph Vaughn Wuhan, OM Drivo
for the Rabe Two by T L Poulon
Pie 31
One of a xona o hp to hustrato book oo Te Reo
od Below or Rau (By worthy of Al Gabod Dooall)

·Chapter LX Techniques in Half-Tone Drawing THE "HE term Half tone cover all drtwingo REPRODUCTION OF HALF TONE made in penal, charcoal, chalk, water colour and wuh drawing done m sepibe or Before describmg some of the half tone black ink, or with powdered black lead. It methods of making a drawing a few words an includes also odl culoar monochrome. A penal the reproduction of balf bone illuminations or charcoal drawmg might appear to be a linc may be helpful. In a drawing not mtended for drawme in that it may be a drewmg composed publication the artist may daw aty u be of Ima only with no tones, but in order to pleases, but with reproduction in mund that reproduce it for publication the half tone tre krenul point to runember The fiat proces i necemury This proceu necesitates that any half tone screen will place dots oper the use of screen of dous placed between the the whole picture, including the highlight, cament les md the drawing when i block horrever brillant they may be. A very fine is being made. Look at my photograph in 1 Kreen will give more detail but it also places Dewspaper with a magnifying glan uod it will mort doo to the highlights, for the rze of the be seen that the picture is broken up into 1 dot u constant throughout the picture. It u series of don Screens are selected according possible for the engaver to remove the dots to the quality of the paper on which the illus from the highlights by band, but the edits to trution will appear 60-80 lines (composed of the dou) to the fact for newsprint, and for cpense and make the block more difficult Kecaufic subjects I screen of 133 to 150 boos to prut. Therefore it sbould be remembered that all reproductions have a slightly furning to the inch, bat al choice. Half tone screens are made from two sbeen of plate afect, when compared with the orginal glou, anche ruled with parallel bleck lines of dawmy. The ortot abould nog, bowever try equal width, the black lines being equal to the to produce e contrasty picture lite i contraty white space between the lines. The two sheet point, for contrary to the general vier thote of plan are then commented together so that the do not reproduct well, since the lightest of the lines of ooc abeet ure at night angles to the lines intermediate tone can be so falnt us to be lost of the other about The cond la forma altogether Tbc am should be to product mesh in which the tra corted by the black schness, really dad crex, md well-defined lina equals the white puces or mash of dots intoonedhate tone the printed Totalt will not (FC 82) then be disappointing 63 ·ILLUSTRATING HEDICINI AND SURGERY Fra 13 und but comcated together to make c. LABELLING of these defeats, but had the artist looked a Perhaps it should be empbauzed bere that bus picture in bdght daylight or under power any tok line drawn on a half tone drawing will ful unifical light such blomsbos would have be reproduced by dog. Therefore, labelling been derity ppareat before bus picture bulf tonc drawing two methods are available. reached the blockmaker More co-operation The artist may print mink on the structures between arts and blockmaker is essential for wuch require labelling, or the printing mag really first-class reproduction to be assured. be within the margin of the drawiog bot dot Sometimes it is imposuble for the blockmaker actually on the various structures themselves. to tell which is the top of the pucture be is The labelling and fructures are united by a photographing, if thbs a highly technical or linc known u lader which may be thick daborately attomial. It u cosy to write or thin or a broken line of black or white. Thb TOP on all drwmgr. sbould be deer but unobtrukve. In the second method, the artist dron m REDUCTION the leaders on trucing paper or Kodatrice, The size of a drwng for reproduction to having first put a + un u cach corner of the important. That reduction improves every peper on which the drowing is done so that the dowing is a kutement which to much too tradog paper also havmg the + signs will be sweeping, for over reduction in an effort to in cruct reglater with the drtwag. The label sare space can be most duheartening to its Img may then be prlated by the printer on results. Aliray try to find out and bear in paper with e udheuve back and ticted to mind the sure of your pegs, or the width of a the appropriate leaders and a warte bine column, of the picture be for a lournal of one block mede. The half tome md the line or two columns and is likely to be given block ure the united to make one picture. Dore than 1 column width of space. To repat The to the wal procedure for complicated from the previous chapter if b Dously altys matomical drawings where a great number of the width of a drawing which determina the Labels are used, os for comple in Fig. 99 reduction, od sbould there be soy labelling When i drwing photograpbed for making utested, then this too will be tocluded in the block it u luminated by rery powerful total reduction if these labda profcat beyond lighting, uod any defect will be dealy seen. the margins of the drawing. It is a question of With highly techmal drawings noch o medial individul taste whether or not . balf tone illustrations, the blockmate may be uwure drowing should be labelled by the titist. If 64 ·TECHNIQUES IN HALY TONI DIAWING this an be done sufidently pauly it is the pencil mod held in a holder mother ciental. woter's view that it should be done by the A medium fine sandpaper block or piece of artist. Medical publisheri sometimes complan wandpaper us abo required for sharpening the tunt the illustration given to them are often perch, the rubbens and the cock. It will be spoilt by indifferent modern bad labelling. found that No. 22 kalpel blade, o mentioned Instructions about reduction should be in the preceding chapter will be the best dady indianred It pot sough just to instrument for making the final highlights write 23 od 1 drawing this may man either Ross Bourd may be ordered from the Charlas that the drawing a to be reduced to 2/3 or by J Rost Company 155 Faumont Arenuc, 2/3 which would mean that in the first instance Philadelpha, USA. It works out at about it would be 23 of in onginal size and in the $I shillings for a sheet 14x11 inches fecond 1/3 of 10% original die. Drawings an The Ross Board technique wounds a little be prepared for wlform reduction which haborious and complianced, but it was de retulos m economy to blockmaking For in signed for speed, md with practice this should tance, all those requiring reduction to 2/3 are be attainable Using a 30 arbon pencil make made in cuiuble groups, and those requinng a driwing of the rubyert when it contata that reduction to 1/2 ore abo grouped. A very car every detuil an tho drawing bs correct it u mebod is to draw a line along the base of the ready to transfer to the Ross Board Sbould drawing indicatmy the left and right hand many alterions be decesary on a drwmg, It margins by a grow bead and to the middle b better to re-dow over the first effort on thm of thb Hoe to write the aze, sy 41 incha, artridge paper or non-gree traing paper which will be determine the mount of them to try to rub out and alter enten rely on reduction required the odigiml druwing. A much rubbed on driwmg an never be successfully immferred The driving to be trundfare placed face ROSS BOARD downwards on u sheet of paper or on a draw Ron Board boa chalk purface paper adapted lng pad. A drawing pad makes a better besc apocally for medical drawings by the late on which to transfer 1 drawing than a pacce of Prolaur Ma Brodel. At the time of writing paper pinned to a drwng boerd. The dar do Butih board ha uyet quite the ideal ing must be very arefully chipped to the surface of the Amcom board. The equp. drying pad, and therefter the back of the ment for Row Board drawing (Fig. 83) b dawing rubbed over with a pendonfc bandie easily obtatrable a large bog har panning or the handle of a pur osaston. Use as much bruh, No 20, for Tubbing odobre pressure us possible without uctually retching betver brush, No. 12 or No. 15 for 'laying the paper or aming it to move. The slightest in the tone od tho or thrte imeli nater movement will make a fucy or double Image colour brushes for fine details, are emong the trufer uod tho u altmost mees for trans Ant atiendab. Wolf aboa posals 39 , feuing in to turn to the Rose Board md , md the kind of fodla rubber that is Unfuten the original dorming, md . firm od may be sharpened mo 1 pour an tuma or nogenre drawing almost u black odpaper mod held to a bolder are ako basic u the original from uboch it us made should Deede. A piece of cork shaped like the mod of a then be seen on the pad. Thle nepatiye drw 65

·ILLUSTRATING KIDICINI AND SURGERY
POINTED
INDIA RUBBER
12
HOLDER
HOG HAIR
BRUSH
BEAVER OR SABLE
WATER COLOUR BRUSH
No 22
SCALPEL
BLADE
POINTED
CORK
Fx. 13
66

·TECHNIQUIIN HALF TONI DLAWING TRANSFER ROSS BOARD MOUNTING BOARD Pie 44 og han bow in la turn trumfered to the Ross rubbing stroke. In this way every lioc and Board surface. Place the negative druwing all the tone on the negative driwmgi trids free downwards on the Ron Board, and fustert ferred on to the chalk pudface of the Rous it with u lart three peper clipe to prereat sory Board Lift up Ode corner of the baptive morement The Row Board Bed for my drawlog until a portion of what # underneath during bowever imall, should aan be can be seen, apply more thumb nal pressure, mounted on mounting board before wise. This look spun, and, of any more dye ho come s pecessary as otherwise there is the post off then enough rubbing has not yet been bility of ending the delicate chalk surface, docem the back of the negatire driving. When od cred in the chalk will enably show stified that all dye has been trunderred through 20y doping from the pegare doing to the Row Board The nature drastag, Dow clipped w the surface, unpa the negauve dwing wood there Ron Board, u troferred to the board with will be the preliminary ghost prcture from the presure of a thumb mul only (Phg. 842 which to Fort Rub gently but u firmly o possible first With no carbon pencil sharply pomied, LOTOU and theo ut right belas to the original 10 up the main structure of the droog od 67

·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SURGERY
delete
Fio. Is
Tbe carbon pencal drowing of in Lelated polypus of the
Imchune.
HY
Fra 16
The title or for damas made from the pucture
ibore

·TICHNIQUES IN HALF TONE DRAWING my instrument. Now take the large bog har dawing and the transfer. Figure 87 the brush and gently stab from the margin of the Row Board drawing before the highlights are drawing mmarda toruds the centrs, brushing put in. Figure 88 u the finished picture. the tone with short gentle strokes into the When the drawing loobos finsbed take a marfuce of the Ron Board. Too vigorous No 22 scalpel blade and pick out the Hght. stabbing mill give t shuy rofece which is Do not be too laybh with these 'hight The difficult to work on. Next make little aubon tenputon u almost traurtible at first, but . peacil dust or one by sharpenmg a 3B more maturo effect is achieved by following arbon peaal on a plece of mindpaper md Professor Brödels advice, "Be sing with shaking the dust off the endpaper on to a your light The plaang of highlights on a denn piece of white paper drawing is utally the final step in the making Now take the large beiver brush od lay on of a picture and it is important to give thu the trac, abanog it on ad gently blowing off careful thought. In general, the man high the morphou rather than woding it in. The lights should be on or around the centre of neit step us to wod up the darkest part of the forezet. The cyc should never be led away drawing od the darkat timua. The 38 from the focal point to glistening fat ar m arbon pencil accentuates there are md struments which probably play an unimportimi abould be mmoothed over with the sharpened put in the dowing. Close topection of the up of the cod held in the holder Small areas figures abown in this chapter demonstrites the of tone may be worked in with 1 mall paint port. Indien tok may be med for eitchia, brush. It u generally accepted that foc dght whether they are of Kill, fine artgut or oylan. handed people the light should come from the It may be used, too, on mstruments or om top left hand corner md if tha is bornem blood vessels, and occasionally on other groc mind for all drwmgi time ved, uits tures of the body which demand vay definite woon leurned how light affectu fut, bollow, contrust bolga, muscles and versel, whatever the Row Board drawing can be fixed with 90° direction and vratom in shape. alcohol or other fording solution A word of When the form and relation of tone m the Parding Decorsary bowever before this is drwmg looks sufficiently wel balanced, pack done on almost imposible to alter a drev out the brond light with the pointed rubber ing that has been fixed. Fixed or obetwix, it beld m the holder like the cork The best makes no difference from the poot of vxcy of rubbers for this purpose osed to be the French reproduction When we u records only the Nigarucide No. 5 but there have not been Rou Board drying abould be covered with Iubble here recently Amalan Soap rubber thm cellopbane, cellulose Acetate, or Morte to ccellent, but difficult to obtain became af udhezive dry mounting skin. the dolur problem. Britih artwo find there This water-carr Portic Stan Is are hard type of india rubbers on the market adhesire m the cold but will firmly adhere to which are quite muufactory Typescript pbowgraphs when inserted into a Dry Mount ann tre pot anabk, u they tre llable in ing Prce tt temperaturo wed for Dry Krutch the delicate chalk surface. Figuras 85 Mounting to 89 demonstrite the steps in thu technique. The operation sa follow Figwa 65 and 86 abow the arbon para 1 Remove intolaring paper place the non 69

·ILLUSTRATING MIDICINE AND SURGERY
Fr. 37
The Rou Boerd do almor Anbhed ad ready for
piding out the high acht
FA !!
The Imhed work, by courtesy of Afr Box Staich.
70

·TICHNIQUES IN HALI TONI DRAWING film on one or both ada of mitt or som mit the fatty globala in spite of the real. A photograph or drawing photograph of ruch a wood would show 2 Pur mto press under cold chrome anc, mmy more brillant lights, with the coase cover with pressure board md press for 15 quent distruction of the cyc from the assential secondo. satches in the mudes m this procular 3 Remove md smooth out air bubbla method of strengthening the wall of the abdomen. 1 Retuss the polat od chromiun me to In Figurt 92 the we of Ross Board for preus (without pressure board) md press for cyst twell bow. Inside the head are three 2 muuta. arvines known u venoides, the third renonde The method u amplified by using two bang the most inaccessible, as it a furthest chromium ana, thun cabling the mmc used from the surface of the brun. The pead like on the first pressure to cool thoroughly prior to cyk of the third venence in Figure 92, seen using yala. The finuhed product is com below the cut and retricted surface of the brun pletely protected part water dirt, ail and u glistening and deep. In spite of its brilhunce vuous chemical Fading od crumphing ure it bus remoned it the bottom of the hole. preventieth Very large photogtaple can be This achieved by maintaining the correct glazed without difficulty by this method. perspective of the bruta surface, which # Morte Super Adhesive Skin ts mailable much more difficult than it appen to be. u glouty palubed finush m prugam 0015 The actual tone is ample, but by correctly 003 and 001 thicmcu, mod in our 003 placing the highlights on the brum surface, und 004 in mat finish the solldity of the wbole is sured, and the When making a large drewmg with several accentuation of certain weatomical leaderarts Anges, the part of the picture not being makes it even more pore that the cyst will stay worked on should be covered with clean what it abould be, in the middle of the head. paper Alvay use clean peper on which to See Chapter V Campert Figure 92 with rex the badd u my grease will sink m ind Figure 39 spoil the chalk surface, md there is no way Figure 93 us a graphic ming' illustration, m which thl an be mod Bow Board gives a very definite sake of Figures 89 90 und 91 at dawlogs of oper realiti, The Interest u concentrated round ation techniques in what photographen all the rubber tube, and although all the contents high key" This means a picture with Ilatke of the abdomes which are abown ure quito contrast, relying on delay of presentation door cod ralytic dnwo to this my low key) for tomterert. Each of these da rings baus they do not dutrict attention way from the pauliness and appan relaxed bod aan wung' the picture given. ardımnly life like. The balance of wore u Figure 44 sbom i post mortem bruin re just night, and the compartirely dark tode constructed in a child, bad o it would have of ul the fat in relation to the other depa is opened in life. The huge translucent critic mother point to note. Cove obsayton will ua ss denty shown, mod the perspective real that there te pot many highlights on of the bria sorfice u berudiftilly data. The bad, contrusting uit doo with the dark Obtainable from the Adhon Dry A Louatmy Co Lol, Sumford Surt, Loodog, SR background, buto a very mtufying picturt. 71

·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINI AND SURGIRY
Help Lo
Fro.
Pia yo
The repair of the ab
dotad by layo
cthoc, Martcha
purus une
pecked.
The mettre future
barve been cal, od the
rohor Orarlappen
Lp al fuck to top
down by four inter
rupted suurel.
Lott ta
F: 91
The idd ol operttio u ready for the removal of
bbot clot from the famoa Artery Note how the las
made by the rubber tubeteg m thu putut mod the
rures to P. 89 m depch to the round
Ffar 19, 99, 91 from Boxy Sery by courtesy of Mr Hamon Bailey
72

·TECHNIQUIS IN HALY TONI DRAWING
Cyst n
Foromo
o Munro
ia!
Thord ventriche
Chorord plexus
Fie 92
There data bow opentle on the brain for the remont of you wounted deply
with the best. On the left the borem kshown in to noon to the bord, od the autout
of brain tushu wuch a remored outled by broken line. In the cent picturo te
bol bold bed wth Ietector to bow the stealog yt. Four but boles in the ukul
todat bow the fup of boo cut out of the del w turned back to po com to the
brtom. The three close up rien demontrate the removal of the cou od the arty wort
(Dehra by MS Austry J Amou for the Department of Neurokgal Sey Racelor
Infrary Odford)
6
73

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY
FLO 93
The menace a umattended dringet tube roba i sentth in the prettet
in data for Intelligent tac. Note the could of wall mort dingin to
the tube, md portion of col becoming ritrd mtr bole in the tube bo
cho ader the mind obecnuction moment.
(From Errows Sery by courtesy of Mr Honiton Buky).
74

·TICHNIQUIS IN HALF TONI DLAWING 1 FA94 The fact of donte this brita Laudo the bead sbons not only the pubolon but that the patient di The baan we not greatly enlarged ahhoud daty eboormal abon the cout. This braio drwn of photograpbed along like or treh mda ruler rould not produce poc ampreneve doct. (By courtesy of Mo Duro Herr Baltimore) The placing of the lighn on the brim surface Artist Mr Kooch would have made had he pot to well worth careful study especially if there aheady been a surgeon! u o utual buain peelmen milable with Figure 97 demonstrates « potnt made which to compare this doping. le 1.6. that I dorming composed only of LEAD PENCIL lino may have to be reproduced by balf tone Figura 95 96 show two extremely com block the effect is due to the remonal of the petent and plening peoal dorming by Mr half-tone kien (doo) from all the white parti Curlos Keogh Het certmnly is kortedge Exch pendl stroke must have been punted od mastery of technique allied to produce over with a Text by the core cod the perfect Mostrations. What u supab medical background etched my wbuch u mther a 75

·ILLUSTRATING WEDICINZ AND SURGERY
w
F10.95
A dose-up and toonilkestoary shomas antery and
ou encore the burn of the canal, looked u slightly
from ooc de.
Fio. 6
The patrouiller veta dheu to the topul BAN
dryered from a bed with Dean Brown forceps,
vered froga bn front
(Fgura 95 cod 96 froe Py' Surel Haberat by courtesy of Mr Hamiltog Bull

·TECHNIQUIS IN HALI TONE DIAWING Fra 97 Thor pool sketcha dor print in the word for treatment of congamal dorco-obeton, the body od kmbo make contioucos y MOTOCUS me when the blo pod bamleep (Down for the Departmeat of Pediatras Recetutte lofty Outrd). comly procen. The ordinary half tone proces medial dining. Figure 98 shom a wab would have produced rather flat pictures. Lad drwmg by Professor Tom Jooc, who pencil is not recommended for this reason f famous all over the word ui medical unit penale to be used, i aboo penal gres 1 For the melding of illustration of the quality better black line and is awer to phoogruph shown here a high degree of well and boon uod reproduce. ledge necesity Some of Professor Jooa pictures look so we od glutening in texture WASH DRAWINGS that coc almost believe he has aed Rou Ross Board bs definitely not the only medium Bourd. It u debutable point whether or popobr n the Umted Sira und Canade for not it on compliment to say that I wuh drty 77 ·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINE AND SURGERY Tel Fra 98 Thyroidecay one of ona tuunining the operation technique. The ffersor od lucent thyroid reos have been at od the rottro Domed to reveal the trucha. Open forcepe to ready to pup the medun baoch of the inforzor thyrond Artery (By courray of Poland Tom Japan.) ing ts to good it might be on Ross Board. this anatomy the underlying form Lo acva Same of the most brillant matomical wuh lost ught of when colour is tised. druwongo I know of are the illustrations in Wuh duwings are usually made on hand Spaltzbolt Hand Atos of Human Anatomy made peper Hot pressed Whatman peper Herour's half tone pictures sparkle and suns, Fabion Board, or on any of the other water and it anys appean that the dissections from colour bourds which are on the market. Had which he worked must have been very frab. made water-colour papen are of two kinch, As far as the water 13 were, the observation Hot prosed, hard and smooth, and not and the quality of life about these drawing pressed, which a soft and bus on uneven stor bave seldom been equiled. The colouring of face, imally describe us a gran Fusboa the 10000 structura m these valuma Board or Water Colour Boud bankble to a demonstrata in m Ideal way the combination nnge of surface texture from smooth to a of colour and half tooc (Fig. 99). All through fairly course mun. For medial subjects 78 ·TECHNIQUL IN HALF TOXT DRAWING L. LG لله للدر bebelum whats CA chd- Anh LLLL LAK Tux -Ah L om MINY T Le 1 Du derer Kel LAM w HO . Batu Piet Luvalu U LAMA 1 - AVY ton ding FA 99 It bra not be porabk to borrow Wodo from Spainotte Anscomy toe no destroyed m Geruly during the Te Procesor Michel bo kody lat to in troa bo Ba Amy ducoco o te podano ponory pikeun nude the Per cathet ook The long ha beta nad The dort by Mi Dorothy Dundagi uy touch mtbe Spabebola indoon. 79 ·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND JULGURY CONTROL LEVER SUMP FOR COLOUR OR MONOTONE CONE SPRAY AIR OR OXYGEN Fr. 100 There are yanatomy and toodedanties of this Alr-bran, but the coming how features common to an The Potep cor batma Pay be covered a harc afmoci to treat for baktig aan colour where soinc part or many of the sofaces to be medium, and there are several ways of laying depicted arc mooth and sbloy the smooth 00 flat or graded wih. One way u to damp teature would be the paper or board of choice. the paper or board with a sponge before using In bandung a wash drawing ach artist has bus of soak the paper and lay it on a wheet of plans, own method. The most wuel odc u to sketch so that it can be held ut different angles while in lightly in pencil the outline and the mou the wuh runs in the required direction. Con important landmarto in the picture. When tral of this medium us assentul cod the artist that has been done the main concs are land in abould know what is going to happen, other with a brge brush well curged with the Wise much time will be wasted. In most wah Water colour Stronger colour may be added drawinp Proces white u used to punt in the while the fast wash is still wet. Colour here highlight Chinek wbite does not reproduce means the monotone which be made by asing well wod bould never be used. As with Rous Ivory or lamp black diluted with water only Board the onlliant highlight tre the last thing Body colour monochrome has white added to to be put in my illustrttion the basic black colour How many webes are used to achieve the final effect yung from AIR BRUSH TECHNIQUE picture to picture, and with different artists. This fairly modern method of malung Mastery of this technique pror the most half tooc drawings. The term Air-break my spontancow results, md the artist may use be muleading to anyone who has not truly irregulantia in the drymg process for the seen onc. The bructu in fact a metal cylinder cure of a blood vessel or variation in the about the mme ne me large fountain pen fit or the mosca to achieve this cffect. (Fig. 100). It hus i sump for filling with the Laylog the wub u the fundamental oper colour of tone to be sprayed through a very atoa m uny Ihastration in which water is the five nock, the density of the spray being ·TECHNIQUES IN HALI TONE DRAWING regulated by : Lerer controlled by the ioda modnm m which to achieve this. It need not finger The afr is fupplied through a length be so f the fructura ilustrated art drawn of tubing by i motor or from an oxygen mith knowledge and form, and not just turned cylinder or stored in a cylinder filled with alr into lifeless piper. mupplied by oning a foot pump The tone or Air bruh pictures sbould be fixed beforc colour come from the Au brush in the form proting on the final highlights. It only too of i cone sprayed on to the paper and very cuy to spoil the surface and the fluative will soft effects od mbele gradations of tono an prevent my cocte disaster Postal fictive bs be attained. In order to control the margine recommended, and once gun Process white of the tons, making solutions, solrent or for the highlighti. paper 'mak' must be placed over the trou of Figure 101 is a typial cumple of A K the drawing which are not to be sprayed. The Morwell: technique. This onest aperimated asiest way to make these 'males u with with room types of illustrata mod finally trading paper on the underlying drawing an be me the following method for many of hus traced with great accuracy and even the most drawing? Ho mede first a preliminary daming claborite edge cut neatly away Density of Correct In every detail, which wu then traced toac b effected by the distance of the Air on to incing paper The back of the traang brinah from the paper and the concentration peper wa pencitled over with a 4 or 5B poft of the spray on my ooc spot Some elabor lad peocl (impbite) The tracing mu then atom of the details of a drawing may be made placed on top of the final paper or board and with the Air brunch fine lines are drawn by outlmed with a bard 21 or 30 peal to that bolding the Air brush almost In contact with when the tracing paper w lifted from the the peper It requires practice to coatrol the board a coup, fant outline wus vbible under Alr brush. The first movement of the con Darth. The outline wu then inked over with trolling frogar u down uds, when only or is Ithm mk Inc. Its u tho pomt that Mr released, and gentle pressure backwards re Marvel's technique vales from most of the lausa the tone. As the spory start it u dus othien. All the highlights, and my specially able to keep the Alr bruh well rty from the bght fructures such u nerves, were pented peper coming gradually rarer to begin work over with a solution of glue and water he doo Too much concentmon on one spot will painted round the mopios of the drawing produce droplets of paint which spoil thc with the glue-solution. The glue tred wu effect. It ha assential to build up the tone Ondmary stoc (glom inbic) obtunable from slowly mad patiently to the reqwred density my stationer ud mixed approxmately 50/50 praying the umo surface several time. The with water When tbb was dry powdered Air brush a particularly tweful for rounded black lead w quekly Horted over the wbole murfeca, for Intertoes and for other mooth drewlog with a briah, and tho general coudiry and ahmy obyect. Most readers will have 23 apparent almost a oct. Denlı of dark, Doticed the moothnes of driving mod pboto- very dark, uod black were all put in a this graphs in engineering atalogues uod book stage. The glue yo then wushed off the board But o medal drawings in half tode penity with a large brush, wrphos mousture being always depict 'lve druos some people con temored with blotting paper when the high oder the Alr brush technique muitable lights and my other white structures mood 7 81 ·ILLUSTRATING LEDICINE AND SURGERY Fr. 10 Tbo Anxuro Pol Allaha cokostomy The Paal tube ba beca ded 10 place. Note bow the tro loops of bome ore doobie barreled below the biloloal mito falue abaequc doaure a te colortony with Minka dlamp (From Swery a tlader Voor by curtery of Mr Hunliroa Bezley) ·TECHNIQUIS IN HALI TONI DIAWING FIG. 103 They were made me rolow trudng paper with charcoal of carbon pencil, md wlute pamt Dosed for the highlight. The driwmg Fert u last life size and reproduced exceed ingly well ane is abown here at the posredoo und by kind permission of Mr Hamilton Bailey The reader muy uk, "Why yellow tracing pape? The quets would be that the basic tone of the paper bang compartirely dut, gires i act effect and the highlights stand out in cong mntnt. Thu Pricular drawing (Fig. 104) spent wecks under water us the result of bombing, o did so many of the orber picture made by M. Frunz. How well it has stood op to tho treatment is sbowo m the block which wu made from his druwing after the bombing Mary Hauter has evolved a half-tone Manpolatre trestment for the red of peoporoosion technique using oil paint on Scraper Board, (contraction of the pool) u laterton to compen applying the broad tones with a soft piece of dib dent with FICA ng. Structural details are put in with brumbas (From Tony Surgery by putoy of Mr Huomion Baby of varying sizes, od the final result gara un axcellent representation of lectura. Figuras out la decorling causpaese also the drawing bad i cat, cap outhe. Powdered lad or 102 md 103 are typical cumples of her work. In medial illustrations it s mastery of tech graphite o piater reabitant, and so the pembing nique allied to knowledge which produces the with glue may be repeated if necessary, on any best result. The medical ort druis wbut bc part of the drawny. Finally the highhghu wete softened with ou or 24 laad peoal ulso try knom a much us what he sea. Copying 1 other modelling which might be required on medlal object is not medical illustrating. The artut with deade or more of this work the white urcu ru drewn m with penal. The behind him has only to see some of his car reason for wing n u or harder penal ruha than a softer land pencil is that tanie built up effort, to realize how knowledge grows with with a hard pencil will reproduce much better than that which might appear to be the one In the boef commentary on the drawing effect made with a soft peccal. A wo soft shown in thu daptor utention has been pescl reproduction om ly appear directed more than once to the placing of the grulay because it comes the surface of the highlight. It is true to my that n medicul paper much mort qucthy od little pio ind ilhntrating the bigtilights we often not where cvico are almost evitable. they seem to bc, but where Iperience knows The French arthu ML Frenz, used in they should be. This perhaps more true of original method for his medical dnwings the neurosurgical pictures, but close study will the yem 83 ·ILLUSTRATINO HEDICINE AND SURGERY reveal that it applies to the others also fundamental in conveyrag realist, and a Mastery in the direction comes with practice, medial illustration it should appear to effort but it is useful to bear this in mind. Form is las that the reader u pnaware of it. karar ra 13 Rechaul adooo for auto (cocor) of the deceading or per colon Commcocte mobilometion of the whole of the battle of the colon or lorpe bowl. The own in catches the peotporum, cho hc which has the aboam city

·TICINIQUIS IN HALF TONE DRAWING
Pre 194
The next to this opeendon. The ladoca of the pare the ode of the rectum
atmoed dowowed mod de recuon on to the badder duided. These two platura
by courtbry Mr. Sumky Aylett.
85

·Chapter X The Drawing of Operations IN the operanog theatre it is much to the then the surgcon will be well rewarded if he advantage of an artist that he an watch and performs this operation in the post mortem daw an operation with the minimum of room with the artist in sttendance. There will equpmcat. It seems unnecessarily obvious to be no feeling there that the us important the way that he must be able to see darty but artist will have an uninterrupted view and it octhuocally even the surgeon does not realize will be las embeturing to uk questions on that the person booking over hus shoulder has any point which may not be quite clear Also, not got the uniaterrupted vieo that he himself there will be no audience in the form of bus (Fig 105). Personally I have alr vaistint, theatre sister ind theutrc staff received the utmost consideration in this muscsthetist and perhaps a vuitmg surgcon respect in numerous operidog thoutra in with nothing to do but watch war the artist large and small hospitals Anyone drowing an i drzwłog! Figure 106 show a scries of operaboo should not heutte to ask for a stool drawing made in the post mortem room. It on which to smd to get better view An Namna showing the draining of the per ut soon lars not to get in the my of the ordium. The steps of the operutron are fully surgeon, his two usises, and the theatre illustrated. Quite a lot of roformation u thus FLSTCT who o in charge of the costrumenn, summarized on ane page, and the reader which are ununged on a trolley and have to be should be in no doubt about the soutomy or per to the surgeon as posible the procedure. It sboud be asumed that an arust u medi It u wise to make us ming dotos u povible cally tried in wo far that he hufur kom n the theatre, both drawing and watten ledge of anatomy od familiar with paibo observations The artht bould not be lograal specimens, etc., before he goes into the tempted to rely on ho memory and bb operating theatre to drake Most people find matomy boolo to work up the pictures of wo that the drawings made while watching on operation kon in the there. Ho should try actual openbon will be much more alive thua to have enongta matemal on papa from which those adapted from books. If the operation to make several deculad drawing the ana should be a long one with many sages to illu tomy books abould only be ined for checking true, und auble aussure few and for between up on the watedal that has been down. 86 ·THI DUWING OF OPERATIONS 1 Fra os In arpaty of the chest and abdomen the car of the operation may be descubod - being bucetubaped. Only the pro od mene om mee the moldo mas md to the bottom of the bucket. On the battle the mbich the kertheita ho mod bo really mea dors about cos thund of the whilecta from hlor, who cything which my be happening on the otce. In the picture on the patut the camera o mes alighaty behind the theatre water Anpoor o mora beight bo bed to do this operation (Hyttery tbt tomorul of the rocb) vould bent had to tad 00 pod od bok over the mea's shoulder Homer, won the patient a la dhe Ehotomy postco, the Dood for opendoor o bemchelde etc, the mornton would be reund, od one dining needs to stool La Fwa iu to the pactor nu la thulo pouton A Letih rodited Inhotay PORUC own e Part 3 I conot remember who mld "Copying illustrations swall abown by the fact that he out of one book plagiarism, but copying out Itut was able to pomt out, when the ocasion of three books rakech Artuo am larn eroso in the post mortem room, tbe ad much from studying the methods employed baton of a slight Inqury laving Do so by by others, and time is well spent la domg this the pattern of the perfice of the brain which The tandard of accouncy required by the she had drva during m operidon performed Late Sir Hugh Can for his neurosurpal mery years preciously 7

·ILLUSTRATING HADICINE AND SURGERY
Mb
FG 06
Dreinsa o pericarum
( ) Epoort al contel cortile mod reaction of persoorom.
() Lipture of maternal memory Torch
() Petua rcctody paiandam med ind coheter macrted.
(Suture of edp perkardinciog to an
O Secara ofremade rood
(Pro Swrey Haloo by coutery of Mr Hamima Becky

·THE DRAWING OF OPERATIONS
M refail
---
Pro 07
The fire sapo the operano for commal ako, biodied tubeOny od tube
ot lying on pre nub. The purpoobloring ur into the tube woh
through polides tube shad bas been posed for the coordon The
born tte da
89

·ILLUSTRATING MIDICINI AND SUROIRY
Fr. 108
Pra rol, 109. The tobe u druided Low
ong the polythere to more. There done
Up pictures show oot reactor and conta
of the parrounding fructures to uke
leonication cary Ad Atay forcep
bolding up the round HD
PIG. 109

·THI DRAWING OF OPIRATIONS А. C POLYTHENE TUBES TIED TOGETHER BEFORE PLACING, IN UTERUS Pia. o Both tube Dow ready w be trasplanted tato toy body of the uterum. Detals of bow thn la dons at above m A, B od C On leaving the operating theatre there should scale. If the incision modicated mu insert be coough material for the surgeon to my m the first drawing the rest of the operation "Ya, I shall want that picture, and that, and my well be illustrated to a rola of close ups. perhaps thera It is a good plen, too, when A Would aria the trand in media drwwmg may operator, to choose sebethmg illustmom u towards sumplicity and the u standard of mourement actuctor for wbole wound us seldom down in detail arcopt IABILDCE, co be npidly drw od redrawn, in the first picture. Figura 106 111 shor whereas the edge of the wound, cortid with what a meam in the series illonarios comitual towels and pulled in different durections from occhi, coadiboom which the tubes lead time to time, is often too riable for use i ing to the womb uc blocked. 91 ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGIRY M Harle FIα, 11 The openition be complet, t oly room to cech oba Tubo Luyen the abdomen. Tbcu fir guru me shown by courtery a Mr. John Stallworthy (From Mato Gymcolarcel Precor by Aler. Bouce) When the tuthor wts asked to day tbc finished drawings are shown by pamussion of operation for the plastic repur of sphincter Mr Gabriel (Fig. 117 118 and 119). mi for Mr W B. Gubac there was some Wban a surgeon dan u wel a Mr Enc doubt us to whether abe would be able to get Furqobarson of Edinburgh, downg oper to the theatre in time to see the whole oper wrotu by pou need not cause damsy Figure ubon. Tbc Hospiol Photographer hos there 120 shown this wuthor's sketch from which fore uked to take the three photographs shown Figure 121 o mack. All practising medical in Figura 112, 113 md 114 The two theatre att should be able to produce good oper Dotebook pages are reproduced to give u wyt downg from a atten or verba da of the extent of the drawing dose in the description, from 1 drawing dooe by the theatre (Fig. 115 cod 116). Finally the surgeon, or from rouocable photogrphs. 92

·THE DRAWING OF OPERATIONS
112
22
-
1
113
Fra
The purpos de about to make the fint bacustom
When there Debelog wert town to . 7
3
Fia
Poreppurp the two acts of the ophcter
och
which will be torbedbora Hy if modo
Fr. 14
The theme picture the att band part of
ug. The photogrpu were to by Mr HJR
By Remerit Aspent a St. Marta Hospol
13

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINI AND SURGERY
Terti
FIQ.
Surplaat mwy o pomema pnd that the am time to da Aneedles, Low bands art coorenkor
to be the route taken by the strict
94

·THI DRAWING OF PILATIONS
Scout
Curcolti
part of
appearance
Iso watcal
incisions sutused
fron projecting
about 1/4 mah
Prett
nuo tortott toen very well. It u decided lot to
omat the date, acetat dig
Figure 122 sbom i crne in the band of a
child between the optic Derra.
The tota
drawing Incorporates all the important fat
uros of the open doo The positon of the
pret bad on the table wah the booc flap
is deurly inducted as it s tbc preliminary
part of any cerebral operation in relation to
the bed I sbou, too where and how the
9

·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINE AND SURGERY a с Fol 117 od 11 Blander's operation. There doop bow the detalle of the procedures, the mande bauny Hapo ato duweeted out and futured ferbar round the correct. Laulana would be art mrdavon to the pen of the body bor she opereka taka pleca, a che fa od od 11 dan (the skin corenog the braza) w szemed replaced by the crunca lo iwtrathog surgery and the way the brala ww held back to give especially within the depths of wound. Vich of the cyst glistening between the optic Excellent colour photographs of plastic re DCTVO The left arotid artery is viable just pain and surface furgery bave often beca to the left of the optic nerve. The two lake maken, md a rely beaunful seslos wu pab dugrunt picture the apparece of the selle lisbed in Lify, February 11th, 1946. But the (a bony structure in the middle of the head cost of colour reproduction makes the mose of after the removal of the cyth, and the bottom colour photogrphy too capture for general right hand drawtog is a section dezcoatinding use la medul burals, though it u of great the matomy of the postion of the syte in the nlue in films and for use u lantera slides, valla and berefore in relation to the whole The medial artist should constantly be bad imut that he picture pouy be of naloe io u The selective eye of antist in unlikely to be aspected place. A doctor somewhere may ·THE DLAVING OF OPERATIONS be performing an operation he has never done and everybody looked at the pucture and then before, with perhaps the miamum of smalt at the wound. It wu a relief to know that the Lace and only the puctures and the written watomy seemed asily recognizable, though word to do to. The ruthor was once ruber bere badeed we moxpected test! Osc of bornfied orbien entering in operating theatre the guest surgeons mentioned afterwards that to find a series of her puctures, drawn some he had studied those darwings most arefully yeon before, uranged m front of the surgeon before be operated on bos fint care of the type on three trolley There were several maked From time to time one is rewarded m this way ad present, and an extn stage for this mod is an added incentive always to try to Kria w to be drawn. Every now and then produce drawings of the highest magnity the targeon mdicated one of these puctures, anatomially surgically and attrally T toes 9 Pro These pictura sbor bow the foal des a placeh Ongoally the night bead pectura xodima to the Macerala Re. 7 tbe rats.coon bere o pot pret (Frida od 1 gm teproduced by permasuron from Race Surrey by * R Gubah 7 ·ILLUSTIATING HADICINI AND SURGERY INSET Capeute Arahan surface of mine course Sedan و به منم Rear of Witamus harrow bladen hape borcane harrow Rencoval of medial cunas curting luram, Fx. 120 Ar Farquhanon daw ba denied ad and, in fact Hal gm.se from which prut Figure 123 illustrites un operation for This opention has been illustrated with the pylone stenot, which consists of dinding and surgeons bands out of all proportion, u stretchmg part of the muscle all just beyond appanng much too small to un operation on a the storm.ch of on mfint. The size of the hands baby which almost loobusu if the artist could born at once the ung romach md pound Dot have more what be wo Thunstrating The ·THE DRAWINO O OPERATIONS operiton # dmdod mto two stops, and The act location of the tumour in the band rather the corer ibc wbok procacture. Rast 13 pm polated from two positions to the tho Bourd u the matam ined. The theatre ink dugtunt. The re2.00 by the investigat nota no the sole rese concentrated mostly bag secake missed the op of the space on od the proportions, and on trying to capture u the left lateral Touride is shown in the thund the texture of the strictwe, and the delicate na dngnon. This picture liabo up the position nire of the redou daa of the seedias in the other to deprame. The Figure 124 b soother cerebral operation prasate from the tumour toruds and do Ilmub 1 man of tiny venict which or plong the left rerrick as truccated by the not portul on the surface of the brain. The arom. Onse can hardly magic mare simple pattern of the surface of the brain is beamefully dromings than these three harde drra miaky portrayed The bone Rap, too, but it w tod a their size and placing adds interest to usually well marted and abnormal pattern of the drawing of the operation, and they them gutters made by the smaller blood tesett, relyes continue the delicacy of the webole. A Б Fict Thardan bra los proybere teooh adwood AI. they dokoued postit dhe se noch bud spect bong detxbet pour sorty 8. ( PONTE SYNTT be that person of Alr L L Fx quartos ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY No urut should be aspected to drew on his #it sppears. The newcomer should at ing or her first yait to the operating that be able to look round and see the co-ordinated although there u very lul blood to be seen work of all the people in the theatre without since each day blood vessel is tied or anterized baving to keep bu cyer glued to the Hound. bloembolen Encuparat FIA 121 When a bond op b cut from the Hent, te me som bere he bart boles ut omale from hlo outnud, tut when the borc-dip replaced I conox fall or be puebed onto the brim. Dua for the like St Huth Cum 100 ·THI DLAWING OF OPERATIONS DUOD STOM USD Me Pia, 19 Rammstedt's open for coopeutul polono penouThe boomon bould dando all Starpt the deepest of the curcalt much beth. The reperom forts on oth ttmcd spert with beemt de to. The mor bidrants where peoul chrt mot be taken to mond peace of the wall bound the courtocoon (Prom Operett Supay by kmd peason of Alr, E L Farquhanon) In this ry the atmosphere of the theatre, on mth the rob with anly a few word. The wilch not drumetic, ulcu the staff is deal maesthetust pods rausnutogly when the for ing with an emergency become familur goon acha ho cyc. The surgeon may be Ererything is quietly forcat surgeon and teaching sudents athe in the gallery or theatre sister utk to one other in normally standing behind him on the floor This mom pitched vokal. For then this bar routine cer I series of commeat of oop a rmning com tely no time is wasted, and they quickly get mentry on what be o doing, and makes the JOY ·ILLUSTRATING HIDICINE AND SUROERY TUMOUR BE 30000 Fre 14 A druombed tumour bem deached from the brain Avlop blood vero cung hos the need then that patter of coll roues on the rear of the boat Ink domina combtoe wi wab half too when con mormtion Deaded. The top drugim whom the incidon of the alp. (Down for the Department of Neurologlal Surgery Redelid loftmery Oxford operation more latere dag for the theatre souff Fimiliarity with the routinc brings confidence, ud for any onboken Even i pure or and the urut 1000 ralize that the smooth pecial student may funt on the fint vint efficacy which torrounds the patient is the to the theatre, which is nothing to be ashamed result of a team of aperts worlang together of ind it u very unlikely to happen twice. md he thon becomes a member of this com 102

·Chapter XI
Photographic Aids and Mechanical Aids
SOME reader may have had furie, practice Onc problem which faces the medical
10 tbc one of any cmen that not just the photographer (though it a por tuch a problem
bruapabor aumen, and they may be unite of for the artist) w that of providing Bundation
some of the crops when I am, used, in the depths of 1 avity Figura 125 pd 120
patups, on mortodox why a my tume demonstrate this point in cik which in ed
and old drengtrionabup
rottedly ideally muable for drawing. The
EUSTACHIAN
OPENING
INT
TUR BAHATE
ANT
HASAL
WRFACE
OP
PLATE
EET
Fl. 725
Arda der berophergur ta for bort
(Compare with phong pa r26
AH Noor het al eerd of the matt pula kero from the more od ceapooding
da e dople the check out
EF. Eero the not pubDoR marted the moundoucou de ved
the bod wpea at the sot pelar lurer bort done on the fact ude about the
A. Not the outdoor of the opbergey doc to conto the te
perral bonda
Log

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGIRY
FIQ. 126
Aud B. The patient boardered for reconstructor al te face
C, The palate & rett, rok beogtog ratally donemde
Dying AH Noa temple on the curce of the sont palette, corrupoodtog
to the mound which cannot be seen the mm
(Then two pas en by courtesy of Mr I Cabra)
movements of what remains of the soft palate e mort co-opertuve. If the artist can see
innde the band were not u all cuy to see, but what be is ated to dry he should be able
good glimpses were sufficient, and the patient to produce a picture
104

·PHOTOGRAPHIC AMD AND MECHANICAL AMS FX. 1917 Fat Latem w crome thor The pede-hla hands confirm the compose of ing the pical bary lanturu a Crocopy thus the (from Peel So Co Surrey by courty Ass Hecakton Duet) Most ratboriuas are agreed, bowever that patient u being encouraged to find out if there are many subjects which should be illu ethyl chloode, which for children hes Eau de truted by pbotographs, and Mr Hamiloon Cologne added, smells like Mummy's scoot. Balley'r Plysical Sywa Chesscal Survey ba Thn is another obvious rublect for pbototextbook wbxh crophanges thus very courty gropby typlal cumpla of these flustrations bemy Tbe patient with thc Horper's Syndromo the two pictures shown in Figares 127 md 128 ** photographed in the Caualty Department The aman am present phydal sgrus tai (Fig. 133). No special lighting wu tydlable, way which is most realisde und convincing to to this patient was wheeled outside on the the reader and a few photographs are o trolley for a moment while a daylight a posure cluded to show the type of picture that is wa made. In this particular case the ardat maant. Figura 128 130 and 131 demonstrate o ated to "come eod droe e patient la moilungty the cge sigos of the stages of mes Coolty" The aumen bappened to be thala whien nitrous and is bang adalomstered banded and ready to it was taken ilong. To to a padent utdng la dental char This is on drew this patient carefully would bave delayed axcellent series of pictures for teaching They the Dedical treatment, thoogh poter could could be turned into lipe or half tone driving bave been made it the time, and a drawing but the fact that they ar photographs bs of completed bar gaat value. La tu use it the bfe-like A podrumet ra a ta, tha ar mon pcoon quality of the photograph which the real OR Cocotty in the Homoer' sodrae thy in the small papel walong to the land droop taching ud La Figure 132 abo the line mong other per bd color de 105

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SOIGIRY
Fre. In
FAT32
F 129.-Party on to the adounbatrution of the nitrous
onsdo the che la repetunt, bould I be down bec by
the scbctist.
F 130-If the cyt rppon to be able to focul,
taco Oh he not been reached
FIG. 130
F 3 -10 baruky divided acttherla deep
enough for dennal on the stubbed before the ga
becom. fed out of contre the matter hould
coatraue until this fotograached.
F. 132 --The stulda penneded to bold the desk about
Iz ince any tron ke Lach, hak chri ftibordo b
proyed at. The cockhede to conduy od
by noow that the mask butty bowald
on to the face. The Grant Ormond Street At bod, which
has much to commend it.
(From Blood Goud Acces by land per
won of Sur Robert Mladatorth and De Prati d.
Pret Bor)
Fv2.13
106

·PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDA AND MECHANICAL AT:
T
F 33
The photogrpd bow () the mall pupu, the midnt of
the rebel, md (3) te droopas upper da
Hochdh rrotrom Other Root that the who is dry pod
dhed on the record de petits left)
(From Laod nok, Brock pod by curtesy o Sir Robot
Mcmoh od Dr Willem Alushun)
PHOTO MONTAGE
This ttle ichida every illustradon in which uccomplishment are constantly useful The
photograph or part of a photograph ure com furgeons boods in Figura 134 und 135 wero
bloed with dawng to make a picture. An clarged from t Furious assortment of Dega
utstbo an use 1 aume hus i useful use
The part of the picture which were
to ho alents, od photognphis boorledge and drawn by hand were done on Ross Boud, tod
tryc.
107

·ILLUSTLATINO HIDICINI AND SURGERY Fia 344 Fra 30 F 134 Am. The bootka ala propered Dcotomy tube, two bola nor the tip ou hown by the dottru Imc The cut on the tube muito the extent to which the tabe bould be mkated. When the power to reached ha acted to the abdominal D B. (Lleostomy, the purpoul formation of pop tuduh the boomla! wall at the lower half of the NLD borel) Mug any edges of paper or board which might have cut shadows were fuded off with tbc Air brush It wu found that Iltord Plastila Brom.de Paper B.2K or B.3K was the best pboto grapbic rurface to use for these photo monnige pictures. The purface of the paper likce Rous Board is creamy' white nither than mov' white and, utice it has a matt surfice, 1 con uderable amount of drawing can be done on it. In the two pictora bowing the matomy of the brachial planus (Figs 136 and 137), the part of the print on which the crewmg going to be made his faded out o the pneu were enlarge Serenl types of print were tried, but finally the realt vu u shown herc. F 135.--Sorgulated pul bers, dirhling necha Counction in the act of the Hec. The director protect the unpaucaed gut (The bonul replan in the prota) (thaiyad is from By Sorry by kod per on Mr Hamilton Buky Fra 33 108

·PHOTOGLAMC AIDS AND MECHANICAL AD
0
Fra 10
The bux pige bolleth matomy of the boten paus
plopp o volation lent a lhe dance bu baten
rumored i show that aud comes the founb.
(Froco Led As Ir Picou by curtay of Sur Room Montoh
od De lamp Musta)
The wc of colour bs mont offcatre o different with the posloon of the patkor wboobal
ating the tructure If colour bed 20+ been with us in the form of a bruchut pienu
amikbk, dose-up type of dwing would block of the nara londing to the arm by bank
bare beco Decotty
The position of the sdomstered Presloos dorming in the book
olleton to these pictura colocidas cactly wake tu clar bu o these platura se taken
10g

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY
chure
Pa 37
The act step bich adds another mucho (a) to
bruchu from the story mod the sub-diren ru
The fol
picture in this on how the skeletoa onde body Tbs
mobeto bando e sborrt, too. Heb directing the needle
towards in tarp
(From Lue Angels Brecke Plato by courty of Sir Robert
Macintosh md D. Vitham Mushun).
out of their ketting it seems a well to ciplain rather doy munumilaung Information Thb
why so much of the skeleton u showIL Just as more thought ad are for the tatbor
is the speed of the convoy u that of the end the otmt uit is very much easier to dry
slowest vessel it a good ida to remember in all the toutomy than to dimplify a picture
to write und to lluerite for those who may be down to the cascattab.

·PBOTOSHUAPHIC ADS AND HECHANICAL AS A METHOD OF OUTLINING DRAWINGS ON THE FOCUSING SCREEN OF A CALLERA A friend of mine who is a cartoon and is teen poudlaa on mi opatting table or lo compli oo illustrations has a way of malang draw ated fracture frame ba s* cod qockar for top of hindsudsonment when they have to the nexpertenced artist on the ground plus of be viewed from m unumlinge Asmont a aumen then by frex head sketcoms (Fig. pocas ba banda en thr poutions required, the 138) With this method ome practice it, of funtcoa then focua hla plate amera on the course, desirable, but anyone doing this for fickt, und down the hands with peodil er ook the fint time o wually ruffiandy Abafled montline on the ground glas focant aceh with the result to try again. The selection of Thin o to curly it up mabod of obtamming which lose to track cod which to lene out is onthoc pictures and me that could be used ako 4 matter of aparience Too marry hoa more aftes. Should a whole plate camera be ac dilticult to waterpret o too few To Die available, the procedurt á implar because them dopis, wben drwg.blood reuse or ground go a larger md comickrably more Berre, instead of drawing two thr Hoes it to detail may be por me, Gros speament which bertahanan to draw the opht band like and to UT NOT nuntable for pbotography may be down draw # firmly The resca for this is that to a very relaxed saale ta thu my To make most people are right bunde und uit oanurally accurate drewmax of a pacient in an unusual wich the source of light coming from the left. Ha 11 Tot petunto dim typert but could be be back on the ground pessa Anart bro nopeammed Atant the aftermart Labout powodA det borty part of the opens abi pale to the door to whom the bod Ltbottag-Trateabe po (Pro Opa Su by cursery of Air BL Pequeno) III

·ILLUSTRATING AIDICINE AND SUKOBRY
HEID
The Johnston V 4-5 Entry
or hoe op * 3 baches (tty amay Jason Hadoo La
placed modern het niet
Fr. 18
I12

·PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS AND LECHANICAL ADY PRODUCING DRAWINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES AND COLOUR TRANSPARENCIES Anyone who hu uccess to an enlarger pould an be faded off the post with a solution ad o weful for turang photographs to line Potissium bichromonte, WG mrez 500 cc normag. Most elarten onder project Letve the print m the solution until 11 the de mac dasawards on to the table or bench blada pro host taken on the colour of the a which they stand Fipire 134 bolli solution. Mabe certain of this before rmsog pical modern plurger Consequently to the prin tod putting umu orduatry hypo to outent down on table datter bath. The print abould be bradled very are hun spilme wall or opright surface It fully the tok ima dost not be touched wbile rould not be the method of choice to that they are ver or they might wondge. When the ound as tmegt projected by a enlarger ifi petat a clar of all the grey topa und only the elut went valabk, as lhis bow to be done in uk rematas, remove it from toe hypo bach, he wan dark but for quick and neunte wash it us for an ordinary pboxogomphuc prat, bergement to very belpful. und dry Alternative solunum Meory research workers outlook photographs Copper colpoate cgstuba (202) 5 g (100 g.) A mask onder to win them into Ime dramma Sodium chloride (2 02.) 5 (1008-) o diagonna for publation. This n done with pen and waterproof indian trik Al details Sulphuric or bydrachlonc acid (1 oz.) (25 cc) co be show must be inued mor the parat, zod Water (2002) (1,000 cc) when tha is completed the photographic image Bleach the pat ra the above rolution until Ho. Pokemon coctiton Want that OTKUCA bud road the te peas. That Cho Xapa be adocod by overpalubo. (Prim Open Sw by courtesy of Mr & L. fergabundal 113

·ILLUSTRATING HEDICINE AND SURGERY
a
w
FIQ 141
Technique locado md bacmoth kaip
(locisioa kaulp with edper comprend punkt un
by edpaid Mode oploopt of the
artery loncepe toeds of moneurom od credon of the
by relight of torcepto occude all myered scalp retech
The procedurt w be repeated u required, indicated
by dotted Hnem (the occuroda u tbe Abroas
membrane breng under the cat of the road wd on top
atbe toll From SwoMade of by
courtesy of Mr Humitoo Buley)
only a funt image remains. This will take putable for reproduction (either bectuse they
about 67 minuta. Then remove the river ut not sbarp enough, or because the journal
chlonde teldue in 200 to 300 plain hypo for which they are intended does not accept
rah diluted in mate Afta bug there Mustrations which requre a half tooc block)
should be po trace of the ooginal image only often prope valuable is illustrations wben
the Ink line femin. Prms which are not treated n this way
114

·PHOTOGRAPHIC D4 AND MECHANICAL AIDS FIG. I Nothapa dum cult to record o cortemom mottocht. To practure cruoto won the sky that type of more troos wand thus ada pudienor (Darmo for the Depaper of Pradince, Raddita Inuty Oxfood) C THB DYNAMICS OF MOTION Erery unit will tree that this is hard to the mur pant Figure 141 tin vak 1.0 apture Incoded here & the supportion of dwing of stely tried but drent from Alr Erk Farquharma la un huradon of photo poopba. As part of this drtvlag peraplumsons which demonstratat motion a could not be abowo photographically it was ceedingly well Mr Parquharton made the deaded but And should be dowo planticuc mode himself and has beeds were to Ave ince and make one block Figure photograpbet ta etetly the portion required 142 sboss i drawing of a kindle pacient wbo (FEE 140). To make a first chans hustrato could not be photogrypbed because she us 11 the urtur had to do a little shading on TETA Tea when aieep. 90 ITS

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY
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A rupertal toccoon the neta odle of the neck mad face. The prevertrebn bocu intact
the former part of the postenor trungke. A drwme by D. Tompett Specime 43% in the
Musciom of the Royal College of Surpoons (ty cowtry Profeo Laul
DRAWING ON MATT PRINTS
Some research workers make drawings on priot enbarged up to life are Thba uth
top of a very lightly printed photograph, od trued ud med s the best of detailed
the result o usually acellent. Another method tomial drawing. Dr Tompsett, Protector 1
comedima wed to ilhunte gross daseCTIONS the Royal College of Surgeons to th
i to pbotograph the speamcn und make a method with prat success (Fig. 143). TI

·PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS AND MECHANICAL AID P. 14 The photogrph from which F 45 dowwe. Seronu poulticos of the decorodle md prethod to Hmba bed to be bova od photopompborre quicker abod tha etctum drawings in cross section ottomy boobs bave No one magaged in prodacing scientific illos mally been produced in the way u tho en trations should com to trace from photogripbs sures that the basic proportiom the correct, if they will mut the fiml ronit, have time, ood tod denils may be empbmned a caggerated make the rock leu todou. The best way to ff and what docetuery Artefacts may be cor tance from photographs u on cellophane or tected in the druning, and get the final picture allulose ucetate with ndio ink Cellulose o dar cudly mderstood, and has much more kette 001 will not think, stretch, or wimkie tense of form than would be possible with a when ink o painted ca to it. Hande this a pboogiph boseter good. Lale u porubte, u my grease will make the 117 ·ILLUSTRATING HEDICINE AND SURGERY over it and in direct contact with it, and then tracem on this piece of glou with a pen or fine brush and Indian Ink the outline of the object and all other detais which are required. Thus is an excellent method of getting the correct proportions in the shortest possible time (Fig 146 and 147). It is important that the head should be held in the same position while doing the trucing, and the artist sbould not try to see round comes, otherwise the driving will not be absolutely true. If the specimen is not just fix, then the glos placed over it must be supported just above the object to be down Fr. 45 One of na odruwing from The Praga od A photographic developing duh i idal for Prartce of Drah by courtesy of Dr E. O Scott. this purpose us the glass will then rent on the edges of the desb, uod it will be steady and surface difficult to wock on. It can be cleaned cary to work on (Fig. 148). On occasion it may wih methylated spicit. Tracing paper or be necessary to use the glass above the edges tracong linen even the best quality is hardly of the dish, on books, for instance, in order to transparent cough, and the resuls may be have a more comprehensive view of the whole discouraging. obiect. It is an added ad to wcancy to Finally drawings adapted from photognphs cmploy pecpbole ut eye level above the make good illustrations. One way of doing glass This is done by mulong a small drcular thos u shown in Figures 144 and 145 where bole (1 inch dum u suggested in a piece of the photograph has been adapted and not bleck ardboerd. The peepholc may be ad just copied justed to eye level by bolding it in a retort MECHANICAL AIDS stand (Fig. 149) The object of the peephole u to make it mpossible for the artut to move It may be usumed in general that i trained his line of vimon more than a fraction, to try artist can draw caything put before him, to to sec round corners and 30 to distort the any scale and in perspective. The folowing pigure. The more detail required, the more mechanical aids, bowever Hve dime cod are useful the peepbole will be. The actual execu worth recording Eren of the advice given u dion of the drawing may take a httle longer already well known to some reader, it may but the result will be correct Devertheless be helpful to research workers ind to students whose main interest is not It is not anys necessary to look doon on necessarily vital Sometimes the ser to specimen, a wheet of stuu may be beld in stand u nght angles to the table and between 1 question seems obviotes, but not so, after the artist and the obyca to be down. By thu we have heard tbe msha metbod the nearer the glass s to the object, DRAWING SPECIMENS the larger the drawmg will be the drawing If a specimen is flat, such as a section of therefore cannot ever be larger than life size brum, liver or lung, plece a piece of thin giun (Fig. 149) Here again a peopbole i un aid to 118

·PHOTOGRAPHIC ADS AND LIECHANICAL AIDS
PE 14.--The outile and propos
toms md the principle id metu
altho pesco shora below If the
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with the specimen oracima
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Po. 447

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY Od De FLO 14 Toon on me the outton and detail of period which lyog pootographic deh, ach u the brain section shown in the preceding furti The peephole u C. draughtsmanship It balvans best, If possible, the glass, id lighting the drawing ather from to draw any specimen to natural Reze, 4 polnd behmd, o in m X ny or by direct front of masurement can then be checked more lghung Alternatively the gions may be placed cmily When using glow the furface should cocker trang paper on which the picture cu first be cleaned with methylated spurt to re be redren carefully ad mort ddily for the mort any grease. It i poruble to dry on as it us, or for informing on to Sanpa Board glow with a ball poent pen quite a fuccess or Rots Board If the drawing b intended for fully u with indian tok provided the plesu Ross Board, um Figure 147 tbc trang peper free from grense stage bould be made with 38 carbon pancil A drawing made on glas may be pboto mod not with a bad peod, in order to make a graphed u it is, by placing white peper bebind mitable ormfer 120 ·PHOTOGRAPHIC ADS AND MECHANICAL AD A Peephole # Glass FX 149 A sedbod omg the plan od the peop hole wbca domsmotre soch han bono. If the arena on AW bers, como o Bibe picture will be catdembly om PRODUCING QUICK DRAVINGS FOR LANTERN SLIDES Canloke soetate a cellophane, sf mort oba be tormed and bound between two covet Contmonly allod, take adian mk cockteatly glasses to make a quoc bontoza stude. The dirt Tery fine loro can be dit n on it, and it can of the standard glum lanten alldo i 30 31 be bid aver glass for the redrawing a picture bo pufia cat margla should be left for beding Should the picture be amall enough, but is not the lice, a tote bateta cude auntient cut Herpes than 3 inches by 3 incha, the cellophane out more of the pucture ua than other 111 ·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SURGERY Druwing nade direcdy on to cellopbane or paper with the carbon side facing the typost. gles for projection re often very effecties The typescator of m dectric typewriter is but to do this wall, practice required, since ideal for pbotoaphy as the letters are of a all irregulanga of line md letter will be cren dersity of tore und art altogether cleaner magnified on the screen in rutherm alarming and croper to look at than thote made by an way Typocript on tracing paper Kodatrice ordinary typewriter (Fig. 150). In fact the or Axtrefoil, provided that the typerater labelling of drag an be done catirely with ribbon IS DCF u uso quite accenful for cables en clecinc typewriter because of the typescript and status for use us last minute lantern too ball ss it, it may be enlarged pboto alida. If typescript should have to be pboto gruplxcally to the dice required, and the labels mapbed, the best way to get really black letters may then be 'patched in around or on the 15 to place the curbon paper under the typing drawing. CALCUN ALANCE ITU Y 4. AITLYLA URTARO-couc LUTER OTTOKALAGIA BATTERIES 1 DIET ON 100 LK Lt NO TAN D 00 SWITCH CONTAINER LEAD 100 C LCION ! 100 $0. TOO 1 T! XOTE POATE BALANCT THROUOOUT AD D LCD CALCIUY LTDTON ON VTT D F10. ISO Thts dat we made wth m clecus typowoter It fuppleat lettermecode the making a dogth (is qurtay Frota Vororth) Ps. 150B. A nable prece of equipment not mentioned 14 the ta on electrxe Cuer Thun battery opended od may be obound troca Harto Lid., Kuptbodec, Loodog, 3.1 122 ·PHOTOGRAPHIC AIDS AND LECHANTCAL AD का Fic. 192 N PEISL-Tbehna of the add a lett Open to how the pold my be of any PL-This guro i rectuced by 5% the three-quenter the pa F Pre SL. (Pinig mod 1 from Like A and Soul Amager by Curtory of Su Robert Mactatouh). *C °C °C 40 40 VO 32 20 20 10 10 poi 0-078 0-012 902 COPPER LIQUID ETHER ETHER VAPOUR OXYGENS Kocal Kocal. Xocal Yocal. FA 33 A nebod a do totoo to to points in como dem Maplication of the palmele the wintet Toto in truc pertunt cu radable Photo detwas far Pipes for the choice wodato da Di pecho. By courtory of Sir Robert Necmcoah od De Filem Mushto) 123 ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY etc. ENLARGING OR REDUCING A THE PANTOGRAPH DRAWING The Pantomph is an instrument used for To enlarge 1 drawing other than pboto enlarging i drawing, plan or map graphically requra mechanical aid for accur (Fig. 154). It is essental to use the Punto acy and speed. A ample method is to rule out mph on an entirely flat surface, with the on thm cellulose acetate or cellophane a grid fubicct to be copied to the left of the copying Hy 8 x6 or larger disded into inch squares. peper Both pieces of paper awt be fastened On mother sheet of similar sdze rule out a gnd by drawing pins or scotch tape. The pivot (A) of about the same see divided into balf ischi dut be securely fixed to the board or table, squares. Then, if the drwing bus to be en und the two metal STCPS (A) and (B) must be larged twice the size, put the loch gnd over placed through the number on ach am which the drawing and the inch god under your indiates the size of the colargement required. trading paper and mark off all the point a The SICH pirot at the end of unu (1), the which the lines of the drawng crow the lines metal tracer (B) and the pencil (C) sboald be of the end (Fig. 151 and 152). By reverting in the positions shown in Figure 154. The the gnids (the inch gnd on the dawing and operator follow the outline of the Aubject to the finch under the paper) 1 drawing half the be enlarged with the trucer paint beginning at size will be made. Say grids ruled should be a point # Dar to the catre of the robjects Hoted arefully and kept that so they may be possible. Sight pressure should be put on the used on future occadon Details of import penal (C) but us this u pot very easy a solid mce an be pm pomoted by drwag & magni bruss weight wus made (D) with a bole through fying glass cround my point to be emphasued it so that it could be dropped over the pend (F18 153). to keep it in contact with the paper The Panto To turn a small picture from a book into a graph illustrated to a drawing of a wooden wall drawing that , a dorming large enough model which costs about 15 and whxcha will to hang out wall for reacting, the quickest enlarge up to 8 was the original site. Peato method is to use in cpldw.cope cod project graphs made of metal ore also on the market, the pacture on to paper planed to a wall. If no but they cost comiderably more than the one cpiduscope v mllable, the enlargement must in Figure 154 which is of the simplest typc. be made by the good method or by a pantograph However a this ane wortos well and illustrates (Fig. 154) If god is used a small one is the principle, it a shorn la preference to one placed over the drawing in the book, but the of more Jaborut denim other gud should be faintly ruled on to the paper u the square might be v bug = 5 THE CAMERA LUCIDA or 6 and famt pencil grid can always be Thus un instrument which wus designed rubbed out afterwards. It worth recording for the old type of monocular microscope. bere that most standard spidascopes will not Tbc armen ludde is fixed above the cyepiece Lccommodate i picture larger than 6 x 6 to the artist should bear this in mind when of the microscope, and by a prison of miton drawing specially for projection by this reflects the image seen down the microscope method. Nothing loob so bad on the serce on to a piece of paper lad on the table beside un imputated drwmg. the microscope. This instrument may also bo

·PHOTOGRAPHIC ADDS AND MECHANICAL ADS
PANTOGRAPH
29 342 #go
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The Protoporph. The operate podes the trent () round the letter
A The metawa placed as on the meer om pood
the pool Laut patet bi od the colponent down by the pool (
then we be the onou later.
wed for drawing specimens, or to fiet my lapping or reducmg a recimgle. This has par
object which to not too langIt is mordy 1 ticularly useful for determining how large or
question of fodng the cuncra lucida in such a bow small doning should be to fill a pure or
y that the object seen through the cyspiest column of 1 giyen Azc. It w mentioned
Is reflected on to the paper hying alongade it Chapter VIII that dating prepared for uni
The outline and my other details may the form reducton (2 3 of the orginal size, being
be drtun to with great story
the figure pyen) make for cconomy in the
Figure 155 shorn a simple method of en cost of malang blocha.
125

·ILLUITIATING MIDICINE AND SUIGHLY
DRAWING BOARD
PAPER
A
B
X
314
114
Z
D
oot
901
Fr. 135
T more or reducerectingle
Jom polog Bod D
1. Menure of DC to we of the required reduction
3. At the curtains polat Zom Hos o put toglas till
nart belom, RD
* At the poter Yom XY pealel w AB.
The rectangle XYZD three quarter tbeum of ABD
126

·Chaput XII Colour Quito AMONG ercan there will always be might be wnemmable for photography, The usommt of controtary about artist an repur un artefact and dd, If neces colour - bo two people looking at the muc wry rome suruming structure which will obiect ese key to set colour Du the same my make Identification user or Cves obrou. Wat round abfc des or still life chan me It k dearable, too, that the specimen Art School and the truth of this apparent. sbould be seen at the best pouble moment, A muumber of people interested in Ihmurating and apocially in thuis of the colour u an medicine my quite dogmedically that the lwportat cimical factor The best moment v coloured photograph has supenoded the artist imedately on remonal or cute it atuh. A to the recording of specimens. That thu may painting of a spectatea matuk can look like be so na 90% of speronea records, is probably fresh oos, tren If not recommediately cor true, but there will always be speculatus that section, but if it is vered at once the picture should be parmed by m artist. The aperi will probably be a much better ante. However wiced medical artist an ghe e permet arcfully a spectaco us handled nd preserved vocething white will make the reason for the it be indeed very different in apparce from pastore more convmamy to the onlooker He what it wou the one of to removal (Figh. will be able to urange the subject to los best 156 und 157) drug porcibly propped up in a way that When makmg pestroscopic and laparoscopic MH F 50 136 Fra 37 Apolomon obblede mopeta medity bodeng pertura The me pecco per chi dopo later f4 57 ·ILLUSTRATINO MEDICINE AND SURGERY duke pictures the colour bus to be memorized. At bruncba of medical illustration, and in the ame a few pencil notes are maken, from ophthalmology specialist Knowledge us assen which the final picture will be made lite tial for correct mterpretation of what seen Laparoscopy or pedon.cocopy as it is called with the ophthalmoscope and the lit lamp in America, u procedure to varalise the abdominal avity and its contents with an opdal instrument. The instrument is mserted through a very small puncture cod cunas no discomfort to the patient. La codoscopic illuartrons colour b Dearly always used, although it is true that different gestroscopa md ophthalmoscopes giro differ ent illuminaton 1 punting in colour seems to be the ideal technique in this field Dorothy Barber of the Central Middleses Hospital y a acknowledged ampert in the recording of endo scopa vlen. She point out the nubtle differ ence in illumination when the field in distended Pro 13 with fluid, u in cystoscopic pictura und with Thile Cystoscop punday show plow of Hght nd the abucot of bahipban all us m gastroscopy and ugmosdoscopy work. A ce of pupboomide olan In theke latter view the highlights are well defined throughout, wbacus with the cysto scope the bght o diffused, becoming more so towards the periphery of the picture Figh 158 and 159) To use any of the scopos really well re quires practice and parience, and these are essential for recording with the ophthalma scope. Ophthalmology was one of the first specialities to detach itself from general med anc Toc elit lomp wu introduced in 1911 ind this comples Instrument gives a focused Illummation of the interior chamber of the Thi pestroscopie palmy on the other bod Used with the corncal microscope the whom well-deford bright, vilch ur typlaal when or botenen u employed. A shit lamp coabla i magnified examination of de oroas popuc uice Fip 35 76, 157 od 15 ore by courtesy of Mu Dorothy the conjunctiva, coma, us, and lens to be H. Burber made. Some etorta speculung in ophthalmo logy bave made beautiful alit lamp illustritons Any one acw to thu type of work should acck ind, for those who do not know it may be of the belp of anotho ubt who b n pert in interest that to manipulate the elit lamp re thr brunch of medial illustration. An It has dready been wid ophthalmologue will teach the anatomy of the that no one that can be un apart in all cht, and tell the artist what be sbould see in FIG 159 qura botk hands ·1 rogi Opera S D bo pet kyl L Peruban COLOUR the core under considerruon, but be will maker With half tone thu hs not to chay and probably not be able to show him how bet it u the writer 1 opuduron that soy colour to record what he sa added to half tooc basic drawing should Nowadays the fundus chiena pake benuful nake the form of thoting In this way the under pictures of the fundin of the cye, add somnc hyrag duwag and form will abow through the awthorities cousider it macochary for brytat, obeses bold colour I hude the under Artist to do this type of work. It is true bow lying form (Fif. 160). ever that occantonally medical speciabsu in By colour most people bean a painting gobchalmology still prefer a few of their cues done in water colour or oil paint, or a coloured to be painted by band, to that some kdoorledge photograph To reproduce a coloured flos of fundur vort an er aspecully to the trwan requins a minimum of 3 blocks, oce full time bospatal that for ache primary colour bloe, red, yellow and Elsewhere comment bas been made on tbe with black added och picture has to be printed tbc of one or more colours for accennamng four tumes. One 3 x3 block would probably structures and to focus attention ou contain cout about £30 agunt 35/ for a bull tone panon. With an ink drawing the additions of block of similar store, but only in cxccptkanal one colour 3 a simple morter for the block circumstances would my pubisher make a F 60 be 1 kloburi opere combined deront volunu be the ol Y Tung TLMOILAL VUN My files h the door 0t OL

·ILLUSTRATING WEDICINI AND SURGERY
6
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Fro. 161
SECTION Marcellus.coor Cal.
Onca dactc.
Leben Donorm boclos in monocyte (Kale Ar
Lohm Docorto bothes in retkah Kak Apes
- Hromotogona tron pochu.
SECTION 2 Mepalaryocytes
Micplarroblesh
Immatury wcalaryocytt
Putty mature
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from DOCOMO
Muhoocle eture Doplerosy from pomal motor
Napalmutor malogt from Doro meron
Lymphold pe from robocytopenik purpin
(From An duo of Ben Afoto Pekap
By courtory of De lunch palsted by Mur Dorothy Demon)
730

·COLOUR 3 x3 block aloo It would be grouped with others to make up a minimum of 30 square chos md the cost might be reduced thereby to about 1/3 of the total If the blocha had been made individually Microscopic pictura, if they are hand paunted are nearly always in colour Pbot micrognphy bowever ho made such grida to recourt yan that here yon It umor unnecewry for the utix to do this type of wut. The clectron microscope is the most important development in this field it has brought into focus Dew born of obsery won and wounal study The artit comes into his own, bowcyer wbien mdlvidol celb ire taken from yon abides, or different parts of Fra 62 the more lide, and placed together for com Fuah bendor dhe paron us in Figure 161 Colour photography u the best way of recording physical signs and three comples from the 6th Edition of Emergency Surgery te sbown m Figures 162, 163 and 164. On occulon over-azpore or under-esporire of the film might prove to be a difficulty but Dot to the boaptul photographer who bowi his film md the light factors and who, no doubt, bes wooked out i samfectoy set up of portable illumination which will be constant for most of his colour wock For instance, m Fra 63 the vitamin B deficiency condition of pellagra Gungede itomy from front-butte. The under-apoare of tho pbopograph will make pedient Kontoh Bem hbour the dbcute ppear more krere then it is, the 14, 192 ron Be Swary and F. 63 truco by Sy on Cum Sway by kod permain colour of the patient's skin coming duter of Mr Homcoa Bak) than in fact it we An under ciporod black md white film seems thin, but with colour paper for of need be the board can be held under-apoane makes the coloun oper under the top to weah of the whole penting deset od richer than they really are. laying only a family coloured gbont on which Most people wbo paint bart thar own deus to start ugun. about what we the best papers or board to Mox artist me water colour pens in a box Pack on. It seems that for medical rort the odonctima a mixture of ter calour and Aface of the paper of board abould be anyone or witor colour and coloured penal, mooth, cod on the whole board is better than There are so many varios of anayoo and ALAM 137 ·ILLUSTRATING NEDICINI AND SURGERY coloured pencils on the market that it is publication. The method of its applicabon is difficult to angle out any one make u better described in Chapter IX. than the others Casan-emulsson colour in By permlesion of Professor Allison a picture ju Badew medium and an be diluted ather is induded of the immediately post-operative with water or with oil so that both moda may appearance of a lung speamen doen to actual be used in the same punting (Fig. 165) size u the ink tracing which accompanies the Many artists including the students at the painting will show (Figs. 166, 167 and 168) Edinburgh School use crayon dust on Ross After the lung had been fied and hardened Board, the wol method being to combine in formalin the colour was brought back with the crayon dit with water colour to give the alcobol and the aut surface wu painted here wock more substance the colour is a mixture of water colour and It I recommended that all paintings should coloured penal (Fig. 168) be covered with Monde skin u thu will en It would be mad, if the ameri completely sure that they do not fade abg, it will be ousted the atut from doing my illustrations invisible sbould the work bc requnred for m colour The psychological tonic of malang Fig. 164 Prolou afin due to injury (From Ewy Surgery by and person Mr Hamilton Bekyl 122

·COLOUR
Fra 365
This concomiblog colour bus id corelos que
It drie wat die rehet soothug od toon
beons vooroo od neste o rubom Por rock
wted ul be copied on colour Alm, od lo color apre
doctiva brey adable hala b mubok In about
4 colon
(Ay carino GH SA Purs)
Mithun
PLAKA
1
Tracing on glass of fresh specimen
13

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGIRY
Fie 166
Poothos of left me modusly octoral the spoomen v Rumunded by anty thudumped
od tored pleun Tua cobur ooh

·COLOR
Hitulo
Pla 67
The e muito of the huge bood the upper lobe robe curely replaced by modernu tha
od tre, the dirt The bogub (bortom nicht) ad annu
e
opered fact ad Sentered throughoutproch tre in
Do nuo brows TORO DO
Como duo The bestabaua cam. To
Doce decirte tabaculou a mlow coloured penal
135

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY Pre-cortic Common iliac Int iliac Int iliac Sacral Ext uliac Ext iliac F 64 A palodog to illustrate the lymphatic drumuge the female pohrs The controy bu been oplied the pictur made for protectico only for boring looy erre mall (By coway 4 Hootorik) Muer colour and black mt. Proces bute mu ned for the Waybilliptus in fq. 166, 67 und oh ·COLOUR 1 puoding crory now and then should appal aterest is outstanding Colour for projectioa to those who keen to spend more ad mort o the sacan Dot expensive u ubi prat hoe om charts Wheneter the opportuairy ing, so that it an be wed without the question cset to add colour to a chart or diagne do ko of cost having to be considered. Apatorial Another method of adding colour to a black paintings such u Figure 168 an be executed iod white chart or diagram for projection 1, in colour just u carily as in monochrome. during the firing process of the allde, to diput Copying in colous is not difficult and the pro fa pale green, blue or yellow dye ad even this castag u ressouably quick so that mout lec mammal colour can be very plenant on the turen could use colour trasparences of tbcy Laten. More ind more lectures ove the 35 wahed to do so Admittedly it might be im mihoctie or 2" x 2" legtenn slides and show possible for a boxpial photographer with a that processing of colour fibor u so reliable, I exposure film in the came to make only colour chda should be recommended by two or three porn and then send the filma artist wheneset it seems firmy to do so off for processing, but cut film n amibble m Most of the large industrul firmes use coloured seos from quarter plate upwards. graph on their reports oad the difference la IT In ·Chapter XIII A Filing System for Lantern Slides SELECTING lantern alides for a lecture con type, where sch pages can be added u rc take up canaderable time because, even quired. It is therefore possible for anyone If thee u a legend wntten on each side, most to see in front of him prawo of all the avail people will wish to hold the allde up to the ble slides on my particular subject, and it light w be remunded of the picture. The filing easy to note down the numbers of the secretary system which is described here a m mapen slides for 1 lecture uve but efficient method, md can be used Lantern sidos are made from auch allen with cure either by an individual or by a de trabon in all the book tod papers written in partment. The metul alide bolders on the the Department. The amall 7x2' prints martct with their Tlumination from behmd are numbered the time with the Figure which an be switched on and off constitute numbers in the book, and posted into an album the del fillog syttem, but the mitial outlay In this way it be possible to bave #may # » quote considerable. 15 pictures, of orze large enough to be seen The following n bref description of the clearly on one page of an album (Fig. 169). tytten used in the Nuffield Department of Any Deh sentent who come to the Depart Anacrtbeach, Orford, which has been found ment can soon become familler with the de to be both economical and practical. No parumcutal slida by studying these album costly or cven specullzed quipment : Eron where only a few slides ere bred, a la required good idea to have, say five poinu pasted on to Each lantern slide in the Department long arrow laves, cupped together and filed placed under 1 hading, ruch u Endo in the boxes or driwer which bold the lanter trucbaal Epidural, Ether wd to ach beadmg slides (Fig. 170). The standard banten wide mumber lloated. When a lantera slide or negrare-container bokting 40-50 slides L required, a polot 2' 2' I made at the same seldom much larger than 12 x 5 x4 so that time. Each prat us given a number us well as print arranged us in Figure 169 will easily the pombe which shows to which heading it fit into a Be on top of such wide contuner belongs thus each side od 10 coresponding (Fig. 170) print ben two cumbens, the fint number There wall prinu u uto very useful in indiating the heading to wuch the aide my department where photographic records belangs, and the second for its position under ure in constant ore. A pacat's mme may be that bending. The me sumben ere miten forgotten efter reveral years, but I drawing in white mk on the accompanying negative of or photograph can be remembered and endly plus or film These 2 2 polno tre stuct located in the worum Prints can be made, too, into an album, either of the standard photo from colour transparencies, in black cod graphic type or the infantiscol binding wbute, iod where the lantern alida tre for a 138

·A PILING SYSTEM FOR LANTERN SLIDS
SELECTION
(THER 7
(A)
SELECTION
ECLANOVA
JO
(B)
FIQ 69
139

·ILLUSTRATING VEDICINE AND SURGERY mall projector these prints are even more ux one of the simplest slides in the Department, ful, as they are considerably larger than the but it demonstrates a matter of life md pictures on a 2x2 slide. The stul are death. of the picture ara on Kodak Ready Mout Colour on lantern shida n not only a matter of colour transpumcia. Almost any ink or half tone drawing may bave colour added, when the wide u of the standard variety To punt ont picture era approximately three inches square need not be too difficult, the Dost difficult type to paint being a picture which requires un even wush effect. If the colour 1 diluted with ammonn instead of water it is awer to put on. Ammoru, too, will wesh out mustakes, but it is much better not to have sayl Coloured inks are on the market especally prepared for use in paint ing on lantern sides and photographic print An ink drawing (Fig 172) pbotographed FO7 Stone and that box, thus acc bolde directly on to 1 lantern alde plate appears 50 hiden 3} 31 inches (By country of Tolosow of Bodom Lud) Ch 601 for 35 millimetre ıhda is 1.3 by 09 incha, and into this spece the picture must be reduced. In the Department of Anaesthetia these print books are constant uke, and are invaluable when, for instance, a DCW drawing of a later model of wome instrument or appliance u urgently re quired. Loadentally an artist will be reminded of things which could be Avesten better of things which were good, and things not to be repeated! It u boste out in practice that a drawing which maka i rally good point when reduced to drustically will also make a really good shde. FG 72 It is much easier to give lecture Tbo tudierende bety to drachma od to with a handful of slida them without ounce of Paralletade do not seem to obyl ou of Arortu bains de 6oc. Both cyen the amplest wide cun cuplan mrading would mean dath for the poot, pond to the tudience more graphically 10 moes bem que to to drums. (By pommud of Nudel Department of than the spoken word. Figure 171 is Ansertboa, Reddit Infirmy Onord.) Paroldadyahe zu zu ·A FILINO SYTIH POR LANTEN SLIDES PITUITARY GLAND HT mu luche an lulin HATI 1 1 16 a 16 ២ 2 fia. 72 Compoder de to show the codometnm m tvo ROCCITt Croa. Orula OCC Am the front but not in the second Tbc reuk bocorury with wooded hyperplim of the codometom followed by its brank down od bleeding. (By anny M Jalan Senky PITUITARY GLAND Pok PTIMIY 1o.licle Tulatoa...cars. Ille." ..!! UO DATS 16 Pio. 73 Thu picture donna for bod wed Lieta slide Tbe cambe oruktion due o punca yello od the bread mums ar be su or be do Demu were coloured red. Tous pucture hua thir Ting of the colour rould be trnoportu (nra ad falu Sleerth 141

·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY
1000
Q
50
2000
3400
200
MAYE LENOTH
Ppo. 174
A umple chant
de lengths of the deferent
type o doctrlary used in clectrochempy
(By criad Dr B. O Seart)
AT
*
dait LINTI
Fx 75
The us durt presented Lontera Jede. This
harora la photographuc rigt. Fur comment
would be that the ima a the curro m both cont
hould be the
14

·FILING YOU TOR LANTEREN LOS spece zil on the match us a bite dreslag 001 black should, as far as possible, fill the ground (Fr. 173) Another mahod of able, which in the case of the standard 31 x31 ming the white on black method a shown bude u smrt, und in the 35 millimetre of Figura 174 and 175 It will be apprecated 2x2 puncty to the proportion of about that my colour may be used behind these 2 to 3 (1.3 * Os being the picture arca). curred, and tbc colour bat could be a prace of 3. Hall-tone illustrations from boobs and coloured cellophane bound between the han this includes all printed pbotognpbic material) toa wide plate and the cover plast Thao do not make party ruch good slides us the ideal for the type of picture in which colours adotrial drawings or pboxographs. The resson ue wed to differentiate the fructure of for thu is that the blockmaker's Lancet, how curves. Inaccurate panding of these lines or cy foc composed of dots, and there are Fractures will not show in the optique magnified on the screen, to the detriment of black of the background. La balf-tons drap the picture ng tao, such things # name od vetsels Drawm which lochude many labels to may be coloured, but very frear are a socied, westoify different parts are not really suitable the enormous magißcation of preture on A Lmtoon whda Similady compliated the kiteo should not be forgotten, und mbles and charts are to be aroidad. Professor prilling the colour oret a base or tracur Tom Jones of Congo all these bacter baba very bad. It is always best, what pos "Oh Hall slides" The automatic reaction of able, to me the white on black method o at the and co-ce to sad siida makes the descrip touch law time tor the eyes of a sudicace. Dot very apt Figure 176 would be quite The owly disadvantage us that when material photographed directly on to a lantern allde sensfactory in a journal, but o lantera atide II tends to qualify for the ategory described plate, the original icera muy be repboto by Profesor foreal It to Dot a good iden, for Papbed to prodoce a se sboke should the instance, to put a photograph of a patient plate yet broken or lost wberous with a ne the tumour which was removed and teropen tive avalable a new slide an autily be Dude. ture chat all oo tbc une ude. It is such Por todos, etc. wild are so odton quickly better to have it or even three slides and the out of dute, ofrect photography on to the question of weight, where torvehty by or to loter clude place of film o an ideal method dvo a lecture, nelsible when using the The followmg ure point wurth remember 35 muitoetre ray sayting which con ing when making or orderung banten allen too muchmfortation or in the last dificult po read and the oppla especially to 1 A bide should be a deo od slmpide o the people & the back of the bu) should be postole. Unlike an Ilustration in a book is soly sboru on the KITEEDI for matter of sporoosiy aranded. todo o muutos Ja, T & The Anweg Leatro Sides free SH, Veh ở mm m bong 2 The selection of the pictorial mandal Robert Ford Lecto ·L4 4007 Hunter 45 yrs R Frontal Cystic Glioma 1011 350 - Uring acretion rate ml/hour Blood unua concentration mom / 100 ml Lumbar CSF Urca Pressure mm H.O URINE FLOW X 300 Blood & Lumber CSF Urea concentration mgm /100ml Urine Excretion Rate ml/hour BLOOD UREA X 250 Lumbar CSF Profurt 2001 200 in HgO 180 160 150 140 120- 100 100 003 60 40 20 o 200 - 20- Catheterized 150 -40 & Bladda HOO emptied 50 60 LASF ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY L.CSF UREA 50 OS LUMBAR CSF PRESSURE 1255 hrs 1 25.pn/kg Urin. Urua gms. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hours 10 3 3 Fra 176 to the c mwible. For me u The uthor cookers the chart dal for Jounal where iphone porteat Doctor do much mocnou pouk should be pre mora shek, bort tuto acpia for the yo. (B wie Du Joker Set Tots cart wu douped for pubuccion ·Chapter XIV Some Problems of Reproduction and Printing EO CONOMY demands that priating of When a engrave suboots proofs for sheets for boola kould be arrod out upproval it must be remembered that each in umts of aght, dxtcen, sod very often illustration & treated Indinchully rod be a thirty two pages & one 110C. Tbost unit ut able to control the wount of lak on each known as Magnatures and the pages must be subject. A peter however a requred to utanged in sochat nay that they send com prmt several illustrations at one time and the kecutively ben folded into a pamphlet or flow of in bus to be aperted over the thirty section of a book. The placing of the pages is ad peres, but be bu a limited amount of can known as "Imposson* An example of a trol over cuch indrykdual row of paper murkod importion of thirty to pages is illustrated in Ih' outbe dugtun. Il tuo ilustradoos Figurt 177 This will eventually be folded into upper in row "+" md one requires a greater Two uportura of uitton pugen, the first colour of ink than the other the poster alust Coosburg of page one to wxteen and the strike an average This plans why the Lecdod of pages seventted to thirty two. fuul priated sheet may show a little vuruanon Vorou impostions are used by priaten from the bloctomaker's proof. The difficulty depending on the mouke of folding machines is increased fourfold when coloured printing a to be mod in the ultimate boding of the book. tavolved as the denty of colour Dovy rury 2 TERRITORI a n Po To do povo huty tippt ·ILLUSTRATING MEDICINE AND SURGERY to It from one illustration to other in arch of the triang may be made and the colours added four colours involved. The qualibes of paper employed a different While designs in black md white are stages of production sometimo show vinable reproduced by the line block, the half tone results It is alway advisable to ask the block deals with subjects where there is engrtver to submit hos proofs on paper vinety to tone such u in wash drawing. sumllar to that used for final printing, other This process really depends on in illusion. wise he is liable to use a more apensive, highly In typographic painting, t u only pomible to coated chromo paper of beivier weight and, print solid area of ink on paper and tonal sach illustration recerves individual attention variety is obtained by breaking up the subject be will get results that cannot be obtained on into dots of varying size (Fig. 178) the larger printed sheet of lighter waght and These dots are equally spaced and each leu penure quality Much disappointment carries en amount of tik proportionate to 10 will be avoided if these facts are apprecuted. sze. Thus light tona a represented by imali doti, medium tona by medium sized LINE ILLUSTRATIONS dots, md beavy tones by barvy dot. The The technique of making a line block hos resulting print must be rewed ut putable already been described (pages 39 47) so that distance to that individual dou are not n be only necesary to remind the reader that selected by the cye but are blended into this proceu serves for the reproduction of mifoom todc. Almost my type of subject black lina on white ground and it is not can be reproduced by this method. possible to take any account of middle tona. Half tone screens vury i tre between 45 The orginal 16 reproduced in relief while the lina md 150 ima to the inch, but tbox spaces in between at etched away It is most generally ined in medial Tlustrations therefore of considerable importance, if a are 133 and 159, depending on the type of result is to be achieved minsfactory like to paper used. Screens of 45 85 ore suitable for artist and the user of the bloch, that the newspaper 100 120 for good machuc finished original dawing should consist of definite peper, md 133 150 for coated papers black lino on smooth white ground. All Half tone drawings with flat treu of colour effects which are produced by uncertain khould be prepared by a method similar to lines and by wushunt must always be that prescribed for hoe dawng. avoided. THREE AND FOUR COLOUR Line drawing with areas of fat colour or with coloured lines ar sapple stould not her ILLUSTRATIONS colours pared directly on the drawn The It may be of interest to recall that three und coloured parts should be drowo in blach, ach four-colour printing on the direct outcome of colour separately on & trisparent cover (ruch experiments in colour vision undertaken during Astrafoul which o wable to atmospbenc last century by in Edinburgh phy.can. conditons) registar marto being drwn to Dr Thom Young worked out theory ensure accurate fitting. If the subject is at all which wd further developed by Helmboltz complicated a rough sketch in actual colour and Clarke Marvell. In 1861 Marvel should be made us a gude Alternatively a showed the fir definite experiment in three 146 ·SOUL PROBLEM OF REPRODUCTION AND PRINTING P. 17 HAL tone screen, 15o long to the touch megautod huty time. cabour photographs. Three magos one in red, Consequently the copriver bo to ro lowoh or one geor, and one blue were ruperimposed to use the engraver's technical too, forwatch a kiten by three magic lanteros rod later bla plates. By doing to he belps to compensate Mokshowed the possibility of printfog three for the deficiencies of the printing ink. Do superimposed improdons upon paper using not be disheartened, therefore, if the first the three primary colours, yellow red, and blue proof submitted by m engrerer does not and thus sccuning i reproduction in colour come up to your apoctuboms. Criticise it As the cure with balf tone blocks in black freely and in most cases you will find that the the process depends on optical Wuston, the second proof approaches very near to your close proximity of blue and yellow dous gining original the illusion of green, and almilarty with combumtions of other primary colours. TEAM WORK Yay nurdy does in engnyer actieve Successful icproduction is the result of team lucrurile reproduction of his fint proof work Author publisher artist, photographer Although great strides have been made in the Ogrtver proter ad papermaker sbould manufacture of printing into it has not yet work towards the some end the presentation been possible to obtum pigments which of the subject in the most suitable wy Completely match the colours of the spectrum When preparing illustrations for repro 147 ·ILLUSTRATING HADICINE AND SURGERY duction, always consult with the publisher my so Half tone blocks are much more beforo putting pen or brusb to paper Mucho exposive to produce. Do not use colour time and labour can often be saved when this merely to produce a pretty picture but only is done. When making a dwing which u to plain the subject more deadly than in a nor for reproduction the artist may do cactly black and whue illustration. o be please the finshad drmming is the end result. In porting for reproduction, bonyet GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS the original drawing must be regarded as a Grent are should be taken in sending means to an end, that cod being the presentation drawings by post. Cardas packing his of the illustration to the rader of the book. rendered many good lustration wsclaus. Event with perfect druwrugt some change is Cricts uod morts are difficult to eliminate nevitable in the course of truosition from Never mark drawings with a hard pencil i drawing to page. The artist should compare 3B perall costs no more sad lass likely to his origmouls arefully with engrurens proofs todent in illustration. All drawings should be and observe what has reproduced fell and covered with an overlay to keep the rirface what is not so good. The experienced artist clean Avold the use of pans and paper clips. koop leurs bow to adapt bus technique. Note Mony Tlustrations intended for seproductos particularly the effect of redaction. One style are inseparably damaged when attached to a of drawing may reduce by two thirds without manuscript in this way serious loss while wother may rive better result when reduced by only one third. BIBLIOGRAPHY When illustrations are a muture of photo Gas LP (1910 IPond La Pwa Fark, Iru graphs aod drawings, artig and photographer Ed Loodon Dord Limited sbould work together and not u dva. Do DentAE (1915) Prend Pro Burred. hetron, HL Loodoo Odb.com Prom. not insist on making a web drawing when : Gerbk, CW (1950) siodor II Preces photograph will illustrate the subject equally Ord Ba. Loodoo Pom.mm wal. Agun, where a line drawing u more Master Proct Engren (1957) Hot Praca Boy Loodon Federdog of Motor Proccha suitable than a photograph, do not besitate to Fintien.

·APPENDIX I CORRECTION OF PROOFS THROUGHOUT the yean those engaged in various arts and Crafo have sought 1 language of signi's lod marks to convey vsually therr ideas sod instructions. The object of a sign or mark is to are unnecesary writing and in the correction of manuscapt and pnater proofs a shorthand hus croised which is more or less standard. The most commonly used of these sites is given in the following chart delete close up most urtists an move to left (post: more to naght tridspose query to au bor let it stand lower case letter aprtals most artists can drank Dost artists aan drwy drev uits an draw trs / most an der artists most artists andre stet/ Dent artists an draw la/ most ut cum am caps/ most artists draw #1 controw y (most crusts am drowh most artists and Amost urmaus an draw NP [most utoto con dot O drah Hall Dost arusts and bold DON artists cm dny х most rou aan dir most artists specc quotation marks #) align insert reforcoce mark new paragraph parod most artists au put in italia put in bold face mm brokon letter 149 ·APPENDIX II CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IMPERIAL AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIGHTS grunox 0-0648 - na drachma (Apothecaria) < 3 8879 grammas ounce (Apotheara)x31 1035 – gomo ounce (Aroudupon) 28 3495 gramma pounds (Avoirdupoo) x 0-4536 kilogramma FLUID MEASURES minton 0-0592 - miniHoras f. drachms x 3-5510 – millihtra il olmco X 28-4077 - withtra f. Ouncax 0-0284 - Iltras plats x 0-5682 - litros pallons x 4-5460 - Iltres - and X 15-32 gnis Ammo X 0-0322 - Ounces (Apotheanas) grimmax 0-0353 - ounces (Avoindopob) kilogrumma x 2 2046 - pounds (Arabrdupoba) mullHlitra x 16 8968 - mim. militra X 0 2816 f. drachm millilitres x 0-0352 - Al on.co htro 35 2000 -il ounce llura X 1 7598 plats litra X 0 2200 - pallona THERMOMETRIC CONVERSION FORMULAR Relation between Degrees Centigrade (C) Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and Deprces Renamur (R) Fuhrenbelt to Centigrade TC - 5/9 (TF 32) Réaumur to Centigrado TC 3/4 TºR Consignade to Fihrenbat TF - 9/5 TC + 32 Raumne to Fahrenheit TF = 94 TR + 13 Contigrade to Raumur TR - 45 TC Fabienbeit to Ranumit TR = 49 (TF - 32) 150 ·APPENDIX II APPROXIALATE EQUIVALENTS WEIGHTS-LMPERIAL TO METRIC Grat Grand Grants Afins 0 065 022 Mulgoroms 11 3 6 12 Too do It Gram 0 39 (390 mg) 0-49 (490 mg) 0-65 (650 orig.) 08 (800 mg) 06 16 22 32 50 13 7 10 12 154 20 30 15 - - 15 2 25 13 19 2-9 3-9 65 100 130 DOS 1) 2 3 1 4 3 - 4 - 260 54 65 90 120 150 180 58 78 97 11 7 5 8 - ounce (Avotrdupois) 1 om.co (Arotrichupot) 1 pound (Avoirdupos) 14 18 grumin 28 35 gramos 453-6 gruS MEASURESALPERIAL TO METRIC Mno MOS Mites Fhnd Out 17 1 1 Muhtra 0-03 0-06 0 12 1 18 2 - 2 20 23 30 149 3 5 0 18 0 24 Mbretros 284 56 8 1136 1420 170-4 273 284 1 5682 4 1 78 237 2-68 335 6 5 0 0 155 8 6 60 - 0 36 10 0-17 90 5 33 20 0 59 10 12 15 120 240 7 10 14 20 0 71 089 ISI ·GLOSSARY Brocant-Abr peuge landing from the tracba to the hung BONCHOSCore-Virul Dummodoa of the Looch! with broadboscope. CADATEL-A deed body bouy medicating room. Cerco -The bild part of the large bowel toto which the appendix enter CUTA LOCIDA SAchment for microscope by vrch obiect ceea tbroogh the yepeect are prolected onto table a peper alongatKop 124 Cac Parn-Thin paper curford with pre peaubon of mipad colour plus Betty ruburace wed for duplicating Cant Cocon-S Fig 65 CELLOTTANL-Truarpercor witpplot el Cmal-Partong to the brain Corso SPDUAL Pertaining to the bron ou ploul cord, se P.SI CLDICAL Relaims to betode treatmcon. Calon.-The lary Interimc. Colou FALTO-Coloured peltot film comcated between plus rod mterpoed between the auon lo md the object to be photogpbcd nc. Lo Aloce out cottun colour. Couro BLOCK-A block made up of Ex opal, or aning and kends, we p. 79 Cornum L.-Upright partum tin, xep 2 Coord-ADJ Aructure rcheobling horn. CORORAL - Horizontal sectwa nauty #pplied to the banduod pect. See p. 19. Corte Peel or burk, part of the brain Cox Gua--Rubber rotution remade Croc petrol (I.B. Co tod Company Ltd.) Cruzanou-Rapul cubete uport, se pst. Croscort Van mottog of the bladder with Tipscope map. 21. ar moro ADOLCOY-Hatoda from the lim of the pelvis to the dlapuram bounded a thoodle ud i front by the ibdomiol lorda od bebmd by the upload cotamn. ARCTH-A cicum anbed collection of po. ACETATL-Oc celoplume cette, torparent no pretch, Doa hriak matockal made from rood palp. ARQOMALY - chronk done of the bord of the band, hadsed feet which become olurped, keep. 105 ACTDUDIDAFT-TODO of Toket md ulin volt my a CLAT Dt. AIR BULUud to blow toe spray of liquid colour wet p. 3o. ALICID Colon-Trent colours for a pbotographic pema, film, a hater abda. AXAADA-Imembahry to pum with bow of coo Fouden produced by thethe spent. AXALSTUTTAT One wo administer sacubetk. AXALGOLAAbdence of porn. AKATOWY -The rocace of the structure of crpintomas ood the relation of the parts, Lee Pp. ANTI-In front. ANTIQUARIAX --Sur of drwg purta 4 32 inchen Met P. 7 ANTOLO POSTDOR-Froot to bed (AP) AXU!—The lower opening of the alimentary canal, ter Pip. It 19. Am ACT-A fructure or to the bus been camped troom Dann te, ker p 7 AKTYTL-Black or white better printed on heute bected sccture, we pyo. ASTROFOIL-Tricing paper acettte bected Dog tretch, son uhrtak Art -Abence of pathopar micro organun kn p. 5 ATILLA - Armport. Box DAY TEXT See mechanical tmt, . 47 Botox.-Not alignedt. BLUD.—The Orangement of Pope to that the pictoon! fica po right to the air of the paper BLACTAL-Rchating to the im BLACHLAL PUTIH Antenar pemery dirixon of the sth, 6th 7th wad Khan Lad u thooka DTO pumg OTT then a mio the ele, ce pos BROITOL BOUD. A to quity of cardboard compared of two or more abceo pored together the rubetence of the botd being detained by the ouaber of sheets, vec p. 35 BAITIRA STANDARDS LTTUTTON.- Part Street, London, 100 prockt mal coacern to co aduate the aforo o producer and mo for the mpeone.cut, sandardutron md towplitation of aptacering ed indrumatok Section Lota on lued pri od thote pou biely to be of interat hat are . Chcemak, fm, ou Kantic putut b Danking Instrument c. Penkool wlety qurp met. 1 Symbol Sugas und Abbraxtoa DITA Pam Samlar to tracing paper though mont opaque DAPHU.CO-A partition, the mock dmtmg the chou from the abdouch DATHDAY Tomico o not bout Cucine pont or for tbc autetto of blood Towels by cketraty muurty DOTAL-Anay from the centre of the body or of the pocot a ucturnant. Dorset. The upper noo oloy part of the body DOTTIXO POM - A rukce pro bring bed with Krited dp for drip docto UDCL. Doors Appbed to paper to Le doubke ckephant 40 161 coches Duvar Lettang runt, Ke P. 7 DUCT A dund for the page of fool 152 ·GLOSSARY ESTOUT-Indonto the arpal DOTII of torp a fracture (Appeadictomy) ELKIM MICROCCOnt-Alodara microscope towany TOO tiedon, R 131 EUC FLA-Socirocird ama comem But lommetine plugred into mom duoc froa th bulbs PAKTKQTH LAT-Tbeo of decondiyo curate GUILLOTLA nechine for cutting or trumming the odgood peper acard, cep it HADITUR. -Proo buto-blood; od mudar baring forth Hau Tong Block-Oor lo hich the tund made by doa ke p. 63 Ft. . Hic Kry-Ured to decibe a photograph of Haht an und berp de taloa Hias Ligart -The hurtre part au pleuru. HATALOUT -ominady of te mlanie kodomy of a with microscopic od. HOHODO-O moc structure Urroughout. HoutONTAL Purule to the borupa. Hot Pim-Hard od mooth mir coloar pepet RC p. 7. Hirn-Over or above, ولا لا ELLTOTTE-Fucilme macke by depour copper mould of g olad pod bacted with by pilnbod do EULANT --Sued paper 1x13 Lochch, set p_7 EXOTICO.--The Hating of the man of vocab (code, whilo) Export-Irmant for your camminom of store orpor, sc p. 131. Burn-One who ca ta bo 00 ctal, rood or Root for printing to pp. 75 45 17 En-Upon, over or abor Ertuxor --Projects dwing or pictures from books dating too can shda, o p. 114. Erm-Archette pont ho mpoonized, PP SSL Buon COLOL- Apec theoxe spent when pourrad, LNCTICOL-A cut. Lor-A key or copinnory Dutdoo Incorporated in drog a photograph, Kee Flp. 07 20 LIT ho acara pepe perted in book Andi dacal sentence ediled to proor to appear in to copy Ix St-Any part of the body o nabrect reen to wuel cartronment, unctotubed, rcc p. 17 CC p. 32- BUPADO LITTE O TITL-Thon of unusually wide KORANUL-Trumperent cette bediend by tractat pepe poa stretch, Don-thtok, ko pp. 56 64 FUCAPbroo Dobrot. PADOW BOUD-Smooth surface board for more colour Doooctorum, etc. PionDON--Proces in which photopapher makos rebel pelat odoret oppha the coloun (Kodak). Pantaperin Poc-Uwal ta upory for bolding the sod hng od blood remet, nec pp. 45, 90. Pour --The loc, supe, ayh cod penal apports book FORMALDX-PrexITILITE molto mod disintectant Diade trom formaldehyde, x p. 32 Porca Coke-Curve cut out of wood ac perpe for inct in doma pripht, cty kop. % Pook. --The behet dorpio, thot pot further ttmated from the opeost. K P 119. GALLIY Poor-A roweb proof of type per le for the purpose of decko od correcting out about 1 tocha koot Gotho-Deplicatmu procent GRAD. The direction which bra o peper, a PST GurdanDepury better cool cort, Cursos Pou-Dawag nk po for better bod Loctofal fut GRO-Loanthoc or prep paper ap 39 Sputra ruled ca truperea mortet for the purpose of make or rectang dirring to our cha GOD OLD Oprazan ple doon mooth and rough mutace und in cuo focus KTEED admintong bore, Keep LAPARANGON --Vual combattion of the Lbdomo, Lumoocory - Voeul rommetion of the Mayor LAT-The orpoate roke. LATPL-The outer utpect from the dime of the body LATOUT-Tbe plm of dring a cren of mentre book LIADO--The bos houby pomtam dotwcy with the complottory word or better ko pp. 49, 64- LITLAGT - Letra from pecully pated type weet which ao bo toford to my art pat without trimsfer file or background, we R 3 Li-Printed matter odurma brum ullu totiu LIGATV-Sealmg od blood retked by an of atru, aylan, ok, H. Two more letou pod topther (m) LOA BLACI-A pomime bloc code of rolle ura adla, PP. 46, 146 Loa Boum.-Sumlar to Scruper Bourd, tror Colyer mt Southby Tools Court, Loodan, LCA LDO COT-Bagrey made by humd ca lipokua LITROGETT The ot of pooling from , or from TDC o alumniam place, toated about 796 LDIOTTIL-Type time memekdag loo oo pka by means of board Local-Listed in ca. LUVAL Reading to the lower part of the buck, the pod of SI L PUNCTUR The motion of needle into the pumal Coul Cruker to schr cerebrospinal ( C.P) MP3 153 ·GLOSARY P. II MAL-Surgial, porn by everyone to an operating PDTOTHAL-Arenthede tror there to protear droplet contamination from non Poxca DIAL.- be closed ac coveloping the hant, od mouth ke Pg. 106. Ured to control polis on or brush technique, se POCTITE--The art of doing object to give the impradlo osobday or three deco 01, p. 32. Ured photographically in batera Hda or to obterate PHOTOGLATULL-A procen a producing by pboto plot of pbocograph. phic salon modied metal wwfince for printing MICHAECAL TDT -A that added to me block by the fruca mpira u doma from my already on the dancing PHOTONICZOCRATE.- Any photogruph take through O P 7 roscope. MAIL--Towards the midine of the body PHOTOMONTAGL.-Any pboto grup combued with ALLADTDIY-A fold of tisste Copaccumg the intestine drawmy or other photographs to make picture, mc with the poucesor abdoromal wall. A 107 Mia-Preth meaning wall, mble caly througte PHOTOSTAT --Medus which produca samba on microscope, xmlderd paper from point or illustdoon. MICRO PEKOTOOMAIL-Vay all negative ibu mtended PLASTITORL-Shecu of dots, line or hatchathu polated for colocnt or prinim otrospercut mich docuve become known MUHOLATIL-Duplicatos proctw (Amecan). abo a pre-forwa bading om. Ditto Lurte ftonbed. Moc Ur-Plcurta pested into poetion to form ParMOLOOT --The act of tho mal procent of Lry-out hying arm, Keo P 14 MONTAGL- Sce Photo Mastuse PLAZA-Serni bransparent exccveloping the hum ac Mowa ADECUVI Sox.-Protective film for coram P 47 drwg ar photopapho, applied by bett pecuurom PLD. A bald ar bet af ned or rew.ch.. dry mountmy machunc, et pp. 69 32. PATAL.-Sheet of dou, too or butching pointed o MORTDA.- Adecchet druk transparent attite with sdheute beding, kontro #pre-rw hacing alim. Ditto Luotre hlabcd. No.- The death of cell rounded by hump PLDT --AA lo premalo made from phomorphic Depiro or potating block NOMA. -New growth, used with reference to Port-Man After detth. tumourL PED WHOL-Opeque white water colour me pr 55 Nwmotion-Surgery of the crow them, see p. 57 to 16. 6. Proor COOLITION -Sap. 449 NET -The lonrekt made of proting paper Porno Pan-Paper on which . H or 6 pecul der Ime reambung ok wel reproduced, cep Orloo PAOL-App were the picture butter runs 62. uprds fostad Kron, a Fuso PDL-Stuted towards the centre of the body or OCCIPITAL. Relating to the back of the band OFTA -A process of peutmg from buho Kooc a the point of machucat. PULL-da fmpton of block for the purposes of pluto try thate to rubber cylinder wuch then chetto Prched on to the peper Pelac STDOM (Congo).-Contraction of the OLIOGRAPA. -Lotboppby wtoch molata al penting Aral portion in m plots stomach. Lad v pomid on CLOTES, Hod od vrnished OMTAL LOLOGY The Dce of the Rep. 28. OFTEC. Pertunmg to the eye, wc p. 95 Actu-Tbe anteht part of the wp DICHO OSTOHY-Inconto the moroduction of drop to be opening into the mal anal. 100 m argu by my Cecotomy REDUCDO Lod. kom which the cooare rufico OTAIT -The car baurer of the the centre, Ke Fuo 9 od 56. OMILAY --Tomy paper ar kodunct acted to RUTR MAL.-Moto down on murofonpal dawmy to indicate where hbelling mecberal tits copy tbe bape of arou, od which may reproduced or colour thoold be med, * pp. 49, 146. in the proof muacolour pob to ed in obutorum cod qock repare when printing PAKOLON Home procesung colour outf, film od RD-Accood or ow premio a editor of my pipe Jabun ca of Herodos Ltd. pelated rock PAPILLOMA. A benim epitehal rumour cootmg upplied to the orice of place in PATROODID The origin od danebomcat al duette order to present a rend the corrouro kuona PATHOLOOT -Madal and dealing with module sad, see P 75 uthods of tection cod domam wractwa due to Roun Pox A double pen for den two pecuDellona dete, met P doubt only doo Mods with ruks pehl PATOGRAPL-A denior for coloring or reducing Rovax Ordinury type o R 27 derico Raw Baum - Suppled to face board, op. 65. POLA --Vitamin B deficy doen ROTAL Suodend toe of pointmy paper xo as machen IS4 ·GLOSSARY Тианотот „Екстракт од: 4: SAGITTAL Kection through the body from front to de tradha to rate Two--AD powth Sour BOARD-Band werd ab ukabute or itect with a very pooth wrtcs, KTP St. HDL-A pro al opeque lina rued and under UN-Lettertag rulle Key 11 40 pood med lopetter for making hall taxe UT-Tbs rumb body, map. 6 F St.-Ano arrity labore or aher thagoc. Vort-Candy want to SPD 12 sing We musck coubs un ooda Cerebrospinal ful ho. I 3 119 Vann-Oost of lone LA **** STAXA DOLNl-Lettering guide, KD 34. Terra column, DIL Sipaccomo instrument by which two zimier VOOROTTL-A wuwnika picted of the more object are counted so that the வரdully Two aru etno ce poing three dimensions Vir Dito Bou.Opequ plautu CL beband for viewing X 10 MM STTIL-T pent by dous instead of loa STEROL - group of yoprocom or ups whakte ben cordered together bodiate a specie dhe se sep Wow CANTON HILA. VI 109, 33 Sotero Penal Co, k* fply X LT-The praku of what TOT BLOCK-A plate or knocok ud to protbox . fet color TUTATACT --Poultre para colour photographes DP. 137 131. THACO Para-Sound-tromperent paper treated with * station of custor oul in sicobol, kan PPS 640 L ZIP TOKL--Shects or da La printed on transparent moc pso.

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·Enlarger and 1 1 Pa. 131 132 pentopoh. 19 n 124 125 FR 2194 pboto papx, 113. PL. 159 Endoscope, Pedomach 2 18 Pacut cabe 122 11 perter 122 F 1501 Epubware, 124 Epreto, De 7 Fr. 51 153. todo rabbo 69 83. Nipniraton 69 Soep rubber to Typescnps, op Fitba 54, S4, A. Pobyl chlod, Jos. Fir 112 Arcoco Cul, IL Ched Robot the 81 INDEX Abbott Lubonna, 7 Bruch, 16, 54,81 83, 118, 14 Allocs, 71 FA 09 90, 111 Air 19 20,1 100 Eur 77 10 Abtb, 47 Borrer 35, 09 F. Agomepły Po 177 128 Dry 57 Ak Prut, 19 0,21 108 Ma 27 Hog Hatr ,, 64 M 83. Want Color os. Pic al 100. Bowcy HJR Fa 112, 113, 114 Album me 170. Alcohol, 69 132 Cirche, The 6), OS 103, IOS, 107 Aluon, Professor 1312. P. 165 111 132, 17 F IOS. 167 Putus, 129 Amm, 140. Lunds, 124, 125 Anarcha, 7 7 7 103. Fig. Snapeto, 103, 1os. 129 132 Carpa, Su Hace 4,7 F. Amata, 13,87 10L. The 122, 147 1312 Culcio Sterlin Acay 1 7 11 12 14 15 Carolo, Giulio. The 2 01 71 %, 86, 96, 97 104 Cuiry Department os 110, 116, 117 120, 137 Cellophane 69 117 121 122, 124, Anglepota, 19. Pe 24 Cellulose Arte, 09 117 121 122. ADU, 25. Carte Feuble Curre, 19 F. 19 Ancaqsa16, 17 Ceren Middlex Harpital, 128 Appardo, 7 1,57 P 75 Chato, 63. Apprenticeship, 15. Cherelke, 2 Adott, Andry 6. Po 10, Choice Vode, 35,00 67, 6, 97, 97 122, 194, 146, 147 Chan7 143. Art Department, 3,7 16 Cholerutamany 51 P14 Colitis, centre Flo a School, 14, 177 Colour Carte 112 Arctct, 117 177 Crom, 151 F 167 Artype Alibabat, 31 F 36. Inben, 14, 145, 146 Peack, 132 Arunfel, 3 122, 1. Photography, 14, 129 11 Pouter 33 Fis 12 Bukoy Hugola, #3, 104. Ha. 89 Trtmaportach 113, 197 118, 90 91 93, 99, DO, 102, 106, 127 Colostomy Py 101 12., 134 od 133 141 102 Conspectable Barros Scrod, 10 101 Pakur 25,67 Tutor Dorothy L, 12 Camp 17 By 19 Corcons Seru, 119 156 159 Eden Hanger, S. Compe Fipron 2 Bell, Charles, 2 Cez, Peter F. 73 Ben Dry Tmt, 47 Pe 31 Coaching Home Bouda 13L Crn. 7 oso Fig. 40, 82, et 12 Braco, 56, 62 Carly Cyrtocopy 15 12 14 159 DW 1965. Phil. 12, 19 Emakee, 19 Denton, Dorothy 15 Per 09 101 who, 72 Derdloper Dad, 114, 120 Director a ol 62, 61 Pest De Forcepe Pen. Rom 19. 9.03, 67, 69 71 77 10,99 109, 120, 122 7. 19, 53,116 Fus Scp 35, , 3, 12 det Colour 70 Bodilema Libory 2 Pa II Dy Brush Techarge 37 Dry Alone Pr., Bortoa, Polebol Prous tos, 109 F 1%, Deb Serba Dust Espoort. F4 # Det, 6T 157 Bonap Brutus Alatke 57 Edpowth 99 112 110 Brock, Pro Mo, 2 #5 6,7 03 00 Pu 2 Bp. 19 L 1 Fe Halua, 1 Pulopen., 1 Bilopio Tuba Fia 107 111 Fergabr og ins L02, 10 Fin 120 121 121, 140, 160. Futuan Hord, 7. Fer Nibe, SL EK Fihny synem, Fab Honcther Dla. Fu 162 Patre, 69,81 Focantung Screen, 11 Foruten af Maaro, Frp. 40 92. Forberal Collector, 7 Prtaz, M.8.1. FI 102 Irence Curve, 10 Fusi Postbuste. Fi 103 Pand, Came 129 of 129 142 Meer 12 Gabach, WB, 92. F 117 114, 119 Geles, 1 de Pau 69 77 Gangtoe. Fr Tom Gaurocopy 13127 12 F 199 Geot porn, 29 the Ghus, 81, 87 Gm Carl Letters, 29 y 39. Graphon Han, 19, 29, 3,51 PE 21 Grad Omond Street Hosptal 106 End, 124 Petr 151 152 Grape Lite Fy Gulbo, 17 F 17 Gus Ab, 81 Paper 9 To Domaine Herer, Donau P1 HD PE 12. Heching, so Hm kr 19. Pp. 103, 10L Hornworth, AL F 168 Hetabolts, it ileroto, T. 157 ·INDEX High Key 71 Hatogam, 38, 57 P 4 Horn. Augun 3. Hotner Syndrome, 103 Pt 133. Horley D Guy Wmxon Fr. 59 00. Hunter, Willum, 7 Hypo, Bath, 112 Cra, 114 Hyrterectory F. 105 Lleottomny Fig 134 A and B. Indla robber 09 lopunel ber (shalated) Fe Inpold, Erm & Co., 4 F 49 Lok, %, 39, 45, 47 55, 56, 64 81 99 111 129 140, 145 147 Colourd, 140. Inban, 69 113 117 118 120), 121 Pehlon, 19 25, X (Rp. 20, 21 2) Inert, 91 Fin 107 120. Imet. Fig. 107 120, 121 124 160. In Shu, 127 Fira Intrumenih, mm 17 124 Fx 19 furpal 50, 69 66, 128. Fe Io, 128 mury of Pe 164 Memnifying Glag, 03, 124, Fr 193. Memor, Rodney Flo 69-72, 77 Mimildne, PE 17 Merrell, AK, 81 PL 101 Moll, Clarte, 146. Miechercul Tint, 47 57 Metal Artists Asociation of Gorn Bruna, The 15 Methylated Spion, 118, 120 Microscope comel, 12 chetron, 131 Dacular 124 pulpting, 131 Fr. 161 Mitchca, Profoner Pue 99 Montepe (Pboto-Aloon) 107 103 Moano Adhetare Skin, 69 71 132 Moulpe, 14 Naopharymt Fa. 12, 126 Neurological Surgery Department Fa 40 92, 124 Neurorurgery, ,807 Nerneh, 81 ili 14 abdormiul post. P. 55. brichal F. 130, 131 bypoguti P 79 optic, 95F 122 pcnc P79 Nitrous Osade, 105 Fe 45, 51 post, polecony 129 130, 131 Nuridd Departmoor of Acecah tha, 7 136, 140 Fin. H 34 75 76, 172 Ou Bogtub, 24. Fu 28 Operaty Theatre, 14, 15, 86, 91 92, 97 100, 101, 102 Opbuhalm scope, 12 Ophthalmology 128, 129 Opore Nare, la P. 122 Ooel Colemas Ostford, 1, 7 '15, 14 Opo Closer 0,01 F 50, 75. Pacou, 1 Pacduatre Departmcat. Pe 97 Protogrph, 19 77 124 L Pip 26,134 Piper 9 71 80, 81 131 145, 144 Blottint 81 Cubog, in Cartnde, 65 Chromo, 146. Dem 19 Graph, 39 Ho promed (Whamm). Lopurithmic, 39 Plla (1 ond) 108. Proolin 62. RE 81 Rough (pot prowad), 57 Tocin. 31, 2,99 7 56, 64, 65, 81 63,119, 120, 124 Thome 11 P 17 Purphumors, 115. Pa 102, 140 Pathology 14,4 Petre, Coules 12 P. 7 Perp Hal IJA Bee 19, 119 Pellen, 131 Pch, 59 60, 61, 169. Peral, 14, 31 33 19 49, 50, 55 62, O3, 75, 77 80, 89, 111 124 123, 118. Blue 50. FX. Box, Carbon, 19 55, 65, 67 69 77 83, 120. Coloured, 131 132 Laki, ss, 75 77 81 83, 120 Fp. 95, 97 Peos, Ball port, 120 Fet onb, 34 Full Founton, 19,80 P 30 Gilot 29 36 Ft 4 Gopbox, 19, 3, 51 Ple 21 Muppen. 31 Mitchell, 29 Fu. 34 Reed, s, Salpy 29. F Suzoal, 19 21 23 27,29 Standard priph, 23. ha. 29 30 Pennsylvania Hospital, 7 F. & Perspective 9 12, 33, 71 116 Fin 5-41 Pence, 17 Playhodou 1 Paplata 87 Plan Cher. He 15 Plastic, 113. Plasttooc. F 73. Pearl F 57 106. Plaan, Bachel Pp. IX, 157 Chorou. Pre 92. Penc, FIE 97 Pout Palmoury Hr. 90. Palypu. Fa -88. Polyther Tube. Fin 107 111 Pou Morten Roace 14, 15 54, 46, Pochum Bucbrootte 115. Poulton, T L 8,61 Fig. 79 80. Prett. Fuy 75 Procoa but, 55, 56, 57 80, GI 1% Proofing Pupa 62 Pybnc Storou. P. 123. Romatott's Operation Fr 121 Rahmy Les 19 19 F 19 56. Roctuction, +9 61, 65, 123, 140, 14, P. 155 Reporter mat, 61, 146. Reproduction, 14, 1050, 65, 66,7 +7 83, 9, 114, 128, 129 177 146 Retost, 75 Retort Suod, 118 P 11 Ricindyk, Jo Ven, 7 F 6 Room Latuan, 24 Row Boord, 6 19 55, 56, 65, 67 69 71 77 78, 09 10g, 120, 132 Rotal Color Surprom, 11 Fun 4 9 14. Rolar 17 18 19 Jormicroo, Dr E E, 12 F. 7 John Hoplam Metal School, 43 Jooch Profesor Tom, 77 F: 98. Keogh, Chura, 75 Fig. 95, 96, Kmy's College Horpiou F. 74 Kodak Ready Aloun, 140. Kodatrice, 31 56, 61, 122 Labelling, 3, 49 50, 64, 65, 143 Linton Suche, 11 14 4,41 39,90 121 122, 137 13, 140, 14 Lipum copy 117 1. Lorient, PMP 77 Lary Forcogs 15 Lui, Pratomor 11 Fun & od 9 Layout, 14 29 919 Landen, 19 6L Lapud Letract, 31 Lettering poder, 24, 27 Line Block, 1946, 146. Labogrupy 2,4 Il bocorny Pottico F 105 Lira Fig. 69 72 Loodan Happital Thea Lontoo, Hcies. Fin 60, 90, 91 92 Lucile Prolet Ced, 4 Lumber punctors, S2 FP 01 65 Tertete, 12 F 10, 11 Mecintosh, Profavor Sur Robert Fa 10, 11, 5, 50,31 55, 57 58 61-64, 129-131, 13, 137 151 15 Sulurlas 61 Sement. F4 28 Sald Black 51,57 65 60 B 83. 18 ·INDIX latebay, 22 Fops 10, 11 57 27 اما عطيه Vom Blon, 19 Vud, Locento 1 Larra Antonio, 2 Lood, De O Fa. 45, 4, 11 171 Scope Bond, 1, 3, 5, 120 Satte, 41 124, 137 145, 147 Bockumeen, 63, 75, 14, 14 F. 62 Forum 111 Script F4 22 Set Square, 17 Fle 19 Sporto copy 122. Su Limp, 12 Sop Rubber 04. Spuzhod Any 574 Spearm. 117 Spalacter And, 2 E 112 119. SC Mut Hospital, Surorthy Jobo Pp. JOT 111 173, 174 Sursel, 19 24 31 49, 56 Adoln Doghp, P. 2 Stradardnpt, 2,27 29, 0, Voo, 2, 17 Storage Ben Fur 170 Srubbe, De Job. Fu 177 Secoop Apparatus. PER Sacet, Ralph Fig. To Tbk 16 Temperature Chat 38,14 Thimb ml Sko 2 Fy Thymector F Tating HE 18 'Teden, 1 Tompriett, Dr FIL 142 "Tooelicotomy Part 1, 91, DG Trucoooumat Po 24 Trudny Puper 3 12 8 57 56, 66,6581 , 114, 122,22L Treocelaburt periood P150 Powice. Fir IL T sport, le 17 27 29 Pe 19 ab Donio, TT 3,146 Padront, Meta 150 Vhod, Mw Forn, Williams, Ralph Vegin, 01 Ft a Wit, Prolom LJ Flat 45 Votul Curtea Paatt, 19 65, 67 69, 77 43. Womb 9 Me 10%. Wres, Str Curwopher 7 Fig. 5 X Ray 9 19 120 Uno Suomal 25 27 Young De Tam, 146. Vokie Pocoy, 12 4 F 41 2th Vouch left latin, 29. Pe 124 third, 71 Frp. 41, 42 Zoo, Block, 13. Chrousa71 Pb 4,47 Tip Tone, 47 56 57 thn 54, 73 ·Praed by PICURING & INGLUS LTD por

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