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·CONTENTS Chapter LAGES I Prel m 3 1- II Hit 1B hs 3-9 III ng her ] 10-13 IT Pjput C) n 6n 14-17 1 J T nure 1824 VI Gn id s pt on St t t aland oth d ta eg rd gJg 5-30 TII Zemnl T nur 31-33 VIII Lnir u Sri y nds ttl mat 31-37 I Tnny Rght F ture fun 435 - Abolt nf Jag 465 53--56 XII SINI Abol t n f Zarr nd rgbt R mm nd ton nt ng to L nd T nure L ndRc mnt d Settl 57-59 IV Cet innt m te mraend t It ngt Ryth n 1061 Smnary of Per man nd t s and Con I r ons b - Apr nd 64-84 138 H of St te

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·CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY 1 The Government of India by their resolution No 41 1949 th text of which 13 reproduced in Ippendix à const vanune ind report on the Jagırdari and land tenure system Dia Bharat The Committee was formed of two wembe two from Madhya Bharat with Jr CS Tenkattchar a heh trus mht lend the impression that it consisted of two Jimittee hns found it more convenient to work as a joint bo It 10 urt In some measure the agranan problems of the mon a pects but here certain questions have required sepa fc been dealt with in separate chapters or Bections of the r 2 The terms of reference of the Committee as set forth in t vernment of India referred to above are very wide While e of the Committee 8 tash has been emphasize the Comm lated to make its recommendations for measures of reform blution gives greater prominence to the Jagirdan problems Committee has been asked to make its recommendations t sjal in direct relations to with the State This necessaril cxamination of the Jagirdari system but also of the Zamında tes and of the general question of the desirability and possik of all classes of intermediaries between the ryot on the one th Other The terms of reference also charge the Comm inkin, recommendations for the reform of land tennres and : the nt system of land revenge administration The Conimi nterj reted the terms of reference in the vide manner indien ltd themselves to the examination not only of the proble tenc ct the Ja ir lan 3 tepi in the tio States but ulo oft of the eut nce of the mindari y tem and to other benci ant rihtsan lt ullin up of n efficient admini trit im Mr Sir I member of the tituent Assembl With Bh rat who appointed to this Committee uu iri the end of October The Gos ertment of India nominate! ther nemi er of the Con tituent Acmbly In rruent tun Vrsarwates lace 4 Th fir t 1 eetin, of th Cumruttet i sl) i D It tin tjectin, i dr it (f th que tion a ir toler t It of the questionnaire will be found in 1 p nd B 11 b he in the Government Gazette of Paj t) in in Marley blacits in other 18 Writt n nomor in 1 il repl. 7 il vited 1 oth fum in iu luals anl from awui tion in enue prollen of th tio State More thin 10 written ny roon and as ociations in I aj?sthan and about 30 in its pre ented & icry wide variety of views The Committee then toured the important parts of la rat They visited Indore on October _6 and and ind 30 They then reassembled in Rajasthan and ber Jodhpur on \ovember 5 and 6 Jaipur on loven on lorember 10 and 11 During these tours persons of with or interested in any a pert of the p oblems unle xpress their views. These persons and a sweation3 m 1 ·. had sent written repi -3 to the questionnaire as well as others who lind not sent ans euch replies Dunng the tours the Committco also took the opportunity of 1181 ting valiares and studyine the land records as tema tho lund tenures and tho JAGAT dan systems on the spot 6 The Committeo then reas cinbied at New Delm on November 24 25 26 and 97 to con der the rccoinmendations which they should make to Gorernunent Th also met a deputation of tho Jaurlars a 3001?tions of Madhya Bharat and Ra. than and heard their rema on a memorandum presented by them 7 For facility of narration and description we have retained references to individual Indian States as they existed prior to the formation of the Unions ·CHAPTER II -HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Unions of Madhya Bharat and Rajathan The Unions of Madhya Bharat and Pajasthan comprue within their arca a large & gregate of Pajput Stitcs as well as a few non Pajput States including two of the lar,est Valıratta States in India. This arer is bounded on the west by the Great Indian Desert its northern boundary marches alon, Punjab and Delhi and the River Jimna on its eastern boundary lie the Central Provinces and the Ara valis and the Vindhyas separate it from Gujerat and Deccan The area of this region is 173 402 69 miles with a population of 20 07 119 Madhya Bharat 2 Historically the best known part of thus region is Malna A tribe of pople known under the name of Malay is settled in this tract of country and gave it the naine of Malwa From the very earlicst times we hear of the Aryan colonisation of Malta 3 Avanti with its capital at Ujjain on the sacred kyhipra 18 hallowed in the lore and literature of India Asoka as a Royal Prince was Viceroy of Ljjain durinn, 119 father s rei 'n When he succeeded to the empire himself and becamo a Puddh t he cause the trection of the famous Stupas at Sancha near Bhilsa This country is also famous for having been one of the seats of the great Vikrama ditya the fonnd r of the Vul ram era It was in the north of Malm Dear Naprsaur that Washollarman and Baliditya broke th power of Mihirakula the Hun invider 4 After the death of Har ha we find hshatnya tribes of the Deccan and nor thern India evolving into Pajput clans and tribe In the p riod before the Voslem inva 1on the Piramaris were dommant in Valva and the burhvihas and the Tomars in the northern area of Vachya Bharat I'he ancient Paramaras are still represented by the Pulers of Pajgarh and Narsinghr) ap 1 the modern district of Rij ark 2x liabited by the Ummat clan of the Piram ry G« tlor and Volwa were during the early mo lem pero 1 annevel to the Sultanate of Delhi When ever the Central Covernment at Delhi was weal the Woyl m overnors of Malwa tended to become indep ndent rulers 5 Jalura lying on the hi hrouel from rurthern India to th Duc an had always a great strategic significance It was con equently abo al vays liable to pre sure from neighbouring States Durin, the period of Joslem rule the centre of gravity of the hachiwahas moved from the north of Gwalior westwards to Jaipur The Tomats who had ruled D lu before the Voslem invasion were now pressed back to tho soutb of the Chambal From the west cime the pressure of the Khichi Chou hans who founded the States of Raghogarh and hhîlchipur A little before the invasion of Babar Rana Sınıram Singh of llerar actually conquered Malwa from ats Moslem rulers 6 During the Joylul empre a new class of Pajputs was introduced into this Rajput grandees at the Vlo lem courts or cadets of the families of the Princes of Rajasthan who found favour with the emperor were often Tanted fiefs in this ag in other parts of India Such are the Rathore Princes of Patlan Sailand and Sitanau 7 Under the Vowhuls the greater purt of Vlajua and Gwalior was directly administered as 13 apparent from the statistics in the Ain 1 Ahbarı The direct admin tration of Valna by the lo huls left its impre s and brought about modi fications in the fi cal bistory of the region With the decline of the Mogbul power much of the local administration in Valna was undoubtedly obliterated sition of the territorial chi fs was considerably reduced and their importance dimi nished The intermediaries on whom the Vo.hul power had relied for their ad ministration suffered sererely and there was much spoliation of territory as well of n,hts. area The po ·+ It 2 the tu i Voir tt i riu in is way ton in the clot of the lint Indt cort it! Ils virulito the t shirattı were collectw, Clios tl. pre ir nt its the Vi lul Fmy crur mutual the I hui Biji Ruth D of His Bil 10 app int it heril the sus tlic filhar tid the I of Dhir ml Duis timni tirths onntri and to collect lu lure Thes (11 million tienis is liciltl thoito Hitz in fe the tahrattir fou itt rincipal vir letween 1501819 a ile ult of which the ] pastillo I thirr mount porter un Inein Sir Jolu Valcolm made a po et tntral Inhu in 1915 The Central India of lui utlu 1911 11 ttt i balcolm ith but few mochtentions Turm the period of Wahratt rule and of I indari mids and mutual G irfr Tetueen Hollar and Seindia the political map of Walsa hndit to 11 puzzle en 1 the country is ro luced to a stato of extreme un till ITU ) tu Larch ha Haqt The territories of the Vahratta chef the clue inextricablı entangler Spotted all over the country were boril I riput tutmarging degrees of subjection to one Ilirtta 1 nnce or anot In ricr to es lve some pattern out of this tan lel shein Valcolm divided the 101 heft 1104 into three categories 10 The first consisted of princes who were rulers in their own ruht and o "ulxdinition to no one el such as of Gwalior Indore Dhar an Dewas T * r all thratta princess The second category consisted of the bigger I chufu who clumed recognition by the British independent of the Vahrattas mont between these chiefs and the Mahratta princes claiming authonty over were atranged through British mediation and these States were therefore to ay malatser states This still left considerable residue of small chiefs mo Rajputs who could not be recognised as completely independent Their bol tere therefore converted into guaranteed estates that is to ens estates un ler the superior authonty of another ruler but the possession of bach gurrantered by the British Corctament under varying conditions 11 This report is not concerned with the adju tment of tributes which mn le at the settlement of 1818 But ono special type of tribute mu o be to te here During the period of establi hme ne of their anthority in Malwa the ratta tal followed a policy of cru hing out the Rajput clues and of obliter * many of them as pox sibki Slany big Rajput chefs were rulueel to holding uft* illor anel yet others were entirely dren from their ancestral lands Pajuts in crengs used systematically to taxi and plunder the villasca w luc I from them to the Mahrattas Immunity from such raus was bought I Jalırıttis by the payment of black mal money which was generally kno Gira 11 Thee Girasia grants were among tho existing rights at the timo Beste li xeupancy and were recognised by Valcolm on condition of mainter Ori! Rajasthan 1. There is definite hl torical tradition of the migration of Rajput clan fescral centunes preceding the conquest of northern India by the Moslems twelfth crntury The shattering effect of the invading forces of Islam lirale dupersion of Rajputs from thr fertile and open parts of tho The Pajputs spread themsises out in the hills #aster and the and lands of Raja which they bcll as the second line of deft nce against the fu reign invaders thirteenth centun the dominant clans of Rajasthan were already settled i An in tu la they are found at the present time By then the $dias in excusation of the south ani) south west the wild western matches were os tl Latitudes tho Ilagay a branch of the Chouhans were the dominant ! ritm lunga lan shile th centrıl parts were hekl by the hnchwahns of 13 Thin : of Diellit cxercisent little effective jurisdiction over tho while thr l opo chu (tani the clans maintained the independency The 11" plun lenin. exfxlitions of the Delhu hings and the opening of the TOU ·con the Imperial army to Gujerat tbron, h Pisthan made no serious impression on the independ nce of the Rajput chiefs The Slo lem dưl not obtain a firm foothold in the heart of the country When the Tughlig dynasty fill the in lepxe nelence of the I wat chicf 1 a saile 1 by the Voslom king lots of lalu i and Gujerat There is a hert l ut brilliant revival of Puput tren_th under Pini Sanni of Jewar Fortune rot anl fell Finally some of the tertile lands in the ea t were lo t ini the I put eling were incre isingly confined to the more inhospital and innccessible areas in the west and the south west During the Vo_lul period the Pajput cluefs accepted the uzerainty of the Voghul Emperors and maintained troops which were at the dispo il of the Emperor so long as he was in a position of authority to requisition them But internally the Rajput chiefs and their clan organisations were not ubjected to the lirect authority of the Moghuls and they socceeded in retainın, considerable auto nomy and independence Akbar made Ajmer the headquarter of a Saba hich included all the surrounding territories of the clans Certun parts included in the territories now known as Jaipur and Alwar may have been subjected to a closer control under the Moghuls owing to the proximity of the strong garra on towns of Agra Ajmer and Delhi 17 15 In the Ain Alban the whole of Rajasthan is shown as being compri ed n the Suba of Ajmer There are statistics for certain circars such as Ajmer Nagaur and Ranthambore Moreland who has critically examined these statistics Audes that they did not apply to Bikaner Jodhpur Sirohi and Udaipur Elsewhere also it may be presumed that the authority of the Moghuls over the tracts in central and eastern Rajasthan was far less extensive and less effective than the statistics pretend to imply and the revenue payments must have been a financial valuation of the amounts assegsable than the actual receipts The lands were acknowled_cdlv in the possession of the different clans under their own chiefs With the po bylo exception of certain restricted areas in the central and northern parts of Pajasthan ihe Moghul agrarian system was not introduced in the areas held by the Rajput chiefs and their subordinate chieftains 16 In the one hundred years following the death of Auran, zeb the Rajput States were threatened with obliteration by the powerful impact of the professional arrases of the Mahrattas and the I athans and the internecine feuds among the l'u put chiefs themselves In 1818 a Rajasthan completely digorganised in it inter nal conditions was taken over under British protection 17 The internal structure of the Rajput society as least mo ufied lurin, the Joghul period The long period of distress which preceded the impo ution of British Paramountcy weakened the central power of the Rulers in the Rajput States but it placed the subordinate chieftains in a position of greater independence Then the British settled Rajasthan in 1818 they had to bring about an understanding between the rebellious Thakurs and the suzerain Darbars in all the principal States where the sem independent Thakurs had seized the Crown lands and bad appropriated to themselves a large measure of authority which did not belong to them Though the internal structure of the Rajput States was stabilised an old tod archer institution based on clan organisation could not but he affected by the emergence of a strong Central Government of the Ruler of the State and by the corrodding influences of the working of modern forces apon such an institution. Historically the land tenure system in Rajasthan has remained unchan_ed without any rerous modifications flaring a period of nearly seven hun ined geirs 18 It took another half a century for the States in Rajasthan and Central India to recover from the scars anl wounds which were inflicted on them during the dis turbeel perod preceding the poltical st ttlement of 1818 It was during this peri that in what was then known as British India the Fonous eysteme of lanir settlement and tenures were erotred by the early Brith admin triter shape given to certain theories of ownerslup of lin l or l pria tar med ·In 6 19 Before we refer to the land system during the Brit: Il period we ma ma a brief refere nee to the agrarian system in the Hindu and Vfusłım period Fiscal History 0 Ihr much that is obscure in the fi cal hi tory of the region There is Inch of continu sus historical information and ot statistic Only some very bros anl gen ril ob ervations huise been set out to serve 19 a hacl ground to the que tions which yr I alt vith tl ew here in the report w! Vul t in titutions in Jalw z can be traced to the remotest untiquity at as in ther parts of In lia they continued to survive in their ancient vigour till (1 hteenth century In Rajasthan village institutions appear to have had a d res cd erit nec owing to the pecour nature of the clan settlements of the vari Lajput tribe Jurists an! ndmunistrators have debated on the que tion whether in t lindu aytiriin system the principle of ownership of land cier prevailed or w admittel We to not ourselves propose to examine this question e contc ouruels es iis quoting a fuu words from in authority which sums up a sulent forta of the Blinlund system Ne final substantially tuo pirties primarily interested in the lux as far its proluce is concerned These are the hing and the cultirat and there are no ind pendent interests althou h we fins also a num of offices inter sted in the crop whether on the pirt of the village of the king On the part of the king were the officers of reseni and tho aril nne militars establishments which were frequen pr vide i for Us 1 slnment of revenue But we BOC nothin, aprox ton propri tur in the English senge and very little of the 1 ut 11 of list planl tenant (I Lorc Lectures la quota ant Rrt > the į mm lin beton Committet) - 11 finl in nt 1 fth lust my tye stite I thu The relati bt til hu initis ultus urd ni i in the ris ilin lu lu text nytttolonlrlnli tenint is more in te niture of a partnerolep t!• prolu tại • f the grad relation wuch may very well cyst athu the attribut is right of os n tabup to other parts Accordin, to th lay ly di wa bv Jan we truth t the king es nnot give atras the birth timucit nou x 1011 jrorts but 14 non 311 eingy eng yin the frunts of th on minta ur 1 st The (nly ryhts reobris al were the right of the king to share oft Trorlu anlar ht f cupimo for the cultivator who rni ed the cro ſtert was n thrli rts internt ut bcts in the hin, ani tho cultivator TI Tinht of th ultus ir 16 in litiunil niht to occupy which runt he coul i tran mit to his h 173 ni wa h fer that rm (non it by deemed proprietary rint certainly fell fr short of the strobit of eunur lup wluch in the molern sen ch pl mury powers of u er control and di posal The free excret of the power of alicnation stuch 14 n chi tractentic inci iont of ownership in ti moulin ( 154 * wholly unknown during the Hindu period Thru 13 nu vilunce to vluch so can reſer except the laws of Manu an other ancı nt llin lu texte lys which it may be presumed that durin, the Hind period ulla institutions in Valma and in those parts of I ajasthan which had be columusel c nformel to the position stated aborc The i lamic Lan wag alministered for a period of 01 OT six centuries thru parts In lin wla huert subjected to the direct administration of the Music rulers The law oft! Han thi nchrol 518 grneralis followed in In lia It was a re of Law aspon the ſanatı lawyer*that once the state had exercised the option of les par netto Ithe lans RI Lt bin frenly drar ICS 1 TI Infla of Int Ic! up to itt voltar is to f Lonpat it Lax } ll at Tir re cohoto I T 1 31 3 CT +) ·1- 2 re 7 he lands in the po 3 ion of their former occupants the State renounc el all club owlers up inihil no more thin the rirlt toe it the lini tax (khuraj) trot he unb I vers 1 ft in pu 1on who tett tre text not as tenants of the State bu 1$ propi tors The doctrine of th Option ori,inally applied to land whuh ha yen con i rd by for Subscqucntly it was exten led to cases where the occu Dit is made theic sulmi ion -6 From tais statement of tho I in i luw it apcar thit ? Vu mu tad no oriul al as on ner of lin is subject tither to tithe rhliraj lc nht lowever hid ei th Stutu be om ty sui crveni zt title the owner of land s ct to the need I hara) through u e of the K, il pou ers of expropriation where th ax payer d fruited The normal position was that where the option ind hee xer d the only right of the State was to recent a tax from lini tal en up fo ultivation 27 As the Hindu lax sp als only of the king anl the cultivator so too th Vo l m lux contemplates only to furtie namely the State which received the and tax anlap r on in actual pos e ion of the lind who enorged with the State or its payment Whatev r may huc been the gal theory in this matter there 1- nothin, in the bistory of the lan i administration during the Moslem period in Indıv show tha the actual payment oi tu revenue to the State v is acknowledged as Dar Ige of ownership in the mudern sense of the term 29 Anbar s settlement in the regulations mle by himr 0.ned th poyitors hat the State Ialt directiv with th iltivator the procedure in fact w ver ion to the Hın lu sy t n of liruet relation hip between the hin, and the culti vatox There is no ju tification to hold from the records of Alb rs scttleryent at the cult stor is the v ner of his hol lub by virtue of lus I bility to pay the revenue for it I r,ht of the cultı tor lurn. Albır 8 reign was no more er ensre than what it w s in the Hindu į rod-tult of occupany which wie all well to p es by inherit nce I hrou hout th Vo lem eri d th ro is also no evidence which purport to confirm a clau fur prorretary rı, hts of any cha > of mi i llemen or to place them in a po ition of lanīlor Is over the cultı ators 2J W mu i ept that durm, the Voslem priod there was no great mcdi ication Ith int (dent Hindu agramu system 1h innovations which were ntrodu I under M) le n rule did not fundamentally alter the previous position 30 The origin of the interme la tries between the king and the culta or is lealt 11th i inother section The answer to the question low the intermediary la s put fury ala claim for landlord right may have to be looked for in tho early 11 tory of the revenue administration of Lritish India 31 The system of the Farmer of Pevenue assumed greater importance during th declining yents of the lo hul administration With the collap of the Molul powe he Central Government became weah the relaxation of control give the Farnier a greater opportunity and scope for tigbtenin, tui goop and the signes faclel out With the change of the system of revenue ti e po ition of the Revenuo Fariner wa altered con iderably He begin to secure for himself the status of a landowner He had acquired hat may fairly be described as a pre criptive clann o proprietary interests in the lands under bus control and his po ition of suthority made him to all intents an I purposes a landlord! It was open to the early Briti in administrators in Bengal when they first ame in contact with the land revenue system under the decident rule of the successors of the Voghul Empire to have Caken the stand upon the previous status and even the letter of t! e Vo lcm law which loes not tolerate the ucquisition of property by jre cription and ohuen ſus to recogni e the claim brsed upon pr criptio nokts TI o ugrarian system under the Brith rulų follou ed a different course and by the lu toric Regulation 1 of ssued by Lord Corn illis the lamındars of Bengal mere declared to his manent heritable and freely tran ferible richt in the lan is compri ed est teg

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·own, to the a mitte nature nf the I ules both lo hul and Valmtta and Teate t in Paji thad here the Puler power and authority were con id rulli it trirt d by the ni bt (ftle subominate chieftin The right of the printee vere undi turli lon ther performert the c nditi n attachino to the grant and in the of the renee to tl ei ? i nment Trelation between the St te and the cultuvator mnc rallo diret (with certain reption ) in the area tinder the dom un of th Puler In th alienated the ice 11 uppo-ed to tund in the zone relation in hi land as the ruler dilih fic trd r tre of modern iden lint 1171 len ttel und uirt ved rd rents filed lr i proper ett) ment in the area dire th under the control of the Pur The initiative taken by the Stute in ti 1r i nder it din tmn in oth in Sarvin, de Tee Leen exten litt att rer

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·ie 11 ritory and settled down tl cre he would Twnt assionments of land to the leading rriors of li arms both 19 a vind for their past crtices as well 18 remunera in for continung to render ervice and for mynt inin armed forces to be made ulable to the hin in time of ned Somctimes? i nments were mide merely a reward for past servire rendered Then gun ndou ments creited by Rulers the support of a temple A mo que or n edu ation or charitabl institution pula tike tbe form of in a gonm nt of revenue At the other end of the sale me tho minor 7 _nments as Inams or Wurfis which wero grinted to members of e pri tly ch or tos rvants of a humbler type for ericus rn ler d or for continu g service 6 Thore hi terefor existed in 'nda from very early times a class of inter eduuries authori id or p rmitted by the kin, to take a shire and r tun a portion the whole One of such class is ti o Assignee The general idea indırated by the on Asrnee writes Voreland is that instead of paying cash the State provided I future pecumary clums by assioning to the claimunt the kings share of the pro ce of 1 specified area the assignment carrying with it the grint of executive autho ty sufficient at any rate to enable the assignee to assess and collect the amount The area might be an entire province or a single village the claim to to satis 3d might represent the cost of maintaining troops or salarie for crul or military Ivice and in normal times the bulk of the State s claim on the resants was signed in this way 7 lbe institution of Assignees indigenous in ongin may be traced back to the ro Moslemn period in the form of resignments in lieu of salary or service a signments o remunerato hi h officers a w ll as lower ones by Lifts of land or 25 nments of venue 8 It was lud down by Manu that an officor appointed to be in charge of one undred villages should enjoy the futenue of one vill ige The Arthagistra appa intly obj cted to the system for therein we read that the hing shall not give away ny village to any of his eri ants but he hill increaso th ir sul sistence and wares a con doration of th ar ) arning and worl 9 The ordinari mernint of the more fimili r term Jarır the assi nmont of evenue conditional on future service I mr bermo a greit agriti in institution o Mo I m time initially und rtho early Voslem Pulers an I later under the lo buls ind us transformed into convenient instrument of Lovernment From the beginning we ob erve thero wis Peserved (kut) 1 pd thit 18 land dirc tlad ministered for the ben fit of the trea 128 The 15 ince had toll (t the recrue lue from his charge and after defraying ti n tend expenditure un astfejas >f th troop to rent the suuplu to the hine treasury at the epital The kung thu drou revenue from ti o prin iral sour e the rot from the te ried land and the surplus incorpe romitte llytherine In tli ntext th A JOTICE functions or lurt wu zat Crudu Uly in the fro Vo u perio! the sys en of as inment Iecame the most imp rt nt gerin in tituten nd it begin to talo the form whxh Lecome fumuliar n tl v lul period Tho a signee w wound out armor to balty w nyo eu e Ju to the motrat of the a. amned income a body of tro ps availal le for this hin needs 10 The A vignee Jurin the periods of vi orou Vn lem 9 Imin tration hi Le n noti in mor than a Stite crtint remou able at the ill oft) el uler er inn dele, tu uthority and enjoy in. cert un immuniti s and privere TI V lem Pul rs of Indi tre ne and then toe t bli h din tration hp ltnccntic State and tho cultivators of the soul "at the continent 1 dm n son of th ir inquired PO sions rnd ti e and quite admin tr te re our oftio feruntur of t1 eir rule succes fully defeated their att mot Ilmo t tliroi lot tl Mo i ul seri dulo reat lull of tle Emyire nearlss Icnhth Munci rti tem & cum nt s etc 11 In Moghul times particularit n of recurrin revenue were sta particular item of recurring 1 ·1. mon of the Inju ISICE Be ves the reneul oblition of v the at net was under tulilits to muint unnt low cost definito fun of cialis The offices income » 14 aluat defined in mont but the ictu it pay na nt was laten ment ! uulo and payment fron the treasury 1195 ) FB. t1on 1. This sy trm of a ignment of lind m de nobility personal an I not h revlit its Instead of obtaining it by high birth men obtrinei nobility by military or unl Appointments in the Vo hul time then 138 an an tocracy of once with no lie reels tary pryleges and little aliennbl wealth Tor thi cla s there was no potueui ht to inheritania Sequestration of inperty at the death of an efficer was quite com \obility wis often recluced to renuri In a stron, jent i to 114 father Shah Jehan Aurangzeb wrote - It is your wish that I slioul) adliere rild to the old tom and it hure my self heir to every per on who tle in my AS Wo have been accustomei as soon as a nic ble nr a rich merchant illc to breathe nay some time befor the vital pirhitza fi d to impri indly at the servants of the rfliers hou chioll until they mik i full lis le urc of the whole property Che practice au intan lonut but can ve dens its injustice in crucity? 13 It was a common practict unler thult) 11 th tr ) For Rhip downward: nnd to form out the risemi tih hetkills 3 be it r t of then get 18 not er much in the ind in the in die 1) tunitha nee was unstable in le 184 lubit th mowi ont from 1.111it te shir There was no tend for the crumul ti n fri antri mes in any way superior to those the ultitr در 1;Int 4 11

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·14 CHAPTER IV -RAJPUT CLAN ORGANISATIOY I fd the annuli t of Rajisthin propounded the feudal view of Rajput soci ty There are no feature in the 1.rarian ystein of India which hiso any counterpart un the full a ton of I urope There may be urtun superficul re emblance the clan or in ti nofthit I put th: I put Chicf 19 con lerud is first amore Ius subordinati territorilchcttne The Ji ir istem with its a rnments of Land for multury (TVC Mas De con ilır I wanother chricteristic of the feudal sy tem The th orctical vil of the Ryput territorial system w is reuod nn 1 the offi 13? 10x of the Gorunment of ind, 1 it but the following terms in the first Raj putin Gizetteer - The my tum up in which the lanel is distributed union, the branch familie and other greit licre lit iry lindhold the basis of the politica con tatution of a Rajput state and formy its characteristic distinctior Ind to system not paling accurat ly feudal Tho tenure of th great can man insoker militery kertio and piyments of financi Alls but its s purce is to le found in the ouginil ilin occupation of th Jands an I in the privileges olin lupind of purity of descent fro thie ornal Occup ints or cun jucrors The subordinate Chucfy rcal claim to be conjuctory with the nlers in their rolt to lommon o the soil and to the fruit of it (Rajputanı Garctt er 1679 V I 100) Accor king to this siew (lun tu terputs us the cementin, clement betwe the Rul rand his heeltam ****neti no much stronger than the ties of fiaclalist The descriptifth mir yutem im n,at the Rajputs it contained in t well hnc un word 1 lut Il grut ot an cutie 19 to the lito of the holler wi Anh tart to h frin in Ild (nt i acoj tion with the Ranction of t Irinn unrmler th reversion and power to resur txing murbed by its luul molle nelie i the trant or nequestritt (76) arhi Tina) i the ins I their tາມ ·arried Joomber of smaller but independent ones ence a Oce for specifi d purposes 15 fappropriated as his fisc or Khalsa as much land as he could or as much as hus ordinate chieftains vould allow him to He possessed the larke t portion of all suth the lands held by the head of the State are not often more than the aggregate lings of branch families The lands are for the most part divided off and inherited ong branch families of the dominant clan Some considerable estates ise held in ta-tern Rajasthan and Udaipur by families of al nel 18 who have come bym rriage py antenor settlement in the country or have come as a contingent to aid a former r of the country in some hard fought conte t Larger estat s aro held by the diturg hends of branch septs which hate spread about from the main stock 7 In several cases the original fields have been further sub divided but always intaining their independent tenure In the words of Sir Alfred Ly 11 large [...cts of land were po esmed by the hereditary heads of the branch &epts which are polead out from the main stock and by the Lindred families which are as boughs to the great branrhes Sometimes the e branches have ramified into a numerous radt komotimes they are represented only by a family The family chief also hoa portions bi land amongst 118 nearest brother in fact he 18 a state Chief in na nature and his group is d sub group Int fit 8 Thus the orioinal very large estat s have been divided everywhere into a The actual process of division las of course In ome parts the estate pr ses in block to one heir and othere are entitled maintenance in others the tendency to divide the land as the family increases d branches out 18 more marked This proces may be illustiat d with reference the bistory of Bihaner where the clan movements took place in the fifteenth cen horney The Pathores of Bikaner are d vided into five main groups those descended om the ori inal founder Bila consi ting of nine important families those from Am s brother Bila those from Biha s uncle and chief supporter and the other two rahm Bihas less distingui hed brothers and uncles The anterior clan settlement of thes of the Bhatis According to the Bikaner Gazetteer of 1874 forty five sub groups re come cended from the e five moin groups held between them 767 villages 15 of the strator sub groups did not posse more than ore or two vlage and 18 sub groups of hatı held am n, them in aggregate 89 vallaces of which only 4 held vill & 60tr ) and under 0 9 Around ud below the e tate holders and the familie are the kinsfolk ho Fren clon, to the ame sept of the clan Thev hold land either id ] ndently of the head In into on some ort of grant from him When d217520n amon brothers becomes ampera rrive the division of the freehold 28 in proportion 79 the custum of sub division in the an permita A stage 19 reached in the bistory of inherit ne when the estate ceases → be further sub dinded and provi ion fr the youn er brothers of the agnatic -tate roup is limited to the grint of a well and a few bigbas of land for life divi 10 Standing apart from the clan organisation but above the cultivator is the here ajput Bh m Tod gives a historical account of the origin of the term in Mewar Jamphatever may be the origin of the Bhum 1 olding it h d tlus app rently in common Ah reditary non resumable and inaliennt le property in tho soil was in parıbl: bound up wth a ros enue free title In Ajmer Merware the Bhumia has high status and of Depar it is said that the Bhumia thero is considered to be the fur gredisputed lord of the soil The Bhumia and his } eirs I old the land for ever on con as Ination of peculiar service such as watch and ward protection of the roads or attend 11 Mithin a structure of society built up on clin orgni ation a chain of mutual thority and si lordir tion iln in a graded course f om tic Pul r to the posses or y cocks ne cr mole 1:) RL The e tate holder Irge ard small pay to the State l'uler dhe stam diesa e ed on the income and regulated by custom Thics are bound to che ander maktany service and their lands are rated at so many horsemen or footmen to lire furni Led jearly for the ordinary public serstre The domains of the estato betur olders aro rated at a certain valuation of rent roll for olery thousand rupees a heasur itore i the sa areat T ·rertain number of armed men must he provided for the Stato s service In rerent time, thus ryeo ha invariably bren commuted to cash payment ih pros lent ten in the We torn St tos and in Ud upur Tho reli the estate holders with the Ruler diff r from State to State In placos they ex almo complete juri diction in their area in other places they have been te to mero assignees of re tenue without ant pohtical influence or cıvıl aut) 1- Whercier the territorial soi croignty of the usual organisation has by up the dom uns of the superior Chief or the Ruler have developed after miny into the hhalss or the Ststo and of the subordinato estasto holders into the areas It al o appears probablo that both tho Rulor in tho crown dom the minor Clueſs in the ironti amas did not at first maintain or crerciso a definit clum to the land as landloris but rithor hold their estates as rulers without diret onn ction 11th the ultivator oxcept reali ing rovcnuo from thom Ruler of the Stat did not the any share of revenuo from tho subordinato ( Curuluilly with tho pe no of tune the prorous somewhat indefinite connocti thy subordinatı Chiof with tho land has bx ome moro Jearly defined and his to! ? 1t # rt 1) ed ind develop d into a clum on the P 211 ) mkent th tuloillan llards both of the taste and of tho In ut in this lum ro omnisce tno riolit of the call tini in fiind inloor his incestors have leared and ! iltintin In th Whil villames the Rulor & claim probably dovllo simul rhin t ·re 17 n a greater pur by various Jobs these app ar to have bron organised into ommunities forming what may be called jount or landlord villages in which the Original settlers or their descendants claim a right to the erclusivo possession of the and round the village site The growth of the claim of the Rajput soil lord has verborne the joint constitution of the pre Pathore villa es in place of a joint andlord clum of the descend ints of tue orginal founder of the whole villige that laim has now be n transferred to the Thalus who while respecting the right of the irst cloarer of the land an 1 hi3 heits maintains a holil on the o cupied waste Thus ihe vluges havs now become merely a collection of ind pendent famils of ulti vators th old bond of hereditary joint landlord laim to the village area having been compl t l dissolved 16 Similar conditions prevail in the Khal 3 villages also The extract below rom an early ttlem nt report givez an 1031, ht into the constitution of a village in the hbalsa area in Biboner - The utul act of founding the villame will probably be marl » l bra mony Each cultivator wouli buld lus house on th at 1 tutor the villagg site and would help to excavate tho tank He then would broah up and bring into cultivation 2$ mach land as he thought prover and wherever he liked at a T t ror la 3 distinc from the villa e sito There was no partition of the whole or part of a definite area by virtuo of joint lindlord claim over it 2 h cultivator hyd a rirht to hold the tields whi h he broke up and rurtiin are: of w. to around them as & vinst the other m mb rs of the village This right descend d to his heirs in a cord in with the custom and to si h an extent was the right respected and is so still thwta ultivator who 13 ab ent from his villano for evoral yeurs 13 justly entitled in the opinion of the country ide to the po session of his ancestral fi lds and hou e wli n ver he returns There n ver has been in the orent majority of the Khalsa villages any group of p rsons who asuorted crextri ed any claim as joint landlords of the whole are of the village nor at the time wero any croups who made such a claim based on inh rtance The Villages on i ted of groups of independent cultivator the mht of ea h of whom is b.sed on his bein either the first clearer of lind or the d scend nt of such a cl user and was limited to the a tual rex held by him be had no re possibility and consequently no contingent right in regard to the holdin, of any other cultivator nor hud ho any claim over any un lividad portion of the o upied wast he had m rely & cu tomary right to grize his cattle there 17 At tho ci torn ond of Pisthan in th State of ho ah w hay o lence thu at the be inny of the nineteenth ntury thi tenure of lani n thy I llalsa ar a was very wid ly h nod by the administr tive me usuros of Zilam Sun, Be for his time two titths of the produce belongod to the State and the rom under be lon od to ths cultivator efter dedu tiop of th village oxpun. 09 7lim Sinch sur veyod the lands ind impo ed a fixed m ney rate pir bi ba makin, th s ttloment with the cultivator nnd giving the villa o officers only percentage on olle tions llo soon broko do on all the hereditary tenures and got almost the whole cultivated lind under his dirot proprietary management u ing the cultivators as ten inte at wall or a farm labourers 18 On the other hand in the State of Ud upur for a long time by practice the tenant in the Khula area had been i ft generally undisturbed in his possus ion BO long as he paid the lind revenue I re two varieties may be di tinguished nimely Pucca or Baroti and hutcha The former gives the occupiur rights of mortgame and sile and an indefeasible title to tie land so long as he pay's & ses mont on at Eien if ejected for non payment or drilon away by misfortune and loses he may at time return and claim the inheritance of his ancestors by paying the r atrons as well as that of the year in which the land remained uncałt bis ab coce In tho hutcha tenure the occurier is little better than at ·18 CHAPTER V-JAGIR TENURES 1 Rajasthan. 1 Tho existing systems of lagr tenures in Rajnathan m91 he goured categories namely (1) Jagir (2) Juna Jagir (3) Bhom (4) Charitable G (u) Bbomuchan (6) Inam () Service Grants ind (8) Permanentls qut 115 estates and lands Each of these is described in detail below Jagır -The term Jayr 1% u od both in a genetic and a specific sensu its et neric fence it connotes all non khila area In its specific senso it means gt in land ron.. ting of & ubole village or villages or a pit of a vill go or The tinun of the different clats of Jagirs are fundamentally the same but aro elicht differences of origin and some Variations as to tho duty or payment! which they ne liela There are aglin bro dly four distinct cla ges under which Jagır tenure falls One ch s includes members of the clan fraternity who hold lands not ongnalls by grant from tho sovereign or upon the foudal syutem bot right of hinship with and descent from tho original stor. or stocks who first cony and settled as n dominant clan in the country Secondly thore aro grants for w no foudale 14 performeul but only a quit rent pud or hold rovcnyo fre Olav Lo held prinu ij ally by tho clan members of tho Rulor s own famıly Rani near ret n of the ciufs etc They partaho tbo patur of apprnages TH there are al grantees who originally obtained a signments of land on the syst al la tho revenue was hiven for aintenance of troops or other distinctly val con dertion Fourth in tho wier npplication of the term Jogir á grint 14 mnd in rex ornition of service of a political or ewil nature or as a mark of son I fiour of th Chief Thie 12 a in ludes non Rajputs al o } Th Rajput Ja itular with fou crceptions my fixed annual tributa Jodhpur the muhtaus is called Rekh 19 17po od to bo 8 per cent of the gro) 9 value of the Jimidar sentito and luc hi to ugly one horromin fur oxcry RA of revenue or no cumul somar for o ry PS or one foot fe Idler for overy R lli military servien ir tinkru) hne nou len commuted for c1 h payment In I the titel militari tribute is called Pakam and 18 mudo up of Ichhic mone ment in rcu inn and I thhwal or protection f(s This yearly Raham with the im unt of th diffrent e tate but 18 generally al out ono third of In ud iu tho innuil trilute i called Chatund It 19 ruyx ed tot Euth (fthoc rhin oftloc tito of the Jagırdar and the Jagirdlar has to with bay natin nt for t rtain priod csery ve In J1 almer there a fJn iril ne holdin thirestates on hat 19 called the Bi itoni in or its Th Jual or pri notlung whatra ver to tlo Stato either by of rent OT 10 Tho (ther online 14 tluat of the l'att dans lo hold their e at the plan uro of tho I uler and pay notlung s n rule tho Jalinlars pay a fe (Alziranı) on their succording to + Thay ac orlin, to the lo ality Strictly prohind a Jogir that I for a rin i tilt only and on the death of the holder immedintely be hhalte turto ir tio fiac ad to remains until a sucer or has en toe w nit 14 111n onuertel anil a frurh Patta } xued Lastly mi estate 2not to confiscatinn eye for some gravd political fience In tlor matter of succession to a Jamr the rule of rimngi nitur hol and if il ti no Fna piece of 19 r) jointexil, Adoption who must byr n line om en fant of th rigir al frunten nihitase the estate cheats to the State prinn loptel; nominated ett rly!! Ja inlar during his life time or I due Within talle diss of lu death or el ould leth have died thout linuing pletion by the Irding to mls of 11 family Ton laju Jinlars are not li !! io military In ut but they pas ainrana etc in their calec slo adoption can only be with tho function COTI tatet ·19 7 Juna Jagr - Jagirdar who oc titi 119€ been moqumed N usually p rmıttod Jodhpur in con loration of h19 pr 11ous po ition and in onler to Alto lun from coming hom udp mule tor tam t rtain portionefit frou of rent or tas any hand In Binner and in Udaipur thus tenir pri Valls under the term Blom htunuri lvolder art los encanta ot Ji Inlary to whom lind & Inel for mun nant They clo not pay ren to the State Rhom - This is a vider term than the one mi ntioned nb yo and the holders f the trnur art scuttered over a large area prirti ulirly in Jodlipur M wir and Sundi Blinm land in ([iriou d (rij tions The Thomill always it I usut Micro ther 18 a Bhome in a villi o ho ha few big 4 of land rent free 9 In Jodhpur lind given by tho Stato or by the Jacular to any one for im ortant velit rnd mi to the Stat, or vallen i Lully Bhom lud Such linds 70 xent from ill kinds of taxorf erropt the Bhubab uhuck 19 no m r then mild form of trilutt Seeindly lund proopil xl and roumht under cultı ition by omo enterpi inginer uns are ille med to be enjoyed by the in purpu tutu fiel ributo named Damlır 14 J udvirly th JA trder within who o cutite the land ompri ini tho Bh mi situ stod land arı al 0 t Xtmpt froin any other ter r servi o und untinue to be enjoy all the owner for ln rition I furuly tho ands or villany wizerl upon oricuiquc al un suc & Ally enjoyed for a series of enerations without hen r n wel ordu turl its n durin it than ot government s constituto Bom They aru ovi mpt from all hinds of tnition only a fixed sum named rubal i lund from th m yeurly Thoy cannot bo ri um laxept on round I tre on runut won of thou trint 10 In Vleur tho e holding on the Bhoni tonure mn be cho ed under two grow 1919 lv th Bhumit ho jay a small tribut to th State ind a reliallo to be all'ul on for local arvate and Bhumi who pu i ne rmal quit rent (Bhum Burar) i na jxer OTT: Ruhirik wtek and ward of their villean funding the roads et 11 Chantall (ru -1 as their various hynnym much 51421 Sol Udah Milak luny irth Dharnında ott All the i tu miris connoto urritillo trants given to Brahmins Cluang \ath 1cmyk ote 1s neral rul tl oy iro hold rint free A ligt in Marwar kranten in chirty 1 llid Suinardi ant frex When the grant is of a portion of villaer crtuin well ind til it 14 known a Doli 19 Bhomichura -The hollor of Blu micharn tenung in tener illi azchen of Bhomi But the minile di tingus hd as a different from tho i who loll Bhom land 13 lho Blomhira tunury is to be prin pully found in Jaisaliner Mullani in Jollipur and Shehhauatu in Jaipur The Bhruichar. tinur As when th ratnto 18 treate a personal proje rty and divin tuke plit ac nlims to Ilunul Anl wher the li ofrimo. nitum 19 nt admutta Sypce da jon hin. Aino in for centurio artrom Cracientation of Jayır right it to I ( Tin tulandit n tho Rinall. t holt rof such tiut cum to hold lusland und Ja ir tenun 14 In Jat slmer who Jardar lolling inetit 11 p*rtuti di NOW Iittai niti uyl to the ell et son The profit obtained from the 1l 18 child oquills b thirttillt? uns if thion lagipun ti be from th in on So lonto al roo toulther thus syutim 18 will enough but it i most fre qu nth a frutful source of gri vou quer! If od jute tohe pla dui non of the I ndi muli mbi tration or linel rofth Stut llum continues from in tation to na tion and in miny instancenow It minn s shan in the innd 14 Very kmill inden Thuis cu tom mu jrin fully among the Bhati chi ftain who ar tha do 11 Ants of Valuarwal hait Singh Tho consolidation of the nest of Vill ni an l Shekhawatı Alfred Lyall in his gutio Studi 9 ) has beun gruatly binlered by ti ·20 the Chiefs of Jodhpur and Jaipur who being unable to control the untuly com nities became alarmed lest they should unite under one head and become formida independent ntals With much the same motile as that which according to TIenry Maine induced the Enmlish to gafél the lands of the Irish papists and them de cendiblo to all children alike the Jaipur (hiefs u ed all their influence pu h foru and among the refractory srpt the custom of an oqual division of the among males on cach snece sion--ning it as a wedge to split up the groups as the began to form 16 There 19 no esidence for this as ertion that the law of primogeniture delilxeritely not admitted at the instance of the terntorial chiefs of Jaipur and K pur The Bhomic hard tenure of Millan and Shekhawati arising out of the clusion of the rule of primogeniture in regulating succession constitute an ex tion and not the rule in i c clan orlani ation It is this erceptional procedure in matter of succes on that is responsible for the fragmentation of the Jagir rights these arcas and not any Machinsellian policy on the part of the Pulers P the Rulers may laro derived a gocret satisfaction at the weakness of the clans in areas but it 19 inconceivablo that they could have interfered with the laws of Blon ngin t the ihes of the clansmen 17 In Vallasys at 18 apparent that one branih migrated and founded the S of Joxlhpor The otne which remained adopted the law of Lavelkind that by whi on equal division of tno proxity of the father is mudo at his death among his and beran to divide the land in equal proportion at como later date At pr *totes ubi h arc fails 1g enou h but the icst of the arer has 1 minutely frogmentel The first in rnnk 18 Jarol comsuing of -- villages which a divdlitsent families In 189" it meat cord d in a report complex by Jollisistic that the B imet estat bad already Icen divided mongst. lic* rnit fimut s are not niallblo a thiyeron las not set lccn surveyed TO turn to t 1 ܐܐ ܐܐ h Of A ܝ | | f :( from : ܐܐ ܐ | ܐܝܐܩ 18 The tenans of Nchinito in Jupur has the same characteristics as 11 11 nth tuli llurs ar livad I trong 11 t1 < 6 14 at thodonth of tho fatle the rul ofirin Titirent link x n adınitted her Tho Shehhunts of Uds ILI 1 l (lint Toul) held that frict suby it to tho ordina rul fir mitin Intul duvido under frunstances which are not ik Acer 11 i ont f13 49 villages nero li tel in Odaipurwati s Sın hur hul rol tu I adın, Sheklinat funil s was shown as holding hii thrining vulln Celown ay di tributal among -G behint Apiritu om at vir or lrd Thug Sara Sin! nili fan sis me u vurder Vah ja Sinu Jai Sinch of Jimur tno leren Jhunjhunu Virhnt and in hanı Jhunjhunu and \arhet vero later ſ rtiti f harlal Sin" and ty thy sub-dowon the Panchrana formini Sintti chhataty of Ldaipurwati hind alse dy dnded there tin Ing bir hir tini 1 Hai Jai Sink it was dituval that in distribute their indeci Toy Ms Amongst tlcis being they should follow the orilingy llin custom of din tlefroperty aluch they had apply to their home Coler I Brex lc wrote that Sihar and hhetr aro the onls estatcs which hasc ««l tl. ruinous sub div. 1011—the first by the distriction of the minor branc worought to enfro partition and the latter by wont of 14uo bogond a singlo ID (a hits TAI 1 unwillin me on the part of the cxtnto folders rulet tet late* t rubel111on t ut over a lincs rrea in this tract tho cust of equal partition titrer equal bein was faloured dir "lilla han described t comyimli oft balatt son of the land in the tract in the fllowing terms caterp rtion of it was no doubt partitioned of whole Falla, 28 lut eten. numire of villas fortrol tho share of a singl brir thut hi ir did not receiTo the in a compact block lle inceled a number of scattere tages which colloctis constituted bu inl nitance Again 19 ml dir jon continued pien tko ind ilsmes were broken up into shares so that a bumbur not of xbole silages but ·21 attered villages went to form the allotment of individul hours Yet again the villages which from the first were nover partitioned as whole villages among the of Sardul Singh but earh was held jointly by all the members of the family ortant contres such as Jhunjhunu Narbar and Singhana were treated in this way I a time wbon the co sbarers of such villages becarne numerous partition scemos ave been effected resulting in an extreme degree of fragmentation 19 It is not possible to define the incidents of Bhomichura tenure without caro making a local enqury It would be the function of a Suttlement Officer to jund such a definition Regardin, Shekhawati Dr Willis continues This h however is certain that the Bhumias right in Udaipurwit is a v ry strong -certainly not infirior to the proprietarz richt of British India They are not dars nor are they Istimardars---this latter term implying the oxistence of an Their tenure as Bhumlas is almost certainly derived from a territo right which was in existence prior to the constitution of the Jaipur Stato in its ent form but that tenure cannot be held to confer on them any title to hold pendently of the Jaipur Darbar It was originally a tenure subordinate to the hul Government whose superior rignt was as already stated transferred hy Ijara &Wa Janga_h in 1730 20 The table below shows the extent of fragm ntation in the Panchpana. sanas of Shekhawatı (Jhunjhunu District) P na Z gh Pisah PE inal Ijara P स K gh Bi TE! 1 Ar N A 1 A 17 64 53 3 77 4 21 181 53 300 9 57 407 19 54 11 18) 1) 1 7 0 0 33 0 107 105 # D 5 Up to 10 11-25 6-ST 51100 31-00 11-300 1-400 11-500 91 1 000 01 6 X10 01--10 0 0 10 000 1 8 9 10 6) % 471 14 014 13 74 TU 14 34 4 1 43 4 5 4 407 14 517 490 1 80 3 60 309 1 17 5 6 1 8 3P8 #41 €31 10 107 13 717 15 81 1 69 80 409 275 6 109 1 71 594 $0 4 41 681 4 13 7 NOTE --( ). Afte the f rm t on f the P nchp n by ti sub dy n of 1 41 ama ng Bong of Sardul Spah 2 of Sa dul S ngh & SON named Akh y ghd 1 wtb ut e Inst ad f the sha e being diy d d qu lly b tw nth fubtb Ta tw88P ttond between the three of th m bo of t1 D motb -Z WAT 8nh sais qh8 by another wif bt ning a part of Akbey S ngh eba Hen the only i u R$ in th abov tabi () Th & ea ero in B ghas 21 The table below ares the abstract of the above figures to illustrato the per tage of the holding in different categori s to the total arca B ghas Are Prorot gn of tot 1 rea Up to 500 10- 1 000 1 001-5000 5001-10 000 bosa 10 000 404 47 69 11 17 59 67 346 1 473 79 8 10 33 187 4 pe ænt 3 per ent Il pe ornt 6 pret 76 per cent 648 13 57 807 22 Inam --This 19 a rent free grant for services rendered to the the failure of linealu - alates and is ·ໄດ້ CO None of th ۲۱۱ ع 92 1 singl lifetime only The Inamdar cannot sell the land so hold by him but mortgage it nz Sprice Gronta --They co under various nam & such as Pasuits & Tankbi Iluzuri Chakri ett These terms connote that lands are hell in Le Kruire i heti er as grant from the State or the Jngirdar The grants are lis'le T ir resumind when the holder cersey to render the price or his servico 19 no lo u fi quired 4 Permanently out rented cstales and lands --Shese are denoted by lanes term is Dumbn Chubots Sub, and Istimrarı or those the Istimurit nurem kom att ntion The largest number of Istimran, estates in Rajasthan lice in A™ twin which 1703 19 out ide the scope of this report The ori 1001 tenure of Intimrit est it in lymer 19 orectly like the Jagirs in Rajr than ymret te osor pred roke nue till 17.) but were held on condition of mult 1s it did not suit the Vahrutta syntem to exart military servico from ftat hokir thor a4 e d & slim upon cuch estrto which presumably bore som rliti n to the numiyor of foot sollut as wbuch on bretata holder hnd up to that Inen mquird to furnish Under British rule the conto holders were made 117 tot" 9 anal fixa and permin nt qut ront and were converted into latis tenur holders oder different (ir timstances Istimriti tonurog appear to holo arter Saufur Stute In 193, an enquiry vas hold on land tenures of the Thirhanetti J11 ur nk bs VIC U Wall retired momb r of the ICS Ifter eramın allir 2011 lo material Vir Will put fori u I the ya ws that a greater portion of moel rn lurpur Stato a sumed ita praw nt forın by tho polioy pursued bs Valent 5w \ \ Sinh Ils ori inal atrimony round about \mir was not attens *** Jus expand the Stone by the farming system which was a promine fit irt ithe a turun svetem at the beginning of the cighteenth century In u of th imçirtant po ition to holi ay crnor under the Vomul he took a lot In ti farming si fem anit 11 (fit to his (niput alan m n under pullea Th 111 of***i Jar Son ha ijtrush with it I, this incanu he occupied on 1 suuh ling the t mrit stl mt af the press fit limit of the J 43 ur Stats I Joints st 410 trt all the onquiry namely the territorial growth of t mon rr spurtt we altolethur distinct in chariu ici as it was distinct in tu from the cinn nqu te which were the 1913 al methods in early days of otpin ion 1 luput Stitn und wenn Nithit the development of the Jaipur Stato was a dir avat t1 llas mof the Yoghut xes And that descopent was 11 on lirastrohen 1811 Jn Sind When he returned to tho taal of administri hunwittit ni na nel from the Vingt nlc lv mms of thew Ijraa he distribut ttºn T T 11 Hulx r1t ® reclars Titiralls in solo ting his sulle mf rut luht sul liritlel bna now a quatinn bn shourd smark anti thi for Werl unla di Cunet yuference for men of his own clan a fer 18 w fimul thn Sh Lhasats planted in the north in that 14 now known Shellimit to the earl291071 of tho carlı r Volem Quimhhani holdery wulot Ilary of the much with whom Jai Singh 19 on comuty soro teplied hy tho Varuh nomy of tr hach*}38 kund z and Uluputsati wa tu already in his kinsmet han'le anl1x11.5inh ras ont nt le them undisturizers on their sconti tior a wem nt loml From the eximination of State record V Walle states that Sawai Jai Sin obtundi ljuar from the Slo hul Buttoriti, for the Panchpana Sın hans att i Again cosun II 20 sf fise Vogrul Mihals of Jhunjhunu otc from the Nawat Tarnst and reo it than firo Mahal- to a numliet of ruby logues *& indul hip h47 klasit anl Ralrequently thut sub leher #aq dunded equal Anon ti fit cf hinulinh Thu14 is the ongin of the formation of lanehna in wh! n nsr Inele in all tha ing tant Tubanas of Suchbaratı The 1 non of this fimil of Sthat which first ol tajnal farming nihta * dri tímin A J*Mint I 1- (ljna Istime) xtern 1733 and 17J The age 1 one of bc ·23 ent of Ps i 10 000 mas impo-ect and these figures can be traced back to 17 Jand pce then the amount is still the basic figure of asses ment for the main portion of Le Silar estate It mut be recorded as a remarkable fa t that there has ben no ration in th ultimate figures underlying the revenue demand for this tract of buntry for over 200 vear VII Wills Atrenuou Is conte ts the views of Lrall and od that Shehhanati sas conquered and I n settlement of hachwzhas took place ſe argues that any ach pretensions on the part of the Thikanedars of Shehizatı ro singularly in prropriate to a ela y of tenur holders who first came into existen 3 subordinate Ijir dar during the break up of the Hochu po rer -8 The estate of hh ndel and Unra am also des rihed 29 Istumrarı Ladhya Bharat ng Mentzon h hun med p viou Is of th Guarant xde tat ? 10 noad 1 the ttl m nt of 1818 The British became the guz ators of the conditions ranted to thow chiefs but subject alone to those guarante d condition the chiefs 1 this cla93 were re irded shy being under the autnority and subordination of their Lahratt. ov rlord. Inl) I the quaranta de tates in th G sallor terratories ped hore fulls un ler the ontr 1 of th S india but i was und stood thit the conditions urranteed by the Briti b would continu to be re. Te ted by the Maharajas of Gwalior Vitn tbe withdra val of British paramounts on Augu tlo 191" the guarantees o these estates mu t be deemed to base lap ed By uch lapa thes estates did not owever be ome ind pend nt entities in the polity of Central India They are re arded as Jagers r 2 mm nts held in the territories of the Treaty Princes in which bbey are Ituat d Thi 194 point wh his bein, h tlv onte ted by the Thahurs f Jlulthan and ba hu Barxla wao clim tbat on the I th Augu t 191" the be beame indepndent entities and that as such their r_ht to a cede to the Union of India rs separata State hould be recognised Thero i no substance in this ontantion It bich they bave submitted to our Committee In any case their position L finally heettled ły the definition of Puler in Article 366(-) of the Con titution of India 30 In addition to these guaranteed estates there remained from the period refore Jahratta invasion a number of Pajput chi fe who had been completely sub lued but whose boldines of few villages here and there re recomised as an ionments ubject in most case to a payment of tribute Toe first cate orr of Jourdars in Iadhya Bharat therefore onsists of this great group of pre Mahratta Pajput hiefs Fhose pre-eustin? jovession of th o villa_es entitlino il m to the revente ful se illages ubje t only to the pas ment of certain tr butes a. re ( ni-ed an onturin x it the Mahratta po vers 31 The next group of Ja irs in Central India comprises of asotynments made by the Mahrattas to the leading warriors in the camps out of the conquer dlands Chese jagırs contain a condition of continuing service to their overlords They tre usually held on personal service tepure called Saranjam and a century ago very such Jagırdar was bound to support his chief when ever called upon to do sa wyth 2 years of horse and feet cald Zaba The serie degetea has exczy xhere now been commuted into a money payment 3. The third group of Jinus consists of rewards granted to higb officials of the states for service rendered or to the cadet members of the chiefs familles for their support and muntenance These Jagirs do not necessarily involve any condition of continuing service 33 Then comes a smaller class of assignment known as Juafis or land given as the name implies as a free grant When sach grant is made for the support and maintenance of a temple it is known as Devasthan Juafi where it is grep to priests or other holy persons or sacred institutions for their maintenance it is known 19 Dharmadaya Vuafi ·24 3t Another group consists of the Cbal rana Juafi which are small allotor made to palace servants personal attendants of the chiefs pensioned sepoys other persons of a humbler rank who had rendered devoted and meritonos gerne 3u In certain cases then it is not possible or convenient to Assign a piece of when creating a new Jagir or when the new Jagirdlar is not in a position to look af an outlving Jagr u hicb is said to be conferred on him the cash value of the a in ment proposed is made payable to the Jagirdar This gives ni o to the class of Memnuokdars ur Cash Jagirdars 36 Another separato class of Jagirdars can also be distingui hed among mat land hollers of the pre Jalıratta days who had conferred their holdings over on whom a permanent fired quit rent alone was fixed This qwt rent or fixed Duo is a nominal ass sment not related to the income from the holding but ** the condition of confirmation of grant the amount is in sariable This class of per sons are hown as Istimrardars Jagirdlars in the old days were chiefs who not only maintained their own armed retinues but also small units of armed forces Through the delegation them of almost all administrative powers in their respective jurisdiction they es crc rd almost somi gorereign power The powers of the Jagirdyrs tended to invers ly in proportion to the power of the central authority There were oby1 dangere inherent in such system Ifter the settlement of 1818 the authority oft governments in all the states however showed a steady incrc ise and it was posab for the ruler of a Stato to cxcrci che pourr rrore effectively throughout his te tors It was also possible gradually to bring more and more Hystem into the fuurd m144 of the Jagirdari system in the firlds of adminitration A consol, tion and reform of the laws customs and rul s ar plicable to Jagirdare the Blendly went on The rights of Jagird ers to lesy customs duty and maintain the own Cycle or lbhan arrangements w re gradually estinguisherl though the pro from these sources were commuted to fixed annual payments The judasal p of Janindan ser more carefully defined and their las courts placed under the appe late jutis bituin of burcunft in the State Thuli no forinnline were promu Lata I defining th rights and ut libitions of Ja irdars manuals were drawn up in State-definin, them The rr nugly as cunstituting a body of orders 1 sucd by tt Nul of the monte hid all the force of law Ir vision was made in the orders the car duct of only in fur rule, to be obseried in cases of adoption and succe son Porin want in th Barber State for taking over of minns by FC run nt bructs of the c tales of dcloqu nt Jastrings 3- In this roce On oli Intion and reform the difference between ono cl oni another of lakirnru u Isteh were purely ho torical in oririn wert gradually obl aber lars r liff rent groups but having at the fir ent time the same rik? an ! bli tjons reos claselectrict One mor now clasification wluch rasm Ivut in ro of the States us worthy of nole According to tlus classificat Jazdars are donne 1 to onclu le only tho holding an entire sillage or several Fill the tinn Jagsiu sus no longer applied to tho e smaller classes at 11s who holl only a few ploty or holuling 39 In this proxeey of con lidation of the rules relating to lagirdars anot! Blericant les lopinent occurred Hagy Statex particularly thc Gwalior took an opittumti sono scars ago of subjecting to a fresh and careful scrutiny Sanada api title dere's of all Jagirdars Where such title deeds were found d fraise I was ourious that the Jagir Has liable to immediate resumption Out Iespiert hogerer for the nights which may be taken to have accrued by all ou 1Jagus with defective tities were not actually resumed The tributo Tankha Kas serisci and fised at hall the resenud of the Jagu Thegn Jag classes as the assigned ander Jadid Usool Tated ·23 PTER VI - GENERAL DESORPTION STATISTICAL AND OTHER DATA REGARDING JAGIRS Isthan. i The United State of I aja than (or Rajware the abode of the Princes) been formed by the Union of 18 States of the former Rajputana Agency but uding the State of Sırobi and the centrally administered area of Ajmer Merwara ut 7 000 sq miles of the area of the western part of the Union comprises of the her States of Jodhpur Jaisalmer and Bikaner The total area of Rajasthan is 236 sq miles with a population of 1 30 81 183 The Union has been divided 5 divisions 24 districts and 77 sub divisions The population by the adminis Ive divisions is as below - Dvs a Populat (1911) Udaipu J pu Bhan Jo Jodhpu 6 53 033 53 36 991 1 9 938 649 150 11 49 071 Kth T tal 1 30 81 183 2 As traced on the map Rajasthan is an irregular rhomb its salient angles to * north west south and east respectively being joined by the extreme outer Fanndary lines of the States of Bihaner Jaisalmer Badswara and Dholpur It is bended on the west and north west by Pakistan and on the north and north east bi East Punjab Its eastern frontier marches first with the United Provinces and Fert with (walior while its southern boundary runs acro s the central regions of pelia in an irregular zigzag line buv 3 The Aravalı Hills ( Paripatra of the Vishnupurana) intersect Pajasthan most from end to end by a line running north north east and southwards This e divides the sandy country of the north west from the kindlı r soul of the south is hat and roughly speaking about three fourths of Rajasthan hes north we t of the betavalis leaving one fifth on the south east The Aravalis may be aid to repre ent fotoshoastline partly fenced in by hugh cliffs and partly an irregular shore pierced by bays d inlets against which the sea of sand blows up continuou ly from the shelving halaans of the west -36 4 The character of the north west region is the same everywhere It is covered priy sand hills shaped generally in straight long ridges resembling the rippled marks in a sea shore upon a magnified scale Their summits are blown into wave lhe curves Penye the action of the periodical westerly winds The villages within the de rt cannot eng reckoned as fixed habitations for their permanence depends entirely on the sup en ene y of water 10 the wells which is constantly failing or turnin, brachish and as soon the water gires out the villages must shaft The cultivation is ererywhere poor and tecarious Along the base of the Arasalı range the sub montane region is well ultivated wh re it is not covered by jungle LOT 5 The second main division of Rajasthan south east of the Arayalıs is a higher pad more fertile region It has however & very diversified character It contain: Ontstensive hill ranges and long stretches of rochy woodland it is traversed by con ptdcrable rivers and in many parts there are wide rales fertile table lands and great readths of excellent soil The eastern plateau of Rajasthan which includes botah mad Bund. States falis very gradually into the Gwalior country and the catchment f the Betwa nyer North west of Karauli the country smootbs down and opens at towards the Bhamtpur teritory whose fiat plauns belong to the alluvial basin of 10 Jamna ·Peoplo lake } 26 6 In the north western diy son of Rajasthan the only riser of any slyrulic 13 the Luni The south eastern dis ision has a river system of importance Chacabal is by far the large t mer in Pyjasthan flosing through the prorince about one third of its course and forming its boundary for another third Its pr pal tributary Banas which 19 next in importance to the Chambal us throu hoor ength of 300 miles a river of Rajasthan tho Lunz tiver the country to the west north and north west of the Aravah 7 Escluding the comprratively fertile regions of Marwar along the bank compri ing the whole of Jals ulmer Bikaner and Shehharati and most of Jodh 19 a vat sandy tract Water 19 far from the surface and scarce depen l for their supply of grain almost entirely on thosc grown in the rainy set which in thus area is of a very uncertain character In the eastern half of Rajast. agricultural conditions are very different The rainfall 18 hervier and more rega Excut in a very few parts two cropy a year are the rule and not the exception most important irrigation system 18 the Canganagar Canal of Bikaner the waters of the Sutley have transformed desert life and nearly eight lahhs of a Are beint irrigated by tina Canal 8 In Chap Il a description 1124 been given of the clan organisition am the 1 ajputs The Rajputo form a small minonty of the population throu & I ajasthan They hold the lani ti a very large extent either as receivers of ren as cultas ntors lhe tradition of common ancestry has reserved among them feling which prompts a poor 1 wput scomin to hold himself a good a gentlema. the mot powerful landowner of his own clin lut us a nice they are inclined to too much on the st and to consider any occupation other than that of arms government as derogatory to their dignity and the result 19 that those who do holl land base rather dropped behind in the modern struggle for existence 9 Tic statement below shons the percentige of I ajputy in the jopulation cirtain Rajput States in juxtaposition with onc of the most numerous castes or tri Stt It 1 BE1 1) kan Jap Hrun 5101 6 1 13 34 14 ) 1 67 874 9 > 1 1 3.13 FO) (1 43.33 (13 ) > 2 Yw ) (8 ( 4 11) 5 (r! 1330 (51 11) 97114 944 134 Ty Tintre 1911 10 Our caquirt 119 Imen considerally handicapped by the absence of reli statistics and data on se seral important matters relating to Jagire There are I" ticalls no stile tical consulations publi hed by any of the States in the absenc survey and settlement operations there 19 sractically no information relating to aspmct of the arrian cinlition, in the Janit are 19 The statistics relating to number of Jimr arr also incom; lete 11 lo statutics of any kind arc 138ilable for the State of Jargalmer It was fun Impos itl tobtuin ons kind of statistical information in follonin me (a) strait of ali nation of lani in favour of sub proprictors and family in ) 1) Lituls relatin, to Dhcm hiri knures in Jallani and Udaipuruali (c) Cash income of th Jagdars ·27 (d) Approximate total revenue realised by the Jagirdars in Pajasthan. (e) Details of the plot proprietors of Charitable and other Grants and their inconte Incidence of land revenue in irrigated and anirrigated tracts in the Jagir ar as (9) General agricultural statistics and other relevant data relating to agrarian conditions (h) Total area of the Zamındarı tenure and the revenue pud to Government 13 The following table shows the distribution of the total area and the villages Rajasthan between (a) khalsa and (6) Jagir A Ta mla llag D vian Kh 1 Khalsa Jag Ud pr Ja pu B kan Jodhpu K tah 746 1 379 8 17 14 013 790 10 563 1 57 15 000 36 979 1991 3 038 6600 1 80+ 1 149 4 047 5 900 166 1 56+ 3 87 903 50 1 6 77 110 16 639 16 80 Statistics are not "available to show the distribution of population between the alsa and Jagir areas 14 The following statement shows the tribute paid by the Jagırdars in Rajas LIL - Dvin T but P Udaipu J Pu Bhan J db 54 761 900 18 61 8 00 956 51 417 hot h Tt1 44 99 78 NOTE -In Bin Ch ki I v dnk ad lo The following table gives the detailed classification of Jagırs according to Qures Dvis on Raj u Bh m Itm Ja in 1 of sery ef Jag ppe Ch mit ble Gntg (of all bare des no DY S 3 58 Udp Jp 3 kan Jodbpu 48 150 119 70 3 00 149 473 136 346 467 16 6 1 93 Kot 1 0 35 Тот L 107 8 1 6 963 68 58 1 343 PP Imat Th figure fo Ud pu are † The All Takhrd Rasa IACZ dan Kh & Pawan lau urs d But des # F gure not 11 tl The above table relates only to whole villages There are no statistics oldings or plots held under any of the above tenures.

·el 0 28 16 Soine of the fiscal porters still enjoyed by the Jagırdars are set out be? Co Excise Oprum and Custonis Compensation - In almost all the diviron principalJagirdars are paid Escise Opiurn and Customs Compet Exciso compensation is paid in cash and 10 kind also Bikaner some 38 800 bottle of liquot aro given to the Jaoue concession rate ind in other units pyment is made in cash figures for these coinpensations come to R$ 304 237 Salt Coripensation Th19 18 also paid to the Jagırılars in all the dire t? Rajuathan The approximate amount comes to Rs 21 097 the to for Udupur and Jaipur divisions not being nvailable Pulla Frc Vasarana and Mol rann-Excluding hot ihan, Udaipur dir Intt Fee Vazarani and Volrant for sale or transfer of land fo dential purposes are being charged by the Jagırdars fins -In Jodhpur division some of tho Bhorichar Jagirdars of are given Is 2 877 as conpensation for Vines In Jaipur some of Ulupursati enjoy rhta (f minor mineral3 Vaja or Sale Tar\apı or Sale Tlx is stul loved in Bikaner Jaips Joxilipus divisions Cattle loilo hali Compen ation -IS 1 192 as Cattle Pound Co sition and Rs 1 35 ay holi Compensation are being paid in B daision In some of thn hot sons Ja irunrigtill maintain cattle P of their oin la cal: ( on ral and foret Concnealions In Jodhpur dı 1910n Rs for 11 113711 is 191 for luneral and l. 2 14- for I ortst Com tions oro usr to nowo of tre lagur lary Madhya Bharat ·imna 29 ambal winch is the most important river of the State rises near Indore and flows rth West and then changes its course to north east and then to east to join the A number of smaller streams rising in the south of the lalwa plate uu scour e plateau and flow down to the northern plains as tributaries to the Chambal 22 Irrigation is little resorted to in the Malwa plateau The soil is however ghly retentive of moisture and the ample rainfall during the south west monsoon hables good rabı crops to be raised Irrigation in the northern districts is also poor hough certain minor irrigation works have during the last two decad s been cons fucted in this area Cultivation in the northern districts is much more dependant a urgation because of the low ganig nature of the soil 23 The distribution of the population in the State is extremely uneven In he north the three districts of Bhind Jorena (without Shtopur sub divi ion) and Gwalior (northern half) are almost as fully populated as districts in the United Proinces Districts in the heart of Malwr are furly well populated even though much less so than the northern districts In the Marbada valley the di trict of Vimar has fairly luşla density of population This leaves out two important areas namely, the areas along the indhyad ranges and the central districts of Shivpuri Guna and the adjoining tracts The Vindhya hilly te ion covered with forests and is not Likely to be populated in the near future Land reclamation on a vast scale is hot ever possible in the districts of Guna and Shivpuri Attempts to settle new colonies of agriculturists in this arer have inet with little success so far Perhaps only a large scale change in conditions such as that wbuch may be brought about by the compl tion of the Ch mbal project can attract new colonists to this area 21 Three statements are given below showing the distribution of Jagus acm cording to - (a) the class of Jagir () the ca te of the Jagirdlar and (c) the area population etc of the Jagir th 9th 6 fJ? dhi Bio Itella ! 91 Vam Jadd It rd Oth re T tal W ofi Das tl 2 ng hard nd I Tak to hí Dhino & B2 fi In n &ch t dar 7 1 Gal Un 3 In 1 75 31 3 0 9 191 61 51 Os 38 3 5 10 13 69 177 11 618 500 T TAL 1) 1 0 180 33 8 71 1 39 (b) 56 nt fJ7 n all thia Ith ut oth cat le 1 on מ foel my Others T te! Sly no Ah B att Bh TV mn put hya hent 14 12 wal Un 3 In mo 59 54 137 9 9 9 35 16 8 30 433 10 33 35 4 11 G6 6 3 51 T TAL 9 19 3 14 80 90 72 I 33 ·30 in Hath, Bharat f the Jazr Pptat on et t () Stja. Rem ttmom Glo mrt nt Income of t} TI 18 Inn 82 mil n \umbum P pul on of Jgn Illa 81 Sam D 1 80 85 707 945 99 858 18 63 76 8,38 50 684 337 997 031 3 39 005 3 3911 457 710 U 013 00 16+ 1037 1 10 11 87 088 8 419 73 867 Con tun Indr 11 539 3 + 13 139 TOTAL Certain further and more recent chan.es which have been introduced in the status anl powers of Jagırdars as a result of the adrent of popular government ir Madhya Bhart must also be briefly noticed In the Gwalior State a respon ible I try was firmei in January 1914 That Government naturally supported the ve view that the existence of qur i independent administrativo and judicial in the hands cf lagirdas con tuting an imperium in imperio was an ana man i had to be tone asas mith immediately On May - 1948 that is to vur d je before the formation of the United State of Madhya Bharat an alınance is promul ted by the Maharaja of Gwalior by which the Tagirdars cena to have the power After the coming into being of the State of Madhya Bharat an Oreinance esten lim, th provisions of the Gwalı yr Ordinance to tho whole of Madhya Bhant promuln teil This was later conucrtc l into an Act of the Legis Inture By the crof multi o px lice stationy an Ithe Magistrates and Judges Courts un ler tlo i uthority of the lagur lurs came un ler t e jurisdiction of the Madhye at Gort lirect The power of the Jhurdlars to i ue cocrcive procr acs realitron cfar ars and resenue due to them from their own peisantry was пе зиян тіth Th next step in the reforms came with the promul,ation of Ihna Bharat I in I and I re nintenance Orlinance dich was conser inton Itut th 10 11slature This placed the resenue officers un fer the Jngir dars and in particularly the i twarı of the villages under the juri liction of thr State (nemin ent Herefter ullage maps an l valla e lunt recorda main taineity the I t r iris becimr Stat records a inhhal z villages This is now true of the wh! it thon Bhurit sceptin esmalltract con usting of the old cos en inting States of Varujpur Vathwar and hatlzu aru lucre there has yetben no surves anl ile nt nlilere nolin record labe set been comjilud Then followed the Schr ul ! ir 81 any Vaintenance Onlinance which empos ered the Covernme of lithra Blarat to tac ostr unler direct (Overnment m ngement tho Jam Bituat din t1 h lul I are 19 and esen Ja irs situnted out me tho care14 1 Online nay xut , ntls with shi ht modifiertoins chicted 29 a Pajiramu Act Thir urlon Gosernment the pier of tahing over the direct manage oft 1re in tl teulu areny onls Unler the rules nade unler thus Ictt Femm nt have been furth simpunere i to make c rt un de luctions from the oft! - hirs in the belu! I us for certain public purpm 14 aurh 14th tenance of his sol hospitals by fore d t ming the net annount payabl Is in r Tlc reult of all the reforms luring the past year and a half i to depri ti n rofall administrative powers in 114 11!12, Sanltore totleti u cfam rem fuut r ceiser Hitan is forth today purely as ar of the fr nues sitie Jagr silla y an! no mort

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·32 In the State of Jhalawar limited Zamındanı nghts have come into existen only recently or lecg 1 Thein syatem under shich the State revenue used to be fired for a purent thrce to ten years Subzn t to this periodical revision the Watandar s ale* were hereditary and trungferable and not lost by absence and they were held resp sit! for the payment of the State semund and arrange amon, themselves for cultivation of the village Innds and the distribution of the resenuc But at the of the settlement the Watandari system was converted into lanındari In villages of Jaipur there nre Biswedars who are more or legs akin to Zac luy el where 1 noticeable feature about them is that they are compartit 6018 hollers and are really pleasant proprie tors for all practical purprees Madhya Bharat In Joy hul times practically the whole Prosince of Valun was surveyed the village ccror is were kept in the offices of the Pargina 7ımındars and Chrudt Fiery villagey hnd its own oficer clied Bandloi Chaudhari or 796 dar Tho/anuntat of the l'argana 119 a sort of government official and * given some ankar lands in hoof heaven Hit also used to receive four to et Prcent from th sale escucs ns Dim or randhudt muntuin numlicr of Sawars for the purpose Ho #19 expected to mamtain law . remuned in the offi e of tbe hanoongo and the lamindar had supervi cry from The village tror Oy lum 8 han LO in the 1 MB 9 When the Wahrattas first came to Central Indın they found in asistenc Vorhuisten land rescnue thought in a state of rapui luintegration I hele it isnture of the timey presented the new Maliratta generals from ectting up *ystem (f hrect & Imin trition part from tho lind the revenue of wh M li nielus as of vincus a signments there remained vast tracts of count ri hht The Vlor hul aj sto m of collecting rcycnu from ki alan vill linin kied the einployment of a lot of governmental offici8 Mint ratti found it much ennier and more convenient in sicw of utan truunt nr to firm out the revenue of tho c ulles larmes * nt unirts tule of himiwlars or ijardars were appointel to individu Villa 4 SLT 4 (fula na The Thckas were howcier not given in the legir In first stb la ftime or on a hereditary 1 9 13 Contractu icre mil for ilu to ten care il ubat ften thies i rre renowed The entire managem nt of nicas all it i! af ms 524 left to kem and the firmer 14 respon all only unsur 10 V ntuh men in 1e ! fore that whin Blınant liad through centur Quen a girl, as then thern Indin anul scaun It was not only a fi war menanmen liut ! frr xens Is the N in Central Insur le graduhilst ut I ne nr 1 imunstration after 1818 the as stom of Ijarads or Thr* } int in m (f the States 1s the machinery sf the gove ment became int !!! i sin re effectise the necesits of farming out the sonne off all Ilceam ble to collect the line recrue throw dirext verhi? In the In inte sento oni in practically all the A venittin Set of tenure very ab!! to the sots ari tenure of Imeran w dort i ti nly liſt te neobeween the Rjotunti of Central Indiana id ut of the Ixin **!! Et shakint wag not yet the right to train for lived Thirch 1 nrlin retenu homoer becayip on between the right of hol is on Wat withi ut apk interinerling) Tiunin f Huli r wł tr 2 -* in th noril thuirt part of a nomulls boucler torka difcretie mus rand ( walior was mu h inrrt afiretrol syrth Ir it fra smits th I prodoult ir ilu nreel the courro ofcient (n'ai Trintite taillim ntritti la aindarini tom in the hal llast ! fi numiur of lanında olet in states oiler ilian (under 40kmill A te in ·33 Towards 1810 the farm system in 'walior began to be converted into the mindari system Regular written lea es were issued to Zemındars Grealer ntrol was however exereised over them by their being a Led to submit careful counts of their engag ments with tenants and collection The e leases again u ed be renewed when they expired The power to lea e out land and make engagements ith the tenants was however left with the Zemindars In 1803 the po ition of e Zemındars was further entrenched and clarified by the framing of rules by the walior Covernment In 1863 a settlement was made of these Khalsa Zamindarı Ilaces and where existing Zamındars declined to engage on the terms ettled by the ttlement officers the engagements were offered to other per ons who were called lustajars to distinguish them from Zamundars A time limit was given to the amindars in such cases to accept the en agement but where Zamındars did not cercise this right within the time limit Mustajars were confirmed as the Zamir dars payment of a Nazarana of two years land revene 13 The rights of Zamındars in Gwalior State were evolved during the sixty years llowing 18,3 1h Zamındari tenure was formally recognised in law for the first time 18 3 The custom of renewin, lea es of the farmers gradually conferred hereditary ghts uj on them But that conferred on the Zamindars no richt of transfer Later owever the wehts of mortgage and tran fr were conferred on them under certain strictions are of which was that the tran feree should el o be a subject of the walior State These restritions were gain gr dually re xed o that the Zamındar tands forth today with full rights of inherit nce and tran fer There is little doubt that this evolution was in pired by ideas flowing across the border from th UP he system now existing in the Kbal a vill ges of Gwalior is fractically the ome as that in the UP Villages are partible into Mabal and in many villager tudies yf proprietors are now jointls responsible for the jayment of the land revenue here instewd of sing k zamindari there is joint z mind ria Pattrdani cr Bhai Lachara regular Lumbardars are al o appointed to represent the proprietary bodies nd to be primarily responsible for the piyment of land revenue Alove all tran fers f Lamindarı for valuable consideration have been frequent in the recent past and uite a new body of Zamındars ho have tought theu rights for hard ra li has come sato existence ·ho 34 CRAPTER VII —LAND RECORDS SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT Rajasthan. The first survey and settlement op rations in Rajasthan were un in Alwir as carly as 1872 and other States followed suit sooner or later Sur 8 ttlo nent operation huo now byc n completed in the Khalsa creas of Stutos with tho exception of ki hengarh Sh ihruri and Jaisalmer In hi and Shnhpura the worl is in hand and is in the final stage of as essment deration has yet I een given for Jal smer wluch has 7 1 1st sand, denpst area ofl 89 miles On account of the spır eness of population abundanco of find certainty of cultivation tihts of land do not carry much value in Ju .elme 2 For a lone time there w19 consid ral le reluctan e to ottend the surie settlement orations to Jalir att 18 particularls in the beger States Jayırd ars hivo iu isted any encronch nent of the Site nuthority in matter for a numer of checad s Farlier when Settlement Officers were di to some of the prin ipal States in Rnjisthin tho Government of Indı directer to carry out in rottlement of orations only in the khils ren the Jupir and specifically x lud d from su li op rations In Juur a e uutious approuch survey an 1 settlem nt in Jur are 13 w 19 made by extendin, the opirationst Jagir und the Court of Ilirds or lere thu Ja irdar oluintirili'd sired anlattlom nt It was only in 1J18 that J y ur embirked una lesy pre of survey ur settlement throu out tho I rar 19 of the Sit Suricy an ment operations in th Junir vill gis of Uday ur werut ken up in 1931 BITa Bihan ran Jodhpur thu ht of inscyin, and ttlink their J git - but they are of jror haslon i fy sl sint un 1, Cul attitu the art of the Ja triis in tl inili 1 1 rh sm 11 r Bl (mirroth in st of Sichhati anit dipru trafJf ur have funny di In som in titkot ir (11 atron dias 1 ml (trid)0 OCH J12) ral and often faniu } Thirt ition temerelink urru and attement in Ja ir 1109 in 1 than is tht tult)Ji ir un bot have pofrl in surveyed and se rer ntin I the Jur 1 liter In term of ar 11 the jiranta tho work into 16 : 13** 3 sqmniles cott,110 kq have ben Intkd In hk3 of the art zalpenattkay com i t the tal number of villanty til mntrations arn pron in Ir vill * vith an ar of 18 q mile This still kun vill34 than f} VIJ y me wh ra ttl inntrition live yet Initiat 1 I!!! mnt filing al tals of ir 14 ani valli in both and Js ir anlar of tlum nt and murs indiston 14 Apien lix t out 1 f 2 Urtin T o ·T tal numb lag tha Settl d V tk np gr Ho k not then up Nm of D Partı ul 4 Villa ir a I ll & 3 Area V Il ges A & SL 1n 1 UJ pur 375 615 Kh? Mon Khl T tal Xh N Ih! 746 10 69 18 036 1 3 J 1 2 19 I C61 1 880 399 1 51 1907 2 990 94 750 5 044 6183 2 199 8 389 1 801 5 14,9 014 5 91 J37 1 478 3 38 4 696 100 3 3 473 J pu 1 04 3 384 4 508 3 Ik ner 8 317 3 038 5 900 9 938 6 600 4 6 8 11 6 1 104 I 64 3 369 1 149 3 787 1 336 4 017 903 490 6 6 5 814 1 736 10 30 11 075 6 R35 17 910 8 317 1081 9 378 198 61 6 849 8 96 490 7090 11 531 11 931 I! Is Nnlhi rt! Ih1 No pha TE Ih1 I 135 13 3 302 Jolhr 16 000 3317 14 013 36 973 50 391 7 950 1991 1941 007 87 8 305 3 250 4 35 108 108 8 815 1036 37 S60 991 1 084 075 1 407 1 407 197 33 430 5 Tot 1 7 91 7 91 383 417 780 & ܐ ܐ N 600 446 1046 T! 3 4 4 TOTAL I ha) NnIh! 16 639 16 780 50 I 6 7110 14 358 36 800 13 73 80S 6 04 1 94 518 14 5 284 5 44 11 384 37 819 AND TOTAL 33 18 1 7 36 1181 50 573 6850 7 460 6 756 49 03 ·36 4 We have been given to understand by the Settlement Conmi sioner of R than that hasing rogard to the magnitudo of the trork and the practical dific insolied it will take at least another seven sears for the completion of the settler operations le e timates that this willentul an annual expenditure of not le si Rs Olallis His estimate 19 based on the assumption that special arranmerye would be mudo for truning tho staff and that tho requisite stuff would be forthcom Our own etpe tation is that it will take at least ten year to complate the nort 5 Sofir as Khalsa is con crned the ruvenus po ition 19 satisfactory Settle operations in this area largeli took place wlien tho prices of a nicultural commal! wer) very low and consequently the incidence of rescnuo in view of tho pre enti Princs is TOT liht Lind ti ords are properly maintuined These record er of Khewat hhaqira hhatun Jambandi maps Dasturgal, and Berawar and ! follow th standard pattern as in other sattled art 19 They do not call for any cular comment The tenant has his rihts defined and secured and thero ss whole littlo cau for him to complain Condi sonu ar quito differ nt in the Jagir are 18 In the vist unsett portions of Jagır ar as the tenants suffer from the absence of regular record of risk Intro 19 no prato t:on for them as unst the constant inrords that are long mad tha lindlord on thir n hts In all the setti valla es of khalsı and Ja ir! rnt havo beon (olied on the maximum bi is of one third for unirrigated : on fourth for utlet d lands In all the settld hhala wallah r vinuo is reali ed in cash throu hl ng nascth. I ctenue staff who are d untei a4 Havaliars in Jodhpur Dind an Ud414 ur and el cwhere ly lit und r the supervision of the Til dur The colle indamo int is remttel into tho treneurs by tho Choud r18 or I i urins In tlo Zamındari nr 1 rent 18 collo tcrl Ly tho Bidors and 14 romit int, the Ir | Ury throu h the Lami alara In thoattiml Jalir villag s ther Arrin ilth lan il rls throuh ti cat own staff l ut any few of them maint ir ttuin! Patul Frupt romo of the border Jalırdırx the majorite ti n ; n 1 tenint lorrular re rip Ihnth I nel mio britahen in kind it stidne in the u ett JILIINI It metalls es wyly the be is whir in the link 2 orx ttle art 14 and me care am unt tas n half of thoj rolu o inte in the est un ettl (lar ar re veral in hin! Thi temi iruht with many di dvantate and a to on illl fri tuon end strainer lations ictu con tie trant and the lar hollr In th nyttle will be ( Jr and Khalsa) the followin, kystems are Voguo (u) Lat: I! (listin of the ruline on the thr hund floor), il {th 1r lry Jamul coll teclat one to crmo es! the ult and nft r thr hun, out the lindholl reportin 1h 11 in hun! nth spot in been duli m urxt or why On nl tau ! tu il for inonth rul in in consid riile clomir ant!! m thod his in mins [lices lecl to friction dit 11 udur And tenint (u) hunti (rint (f th standing crop-The 6imo srodt NS thr unh thi hit! rn thit the lindir 1 portion of the rolul sti in without tinal te ving the proc *o*! ti nt ut mint This is an unpopular moda and 14 a souri fr quit diputand fr tun (111) honlir kilne t til an zunt of th produce of the hatsest cult !hel the upy ap at sunding and the landhold reports hin! Tinahitah n on the str n th of that calculation (ir) Julit for id rute hu in cash 18 roloval from the culina Thit s fr diflrnt hinds of roluce (c) Gugan - this lom unt of edin produco ir kind is ccrued g nerallel welllan la (rs) Crop or 70/1 11 --Thier allsed on maize cotton chillies and irae bles and Funilar money crope s hich are difficult of d11 191on ܙ ܙ ܙ ܐ ܕ ܬܙ ܙ ܙ ·(111) Bey Gugri—Und r this system & quantity of the grain equal to the seed 18 realised from the tenant This 18 a very light rent and is generally realiud on poor holdings 9 Statistics of r nt levied in kind are not available Broadly speakug it may be stated that the landholder s hare in un ettled Jagir areas vary from 1/11 to 1/2 in Lifferent tracts of Pajasthan In the western half of Rajasthan which 1 more or ess sandy the shar larg ly ranges between 1/3 and 1/4 Peliable statistics regarding he in idence of revenue in Jagir are s ure not available The revenue rates Faiy from one group of villages to another and in certain places from village to villag and pos ibly within the village itself Since the Jagırdırs share in kind bas remained the same while the prices have abnormally gone up the Jagırdırs share in cash Value has gone up in the sime proportion as the ri e in prices Wherever yenuc s in hind the incidence is bound to fe much hi_her as compared with Khalsa rates and may safely Le taken to be as high as four times the incid nce in hhalsa or cash rented areas in Jairs Madhya Bharat 10 All the ar as of Madhya Bharat erceptın, those covered by the covenantung States of Alirajpur Mathwar and hathiwara and a few other small areas (totalling about 2000 sq miles) have been dul surveyed and settl d Every mauza ha a prop rly drwn up map giving each plot a d fint survey numb r The man are mostly on 16 to a mile scale though the 8 ale i differant in some of the areas further rev ion of s ttlement takes place scales wall everyw hera le made uniferm Evert village has also a Patwari and the Patwaris irel are all grouped into Cir dawar hanoongo circles By the Jagırdan Land Record 4ct the Patwaris in the Jacırdari villags have now also bren converted into government ervant In all the villages proper village records are bein, maintained including Khasra Khatoni Jamabandı and Sah 11 Throughout this area proper s ttlements hve been carried out in the past Dt ili Rojl classifi ation ba ben carried out and the soil cla s as w Il ps the irri atibility of every surve numb«r ishno n Settlern nts rates have also be n fixed anthos for tenant in the Larpind n area and for the pattedanı poasants in the Protwarı Tho ratchen fired varied betwexn 1,6 and 1/10 of the g109 produco thou h to the pics nt state of high agricultural prices the proportions are much small r Cash r ntspr vail practically througho it ladhya Bharat The settlemont ratra hivo . been fir dwth duer fer nee to th soil f1 ility of irrigation facility of ommun, cation n uness to muket pla e the condition of tenant and the agricultural prices Even in the jwvidarı villas the Jagirdar is bound by l w not to collect at rates thigher than the settl ment rites Similarly in th zamindarı villa the rent, pavabl to the Zamındar are those fixed at settl ment The proportion of rent riayabl by the Zamind re revenue n according to the lai vars totwe n 53 and und 7. rcnt The muximum rates o asa <sment are rarely imposed and at present the zamındars pay only al out 50 per cent of th ir receipts from tenants es land r venue 19 In the settled tracts tha s vision of s ttlement has becorre duc in many plaing but has had to be postponed other because of tho war or tho unsettled con ditions followin, the war Ono of the difficulties of n sising the settl ront retes 19 the un ertainty te arding prices The prevailing prices are extremely high 1 and it would be very difficult to say at nhat leiel thay may etentually bo copected to a ttl dos n 13 Tho revenue demand in the Alirajpur and Vath var States 18 fixed on tho ba 19 of ploughs and according to the nature of the soil in different villages An or luarv plough 14 ospected to orh about lo bighas and the rate of land revenue varies between 8! and R8 !! per bigha In the hathiwara State the allages hale Leon suricued but settlement rates have not been evolved The revenue demand # 18 fixal on th Bi hota system at different rate per bigha according to tho kind soul Surley and settlement in these three States are expected soon to be taken n Sar a BE ·38 CHAPTER X-TENANCY RIGHTS 1 Rajasthan Elsewhere we have described the condition of the peasantry in a Ro State wherein all the territory with a fow exceptions in favour of particular granter has been partitioned out amongst the l'ajput clans Under the Rajputs are the er' tivating cl 18seg mainly belonging to castes or tribes a hon the Rajpute os crcame they took permession and who now pas land revenue to then lords or their famı living in village communities with their very foss rights and privilogos and being moro thin a rack rented persantry That state of affairs has however been slot modific during tho l18t fen derados with the progressito changes in tho adming tion of the States Thore are nt 1resent tenancy lane in all the integrating Star except Jeexmor Thoso enu tments aro howeier very conservative in nature af at best they see to give some kind of legal shapo or sanction to provailing custon or practices wich 18 19ual differ widely from plzro to pluo These leur litions not arch to introdluco any form of tenancyr form or to secure to tho tonunta ni shich hasole ndenied to them in tho pist Agun no conscious attempt has bon we to bring the rights of tenants in Jagir areng on a par with thor of the tenants in ! hhalız or even to bestow on the tenants any rights better than what they actua pois xxl AT 19 - To this for rsl statement there are honor or two notablo orcepti nam I the tenanes I gislation pasal by the Jupur Stato in 1917 and tho Jorh Ernany I ushtron promulgated only a day before the formation of the Pajist Union Both themeloni lita ng romastered a consideriblo advance and tried to be throu h the concriativo de 24 wlich hitherto reetrained any such advance of the injortnnt utan which th Ro loti lations undertooh was to confor on Temir tenant hhaterdiri or occupancy rights in respect of tholands in their occupi at the timn of the pisin of tho 1 lition Thuis was a consider ilk et p firw ince the rige merits oftenints in Jagir are 19 coull not have a purce for any nilt afinirl for B th legislations are line ful in so far as they do congtı ad finitowls are Tut the still fall short in one centul rapeet in that theyfi Iring, th tenim a fts in Jhur arc is cruels on the samo losclas in hhli Hpwnlır!) ummary tho pr snt po ition in regard to the tenancy r at hiir linii jus parts of I nisthan hoth in hala and in the J 1) it when interesting tonding Ih rojs considerablo vasern rinlar 11 Il nuts and thi nature and extent of their rights Condit frit utlet of inheritance or of transfer er not unft (nrllo il rilt tuntut it more common anel casily acquired ne com with tl titrarili niti n Full rights of transfer ar rro7118xl int fllo in Juur Occuț inci tenants in Bihane By: nihil Toon! Joxlhpur Banquart and hi hrngarhanul h to 1994 in lart 1 Th I ik ni hot h without wath the exception of White mi Bipirit of Luerpur meso 123 \ustani #thri MP TILIE Itrinelor not neirilth il tot i filoll el for the acquisition of rights of tran! The pyment of Mazaran.! norit ( 11th nfern 1 k absolutely unfottcreet or unrestricte in ech 4 Frutn in Bihan r s hero the rule in thik respoct apixar tola th moutonn Tint n khaix inust pilt times the ruscnue as irmium Ircomo ano ( unitn nt and ven th n his fiult of transfer is suljert to the SPI 114007 nt of moment 1t nnt in Jagir can hru no nights of occur at all Inother interestin fut wht home flex from the Apprendis is that there a number of States oleret i nin tights both in hlial and Jager nor the same This at ute of a recitin in Welliy ur hrink Banswarn Dungarpur shart hilionarit Bund: Tunk Jhin!11 ar hraub uus and Dholpur States such lase so far stewxl ut in this scopect aro Bikaner Jodhpur ld N. 1 nt Tio frin pa ·Ich are still the strongholds of the Jagurdars Jai almer of tourke stands in le of its own 5 For the sake of facility the principal classes of tenants in Lajasthan and th te and liabilities in each case are set out below P ghts Clag fr nant I ablt 8 I h tan Traf tt dar Ja put tid JB , ut Bikan Has top y pro um Full Mere og uprt n F 11 H an t gmut F1 h boght tt land und BI o patn Full Full M1 rtg gef N1 10 ye Jodhpu Hetop ya Ft bg h BTWA Sh hp B nd) Full Full Tansf tn nt or th rica t h Full Vtg s nly Mfg & bly Trn fe ab! WIŁ the at n the P nu 31 nt F 11 Fal] FO nd F 1 Udaipu Bmwa akh Tnh Bpir J lhp Isto pay Peru get Br Patt Do Do da o O Bu gum t Tun Full Full Full nt t w !I Ford Sir 6 The que stion of Khudhasht 18 of parti ular importance haudh sht literally nean, home farm or lund un Jer the personal cultivation of the Ja ird rortel nd holter In strict theory at moan land which the land older may be entitled to pave earmarhed es lus vcly for his own u and which the Stato would help him ecure subject to certain conditions ever if this hould involve acquisition of lard ander the occupation of tenants The recent Jodhpur Tenen y La gue the In some parts of Rajasthan Hawala or Halwan is the word used for larde let apart for the exclusive cultivation of the landlord 7 Time was when the probl mof Khudhasht tas hardly of nyimportance and 418 d litto con ein to the Indiced the ton nt or the State The Inds will were 100 occupied l any tenant were alwars at the dispo al of the land older Vot only this but the handlord & nerds received prionts ones the needs of tho tenant and I could alwave manage to ov ta tenant if he wanted to do so to tlands for his persoral cultivation The bagger landlord were al o not very keen to tah land for Khuc kasht atid Icfitted their di nity not w28 it so attractive ficm the economic joint of view But conditions baje now changed The tenant is 110 longer prepared to sur render his holding at the bidding of the landholder or in his interest end the lenancy Laws give hum protection dgainst ejectment unic s te has rendered himeels liahlo to Djex tsent by pryt ainsxer ufoasts of omi sion or comm: 810n ontı own part Again even the bilgrat landlords are nou anxious to havo e$ much lnl' es posiblo reserved for their exclusive uso This is actunter by tlo horo that even if the Jagir ross they might be permitted to retain whatever linds thes have under their own Cultivation The growing craze for mech nised forming noticealk among ono faginiar 18 to large extent motivated by thi hose And lastly the high ricer of agricultur 1 produce h vo also clangeri the outlook of tio isndlord towane Agriculture 99 & bu ine : propo ition There 14 yet another factor also in operntion A landlord who nt present recovers tent in the shape of a share of the produce finds him elf faced with the introcluction of cash rents and smaller tho landlord the greater is i 13 concer in this 8 ·40 Ispic Some of them are even likely to be left with insufficient means of tenant and to be reduced to a position worse than that of a tenant Where Ferth the caso the problem of khudkashit is bound to as ume a serious aspect as it 123 rendy occurred in the Blonichara are is of Toriwati Shchhiwati and Udup.. in Jaipur 9 bere land enough and to spare the problem of securing sufficient lani the lindholder as his hbulkaslit need present no difficulty But the trouble really es where lind 14 in gruat demand and in consequence the lindholders needs cat. That ? be ata u fied without ejecting or desk dging the tenant to some extent linillor l 19 entitled to a reasonable area as Khudhasht will be readily recomni It is the ques son of approprintion of this land where he has not the requisite la already in his pos es ion which presents difficulty 10 The farpur and Joxlhpur 1 evenue and Tenancy Inws to wlucli a prets reference has already been inade contain specific provisions for the determın and ay roximation of Khuch asht lands and it 19 interesting and u cful to review briefly 11 In Jaipur the r les ant provisions on the subjcct of khudhalit ark to foun 1 in Section 107 of the Jaipur State (rints Lund Tonures Int 1917 and Harut Sche lule of thit Ast Section 1 ? cfines hhudasht and the bulionule que tion iny s dlown low it 19 to be appropriated Tlie Jodhpur provisions aroc tunel in Section «f the Varwar Tenancy Act 1919 Talento.cther the pro kons throw ur full.ht on the subject anl se consider it worthwlulo reproduc tcm in ext n) in pundis E ri di tinctis fctures (f the ITOV1910ne Arons follows (*) The 1 lhpur luxud a slulau scule of Khudhasht land tole allo ton lan toler In Jaipur there is no such scale an! the arca font In le termine din cich particular casi accordin, to the frov14101 al lan (a) and (b) if the First Sche lule In I th}ur the Khulha Itlands of n lindoller are to be inade up of (*) lini Irody un lur his cultivation at the commencement of the Act (6) Ianus cultivated by him for not lc44 than " years auring U119T atling the contine incnt of the Ict and (c) 11 ntinuou ly cultivated by the lin llord for not less t in tans time after the commencement of the lot () Bult male for the apj roj nition of lands for allotmen hhuhhut Ith In! un ler the above categories Art Bot suficien 1 ili in Th Jupur Act on the other hand rou fruijtitions 1t his own that baudes landa wluch ulturit! to the ſun atelotje of land en al o le app ili make up the full qucts of the lanılholler & Khudha ft - Innilt vitli certain exceptionng nigriculturi te (c) I nl !! ir lhitidare famions will constructed by the esta 111 rit hi DE JU slucther such lani sy held by a hlintal? In ur hlutur tenint (e) lan!! Ots thrhlate the tenants of less than 1 years standing 13 is meem t u that the litt rece futween the grouision in the Southpur and Jaipur laws is hartli izlun ili the difference on the local condition in the sono are 14 I und holder can even n u apite priate to make up his Khudka ht and so the need to make specific proxi in for appropriation of such lanıl 3* not felt - } nܐ ܐ Mi) hich I ris In Jupurt!

·1 uestion of appropriation of houdhasht 18 one of consider ublt importance crtain areas of Jaipur namely Udaipurwatı Torawatı and Shehhawatı the prol len as b come a thorny and Fezed question 14 Th Raja than Government proniulated in June 1919 the Rajasthan Pros etion of Tenants Ordinance of 1949 with the object of safeguarding the tenant ainst unlauful ejectmtnt According to this lezislation all ten ints who were ir p cupation of any land on the 1st April 1918 and who may have been dispossessed $wce rp entitled to be reinstated to their holdings in accordance with the provisione bf the Ordinance Madhya Bharat lu In a previous chapter mention has b es made of the fact that in all the covenantıng stit sof Madhya Bharat excepting Gwalior the Ijarad irs or farmers of I venue were remojed when the State Governments) gan to function more effettus ly The sy tem of tenure in those areas then became Pyot sarı The villages held by Jagirdars also are throughout held by the peasınts on the I yotwari system Even in the Gwalior State the jagir villages are hell on Ryotwarı tenure, The essence of the Pyotwarı sistem as xplained before us the engagement for the payment of land r venue by peasants of individual holdings with the government direct 16 diferent covenan ing state There is a great varietv in the ri hts enjoved by rrotu ari tenant in the They may however he broudly vided into four clases (1) Pukht 1 Maurusı or Malhanı Haq bolder who has heritable ri_hts as well as unrestricted rights of tran ferring part or i hole of 1 is holding by sale or mortgage and sometimes even by b quest or gift " Mamalı Vauru 1 or Pattedar peasant who enjoya heritabl 5ghts but whose n_hts of trin fer ure hedged round by restrictions ( ) Pea ints sho enjov herit ible rights but have no ni hts of transfer hat ei er (1) Pea ants who hold len s for their holdings for a fixed period of years and who enjov neither he trble nor transferal le richte 17 The numłyor of yeasants in the hir t category 1$ $12!! Pukhta Muru peasants i found in the l' yotwarı tracts the ( walior State In that State the Mamuli Warure1 ant nequires the ri ht of Pukhta Vai ru i after 12 ye rs of occu pation or at the time of settienyent if settlement takes place before the expiry of the period of 1, Tere In other parts of Madhya Bhurat such peasants ar called Mal kan Haq hollers and sometimes er n Istimrar lors They are found in Dewa Senior Devas Junior Pagarh Nar joghearh Ratl m Jhora und Sitamau Some years ago in these states ordin ry Patted ir tenants were allo e l to acquire Jalk ina Haq on the payment of cert in Nazarına to the State 18 The bulk of th peasants in the Ryot san tracta fill in the sccond entego y of Varnuli Taurusi which is the term employed in the (walior State or Pittedırs which 18 the term employed in the Indore State In the G alior Statr the person could not transfer l 19 land thout the permis ion of the gorernment or the a signee of the village In the In lore State fre ious permission of the Collector of the di tnct was required for transf: In the Indore State transfer yas allowed only by sale to anoti er bonafide agricultun t This restriction did not apply in the other areas of Madhya Bharat In most of the smaller states permission of the gosernment wag necess, ty to such transfer Vost lands allotted to nei peasants are al o given out under tl 18 tenure 19 It is only in sum of the smaller States like Stawow Puplola Alirajpur Jhabua and Pajgarb tint tenants of the thin category are found The number peasants in the ast category is also extremely small ·0 Those who had 42 After the formation of Madhya Bharat attempts have been made to unfr and rationalise the land rei enue and tenancy laws in the Ryotnari Villages The Land revenue and ten incy ordinance was passed early in 1919 By this the number of classes of Pyotuan peasants was reduced to two All peasants who had a bts sem than tho c of Vamuli qurust or Pattedar peasants were given Pattedarı nights whis have formed the main bulk of the peasantry in the rootvari areas forpely Pakhta Maurusı or Malkana Haq vero left undisturbed because they had Fights superior to those of Pattedar tenants The policy of the government is now to let out all future lenses on the Pattedari tenure No Pukhta laurusı rights will be tlosed to accrue in the future Certain other reforms were also brought about bir this ordinance The Wadhya Bharat legislature has also recently passed the Lood Revenue and Tenancy Act Thich further consolidates the position in the Ryot want Even the Puhhta Vurusı tenure has been aboli hed and prictically all ten ont, hnvel een brought to the les el of Pattedass duces certain restrictions on transfer of leases to enable more holdings of an economie The nex. Rjotwarı law al o intre Bizo being created in the future areng and Urually an ho The tenants in the zunandari areas are of three types (t) I uhhto Vauru (º) Ba nuit Baurusi ( Cart Vautu The l ihhta Vnurust ten nt ling unrestricte l rights of transfer in udilition to heritable TL118 The Vamul Muru tenint has only heritable but no trin ferable n,ht 110 Gur Maur tenant har nether the millt of inl critance nor transfer a tenint f'r t admitted to n holling in the animandiri nrca starts with Gair Muru. Tint Ifter 12 years he nutrmatically recomes a Mamu Maurusi tenant After an itler! very he become a lullta Vaurnes tenant The acquu it on of fuperior ver be accelerate i with the consent of the manun lnr who for living 11 itu ulls tahes 1731 1 ini di gofryote nnel tenants in the Pyotuan an] 7amın rutrui 11 litani in nender i Lint halutlert enjoyed the risht loth in 1 votuari and the zimin ul { thirl! Ni l'attacart tentant in the Indore State could utlul lui nis fralri ultural purpo cs and not otherwie In other parts of V. }} 1831 1h Vimul Vuru i or Inttedur pea ant could freely suhlet has Ini na alition ! It mited by the terms of the rullers In tic 7mindari art 19 t1Iulturu Yumul Vioru (rciun Gar Vurus tenant could sublt 1,1 l freel at nants ( uld hollst until the expiry of the crid of sub Innn 11 tinthet altur tenancy act the sul tenints were al o protec tal tron Utmat il at grou def non payment of ent or breach of certain Il crcnlitt 1 tutte ict pm el for thic Rjotwari areas severu rre fri tions 110 Le 111 ull trine 1 1 - ·43 CHAPTER X-FUTURE OF JAGIRS 11hre attempted to give according to the material available or acce able to us and nf the essential f atur s of the Ja ir system in Rajasthan and Madhya Bharat We propose now to deal with the future of that system 9 Tokare shown that the Ja ir ag an institution has ex te in India for many One attribute of it which merits particular attention is its impermanent In the 1 lum period the Afsi,nco was the holder of an office The Mosk m Rulers set tl ir fice a ainst any claim to make the zsignment heritable They always ins tedd un i clear listinction between private property distributed ac rding to the law of inheritance and public offices and assignments in which no vested or contin ent n.ht accrued 3 Th Vahratta Princes did not allow permanent alienation of revenue As Malcolm ob vrved these have not forgotten that their own titles ori inated in De tempor iry grints and they have great reluctance to gise Sunnude or de ds of a contrary nature Little respcct has been shown by the descendants of th tirst Mahratta Princes of ntral India to the Sunnuls of the Emperors of Dell except to the held by lamindars and hereditary officers with whose scrvices in th oruin ry management of the country they could not dispense but though their very Irce lunds ar d immunities were preserved their ruthority has bcen mucha limited 4. Land held as a freehold on Bhum tenuro by the Rajput Bhumia is always Cheri i da a better title amongst the Pajputs in 1 ajasthan than either the larger Ja ir or the ass)nment: 11 cn by the Clan Chief to his clinement le au c tho latter Aro liable to by resume) either by the Ruler or the smaller chief w In to n ser was or has beun any immutability al out the Tamir ystem The princițl of resumption must be deemed to be inherent in it Interferences in Ja ir ruht were not uncommon un ler the Hindu Rulers In Raj+ than Jilir ni hts hivo suff red in th past under t} acquisitue instincts (ftho Rulers notably in eastern Pyt1 an It all depe n led whether the Rulers woro strons or weak The clan orin ation undoubt dy jut some kind of a onstitutional check on wholesal expropriation of Ja,ir ri Its 6 Tho apparent stability of the Jagirs in In primarily due to the protection enjoyed under P the British interzo ed this authority between t? their suzerain Dirbire in Va lhia Bherat und n 8 parate Identity of the tates The propriet look up to tho British for protection Under tl Tutical views of Tol ar 1 Ilphinstore the Brits: Was some kind of a federal structure in a Rajf divid a beteeen the ruler and his clinsun their views the British Covernment were not ar be unduly interfered with by the Fuler 7 The modernisa ion of State admin tratou intere ts of foudal orbinsation As the Rulerg centralised it tend to curtail the porers of ingvitabi cor Ilary to progressive administrat Madhya Bharat huve been gradually as in late during the last few d cades but as conservat rign in the States of P jasth..n the Jagirdars t! tbo integration f the area with the rest of t fought for the preservation of theu feudal interes Stato to preserve it intact for them

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·Will a 46 unrestricted right of property over the Jagir So long a cho Jagır 19 in his session he is no doubt entitled to the income from it 14 The position that the Jagirdar finds himself in today is that of an Assigree thout any of the other attributes which gave hur l 18 ori inal status as a Jagırdar o residuum which is now left to hum 18 what is tormed as his proprietary right collect revenue from his tenants and his obligation to pay certe in tributes which ve Leen fixed long ago as a political settlement If the position of a Jagırdır pre to be stabilisod by Government ho will have to be given the ri hts of e landlord hd property rights created in his fas our somewhat inalorous to that of a Zamındar other parts of India This would be the natural course of evolution of the status a Javirdar if he is to be left intart with his present right over the land The hly pos able wav in which the Jagırdan 9 stem can survive in an altered form 19 in smo modified rorm of landlordism 10 Hire the Governmants will be faced with the question of maintaining the andlord o interests 19 wgainst the rights of the pe sunt proprietor a Irdar 9 position as a rent receiver remain unaffected and untouched whent hrou hout the country the ileu is bein vigorously as erted and prop gated tha on uricultural land there can be no unearned incomo? In any c s it would be impos ble to confer on an Assince the rights of a landlord when throughout the centuri bf his existenco ho had no such rights Any attempt to consert the Ja dari Systen ato ome form of landlordism would be con dered a must rotro rad step It must be stated without hesitation that thero are no means by which tho Jagir xy tem can b continued under a democratie form of Government Tho truth 13 that the system has been in a slow proce s of or integration for several decades are there aro no strys which could pos ibly support it 16 This conclusion is not based on any hostility to the Ja ir lais 89 dl 59 At a st ge when institutions become archic ccrtun undesirable el nents to in Vitably creep in but that do 's not condemn any classor body of men Th J girders will now have to look to the fut ire and not to the past There is thing about the p t of which the best among them may be shared there are n ny things about it which they sp triotic Indians have every retson to be proud of u lat need concern them in the future is not so mu b th ir rights or privi eges but tte manrer and method by which they should adjust them elves in the fast changing conditions of there social and politic l enviror ment Our recommendations which follow in a suksequent ch pter re ir fluenc d by the consideration of rehabilita ting them over e period of je r so that the chan e may be carried out in a menrer which would cause as little distres es the changing circumstances will somit Rapıd and rwdical changes are not without their pengs of distress and suff ring but they can surely be tempered by syn pathetic cors deration understanding and feir minded nieasures The process of ref abilitation of the Ja idars in the next ore or two dec des will d pend upon their willineness to fue up their privıl ges and privileged position in the hi, her interests of the country ani in a spirt of retro try as the Somurais did in Jap n and the 2331stance which the covernment may live in Iringing about readjustm nts and stending them a help ng hand ·1 x lor * 1 1C CILAPTER XI-ABOLITIOY OF JADI.S 1 lut some ting part now th so his humanitarid mani, tion of all t111 of intern firing on lsit 'th male rin ter of Mystem has oíte natta in continued 1 tilt that factory an wer can Sunl to t rol! nifi irsi contant ro ninnu of Indislunl is irlaris PT Math innamorarthe, ndersatt The jasirkiston hudtb 1 min Tasan intitutun utility or oth rii [ such an in litutin in th Inn Nora of inlern for my state which went luling up in Inlis Weehall have in porti tilst to my Whether in a ratin crin) nie ir kexrnil alsants flon fr n the cxir Ierpetuation ( 12.11 as an instituts in Wb liese that no on in Iniin today will alsacate the creatine's Jar is in th future We cinn c nt nplat th nmat of turnir due to th statt ta Nin in the fitut i parintbrni pril, then Ni ward for rerine u srculs ren! rolls th m In on for einn! allioc to thist Vini t re or lu h functi nori 4 of th: !1t) rnrni con 1101 grennnnnt of utat rosimy for any irry Irn! olbs them laro anti ly liff rent methods of remun ratin, fuel ISIC 3 In the ntinuntion (PASSILn Nontoh Id rs riwarly for Aitri in the 17*t inn tl justite i lec 112% NIC 1 J1r4 han la 1. In that ! FC vs ben alr dy nil quatrly rec u 18 lani in any cuan crunton nec the crist nico of an entir li qutmout lastem whicnt man out of plic under the resent in conditions Thornunnitat dan to stati null! cllecteut lirect by the stat ani ntb al nutel to oth pro The 11 lir ir lit 11 hip I tu n the min (rannmn nt on the real on! tiller ft iloith (the rohullbrforelli thelu niniti noftrier re4 Tir te tho Tority of the unlani the content in ntn il 11 ne hurithi hec mr ah lut li ncestirs that he shoulba tti frut the inb ur sulject onks to th pas me it fr renuror turto think net bintots the stance incl. 9 of prys wa tribjiti ili n tut prorlution from the lar: I anl who mrli encer пъh r f the itinal clis ad nl en lin The jo tified The Jacinar that is rosil, tani horf rms t er lit to the press nts when in d. 1 anill inj ( 5tinu tn rna! [farm the lo infict cor bute t ! ir titi the lid rifnt ns which they can to 1 erf ni tho owl bin Irine nata nu tb c m units as a hole or the state or Sovern nantirevet i to jerf n and in fact hull i form 4 Th cyn lu 1011 that th further continua fthe in Irelatenunjut and tha the jurar ): ul Il lupon noi of their right i turnil, lut question n to whethrth ar antik I to nns com 11 tion Thus i intim linked up with th Tu tun fthe natur fthe jigarri hts and in parti ult to how for it purtuhea fth niture pr rts tilht Toth during thi nor the Vostem p 1 ) y son propi 11 71 Nt af much in relation to 12.2 tern by cistom or Ins Thtul rofth soil th funner crth 1 ner and tl chi all these poss ci arta lund sofri hts and obligations towards land ! idea of property an dinl how ver 19 quite foreign to Indian cone 10 was only the Briti h who first ntered into an croinination of this non est problom of prop rts in lind Thoso Briti le conceptions as previously indicated in applicable to tho Indon Status in Valu 1 and Palasthan rights in lind have ser been as crted it has only be n 80 in Vadhya Bharat duri If any propriets recont in s where the Mahratta Rulers 18 01 orlords have channed to Lc ropri? of the soil Thr jagırdını n nurls in Girabor ani Indon, which con oldite ! present posizion in ward to jayırdars clearly lay down a distinction lut jagırdarı rights and the rights of proprietors as such > ·ensation on fue recognition bart of society 5 There are other customs in force which clearly distingui h between jagirdarı hts and proprietary rights Jagird uri rights huse alw ays been under tood to be sumable at the will of tho ruler Jagir rights have never been governed be the ndu law of Mitahsh ra which applies to the property of a Hindu For eximple bagırdar could not p298 on his jagır to an adopted son unless such adoption was hd with the prior permission of the rult r ind in no t ca es unless a nazarana s pard for the recognition of such adoption Su h restri trons do not apply to the heritance by adoption of other forms of prop rty Vondls junts ve usually Ad under a sinad or oth r explicit or implid grunt and aro never partible The of primogenituro and the rule of impartibility applıcıble to ja 118 cleul dis bruish them from forms of property Again the ri hts in junt u not transfer bls at th will of the lardır Thi ra muy hire b en oca ional in tan cs wh re the my have p rmitted a fin in 1lly emburrass d ji udut) mortag 1 portion bis jagir but theru 13 no ca o known of such mortoh shun, b n for clos dd a rei no instince known either of paprs huun, been tran ferred to oth r per ong r valuable consideration or bv bequeat or gift The inference 18 clear that 1.1 mbracın in that t rm ull form of assi,nments) are not the prop ity of the oldars 6. If the jour system 13 abolished 13 irdars rould not be entitled to any com ground of the jacis b in privato property This is not hoy ever sav that we re ommend an outright abolition of jagir ri ht wthout du regard pad consideration of the assistance which should in such an event be given to the ordar Even though jagus are not property we hav, to be r in mind th it these bits which have in many cases been enjoyed for centuries have a quired around hem an accretion of rı hts by long custom and prescription which ar entitled to It has to be r logni ed that the Jagirdary fuim un imjortant of any part or class of society No soc131 or economie reform can contemplate the turning aduft The Jagirdars as a cla s have long depended for beir livelihood and su tenance on the nevenues derived from their land and the are abolition of the juu ystem and the deprivation of the rights of pagurd re thout consequential arrangement will cause sidespread distres and di location In the event of the abolition of the Jagir system therefore it ould be the duty of Such fehabilitation wall necessari anvolve some time and during that period the 18.irdure must be given assistance from Government 17. In considerin the practical measures for dealing anıth Jigurdars on the fubolation of their ja irs it may be convenent to divide then i noes into threo Thrso distinctions will not holreru bo accordin, to the historical In the frigin of the jagirs but ac ording to the exi ting condition of the same first cat gory we would put sagn, conseting or some of more entire Jlauzas In the second category we would put assignments of small pucels of nulla.eThis distinction is necessary both for administrativo and economic re1son From the administrative point of view the probleme shi h retenue reform in entire mauzas present aro distant from those pres nted Ls emull and dispersed holdin Tconomically too the jagurdar of one or more entire lliges is in a very differ nt group from the assamee of small holdings It is also of importance to note that in the loading States of Madhya Bharat tlu: distinction 14 1 arly mado for purposes of regulating the rights and privileges of a sorte ! In the third category we woull put all ja irs or assignmont" wh ther consisting of entire mauzas or of holling the nues of wluch are dedicated for the muntenance of a t mplo or other religious or charitable institution This ela s has to be placed ap it because the considera tions which apply to templ s or institutions are very duft nt from those w hi h apply to the economic life of individuals 8 We shall first consid rtle el sof jogurdsrs who hold ono or mor We consider that a perio1 of 1 years should be allowed to the jag listin t clas es or Villag 3 ·natur thelemalla 1 om Proportion to de to the Jantar Thr distinction appears to under the direct cultivation of tho lindlord or thin jagirlar with his on 11 Whery & handlar or igirur himxclf has a farm or Khudhasht of he ori lus attachment to the line and lus richt to cultivate that luni lum elf ought the re rected In fiet in one of the mie yra pulitei areas of Van Bhurit and Pajasthan the liguer lindions thould be encouraged to intito not be ancora oil to leer lurte art of land nomina?shoul as his Kiudhe Tllanillad on the other hard steam 49 to enabl then to oilyi til: mst ilet #conditt nix Ihitin 176 this lolllrall wolnytain fitin la stare out of the gentaseft 9 In din, formula firm, the te of the Attunt which inlar bovy rectise from the State Uni! latine of a pati the Jo Tur 31,rlr hrullir i alt mit! fixs I it mir lite tells than the and toli ir jakinar Ti ridicate of deltilutin, te potirofluiden Prema navdy inen 14ing an inner At lxiin jyra t1fl u rincone Torja dr sons of the incom Tups in Il te 111 mytrn jancipt skit.com in (ur 110 bajjlıcal Ir in tl tr sinntil undirst ditt rent in nire game In working out a jin Ti* ils met 34ing mnt of the site to I kept is thy and the propea nel lecni in wil of the ame unt to be put to thin it inli. also consider that the xlil syatem:yrefrail to that psnirm asl 1r TT ** fic accordinnlı rrcomm nd th sal of ment to the jameda for 10 years - I be of Proportion to in rrt al by (1upere) Innan per (in Anna par It ) Riper) The rrt 3000 116 000 BOMO Nett 10 000 110 30 000 Net 50 000 /10 an! Ito Romani 10 Wohne hien antious thourht to the question of the Shudha ht lone the prelars He linie nc cract figures to show the crtcnt of hhudhasht hok. of murdars but no presume & Lool numiks of them have come l nd delineata! their Ludha ht In certain piatto of 1 11 thn Wiudha ht lind go under name of Syr The resental difference between her and hidhn lie as it is stoot in Vorth India 19 that Sun 19 the <zucial hon land of the landlord in wluch? ten in the set scrue whereas hlmitha hot lind 18 merch ani lind ind cultivation of the liellord in which lowoner if tenants an ailmatted tema rights al o accruely the normal operation of las futuru sat u theru honld not be two clicues Sir and Lhudhaehit but that all time Tenants if admitted to such lands will however be entitled to such tenanet As accrue to them under the operition of the list trnis for themselves out of fullos liri Meri 18! Vt 87 € ·Sub infeudation which tes ri e to clase (a) is frectically unknown in Madhy Sasans ete that is to say grants of mall porcels of land made to different classes holding only af wacres of land are littl better offt holdin, of the sub assignee plot proprietor or free ho with it the prestige of being an assignment and the free holder to tho lan l 13 ver great The number 11 other land may be In any 13 not exactly known Lut it is probably of tho order ely to enable hum to retain in a different way lands which bº ou_ht to part win He therefore recommend that 2 jagirdai be allowed to heep as his Ahud (a) all land which he at present cultivates with his own cattle implements and hired Intour and (6) other land which he may acqure as I hudk asht up to a maximum limit to be prescribed as suitable for each arez subject to the strict and in variable condition that he is not to add to his khudka ht any land which is held by a tenant or rvot of whatsoever class he may be The intention is to permit jagirdars not only to continue to hold their pre ent udka ht but also to extend it reasonably What the reasonable maximum extent such khudhasht should be will naturally vary according to the fertility of the soil e nature of the country and other conditions lo definite acrea e can therefore set down for the whole of Pajasthan and Madhya Bharat as a part of our recommen ation The roasonable maumum size of a bhudhasht holding will have to be de rmined by the settlement officer or the revenue department or a land tribunal if he such is set up 1' We also desuo to state that in the futuro such khudhasht should be liable the assessment of Government revenue at settlement rates in the same way as There is no justification for any privileged class of persons olding or cultivating land free of the obligation to pay the stato its share of revenue 13 He now come to the consideration of the second olass of jagırdars namely hose who do not hold entire villages but only scattered holdings in Villagos We appreciate that even in this group there may be a few whose aggregate holdings of Those income may be larger than that of a jagırdar of one or two very small villages such border line cases are likely to be few and taken by and lar,o the classification case for reasons of administrative contenience it is necessary to treat the class 14 In Rajasthan the bulk of such holding as ignments consist of (a) holdings which have been allotted by bigger jacudars for the maintenance of the cadets of their familie Bhumias and Bhum boldings and (h) holdings created by the extreme fragmentation of jayırs where the late of primogeniture 19 not ol served law of primogeniture Included in the game (ated cry though very diff reut in of persons either for charitable purpo e or in recognition of erucap 15 From the economic point of view this class smell assigneck do much greater th n that of the holdin, of a well to The attachment of this class of tshile in BI dhya Bharat tle number of ich hi! Belen thousand 16 lle have stated above that tho economic as i no 8 is hardly better ti an ti at of the superiore apart the humbler walks of life I nd revenue ·Till al the point of 11c* of agrarian reform therefore there 19 not that proper utile pentru for the aboution of such assignments as ther is in the case of the larger jarordam The bulk of tho plot liolders live on the land and cultivato parcels of land there Wo consider that this cla s of people well rootel in the soil should not be necessarily di turled In fict to di po se s them will only mean uz motina number of genuine cultni ators of the soil without any recompeni in the fijne ocialoroconomic raform Ul that appear necessary in this la sof holdina empre 13 to removotio of tlie de ftets as ocinted with that sugtem Th, ubimy or the Vurfid ır orilet j roj rretor thou h he cultirao part of the find lumvlf also sub lets quite part of his huiling to other 2.2... Thone other rea int or sul tenants have no ecurity of tenure They can bent nt tho will of the uperior propri tor from loin th hold the land The first of tho tuod fits frred to aboso which has to b) rectifie 1 Followirth principlo of elımınating in intermeluart in any form itineri tint tle tenants should be granted full protection a un teuiction In the firationem payal lo by them they should al have the advant wo of the rates fival is in Settlement Olli 19 They should in our si w for a priod of about lipit liable to pay rents not more than parentineries of that fixed in the settky ment rates for tenant in chief Thorel vanco of the period of 1- scar iefer nco to the recommendations by low where so halo Bug, sted that thes tm. of the small r 1 signments should al o ! made tenints with full right hoki direct from the State after a priod ofl. var 18 The fra liold character of the lan! h ll be thieso mallra I noc have to disapi car There can be no room for any pruul al class of pi on erem from the paiment of th hure due to the stito Tho aim should be to bun, the small holding asshunees to the ly 1 of other persuants by imro ing on them obligation to u lind revenue to the state 19 Th mill r assignee hould in the future haco the amu ni hts <f lett cut lu land tsub tenint 19 other pattedar or hhatedır tunints have Wher this c1 of as in i di bled by virtue of being a minor or wom 11 llindro or i lunate tr multivitin his or her land ubi ttin, should be parmitted ul je al to the u htt) ent the sub t nint whenever he mit want the Tundlich for hu cun cultı tion but not for 1 ttw it out to ther tenint Simuli tho amoni this cli s of pri ritors who enlist in the army should lo permitted to ublet t1 eit lands for the pijud duung which they tumun so enlisted with tho ni,,nt of evetin the sub tenint ind resumin coltivation on return from the army Such enlisted sollir hould however not lo allowed to exact sub tenints merely in order 10 11 the fund to omo othei ub tenint wer somewhat di 'PID ted to note that u hu provz ion h19 not been made in the larw or reminds LAWS with the rusult that returnin solli r find it upo blo to ruime their cultivation We would sui rt that the 101 131on for the security of tenure of sub tenints be made in the unitid lw for l'ajasthan 0 The practical measure we 11_st therefore for the Rub a igns muficu free tenure h kits ind all othe summer of holdin er- (@) that the be permitte they cultivate thei (b) that their tenint b ket to the condit The tenants of th se small as in with full 11hts h ldu, dir et fi in his turn hrle to be ome a p: khudhasht The depui atrand for the decrea e in their income hasht to land revenue neces>211 opportunity during a p riod of ·tons entrusted to them This will se hope lead to better management of the we divide the jairdars into two groups namely tho e ho are proprietors of one pr more vallng 9 and those who are proprietors of holding but it is possible there may be some proportion of them ho may not be holding land, or from their sub tenant for & reriod of 1 51 el 93 of small assigneos ntable institution Tho period of 1? years has bren allowed to the lirg r12 rdars to stand on their own The total income from the small as u 'nment therefore including tho usufruct of khudłasht and the rents pay able bg sub t nants in that holdins will have to 10 in its entirets for a period of 12 years to th assignce At the end of 12 years ub tenant will becomo a full tenant subject to the payment of land revenue at settl ment rates and tho smaller as ignee will be confined to his bhudkasht a will also then be assessed to land revenue at settlement rates in the same way he khudhasht of tho bieger jagırdar The u ufruct of his Khudlasht free of Telenue for the nut 12 years and tho m sne profits of land let out to tenants for a period of 12 sears will constitut: the rehabilitation assistance allowed to Te now come to the third categors namely that of assignments created ndowm nts for the upkeer and muntenance of temples and other religious and So far as the purels agrarian or land revenue aspect of 28 nm nts is concerned exartly the same considerations as tho e apply to er kunds of assimtiments hold good There is the same reason for the abolition of larter endnument jagir for the confirmation of the Jayırdar or the muafidar prasant with full rights in his hhudhasht area and for tull protection being in to other tenants to whom lands in such assignments )ave been let out There that in many cases the assignse is not devoting the revenues of the assignment be treatment of such assignments on the lines recommended for assignments of the Loud will be created by the temples and religious in titutions being deprived the endowments on which they depend largely for their upkeep Some of these statutions aro of considerable antiquits and are held in great reverence. propriation of the revenues of such as ignments by the state will offend public dowm nts in some form or other Provision will therefore be necessary for the maintenance of the e we would suggest the setting up of statutory religsous ané charitable endou membinards in Rajasthan and Bladhya Bharat to shoxe care all institutions now The boards created should be Fatutory in ord r to give the public greater confidence and a greater voice in their deatmont of ti e assignments in the third category on exactly the same lines as those plodced at the disposal of the endor ment board for the management of the institu i present will have to be esfumated' and 'heun equal to this income tall have to be d. We may sum up the foregoing recommendations by stating that broadly The former group may be called the principal assimees This class will include almost all the jagir bars who hold their pagreither by sanad grant patta or some similar instrument under any such formal document 294 Our recommendat ons in paragrap! 9 apply to the principal e signees The other group of smaller a signces ill not be disturbed from their posi fion on the land and will le entitled to receire their income other from their own Consequently when the Janing of the principal assignees are taken oler anz cla s of persons who belong to ntiments to better public advantage only years ·A recorder! second category will remam on their land and will not le dispose el rights for thm will has o to o prepared and their status and rights will be d termined in the manner proposed in para 20 -6 In Vadhy Bharat the grous receipts will have to bx calculated on L rovenuos derived from the averago of the pas ment according to settlement rart from the cultivated area (excludu, khush i lit) during the thirco agricultural se precoding tho year of the abolition of the gir III tanha or tributo (includun the on the jalıd usool) will have to be ignoreel in the calculation of the gro revers and the sharo payablo to tho jngırdar should bo quite retardless of the tinhas pada by hum in the past to government The tankas fixed in the past bear no rela: tion to the incomo of the jagirs and aro buscd on no scientific principles It HozL only be fair in considering tho assistance to be rendored to the jazirdar to those tankas and to proceed on the basis of the actunl revenue of ll estate It may result in some of tho jagers of tho jadid 1sool in Madhya Bharat derisine larger income than they have hitherto but this is only fair particularly as the per amounts pat able to tho jagırdars are being calculated on lases entirely different from those on which tankas were fired in the past showing the classification of the jagırdars in Vadlign Bharat according to differen, In Appendır C 19 given a stuteur income groups There aro 13.9 jagirs of this class in Vadhya Bharit derisines total revenue of Rs 73 87 lakhs of which tho jagırdars pay to the government total of R$ 11 87 lakhs as tanha of tribute According to the scald recommended by us for the next 12 years the sharo accruin, to the state from tho income of them assigned areas wall be about Rs I lalhs 27 The above remarks apply to Pajasthan and tributes such as Rcht Chat etc should be ignored in calculating the gross receipts In I ajasthan only in t settled jagır areas will it be possible to calculato the gross receipts of revenue derin from the average of the thrco agricultural years preceding the year of abolition 11 formula cannot therefore bo applied to most of the jagır art as where in respect the year in whuch gir is taken over the amount to be paid to the jacordar ma have to be based on a rough calculation In the subsequent year the amount es matol will have to be revi od and the amount fixed with reference to such revi data 8 A sum illod the basic annual sum will therefore hue to be determined the case of ? Ji ir and the Jagındar s Share shall be pad accord to the cu rocommended ·€ CHAPTER XI.-ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI RIGHTS 1 In coosidering the problem of Zımındani in Vadhya Bharat and Pajasthan Committe have had the advantage of havin, before them the reports of th amindari Abolition Committees of the United Propinces Bihar and Vadra for are also had the adı antage of observing the measure4 taben by tho e pro ncial governments in respect of Zamindari in thet are is I'he Covernment Madhya Bharat had also independently of the Committet appointed their own mindanı Aboution Committee That Committee has recently reported to the Tadhva Bharat Gorernment and we have perlised its report All provincial governments which liave tackled the problem of 7anındım are come to the conclusion that the Zamın lati system must be al olished The Ladbya Burrat Committee has also reported in favour of abc Iition In the econ es uns it is hardly necessary to elaborate or reiterate the arguments for the abola zon of Zamındari in Madhya Bharat and Rajasthan The Zamındr) problem is more pronounced in Vadhya Bharnt and exists onl in very amul are in Rajas flan. The Zamındari is of recent growth in both the areas It has been of rent creation under fortuitous circumstan as The Lovernment of Gwalior instead of me Ornising and confirming the firmers nt revenue may Oasily have taken a decision on the lines of the other Mahratta Statos in Malwa where such revenu farms were extinmuished In Pajasthan a modified form of Zamin lart e rits and is farmely a creation out of the bias of certain settlement officers 3 The economic and ocial arquments for the abobt on of Ja, irdarı apply a fortiort for the abolition of lamındarı Iti hardly necessary to recapitulate the arguments in favour of such abolition which have been expounded at length in the course of so many enquiries on centar The fundamental principle is that the Il r of the oil should be entitled to the fruit of his lat our subject only to the payment of the share due to the State and with at the interpo ition of ur termediaries wy. As in the case of jagırs the question ari es as to how far Zımınd. r. n,hts in Madhya Bharıt and Paja tn in partal e of the nature of projerty rights We have previously dealt at length with the nature of property right in the different period - Hindu Níuslim British and their ipplicalilty to Indian States wh re the lass hare men er recognised full property si hts over the soil as b su koted in th Zamundur logy of the Zamındari system in north India e cor ogru e that during the Tecent past the e 7 smındard have ubtuned all the 1). hts of u er and dir which the lamind irs in the UI posses We further appreciate that thene Zamındars bare enjoyed the right of transfer by way of mortgage sale bequ st and gift and these rights for valuable consideration Inspite however of all the it has to bo remembered that the Zamındar , tem in Madhya Bharat ar d Rajasthan is of recen growth and that the legal con ej ts relatin, to Zaraındari ri_hts in Bengal and U P In fact as pointed out have never been extended in thuer entirety to these areas before in the leading Mahratt States thó theory, was e olved that the property Bichts of the soil vest in the Maharaja We do not the reforo consider that the Zamin dars in these tra ts enjoy property rights of 8 nature which entitle them to compen sation as such 5 Zamındars cannot Icht Jagurdars be divided into Zanındars of (atiro villagos or Zarzındars of plot holdings it is of the essence of the Zamındarı oystem that the engagement fr the jayty nt of revenue is made for a štouza or a llahal as a n hole Tho engagement may be lt a single Laminlar or a body of j roprietors but in dealing Lamindan sy stem ) as to go it has to be eliminated from all the villagra worth the Zamınd irs of tho e villages are si ule individuals or grou' s of persons ng the measure of rel ał uitation as vtar ce to be rendered due nyard ·pas ment and 51 havo to be pul to the different (conomic gmupa into which Zamin lars mar kl The aroument for making a distinction between the nich Inmindar nnd the pione azumdır on a progressively increasin, or decre 1911. srake hollzL0xl a a much 24 in the ciso of tho Jirirlars 6 In re ard to the as essment of the rehabilitation des tance to be render! to the Lamındars in lieu of the abolition of their rights to problems are nimely (a) the mode of determining the scale of (b) the more of finincing tho assistance Those two problems aro discua ed in the icport of the Zamındari Abolition Committee of Andhya Bharat and it would be useful to cor ider the e questions hero with refer once to the recommendations of thist Committee 7 The Committco propo u that the proj ortion of the compensation to the income of the Zamundar should progres iseli decre iso with the increase in the income of th Zamındu and that tho not urofits of a 7amini r should be calculated on the ba91of the grase income runus a 10 per cent deluction for the cost of collection and short collections and minus the land revenue and c 390payablo bv the Zanundar to the Governmont That Committer have however entered into an examination of tho effect on tho net profits of the period which has clapcod sinco the last sottlement Te nro unfortunat ly unable to agree thint such con keration bo giren in the calculsa tson of net profits because we think that that Committoo lins proceeded on the popular assumption that settlements are un lertaken from timo to time manly with a view to enhancin, tho land revenue The assessment of land resenue at succee settlements has in tho past shown an increase with the increasin, derclopment of th country and the ti e in prices More recently however most cultivate parts o India hayo renched a sta, 0 where further enhancement of revenuo incutable In fact now revenue as essment s much moro dopendent on th price level than on anything else The level of rents of new lenses in the period 193 to 1939 wis much lower than that in the period 1920 to 1999 becau-o of the work wido slump in prices which occurred after 1930 If revision of sottlement take place with reference to low les el of prices there is no res on at all why enhancemer. of lind revenue should be expected except for such other reasons as extencion cultisation of increa o in irrigation facilities We do not therefore con ader the there 24 any need to su into the question of the period which has elap ed since th lagt settlement The net profits of a Zaminder worked out without this con idere tion should be as good a guido as any other 8 We agree with the Vadhya Bharat Committee that the amount of the re habilitation grant should be expre sed as a multipl of the net profits That Com mittco have honorer recommended the clasification of Zarıındars according to th rovenue a essed on thom We are unabl to appreciate the reasors for this 1 would be much mor scientific in our yjes to classify the mindars us wo fias recommended in tho ca e of Jaguslars according to their mome groups sude according to the land retenus paying stoupg Ito would also ro ommen i the slai system instead of the step system with marginal adjustments recomme Jed by th Nadhya Bharat Committee For the rest wo would be willing to follow the line indicated by the Madhya Bharat Committee and suggest the following scale o assistance 1 19 no 1 aby of in me Mult ple payable to t1 e 2smt d rut dort est 20 tm. 17 15 100 409 1 500 1 00 1 500 Rern ind Next 10 ·the attempt will not meet with any substantial sucrets 9 The Madhya Bharat Committee haie estimated that th cost of the abolition Rue Zamındaruin that State would amount to about Rs 10 crores As the average of assessment of Lind l'evenue in the 7amındari area of Vidhya Bharat 19 the e timate of the cost of aboution will be the same under the scale of 1s Le proposed by us They hue suggested that in order to meet a part of this the V P scheme of collecting a Zamındari Abolition Fund from the tenants adopted They have recommended the collection of thre times the annual t from I ukhta Vauru , tenants IX times from the Mamu) 11211111 tenants mes from the Gair llauru i tenants and fifteen times from sub tenants They mate that if all tenants in the Zumundarı area pay up these amounts for the ac ition of certain rights and for the reduction of rent the total sum collecter uld amount to about Ps y crores They are boteser not qute confident that tenants would take advantage of these terms of offered and have therefore ted that it is more likely that sum of only about R9 3 crores may he pas. tble collect This would impo e on the Cosernment of Madhya Bharit the burden fiading about Ps 7 ct res The Committee jare further ubested that only part the payment of compensation be made in fish and that the remainder be given in form of Government bonds in order to prevent Inflation and to BỊ read out tho bility of the Government over a period of years 10 We regret very much that we are unable to endor e some of the principal tommendations of the Jindhya Bharut Zamındarı Aboutin Committee at Committee recommend that on payment of the suns indicated by the tenants sub tenant and the renant une chut can both acquire Pukhta Maurusı rights Moreover ith the abolition of Zamındar and Jaguidare it is highly desirable that the rights tenants throu, hout the State be placed on an equal footing It will be agreed at once the intermediaries are removed the relation of the rgot with the Corrrn Lent should throughout be the same in the recommendations we nake in sub equent chapters we propose that the 17_ht of the ryot to transfer his land be suitably fancy legislation have put such restrictions on the rights of transter of peasants favour of all the tenant's in the north the dresaren and to create only Ulamul Vurusi ghts in the Rvotwan area of Madhya Bharat We are al o of the Tie that the fermas offered to tenants in the Zamindari arra in return for the payment demanded The bulk of the tenants in be Lamındari area in Madhya Bharat esen today enjoy bentable rights The Average peasant is not much interested in a quiring nghts of transfer prrticularly 2009 period of high prices when he is well off and does not need to mortgage or sell his to collect money from the tenants in a widespread drsue of the kind contemplated We do not therefore recommend such a course of action 11 The Madhya Bharat Committe have not made any estimate of the total amount which would be payable in cad in addition to the usue of bonds safe to assume however that the sum parable in cash will run into a in crores The payment of such a sum ill certainly aggrerate the inflationary cond tiong crore or two crores of rupecs In our view even the pyment of a Kould place an intolerable bsrden on the financial re ources of the Vadhya Bharat Government In the present state of economic cri 19 an 1 the imperative need to chech inflation by all mean possible we cannot support this line of action 12 The issue of bonds as recommended by the Madhya Bharat Committo does not amount to savings It amounts merely to the acknowledgment of a li It wll be almost im lity created now to be rede me l after a fes years for the Madhya Bi arat Gn er ment later to find the money to redeena It 19 in the country ·lt is open to t other crore colonists under certain definite conditions and we do not wish to disturb the 6 We are on the whole therefore unable to agree with the means recommended by the Madhya Bharat Committee for financing the scheme of Zamındar abolitica. 13 We consider that the approach to the financial asp»ect of /umınlanabe tion should be totally different le shall have to find the means for the liquidat: of the system within the system it clf In our view the Zamındart system should be abolished by legislation forthwith and the villages converted into the l'atran system tile collection of rents from the tenants enn then be made through vill. 1 atels to be appointed and the collections deposited in the treasury as in the Ryotwarı villages We would not lioncser recommend the reduction of the renta any of the tenants in the 7amındari area for the present Any increase in to rights of peasants in those villages can be granted without callmg upon the tena ing prices and inflation and porticularly in tlic pr sent circum tances of India there is no justification whatcier for reducing the burden on the primary again tural entrepreneur namely the cultivator of the land In fact the present les of prices would actually justify the imposition of much incren al burdens on ter tenant so long as the high prices last We would for these rencong sugrest that the whole of the rent at present pard by the tenants to Zamındars should be incomo of the Lamındarı villages of Madhya Bharat is estimated to be Rs 19 total sum of Rs 100 crore intercepting as their own income sunt of I's 0 Of this the Zamındars pay the Government in the shape of land revenues The actual assessment today stands at just a little over 5 Per cent If all the rents payable by tenants to the Zamındars become pralle * the Government Government s revenue from the Zamındarı villages will go up. Rs 1 J9 crores On the other hand we shall have to make allowance for t increased cost of collection involved in collecting froin all the tenants direct If thu cost of collection is put at about # per cent of the total demand it would amour to Rs 15 lakhs that 19 to say the Government may have to incur an annual exm diturc of Rs 1, Inkhs for the new administratne ringements to be made for collection of revenue from the Zamındarı villages This we con ider a liberal estimat This would still leave the Government with an increase of I 84 Indhs per year the totul net receipts from these valliges le have proposed in the ci c of Tagirdi period of 1. seurs during which they would receive a sistance from Governme On the sane analooy hatever compen ation may be payable to the Zamundars m be paid out in 1equal nu l instalment If the excess sum of Rs 84 lakhs ! year 18 utılı ed for thi purpo i then in a period of 1. vers the total sum as wila! to the Government for lamınıları ibclition would mount to Rs 10 08 cror Tlus is the sum which the Vadhya Bharat Committee hue estimated to be the of Zamindari abolition We suggest that the compen atzon payable to the Zamında be divided into 1. equal annual instalments and jaid out of the increa ed revenue Pe 84 lakhs per year becomin, nailable to the Government 14 Tho considerations which govern the acquisition of khudha ht by jagirdi apply in equal measure to the ramındars Zamındare should be allowed to acqu: and retain khudka ht lands subject to a se ment of land revenue in the su wav as jagırdars 15 We were unable to obtain detailed inforniation regarding the rental, as esment of the Zamındari areas in l'ajasthan but we consider that the abolat of Zamındari there should al o be carried out on the lines indicated for DJadh Bharat 16 We have excluded from our consideration the Ganganagar canal area Bikaner Rajasthan Covernment to undertake a separate enquiry and examine the positie in the canal are! We understand that special rights have been given to the Tithout adequate information ·- Mic name in huis is similar reasons ne suggest tfiat the 7amının area in hotab alijs irom our recommendatione in the chapter PRXDE-RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO LAND TENURES LAND RECORDS AND SETTLEMENT With th abolition of the agir sy stem the wis wil deepen to the finem. of Vachya Bliarat and R ja than to 99similate the jager: »llage fully with Willages Similarly westh the elimination of the handlar seachel wher the cultis ator of the soul Il be brought inte direct relation the stage ith the government He should like to make a fes observations on the land topuro ystem ufuch be set up after thes, changes hase been elected We do not four tho barang a multiplicity of claseeds of ryots Diffement clts es of te hants with 12 hts came into existence in the nat mainly b chies of historical rer eng Suse of the haphazard course which the n.form of tenancy laws in diff ernt Tres took The abolition of jagirdari and Zımından in Madhya Bharat and system of land tenures ens recommend tint there should be recoense ono class of forure which may be called prticularz kl stadars or by any other o revente direct to government This will embrace all cultnatore cultivating their holungs and The jagirder and the zamındır ngushat will also have the same rights as the patte dari ryot. This system will pable closely the ryotu zna system of the Decern with however ertain important rences 13. Ja considering the status of the pattedarı ryot iu ryhts und r three her ds has to be exanuned namely (1) the right of inheritance (b) the rght to tra isfer I 18 olding and (c) the mht to sub luthi bolehrg en though property in lan i Ias ot bocn in the lit rec», rack Lidit the ht of 1} mile hits of a cultivator to cont nue to bilje on the folding ker his dath and to cult vato the ) nd yelject to the * mu 1, at ulty to the are of thr state has alway been te cto I ecortt non ; reform Worth l'he pattedari Adia i avc al ) ter d to conter heritatis rights ont nints at will Ircr tance torty funt Tould therefore I are cle rly ie it right ed not and n fact shouldn t follow t) er opal 1 w of the ryor Agri a rincipio has) en recard dan tenancı reſorns in Vorth Idia fuituret holungs ha e certai) y ecul iritte uhih require that the laws of inhent ncc go rain them glugld lg empir an l pot leal to to mu h fragmentation of the holding cach purwes on The 11 ) te janey lays have therefora mide ej arate rov xron for inl er tince Th: Madhya Bharat tenancy act and :) a exi ling inder dual tenancy law in Rajasthan also make separate pro z jon for inherstonce of tyots holdings 4 I easants in the rootwart system of the Deccan enjoy full right of trane Th 8 qu-stion has been examined fully in the settle the sustem of tenure ments malo in the Indon State and ot! er states in Walia evol ed there does not to unrestricted rights of tmnr to the riots of the view that such ancestneted rights of tru? [rel ould not be conf rted on pea ant in Yuasa Bisrat or Rajasthan Hin the repre entotries of the huset Sabbat wh app are before the Committee expressed the view that it wock neres ary in the interets of the peasant lum elf to rstiet ke nichts of tr** money lending clum in periods of sluinn when the peasant mar lern If the right of tran for Sure for the there in danger of tte land pa se There 18 alec a dosier of lands } & ing to the hands of speculatne מן Thrgain in resp ct of their holdings с до ·18 (21 no intention of settlin in the lind or de plop ng it Wo would theretti sug_est on the analogy of the system obtuning in Malwa that a peasant be alloy to transfer the whole or part of his holding only with the permission of the teh. clar or the collector Clear provisions should be made in tho tenancy acts defin the conditions under which such applications for transfer will bo gruntel frin mas for crimple be permitted only to a bonafide agriculturist meanın, by t! term not a member of any particular erste tribe or class but a person genuint intending to cultivate the land Transfer may also be permitted wlicre the land required for an expanding abrdı or a town or for the establishmı nt of a fictory other industrial premi e v There are both in Rajasthan and un Mandhya Bharnt certain &mall numbu of ressants who enjov Puhlita Maurusı or Malhana Hag rights They possess & pre (nt unrestricted nichts of transfer Wo consid that the same restriction as apply to other tenants should ply to them alo with respect to the rilt o transfer This has teen dine in the recent Madhya Blızrat tenancy act 6 Ve sould al o re ommend that provision be made in the tenines acte layin, down prioriti scording to which land which a sensant may nech to tringfer? rland which fall vacint or land vluch is lying fallou at the disposal of the govern munt bel 14 * to different persons The object of drawing up the prioritas ploull be to hely in the creation of more cc ynomis con olidated or optimum sized hold ings When a tenant eeks to transter his land or relinquishes his holding te priority of stment may be mll en to- (n) his heiry it any (b) his sub teninty of any fr) peasant of n hbouring holdings who may desire to erchange espand and on olidate their holdin (1) landles peisants hyin, in the village and genuinely desirous of culti Vating land and (e) uti itors resident in the same village who hasc much leathion a mini mum holding S Sucli priorities liay been drawn up in the Vadhya Bharat tenancy act and » generally agree with the principle of tho e provisions of law ? We also consider that severe r strictions should be placed on the pe is right to sub 1 t his holdin, If the right to sub let is freely given the patter ten'nts may tend to form a new cia s of intermediaries which is undesirable patte dar who does not desire to cultiute hie land should relinquish or tran fer holding but not indefinit is sub let his lands For this purpose we would su that the pattedar sub lotting lus land continuously for a period longer than thrco or five years should be deprived of his rights in the lands o sub let and m_hts will be transferred to the sub tenant There should also be a fixed inte of at ler t three seara between two transactions of sub letting He nos rec mend that exception be made in favour of minore women phy really incaricit persons such as blind persons and lunatics to sub int their holdings for tho pe of the di ability without the sub tenant acquiring any rights 1e would recommend stron is that peisants who enlist in the army should be allowed 3 Jarly to sub let their holdings for the period of their enlistment without the tenant acquiring any tihts Sub tenants should also hase protection with re to thig ant payalls by them to the tonant in chief Sub tenants should thort not be liable to pay & rent exceeding fifty per cent over the settlement rat 8 The Casernment of Rajasthan will during the next few years har dpolo ssp ial attention to the organisation of the land retenue A Iministr of the State In our opinion it is absolutely necessary that government pat shoull be appointed to all the villages and the records maintained by them sh

·J9
pred to bo public records with the right giron to ctory interest Isarty
ha copy of an extract from the recorde at any time Ilirs
trained patwaris may be inadequate in the beginning This would
hon to the employment of untrained patvaris in the carlur stages fire
e untrained men have experience of the work The nethanty training
Asll have to be provided so that the needs of the stato may from t from
ear not only now but in the future also
brey and settlement operations should bo cirne out with currus 1991
Jution in the vast areas of Pajasthan A target of t n years about the mi
ompletion of settlement operations
Without such settlement many of the
such as the clemurcation of the Lhudhashts of jagırılary zamilu
pler as ees will be difficult to achieve
In miny parts of Rajasthan again there is an insistent demand for the
the biration of cash rents
It 19 only after scttlemit op rutiins tot
ad village rates can be framed
Sonie caution may be nec rury in cancer
rain rents to cash
Grain rents may in some cascy be moro Nulta tu
some of the more precarious tracts of Rajasthan
The fixing of timli Fatin
parts may put the peasants in difficulties
We think therulurt timere
taken to see that was such areas conversion of the rents to canlı onny erily
de at the request of the peasant

·60 CHAPTER XIV --CERTAIN INTERM RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING RAJASTHAN I. 1 We con der that pending the completion of the settlement operatie everywhere in Pjasthan it is essential to ensure to the tenant some protecti as an interim measure The important benefits which survey and settlement secure to the tena are -- (a) tho lightening of the comprratively high incidence which present ret, impo e on him 6) the removal at any rate of some of the causes of frequent disputes ar friction between him and the landlord particularly in regard to ti division or appraisement of the crop 3 We recommend therefore that Government may lay down the maximu sbare of the produce which a landholder may be allowed to demand as rent froi his tenant llc find that cash rents in khalsa and other settled villages hav generally been assessed on the basis of one third and one fourth of the produce fo umrngated and irrigated lands respectively The Jodhpur and Jaipur Tenanc Laws have already adopted this as the statutory maximum Statutory recogm tion of this principle should be given throughout Rajasthan Wo understand tha instancs of grain rents in excess of this maximum are frequent The statutory maximum bo prescribed will to the extent the present rates may be in excess of the maximum relieve the tenant of the extra burden which he would otherwise have to bear 4 As regards the recurring disputes between the landlord and the tenant regarding the division or appraisement of the crop the tenancy laws of Rajasthar should provide a machinery or procedure whereby such disputes can be summarıls settled " We sug.est that the authority in this respect should be vested in tht Tehsuldar who should be fully competent to take cognizance of such disputes on ar application by ather party and dispose it off summarly on the spot We also commend to the consideration of the Rajasthan Government a somewhat simplified and summary process of survey and settlement which mu be adopted for the purpose of evolving provisional cash rents till the settlement opera tions are completed. It has been suggested to us that flat rates both for wet and dry linds for groups of villa, es more or less homo eneous could be evolved either in terms of local by his or with reference to the number of ploughs actually used by tenints We further understand that summary cash rent by this method can be vorhed out for the whole of the un ettled areas of Rajasthan in about two years time We consider that there is considerable merit in this suggestion It can at any rite be adopted to advantage in respect of the unst sandy and compara tuely poore relors in Bih incr Jodhpur and Jacalner It may also be adopted in urens whert the relations between the Jagirdars and the tenants may bc strained or whero the inculence of the present grain rents may demonstrally appear to be unduly high 6 Hning regard to the fact that 1290 non hhalsa arcas baro yet to be inte grated with the khalsa areas in Rajasthan we make the following further recom mendations during the interim period (t) The Rajasthan Government should appoint Patwaris in jagır areas as early as thus can be done There is an urgent need to maintai governmental agency in Jag villages as none exists at present ſhe task of muint uning record of ri lits and preparation of agricul tural statistics is a matter of immedinte necessity 3 400 [atwaris in the hhalsa sillages of Pajasthan He underst? that on the existing 1 lalsz basig about 6000 patwaris wall Thero are about ·required for the jarı arus It will not be an easy tak to find this number immediately Special mersures wall have to be taken for the training of the requred number of patwaris He expect that this matter will receive the errnest consideration of the Rajı than Gor ernment Therever jagirdars employees of qualifid or properly trained are arulable they may do le employed Ejectment of tenants i ja ir areas on any ground shcui l be probibited except ander prescribed conditions The Government of Rajasthan must arm them cles with authority to intervene in order to let out lands for cultivation ») erever it is found that the jagudar 19 unreasonably refusing to let out unoccupied lan) for cultivation if there is a demand for it The janrdar should forthwith be prohibited from selling or leasing out new land for residential purposes except with the permission of government Thus permission will be contingent on the condition that the land is required for bonafide purpo e of meetin the growing needs of the abadi This restriction is obviously called for of the jagudars are to be prevented from capitalising their unorrupied land by means of such alienation de truncntal to the potential interests of the State In takin, ater the estates of the principal 7881,mees priority may be given to areas where agrarian situation has deteriorateri sug to acute tension between the jardars and the tenants ·1 CHAPTER XY—SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIOJ 3 1 The Committees main conclusions and recommendations are summarist below (1) The jagırdırı system should be abolished and the collection of reveni from the jagır ulla.es should be taken over direct by government (11) For purpo es of abolition jigus should b duded into tho c comprisin on or more entire villas and tho e con 1 ting of scattered plots o holdin, (111) Jagirdari ri,hts tre not property rehts entitling jagirdars to compensa tion Jalid us of intire all ages sliould horcier be giver reh ibilitatin? i tan e alcording to the scale gnen in piragruph Jo (hajter I (+2) Bisic annual sum for a gir to be determined in accordance with para fruplis bind 27 ot Chapter II (1) Jardars muafidury etc of holdings and plots should be allowed to enjoy the full income of their present jagirs for a period of I- years (tu) Tenints of assignees in () above should be given protection against ejectment and should have fair rents fixed as soon as settlement opera tions are possible (mu) Jagırdars should be allowe] khudhasht consisting of their presen Illudkasht plus such area as may be acquired later subject to a rezson able maximum to be determined for each area and subject to thi condition that no hhudhasht shall be acquired by dispossessing 10] peasant of his land (Chapter 11 parn 11) (2017) A statutory Relious and Charitable Endow nients Board should be set up to which government should pay an amount equal to the in coint derned from endownient a signments at present This borr should take over the minas ment of all temple and institution which depend on these endowments for their upl ecp I or the res endowment issignments may be treated in the sime manner as othe ja urs (12) Zamındarı rı, bts should be extinguished (2) The Gang inugar Canal area in Bikaner ind certain zamındarı tracts i hoth are excluded from the recommendation in (2x) above (x1) Zamindan richts are not full property rights but zumindurs should al be given rehabilitation assistance according to the table given Chapter VII (22) No drre should be made for the collection of a zamindarı abolitio fund from the tenants () Lumendiri abolition should be financed from the extra retenue derive by government by collecting full rents from the tenants (71) Ryots throughout should be placed in the same category and giver uniform rights (xv) Roots should have heritable rights but their rights to transfer shoul be subject to restrictions (tra) Inheritance of peasants should not be according to personal law bu according to a simpler system to be laid down in the tenancy acts (2111) In transfers of rots holdings and in the grant of new leases by govern ment due regard should be paid to the necessity of creating economi and optimum holdings and to consolidate existing holdings ·63 TH11) The riots rights to sub let his land should be severely restrictel Exception should be made only in the case of minots women the physically disabled and enlisted soldiers (1x) The rents payable by sul tenants should not exceed 50 per cent over the settlement rates (II) Government patwaris should be appointed to all villages including jag villages and the recorde nuntained by them should be public records (2x2) Survey and settlement of the unsurveyed areas in Madhya Bhara and Pajasthan should te undertaken and completed within tep Tears 3x1) When settlement rates are es olsed tenants paving rent ind retenur in hind should be given the option to convert to cash in certain pre carious tracts (xxuu) Inteum arran crente in Rajasthan trending tht completion of settlement include (a) Maximum rent payable by a tenant should not erceed in the case of irrig ted land one fourth and in the ca e of any other I nd cne third of the crop of such land (6) Provisional cash rents may be evolved pending as e ment of cash rents by settlement officers (c) Rajasthan tenancy laws should provide a simple machine:v for the settlement of disputes arising out of the division of crops (d) Ejectment should be ſtrohibited except under pre cribed condi tions (Government should intervene hen it is found that the agırdaia unreasonably refusing to let out upoccupied land for cultiva tion Jagrdars should forthwith he probibited from sellig or lea ing out new lands for resider tial purpo es except with th Termision of Government (9) Pr ortv to be given for taking oser tho e jags where ther is erious agrarian discontent We de ire before concluding, our report a extr 9 our grat tude to the rnment of Madhya Bharat and Rajasthan for the a stene riven and the ries afforded in the work of the Committen Th v al o placed at our disposal ervices of their Jagr Comm seloners who n addition to their lut es have das Vecretaries to our Committee the Chairman wishes to express h s apprecut on of the work of Jr DPC n in the preparation of the report Sd CS VENKATACHAP Chai mn Sa GOL ULBHAI BHATT Sa SITA RIJS JAJOO Jern Sd BPIJCHAND SHARMA bers sa 1 VISIWA VTILI }secretar 5 SHIY SHAH VP GAUT SI JASH I VTT 4J VEHTA VEW DELHI Isth December 1919 ·3 R - 1IPENDIA No 4 (61) P/49 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF STATES Dated Apc Delhs the oth August 194 Pesolution The G) rn cut of Rajasthan and Dadhya Bharat Unions hate had for son/ time under their consideration the question of reforming the land rovenue systel in these Unions with a viou to bring about direct rolation hin between tho 1 and the tulers of the soil The Government of India have at the request of the 1 two Governments decided to appoint a fact finding committee to 19sist them i settling this question in satisfactory manner 2 The Grernment of India kuo accordingly decided to constitute a corria mittee consisting of - (Shri ( 6 Tenkatachar Chairman (21) Shu Gokull hal Bhatt (111) Shri Brijchand Sharma for Rajasthan Union (10) Shri Tishwanathan () Shri S Sertate for Madhya Bharat Union to study the existing land tenure systems m Madhya Bharat and Rajasthan (nooze and to mlhe suitable recommendations 3 The terms of reference of the Committee are To examine and report upon (1) the episting structure and the working of the Jagirdarı aysten in the United States of Madhya Bharat/Rajasthan (2) the state of land revenue administration including suries muntenance of village records in areas under the Jagirdları isten in Madhya Bharat/Rajasthan (3) the oustence of tenancy legislations u any the regulation of relations between the landholder and the tenant tho mode of realı ntion of rent the status of the tenant and sncurity of tenuro (4) the need and desirability of redetermining in the light of prevent day, conditions the requirements of modern administintion in general and in particular the need for improring agrarian condition the les rectue hares of the atate and the Fugirdar in the assets of the Jagir (5) the desirability of extinguishing all differences betroon the Khal (or non jagır) and jagtr arons so that a uniform revenue and land tenure system may be establishod throughant the United State of Madhya Bharat/Pajasthan the manner in which it should be brought sb of and the administrativo organuation neceseury therefor (6) any other constituent and/or cognate matters which the committen onsider as arising out of the forerong terms of roftrena 4 The Commutteo will complete its work and submit its report to tho Covera ment of India by the end of Otober 1949 ettlement may MK VFLLODT Secretary to the Government of ·-- 1 - - these sig sin your w be ontinued modified or extinguished ? APPEYDI B aurp tesued by the Navalhan} Vadhys Bharat Jagır Enquiry Committee hat are your views on the origin growth and the work of the Jagr fari kould you make ant vestriction in the treatment of the various claques of badal enclacing service grints maintenance Bhomic hara and Charit ible) of the difference in the 1r origin of the purpo e for which they ssere brought Asali ya lihasmikanny listin tion on the ground of these size of Inr 973 trockn nts in th con.lomeration of the rights of a Ingırdar them s fune tenure as a landholder the other is comprised in the moral OT pratilo es exorcis by him with official authority or by pre cription What are your vie ys on the uttım ite abolition of the Jagirdarı az tem? por With respect to 4 and » aboven {a} are you in favour of carrying out the sbanges 1 y stages I would you recommend any definite pmuiod of years ? (} what concrete schemes would vc 1 suggest for giving offer t to the modo 11ation or extinction of rights or the abolition of Jamidar P - 2 -- 1 II What tenancy rights would you like to secure to the tenants (nd sub fin ) 10 Jugut taas na par v th tenants in Khalsa ? (9) How many cases of tenants abould in your opinion ho ro ogni ed in og Umuted State of RajasthanMadhya Bharat ! (9) What n your view are the particular safeguards to b provide 1 u the an, le as) trof securik Doral and econom c justice to the tenants in con pnance vith noderr conceptions III (10) What art the defects in the present mode of realisation of reit in Jagir ate is 11 d what remedies do yo 1 su gest to ne tfy these & fects in areas there | Tents are realise l (n) ca h and (b) in hind? Tit) What in our opinion should b the x en y for the collection of rent in ! In areas (2) lyhat in JAVI VIET hould be tho a ency for the maintenance of t cord I of Tint and in particul r the preparation of th Yatalba ? (13) What ars your 12 48 TEL ardhin the levy and real tion of a rever they are in ogtie - (14) What diprim relrf if ans should in your opinio ke sranted to tenant in Jagir areas pendi ment ?

·66 (15) What porcentage of lus as ets hould a Jagindar contribute to the State and on what basis? Do you favour a sliding scalo for the purpose ? (16) In your opinion will ans class or cluese of Jagır or Jagirdars require exemption of favourable treatment ? (17) In addition to the administrativo machinery of Government can you sugest any machinery for the purpose of ensuring the speddy and equitable settlement of disputes between a landholder and his tenants ? (18) What is your vion in regard to the continuance or otherwise and regu lation of different fiscal rights (such as ercise customs mineral quarrie ete) or powers at present toreised or enjoyed by the Jagındare ? (19) How much land (irriated or unirrigated or both) should le allowed to a Jagardar or landholder as hus Khudhashta ? What proportion should it bear to the total area in hra Jagr And what should be the maximum to be allowed ? To What oxtent should the Government help the Jagırdar in the matter of appropria tion of his Khudka hta land ? ( 0) For the purposes of this enquiry would you treat Zamındanı or Biswodarı wherover this is to bo found in the United Stat of Rajasthan/Madhya Bharat on the sime lines as Ja irdart ? If not how do you propose to deal with them? NB Jagir includes all its variants ·Statement shou ing the details of area and zillages under me vura United State of Rajasthan drigt milk tt stWki diff to th 1 tl Tt1 Khi A i ditt t 4 3 (11 Rt Ad 1 posed 18 d R d f Di 11 Il g 1 VIUB A Ill & Ar in Vill nul 19 15 17 19 16 11 13 8 9 10 4 6 6 3 2 1 1381 990 014 599 4608 94 18036 5614 750 604+ 10350 1 91 ) 4 36 883 1030 1155 037 1043 4588 1 Valpu 33 11 0 087 83 2 199 8939 112 6 a368 13 12431 109 4951 3317 8183 1804 11075 8317 1845 7316 370 03 1001 0378 007 01 3818 509 895 11 2 Ipur 3 Ikonet 4 J dhp 5 hth 5849 3 8 1 05 F 61 G0991 87 3 5199 4930 90 1046 0 179 3 50 6596 34 + 49 0 224 088 601 9941 490 0756 40 03 160 5382 33 51 3 8997 77 5 1 912 505 3 36800 5454 13 73 1438 127 36 33418 IT tal ·APPENDID Statement showing the rights of tenants in the Lanous units in Rajasthan both Khalsa and Jagır JAIPUR Sublotting Rights to mal Inp or ment T Ciar of torent Inher tanon Trang Khalsa Pattedar (tto who bay p ide prem im fo th Full nght Flinght Full righte Full right F] nghts lands Khat dar Furghts No 5 yea Ditto Rght fm rtgagf 103 & No right To F domestic or ag wlt sraun only no ight Vo For on ye ranly Ga hatede bub tenant Dtto NO Nonght No No Sam nhh lsa In Koth mnd kot Puthith re 19 e clasa flandhold to known a B wedar and th ocen y tonants unirte landhold rø (called MOLIUS Kaslt kars) ha o full mghts of inheritance t anstr treep my om nte nleib letting ) et like Pattel 9 Tight i nowejor retrict I to the nho wore moarte? the oco pancy in nts at th last ression of settlement PIKANER Inhentable Cla of trnant Tan'r Improzement Treg Spb lett & Kla IT It bl (1) O cupan y tenants Can t let i ny }{y mak no pecif t transfr blo nith out ·roti rinu. hy t1 0 Rold) 8 nt f Sard payr ghts hay bn Fullr glt' Dtto t P y premium 16 tune th Int gev n H Cans bltf yea 11 tbl In Bwdi (T nant wth 0 ya n whh 1 roady been aim ttdt 00 Pny) Tr nsfer ble subject t th ght of pe mp. ton of th land hold and thr per 128 AC d og to Pem POBC pt on At Pes m ll no right fi Dtto F obably h 9 no r ght () Kht di Ntt an.f со ub let fo y ars bl Dtt cult v Atnnt wh hath ght fuit ton nd cont no 9 11 whhhadh nc t 1 cl d and bught ind t naslo ig he regu la ly pay rent :) Ledgees A tenant h 1!3f f dtorm un le al Ne d tre rder of cmpetant ith ly 4) Re 1 ary ten ne Gord by the tem f th le No r ghts t nant t will Pt lly n Te Anton t n lude 1 ny (the bov clnages J gir r Jagir rose there aro no o cup neyr ghts ·Clas [Tonants JODIIPUR Inter tanc Sub I tting Trees Kh Lac Bay dar (who ha & B pi Patta and has pa d prematum ) tull с Impr een nt tanf Ρ ΓΙΑ Can nntly but nttm po e ly xept by y 1 ay of a ub let fo 9 with 9 nte val es three Full Fo domst Agri It appos I !! glts N tanse GarBpdr Jagi Khated r (es ry pe n what th commencement of the Ict A9 A tenant 18 A khateda tonant) Girh hatodar Full Cannot ubit Vo glts Presumably no riglt. Tnir to ctn nt to 3 year or with 3 b t th n arest hr are nt rval d met ultur I purpose 8 Full r glts except buldings or tents Kastakar J LISALVERF (No statuto y povn) II tabl acco d ng to Can t ansf glt tans b let w tl out personal law w th the gnt nof restrict on the Hakim To gbt Khalsa hal mdar or Bap dar cn dtg on payment of Re 101 Nazrana and has tt ght of fir t atering only UDAIPUR Full 8 có đ ng to pº nii w Fullt ght Fullr gl te To on truct!! water Ian 1 Tot} r the fo I still tin of Hat hut Ya bu id ng NA ·Cai note blet ITNI by humself only res Mtki kot (12 years contin 6 ons) Sh km (Tenant) twll h ngi stia 1 ye is po D tt Nor glt Nrglt N? NI $on Jag 48 halsa y} ul Tad Br! Mut kis kin kon Full TI Plk1 td Mo tg gooly !! glt ter n khat d Introdi ed t ted th hht lars wer BP la gally b tubantly I Kd that i wt1 h 11 bed! d BPIP To br ngjar KOT IH I halsa T! rllr ght Citn espe t of Jhamun nd Molu a and Mangoe gronn he fe 19 7 AD te i satht! in the S ttler nt Rec d or ba nilyo te ed a konto byt) or 1 nowh ha beer f A compet n (hlat tort Only on 1 th nih ·C1 ss of 1 Inhentano Tansfe Subl t Trees Imp ovement Kh ta) PARTABGARH Khalsa KH! Par who los pad Full Pull Azlara Ku har ) One whot ains ight hrten Cann tt anf Kak Ipard th tc n mod ng to pe al th An tion of th AW Makma Khe Rv D ptt Istarrardars FD ghts Norghts bit Full glt to it tre Furght Kasht kar Jag rlr V Afid O N głts Allt nants t will end no głt cept Full right Sanad or pf 8 eemt w th th J & I BAVSH AR1 Ahla Bpdr(wh haap d one lert 1 ye rent 3 N zrana) Khateder (who hap d no li Maana) Taner ble Can blt 72 No sa! but can mrt Full rights to t ees D tto F!! rights to mpo ment D tto Jag of To pecf P Vis on but pesumably has gł taou trees wth the ex ept on Y huda ndertan other trees wh! bel ng to th State Only one el 49 known as lIeritable a Asam I ond ng to Prest mably 28 abo e DUNGARPUR V sale b trght of Can sublet mortg ge for Oye re Ki tedt Vo spoc fic pros About trees on FIL r ghts of improv n ent SHAHPURA Sm night of Asam n Dung spir No d ff reno in gur and kh I a ether in D ng rou o Shal pu a KIS TANA ·Tas ntr Cn sul! t the tree lar 18 ar rd ng to the prns of th Patta f wild II rt ble dito ( tr shjet 1 r on 1 law t Land 11 nat n Act ur & nn) No mpr Nor glt of tre cm nt yth t th anet on of the St to Dtt Attr nf alle Dtt Brd S min kl 19, ndgr BUNDI F Il miglt of impro e ment Fll night tot $ Tf Fle tith ntnftheR M3 ublet frt! > wth the enteri al 11 le Khid M niste prov Nor glt to te Y Tgl ts to mnt Cuot ilt bi Nth tl le D tt Norghts D tt Dtto D tto ngth crent s ttlen t or whoh qurd the ghts f k ted r beer of red th tati of Kl at lary Jag tar r I afds Jota TY 1. r) a glt d plough ny ind i el 8 h ni d w tlo # tho trymet n whol Sm kh 1 nl jeg ith Dr TONK Full ghts exc pt for ill r ght of mpro protected t ee ment cn ilt Tr naf bl jiet b No ghia No r ghts Nor ght ptt Vight rMn twth i yt PORH Rn) Same in khal a and > B ·Impros mn nts Trees Cla, oft nants Inhert 16 T nef Subl t JHALAI IR (4s n Kotal) kht dr 1 Bnd blht 1 lder Ht bl n Nepfi P F głt of mp ve ments KARAULI Rght f leon rt Can sublt ubject t er t in tt ct 1 Transf b! by er Cnnot ublt chang not by le Pe u bly th sam nhl 144 and ) gr NI NI Ntr KI 1 1 tto to Full rult f m nt proie it Oес рпу tе BHARATPUR (Zamind ra y tm) Htabl Nott nf rabl V y sublt f any Rght a co ling pe dotx ed ng 1 bul A the trm of S ttle Inent R gl to go m d by agre ment 411 thert ant are n c pancy t nant TI ya tenants at w 11 No J grd tedt n ten nt 3 noc pan yt Nr glts nt ALWAR-B swedari wl h the same as Z mindar po tpur with the el pt nth t an rancy ten nt nt n few th the A n Bl att a permis n fth B wed Bol ba ti tedar Het bl DHOLPUR (Z m ad mi) ttransferabl ept \ v ubl t for wy 18 to a harer No per fi po on 1 Vay n A ny n pro ments pt tht may nt plant t ees cpt wth the perti 88 on of the Zam nlr Vym ke any mp m ntv th tl concent of the Z mnlar It le Att nr ble VI Y hlet for Dito S me nth isa nd jag ·(9) lund held by other hhatedır tenints of less thant else years standing 4 The prea declared and demarcated a bhudha ht in accordince with t APPENDIE (*) Juinr State Grart: Land: Tenures Act 19 17 KHUDKASAT 12 (1) Khuchisht means (a) l'ind which was being cultivited at the commencement of thus At or my be cultivated at any time thereafter by un estate holder as such either himself or by his servant or by hired labour or (6) land which was declared prior to the commencement of this Act or may here ifter on application or otherwise be declared by the Government in accordance with the provisions contained in the First Schedule to this Act as hhudh usht of an estate holder \2) Khudkasht ti ht meins the special righ s created by the provi ion of this bter The Forst Schedul 1 When any land is required for the bona fid personal cultivation of the estate ller and his co harers Government muy declare the land so required as hhudhasht The are to be declared 49 Khulk asht shall be determin d with due regard the following mattery - (a) The total area of the estate in all the villages in which it holds any land inclu lin, the proportionate arez held in Shamlat khewats but exclud ing the trea of sub grants other than those made for life (5) The are a held by the estat holder zs khudhasht under clau e (a) of section (11 ot section 15. (c) The number of adult co har rs of the e tat holder if any who require land for their per onal ultry utron (d) Whether the e tate holder is in a position to inorge hin elf in cultivation 3 When ti rea to be declared ? khudhasht has b n determined under rule It shall be ai proprinted out of the following categories of land in the order inehich hey are mentioned (a) I nd helt as hhadk sht under chu e (a) of sub ction (1) of sect on 15. (6) culturable na te other th n land reserved for grizing (c) lant vhich is sub let by a per on other than a pattedar tenint or a disabler] person belongin, to any of the cla es mentioned in ection of the Jarpur Tenancy Act 1915 (d) land held by non 4ericulturists laps held by a ghur khatedar tenint who is an agriculturist ell con tructed by the estat () land which forms the jao of a masonry holder it hus oy nespen e n?ether such lind i held by a khatedar or ghair khate tar tenint prou ons shall not be ble to be increased on the round of ant aina number of co harers of the estate holder ·(11) Marrar Tenancy Act 1949 SIR LAND Section 1-(1) Sir means - (a) such land as at the commencement of this Act is being cultnated by the the lindord (6) such land to which clau e (a) does not apply but which was cultuated by the landlord for not less than seven years during the ten years immedi ately preceding the compuencement of this Act (c) such land as has been continuously culta ated by the landlord for a period of not less than six years at any time after the commencement of this Act and 29 has on the application of the landlord been declared and dinarcited as the applicant : Sır by the Deputy Commissioner I rovided that the area of Sir which may be acquired by a landlord in a village under clause (c) then added to the area which is his Sir under clauses (a) and (d) shall not exceed in the aggregate the following scale – (1) If the cultuated area in the Villago owned by the landlord is not moro than 600 bighas of irri gated land or 1 800 bighas of un irrigated land 0 per cent of such area (11) If such aren 19 more than 600 bighas of irriga ed land or 1 800 baghas of unirngated land but not more than 1 200 bi has of irrigated land or 3 600 bighas of unirrigated land (a) for the area mentioned in (1) As abor (b) for the excess over this area I, per cent (111) If such area is more than 100 bighas of irrigated land or 3 600 bighas of unirrigated land but not more than 2 500 bighas of irrigated or 7500 big has of unirrigated land (a) for the arca mentioned in (1) and (11) As above (b) for the excess over this area 10 per cent (11) If such area is more han 15 000 bighas of irrigated land or 15 000 bighas of unitiated land- (a) for the area mentioned in (1) (u) and (111) (h) for the exce s over this area tice or which is not cultivated owing to famine or similar natural calamits shall be Explanation - Land allowed to lie tallons according to usual agricultural price deemed to be cultivated (2) The restriction impo ed by the proviso to sub section (1) shall not apply where the area of Sır to be acquired by a landlord under clause (c) when added to the area which is his Sur under clauses (a) and (b) does not exceed the following linuts namely- (1) 150 bishas of unurrigated land or (11) 50 bighas of irrigated land as above jer con ·7 a) A landlord who at the commencement of this Act 13 in the military ir servi e of India or in the military service of Varwar may within one year htc of such commencement apply to the Asistant Commissioner in char, Ab division in which hug land is situated that the land sp cified in the applica declared to be Strand The Assistant Commissioner mas declare the land specified in the applıcı ler clans (a) to be Sir land rovided that the area of land which may be declared as Ser under the clou e added to the area of any other Sir land of the applicant shall not exreed in the ate- () 150 lughas of unitigated land or (12) 50 bighns of irrigated lard ·3 4 1 ALIR IJPUR hATHIW ARA AND MATHILAR NOTE These th State ere s ttled nd ti re a no r le and regulat ons pr valent R at a realised on outband (H lwarı) y tem Yes No I Khat dr N NARSINGARH Cannot ut tr s with out pe men but An sell the fruts No No No N Shikmi NOTC --Samo u hbal No and J 8 80 R4TLAM Kh lsa 1 X 1 Patt dr N ettl Pr s ttlement and ttlem nt ult va t rs have full night Tenant afte mont have no ights Dito Dtt No Ys Ye No Y No NO Yes Y No Ies les No I tamarardar 3 Ryot Mgh yan 4 Sub tenants JOT 1 Youru Khatedar buh tenants Y NO Ye No No No Yes No No 1 19 I Mamuli Khatodar Has no ght Yes JAORA Pr settl ment and ttlem nt ult a tor have ghts Tenants &fto 8 ttlement b ve do nights full No ·10 No Y8 Yes 1 D tt NO Yes No Y Ny ti Patted 3 Ry til h teda (Ky id Pawodar) 4 Ryot II der accord ng to Mogh y At 5 Istarprard 6 Shkm NOTE--In Jagr llag N Yes No YO No and 4 typ of tn nt Yes N No N the s have am I glts as n Khalea DLWAS SENIOR AND JUNIOR Khedu Patt d 1 Valhana Can t anf kh te Cannot Il f t tes Can blot frl year ICR rfil wt! th per b t can cut thonf w th t perm in m9n furt mtoad gr Ift ats to Hub pa nt of que cult ral P tpose It for mo at ni • 3 yes with permi in y rh I as to reg ter rnt Th ten nt the Patta for 5 years n the ght of malkana and he has no right to sell or mortgage In Sur Dewas & ten at hag right to hange hi fild but cannt sell o mortg ge In J nior Dewash has th right to sello mortg ge on py ment of 1 year I nt 88 Nazrana. Yes Ryot 8 Ptte #hid me nght d Khed Ν τιght NO vo no . Puttedar 3 No Khan uniJg ·6 3 2 N ts No SAILANA 1 Ord nary Khat do 49 n Ratlar N 108 No Youtus Klatedar 3 Istam a dar As n Rat! m 4 Ryt V ghyn 5 Sut nant I HII CHIPUR 1 Thateda No cut t prm n Shikm NO No N No MOTE -Samo Khalsa and Jagir SIT AMAU 1 Patted ASX 1 Yg With perm sin W thPm) on With pem 99 o Ist mrard T Ya 1 108 3 Patt dar Ry to Yo 4 Ryoti Mughla le Y8 1 Ye 5 Ryot Mogh y A les Y8 6 Sb kmi N N No No NOTE--In Jagr ges there a e types of tenant namely P tt dra mul and Sh km ag in Khal a KURWAI & PATHARI pot on wth p tin 1B Yg Ye Y V 1 1 Pattedar Ya Yes Khatedar No No 3 GarKh teda NO No + Shakmi N NO NOTE Th 3 r ght en in Ase f payment of a ran same n Ja Les No No No and khal JOBAT nJHABUA Les Yes Yes YE Yes No Same

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·APPENDIG Statement showing classified numbers of lagirs graded according to their incomes United States of Gwalior Indore and Jalna (Madhya Bharat) 84 Serial no Graded income of Jagers Number of Jagirs Remarks II III IV Aboy 177 VI VII VIII IX Vpt R 00 R3 500 and upto R Above Re 1 000 nd uſt Rs Ab v Ra 000 nd upto R Above Rs 3 000 d upto R Ab v RE 4 000 nd pt R Ab Ye R 8 000 nd upto Rs Above Rs 10 000 end upto R Ab ve Rs 15 000 and upto R Above R 0 000 and upto Rs Ibo Ra 25 000 nd upto Rs Abov Ra 30 000 and upto Rs Above R 40 000 and upto R Aboro R$ 0 000 and pt Re Aboro Rs 60 000 and upto Re Abo R 70 000 and upt Rs Above R 80 000 and upt Rs Above Rs 1 00 000 and upt Rs Above Rs 1 50 000 nd upt Rs Above Rs 00 000 nd upto R Abot Rg 300 000 2 70 160 100 71 163 67 VII VIV 6 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 00 8 000 10 000 15 000 0 000 5 000 30 000 40 000 0 000 60 000 70 000 80 000 1 00 000 1 50 000 00 000 300 000 18 11 YVI XVII XVIII WX 9 6 5 7 3 3 4 1 1 Total { 139 D-1--198 11 of States-243 060)

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