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·FOLKLORE NOTES VOL. II KOYKAN

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·FOLK
LORE
S
NOTES
VOL. II-KONKAN
COMPILED FROHE MATERIALS COLLECTED BY
THE LATE A, MT JACKSON, INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE
R E ENTHOVEN, CIE, ICS
BRITISH INDIA PRESS 1421 10 BOJA LY
1913

·REPRINTED FROM THE “ INDIAN ANTIQUARY
NY B. MILLER, SUPERINTENDENT, BRITISH INDIA PRESS, BOMBAY
>)

·TABLE OF CONTEXTS PAGE CHIPTERI Mature Porers 11 ORRIT of m1901 loerl deities Sun Horshup The State. Circumambulation round images and ather sacred objects doon Forsbip Days of special importance Eclipses Worship of planets and stars The milky way The rainbow Torsbip of the earth Thunder and lightning Esrthquales Worship of sacred tiress springs and pools Water spirits and goblins Cercronies at digging of wells Well water as a cure for disease Sacted Lakes Palacey under the water Sacted mountains Deities who control the weather Netlods of causI0g 0? ayerling rain and of checking stornos I ralas or religious tos practised only by women Rites in which women are excluded Nites in wich the worsloprer must le nude Superstitions in connection with acrosses and meteors CHAPTER 11 Tie Heroic Godling Village derties Local deities Instalat on of dcities in new settlements Ghostir podling. Derucs rcspoosible for crops and cattle 22 CHAPTER XII. Disease Derties Causes of epidemic diseases and the remedies odapted to stop them Cattle diseases Remedies practised by the rillage people in connect on with them The melody for the exarcisti of disease Metl ods ol expelling eril spusito (epen the locals The Fillage sorcerer Offerings of rage, co us els , at sacred trces and Wells The transferring af disease from one person to arother Scapegorts 29 CHAPTER IS The morehip of ansettore and Sainte Shraddhas and other descsontes perforded for the propitualia and emancipatiats ut the deceased forslıp of the fourders of religious sects of saints etc Ghosts Rebirth of ancestors in the same famile Miracle-rocking tambs Bulsumsdır ents whore trorslun lys teen adopted ls Hirdur Burrt wethods for tle care of barretness 40 CII IPTFRS TIe li orship of the molecolent dead Popular actions about derams Ausj csocs ard Dauspicious dressus Temporars abandonment of the bodr hr tie soul Character and functions of the bhut or diseblod cd rotz! The state of the soul alter derth The rebirth of the soul The #ouls of perions dues a sudden et Tilent death Tlie tats be lucht ghosts enter and leare tic lide Hettcds of druring axis eril an nts from the body Scbe *'s regard ng steering ard rakning Polshasa xr te malciolent deoton 1 mignant spirit Frul spirits al ch go stett headless Ti Itunts of a Out ·TIBIL: Ol1'0.11.9TY hy WAGE *9 kpiirito. Ghosts of sounding on ?liril statli. Spirits of persons killed by ligres and ollie wild boaste. Gilo544 of rain drins in childbed or mcnscs, Prechtion til!! logo per nts at the birth of rlıilirin), Baliof& in connrctinn sith brds and 1815. Spirits shiel hun rutins, gunsd buried C351188 Receupe salleya CILAPTER 11. The cuil eur al tie scaring siglios!, Iffatuf tlır assesOlsjers lights to be influenced by the evilcer, Procantinus then press udle there infloressa of the oral se'. Opprobriuus 11110cy. Change of ser. Probican inserislagitils, .lmulc!. (*118*mal circles, Oman, Vambers, Lucky and unleely flites preformed to help them in tlir atlier sorld. Cremation aad hurind *T*!* cestoran at af174 1175 tly lear Offering of food to the deid. Innitestattur ol si spiriti in form The practure of hope thing rir! cospla at diath. Hitrs pirtscieri rith monen Bensolrnt apirils. Spurile rlich lizant tres Thic $11.rdona prity of crops in oth Spriti moked to frighten children ('IllT111 111. Tree use Serpul rurship Tricy ann's, 1 rith ritmo in *s. lirgende ind aprratitiis connected sath llirm, Jaringer of boules and foredr gulli to tress. Snahr vorslip. Shrines ronk diters Dritirdi alre. Suzhi urban trarr. The villagtrentment of snahrelute I'lim jer tant thic land of licenzhen Guardian xnakes CILITER VII. Taipan mun 'clislion, D•271, Samei dreiect from als and plants. Sacred arms. Dcities 1508inted srithammil srussluip. Worship of vio: ni storici, Surrivals of human sicritice, Der16ccuring more Itraa! no 60 en 51'rt, torn puders, the broom ind th: plough l'irc wrthop 71 .. ... 78 .. .. ... 63 CILITERIX, ineria! srorship. Sicred 2131933 els ind the legends and raperstitions connota silla thrin CHIPTER X. I'ilskerajl. C'hrials and Clelalisis. 95 .** CII.IPTLR XI. General Rural ccremonics connected with agricultural operiliony. Miles perfor.ned for the protrction of cattle, Nites performed for seiring urious animals and insects, Riles performed for ensuring sunglune and favourable scather, Rites performed for the protection of crops. Rites in which secrces and silince are observed. The observances at the lIoli festival. Rites performed wlicu boys and girls attain puberty. Voirs. The black art IPPENDIX Glossary of vernacular terms, occurring in l'olumes I and II 87 ... !. i ·TOLKLORE OT TIL KONKAN CHAPTERS NATURE POTTERS The worship of minor local dentics as can- 1 lite aundis as these gujaris, wzulc tie pusoris Dected with such lon castes as Gorras of the goddesses Miháls sm, Blugati Bbop Mxrátla Lanbis, Dhangars Vaglics, 3Sybakali, and Jozói are generally chosen from Murli Mahars and Munge in the District of the Gura casteIn the honkan the Rául kolhapur. It is belsered by the Brabusas (Shudras) are the pujasis of the desses 112.obs, that once an image is consecrated and wor- (Rnalnáth and Bbstan, the Glads are the oburped, it should be worslapped uninterrupt puzaru of tlc desties Satchi and Klavanesls cdly cuery dif, and lie who sneglects to wor. war, ble the deitice alades and Vibratt 8b2p such att unge daily incurs the sin of Are Focslapped by guzaru lelonging to tle Nralima halyo or Brahman murder for this Gorir coste : The goddesse Jakkasan and reason Brshorina generally do not worship Jakhmśta at Sangsbesliwar in the Ratnagira minor local dentcs in forner times Bral nans District are worslurped by pujarn who belong who worshipped these deities trere excommuni to the Guru and Bhai costes respectivel cated by their caste men Such l'ujórs were The god Ganpıtı at Makincle ling for bude compelled to wear a folded dhotur or waist pujar a Ilani The pujarts of the temple of cloth, and more forbidden to put on the gandh Shua at Jánje in the Natoázır District are or sind it payło month in straight or cross lines 1 anis. It is said that the pujart of Pandı They were allowed to put on the Wild or crea rik at Pandharpur is a hurata (Esberean) or lur mark of sindal paste Another reason why caste 3 Brahmins are not the l'ujaru or worst sppers The pujant of the goddess Sarmata at Sidof such dettıcs is that Bruhoans cannot accept ged in the Than District is a Kol whilst or parlake of the dare lyn offering of cooked the pujaws of Knobs, Abandoba, and letál 1003, forks, etc made to them Lofer class are of the lower castes. The godderses preople can jartale of such offerings, and are Vahlakshas of Koltan and Yareshrar, hare therefore generally the worshippers or minist-their pujant chosen from the lower costes onto of minor local deities The part of Jari Vardas »bi, Baharobs AL P'slehet in thc Ratnigiu District, tbere Cheda and other dettres relich are asid to are two gramderus, ut, Jbols and Blairza, present contagious diseases are always min and I pujants of these deties are respect of the lower castes" nnels A Gursy and a Mahar! The pujant of goddesses are generally men of the lower castes The guirduan goddesscs of the ul Tages of Tolc, lararade, Nandırade, and Rua Misrátla, respectissir, Thir Ni** Scbool Vister, Taishe, Ratasin 1 Shop Vast! 1 School Saster, Tarule, Katog i A stor Vabala, tady!! hool Mister, Re, por, Kaligiri Sa lasten di T445 C! 1 Harer. AI TAS SAL Javor, 41 What Subool Master, rugam, a shu ·2 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN guardian goddesses of Charl in the Kolába In the Ratnagiri District some people District belongs to the lower castes. The worship the Sun on the Sundays of the goddess Mángái has always a Mahár as her month of Shrávan, A ceremony held on the pujári, Everyday the god Shira is required Rathasaptami day, i.e., the 7th day of the to be worshipped first by a pujári of the Gurav bright half of Mágh, is deemed a special caste. The pujúri of Bahiri, a corruption of festival in honour of the Sun-god. On that the word Bhairar, one of the manifestations day people draw, on a small wooden stool, of Shira, is a man belonging to the lower casan image of the Sun, seated in a chariot tes. Similarly the pujáris of Bhagavati, Bhadrawn by seren horses, and worship it with váni, Ambika, Kálika, Jákhái, Jholái, Janni, great reverence, Milk is then boiled on Kollái, Vadyájái, Shitaládevi, Chandika, etc., fire made of cow-dung cakes in front of the household Tulsi plant. If the milk overare persons belonging to lower castes, 3 flors to the east, it is believed that there It is considered by the Hindus very mari- Trill be abundance of crops, but if it flows lorious and holy to worship the Sun; and by to the rest it is taken as a sign of the ncar Brahmans the Sun is considered to be their approach of famine, 4 The Sun-god is also chief deity. The Gáyatri Mantra of the worshipped on the following occasions, 4.9., Brahmans is a prayer to thc Sun-god or the Trikal, Gajaccháya, Ardhodaya, Jahodaya, Savita Dev, and the Bráhmaus offer arghya Vyatipát, Makar-Sankránt, Kark-Sankránt or oblations of water to the Sun thrice a day. and the Solar eclipse, 5 Though there are Those who want health, wealth and prosperity few temples dedicated to the Sun, the vilpropitiate the Sun-god by prayers and cerelage of Parule has the honour of having one monies. The Ratha Saptami is considered to called "the temple of Adi-Náráyan.” Nonbic the principal day for special worship and Brahmanical classes are not seen worshippfestivities in honour of the Sun-god. On this ing the Sun in this district, despite the day, on a low wooden stool, is drawn, in red fact that the Sun is said to be the embodia sandal paste, a figure of the Sun in human ment of the three principal deities of the shape seated in a chariot drawn by seren Hindus, Jiorses, or by a horse with seren faces. This figure is then placed in the sun-shine, and it is The people of the Thána District believe then worshipped by offering it arghya or that the Swastika is the central point of the spoonfuls of water, red powder, red flowers helmet of the Sun, and a vow called the Swastika Vrata is held in its honor, A womnan mixed with red sandal paste, camphor, incense and fruits. Some people kneel doorn while who observes this vor, draws a figure of the offering the arghyas to the Sun. These Swastika and worships it daily during the Cháturmás (four months of the rainy season), arghyas are either three or tryelre in number. Some persons make a row not to cat anything at the expiration of which she gives a Bráhunless they have worshipped the Sun and perman a golden or silver plate with the sign of formed the twelve Namaskaras by falling the Swastika upon it? Another row named prostrate and bowing with folded hands tirelre Dhanurmás, common to all districts in the tinues, and at each time repeating one of the Konkan, requires a person to complete bis twelve names of the Sun.* daily rites before sun-rise, and to offer a & 1 School Master, Chaul, Kolába. 2 School Master, Akola, Kolába, 3 School Master, Poladpur, Kolába, * These twelve names are m-1 Mitra, 2 Ravi, 3 Surya, 4 Bhanu, 5 Khaga, 6 Pushne, 7 Hiranyagarbha, & Marichi, 9 Aditya, 10 Savita, 11 Arka, 12 Bhasker, 4 School Master, Pbonden, 5 Scbool Master, Devarukh, & School Master, Parule. 7 School Master, Anjur.

·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KOVKY 3 prepsrat on of food called ah chad to the sons are seated on the Stasi ka. The people Son god The obserrer of th s Tor the par of the Ratong ni D str ct worsb, the Srant la takes of ti e food regard ng tasag ft from regirlag t as the symbol as well as the scat that god Tlus ise ther done for one day or re of the Sun god 10 pented for a mont! tll the Dhan Sankrant 1 By some ti e Srant la s regarded as the On the Soma at imárasyo day (tle 15th found t on stone of tl on ersell and held day of the dark lalf of a mont! fall ng on to be the symbol of the god Sha and not Vonday) and the Kap lásharth day the Sun of the Sun 12 Is held in espcc al re crence 2 I cur ous story The cocert on of hunb y sud tol are is patrated regird og tlt offer ng of Irghya taken place by the afluence of the raro of to the Sun It $$1d el at the Sun rejo ces at tic Can 13 the brth of a Bráh an and & es 1 000 000 Tle Sta: las cons dered as an emblem cows a car ty Lele ng that the Arghya of cace and rosper tr and for the reann who the Brahman w ll offer later on wll Brála nn notoen drowa f'gure of t? Srari derour ls focs one drop of the Irgi ya ha in front of thrlous y 11 Tie custom of kung 1 000 of them. The repct t on of the tpor ng round suc! sacred ojects as th Bin Gayatt mantra 108 t mes a day is supposed to yan terpal the Tuls or sweet busilat release a Bral man from the debt of 1 000 000 the lmbar th frala ( 1 Intl us cmbl 1) cows owed in th $ way to the Sun 9 Tie cte re al nt ntle dtr to holba or loga-Sutrar of Patanjal bowc er prob bta Ti cre are no ciscs recorded nwlch women man from lool ng at the sctl ng Sen thoug! after cl Id brth are expo d to the Sun But the sn tius incurred is made amends for on the 12th day aft rber del ers the motler by the offer ng of Arghya to that god . It is puts on new bangl s and clotle cocos Interest ng to note that women do not gr od nute betel nuts and Ica s grans of ce corn on the Ratha Saptamı day 5 planta ns and gra ns of wlicat are cod at bier Women bow down to the Sun on the 1101 She ti en comes out and bows to the sun 12+ 30+1 or 4011 day after their del sery Fealthy persons on tl s occas on porfornia but henb women generally worship that god homa ster fice in the Louses bus inding the on the 7th day. On the occas on some Tols fire and feed ng Brab vans women slow a clurn og hardlct to the Sun tbsd tre bel cresti t conceton god and offer lum some gralns of rcc? or s I kely to be caused by oute to be The Swastha is cons dered so boly n the rays of the Sun Lonkan that t is always drawn on the TIe II ndu women of th honha w Ik Antarpat and at the tue of the lunycha round P pal Tuls and imbot ry Tacl or ccremony which recedes a Il du Saturd1s and on the Soma afama a ya di wedd ng a Srant la drarn nrce Torsla re tbc 15t! dar of tlc dari Lalt of anoth pe?: TI e Pr BC ja de tes of the Indus wbcat falls on Vondır 15 Sonto Lot whic erer they are inroled on sec at occa women makc . 1o to * Ik ru Ja Soon n aused $ Cr is bool Vs Tanu Is botas Va as * Schooae MS J + S too! las ets Agah od A dia #Shool e I ajaghe . 33 X 600 demons are a to be borot cry day to mpede e percer of es a S hool Mac Cbaal ho il Se Terare la ag i • School VSC Say Inici ISO ae ali elaar * School Le Pradhu Man Ra in Isa Tacry, as hiaed Artia, L S bool Was ers Chauh harp Lolita Schoul, C 10hashtu Irao Sab b Sbele ISS Vas Tood ka algni # The chu o og ha e or rod lsacia stari bilst Sin czec Le dices cf Les 1 ·2 FOLKLORE OF TIIA KONKAN gardian goddesscs of Chnul in tlic Kolába In thc Ralágiri District soinc pcopic District belongs lo thic lower carlesi 'The worship thic Sun on the Sundays of the goddess Mingiii has always a Malár as lier | month of Shráran. Accrcmony licld on tlic pujúria Everydny the god Shiva is required Rathasaptami day, 1.c., the 7th day of the to be worshipped first by apujári of the Guras bright linlf of Mágh, is deemed a special castc. Tlc pujári of Baliíri, a corruption of festiral in honour of the Sun-god. On that llic word Bhairar, onc of tlic manifestations dng people draw, on a small wooden stool, of Shivn, is a man belonging to thic lower casan innge of the Sun, scalcd in a chariol tes. Similarly tlic pujaris of Blingavati, Bhadrassn bg scren lorscs, and prorslip it with Milk is then boilcd on vini, Ambika, Kálika, Juikhai, Jholi, Jouni, grcal refcrcnice. Kolhai, Vndyúji, Shitalideri, Chandikn, etc., firc made of cow-dung cakes in front of thic louschold Tulsi plant. If the milk orcrarc persons belonging to lower castos," noirs to tlic cast, it is liclicred that there Il is considered by the Ilindus verk moriwill be abundance of crops, but if it flows torious and holy to worship the Sun; and by to the rest it is taken as a sign of the near Brilians ilc Sun is considered to be their approach of faminc. + The Sun-god is also chicf dcity. The Gayatri Mantra of thic worshipped on the following occasions, c.9., Bruilmans is a prayer to the Sun-god or the Trikal, Gajacchuya, Hrdlhodaya, Mahodaya, Savita Der, and the Brilmans offer arghyn ryatipit, Makar-Sankránt, Karl-Sankránt or oblations of water to the Sun thrice a day. and the Solar eclipse. Though there are Those rlo rant locaitli, wcalth and prosperity for temples dedicated to the Sun, the vilpropitinto the Sun-god by prayers and cere- Inge of l'arulc lins the honour of having one monies. Thic Niallo Saptami is considered to called "thc tenplc of Adi-Yurayan." Nonbe the principal day for special worship and Briílınınnical classes are not scen rrorshippfestivities in honour of thic Sun-god. On this ing the Sun in this district, despite the dan, on a los vooden stool, is drain, in rcd fact that tlic Sun is said to bc'the embodia sandnl pasle, n figure of the Sun in luman mcnl of the three principal dcitics of the slipc scated in a chariot drawn by seven Ilindus, liorses, or by a horse with scron faces. This figurc is then placed in the sun-shine, and it is Thc pcople of the Tháno District believe then worshipped by offering it arghya or thint thc Siraslika is thc central point of the liclmct of thic Sun, and a vot called the spoonfuls of water, red powder, red flossers Sıraslika l'rala is licld in its honor. A womnan mixed writh red sand:1) paste, camplior, incense ho observes this ror, draws a figure of the and fruits. Somc pcoplc kncei doirn while Strastika and rrorslips it daily during the of cring the orghyns to the Sun. Tiesc arghyas arc citlicr tlırce or twelrc in number, Chálurmás (four nionths of the rainy scason), Some persons makc a rou not lo cat anything at thc cspiration of which she gives a Bráltunless they love worshipped the Sun and per. man a golden or silver plate with the sign of formed the twelve Namaskaras by falling the Swastika upon it. Another roj named prosirate and bowing with folded hands tirclrc Dhanurmás, common to all districts in the limes, and at cach timnc repc ng one of the Konkan, requires a person to complete bis clvc namics of the Sun.* daily rites before sun-rise, and to offer a 1 School Master, Chaul, Koliba. School Master, Akola, Kolába. 3 School Alaster, Poladpur, Kolába. * These twelvc names are:-1 Mitra, 2 Rari, 3 Surya, 4 Bbanu, 5 Kbaga, 6 Pushne, 7 Hiranyagarbha, & Dlarichi, 9 Aditya, 10 Savita, 11 Arka, 12 Bhasker, School Master, Plondeo, 6 School Niaster, Devarukh, 6 Scliool Master, Parule. 7 School Master, Anjur.

·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KOVKAY 3 preparation of fond called Khicha lt to the sions are scited on the Starlika The people Sun-god Tle observer of this tow then pare of the Ratnagir District worsłup the Strastıha, takcs of the food, regid og it as a gift from regarding it as the symbol as well as the scat that god This is either done for one day or re of the Sun god 10 pented for a month tut the Dhani-Sankrant 1 By some the Srastika is regarded as the On the Somatati-marásya day (the 15th foundation stone of the tunnucrse!! and held day of the dark half of a month falling on to be the son bol of the god Shiva, and not Monday), and the Kapilashanthı dıy, the Sun of the Sun 17 is held in especial reverence? A curious stors The conception of Kunbi 19 said to bare is narrated regard ng the ofering of drghya taken place by the influence of the rars of to the Sun It is and that the Sun rejoices at the San 13 the birth of a Brahman, and gues 1,000,000 The Snastala is considered as an emblem cors in charity believing that the Irghya of peace and prosperits and for this reason which the Brahman will offer later on will Braliman voinen draw a figure of the Smail. derour bus foes, one drop of the Irghya tha in front of their houses 14 The custom of killing 1,000 of them* The repetition of the noring round such sacred objects as the Ban- Gayatrı mantra 108 times a day is supposed to fan, te Pspal, the Tula or swect brail plant, release a Brahman from the debt of 1,000,000 the imbar the Arala (Phrlinthus emblıcı), Cows owed in this way to the Sao : The etc, is preralent in the district of Kolhapur Ioga Sutras of Patanjal bowever probibit a There are no cascs recorded in which women man from looking at the sctling Son, thougla after chud birth are exposcd to the Sun Bat the sin thus incurred it made amends for on the 12th day after her delivery, the mother by tlic offering of Arghya to that god . It is pots on new bangles and now clothes, cocoa interesting to note that women do not grind nuts betel nuts and leares, grains of rec, corn on the Natha-Saptamı day 3 plantains and grains of wheat are placed in her Women bow down to the Sun on the 11th, lap Sbc then comes out and bows to the Sun, 12th, 30th or 40th day after their delivery, Healthy persons on this occasion porforma but kuabı women generally worslup that god homa sacrifice in their bouscs by kindling the on the 7th day on this occasion some bols fire and feeding Bralmads No one in women slow a churp og handlet to the Sun- this district believes that conception is caused, god and off'cr hun some grains of rice? or is likely to be caused, by exį osure to the The Snastika is considered so lely in the rays of the Sun honkin that it is always drawn on the The Hindu women of the Konkan walk Antarpal and at the time of the Punyáha round Pipal, Tula, and Umbar trees every IT'aclan ceremony which precedes a Ihindu Saturday and on the Somaratı-amárásya duy, wedding a Swasila drawn in rice is Trorsbıp se, the 13th dir of the dark bulf of a month ped. The principal derties of the Iliodus leb it falls on Yonday 13 Sometimes, how whenerer they are saroked on specul occn erer, Fomen mike a ro to walk round a I School Master 113103 School Master M6 43 > School Master MALJ School Master 1 adaghe • Scbool Blasfers, Agast and Araala • 3 000 0000 demons New & to do Borsesery day to impede the pourder of the Sun School Master Chaat ho iba. Icbool Master Aerare Ratság the . School Master, Mtibbir, Ratnsgn . Shoul Master, Vakbadelo Ratasgiri 10 Suboal Master, Teodher, Vüsan, Rataigirl School fasters, Agishlaad Arola us boel Masters, Chual, harjat, houba 13 School Masters, Chaut, harjat Kolába. Cao Sabeb Stele. 5 School Master, Valguad, Rarosgari The cbornag hande or rod 19 called in Maríubt fart, which is cae of the names of the Sta.

·FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN temple or a sacred trec one-hundred thousand the moon and Brahaspati or Jupiter about the times, and for the fulfilment of this row they wife of Brahaspati, each of them claiming to walk round the temple or tree for about seren be the cause of her conception, Subsequently or eight hours every day. If they find it a son was born who was named Budha (Merdifficult to make up the number of rounds cury). Brahaspati's wife, on being asked who themselves, they ask their near relations to was the father of the child, named the moon, assist them in their undertaking.1 Thereupon Brahaspati cursed the moon for his The Moon is worshipped by the Hindus on adultery. The spols on the surface of the the 2nd of the bright half of every month. moon are said to be the effect of this curse. On this day it is considered very lucky to see the moon, and many people, particularly the through his rays, and therefore this deity is The moon-god is believed to distributo neclar lower classes, pull out threads from the clothes said to have the power of removing diseases and they wear, and offer them to the moon, saying restoring human beings to health. The moon "O! God, accept these old clothes of ours is the king of herbs, and all trees, plants, etc., and be pleased lo give us new ones in their thrive owing to the influence of the moon. stead." Some people torship the moon on the Sometimes people place at night, figs, plan- Sankasti Chaturthi 4th day of the dark half tains, sugarcane and other catables in the moonof every month; and such people will not light and eat them early in the morning; and eat anything until they have seen and worship- it is said that those who do so improve in health, ped the moon on that day. The moon is The practice of drinking the moon's rays not worshipped on the Ganesh Chaturthi day not prevail in the Kolhápur district. does But that is, the 4th of the bright balf of the month people occasionally dine in the moon light.” of Bhadrapad, as it is considered very unlucky to see the moon on that night. It is firmly On a full moon day people perform the believed that any one who sees the moon on special worship of their chosen deity. On the the Ganesh Chaturthi day even by accident will full moon of the month of Kártika lemples are be falsely accused of theft or some other crime. illuminated, and on the full moon day of In order to avoid this, people who have accident- Mágha, raw corn such as wheat, vájri, etc., is cooked and offered lo the household and other ly seen the moon, throw stones at the houses of deities." On this day are also performed the their neighbours, and if the neighbours abuse them in return, the mischief makers consider special riles and ceremonies that are required in connection with the Kula-devatás or family themselves freed by the abuse from the sin of having looked at the moon on a forbidden night, gods or goddesses. On the full moon day of Fálguna the Holi fire is kindled and worship- The spots on the surface of the moon are believed by some to be the rath or chariot of ped. In certain families the full moon of Chaitra is considered auspicious for making the god. Others think that they are lunar offerings to family deities. On the full moon mountains; but many believe that the spots are the visible signs of the slain on the character day of Shrávan is observed the feast of of the moon-god due to his having outraged the Cocoanut day, and on this day Bráhmans put on De sacred tlıreads. The full moon is modesty of the wife of his guru, the god Brahaspati or Jupiler. In the Puráns it is stated considered by the Sanyásis or ascctics an that on one occasion, a dispute arose between auspicious day for shaving their heads, 1 School Master, Phonde, Ratoágiri. 2 Rao Sahib Shelke, * In the Konkan the Navánja Purnima or full moon day of new food is observed in the month of Ashwin, This is, no doubt, due to the difference in the season of the barvest.

·TOLKLORE OG TIL KOVI 5 On the neth moon day the P tras or suppose that God created Vadan (cu d) Vanes are wors! pied 1 gl ted lamps arc from the es ence taken from the body of the Torsh pped on tbe moos die or moon and hence the moon god has s ots on Asladha In the Kolhapur State this is I s bods > Intic Vahábha at stated that called Tadal new moon day and n the on the surface of the moon s reficcted the konkant is called Drals des moon day land of Sudarshan on t! serrt! togetler *u Oi tle new moon day of Asha Laksimal some trees so a great hurt br ght port tlc god less of wealth & Forshed All be ng noth ng but water. The spot on t! 8j ec al ceremon es for the prop i at on of the surface of the moon 5 cons Jered by som T'I atas or er I spots are usually performed deer wl dl te god has taken on help on the new moon day The Del ya or 2nd Some bel ere that last oda the moll r of day of every month is cons dered stered to kr shnı after war ng an earth n d sh round the moon and on ths day the moon is the face of hrst trew it at the sky It worst > ped w le the Chaturthi is con strack the moon and ther by the spots on / s dered sacred to the god Ganapati and on surface of the Joon w re caused \ectars te Chaturti i of Bl adrapada a spcc al fest val suppos d to ba e b ca der d from the rays is Ield n honour of the god Ganpati 1 of the noon and fom sacred books tis On tie 15th day of the br gbt half of stated that the Clakora brd (Bartar ) the montl of Athro a people pat n lk in tic Partr dg ) dr nks tl c rays of the noon rays of the moon for so ne t mc and then Ti e pool of the fhána D str ct hold sm after offer ng t to the moon they dr nk it Jar not ons regard ng the spots on the surface Dr nk ng balk in this way is called dr ok ng of the noon It h s been sad by some that tle rays of the moon ? On the Sankrant Cha the port on guest on reir schty mod wl le turtlı day and on that Chaturths w cl others say that the noon las ben d sfi 1 med nlely follows the Dasara hol day gured owng to a curse from a sage Some 1 cop le draw an image of the moo and people say that the spots ar due to the moon or hi t3 in the Ratnag ni d stretbe ng cars d by wa preceptor Brabaspati wth sc eral conflct ng tlcor cu arc l'eld regard bose * fe the moon god . d connect on Ing tlc s ots on the surface of the moon Bc ng unable to bear tlc pa n of the spots the Some blerc that the spot observed on the moon it is s9 d prop usted h s preceptor lo mnoon & Lapanrind tree in wichti at god rected luun to batte n the Blwar ser to 7 15 stat oned h mself others bold that the alleviate the agony Iccordingly the pain by ot $the reflect on of a deet wiel is was assuaged and the part of tlc river whicro Joked to the cbur ot of the moon Tile the Moon god bathed thus came to be called mt ny more bice that tlas bec occas oned Chandra bhaga 20 Some persons sugest that by ti the horse of Kng \sla the spots are a P pol trce wth two deer feed Some say that the spot on the surface of Ing opon it from two desil. Others told that t/c 1000 represcats a r pal tree and a the spots on the surface of the moon are due to cow fastened to the roots of the tree Ils bus og been cked by a deer which when oll ers on tl e author ty of II ndu wstrolozs porsaed by a lanter was refosed shelter 13 $ hoof Rao Sshed, Shelte Schou Aster Cauribad RS Spa > School Vaser Dibho Ra ng i School sla er Ubh digela Vengu L • Schoo Master Bfarby School Ease Wuz 1 School Was er lbh impur • School Waste ad vare Rijápar Is hool Ma er katnig 11 # School Bas et Rataigiri. School Master Vistod, Stháfur Scbool Base Edran llib ·TOLKLORC or TIIT KONK.LV 1 Present, 1) The people of the Thrina District lsclicrc that Thic following arcdars of special imporlance. thic rays of tlic moon influence conceplion. Gudli-pudra, i.c., the first day of the bright In tlic KolílıDittrict, lo sil in an open Julf of Chailra:- This being the first day of place on a moon-light night, is regarded as thic year, gudhis and lorants are lioisted in drinking the rules of the moon. Thic clon- front of crerr liouse and are worshipped.9 gited part of the orb of the moon pointing Blu-bij :-On the 2nd day of the bright toifards llic north or the south is supposed to forebode scarcity or abundance, respectively: hulf of Kárlil. cicry sister wares round the frice of luer brollier a Lump, and walcs hu a It is a common belief that the moon should not be seen on the Ganesh Chaturthi day, The cercwony on the Bhuu-bij day las conc i.c., thefth day of the bright half of Bhúilrainto sogue on account of Sublindra living pad. ghen a very plc'sint bath to her brother Looking at the moon continuously for il Krislini on that day. The Court of Yama is short time on every moon light night is said also suid to be closed on that day, since he to kcep one's sight in good order." goes to lus sister; and conscqucntly per- If the Imunsyn falls on Vonday, Briluman solis vrlo dic on thit day, however sinful they somcn of the Thina District wall round a mir be, are not supposed to go to Yamalola Tulsi plant or a Pipal trec and make a sous hell.11 to a Briliman.5 sisya Tritiya: -On the third day of In the Koliba District a special ceremony the bright lalf of Voishakh cold water and is lield in lionour of wmor goddesses on tlic ummoning fans are distributed as tohons for On this 8th day of a mouth. The following things appeasing the Vanes of ancestors. are avoided one on each of the fifteen titres dus is also celebrated the birth of the god Parashurám.12 respectacly Kohala (pumpkin) dorli (Solinum indicum,) Ganesh Chaturthi:-On tue 4th day of salt, sesimum, sour thungs, oil, czulc (Emblic the briglit lulf of Bhadrapad, an carthen my robilin), coco inuts, bhopala (gourd), image of Ganpati is worshipped and a great pacial (annhe-gourd), párte(Dolichos Lallah) ceremony is held in luis honour.13 The fourth masur (Lcns esculenta) brinjil, loner, gain da! of the bright linlf of every month is called bling, l'inayaka-Chaturthi; while that of the dirk The people obserie a fast on the 13th linlf is called Sanhasti-Chaturthi. On the (Pradosva)..nd the 14th dự (Shirarátra) of 1'ináyaha-Chaturthi day, people fast the whole thic dirh hilf of orcry month 1 On the 15th day and dine the next day; while on the day of the bright half of Chartra, à fair is Sankasti Chalurthi day, they fast during the lield in honour of the guardian deity of a day tune and dine after moon-rise.7+ That Sankasti Chaturthi vluch falls on Tuesday is village, and lions, goits, etc., are offered as a sacrificc. considered the best 15 1 School Master, kalyan, No 1 and School Master, Padagbe, Bhirapdı. ? School Master, Chiduran, Koláb.2. 3 School Jlaster, Polldpur. 4 School Master, Chauh, Kolibr. 5 School Jlaster, Anjur, Thána, 6 School Blaster, Chauk, koliba, i School Master, Polidpur. & School Master, Polidpur, kiolába 9 School Master, Bisadi, Ratnagiri. 10 School Nlaster, Basini, Rata igiri, 11 School Master, Pendur, Málvan, Rainſyiri 1. School Master, Basani, Ratnagiri. 13 School Taster, Basani, Ratnagiri, 3 School Master, Nalgund, Rato igiri, 15 School Master, Ublidándı, Vengurla.

·FOLKLONT OL TIIL KOLKY 7 * o! ل بادل Vaah Chaturdash - Tagpanci am - On the 5t! d y of the t! 14t1 dr of 11 drk of Ishrat duonohur bret! If of SI rá an p ctures of serents and snake lol sate fors! pd 1 wasi Udi con unce o tud the tirbti befr su Clanp Slal - tic oil d r of ti brti ir of Va gas rha so nc c ren ons ( frut) red, tas ad mo ta se d to ! d relatn, lo tu famly d t s performed ? Ta al laun ma-0 t1 19t! d ut Rela-Sap am -On the 7ti dis of the brgt! If of Val tie sun 3 fors! Pia t! br glth If of Shu an 1 l ror! į tl sea and 1 TOW Otac and m Ik sto led unt! torerflos Il a a l'au n ma --O tt Gokul Ishtam On the 8t! diy of t! drk! If of ST aran tle brth of the god tle br glit lalf of Jyes ha mo t whọc uy bands are al efst ti wlot d and worsli kr st ni s cel br td u autre Nama laran -On the 911 dy of the On tl loth a of tl br ght half of Cla rate brt of the god Ishenol biti asl, wak t! Ravi s celebrated 5 wol oot nd a u t! I es nirty I wayadarkm-On tie 101 d y of tlc of was On the 15ti d of tl br ghth If of br glt half of Ish » j colle cross the bou Ka la bou s are luu TI sd lary of the roll ge and d str bule sone (lci es called Tr pu Pau ats głt pop of!! Slam and Ipta trecs) It is a populr llu ew tle rln allt ny U ftil ork co cnc do tl s diy is tlc Uge but cal rly t! teor! of surc to end well Wenj ons are also wors! Pica si sa Thy s do nor ton of t! on thd tr um of the go i Si ao rt don Tr Eha lash On le 110 di of lala lh and purusu a Tlc full u oond of tic toontl hart / & spec l fast s obser cd People also of Vagha scall d llulla re na On ti s fast on the 17th day of cacl mo llL. Ainin nylt people 1 ! clulco torcl cs and w tl lod yon tl s ausj cous day s suppos d to t! m sl ghtly burner! Rowery tres and go to ! i en Sonte sterhadas falls on il nts Tb full moon di of the month of two consccut cdis in wl cl casc tlc Smír Falguna scall a tiellol or Hol laura ma tay observe t1 frst, while the Blág als and stbc b poest lol day of the lo ser class obs r cths conds II Ddus On tglt tie Il ndus Andle th Ibaman-dreadash On tel th day of Ilol fit a d worshi ti On the 15t! day of ti brgt! If of Bhad apal laman wor tl br glit? If of Isht *p op le cat grain of the slil dand one or twee bors are adored,new lur est Ontic full moo dir of SI raran I ng lcd to r prcs nt llanan Ti e mar they perform tle Skraran ceremony ond gre 8 of t! Tuls il nt is Bornclimes cle a lamj ja clart On the full moo day of Irat d on th sd tbc Bonth of Cha tro la ilahha and Varga Dhana Trayodas! :-On the 13th day of lrsha the brtus of Barut Varas nla and ilc dirk bult of Iskar Laks! 01, thic Dttatraya respect elr are ca brat d 15 TIC godd ss of realt! $ forsi di Aunts of the Ratnag Dslr ct bclcre thart 6 со S boo da e Bign Ra nó IS boolllas e Pasan Ra nig shoo Masc Vasin Ra auk School Bfa er Basanz, Ra ang School Blass Bisan bagig & School Ma. Basan Rang 4 Schoo Vasc Baso I ati Schoo Vas er Néiguad Ra aág Shoo Vasc Basaa Ra nás bo School la ler Basan Tanig Shoot afac Baun I alnigt School was er Basin Tasign 13 Scbool Mac Basaa Raabg Shoot Maste bin iuc Budruk ka aigu Scho lasc rcodu 13 abg 81 ·10 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN from his own body; and teaching them tixe 11 rance 12 4 Bhadrapada, 1 These Sapta-rishis are said Sometimes the milky way is believed to be a to have been created by the God Brahma white cloud, 10 On the authority of the Mabákála Nirvan four Vedas, he handed them over to them Tantra, some people of the Thána District and asked them to regulate the affairs of the believe that a person who cannot get a view Torld.2 of the polar star will die within six months ; Some people of the Ratnágiri District be- while others substitute the Arundhati star lieve that the rain-bow is the box used by for the polar star and determine the duration Ráma, the hero of the Rámáyana, Its appeaof life of a diseased person by the same on the east is regarded by them as process. symptomatic of the approach of rain, while ils The people of the Thána District believe appearance on the west is equivalent to the that the rain-bow is caused by the accumuladeparture of rain,3 tion of moisture in the air, 1 The rain-bow The short duration of the rain-boir is held is said to consecrate the region over which it to indicate an excessive fall of rain while appears 13. The appearance of the rain-bow its long duration forkodes a scarcity of in the morning is supposed to forbode the rain, The appearance of the rain-bow on approach of rain. 24 a river is supposed to indicate the approach Some people of the Kolába District believe of rain, while its appearance on a mountain that the holy persons such as Káshyapa, means the departure of rain. 5 Of the two Arundhati and other sages, who lived bows of which the rain-boy seems to be on this earth in ancient times are composed, the larger is believed to belong shining in the sky by the sacred lustre of to Ráma, and the smaller to Lakshman, 6 their powers, 16 Hindu women worship the Since the God Indra is supposed to send planets Budha and Guru (Mercury and Jupi. raja, the Indradhanushya (the rain-bow) is ler) in the month of Shrayap.1 regarded as a sign of the advent of rain.? The Sapta-rishis are somewhere called Klatale and Bájale (cot)17. The rain-bow By some Hindus it is believed that the is held by some to be the symbol of Ráma milky way is a heavenly river which is a and Lakshman, who visit the world in that farourite bathing place of the gods.8 Others form with the view of watching its proceedsuppose it to be a branch of the celestial Ganges which is said to have been brought ings. Others, however, believe that it represents God Indra.who assumes that form to down upon this earth by king Bhagiratha, see how his orders are executed by his subor- Some persons, however, believe that since dinates. 18 The rain-bow is said to foretell the great sage Agastya is said to reside at good if it appears either at the beginning or Rámeshwar in the southern direction, the end of the rainy season, while its appear Ganges (the milky way) runs through the rance at any other time is supposed to sky to tlie south in order to bathe him. forbode evil.19 seen 10 1 School Master, Malhanele, Ralnógiri, 2 School Master, Pendur, Ratnagiri. 3 School Master, Basani, Ratnagiri, 4 School Master, Makhanele, Ratnagiri. 6 School Master, Navare, Ratoágiri. 6 School Master, Adivare, Ratnagiri. 7 School Master, Malguod, Ratnágiri. 8 School Master, Kanlayli, Ratnagiri. 9 School Master, Makhanele, Ratnagiri. 10 School Master, Basani, Ratnagiri. 11 School Master, Agásbi and Arnála, Thána. 12 School Master, Rai, Thina, 13 School Master, Badlapur, Thốna. 14 School Master, Možbada, Thống. 15 School Master, Chaul, Kolíba, 16 School Master, Kasu, Kolába. 17 Scbool Master, Vavasi, Kolába, 18 School Master, Chaul, Kolába, 19 School Master, Vavanje, Kolába, ·FOLKLORE OF TIJELOVI 11 Hindus regard the earth as one of tler carib z pestis, the Skál gram stone ani age important de tes and Forsl Pi on rar ous of the god shnu 11 c inga of SLT occal ons It is enjo ned upon Oral mans a concl sell the sacred thread of a Drahman to worsh put da ly at the tone of the r flowers intended for wors! i bas I lea $$ and Sandhya rte as well as w] le perform ng tLc Gorardın 12 Shaan ceretronTle peuple of the The follow ng I nes are repeated a thir Rata, D str et pray to the cattl as foon motn ng before selt ng foot to the ground 13 – at they learc thc r bed in the corp ng? O Goddesst wlio s clot) d (surrounded) Tlc eart! s requ red to be worst pped at the by the sea wlose breasts atc mounta es I me of laying tle foundat on stone of a house an? wo , thc w fe of Isl nu I boy down as well as at the t me of li ng ng no use a to the please forge the touch of my feet newly bu itlouse 3 Snce at 33 l eld oploly to O Goddess Ear hf who art born by the row r of Ishnu whose surfaces of the colour sleep on U e bare ground those wloc parents de sleep on a woollen cloth on the ground of a concl shell and who art tle store house of noumerablc Jewels I bow down to ti ee til the parents ann ersary is over. Wan bome women of the Tlina D str ct worst prastos Songás and Bral mans are requ red le earth day durng the Chau mai (four to sleep on the grourdo come p ons men sleep months of the ri bys agon) at the nd of on tlcbur ground dur ng the C1 dlusmas (the phach they & se a Bral man a pece of land or four months of the ra ny s ason) at the erp ry the money equ l nt of 11Persone w op of which they present a bed to s Brál man form a part ul rr te & the Soloso na a It is enjorted upon a pr ncc to sleep on the tra a (A ow obsr cd on teen su CN lare ground on uc are of the coronat on $ vc Vond 15s) are roqu red to sle odtleb re ground At tle sow ng and est inc 1 dows and women are requr d to slej farmets ni possc thc arth by ofer t cocon Tie on tho ground durng the r monthly courses nats fowls rce bo sed w tl curt etc blood of a k ug and the balls of cx en to Women wlo e huslalds are away are also to the mancs of thc d ad are not allowed to do the same in the Ratnag ni Dslr ct touch te ground People convey to Ad sts t Lalla, on the dy on wi ch they ws! tolace the water of U cGinges w tloutilte & be possessed by a part cul r de ty or spot on the ground arc requ red to sleep on the earth, Wien TIe carth $requ red to be worsl Pr! 1 eople are on the po nt of deall (1 ey are before tak og & port on of it for sacr 6 made to le on bi les of darbl a grass perdurposes " A 165 1 contin ng water over wel cl dcintat ons lin c been repeated is not on the earth" Tle performer of a sacr fce al oxid in touch the ground" Onte 15 l as well as one who hns obserc) a row day of thic br gltl all of Ashr nerers farmer are lo slees on the ground 11 The follow ng prepares some sweetmeats in 1 ulouse and Art cles should not be allowed to touch the takes ti o to bus farm Tlcrc he gallers fre S hool Mage Nevare Ra ask > Shoo ya • Ad ne la ni Is hool Vaser De urukh Ta aig 1 Shoo Mac 1 aasti Is hoo at Ch pun Ra sig Shoo Mas o MSU Tahigi As hoc ta et hhe wad AS. Ponty I Shool Mas er Ra Thina is hoola e Bbo ap Thida # Schcot Was er 10 Kotha ·12 FOLKLORE ON TIIE KONKAN stoncs, worships theni, and offers the sweet thic wind, and produce lliunder. The dashincats to the cartii. Afterwards he takes ing of these stones against cach other also a portion of the food and scatters it over the generales lightning. 8 farm, His family thien gather there and take In tlic Kolába District it is believed that a hearty meni. In the cvening the person thunder is the military band of the king of vlio carried the food to the farm, picks up clouds and lightning is his banner. Lightning some grains of barlcy and puts thcın into a is said to be produced by the fighting of celesbasket. On return liomc tlic grains arc tlırown tinl elephants; while thunder is licard when over tlic liousc, 1 they pour out walcr.10 Some peoplc think that Various conflicting notions are entertained thunder is the noise of the feet of tlic elephants regarding thunder and lightning. The people (clouds) that give rain; lightning is also said of the Ratnagiri District believe that thic to bc generated from their foot fall.11 The clouds arc animals that roar. When these ani clouds are supposed to be thc niessengers of mnls emit water it bursts forth on account of gods, liglilning being the manifestation of the circular motion of the winds called Chanda Divine power. The gods are said to confine and Mundn. This bursting is supposed to tlicsc messengers from the nakshatra of Ardra producc thunder and lightning Somewherc to the nakshatra of Hasti, in which latler thunder and lighting arc said to be the nakshatra thcy again begin to roar, 1 signals given by the god Indra, to birds, beasts, Thunder is supposed to take place wlien the cle., of the setting in of the rainy scason." god Indra draws his bow; while lightning is Some people believe that tlıc gcd Indra sends said to be produccd wlicn the same god strikes rain througli liis clephants wlio, being crcited, his adamant against a mountain.13 make a noise like iunder. In the Ratnagiri District it is believed thal Others regard thc thunder as the roaring of carthquike occurs whenever the thousand llic clephant of the gods, while sucking sca licaded Shesha shakes its licad.14 It is said that water. The thunder is also believed to bc llic at onc lime a demon named Gayasur became roaring of tlic god Varuna, the king of the very troublesome, and all the gods held hini clouds." Tlie bors of the Ratnagiri District down by standing on his body. Thereupon the beliсre that thunder is a sign of the wedding demon requested all the gods to remain on his ccrciponics performed in the heavenly fouscs body for ever. Occasionally this Gayasur of the gods. Some Alaliomcdans believe that shakes his body and this causes the earthan angel called Mckail has control orer the rain. quake.16 Some people believe that the earth 12 To cause a fall of rain Mekail strikes the clouds trembles of its own accord when sins accumulwith a whip of lightning. The clouds tlien utter a cry, and this is the cause of thunder.7 Some people of the Thána District believe that there are big stones in the sky which strikc against cach other owing to the force of ate upon it.10 Others hold that the earthquake takes place in the hollow parts of the carth.17 Some people, liowever, believe that since the carth floats upon water, it naturally quikcs at times, 18 1 School Master, Akol, Kolába. 3 School Master, Kasba, Sangameshwar, Ratnagiri. School Master, Masure, Ratoágiri. i School Master, Chiplun, Ratnagiri. 9 School Master, Varsai, Kolába. 11 School Master, Varsai, Kolába. 13 School Master, Chauk, Kalába, 15 School Master, Palspot, Ratnagiri. 17 School Master, Murbád, Thủpa. e School Master, Pendur, Ratpágiri. 4 School Afaster, Makhanele, Ratnagiri. 6 School Master, Basani, Ratnágiri. 8 School Master, Anjur, Thána. 10 School Master, Chaul, Kolába. 1. School Master, Poladpur, Kolába. 11 School Master, Chiplun, Ratnágiri. 16 School Master, Pendur, Ratpágiri. 15 School Master, Bhuvaa, Thága.

·FOLKLORE OF THE KOYRAX 13 The Hindus being elencat worshippers 03. them with water, and after repealing sacred turally hold in reverence certain rifers, ponds, maatras over the water, throws tho mixture etc. In the Ratnágını District the spring at into the well. After thus ceremony, the people Rájápur, called the Rajapurch: Ganga is con are at liberty to drink water from the well aidered sery sacred. It flows from the roots of Before a well 13 dag, an expert is a Banyan tree There are fifteen Kundas or consulted to ascertain the place where a ponds, and the princpal Kunda always remsans spring flows A well is then dug, after filled with water On o‘casions a big galra offering a sacrifice to the spirits and deities for 19 held and people from distant places that happen to dwell at that spot A come to bathe and worslup at the sprog dinner is given to Brahmins after the well is Some people believe that many of the lakes, built. A golden cox is often thrown into springs, etc, situated in the Kolhapur State are newly built well as an offering to the water ancred * A spring or rivulet that flows to the deities 10 There is a well at Mandangad, the e1st 1s ronsidered specially sacred. It is called water of which serves as medicine to cure Surya-tansı spring, and it is considered meri the poison of snakes and other reptiles 11 torious to bathe in it. In the village of Kon It is believed that there is a cl158 of wicked knul in the Ratnagiri District of a person 19 water nymphs called Asara who generally bitten by a snake or other poisonous reptile, no dwell in wells, ponds or rivers, far from the medicine is administered to him, but holy water habitation of men Whenever these nymphis brought from the temple of the village goddess come across a lonely man or woman catering a is g1 en to lura to drink, and it is said that the well, pood, etc, they carry that person under patient is thus cured. The water fall at Maral water The village of Mith Bár in the Rat near Devarkuha, whicre the river Dan takes its nagını District is a well-known resort of these rise, is held sacred. At Sluvaca in the Ratna. Asıras, and many instances are given by the giri District the people use the lurtha of villagers of persons being drowned and carried deity as med cine for diseases due to poison. off in the river by these wicked nymplus A They say that it is the sole remedy they apply lank in tlic Tallage of Hadalem in the same in such cases There are ponds at Manors in district has a similar reputation 1 The people the Goa State, and Vetore in the Sarantwad. of the honkan believe that water nymphs are State, the water of which is used as medicine sometimes scen in the form of women near for the cure of persons suffering from the por wells, tirers, and ponds 13 Some say that the son of snakes, mice, spiders, and scorpions? Water pymphs and water spirits confer objects When a well as duz, the people call a Braban desired by Worsluppers if they are propitiated priest to consecrate it. The Bralitaan takes by prayers 14 cow's urine, milk, cards, gh, undle paste, There are seven kundas, ponds, at Sirpal in flowers, bugil leves, and rice, and mises the Thána Dastrict, forming a large lake. This School Master, Ratangirl Schaat alaster, Waabuayli, Rataigie. 5 Scboot Master, Mathagele, Ratnagiri 1 School Marte, Ubblinda, Ratni n. School Muster, Lastal, Ruta giri 4 School Master, Bawal, Ratogin School Male, Malgasd, Ratlar School Sfester, Pboode, Ratsigir. School Master, Dandinada, Badrol, Ratnegira • School Master, Masure, Ratnagir Scbool Master Yth B. Radian. # School Bfaster, Vasarr, Katnagir School Master, Mitbe Bds, fatasin u Schoat faster, Devera, Ratnagan ·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN Inke is said to have been formed from the cd for public purposes. But no ceremony is blood of the demon Vimalusur. At Shihúpur required to be performed if a well is dug for there is a holy spring of hot water under a tie benefit of tlic public, 11 Pipal tree. It is calleci Gangn.? There are The pcoplc of thic Thána District bcliere hundos, pools, of l10! water in the l'nitarna Liał walcr nymplis rcside in crcry reserroir river in the Thana District, in which people of water, 12 Somc pcoplc, bowcrcr, belicre Urtlic on the 13th day of the dark lill of lliat the walcr nymplis dwell iu those lakcs in Chailra.. Tiare nre also springs of liot water which loluscs gros. Tlıcsc nymplis arc said on the bank of the Surra river at Vajre to do farm lo children and young women, shunri nnd at Koknere, in the Thinn District.lcspecially when they sct out for a ralk A landful of corn, iſ thiroirn into the hot nccompanicd by their lvrother Garnia. They taler kuntas al Tungar, is said to lic boilca are unusually dangerous. 13 The people worat once. It is held holy to bathe in the ship the images of the following seven water kundar, of hot water that are situated in the nymphs or apsuras, viz., Machhi, Kurmi, rivers Trínsı and Binganga in die Thina Dis Enrkni, Darduri, Jntupi, Somapa and (rict. The water of a well which is drawn Mnkari.lt The placed opon le ground is giren ns mcdicinc liro valor spirits :~he channel of Kalamba, for indigestion. Similarly the wiler of scren thic tanks of Sopara and Utaratal and the lake lanks, or at least of one pond, in which loluses called Tambra-lirtha at Basscin 15. Waler grow is said to check the virulence of micasles, symplis arc supposed to drown a person who soall-pos, ctc.c bath in a cerlain lank in (rics to save another fallen into water. 10 А the Malim Inluka is said to cure persons specics of small men named Uda, otheririse suffering from the itcls, and walcr purified by called water-spirits, are said to dwell in water repeating incantations over it is also said to be and subsist on fishes,17 The spirits called a good remedy for the samic discasc.7 Khaís and Mhashya are supposed lo reside in Tlc walcr of is tank or a rell is supposed water.) to be wholcsomc to a person of indifferent Tuc river Sáritri in the Kolába District licnitli, iſ given to him to drink without pla- takes its risc ncar Xohábaleshwar and is concing it upon the ground.s Some people bc- sidered very sacred. The following traditionlieve that the trnter of the Ganges is 50 lols ary account is giren of its origio. The god and powerful that iſ boscs are thrown into it Brahma liad two wives, Sávilri and Gáralri. A tlicy are instantly reduccd to powder. The dispute having arisen between them, they both repair of lakes, caravansarics, temples, ctc., is jumped over a precipice. Sávitri assumed lield norc mcritorious than tlicir actual crec the form of a river and fell into the sea tion.10 It is enjoined upon a man lo perform near Bánkol. Gáyatri, on the other hand, a ccrluin rite if lic wishes to relinquish his concealed herself in the river Savitri and aight of oirnership orer a well or lank, and manifcsted herself as a spring near Hariafter this rite is performed, it can be utiliz hareshuar in the Janjira State, 19 A man is 1 School Masters, Agáshi and Arpála, Tháda 2 School Master, Murbad, Tbána. School Master, Máldd, Tháoa. School Master, Anjur, Tháda. 5 School Masters Wáda, Thópa. School Masters, Agáshi and Arpála, Tháda. School Master, Anjur, Thána. & School Master, Saloli, Thána. 9 School Masters, Agashi and Araúła, Thána. 10 School Master, Kinbavali, Thána, 1 Schoo! Master, Rải, Thina. 13 School Master, Khatirali, Tháoa 13 School Masters, Agashi and Arbála, Thidae y School Master, Murbed, Thána. 15 School Masters, Agúsbi and Arnála, Tháda, 16 School Master, Bbuvan, Thina 27 School Masters, Wáda, Thána. 18 School Master, Shábápur, Thápa. 19 School Master, Poladpur, Kolába, ·FOLKLORE OF THE KOTKAY 15 Tradition says daid to be released from re-birth of be takes a A spint called Girba is supposed to res.de bath in the hund (pond) nimed katkale turtha in water It is said to make mischief with near Násik 1 Bows are said to be redaccd man in a variety of ways by enticing Lim into to powder if thrown into a certain kund at deep water? The Jakrın 13 sa d to be a deity Uddhar Rámeshwar in the Sudhagad talaka residing in water Persons drowned in water Kupolsarga is defined to be the digging of a are believed to become watersperits and to well for the benefit of the public and abandon troable innocent passers by ing one s right of ownership over it 3 A mountain near the village Palc in the A pond near Khopoli in the Kolaba district district of Ratnagiri is beld sacred on account 13 held very sucred The following story is of the residence of the god Ganpati at that related in connection with it The villagers place. For this reason people walk round say that the waler nymphs in the pond used the mountain and worslup it to provide pots for marriage festivities of a that Ganpati was at first at Gule in the written application werc made to them a day Ratnagırı district, but on acccunt of the sancprevious to the wedding The pots were, tity of the place being violated by some however, required to be returned within a wicked persons the gcd transferred hug teshouted time At Gule there 19 still a very But one man having failed to dence to Pole comply with this condition, they have ceased beautiful temple of Ganpati though it is to lend pots Another interesting story is DOW in a dilapidated cond tron.19 The care associated with the same pond. It is as of the sage du kund near Machal on the follows A man had fallen into the pond and Sahyadri mountain is considered sacred Ini was taken to the abode of the nymphs Ile the Konkan it is not held sinful to ascenda was however, returned by them after a few mountain or a hill, though to but upon its days on the understanding that he would be sitnit 19 considered sinful.11 The hill of recalled if he spoke of what he had seen there Mirya near Ratnagını is considered sacred One day he commumcated to the people the This bill is believed to be a particle (meri) of good things that he enjoyed there and to the the mythological mountain Dronagir. 13 surprise of all he was found dead immediately A hill near Dbáráfi in the Thána District after Water nymphs are said to reside in is consecrated by the temple of a goddess * pond at Varga in the Kolába district Con upon the top. Thus goddess is said to preserve scquently persons that are held unclean, eb, ships at sea, and people are occasionally pos women in their monthly course, etc, are not sessed by ber. It is said that a Roman Callowed to touch it The netoplis of the same tholic priest met instantaneous death OD haping insulted ber 15 lake were once said to lend pots on festire The bill of Mahalakshmi in the Dabins occasions : It is said that the water Eymphs talaka is held sacred. The villagers worden used to provide ornaments for marriage and der se dangerous to ascend thus bi22.10 Ore other ceremonies if returned within a presil of the same name is a temple of the cribed pericd But some people having failed goddess Jiradhan, rio is sad to to relurn them, they ceased to lend them children from susu par The far * School Blaster Tins a School Vester af A S.bool Jaster, COUSA Schon Vaster AX AX Scboot ser Ressen Saban Vuster la CT Ebool Baserra

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·FOLKLORE OF TIIH KOVA 17 vancs two miles from Atoll in the holaba Dise in tlie village fr vi b vuse to house The owner trict 15 hill called Mallikarjun This of every house sprinkles water over the assemis said to be & small stone fallen from bls, and curds and butter milk oser the body of the mythological mountain Dronngiri This the Gowalı-devi They are also ghen some hill 19 Baid to contun miny medical herbs 1 I dha consisting of rice puls, vegetables, The hill at hankeshwar near Albig is held clc Ifter visiting most of the homses in the sacred and trad tou says that in ancient times village, the assenilly lendra by the Gownlıat had golden dust upon it? A casc at Imbu ali desa go to the bank of a rner Here they near karjit in the holabı district consists of cook the food offer it first to tlic Gowal-deva seven rooms one of wlucl 15 spicious enough and then partake of ihc remurder as a prasad to accommodate five hundred persons In the from the Gowala-desa! Some people make an s'unc lalul a there is another care at hondhr image of the sige Shringaruh for the purpse of causing the fall of run Others make an Tlc gods Indri and Varuns are supposed to 1011ge of Dlundul-deva in order that there Bend rain, but it is believed that the god Shna should be plenty of run 10 Sometimes yeuple in cluef has the power of causing the fall of repeat mantras addressed to Parinya (rin) main, and for this reason wlicnerer there is 1 so that rain should fall 11 The gudd sy Van scarcity of rain people pour water over the chud ka is worshipped in order that there linga of Shra until the whole linge is sub should be rain The husbu perform a recumacrged. In order that there should be a fall lor rite for checking the fall of rain They of rain, some people besmear the linga of the ask a person born in the months of Iyentha, god Shirs with cooked ricc and curds 5 In the Ashadh, Shrarar or Bhadrapad to fetch sone Ratnagiri District, whenever there is a scarcity Fajn-water in an alu Icar and this is fastened of run, people go to the place known as Para- to the eares of thatched houses by means of a shuram Aslietra, and there pray to the god string lote that, if this site is to be perform- Parashuram to send main Sacrifices are also ed in the month of Jyertha, a person born in offered to Indra, the god of rain, in order that that month only is required and no other, and there should be plenty of 711n Some believe so forth 12 In order to check an escassare fall that there are certain mantris or enchunters of run the villagers sometimes ask a boy to who by the power of their mantras are able to take off his clothes and then to catch rain prevent the fall of rain T water in the Icares of the alu plant Tbe In the Ratnagiri District the following cere Icarcs containing the water are then tad to the mony is performed by the lower castes such as cares of the house 13 The people say that hanbis, etc., to nrert drought All the male daring the rule of the Peshwas there was • villagers assemble together at an appointed class of manna who had the power of causing place, and there they select one of them as a failure of rain 11 To check the fall of rain, their Gomaladera All of them then go about some people ask naked bogs to throw burning 1 School Yustel, Atol, kolibre 1 School faster, Sasarane, Koluba. School Master, Chauk, dolába. • School faster, 1 tb llar, ketgag te • School Master, Válrad, Ratod, ri * School Master, Anjarle, Ratnaging School Master, hankar! Ratnagirl School Master, Fhoade, Ratnázıri. School Musier, Chiplun, Kataaguri School faster, Tesare, kataas ri. n School Blaster, Rataegiri # School Master, Ub Ayoda, katpien 1 School Master, Bundevade, Busrut Ratasziri # Scbool Hiaster, fálvaa, Ratadgirl

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·BOLKLORF OP TIE KOLIV 19 If one Thc rite of Itsla Manchami is performed day of folcia, the host and the hostess put off on the 5th div of the bright half of Bhadra their clothes and p rform certain family pad to make apiends for sins committed with rites. out knowledge. On this day women go to a The women of the Thing District fast the River, a well or sme otlicr sacred place, whole day on the 12th day of the dark half clcause their teeth with the leaves of the of Ashrin. At night they worship a cow, Agháda plant, and trke baths with somellung gie in charity calf an 1 then take their on the head They then take some stones meil. It is to be noted that this ceremony from that place and worslup tlem as Rishis called the au-dera fasi 15 performed by On the conclusion of the worsluup, they partike women wlo have children On tlic Ilaritulika of frats. On the Irala-Sarili diy woman day some rouca lise on the lesses of a worship a banyan tree or its boughs The Rus trees ceremony falls on the 15th day of th- bright On the Somaralt imdrasya dus women worhalf of Jyertai On the lanıtalska dyre ship a l'spal trec and it abtin red the 3rd day of the bright half of Bhadrapad, and light things of one knit Wonen women make 1011ges of carll of Parati and desirgus of having 1 son perform a certa o her two friends and worsbp them and fast rite at midnight without cloth na the whole day TIe obscrvanre of this rite wishes to live a son one has to go thr, contributes to thcir good fortune Esen girls a ceremony called thic Ilanuman in naked of tender scars obseric thus fast The wor ship of Vangila Gauri 15 7 ceremony pero The god halburr >> Worst rped by a forod by married girls for five su cessic naked person on the Worla Chathurdası day years on csery Tucsday of tlie month of (14th day of the dirk bilf of Iahrın). Skráran. Similarly, the goddess Mahalshshou Those Icaro ng the dark lore < E. muth as worshipped on the Study of the briglit marane all also reqn rel to remun naked bill of lohrın On the Vahar Sankrant day wlule studying it Thu lernthus lore on an women worslup a sugal. nnd present it to a cclopse d13 on tlic bunk of sucr!! I hcr te Bral mao ? The Sirra mutha consisls of a called Somaya is perforand by the lost lundiul of corn ofered to the god Shira by wien lus clothes art of lus Loly On a murried girls on crery Vordis in the month certain Yonday in the month of Shraran a of Shraran 3 lamp of wheat flour is prepared and bureed The worship of Shidinindi and tle Ilolika by adding gh This lamp is regarded as a Dunt and thic cerctnonics of Sararani, dests, and is worshipped solennls. During Shraddha and Intyesta are performed by men the performance of this ceremony as well alone. nay the preparation of the requisite food, the In some families of non Brahtuns on a Dost and the hostess are required to remain parlicular div, cspecially on the full moon naked 11 state o 1 School Master, Lot & Lind, Raindz rie Two earthen pots lieu face to face oat of ah ch conta a ng mome cors and red and yellow powder "Stoul Vaster, Buni, T atnígn 1 School Vestes, Vagua 1, Ratai, n school Vaster, Maria Ratná, * School Muster, Valbock, Konigi • School Vister, lojae, Th. 12, I School Master, Rad apur, halgas Suhool Vister, Bhuvas, Toda Is hool Master, Bburao, Thina 10 bolsaster Tac, Sh331 Sal, h.352 Il School Master, Poitour, holib ·20 FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN The Swayambhu (unartificinl) linga of the lic alights on the carth in the shape of a god Shirn is supposed to live influence over shooting stnr. Sometimes a big star falls on thic fall of rain. 1 the earth, and thereby a noisc likc that of The people of the Thana District believe thunder is produced. When this lappens, that the folloiring ceremony couscs a fall of people believe that a great Rája or a holy rain. Stoncs are taken out of a pool and saint whose merit las been exhausted is going worshipped. They are thien carrica to cvery to be born on carth. The following rerse house in the village, and water is pource upon froin the Africllakatiha Nátak supports the tlıcın by the inmates? There is a temple of view in accordance with which orthodox llic god of clouds al Viranáth in Ihc Thána people in the Konkan aroid looking at District, sliooling stars :- The appearance of a comel is regarded by इंद्रधनुष्य आणि गोप्रसूति । नक्षत्रांची अधोगति सत्पुरु- the Hindus as symptomatic of a coming |पांची प्राणविपत्ति || पाहूं नये साचार Ini.e., cvil, c.8., a big war, a great famine, or a The following four things, vis., the rainterrible contagious disease spreading itself bow, the fall of shooting stars, the delivery throughoul tlic length and breadth of a coun of a coir, and the dcath-struggle of saints or try. Some persons think that comets and holy men sliould not be looked at.? It is shooting stars bode evil to the king." generally believed by Hindus that a child W*licncicr a great person or a very holy will immediately be born in the house toman is about to be born, it is believed that vards which shooting stars are directed. S 1 School Master, Devaruhii, Ratnagiri. 3 School Masters, Agashi and Arnula, Tlidaa. & School Master, Nivarc, Ratnagiria 7 School Master, Thána, 2 School Master, Badlapur, Thána. 4 School Master, Mith Bav, Ratnagiri. School Master, With Bay, Ratnagiri. 8 School Master, Kolába.

·CILAPTER II. TIE IEROIC GODLINGS. In the honkan tle detses of the Hindus temple min strant who offers a part of the are d vided into the following fie classes, oil and red lead to the d ity, places the garland roond ti e dety's neck, and, breaking the (1) The Gramaderalás or Village derties, cocoanut into preces, & ves a piece or two to (2) The Sthanadetalus or Local duties the devotee as the prasad or favoured gift of (3) Ihe kuladetatar or Famly deities, the deity Saturday is the sacred day of (4) The Ishtade atai or Chosen de ties, and tle monkey god Máratı Every Saturday (5) The Irástudetalátor Gnadetalas, that fresh ol and red lead are offered to the god is, the class of deity wluch presides over the by the devotees The Pujari in most of the 1 ouse and is established at the time of the temples of Maruti are Gurays Ghadis Maráhousewarning or astu ceremony thas or Gosávis The principal Gráma-deratas are Hanu. Erery Saturday in the month of Shravan min or Maruti, Kalıka Ambı, Wágloba, (lugust) called the Sampat Shanımar or thic Chedoba, N hasoba Bahrobr or Bhairns, wealth giving Saturday a special puja or Ganesh Vora, Mhalsa ox Maha Lakshmi, Forslip is performed in the temples of 24- Chámunda, Vetal, khandoba Malları Jogú, ruti in Bombay as well as in the honkan Oa Bhawan, and Wágcshwari and Shira In this diy people fast the wliole day and dine most villages the chief village god 19 Maruti in the evening after offering the end ILand or Hanuman whose temple is situated at the man or Varuti a preparation of nice and entrance of the village Maruli 18 cons des pulse called Aktchadı and cakes made of udid ed to be an analar or incarnation of Shiva flour called rade 2 and is held in great reverence by all classes There is no village in the Konkan which A festival or Jalra is held in honour of Ila las not the honour of having a tem lc of the numan on the bright half of the month of god Baratı, Máruti 1s supposed to guard Chaitra On this occas on the temple is de the village agunst erils of all kinds. Care corated with cver greens, and flowers, the 15 thercfore taken to build the temple of Má blone image of the god is newly painted or pod at the outskirts of the village ? Tlcre 16 cirered with red lead and oil, and garlands a tradition that at the time of leaving the of the Rui (Gigantic goske Wort) flowers are Dundika forest (the present Diabárashtra). pliced round the neck of the image, cocoa Rams asked Maruti to reside therein. It is nuts, plantains betel nuts and leaves are for tlus reason, the people syy, that crcry offered to the god, camphor is lighted and village in the honkan and on the Glats luss waved round the image, Deense is burnt, a temple of Maruti : The god Maruti 15 cooked fond and swects are offered and money worslapped in the village of Wasınd os presents are made Frery worshipper brings Tucsdays and Salard 153 Iu former days with him some oil, red lead or Cendur, a co it was customers to establish an image of the cpinut, a ridd-tupán, ie, two betel lerres god Matalı in a newly brult castle or fort. onc betel nut and a copper cols, and a gar- Ilzaunán, the son of Anjani and the fund or lund of Rue flowers These are given to the Marut us known for his loyalty to his master School Master Thein 10, Bombas * School Master Dergál, Ralpágih, * School Master, hamath purs Bombay. School Master Masbind, Thada School Vaster, Umela, TDDL

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·FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN 23 called Talıbharané z YT on every confers blessings on the members of the family purnima or full moon day The rite is as for their devotion It is believed that those follows - families which fail to perform periodically the A lalı or plate 19 filled with coconuts, fruts, Bodan. Tali and Gondhal ceremonies in betel nuts, saffron, turmeric or bel bhándar, etc honour of their tatelary deity are sure to suffet, Then a pot filled with water and on its from some misfortune of calamity during the mouth a coconut is placed This coconut, year? The local de tres chiefly worshipped with the pot, 19 then worslupped with flowers, at Chiul, Kolabs District, are Ilinglás, Jaklisind l paste, etc, a lighted lamp filled with wata, Bhagwati, Champawati, Mshikawati, gh 19 put in the gime place and the tali 13 and Golamba-deri At the sowing and resping waved thrice round the pot, wlich is supposed lunes, people of the lower castes offer fowls and to contain the god khandobi Tre persons goats to these derties, and Brálmans offer tlien lift up the coconut with the tal and Coconuts? The local deity of the village place at three times on the pot repeating esch Hayasht nese Pent in the holabı District is time the words Elkot or Khande rayacha Elkot sud to possess the power of arerting evil and The cocoanut is then broken into pieces, med 18 accordingly held in great respect by the with sugar or pagri, and is distributed among people of many villages in the District friends and relations as prasad On this Every th rd year a great fair as held, and a occasion as well as on the occasions of all buffalo 1$ sicrificed to the godd sy on the full Auladharmas, that is the days fired for per- moon day of the month of Chandra The forming the specnl worship of the famils Pujant of this goddess is a Gurur: Another goddess or family god of each family, the celebrated Sthanandera in tic holabı District ceremony called the Gondhal dince 18 19 Bahuri-Somijai of Khopok It is believed performed on the same occasion another cere that a person soffering from sanke-bite is mong called Bodan is performed by the Deshr- cured without any medicine if de simply resides sths and by the Chitpavans It 19 as follows for one night in the templ. of tlus goddess An image of the family deity is placed in a Sacrifices of goats, fowls and cocoannts are pot or plate called tamkan and it is then bathed made to tlus goddess at the time of sowing and in the panchamrit, that is, the five holy things, reaping The Pujanus of this deity are known 01", milk, curds, ghi, honey and sugar Sandal- as Shingade Gazass. The worship of the local paste 19 offered to it as well as flowers, lighted deity Bápder is much in favour Among the vil. At lamps and some sweets and incense Fuse lages of Apta and the surrounding places women whose husbands are alive then prepare the times of sowing and rouping, offerings of five lamps of wheat flour called Kuraxandi fowls, goats and cocosats are made to Bapder and wave them thrice round the face of the through the PazámThe worship of the goddess or god, as the case may be All the local deities Kolamba, Bizwan, and Giroba lamps are then placed in tle plate or tamhan 19 prevalent in the Chuk villiges To the sa wlucb the deity is kept, and the panchamrita | Gramader of the rallage of Tale every third and other materials of worship and food and scar a buffalo is sacrificed and at an interral steet cakes are used together Occasionally of the years goats are offered" The dcitors one of the fire women becomes possessed with Shiva and Kalkás are worstopped with great the spirit of the kuls-dept or family deity and reference st Bakaralı in the Ratnagiri District. School Master, Poladpur, Kolába. School Master, Warshi, Kolába. School Master, Apta, Kotába Schoot Vaster, Tale, Kolába. 1 School Master, Chaal, Kallha Schoci Master, Kbopoli, Koliba School Saster, Cback, kalba School Master, Batavili, Rato pri ·FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN 24 In inny villages of the Rntrigiri District Lingayat Gurars. No animal sacrifices are the goddess Pandliar is considered to be the made at thicse slirincs. Ala short distance Gaon-dcvi or tlıc chief goddess of the from the village of Makhamle there is a temvillage. The Pujúri is generally a Gurar or ple of the god Shiva called Amnayeshwar, Marátlı Kunyi. On crery full moon dny cocon The following legend is narrated in connection nuts nrc offcrcd, and on the occasions of soir with this temple - The place where the present ing and rcaping, goals and fowls arc sacrificed temple stands once abounded with Amani trecs to this deity:2 At Dergad there is a temple of and formed a pasture for cattic. Tie cow of the goddess Gnjóbai on the scar slorc. Tlic a certain mon of the villnge daily used to go Injúri of this goddess is n man of thic Ghudi lo graze at this place. The cour used to give caste. On tlic first day of the briglie half of inilk twice, but onc day she gave milk only the month of Márgashirsti (December) special once, and thercafter slic continued to give ofl'crings of goals, fowls and coconuts nrc milk only once n dny. The owner thereforc made by the villagers. The deities Naval asked tlie Garali or cowlierd to ascertain the nath, Minli, Velil, Rameshwor and Ilaruan cause of this sudden change. One day the arc usually worshipped in most sillnges in corrlicrd noticed that thc coir allowed licr Natnagiri. The villagers in thc Natnagiri milk to drop upon a slone. At this the cow. District linre great faith in their local deities, herd was so enraged that lic slruck the stone and before undertaking any important busiwith luis scythe su hord that it was cloren in ness they obtain the consent or trke thic omen {950 and blood gushed forth. He hurricdly of the deity. This ccrcniony is known as repaired to the village and rclated this wonkaul ghálne and it is performed as follows:- derful plicnomenon to the people. The villa- I'vro biciclmuis or flowers are laken and onc gers came to the spot, and decided to build a of them is placed on the right side of the temple to tlic god Shiva over the stone. dcity and the other on the left side. Thic One part of the stonc is in this temple and the Torshipper then bows before the deity and other part was taken to the village of Kalamurequests lier lo lct llic nut on the riglit side buri, where another templc ros built over it.5 fall first if the deity is pleased to con- In the Sangameshwar village the Brálmans also worship the images of the local goddesses scnt, if nol, to Ict the nut on the left side fall first. Naturally one of the (wo nuls falis Chandukai, Molái and Sunkái. In the Konkan the deities Náráyan, Rawalnáth, Manli, first, and they interpret this as cithcr Datta, Vetál and Shiva arc worshipped every * consent or dissent as llc casc may be. The where. Tlic following legend is told about villagers have so much fnith in this kaul that the deity Vetál, the leader of the ghosts:-In they make use of this method of divination to the Sáwantwadi State there is a temple of ascertain flichier sick or discascd persons Vetál in thc village of Ajgaon, As part of will rccorcr or dic Special sacrifices are offerhis worship it is considered necessary to ed to these local deitics whenever nn cpide offer to this deity a pair of shoes every month. mic like cholera occurs.} in the Ratnagiri The people believe that after a few days District, at many places, there are Srrayambhu tlic shoes become worn out. The inference or natural lingas of the god Shira, and over drawn from this by the people is that at these places temples are built. The Pujáris night the god Vetál goes out Talking in of these temples are generally Jangams or the nery shoes. In the village of Khed 1 School Master, Ratnagiri. 3 School Master, Parule, Ratnagiri. 6 School Master, Malgund, Ratnagiri, ? Scbool Master, Sangameshwar, Ratnagiri. 2 School Master, Devgad, Ratoágiri. 1 School Master, Paladpur, Kolába. & School Master, Makbamle, Ratnagiri, B School Master, Kámáthipura, Bombay.

·TOLKI ORL OP TIE KOVI 25 in the Intnigiri District, a buffalu is offered dis escept Monday and Eladashi, Tuesdirs to the goddess Rodjár on the full moon and Sundays being considered most seilable day of Chaitra clery third year : At Sarja. At Ubhadands in the Ratnagiri District, Rar gre offerings of cucoanuts, etc are made to the alnath and Bhutinatlı are held in great rever deities Bharaku, Chalı, etc. on the 1st of the ence They are believed to be incarnations of month of Vargashirsha ? The Schoolmaster tlie god Shiva The Pujant are generalls of Ibrampur states that one of the following Gurits, Ghádis Rapls and Satars? Tlie deities as the gramsderata of every village in following goddesses which are popular in the the Ratnagiri Distr et 115 Chandkas, Varad Ratnagiri District are beliered to be incarnations lian Klen, Bakırı, hedár, Vágsiga Antaral, of the goddess Durgy, oz laval desi, 1 águar Dlanira, Salbssa and Vaglambini a proces deri, Jakha-dusi ond halkarAt Marul in Blon in tlıcır honour takes place in the months the Ratnagiri District there is a rayambhu of Chaitra and Falgun The Pujorit are gener- or nslural linga of the god Shivs It is called nlly either Guraus or Jarathi kunbis, A Valishwar, and in its lionour a fait is held ceremony called l'alejatra 18 performed in the on the Sankrant dar, The chief local deity Bowing season, while the Dhal jatra is per- of the Dahana talaks, Than District is Maha formed at the barvest time At these fairs Inks! in She has scien sis crs and one bro fowls, coconuts, goats fruits, ce are offered ther two of thu sisters being the Pangili devi to these deities It Valwan on the no-moon at Tarapur and the Delaradi deya at Gurali day of Shravan (lugust) local deities and Goats and fowls arc offered to the Pangalaghosts are propitiated by offering to them goals, dure on the Dasara dar Her l'ujárı sa 11 Palset in the Ratnagiri Guru It is said that the goddess Delwada District, the god Paraskuram as the most used to receire ber garments from the sca, bet important deity especially for Chitpasans, now this is no longer the case though it is still Ile catcrminated the Kshatriyas turinty one bclici cd that the inccnse which 19 burnt before tomory, and living no spicc for himself and for comes floating from Dwarka 10 In the lus Bralımıns, he asked the set to provide him village of Idwan there is a goddess called with new land On mecting with a refusal, Ashapuri who used to supply her devotecs with Parashuram beem enraged and was about to whiclcicr they wanted The devotee was repust the sc1 back uith h a nrrux, when, at the quired to besmear with cow-dung a plot of instigation of the sea a Llick bec (bhunga) ground in the temple, and to pray for the things cut the string of his best, and the arrow only wanted by kun. The next dar, when lc came went a short distance The people sig that the to the temple, he found tlu desired things on the spot Ik sincared with cow dung 11 At sprce thus ricos cred from the sta come to be Mangion the Pazarı of tie local goddess is called hunkan sit Injarle there are two local cithez the l'atil or the MIndians of the village 12 goddesses Sawinenain and Babiri Oferings in the village of Dahigion coconnuls are of gonts and fowls are made to them in the offered annulls to the village Blárati, and muntlus of Vargashirska (December) and funds and funds to the other local desttes, in Falgun (arch). Sometimes liqour and eggs order that the rilisge may be protected against arc nlso offer d Oferings can be made on any danger and discase 1: It is believed that ang fowls, cte Schoul Master, Dabho! Ratnag i : School Master, Viragre, I ate ne * School Master, Ibrampur, Ratoázni School Blaster, 4xan, Ratge it School Master, I atset, Ratasg 1 Sal ool Master, Adjarle Ratnagie 1 School Vister, lbhájánd, Ratasari School Blaster, Stasare, Raunkan is hool Water, Satharpe Ratnagirie 19 School Master, Dahind Thin. 11 School Vaster, Fdxan These u School Suster, Iron, Tbln.. 1 Schoot faster, Dah18200 ·26 FOLKLORE OF THE KONEAN Bráliwan who acts as the Pujári of the god deities. Cheda is represented by a long piece Shiva sill find his family esterminated, and for of Trood or stone besmeared rith red-porder, this reason Brahmans do not act as Pujáris and is placed on the outskirts of the village. in the temples of Shira. Yo Brálman is necessors for establishing a In a few temples of goddesses like Jakhái Cheda. The Pujári is generally a Kunbi or etc. the Pujári is of the Mahár caste.I A Máli, and be establishes the deity by offering great fair is held in honour of the goddess it a goat or fouls and cocoanuts. Sometimes Vajrá-bái or Vajreshwari near Nirmal in the the guardian deity of a new settlement is month of Kártika (Xorember). The Pujári decided upon by a Kaul. Trro or three names of the goddess is a Gosári of the Giri sect. of deities are selected, betelnuts or flowers The worship of Bhimasena is not preralent in are placed on the sides of the guardian deity the Konkan, but the hero Bhima, like Máruti, of the neighbouring rillage and that deity is held in reverence by the grmnasts. Bhima in whose name the betelnut falls first is is not worshipped, but a work called the chosen as the deity of the ner village. At Bhima-stararáj is read at the bed of a dying Chaul, the deits called Bápder is very popular man in order that he mar obtain salvation. among the lower classes. It is represented by At Ashirgad there is a gumpha or care of a big stone fixed on mortar and besmeared Asluatháma, a hero of the Mahabharata, and with red-powder. When it is established for it is said that a noise is heard coming from the the first time in a village, a Bráliman is required care on the full moon day.2 to make the first púja or worship, but after Whererer a village is founded, it is custothis it is worshipped by a Pú jári of a lower caste.7 The Mahars in the Kolába District mary to establish a village deity as the guardian of the village. The deities chosen are select the ghost-deity called Jhaloba as the Máruti, Káli, Chandkái, Varadani, etc. In the guardian deity of a new settlernent. In many Konkan, goddesses are preferred, and on the cases the deity of their former village or of Ghats generally Máruti is preferred. Certain the neighbouring village is named by a ceremonies are performed for consecrating the Bhagat or exorcist, vrlo becomes possessed. 10 place to the deity, and sometimes the deity is In the Konkan crers village farm is suppocalled after the village as Marleshwara etc. sed to be under the guardianship of the minor By mans lower class people the goddess Pon- godlings, the majority of which are called dhar is often selected as the guardian of a Bhuta-Deratás or ghostly godlings. In some ner village. At Shalipur, if the newly found cases the field guardians are also the Brahmaed village is to be inhabited br high class nic godlings like Márnti and Shira. To the Hindus, the deities Máruti and Durga are Bráhuanic guardians of the field, cocoanuts and selected as gráma-deratas, but if it is to be flowers are offcred at the sosing and reaping inhabited by lower class people, then such seasons, and to the resl, forrls, cocoanuts, and deities as Mhasoba, Chedoba, Jákhái, etc. are sometimes goats, are offered. The higher claschosen. In the Bassein and Sálsette tálukas ses feed one or two Brálmans in order to prothe following deities viz. Máruti, Chedá, pitiale the deities of the fields; and for the Chandkái, and Shira, are chosen as village propitiation of the minor deities of the field ? School Master, Bhiwandi, Thána. 2 School Master, Agashi, Arndia, Thána 3 School Master, Agashi, Thána. School Master, Malgund, Ratnagiri, School Master, Shahápur, Thána. & School Master, Agásbi, Thána. 7 School Master, Medhe, Kolába. S School Master, Chaul, Kolába, 9 School Master, Akol, Kolába. 10 School Master, Masure, Ratnagiri. il School Master, Shiroshi, Thina District, ·27 I OLKLORE or TIIL KOVKY n ordr lo ser classes 1 rform a r te call d Dalap si ee al for li tahes la eu tle tull mooi gr le is perform d by a nan of tle Gurar day of Vargas! sha and on tl so cas on the had or Raul caste by sick fic ng to tie field sacred Gondkal d nc $ also 1 rformed e ty a goat or fowls and cocoabats ть In certa n 1 &s of the Rain gr D str ct for ujart repeats z rayers for a gocd 1 sr est and obta a ng good lanet polc Forsl; the lend str butes port ons of ll offer ngs a ron? godl ng Mal apurusl at tie bg nne of the the people asseunbl a tiere fur In ss ng t1 sow ng and r ngocrt ons nl offer the te? In thu Ratna, D str ct on the no noon de ts fowl cocoanats and cookedre? In day of Jeshta people assemble a ti e lemy le of the lag of Val ran at th Saw ng and tc vll ge d ly and r rfor a r te called reap ng seasons tlellagers usually mke Garia e n order that they slould In er good offer ngs of fo rls and cocoany s and goats to crop tl at !! llage my be fre fron the guard ans of the filds b t bralm ns d senses ind tl the r cattle may b prot cted and such hunb farners as do not at fles! Ismlar r te si form d on the first d y of make off rigs of cook drce W d 01 the br glt l alf of tle no li of Va gash :) a curdss At tblydanda il s (Decewb r) and on th s occis on sou ! Les ? to s cu e a good har t nd for tle rot ct un gurt or sł ce ssacr ficed at the band rs of the of the eattle th 11 yers oral i tlc sprt llage order that thr slould be & dl o el d Sap bandhar and, rform tle a good In est the Il & rs of k nhaol rt call d De aclar) At hoc! anul worsk p on certa n days from tle mont of ray rs are off rd to the gudin, 11dG t halla (la ember) to the nontl of Sh ma dev for tit ; rot ct on of t1 (Varel) tle mnr de tes of the field by | In le D &d taluka , opl 1 } tt one offer ng thu fo rls cocoanut cte 3 It Icl are d thrsdone ry farn orn rs llec (Rat wgr) some coj le Fors! , tlc god of ton of fi lds and ti t good or ladir the clouds on t! duy on wl cl the Yr ga cuu d 1s 11 d ly sil as d ur d silns a 11 si rsha co st llat on bez ns and ti er lelcre In order tl ttlere si ould b plent tl tl by i le ty of ra n s ensured for t! cand t1 at the cattle slould le rotect d tle i l'ur good larsets and for the agers of Malgund assemllen the temple of prot ton of tler cttltle illagers of the rllage d ty and offer prayers on th full Iela prav to tlc Gap a derata moon day of Falun (Varel) and on t!e 1st mont! of Jeshta (June) and tl en go arodiy of their git 1 ulf of Vargasi r:13 In from tl temple of ti e vllage de ts the hol bı D) str ct for the į rute ton of cattle to tie bund ry of tlc Il ge were tler and for good crops y rayers are offered to the ser fec 4 cock and offer some coobcd rcc god Balr ad the lasts bars and Sam * t1 a burnuck pont to the d ty bandh 13 that rsd. orer the fields and I arrests 3 1t Club n the hu abi D str et 115 In ti Hage of P Isct of the Ratnngr lag rs erform 1 si ce al puja or rors! is D str et the godd sy hu mas ors! pped by the gud hr slnr I order tut till t1 rllagers to obta i good crops and for cattle may the rotect d 16 At Cagawan the protect on of the r cattle The Puja or for called pale jatra sleld n tlc ponti et r n scano n the CLS90 1 School lastelari e la nég > School Va e kanko I a non * Schoo Mas er Vasu e la pági * Sc ool 3a er lawn l a nagy School 31a5 er Ub danda I a des hool Vus er De gad l a nágr Moro ho abs. Shool la e dielanie & School 31a er bare I a nagu #Shool Va ter se la någn 15 hool Mas er Va man Ra Dar • Sc o 1 Vase hochse I atnog L School Mas er gund 1 3 ditt i S sol la ter Chaul house ·28 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN as Bhadrapad (September) in order that the vill-goat decorated with garlands and red powder agers may have a good harvest, and that their is then made to svalk round the village three cattle may be protected against tigers and times at night, accompanied by the villagers, disease. At Akol, on the day which follows who throw lánya parched rice while passing, the Ganesh-Chaturthi, people throv parched This rite is called Sina Bandhane or bindrice over their fields and houses so tha: tlie ing the boundary, and is supposed to protect rats may not run over them. At Málad in the village crops and cattle. No farnier darcs the Thána District, for the protection of caltle, to sow liis seed unless this rite has been perthe god Wághoba is worshipped at night on formed. After this rite has been performed, the 12th of Ashnin which is called the Wágiza erery farmer appeases his family deity i.e. báras 3 In some villages of the Thána Kliandoba, Bahiroba, Kankoba, etc., by per- District the deity Wághoba or Wághya is forming a ceremony at home called Deopan worshipped on the 12th day of the dark half or Devaski, which relates to the worship of of Kártik. On that day the cowherds collect ancestors. Most of the farmers regard one of a quanlity of milk and prepare a kind of food their dead ancestors as their chief deity, and known Khir by mixing jágri and cooked represent him in their house by a cocoanut. rice. They then proceed to the stone image They do not enter on any new business withof the deity in the jungle, and besmear it with out first offering prayers to this cocvanut, and new red-lead or shendur. They pour a portion they also believe that they can bring evil upon of the street milk orer the stone, and offer their cnenies by simply cursing them before prayers for the protection of their cattle. thie deified cocoanut. The only materials They then partake of the remaining milk.+ generally required for the worship of this At Agáshi and other neighbouring villages, cocoanut are red powder, incense and flowers. before the fields are ploughed, the vil On rare occasions, goats and fowls are sacrificed. It is believed that the anccstor in the Ingers assemble and collect certain cocoanul likes to be worshipped by the wife or of which they buy husband (as the case may be) of the person goats, fowls, red-powder, cucoanuts and pare represented by the cocoanut. Some fariners, ched grain. A goat and some cociis are then in addition to the cocoanut, worship a stick or sacrificed to the spirils residing in the cemecap of their ancestor along with the cocoanut, teries and at the boundary of the village. and offer prayers for the prolection of their Cocoanuls besmeared withi gulál red powder cattle, for good rain and harvest, and also for are also offered to these ghost godlings. A the destruction of their enemics." а sum money, with 1 School Master, Sasawani, Kolába. 2 School Master, Akol, Kolába. & School Master, Málád, Thána. 4 School Master, Bhuwan, Thána. 5 School Master, Agáshi, Thána District, ·CHAPTER III DISEASE DEITIES, rice Un rice AT T Vengurls, in the Ratnagiri District, when ceeded to worship the village deity, but a few epidemic diseases prevail, the people of cases of plugac occurred, even after worshippthe village assemble and prepire a basket in ing the village goddess Jákhmata When the whuch are placed cooked rice, coroanats lemons, people went to the temple and asked the reason wine, red flowers and Udid (Plıseolus radia- why the plagae continued, it was announced by tos) grain The basket is then carried cut of the deity through the temple ministrant that the village along with a cock or a gant, and she was helpless in the case of plague, and deposited outside the village boundary To desired the people to worship the god Shiva, carry this basket, a person belonging to the thereby signifying that the village deity has Mahar custe is generally selected the people limited powers and that the power of averting of the next village similarly carry the basket great exuls lies with Shira the god of destrucbeyond their village linuts, and it is finally tion? In the Desgad Taluka of the Ratnagiri thrown into the sea It 1, bchesed that if the District in epidenuc diseases like cholers, etc, basket of offerings to the disense deities is car. the usual ceremony, e, the Paradı (discasetied froin one village te anotlier, it is sure to Scaring basket) $ perforued A basket bring the disense with it Great cire is there-containing boiled red powder red fore taken to throw the offerings into tlse sen flowers, lenions betel nuts betel leaves cte, In cases of small por a fenst a given to women 19 prepared and tlat is kept whose husbands are alive. In some cases a burning cotton wick dipped in oil The bosled rice is mixed with the blood of a cock, basket is then cirrsed beyond the age and on the rice is placed a burning black col-bound ıry along with a goat having a red ton wick in a cocoinut slell with a little oil in flower garland round its neck it The whole is then carried beyond the is set free at the outskirts of the village village boundary and thrown away1 In the In cases of small pux, marricd women whsc village of Mather in the Ratnagiri District, husbands are alıse are worslupped with epideduc discuoc ke cholera, small pos, traeric powder, coconuts forets etc, and plague, etc. are supposed to come from Incense is kept burning in the louse The discase deities, and in order to aroid the din deity of small pox is also specially worshipped ger of such diseases the people of the rallige for a number of days It is represented by a go to the temple of the vill16e deity and pray brass or copper lola with a coconut placed for protection The special form of worship olet it This process is called mánd bharane on such vecasions 1s tlie Kaulic, asking a te arranging the masterials of worship The Carour from the deity When an cp.denuic of girls in the house sing songs in praise of the plaguc broke out for th first line at Sang-suall por deity It is believed that in tlus way meshwar, the people of the village at once pro- the sercrity of the disease is todo-ed? 1 School faster, Ubhaddada, Katadgiri. 1 School Irster, I thár, Rathirt * School Master, Foala, Ratadz The The gunt ·30 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN are upon the In the Sangameshwar taluka of the Ratná- given a feast of sweet things, and rice and giri District, when epidemic diseases prevail, the cocoanuts are put into her lap by another wopeople of the village assemble in the temple man whose husband is alive. She is then of the village deity, offer a cocoanul to the carried in procession through the village with goddess, and ask for a Kaul (omen). After beating of drums and the singing of songs. Teceiving the Kaul they pray for inercy. It is This is similar to the Paradi procession, which believed that if the Kuul is in favour of the is also common in that District.5 people the diseases will disappcar.1 At Achare in the Málwan taluka of the Ratnagiri At Navare in the Ratnágiri District, in District it is believed that cpidemic diseases cases of small pox, the diseased child and the such as cholera, small pox, etc., are caused by person into wltose body the small deities pox the anger of the deities Jari and Mari; and in called Báyás enler, are worshipped with Abir order to satisfy those dcities animal sacrifices black sceuted powder, flower garlands, &c. are offered at the time of their worship. There At Pendur in the Málwan taluka of the are no other deities who causc such diseases. Ratnagiri District llie wrath of the female At Vijayadurg in the Ratnagiri District, in deities or Mátrikás is supposed lo be the cause cases of small pox, tlie child suffering from the of epidemic diseases, and these Mátrikás arc disease is made to sleep on a silk garment accordingly worshipped for their pacification. Sovalen. Flowers tlırown At Chaul in the Kolába District the god patient's body, and are given to him to smell. Shankar is worshipped by Bráhmans when epi- Incense is burnt in tlic house. On the demic diseases prevail in a village. The worseventh day from the beginning of the disease, ship consists in repeating Vedic lıymns. The the child is first bathed in milk and then in nine planets are also propitiated by sacrifices of wator. Black scented powder called Abir is boiled rice, etc. There is a famous temple of thrown on the body. Afler two or three days the goddess Shitala at Claul where the deity an image representing the deity is wade of is worshipped by Brálimans, who recite Vedic flour, which is worshipped, and a feast is given hymns, whenever small pox prevails in the to Bráhmans and unwidowed women.3 village. The mantras of the goddess and the At Basani in the Ratnagiri District the Shitala Ashtaka are also repeated in the disease of small pox is averled by a Brahman Pauránic style. The women walk round the worshipping the goddess Shitala. Bráhmans temple every day as long as the signs of the are also worshipped, and a feast is given to discasc are visible on their children. The them. In cases of cholera and the other epide goddess is worshipped with turmeric and red mic diseases the village deity is worshipped powders, and clothes and fruils are given to and sacrifices are made to her. her. The Kaul ceremony is also practised in At Kochare in the Vengurla laluka of the ibis District. It is worth noticing tliat even Ratnagiri District, a woman whose husband is Musalmáns ask for a Kaul from this goddess. alive is made to represent the goddess Jari The days fixed for Kaul are: :-Sunday, Mari, and is worshipped with flowers, red pow-Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. The morning der Kunku and black ointment Kájal. She is hours are considered specially auspicious School Master, Sangmeshwar, Ratnagiri, 2 School Master, Achare, Ratnagiri. 3 School Master, Vijaydurg, Ratnagiri. 4 School Master, Basani, Ratnagiri. & School Master, Kochare, Ratnagiri, 6 School Master, Navare, Ratoúgiri. ? School Master, Pendur, Ratnagiri.

·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN 31 It 19 as for the Kau? There is another temple at Bacrifice to the deity, The Baltic, the offer Chaul, of the goddess Sbri Golabı Deri ing of boiled fire, and the guit are taken This goddess is also worshipped when other beyond the boundury of the village, and epidetnic diseases prevail in the village lunded over to thic people of the neighbouring Saptáha i e contısjuonus worship for seven days village, who follow the side prucedure, and at 19 also perfors ed in honour of the deity The last both the sacrifices are tlirown into the sea gardeners (Málsa) of the village worship thas The goat generally dies, as it does not get water and food til at reicbcs tlie sea dety every Tuesday morning with coconuts gathered from every house in the village This In the age of Anjur in the Thana Distenaple is bring Tupured at present ! trict, in fases of long standing ferers the When epidemic diseases prevail in the sullage Brahmans observe the curemony called Vdak of Poladpw of the Kolaba District the god Shantı ox propitiation by water Shiva 18 worshipped by continuously pouring follows:- An earthen pot filled with water water over the deity's head or longa Sacrifices is placed on the ground on the top of the of frusts and animals are also offered to the pot is placed a round plate in winch the image village deity Whitre there is a temple of of the god Brahmadey the son of Vislınu s the deity Mári or Blahámart, the deity is consecrated I our Brahmunds sit on the four worshipped through a Bratman, and sacrifices sides of thc pot and repeat their Vedi hyning of cocks and gonts are offered to her The These fuur Brahmonis "Te supposed to be the deits named Sitala is worsbipped in cases four moutlas of the god Braumades It is of snall poz? Leliced by the people that by performing thus At Váraslu in the t'en taluka of the holaba ceremony tle fever is made to disappear District, in cases of epidemic diseases, the At Rát in the Thana District some people people of the village invoke thi god Shiva, and believe that malarısl fesers are averted by holy fires called homa ase kindled in honour of placing secretly a 510911 stone un the brad of the list god Sacrifices of boiled rice are also and 1/anuman? offered to thic deity for aserting stall pox In the Kolhapur District the nine planets are the deity Systals is insuked by the mantras worshipped in the lousa la ward off discascs called Shulala 4ofaka l'or averting festes the such as choluin, small pot, ferers ete 'The gods Shankar and Visiou are also worshipped goddess Lasihu is worslupped in order to avert At Medle in tlie Robe taluks of the Koldba small por, the worslun being generally per- District the god Slupa is worslupped in formed in a garden or gruse of mungo trees, order to avert an epidemie, and Innumán 13 bien parched rice, cocoanuts and lemons are offered to lier worshipped to arert ferers 4 The people assembled at the At M635d in the Salselte taluka of the spot partakc of the food To asert forer, the Tháng District, when an ep demic prerails in a people perform 4 certain ceremony ordained Fillage, the goddess Naraehandi is worshipped in the Shastrat If the sick person 10pp- And the lloma in kindled in lur honour. On sed to be under the evil influence of the planet the last day of worship a gost is set free 48 B Saturn, the planet 18 in uked by repeating the I Sthoot Vasiet, Chaul, Kaldba School Master, Vivashl holdba. # School Master, Ald, 'Theba 1 School Master, f'oladpur, holdba. School Vaster, Vedhe, Koldba. School Blaster, Adjur, Ties School Mastes, Rá!, Thios, ·32 FOLKLORE OF TIDE KONKY mantras, and worshipped with the usual offer he destroyed, thic people of the village ings. Garnents such as n Sari nnd n Choli nrc nssemble in a mob nnd attack the sorcerer, a offered to the goddesses Miri and Kúlubai, smull qunntity of blood is tnken from his When an epidemic discase such 118 cholera longue and water from the carllen pot of a prcvnils in n village, the people of the village Clúmblár is poured upon it. It is beliered instnl the deity Marpaint a place where four thint by so doing thc spirit is permanently roidy mecl, nnd worship her for seven or ciglie destroyed and the sorcerer citlier forgets all days with mucli ceremony. Every one lorings his mantras or tlicy become incfective. The offerings of cocoanuts, lemons, ambil or conjec, spirit is called lond bhut, and it gomctimes cooked rice and curds, clc. with tlic beating troubles cren nniinis.* of drums to offer to the deity. After rurshipp- At Clinuk in the Kinrjnt taluka of the ing the goddess in this manner for might Koliba District, the people believe that the successive days they sacrifice n Bali of n devotees of the Mári deity bring on cpidemic lic-buffalo before luer. The city is then put bullock cort and carricd through order to satisfy them, offerings nre made discases by the use of their manirus, and in upon the village rrith the heating of drums and much to the dcity Miri which are taken by thc ceremony, to be thrown any beyond the derotees or Bhagats." At Vide in the Thina villnge houndary nlong with the offerings, District cpidemic diseases are attributed to Epidemic diseases are not attributed lo Hitchcraft. There arc sonic women who are witclicraft and Devgad in the Natnagiri Disa supposed to bring on, or at least foster, the trict. It is believed that they are cause i loro growth of such discases by their cril mantras. tlic accumulated sins of the preople. In the Sucli women are tlırcatencd or punished by Dépoli taluko of the Ratnigiri District the people, and sometimes they arc even driven cpidemic discases are attributed to witchcraft out of the villnge. In the village of Anjur by lour caste perple. The power of nverting of the Thiana District, if a man romnits bloud such discases lics in the liands of the village accidently and falls ill, or dics, it is believed dcitics. They are therefore propitiated by to be due to the act of luth Márane, tlic sicrifices of cocks, goats, and coconuts,3 that is, the throwing of a handful of ricc orcr At Polvidpur in the Kolub. District, cpidemic srlich incantations have been repcalcd. If discascs are somctinics attributed to witchcraft there be any sorcerer in the village who has by lour caste people. Persons wel verscd in learnt the same incantations, lic alone is able the mantras of evil spirits are called Bhagats lo return the dull to the sorcerer rho first or cxorcists. Sowc of them keep cril spirits at used il. At Shirgaun in the Umbergaon thcir command. The poor people bcliere that taluka of the Thana District, when cpidemic what these cxorcists forctell is sure to occur. diseases prevail in the village, the people of the It is believed that thc spirit dwells on the village take a turn round the village in a tonguc of thicsc csorcists. When these spirits body and kill a buffalo. Bali or offering are hungry, they are let loose in the village by of boiled rice, cocoanuts, cocks and goats is the sorcercrs for the destruction of the pcoplc, also offered to the deities that cause epideu.icllus causing an cpidemic. When a spirit is to discases, 1 Rao Saheb Shelke, Kolhapur. 3 School Master, Anjarle, Ratnagiri. 5 School Master, Chauk, Kolába ? School Master, Anjur, Thána. 2 School Master, Mitbür, Ratnagiri, 4 School Master, Poladpur, Kolába. o School Master, Váde, Thána, & School Master, Umbergaon, Thána.

·33 FOLKLORE OF THE KOKAN When cattle disease breaks out in a village in connection wità cattle diseases. The disthe people of the Otsagad taluks in the eased animals arc minutely examined, and the Ratajgiri District generally present the sfccted part of their body as branded with a healthy cultle from witing with the discased, red hot sron & In the village of Unels of the and the people of tlie heighbouring villages Than: District the village deity 15 worshipped take precautions against using the milk, and sacrifices arc offered to lier Milk from etc, of the diseascd cattle At such times the affected villages is probibited, and regula the cattle of the village in which the disease ables are not fricd in oil during the prusalence breaks out are prohibited from entering the of the disease in the sillage At kolbaper, neighbouring villages : At Ubladanda in the the people make vows to the god, and asbes Hatuagiri District, the deity named Maha Girt from the temples are brought and applied to 13 worslupped m connection with cattle the foreliead of the cattle Cotton strings are diseases At some places a feast is given to tied to the feet or the neck of the cattle in the Brakmans, and in certain villages of this name of the god They also make suws to the District a baan is pamted like a tiger, carried derties I amjai and Waghjal, and offer to trein out of the sillage and bathed in a riser It is eyes made of siker, a new cloth, a fowl or believed that tlus is one of the remedies for a goat, when their atumals are cured of the averting cattle diseases 2 At I onda in the disease 20 Ratsagir District, when catile disease breaks In the Dergid taluks of the Ratnagiri Desa ut, a goat or a cock as such fired at the temples triet, in cases of malarial fevers preces of of the village dcity. In soin villages of the certain kinds of inrbs are fastened together Malwin taluka the desty Braluman is with black cuttun sirings and ind round t? worshipped. At Basnu in the Ratnagiri arm or neck of the petsup sufiting from District the gods of the Malars as also the discasc Sacred ashes are put 1% a con villige teuly are worslupped in connection amulet and th amulet is tud on the mar with that catile diseases. At Valash in the above described 11 At londi in the atta, Avlab. District when cattle disease prcsauls District, in addition to hurbs and copper a in a village, a pig as killed and buried on lets, pescock feathers u blach cottun str the border of the village A swect orl limp at tied to the grous of the firsons sult: in the shell of a crab or a lobster is kept from inaltul fevers, etc !? de lingurla : burning in the cursed Ruser of sweet Ratnagiri District, in fevers like water tists are bouled sa water, and the water black strings of eotton are tud rouid ti is guses to the annuals tu druk. The owner or neck, and curlaun secret mantras arc te alss class the cowshed and burns sulpher, at the tube It is believed that the pi cawlor, damit and other disinfectants & the mantras 13 lost if they are disclosed At Istsat in the Pea takuks of the holaba public ! Al Murud in the Dawla talu! District a hasl is taken from the village deity Xarsutin, the fourtha incarnation of 11 Rainagını District the montras of to present cattle diseases, tüst ss, the village ispested for tlc exorcism of discasis deity is consulted througl the temple onnistrant, Dapoli taluks people who want to who acts as the spokesman of the oracle? It their diseases tre a correr amulet to Medhe in the Robe talubs of the holabı Dis The mantras that are repeated on trict the village dusty Bakirobs us forslapped sons are kept secret There art School Vaster, Ubbeloda, Rates School Master Besdunde. Natod Schoel Vaster, Medbe, Kotába * Rxo Saheb Sherke, Kolhaper 1 School Master, Fonda, HataARY * School Master, Morud, Raadgi 1 School Master, Alabár Ratság the School Bfaster, Foada Ratnásti. School Bisster, Blesan, Ratnaguria 1 School Master, Sarsai, kolában • School Master, Vmela, Thana. - ht Master Mathdr. Ralogin. *shhd lenda, Ratnézei, ·31 FOLWORT: Ol' TIT: KORI incense is 1 Some persons in the Jujurke will go ulu give and nko mile sous le the same deity. I'lle sushi aliis ind chirny? In thi Chiplun lower classes offer cocosmuls, fouls or noit, tuuls of the Batnigiri District Dir follossing Tl«simu times go to the e Sorrist for asley articles sare used for usering din srs:--Cappur in time 1171111 of the 19d, :1111 apply them to amulets, black cotton strings, and holy water Ilir forelend of the diseised person. Copper our which arlun mantras list belt opMaked mules and cotton string given by the esorcist loy the l'ora int. It Poupur in die kinlibi are alaotud muud tle ne el. of the sick person" District, back collon rings are tied round . Siviri in the Ritmipiri District the the orm in 1795 of mirind resorsSony following pornclics are adopted for driving out mantras are reported in 1984 of pain in the asil piests that all se disease. right or lorl siilof the body. Besiclistlu burnt liefore the exorcisl, drums are henten, montrar som 1214 ud figures norden on :111d then the sorcisi likes I burning work in birch besch, lied round ihr rm or ile liis limnind frightens the distined person by nch of the patient. Itselt valmisla to list striking the ground will do it or broom of children wir auch nich cotton 1 2017 och fritlers. Il 1913 cries out loudly. copper tils? .lt Vis smlulintu Kolib, Ile then dris ou! the rul spirit from the body District mandrut rein 104,114 for tlle i voreisen of the day the permall, and pils it in a bottle, of diseases such als leserne poleen livliotas u lich in eillir a irrad out of the ullige and Torre derisinxellellis. 74blick cotton lirain buried undur ground 16.1r is big tree or is is led to tlie rir! ll Cherr! in the Kirjol Theron into llie !!!! In the singumneslawar taluk of Ilic Koliba Destrane, islies are upplied ilus of the Ninigiri District, the process of to the body of the sick pir-1191 after tipliling I voruining is sometimes.ccompaniid by danccertaill antrasier than, . 1.lid in the ing and loud cries. The person who suffers Thin District. for (vercising dise then caused from os al spirits is liken to Varsoba's I'vidi in byxaul spirits, certain letters or timer Vrisinha tlı Kulliipur Sirle where patients are lielieved mantra hr srillen en q birch bess, and le to find a cure? In the Dergad taluks of the leaf in tied rond te arm of the nich mal with Ratnagiri District the a lorcist, when possessed, il compor nule! In order to rise out the does not dance :75 al other places, bul freely culpril perminently, the god risinde is lisen busive pillicis to drive out the cril worshipped, and siird fire in kindlı d to pro-spirits; inel ou sucli occisions the threats arc pitiile the city Tortle Worship of Srisinden repeterd loudly by the forcist, 12 In tlic the ministrinl required must be i regul“ır Dipoli taluhr of the Ritmigiri District, dancdesolee of Srixinha, md bien muul also be ing is used in tlorcism. While dancing, the Ponchil rhari who knows the cioreist makes it slow of different kinds of tits, mantras of wil spirits In the illige They are similır lo those mide by a person of Shurg ion in the Afriliim tilukat of the suffering from lig sterii, He also stands and Thin District, in addition to copper amulets swayliis bdy to and fro for some time, then and blich tlırends of colloni, mantras of izssumnes a serene and quiet attitude, and begins Musalman szints or pirs are in vogu: for to cry out loudly,1° There are some sorcerers at cxorcising disease, It Kolliápur, tlie liigher Disgion in tlic Kolabı District, u lo dance and classes perform the religious ceremony called cry out loudly in order to drne out the evil Anushthan to propiliite Shiva. the godspils from the body of the discascd 13 At of destruction, in order to' veri discase, Milad in the Thana District dancing is used one i School Master, Anjarle, Ratnagiri. School Master, Iblirampur, Ratnúgını, 3 School Master, Poladpur, Kolába. 4 School Master, Vavash, Kolíba. 5 School Master, Chauh, Koluba. 6 School Master, Vuilid, rhina. i School Master, Shrgaon, Thina. & Río Sáheb, Shelhe, Kolhapur, School Master, Adivare, Ratnigiri. Jo School Master, Sangmeshsiar, Ratnágiri. 11 School Master, Fonde, Ratnagiri. 11 School Master, Anjarle, Ratnagiri. 13 Schoolmaster, Dásgaon, Koluba.

·FOLLIONL OF TUE KOKil IN Cxorism 1115 The following is a d serip ion of At kullipur, dancing is not us dineror ism, one of th“s dinces Songs of the data which but the people suffering frou eu s nrıts so.) 19 to be summoned on tle o cision aru sang tunes dince and is uut loudly Some of along with the music of the Tal (1 kind of lliem luose their lait while dincing and clen cymbal) and the busting of druns called strihe their lends Soue guurel lihe combi Ghuma! The Ghumal is in tartlea jar the tunts, and soi se çf them tri to mohu speccles lower and upper ends of which are covered Ihe orators There is 1 temple of the god orcr with leather The man in whos body Slırı Dutta at Vars nlıun adı in the hallar the deity is to make its appearance takes lus State, to which people suferin, from csil spirits buth and sits bith side of 1 snll prayer ar, Lryu, ht for a curt These peolle ery uut cirpet called isan A small quantity of rice luudly when the pal inquin of the Sranı Vaha (about a ser) is put in front of the cirpt and rajus cirrıcd thrjuza the villam, and spirits 3 copper pot filed with water is placed on the usually quit th bodi s of the articluns at thus Tice The musicians begin to strike tl cine for it 1981d that the cunnot toi tule instrumu nt with a loud clash, and the crorcist's proximity of tla Sramı Vaharaj Patients body begins to shake The shaking of thcst, also curtd bi res d ng in the vil for a holy 19 a sure and cition of lug being spirit certain period On this I count the village of possessed Ile then sits upon the carpet and Varsobichwad is cons d red vir hals 1 begins to throw grains of rice into the coppe big festa al is celebrit dintis village annupot containing witer gics out the nime ally on the twelfth da vi the dark half of of the particular sp rit with wach lie is Iskrin (October) Iesty 1 en tu thie OSS $3 d and th for which at luay Bralins the expenses in. lxurnt by tue nttacked the patient He then uplans kolli apur State the measur s and rites by wuch the spirit can In the Singimesliw artiluar at the kind, ini be dein.nou! The p upl abd by bus dirert. Distr ct the Blagal or exor »st is nuspected by long and the patient is thus cured 1 the lower caste people 11 s dutus ore to ask At l'adzle in tle Thını Dsstrict when an a haul from the ditu, belilt of the peo) Keral spirit is to be druen oufrom the body of and to alleviate their su FT 11,5% His appointthe patient, the latter is asked to bod in lus inent is licreditare llit eles ruesuber of thu moutla a Letelnut or a lemnu After some family genrally following the prufession of time the bxt Inu vr the lemon is put into a mis fatl cr* In the Derbid tuult of the boltle the bottle as thien tightly corked and Ratnigri District low class ' ople ir ifrnd buried und ground I copper pot is filled of sorters becaus they melt anjur them at with water, and the diseased persuu is asked to they are offend a Toer tour for hold the pot upsid. dawn If the water runs ful not to cause then displeasur There the out it is believed tlant the spirit bas dus profession of 1 srcerer or orcist is not appeared ? herrditur An one wlo k urns the wicked In the village of Edfun of the Tháus Dist- ) mantras after altending regularly the burnil pirt, dincmg 18 practised in 19 s of spirit and burning grounds for some dirs becomes possesywn, but it is r soned to among the lower an rupert and may follox the profession cistes only While dancing tlic sorcerer cries In the Válu on talu's 1 of th Ratnagiri Dus niet out loudly, and throW3 Tuins of Udid (Phasee the chief function of the live sur crer ist, olus radiatus)on the body of the discased person Forship the village de All kinds of gift: after rejicnting certun mantras. Tlus zıt and pe senils intended for tlied its are made is stried Bharani or the princess of charming tl tvuhint His professtun s lur ditary ar cu 1 School Master Band, Thána * School Master, Cdwan, Théos. Schal Master, Szaguneshwat, Rato igri ? S hool Vaster, Tadzhe, Thing + Ru Saheb Shelte hotbápar * School Was er, s bár, Rainiz ri ·36 OlhLORI: ON TIT: KONK.IN and lic is meli respected by the ignorunt pected only for performing thicir respective people Al loudn in the Rainigiri District duties, and not otlicruisc. the clorcist is not appointed, but e ullo con At kollapur, the sorcerer is never nppointed. satisfactorily interpret or cyplin to the sillage Ilis functions are to ask a haul from the deity, drity the sulle rings of the people is generally to pray for the welfare of the people, and scleclcd. (vplain to them what he sees in his dreams. In thic Vengurli taluka of the Ratnagiri Dis-Ile holds no position in higher society, but the trict, the clicf function of the villnya sureures pour people who heliuse in lim are afraid of is to find remedies for the cuire of persons lim. Sorcerers are genernlly very cunning; suffering from ci il qurile. Il position anion they frigliten poor people, and oblam froin ile picopic of the low- cinsses is considered the in presents and gifts for tlu ir mintunuce. high. IIe follows the liereditary profession of In the langur talukn of the Ratnágri a sorcerer, and generally the eldest On site- District rid figs are listed on Bongan, Pipal, media lin fitlicr." und Umar frus, and un cerlain occasions .lt Chidliran in the Ponsel taluks of the offerings of coins and coconuts nro 3113de. It hwab District, Bhutts, caste of treguars, is believed that when the thirce hinds of trees are the clcsotees of a goddeas. Some of them limppen to grow together, 1.c., close to cach are called Bhagatr. Dririshis nre very rarc. ollier, mar n well or on the bank of a river, The difference fictween o Derishi nnen Blungal the god Dalia sesides there, Ivut such cases is as follows: Deirishi remones llie rund are very rare. These trees are supposcd to be spirits by simply repeating the mantras wlule the bounts of the Jun ja spirit, and tlıcrcforc the Bhagat rumores them by bringing the isil (apper inins waved round Vic persons suffer spirit ito his own l'olly and by dancing, etc.! ing from cvil spirits ore throun urdcrncatlı ll Cloul in the Koliba District, Bhutes There are II scred wells in this legging in the normmg (very day for the first inluha.s In the Dápoli tnluha of the Ratnagiri 21:10 days of the month of sharin (October). District, the Bnman and Pipal trees On the tenth day the Bhutyn is given a pee worshipped. The form is worshipped by from crcry house. Thiese Blutes art dcsotues uomen on tic full moon day of thic inonth of of the goddess Shahli. At Saszane in the Jestlin (June) and on the no moon day wlien Kolába District the vilinge sorcerer comes to it falls on Monday. On thesc occasions a cotlan beg csery dlaga nnd is non rice, etc., lut thread is tied round the tree, and officrings of during tlic first mine days of the bright half of glass luads, cocoanuts, fruits, etc., are made. Ashorin (Octolier) he is given copper coins. These trccs are also worshipped with offerings At Anjur in thc Thána District the devotee or of copper coins, etc. In the Dápoli taluka, a parliculrr god is called Bhagal, and one who there is a certain place between the tro sillaknows how to summon or eject wil spirits is gcs of Anjarlo and Harnai wherc persons pas. called Blutya. Dei risin is a person who sing by thnt side tlırov one or tro stones, knows the mantras for warding off the great causing thereby a heap of stones there. It is be. cvil spirits such as Brahma Nákshasa, Brahma licred that br doing this the person who throws Samband, clc. These three classes are res such stones gets rid of his itel. This place them. are 1 School Master, Bundrade, Ratnagiri. School Master, Fonda, Ratnagiri. 3 School Naster, Ubluídánda, Ratnagiri. 4 School Master, Chidran, Kolába, 5 School Master, Sasau anc, Kolába. 6 School Alaster, Anjur, Thána. í Río Sáhcb Shelhe, Kolhápur. 8 School Master, Ubhádúoda, Ratnagiri. 9 School Master, Laaharli, Ratnagin.

·FOLKLORE OF THE XOYKAX 37 Is called Girjoba Hands apd feet pide of silver coins and fruit ate uffcrcd to the sce wood are also offered by persons who make These offerings are taken by the Braliman Fows to do so when their hands or legs are priest, who explains to them the modes of affected by any disease 1 It Iblrampur 12 worship The Brahmon priest is also guten the Ratnágın District offerings of cotton some money as a gift This I rata, ie, row, 19 thread, copper coins, and frut are roadc to obsen ed by women by fasting for threc suc Banyan and Papal trees on the full moon day cessi e days, from the 13th to the 15th day of of the toonth of Jestha (June) and on erers the bright half of Jestka (Jade) The l'opa! Saturday in the nonth of Shraman (August) tree 1» Worshipped daily by son e men and At Varanje in the Panwel taluka of the womch of the Brahmin caste 1 omen walk Kolába District, offerings of coins, etc, to round thus tree for a hundred and cight times sacred trees are made at the time of Parrani or more daily some persons hold a thread (a festival) For instance, when the no moon ccrcmony for the Pipal true in order to obtain day falls on Monday, the wonien worship the a son, and worship thuc tree for a certain Papal tree, and on the full moon day of Jestha period. It is worslupped with fruit and cop- (June) thus worship the Banyan tree The per coins Il went cradles are also offered to custom prevails of the worship of a well by the tree Wells are worstapped on ausputous women after their delnery A woman, after days such as l'arnani by women of the upper completing the period of luer confinement or castes * At l'adglc in the Than District the ceremonial impurity, is taken to a well, from Banyan tree is worshipped on the full o con which she has to bring liome water, and is rem day of Jestha, and the Pipal is worshipped quired to worslup the well with the following every Saturday in the month of Shranon zateruals, mus -- cotlont thread, copper coins, (august) The Pipal tree is not worskugund coconuts and such other fruit as can be had before the perfurorance of its thread cutewony, on the occasion At Varsa, in the Pen taluka and its thread ceremony is not perforned till the of thic Kolálra District, offerings of cotton tree bears at least one thousand Icaves cloth, copper cuins, co.oanuls, betelnuts and At holhapur, the Banyan and Papal trees plantuns are made to the Bangan, Pepal, and are considered ters holy, and offerings of Umbar trces, and also to boly Wells The rags, cours, etc, arc made to them It is a I'epal, Tulo, and Umbar trees are worshipped custom &.xong the Ilindu women to worship daily by women in tlus district, wlule the Ban the Banyan tree on the full moon day of Jesu yan is worshipped on the full nwon day of tha Offerings of cloth and fruit are bade Jesthi (Jun.) The materials of Worship to tbas tree, and cupper or silver coms are given are rice, fruits, walır, sind il paste, Rowers, Sople Woinen unke a soll momingues and jack fruits del in gold, silver, or copper of the Baasan At Malad in the Thana District, the Bani tree or of its leaf, and present it to the Brahjan tree is worshipped by wounen of the Dri toan prrest along with a present of money jai, ie, of the twiec boro castes, in the full all these ntes are reqwred to be stricile per moon day of the buonth of Jetha Copper or formed as enjoined in the Shastras 1 School Alaster, Anjarle, Ratnagiri * School faster, lubrampur, Katalin School Master, Tavad, Koliba • School Master, uri, kolába. School fastar, Huás, Thiaz • School Master, Peugbe, Thiaa 'Rio Sebeb Shelte, holbápur As dakshara ·38 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN Al Nágothane in the Kolába District, it is the next morning and thrown away at a place beliercd that men who are well versed in the where three roads meet. It is then supposed mantras of wilclicraft and sorcery sometimes that the person who steps on the bundic first is transfer diseases from one person to another, attacked with the diseasc, and the one for Vaccination is believed to be a incthod of wlom the rite is performed is curcd." transferring disease to other persons." At Dergad taluka in the Ratnagiri District At Málád in tlie Thána District a method it is believed that cril spirits are fond of of transferring disease from one person to things like a cock, cocoanuts, boiled rice, etc., another is in practice wong the Shudras. It and when a person considers himself attacked is as follows:-A woman without a child cuts by evil spirits, these things are wared round secretly a little picce from the garment of a his body and thrown away at some distance woman wlio las children. She thien lurns tlie from kis residence. This is generally done in piece, puts the ashes into water, and the mixture the evening, but if necessary it can be done at is then drusk by the barren womau. It is any time. The person who goes to throw these believed that, by so doing, the cvil spirit of things away is prohibited from looking behind, the disease that is troubling the barren woman The things required for a bali, i. c., oblation, is transferred to the other who las children. on such occasions are boiled rice, red powder, Te barrenness of the first vonnan then and an oil lainp made of black colton wick. disappears, and she begets children. It is said In the Vengurla taluka of the Ratnagiri that if the second woman comes to know of the District, when a person is sufferinz from any mischief before using that garment, she disease for a long time, and when ordinary discontinues the use of the same, and no harm medicines prove to be ineffective, a goal or a is done to ler, 3 cock is wared round the body of the patient, In the Umbergaon taluka of the Thána and are then put beyond the village boundary District the methods of transferring disease or taken away by the While are called Muthu Nárane i. e., a bewilehed performing this rite, the man must repeat liue is sent to the person to whom the disease certain mantras.? is to be transferred. Various mantras are also At Fonda in the Ratnagiri District, the usc secretly repeated with the object of trans of scapegoats is resorted to in cases of persons ferring the disease to an enemy. supposed to have been attacked by evil spirits. At Kolhápur, there are no methods of Curds and boiled rice are waved round the transferring disease to other persons, but it is body of the diseased person and thrown away said that the following cercinong is practised at a distance from the house. In some cases it in the case of persons suffering from swollen is said that the cock which is waved round glands. Rice, Udid grain etc, are tied in a the body of the sick person dies instantaneyellow cloth, and three knots are made in it ously.8 This is then kept for one night under the In the Málvan taluka of the Ratnagiri Dispillow of the discased person. It is taken out trict the scapegoat (often a cock) is rared sorcerer. . - School Master, Nágothane, Kolába. 3 School Master, Málad, Thána. 5 Rao Sabeb Sheke, Kolkapur. School Master, Ubhádánda, Ratnagiri. School Master, Navare, Ratnagiri, 4 School Master, Shirgaon, Thina. 6 School Master, Mitbáv, Ratnagiri. 8 Scbool Master, Fonde, Ratnagiri, ·FOLKLONE OF TIE KO VKY 39 three times ronnd the sick person und tbronn spirits from the body of the patient are not into the street. The man who gocs to throw thrown away, but are eaten by the exorcist." ut away u prahibited from luoking belund, At Yapre in the Ratnagiri District, hens Bernt cowdung Ashes are thrown out of the sre used to catract the poison of snakc bites door after the man has left the house, and the from the body of the sufferer la cases of door is closed at once 1 coil spuits alone, cocoanats, cocks and goals In the Dapoli taluka, cocoandts, curds, are used as scapezoits. boiled rice, turiсeric powder, red powder, cocks At Dasgaon in the Kolába District, a Parads etc. are wased soand the body of the sick (basket) containing black glass beads, bangles, tarnerie and red powders, sweetnieat of fire person and takea beyond the village boundary sorts, flowers, cocoanut, a burning scented or to a big tree supposed to be haunted by stick, and rice, is waved three tipes round tac evil spirits, and in some cases these things are body of the patient, and thrown away outside thrown away where four roads meet? the village In the Rájápur taluka of the Ratnágıxı At Kolhapur, the use of fowls, gosts, lines. District scapegoats are used by the low caste cocoanuts, copper coins, dry chillies and salt people, wlule Bráhorins use cocoanats, boiled 18 in vogue, not only in cases of sick persona, rice and copper coins * At Külse in the Rats but also wben a person perforons a feat such nigiri District eggs, cocks, goats, etc are used as bending an iron bar, or doubling with lus as scapegoats These things are wared round hands a siher coin, or winning A victory in the body of the patient, and taken beyond the wrestling The articles are then waved round village limits or far from the residence of the him and thrown away in order that he may sick person for this nte a man from the the same rite is perfornted on ordinary occanot suffer from an evil cye. Among the rich Ghádı, Guriv, Rásal, or Mih.1r caste is insions such as leaving a house, starting on a rited at night, and he is paid in cash for his soumey etc In cases of illness st specially Services performed in the evening, and the articles are At Ibhramper in the Ratnágui District, the thrown away at the outskirts of the village, cocks and goals used for driving out evil or by the side of n well! School Master Pandivade, Ratnagiri. School Master, Advare, Ratnagiri School Master, Ibhrampur, Kalobguri School Master, Dásgaon, Kolába School Vaster, Abjarla, Ratadgini, * School Master, Kalse, Ratnagiri. * School Master, Navre, Ratoágur. Rao Sabib, Shelte, Kolhapur

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·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KON IV 41 buried, and a tomb called a samadhi is crected of their desires remain unfulfilled at the time over st; an bis descendants, instead of per- of their deuse forming the annuil Shraddha, worship the At Sbirde in the Ratnagiri Distriet ancesa tomb of the recluse every day. It is believed tors are worshipped even reis by performing that the spirits take a different form after the the rites called tarpno, wluch consist in offering lipse of scien generations The belief tluat oblations of holr water, sesimum, birler graing the spirits of thic dend nre rcborn in the same and repeating prarers The tarpan is obsar fanıly prevails auong the people of tlus dis- ved on the sert date of the month in which the trict The following measures are cdopted for person dicd The procedure of worslupping the purpose of identification When a person the Indu sunts 13 simlar to that of the other dies in a family a basıl or bel leaf 19 placed desties Owing to thic b licf that the spirit on a certain part of the body or sopie familiar of the dead are reborn in cluldren in the suite sign is made in sındıl paste; and when a child family the nine of the grandfather is given is born in the faunly its body is errefully to the grandson examined to ascertain whether there are any At latingre in the Ratnagiri talukances signs on the body of the cluld surli ns were tors are worslumxd be inuiting Bralıman mide on the d-ad body of the nncestor If ) priests, and worslapping them with sundal the same sign appears to tlor satisfaction of paste and flowers These Brabuang are the inembers of the family, it is believed that supposed lo represent the father, grandfather tuc dead person has been reborn in the same and great grandfather of the worslupper family 1 At Bandısade in the Ratnagiri District the At lavare in the Ratnigin District Bral. Icarıs of the lierb called pudina, (a good medimans are invited, worshipped and guen a feast cine for wuru s) sesamun and darbha grass are in honour of ancestors Sadhut and Vahants, or required for the worship of ancestors The sunts, are worshipped by giving them the sin man who worships the ancestors lins to turn luis lionour accorded to the family deities? sacred t rend from the riglit hand to the left." At Basını in the Ratnigiri District the At Anjarlc in the Ratnagiri District Vahanta annirerstry dw of sunls is observed by the ind Sadhus are rorshipped in their life performance of a Bhajan, which consists 112 time like family deities and their tonibs are Singing the good decds of sunts and in offering worslupped after their death prayers It is belieled that spirits arc mortal, It I onde in the Ratnagiri District ancestors but the di nol die lske ordinare luan beings are worslupped br inahing bulls of boiled rice They case to exist as spirits as soon as the on their annuersary dry The Bulls are supweperiod of their release is Osca The spirits cd to take thr place of the dend parents and obtain absolution by visiting certain bole they are worshipped with sındal paste and flowers and by batning intense and lighting a At Dablol in the Ratnagiri District the lamp of slurified bulter Betelnuts and lence, people believe that the suuls of ancestors are coconuts and Dakshina (presents of money) reborn in children in the sime family if some ate giren to them l'eople also bow before there places 1 School Master, t'endur. Ratnaguy * School Yustes, lasas, Ralpig ni. . School Master, Shirarde Rataegiri School Water, test rate, Rataigi . School Master Savare, Rataigi * School Vaster, Dabhol, Ratoán S boal Master, Nenogn, Rander . S bal Master, Aajark, Kaldigirt, ·42 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN Mahants and Sádhus are worshipped by wash wife on the 9th day of the dark half of the ing their feet, sandal paste is applied to their montli of Bloádrapada. This day is called body, and they are garlanded with flowers, Ahev Navami. These different sorts of Shrád- Cocoanuts, a piece of cloth and a gift in coins dhas are observed only by the high class. are given to them according to the means of Hindus. The lower classes worship their the giver, Il is said that spirits can remain as ancestors on the last day of the month of spirits for about a thousand years, 1 Bhadrapada by preparing a ball of boiled rice At Vijayadurg in the Ratnagiri District or flour, and putting it out for the crows to eat. the method of worshipping ancestors is as It is believed that spirits are mortal. The follows:-In sone cases elderly parents as well ceremony called Narayan Nagabali is peras a grandfather and great grandfather are also fornied when it is believed that the spirit of an worshipped, their fcet are washcd with water, ancestor is giving trouble to the family. When and the water is accepted as tirth or holywater, this rite is performed, the spirit is saved and While worshipping the Nahants and Sádhus, the ailment ceases, It is believed that the or saints, water is poured on their right hand, spirits of the dead are somelimes reborn in and they are worshipped with sandal paste children in the same family, and in such cases. and flowers, and given a dakshana ur gifts of the names of the ancestors are given to their inoney according to one's means and will. children by the pcople.5 The pádukas, or foot prints, of saints are At Khopoli in the Karjat taluka of the worshipped after their death. Kolába District the form of worship of ances- At Mitbáy in the Ratnagiri District lioly tors is similar to that of the ordinary Hindu persons such as Sangásis are worshipped after dcities. In the case of the worship of the their death by performing iheir anniversary deities the person performing the worship las. ccremony every year. It is believed thal to sit with his face towards the east, while at spirits are mortal. Evil spirits such as munjas, the worship of the ancestors lie has to sit with etc., undergo a kind of transformation, and his face towards tlic south, it is believed that this occurs at places like At Chaul in the Kolába District, the tombs. Narsoba's Wádi 3 of Sanyásis, i.e, ascetics and Sádhus are wor- At Devgad in the Ratnagiri District ances shipped on their anniversary days, and a great tors are worshipped on their anniversary days, fair is held in their honour. The other ancesthe manes being represented by pieces of tors are worshipped by the shraddha rites. The Darbhe grass and balls of boiled rice.! anniversary of the founders of the different At Poladpur in the Kolába District a person sects is observed by their followers by a whose father is alive but who has lost his bhajan, i, e, singing songs in their own style mother's father, lias to perform the Shraddha and exhibiting the different insignia and flag of that grandfather on the 1st day of the bright of the sect as advised by their founders.? half of Ashwin (October). This Shraddha is The people of Chidhran in the Kolába called Duhitra. A person who has lost his District believe that the period for which the wife has to perform the Shraddha for that soul has to remain in the spirit state depends i School Master, Fonde, Ratnagiri. 2 School Master, Vijayadurg, Ratnágiri. 3 School Master, Mitbáv, Ratnagiri. 4 School Master, Dergad, Ratnagiri. 5 School Master, Poladpur, Kolába, 6 School Master, Khopoli, Kolába. i School Master, Chaul, Kolába.

·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN It is a upon the sins of the person, or the wishes wluch completwn of one year by inviting Brahuaa remained unfulfilled during his life true It and giving them a feast This is donc nmou is not that all the spirits of the dead are Bráhmans only Thic other commitmitus worshi reborn in children The rebirth depends upon their ancestors by performing the rite called the good or bad deeds of the deceased Chata Shraddha and by galing Sludha, se rice However, if the nature of any child suggests pulss, vegetables and ghi to Prahnın priests the nature of ang dead person in the family, it A feast is then given to their caste i en is assumed that the spirit of the deceased has At Kolhapur, ancestors, Vahants and Sareturned to the family! dhus are worshipped by the rites known as the At Nagothane in the Pen taluka of the Puranic ritual, that is, no lcdic mantras arc Kolabı District some of the compunities repeated while performing these rites worship small images called tanks on the common belief in tlus provinct that the soul anniversary of their ancestors death, among of the person who has committed a murder, or the Shudras food is giren to the crows on the bas incurred debt and enmity, as obliged to last day of Bhadrapad, The custom of repi tlc debt by being burn again as a giving a grandfather s name to the grandson sertant or in some other subordinate capacity prevails largels, and is due to the belief that of the debtor tlic spirits of the dead are sometimes rcborn The tombs of the Hindu and Mahomedan in the sare family. It is also said that in saints are considered holy, but they are not sound of the Ilindu communities, of a child supposed to possess miraculur powers 7 The cries continuously, ashes are applied to its following is a list of saints who have been forchend in the name of one of the ancestors deified and worshipped by the people of the in the fannly, and if the child sleeps quietly Ratnagiri District (1) Vukundra), (2) or stops crying, the name of that ancestor is Dnsandır, (3) Tokáram, Ekpath (5) Aande, (6) Ragdas, (7) Akkalkotche At Shirgaon in the Thua District, the Swami, (8) Ranganath, (9) Dev Vamatdar worship of ancestors is perforacd on the (10) Kabır, (11) hamal, (12) lipat day of the fathers death, cvery year Oniranjan, (13) Tulshıdás, (14) Pundalik, any auspicious occasion the rate called Xande (15) lashistka, (16) Dattatraya, (17) shraddha is performed at the beginning of the Sokuroba, (18) Gorakshanath (19) Purccrobiony It is bclıcıed that eril spirits or nanáth ghosts have to remain in the ghostly state for it Skiroda in the Ratnagiri Districts about one thousand years, or at least until one practice prevails of making rows to the tombs of the descendants in the family goes to of women who burnt themselres as Satru a holy place like Lásht (Benires) and there lows are also luide to the Musalmsn Pirs, performs the shraddka ritrs of his ancestors and offerings are often made in fulllment of At Valal in the Thans District, the such rows worship of ancestors is performed on the day At the furt of Isshalged there is a tomb of of the fathers death cery inonth till the Pur (saint) It is usual to uke e row to Kiren to it I School Master, Chudhran holdbz * School Master, lavanje, kolába • School Master, blad, Thiat Sebool af ister, tendue, Ratay tu Scbool Master, Mégoibaar, Kolba. Scbool faster, Shargaoa, Thána. Rao Saheb Sheike, Kolbagar. 1 School Bfaster, Shiroda, Ratangirl ·FOLKLORE OF TIR KOYK:1.V 25 worship this l'ir with fetters on one's lors, and morning and erining nt the timc of tlic it is believed thal, nt the time of worslijs, tire worship at Uic lomb. Oncc during the fils lic chains break ofl'. sizid iliul loc would be free from the discasc if There is at Dalıibiis in the Rainigiri Rs. 200 were spent in giving a feast to thic District o tomb of. Ilindu szin' named Shri Brölumnos nt Páli. The renlives of the suff'crer Inoui Vurli, in which I be pxemple of that agrerii in arrange accordingly, and instantly the Locality make rows when severe calamities man put liis ficad on the Samaidlii (tomb) and befall them, and it is believed that the saint threw himself on his back. Ile came to liis listens to their prayers, Senses after ten minutes, and froin that time le Il'licu : Brahmin assiline's the warb of a was completely cured. A feast was tlien given recluse or Sanyosi, lie is considlerce his the to the Brölumans nt l'úli, and Rs. 200 werc people as scree! :: Ilindu god, and is spent over it as promiscul. Anothicr instance worshipped witli great reverenec, provided he of miracular power is cited, and that is of the abides by the rules contained in the shastras: priest of the goddess Ntahalusmi of Kolvan. There is a loul of a Pir n! Bwn Miilimgad This pricsl goes up and loists thc ſing of tlıc in the Panwe) lalukar of the Koliba District, Bodiess on a strop hill which no other person aliere the people make rotrs lo tlic l'ir, and it can climb, and it is believed that lic can do is believed that the l'ir fulfils licir wishes. Viis only when the spirit of the goddess cn'crs Ilindu saints such as Riimuls, Dnyrínesluvar, lois body. 7 Vinder arc hield in great luonour in this At Unibergaon in the Thinn District there District. is a miracle-working toil, of a saint called thic There is it femple of Nagoba nl oluns in Dilir "Pir." Sakluírámbára of Angaon thic Kolíba District where persons suffering Kawnd, a Hindu saint, is held in ligh lionour from snake-bite, if carried to the temple while in this village. At this place it is also beliered still alive, are said to be cureid, that some of the Pirs valk round the village at At Kawad in the Bhiwandi talukn of the night, and their lombs are said to be seen in Thina District there tonule of is a motion, Thic Détár Pir is worshipped crcn Brahmachari named Sakhárám Bára who dins by tlie Hindus of that locality:9 At Shirosi in tlic Murbad Talukn of the been dcificd by the people of that District, Thuinn District, Sakháránbára of Kawad, Der A great fnir is held at llic tomb crcry car. Mámlatdir, Chandirsímbura of Klied, Narayan- The following instance is given of a miracle bura of Nonuri, the Swami of Akkalkot, the nt the tomb Saklárám Bára of Kawnd. A Swami of kublar Peth at Kolhapur, and inan suffering from fits showed an inclination thc Dandekerbuva of Rujápur are the principal to go to Kawad to read Guru Charitra for saints held in honour by the people. 10 seven successive days. He was taken to that At Mánikpur in thic Thána District it is said placc nccordingly. Afler lis arriral, lic that a bright light or flames emanate from continued to suffer from thicsc fits in the certain tombs of Jusalnian saints. 11 . n 1 School Master, Sakharane, Ratnagiri. 2 School Master, Nííringre, Ratnagiri. School Master, Adivarc, Ratnúgiri. 4 School Master, Chauk, Ratnágiri. School Master, Akshi, Koliba. 6 School Master, Váda, Thána. School Master, Padghe, Thána. 6 School Master, Dalínu, Thina. School Master, Umbergaon, Thina. 10 School Master, Shirosi, Thina. Il School Master, Minikpur, Thána.

·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN 45 At Umela in the Thans District it is said of social equality among the Deccan Brahman, that flanes and smoke are given out from the granted an Inam of some villages for the tombs of certain Mahomelan siinis sitgated in muntenante of this Samadhi, and the British the localits Thesc fames appear and Governacht base allowed the descendants of disappear very sadden): 2 the snáms to retain the Iron, The following In thic Kolhápur District people believe that arc tle principal Musalman sunts who have tbc Samadhi of Swami Abandmurti, who was been deified in the holhapur District a disciple of Raghunath Swami of Bhramanál, (1) Bába Jamal, (2) Ghod Par, (3) Bara shakes on the Shivaráinı day, that is the 13th Imani, (+) Arachut Por, (5) Buran Saheb of the dark half of Magha, and on the Rana and () Aura Saheb of Viraj All these nawamı day . e. the 9th of the bri ht half of Pirs have been supplied with annual grants of Chasira, at the tune of the worslup called inoncs by the Kollánur State ? Bhajan Among the tombs held most sacred At Ubladında in the Vengurla taluka of by the Ilindas of the Konkan may be taentioned the Ratnígın District soine Hindas have adoptthe following Bhujang Swami of Lokapar, ed the worslup of Mahouvdan sunts. Malo Rándás Swami, the Samadhi of Shri Shankara. nedan Pirs arc worslupped in the month of charya at Slurgaon, Ch ntaman Swami of Moharram On these occasions lindus bog Sturgud, and the Samadlı of Mangalmurti in tlie town in the disguise of Fahırs, and the Morya at Clunchwad near Poona All these alais thus obtained are offered to the Par Swamia werc Brakmachant or bachelors, and They make offerings of water to the Pers, while tlscy spent tlıcır lives in the service of God and the lábuls are bung carried to tlic sea for preached virtue and morality to the masses. bersson But this practice is being slowly Tliesc Samadhis arc vf two kinds (1) of saints discontinued." after dently, and (2) of saints on the point of At Bandurade in the Roinigiri Distri death The turd kand 13 called Val Samadh, Hindus offer coconuts and khichadı to the imcrsion in witer, but no tomb of thic Pars at the time of the Moharram, and nt son e latter kind is to be found in this Province It 1951d that, if a lime is placed abose the same places a lamp is kept burning every Monday in honour of a Pira dht of Bhujangn Swatu, it begins to shake at At hallsderi in the Ratnagiri taluk tuca the ture of the Irfi ceremony. The present 13 a tomb of a Musalman saint who is worsbapdisciple of Bhujang Swanı sits in (Samadhi) o editation continuousis for four to eight days ped by the Hindus Sumlule there is a Par at Goonhhads in the Rajapur talaka wao is There prevails a belueſ at Kollápor that the held in reverence cien by higla castellindus 10 Dose body 19 buried in the tomb at At Ade in the Dapoli aluks of the Ratn ogni Chinchwad is still alwe Some years ago when District there is a tomb of a Vusalman int the giresunt disciple of the Chinelund Seram bich is worslupped by the Ilindus including was anxious to take Samadh, he linda dream in the Bralians The building and also the Wluch the cream in the tomb told him that lie mosque in that villige have been repared from Tas still living in that Samúdhi, and that there contributions obtained from highclasa Ilindas fore there was no need for lus disciple to take Many Hindus of Deragad in the Natnigiri Samádlho Je was thus obliged to forego the District Horsbsp Blusalojn sainis, Occasional. project. Thc Peshwas of Poona, who were 1y they offer coruinata to fabuls, and throw staimel desotees of the Chinchwad simi, and red powder oser them They also make rows by wlose favour thies were raised to a position to the Pirs 7 1 School Master, Umcla, Th642 * Rio S8bet Shelle, Kolkaper * School Master, Ubhájánda, Ratnagiri • Scbool Blaster, Bandırade Ratsigin, + School Master, Basini, Ratplgini, School Master, Margu, Rainbgiru School Master, Deriz. Rata girl ·FOLKLORE OR TIE KONKAN cien There nre two Pirs at Vijayadurg who are of the locality. It is snid that thic cultivators worshipped by the Ilindus, The same practice of the villnge once lost their catlle, and that prevails at Nújúpur and Khaircputan, a Fakir attributed the loss to the rage of the Pir. Sitzetlint limclltynse careful to worship At Chauk in the Kinrjnt taluke of the Kolibin the saint, and the result is tlint there was bccn District some Hindus worship Pirs, The members of thic Krtkar family or Clauk arc no disease among their cattic. Tlicy offer Malinda i. c. bread and jágri, lo thic Pir ercry the l'ujúris or ininistrants of the Insalman Thursday. saint known ns Barn Vulangad. This show's The Ilindu inliabitants of Nálád in tlic that Brálımans worship Musalınan Thrina District sprinkle water orcr the roads saints.? by which the inbuis nre to pass, and allow The tomb of Baró Mulangan siluntrd in the Koliba District is worshipped first lig their children to pass beneath the tabuts. Some thrror sweetmeat on the tabuls, and Briluman and then by Musulmáns. The Bruilsdistribute the same to the poor." min worshipper performs this balsk more for the pecuniary luegrefil which le derives from thic Alt Shirnion in the Mahim taluka of thic worslip than from fuit in the divinity of Thuna District some Hindus make rows to the the Pir? locul Pir and tnke part in the tábut procession. At Poladpur in the Jahid laluka of the They pour valer urer llic feet of llie tábut Kolábn District tliere 10 310 juistances of bearers, nud throw abir (black scented powder) Musalinin saints being worshipped by Ilindus, and flowers on the tábuts. They also distribute but persons wishing to liave children make lo the fakirs Valinda, or Khichadi 10 vows tu Pirs, and children born loy tlic favour Thc Jujúrrar (priest) of the saint Malli of such Pirs are required to assume the robe mir Shahn of Shahópur in tic Tháng otn Fakir during the Joharram festivities, District is n Jorátha by caste, 11 The practice of worshipping such saints In the Kolhípur District Pirs arc held in exists at Khopoli in the Koliba District, great reverence by llindus. They make vous Persons in trouble, or desirous of getting to the Pirs in order to get son, and when children, make vows to the saint Imam Hussein, their object is fulfilled they offer a preparation and wlient their desires are fulfilled they dress of Til (scsamun) and sugar called Neradi, themselves as fakirs and beg nt certain places and other sweets called Chonge, Malinda and during the Soharram festivities. A certain Pedhe at tlic time of Noharram. They also Lakshman Gangadhar Joshi of Rewdanda in the Kolába District is the Jujórar (priest or gisc Fakiri to their sons in tlie tábut season, ministrant) of a Musalman saint Chánsciralli Sonic of them cren bring a tábut and Nál and lic liolds an Inám in connection with lois sóleb to tlicir houses, and spend much money office of Nujárrar of the saint's Darga. on tlıcm for illuniinations, ctc. They dance At Akshi in the Kolába District there is a from one Nálpir to the other saying that the tomb of a Pir which is worshipped by lower Nalpir lias entered their bodies. While going class Hindus such as Kolis, Mális and through the streets they cry out very loudly Bhandaris, i the words 'Yalli Dhulla', The holiday of the The Hindus of Bhuwan in the Murbád Moharram is obscreved for ten days. On the taluka of til Kolába District worship tlıc Pir tenth day the tábuts and the Nálpirs are taken 1 School Master, Vijaydurg, Ratnígir. 2 School Master, Chauk, Kolába. 3 School Master, Chidhran, Kolába. School Master, Poladpur, Kolába. 5 School Master, Khopoli, Kolába. & School Master, Chow!, Kolába. * School Master, Akshi, Kolába. 8 School Master, Bhuwan, Thána. 9 School Master, Málad, Thina. 10 School Master, Shirgaon, Thána. 11 School Master, Shirosi, Thána.

·HOT ALONE OF THE KOYK I to the mer for the purpose of hunersion To walk round t'pal and Umbar trees to While returning boine from the face with the Circus sinubulate the temple of a particular bundle of the Palka of lalper on their leads Jests, and to make vows tu that destr, to recite they cry out loudly the following words or bile recited the lol scripturi llarıcantho, llabidayo ala Tutasha y gan bana arc Betlods in practice for cure of barrence atidoslinke mullan all ida" On de burd day at Achre 150 tbc Malwan tauha of the after the bimcrsion of tabuts into tlıç tliet, Rstigin Distrut the Pars devotees kill a gont in the mine of it was a lurg in the Ratnagiri District at their patron Por and make 1 p eparation of is belured that bertug A woman at the trunc the goat s flcslı called Kondarr : of an eclipse is the of the surest in thoils of The fullowing rites are in vague for the cus)bifreness Some people get charity, cure of litress in the wallsge of Dubhol in obserne fasts worship cetun duitus in te Ratnagiri District (1) Vakurg roun) ke rowe to than tu chtain claskima? th Pipal tree duly, (2) Obscrsin: a fast for At Ubli lin lt in the Ringan istrict sixtcon successive Mondas, (3) Performang seal n the 1 l of herlina when it is being the wors'up of Shssa after obstri mg thu wors'opped on the 8th da of tlic duke luar fores asd fast of Shraman (August) the betdy of the At kalde in the Malwan taluki of the god Krishni, and pulling + coconut or a Bunigina D strict a barren roman is required betelnot th its place s believed to be the best to walk round a Pipal tree esery dus a the ineth of curinz burrentes * 1903, and flat burrinness be attributed At Chruk in the olab District, tinc to the disfavour of any duty or the attack of plan of steil ng the idol of the bod krisi1 18 an csil spirit, the 83bc deity or the eui spirit ut serred as a cure for borronnese But here 18 inroked and worsopped by the rolain ker the bus returned with great pomp and replaced in its original place aftr the birth of a self, or through a modem wuo kuoms te ct 13 The godlings Hanuman and Baran appropriate mule of worship 11 ire 180 rorslupped for the care of To steal on carthen image of the God barreness Ganpals, to take a cross or 1 Srrastuka on the At Poladpur in the holibDistrict the Dondues of cbildren with inuking tut and the (vourite method of curing barn sx is to Werslur of the god varuls or guine sther obtain copper i pulets and black or ridutlun powerful deity at midniglit in the no u oon by strings from a Pakır 10 aburren woman alter desting herself of Icr Tlc Callassog are the methods in 10gun tor chatlics, are rurit netha's for the care of llie cute of Innness at klopolt in the burrcneas ol serial at inįarle and other Kolabs District places in the pola tuluke of the Rathigirt (1) To inquire from a sorcerer the cause At Banlırade m tlie Ritnigiri Distric! of barrchness, and then to perform the rides copper amulets and black cotton strings are mornton a br lupa wel to cure brendess Some people aske (2) To use copper smulets and cotton Yowa lv a portrealır deitr, nad sunt perform strings taken from a Vanink is, and we!! the site of Vagabal Tersed in the mantras District + Rio Studo Shell, ho car. 1 Scbool Vaster, halsher Ratoág 11 > School Vaster Bdod vade, Ratnega I choo Vaster Jalurg, Ratais si Suoc Water, Chark holúbe • Schrol Vaster. Dabhol, katan School Vaster, Anjarle, ftato igiria * School Master, Achte, katník I. • Sthal Master Lollini, katan ** School Vaster, 1 oladpur, solában ·48 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN (3) To walk round the l'ulsi (basil) At Iláde in the Thána District, women make plant or the Pipal or Banyan tree daily in the vows even to minor dcities such as Chedoba morning after worshipping it. to get rid of barrenness. They also use copper (4) To feed another woman's child, or lo amulets and cotton strings procured from a give milk to a child.1 sorcerer well versed in the use of mantras. i At Nála in the Kolába District, a woman At Dalıigaon in the Thána District the wishing to have a child is required to strike worship of the god Shri Satya Náráyan is with a knife the Jack, the Tamarind, and the held to cure barrenness. Some women also Chámpa trees during an eclipse. It is believed distribute to the poor jágri equal to the that by so doing the woman will bear a child, weighl of a child.s and the trees will also bear flowers and fruits.2 Al Delari in the Murbád taluka of the At Medhe in the Roha taluka of tlie Kolába Thána District, the village dcity Dehari Máta District, the following metliods are in vogue is invoked and worshipped by women for the for the cure of barrenness: cure of barrenness.' In the Kolhápur District, (1) To Worship the god Shiva and to the lielp of thic fanily deities and of the observe fasts on Mondays. household deities is invoked. Women take (2) 'To worship the god Ganpati and to turns round the Banyan, Pipal and Umbar, observe fasts un Sankasthi chaturthi i, e., thic trees. Some make vows to the gods, and fourth day of the dark half of every month. perform certain propitiatory rites as well as (3) To walk round the temple of Máruti the Náráyan Nágabali. It is believed that and Pipal and Umbar trees every day, in the the children do not live long if a member of the morning. 3 family has killed a snake, or if the funeral rites of a person in the family have remained At Padaghe in the Bhiwandi taluka of the unperformed. The following ceremony is Thána District, images of Ráma and Krishna known as Náráyan Nágabali. A snake is inade are put into the lap of a barren wonian on from the flour of Rála (panie seed), and their respective birthdays i.e., llie 9th day of another made of gold is put into it. It is then the bright half of Chaitra, and the Eth day | burnt like a dead budy. All the ordinary of the dark half of Shrawan, Cocoanuls are funeral rites are performed. After performing also placed in her lap with these images.* the eleventh day rites, homa, i.e., sacrcd fire, At Mánikpur in the Thána District the is kindled at night time, and after keeping goddess Shitala is worshipped by women to vigil for the whole night, milk and a dakshana cure barrenness. They observe fasts, and go are given to Brálmans. A feast is given to eleven Brahmans on that day. On the twelfth to the temple of the goddess bare-footed with day sixteen Brálımans are fed, and on tlie their hair loose and throwing milk on their thirteenth, five Bráhmans are given a feast, path. They offer to the goddess wooden cradles after performing tlic hráddha rites. On tlie and children's toys in fulfilment of their fourteenth day, again, a feast is given to about vows.5 100 to 500 Bráhmans according to the means At Shirgaon in the Máhim taluka of the of the host. It is believed that, after the per- Thána District, it is said that the repetition formance of these rites, the soul of the deceased of the mantra" Santán Gopál jáyis resorted reaches licaven, and there an end to thic to as a cure for barrenness. troubles and misforlunes of the family.] 10 1 School Master, Khopoli, Kolába. 3 School Master, Medhe, Kolába, 6 School Master, Mánikpur, Thána. 7 School Master, Wáde, Thána. 9 School Master, Dehari, Thána. 2 School Master; Náta, Kolába. & School Master, Padaghe, Thana 6 School Master, Shirgaon, Tháda. & School Master, Dahigaon, Tháoa. 10 Ráo Saheb Shelle, Kolhipur.

·CILAPTER V. TUĽORSHIP OF TIIE NALEIOLENT DEAD, or At Ublud ind in the Ratnagiri District the blich sulistances ercepting a lotus, a liorse, following dreams are believed to be lucky and on elephant, and a desty are considered propitious to swan through the rirer thiuspicious Sea, lo risc to the sky, to see the Sun, the At Ibhrpur in the Chiplun taluka, hor- Noon and the other planets, to eat meat, to rible dreams arc good omens, while pleasing ballie in blood, and to eat rice and curds it dreines indicate approaching calamaties is also beliesed that the sight of white objects at l'endur in tlie Ratnagiri District it is It dreams furetells success in any work or beltered tunt dreams farctell futtase events undertaling tint mar be in new A deity, a It behered that the dream will piore correct Bruluwan, a king, a Birried wowin decked and effectue of the person dreinung has asked witle ornaments, a bullock, a nountsın, trees Lurce questions and received three answers full of fruits, clunbing the Umber troc, a in lus drein Those drentas which are crises! loukız glas, ment and flowers, iſ seen in through cold arc culled Jalap They are dreams ore goulonnens Climbing the generally false dicaws, and no good omens arc Palas tret, 1 arnli e want licap, the bitter Hented therefrom Irric tree, to marri, to su red clothes or red At B151nt in the Hatnugiri District it 19 flower gieland, to cal cuoked nent, to sec the believed at the ancestors who take interest alm and the non richiuut Lustre, and to see in the welfare of their descendants appear in slooting stirs daring drenus, 're sud to be dreatus ond foretall future events, 60 lint the und entens ? dreaming person day take the pcelfut pracru- It Vethes in the Dungul teluha of the toons (or the prevention of fulare calamita su Ratargını District dreams are believed to At balse in the Midltrineluha of the bccused by suligestion and testlessness Ratnagiri Distrit it is believed that dreams in To cibrore adhd xxly in a dress, to see tie lust part of the night just before trundiled unters, to time keuritis, ore sud to be di broik, and in which great nien are scen, generalis prore effectne If anybody sees Tensten; friends and recensing himself married in a dreta st is supposed tlust bid ottens gilts from them are sad to be good amens? lie will hear of the death of some rcler At only in thu Rainagiri District drtus At Chruk in the Kolah District at is orc sud to indicate tlungs that are happenel, believe that when calziritus are threatened, or are lot to doppen in the near future. the guardon dcity of the famoule as well as All ite substance $ vther than cottont, salt tip dead ancestors arreur in dreams and girc and lunes, nec consuleres auspicious, and all warnings of tle coming calımıtıcse 1 School Blaster, lbbad inds, Ralnygifl. * School Master Fonde Ratniin. School Afaster, readur, Ratnagiri. + School Master, Altxe, luatnigirl 1 School faster, Vitbås, Ratnagirt + School Vanter Jbhrampur, Ratnagiri * School Master Raul, Ratsigitte School Blaster, Chaak, Kolibs ·FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN The prople of Poladpur in the Kolába the fourth within one month, and those caused District believe in dreams, and when some of at anybreak arc rcalized immediately. their deilies appear in dreams and give thein At Kolhapur, dreams are believed to be advicc or directions, they arc careful to follow caused through some incital derangenicnt or them. Sometimes oren evil spirits appear in bodily disorder. It is customary to derire dreams, and advise the people to dy certain omcns front dronnis, but their nature greatly things to avert cainmities. People who live depends upon the different times at which faith in such spirits act according to their these dreanis occur. The dreams caused in wishes, and if they fail to clo 50, trouble the Intter part of the night, i.e. just before is sure to follow. 1 daybrenk, are believed to come truc, The pcoplc of Klopoli in the Kolába At Ubluídánda in the Vengurla toluka it is District lclieve that if a person sccs in a believed that the soul of a person Icaves the drcam, the dead body of a near relative, it hody temporarily during tiis sleep; licnce it indicates that the persuri whose corpose was is said that no changes or inarks of colour, etc. seen in the cream will live long? should be inde on the body of a persun during it Birwadi in tlic Koliba District it is sleep, because it is believed that, while heliered that if a person see's a snake in a rclurning, the soul identifies the body, and if drcam, a son will be born to him; if lie sces a it is satisfied with the marks of the body it liell, he is sure to get wealth. If lie sces gold, entces it; othersise it might not returns it is a sure sign of losing wealth. Again, if a ll Adivarc it is believed that only Hindu person sces liimself inking his nocals in a drcain, saints and ascctics, after deep and derout it indicates thnt his death is nigli at land.? meditation, are capable of renoving the soul At Målád in the Thána District, omons arc from the body. It is believed that their souls clcrived from drealus. In case of bad dreams on to licaven during that period and return at the god l'islınu is remembercd, and the gods measure. At present there are no such sádhus Shankar and AIdruti are also worshipped.* in the district, At Belpur, wood, cowding cakes and Many Hindus in the Ratnagiri District turbid water, if scan in drcams, forciell beliсre that the soul gous to drink vrater at calamnitics. White clothes, beautiful flowers, night, and therefore kerp a pot filled with and food containing sweetiscat are considered water at llicir sleeping place. 10 auspicious, The people of Chaul in the Kolába District Al Murbad in the Tliana District it is believed that all black things, and white things soul to leave the body, but they state that the do nol consider it possiblc ordinarily for the such as ashes, arc inauspicious when scen Svimi of Alandi, vrlo died in or about the year in drcams, but a black cow, white flowers, 1886, used to remove his soul from the body and pcarls are auspicious. Considering the four parts of the night, the drcams that occur by means of Yoga,11 At Kolhapur, it is believed that the soul in the first part prove effective within one year, that of the second part within six months, Icaves the body temporarily at night when & that of the third within tlırce months, and of person is asleep. 12 1 School Master, Poládpur, Kolába. 3 School Master, Birwadi, Koliba. 5 School Master, Belápur, Thána. I Rao Saheb Shelke, Kolhápur. School Master, Adivare, Ratnagiri. 11 School Master, Chaul, Kolába. 2 School Master, Khopoli, Kolába. 4 School Master, Málad, Thána, E School Master, Bhuwan, Murbád, Thána. & School Master, Ubhádánda, Ratnagiri. 10 School Master, Kalshe, Ratnagiri. ** Rio Saheb Shelse, ·MOLALONE OF fill XONAI, 51 At Baskaval in the Dupoli tilakt, it is Pir becomes able to speak in the Hindi lagubelieved that ghosts ue crul spirts lare tlic age although it mty not be ler potlıer tongue. form of a hanian being, but their feet are When a child or a person is suffering from the tarned backwards They can assunse ons Attacks of 1 spirit, uncense 19 burnt, and it at forn they choose Thar clutracter is ordinand once begins to tell the whereabouts of the to trouble the people, but wlien satisfied the spirit and the reason why the persou luas been are sud to prove friendly The following attached Hic is then asked to state what he story is murited of 1 person who went to wants, and when the things which the spirit reside in one of the alleges of tle Konkan frants are offered it goes #War3 Spirits nr Ils wale was first attacked by a ghost called generally iniisible Girha The Girha troubledh freen much be Tle spursts that bulong ts the class of nalig playing mischifm bis house, by taking pant Bhuts art of a ferocrons appearance Away catables or by mising dirt in lue food but this is that belong to the class of friend) At night be used to dwest the couple of their Bhuls possess bodies lihe human beings! clothes, and on one ore siostan omasent was At Naringte in Dergad tuluknit »» remored by the spurt froin the person of the believed that sprits are cruel by nature anus wife Tired of these angoy anecs, the man left are no shadow that they are epile of takin. thic Fillage and want to residu at a distance, any form the like and can perforas miracles wisen, to the stor slumsent of the public, st It Pondurat is bclicred that Dhuis (nt Lappened that the onwent which is lust at chillies and that they do not speak with bumun the old age wag restored to the moins wife beings Sports se sad to reason and con while she was asleep in the sex village, and etal their sacs for Curtain period of nobody knew wlu brought at there 11 thus tame It lyvadurg, a Bhut is considered was belicved to be the work of the Girlia? to be of uncltricier Popk perform At Ubhadind in the lengurh talaka certain ritey to bring it under subjection fcople believe that a Bhut je fic rec in aspect Their actions are always contrary to natur and very traublesome, but wlicn its wishes are Il seu pesson legins to cry, dance to eat forbidden tlmga tte he 19 sud to be attacked complied with, it becames Inrmless 'The When by s Blut Bhuis reside in jungles burial or cremation there is cnixutt betgrounds old trece, sicred groues and deserted ween two persons, the one who don first I quscs They assume all sorts of shapes and becomasa sambanik and troubles lors during forms Sometimes they appear ierstall, and com ? At Bisani, Ure is lxclick then Some ud at they can instantly assain the shape of a dog, there are two kinds of spirits the welfare of ic people, and others in 1 cat, a tiger, or any other animal Some air js touble watc Is they use no regular thosts are cren sien isung on the links of for thus cannot easily lac recognised users 2 I sin elinge tliet fomus at any time. it Mitbe in the Bergad taluka it is The clutrictre of a Bhul is tu trouble believed that the souls of those who die with people and to lsbc retenige on an old enemy their wisles unfulfilled take the form of a l Å person attacked bro spirit #real Bhut Ther enter the boties of people | Incolicrents and acts like a vad man in such lug woma who is attached bf the Bhul of a cases the lestes of the herb saláp are used Thes ISh Naser Rankasal, Rangri 1 heal afacer Stociv I atnagit chool Vaster irge ratnig rt Schim Muster, Italurg. I atnak ni : School Blaster, Lidánda, Ruben • School az itt 1bhrampur Ratnngri & School Water, i en lur Raaign $ $c col Vaster 1999, Ralpizi ·TOLKLONI: Ol' TIT; KONK.I.Y . w SA $ The lisen are planet mod put mder thu Ti is said that the rail whicle is given to a Brálspatient's inse 11 a fost minuten py011 111311 slik jurforming the funeral rites of a ho potserly the spirit begin to de ad person Bips Imn to reach leises. Ile gets pucah, thurr blir feliing linld of lier lail. There are The people of Gliuk in tlu Koliile Detract thire puths in the ullins Horld. Tlicy arc Prelorst thing the 18 inn funnet1913 erf' a 11!tIn to Bhullimorgon, Karmamärgn, and Yognmárga. frightest pre cipol, tolue of them, and for the 113 The Karmamerge is based to lie superior (5) parfur.is unplein! 17h and develop tre olika11 all." It Misilsil, n bilier pels that the path tox from the It Poladpur it in lielieser fellur other world is throngh the llimálnyas, Theil 1 persons in able to bring a lihat unds Wule kuing throned the routains of this Pole dan mul lu con mishi il sila isory kind of Ilimlags, sans find loappiness or sorrow sork for limit“ Tlue jusspole of Ab while bene according to their nelons in hetime, The there hasellus fire kitlent preople also beliese thing the mul 31 lurns ciers thirussang 1991 at arreun lungenen are the main mouth on the date of llur nou's dle the lo necept functmn of Illusion II ligados in the PersKüsides ('.cuskeil cosi given to the manes, tiluhr. its islased the Blues, sale walling, and renclus licst111 at the end of one scar." 1173:11 Bitlis orth but alunya prose trough It Dihigrum in ilu Jurbrid Inlula, it is Il mir, uertilit the four so loneless : 'Ilir curlours annug thu llindas fo smear with le 13118 of Shurgam in the shom inluk Controlling the place frost u liels is dead body lus absone yok oluldren of in se je lotlu call Inent reposer to the lourning ground. The of any buy at night unirs then ple calling polare is the filegar Hill rice flour, and is in ?n leqanti e l'or si: la colla ludden undert lorsheit, an wil-lump being hept, times they of 10 tilpuril" burma ne ar lys. The prorsusis slın accompany in thar Kullipur District, it is liclised that the corpse ritum lione in lech at the lamp, aud alie Shriracles oty Bhul on lihtliit of n hann it is locis soul thint the soul of the deceased will When a person in alinched by a spirit, P345 for ally creature of species of which od great things on olymersed in bundanganka 230 footprints are 2011 (the rice flour 11 actions IIr liegums ir spurk 111 the languages .It Kolhimur it is lielieved in the soul of .. of the Blutlig which he is atinched. If the person after dentli attains that state to which ghost is of lixe female set, Ilie person spenhs thic' lie aspures at the last iroment before lus dicath, language of females It is bclicted that the Virtuous persons who die without any desire souls or thos ulio linic been murdered or tor rcach licaien and remain there in the form of turce assume the forın of a murit K1103 BAS the stars, wlicre they are blics or to enjoy the Sambandh, and trouble the murderer or thic bnppiness of licasen. Some of them arc scnt torturer, by entering Ius body. It is said that in to this world when they wish to return, Sinners some cases the spirit does not leare the body of are said to reach lull in consequencc of their buch a person till lie dies, thus cracting retenge misdeeds, but soinc remain in this world in the for his past inisdeeds." In Khopoli in Ratnagiri form of Bhuts 11 | 1ng School Mus!cr, Claul, lolain, : School Master, Chauh, Koluba. 3 School Master, Poladpur, kolába, * School Vlas'cr. Alsls, kolába. School Master, Vasaslu, Koliba, School Master, Shirgaum, Thuna 1 Rio Súhcb Shelke, kolhiipur. School Master, Khopoli, Kolubs. 9 School Master, Valúd, Thinr. 10 School Master, Dahigaon, Thina. Il Rio Saheb Shelle, Kolbuipur ·FOLKLORE OF THE KOYKY 53 periodi The people of Achare in the Malwan taluka lusring, smule the peoplu of duringre hold believe that the souls of persons seks die by that the bur is the best way for spirits to acescat return to the $10c caste, and have to enter. The residents of biratpur state tumain there till tue espiry of an appointed that the martu and the nose are the favourite channels for spints entcnus human bodies 10 The people of Chluk believe that persons At Mitbar ut ex believed that spinte attack elsing * vudulen or wlent death leave weslies people un the throat, and generally only those unfulfilled, and are tirrefore compelled to persons wlw are unelcinly in their 22b«es are man in the world in the form of Bhuts ? liable to be attacked There are no scena! At Rain the Salsetle talaka it ss believed ways for entering human bodice "ilt Chaul a that the souls of those dmg a sudden or riolent behef prevails that spirits enter the body death ntain stiration according to their deeds when a person is suffering from any disease os in l.fctue, but it is a current belief that those when lu is triglitersed 12 condutting sucide take the form of 1 glost, In the unkno, people attempt to find goud and those who dic un Lattlefields atto eterna) or bud omens in sneezing It depends upon the salvation mnie and the position or standing of the prsous It Kolhapur, it is believed that the sous ut who sheczeg IC & sich person sheetcs it is those who dre violent deats do not attaz presumed that he was recover from las llness salvation, but are turned into glosts within a try short period, but if the sheezing T'e prople of Ubindandi m the Vengurlts caused by the use of tobacco or suyff as good taluka believe that Bhuts do not possess ur bad omens are drina 1 Sneezing it the visible hunnin foring They cn 8550II 10) tric of curiersation or wlun tunten pfatın, any shapes they like, but there is a conmon beleet particular task or business is beld to be that the kinds and fect of Bhuts are always AUSPIC30123 lence of invxdy sheexes at turned backwards: the beginning of a task, or at the t1 of The most favourable brocs fur spirits to starting out on any such (1sk, the tune 16 anker human bodies are moddiy, midnight and unfntourable Tamming is $1d to br caused twilight Women in delivers as well as by a relatie of friend renembering thr pcrson those in their wensts are most Inblu to be who farns 1: In anckat times fappuiness and attacked by spints? It is generally believed (alumties were forctuld by a force fss the thuit persona ndorsed with ornaments arc sky, grad in modern days they are expressed by atunched boy spunts, especially a cases of sneezing People lzse bucli fasihan sneezing women and chuldren gain, a comuion bulse and often guese whether it is n goud or bad preals in the honkan that persons, and omen to sneeze at the begunmg of any wurk or p>The Darly ladies, decked with flowers and undertaking 15 orniments are bore Bibic to be attacked by Ir man sncezus kith his face towards the sperits than others * The people of rond: westit is considered auspicious If a man Are of opnion that spirits generally enter and sneezea w tle contemplating ang task or bota leune homin bodies uirought the orman of arsy, the meezing is considered adipicious I Subool Master, Achare Ratnag it, School Master, Chack, holdbu. Subool Master Rat, Thánt, Ráo Sahed Sbetre, Kolhapur School Master, Ubh an la, Ratnagiri School faster, Anjarle, Katnágin School futer, Rai, Thána. Schon Master, 14adirade, Ratedgin School Master, Fonde, Ratogin Scbool Master, bhrímur, Rareág the ** School Master Witbar, Rataigne 1: School Mulet, Cha-1, loljon 11 School Master, cadur, Ratnagir # Scool Vaster, Ubhaints, Raadgiske School Blaster, Idrade, kan igen

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·FOLKLONE OF THE LOYKI (3) Sambandha the spint of a person decenes persons at night by calling them by who dres without av her, and lose foneral their names and leading tiem into false paths ritet bare not beea performed by any member it often troubles peuple while crossing risers or of his family It troubles the inembers of creeks af tught, and leads them to places where the tamly, but when in okeil througis a Bha the water is very deep 1t 1$ said that the gat it becomes farinless, snd even faiotr spust Girba blcomes the regular slave of able to the famuly 1 It is the spirit of a person who tales possession of the lar of its corctous person or a sanyası who dies with head, and gives bith anything that he orgures his desires unfalled? It does not allow It requests the petson to return its lur, but any lady to enjoy bus wcsth, and takes this should not be given under any circunu reicnge on 4 enemy till duath ensors It stances Por of the Gurlu gets back its haur kunts trees, wells and unoccapued houses all sorts of misfortunes will befall tbe tan 11 (+) Denulay is the spirit of a Shudra who (8) Chetak us the ghost of a person of dies after his arriage. These (Desackar) te kunbi or Shudra casta: This suurt is spirits are su to reside on the four sides of a also know) as Dat vallige The spirits wluch resude za burial (9) Zuting is thic gliost of man belonging Or cremation grounds, on the banks and in to the Marsor holi caste3 It is also sad old trees are said to be subordinate to tliese to be the glust of Vusalıvan 11 Coconuts, plintuins, sugar, cocks and goats (10) Var is the ghost of an owned must be given aritually to gain their fatuur Person belonging to the Kshatrita e (5) Vunja is the spirit of a Bralımın boy wunity's It is also said to be the ghost of a kladics inmediately after bis thread ceremony, Rajput or a l'urbhaya (Pardesh) but before the final ceremony called Sod muni (11) Cheda is the ghost of art worumnat 18 complete It does not greatly affect its Walar It resides un mountains, itt jonglet viction but simply friglitens hea at attacks, and the outskirts of the rullage Chett it is difficult to drive out It is cast out only attacks donestic swicals It huonis fic) te*** when the patient takes a pilgrunge to a holy ferias, and resides at pablic places ) y tu sl tinc ft resides in a Psp3l tree or in a well Iolt fires are atau lir net n * * (6) bhavis is the spirit of a l'usalaan or being trvabled bs , fimple of a manna! a run-Ilindu' It is also tlic spirit of a Mahar sacrifices of foris and get a of a Ming : (12) Jhssobs as the downth in (7) Girha is thic ghost of a person who and is equal in much to Tam* dies by drowning, or of a tourdered person (13) Jalut a tothe youth Gulinis not sery powerful, and abcga the orders ghost of Famarite na of the crotuists It only frighteas and troubles ) Alksrit is beleted him people do It les by the water side, and dring a 9 1 Rå Saheb Shelto, holhapur > School Master Chack, Koliba * School Master, Khopoli, Kollbe Rw Saheb Shelle, Kolbápor + Suool Master hhopol, Koláde School Xtater, Anjarle, Ratai I kda Saheb Shelte, habeçar " S-4001 Vaster, 450, Ratoket I Schord Waster, Anparle, Raton ·56 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN 10 It resides at burial or cremation grounds. they favour any person, he enjoys health and Persons attacked by this spirit are taken to happiness for a period of twelve years. But Narsoba's Wádi or Gángápur, which are after that period he is ruined. In addition to celebrated as slirines for the renioral of the varieties of malignant spirits alrcady desmalignant spirits.1 cribed, the following spirits are known at Shirgaon in thc Málim taluka of the Thána (14) Lávsat is tlie ghost of a widow. It District. They are--Hirwa, Wághoba, Asarás, generally resides in burial and burning Gángud, Saitán and Chaitannadya. The spirit grounds, and attacks domestic animals and known as Hirwa requires the offerings of a their calves. It is also said to tear clothes and bow and an arrow, bháng, bájri bread, and a eat corpses, cluatni of garlic. The Waghoba haunts jungles (15) Hadal or Hed'li is the ghost of a and troubles domestic animals. Cocoanuts and woman who dies within ten days of childbirth lamps of ghi are offered to it. Asarás are the or during her menses, It is supposed to be deities that dwell in water. They infcst the an evil spirit, but can be kept in clieck by the wells and ponds, and attack women and children use of a cane, It attacks all sorts of persons, at noon lime and in the evening. Red lead, but leaves them as soon as it is beaten.3 cocoanuts, flowers, parched rice (láhya) and This spirit is also known as Dákan in the rádápudi are given to them, 1 At Iblırámpur in the Ratnagiri District it Kolhapur district.* Satavi is the ghost of a is said that the evil spirit Zoting goes about It troubles women in childbirth, and licadless, 11 kills their children on the 5th or 6th day after their birth.5 Shakini is the ghost of an The people of Medhe in the Rohe taluka unmarried girl. Talkhámba is the glost of believe that the spirit known as Girha, which an ummarried Shudra or a person from the resides in water, goes about headless. 12 low castes. The people of Vijayadrug believe At Shirgaon in the Máhim taluka it is believed that the spirit Hirwa goes about headless. that one who hates and troubles the Bráhmans It troubles liuman beings and animals. The sea and speaks ill of their religious duties becomes and the jungle are its places of abode. To a Brahma Sambandha after death,? At Poládavoid being troubled by it, bháng, cocoanuts, pur in the Kolába District the ghost Bápa is fowls are given to it. represented by a stone painted with red lead The people of Dahigaun in the Murbád and oil and placed at the boundary of a field. taluka believe that the Bhut known as Peesa It is the guardian of the field, and protects tlie goes about headless. 14 owners' interests. Offerings are niade to it Some evil spirits haunt trees such as the annually. If the annual offerings are neglect- Pipal, Bábhul and Adulsa. Some have their ed, it troubles the owner of the field. It also haunts on a public road where three streets troubles otliers when disturbed.s meet, or in a dirty place, some haunt old The spirits known as Kálkáiche Bhut and houses, and the rest prefer to reside in Bahirobáche Bhut are not troublesowe. When burial and burning grounds.15 Woman. 13 1 School Master, Ubhádánda, Ratnagiri. 2 School Master, Clauk, Kolába, 3 School Master, Khopol, Kolába. Rao Saheb Shelke, Kolhápur. & School Master, Chauk, Kolába. a School Master, Basani, Ratnágiri. 7 School Master, Vijayadurg, Ratnagiri. 8 School Master, Poládpur, Kolába. 9 School Master, Khopoli, Kolába. 10 School Master, Shirgaon, 'Thána 11 School Master, Ibhrampur, Ratnagiri. 1: School Master, Medhe, Kolába. 13 School Master, Shirgaon, Thána. 14 School Master, Dahigaon, Thána. 16 Ráo Saheb Sheiko, Kolkapur:

·FOLKLOLT OF THF hovil 57 & Many spirits dwell in burial or cremation during I cr childbirth as difficult to drive out grounds. Among them are Vetal, Jakhun, The spirits are always afraid of cleanliness, Klavs, Klaprya, Zotang Dar, Girla, ilarat and therefore, where there is cleanloess there and Lassat1 15 Fery little fear of their attacks The spirits Manja and Sambandh are said The people of Surgaon believe that the to reside near houses and old trees that pro fiend known as lledli attacks a young nother duee sweet smelling flowers The spirits Der and her chuld The Bhulya or the sorcerer char and Chalogat are said to reside at the makes use of lus cane and of the dirty Incense four corners or the boundary of a village ? known as Surlya Uda and compels her to It is believed that all kinds of spirits speak and to ask for what she wants Sone assemble at night at the funeral grudad when times she speaks and asks for the things body us burnt or buried 3 required Boiled rice and curds and oil with The cvil spirits known as Khadis, Loling and red leal art given to her When she leaves Kaſrı are sad to dwell on mountains and in the body the person becomes insensible for jungles wlule the others named Sambandha, a sl ort trore 15 Jal hin, Iladal and Laosat are said to reside The fiend known as lladal, and otller vil on trees + spirits of the female sex grnerally attach Munja resides in the Papal tree Sambandha 4 young mother and her child they tre dwells in the Bangan Pepal and Umbar trecs generally att uked by tl ese hends on a public It is supposed to be a guardian of buried cross rond where three ronds meet or under Babanl tree and also at wells 11 At Verbal in the thin1 District it is At Lbhadan ls in the lengurla taluks it is bchieved that an evil spirit known as lladal believed that those who are killed by tigers infests the tamarind trece or other wild beasty are born as kings in te In the Kolhapur District it is Ilieved that next generation 1 On the other and the the ghosts of persons dying on bittlefields peuple of Bankaslı are of opinion that those infest mountains and jungles, and the esal who suffer death at the hands of tigers and spirit known as Sambandh infests trees? otlicr will be usis are turned into spirits Tlac Gencrally in the honkan, and specially in spirit of a person killed by a tiger is calls the Natnagırı District, young n others and aghrir 11 their children are supposed to be liable to the At Icharc it 19 believed that persons hulle Attacks of the spirits Salavı, Aragal, Alavant, by kons and tigers attain salvation while Jakhon, Deocher and Chilegal 8 those killed by infcrror beasts go to bell 16 At Khopole in the Kolába District it is The people of Iblrámpur believe that believed that a young mother and her child unmarried persons killed by tigers or other are generally attacked by the spirit of the wild beasts take the form of a ghost Males dead wife of her husband, or by a lladal or become Githas and females bromir Jalhors Lactal The spirit that attacks a woman and Larrat, 13 trcaşure 8 School Master M bar, Ratnagir * School Master, Fonde, Ratnagiri School Sfaster Ibhrampur, Ratnág School Vaster, Ibhrampur, Ratnaga s Scl ool Vister, Chauk, hoabar • School Sister, Serbia, Tháp • Rio She S? Like Sof apor • School Master, Achare, Ratnagiri School Muster, Khopol holudur. * Scbool 3f ister Sh rgton, Thána 11 Rko Theb Shelke, Kolhapur 11 School Muster Ubhád Inda, katoigr 13 Subol Master Bankavl , Ratang # School Master, Achate Ratnágra 15 School Vaster Ibhrampur Ratnis rhe ·38 101.6IONI: 01 TIIT: RO18.1.1 1 ile Perlur il Baloclinic then porrsinta hills! . Brife or kolie atlers serp staphon is kept los tres and others will lwind for a'uffe under the bed ollu sampan in orilor elit flic Brilir. livil.sheen T'l!, mille form in assunt. trendlies nii lor clilil 1973 mol lor attacked by milog there wilo dir los nerabes! spridit.' quan lyrigurn. Detaches! Tlor child rokul for 316tring the correct In the District of Collapse u liclare fits Settist for the Birtli is thil, if the birtli inkron sala llist tlir spirit of tur billedlog liprni prep at an upluiche lor, peinl rites are firiesP for Austling blir vil ferie, Tlica lont Ilmian berlerin tual pupunts will ritra ronajat in the prillion of (ertain Joly der for these te pr 11 nroiul de notifisini montrait anil in pising porernit of money, Billinn. 2011 lierelorr it is entierrol in. 105*7011!?!?, jurri, oltrilised bulles, etc., to the Alafranius 31110ng this Ilimis Urime ani nlon for the quexit," 1:111111rried This is tlor pont pe sensibilis flis . Hulle in the Rolirtilula, it is curtouuiry finjority of the landas nurse Ilir Julders fortli bither to throw n slo:r in n well, a ponel, ne on rls amena ar ritat al llir birth of his anal, and that to "Ilir Liliant of #???? olyan o llorili Truls ! Ilir Gorror Gir Juld.: op during line 1.10 ilers *35117314 the foruto In mis prisidered to lir n burd of such l'or tlir poporo pri rutin.: tlir ruoloogile there in all parts of thr Kon... it Hernal roman trong 1! island the folloin is csaidrsul merantry ko perform rspinfors dissero in cooleal This eorpie, de los link rilen sel1111 in misljercles till the comf. In burit 101:1191, i biura unha risposinslan fort thier ritrs are not perforai, it is firmly itali mala ar five ille fuar (urmura of the In lirindtligt 4000 rsil will lollille mrsabor • tư 111 viec tư IAA : 1 lit , 1 l tut of the famuls. I'rious comments are drawn from Tvaring med flotteste planfred in pol!! Ilir cries of the bird l'inglo, nnd these cries t Basilni list in Torld serious blir glansing art 1.110111 it4 Killil. (').illvil and Khil Khils an duin111 whillbirti or during list If on with on the poof of a lonce, it is tucliner 35:111 - tlus Lupin et Vulliri, ilulr llie 1urr signs of coming dently in a member of pscople of titr hollispur District by die sc tlist it the family! ,144&stres the form of Iloin!" .lt Prrgid in the Ratnagiri District the Thir meil porren!!!impts that a lotius huis Sound of a an osrl is considered tro talentile lurth of child are:-- intispicine, and indicates the death of a sick Txarringer for at suitable plaer or a rowym pronin in the liontse. 10 provided withi ilir irinlerinis reported for thic Al (liauk on one in and to linse some occruinn, a to cistore the correct moment for connection with points. Ils sound at night the birth of the could Vopherwin other thinn indicates the approaching death of a sick a miwife is alleerd to enter the room for thir person in the house. One voricly of the ori tirst ten claves I poot is hept filled with water called the pringla is supposed to foretell future ind o luis of the room 111 tur intrance t'i enli bir ils movements and cries, while the of the louse, and all persons mitoring the bat is considered 11 inauspicious bird, and liouse linse to wash their feet with this water. its appearance forebodes coming evil,12 Schoul Vasier, Pendur, Hlainikini. Rio Silch Shelle, kolhupur. School Alastcr, lbhú linda, Ratnigiri School Master, Binharli, Ratnagiri. - Rio Siheb Shell.c, lollipur € School Master, l'endur, Ratnagiri. i Scliool slasice, Jic:dlır, kolilır. 8 School Master, Shirgaon, Thioa. > School Vaser, Idicarc, Renigiri. 19 Scliool Vister, Derzall, Ratnagiri. !! School Master, Clauk, kchila, int 07 1 ·FOLKLORE OF THE AOKIY 59 At Umberg100 people do not thirok stones At Vijayadurg it is believed that 1 pcrant at an ox} ror it 18 considered that the owl lo builds a Jouse in the days of his prospewight sit and rub the stone, and thut the raty and does not survive to enjoy it, Leconu person throwing it will become meal and a Sambuadh He remains in that house w tlie vinted as the stone vers away form of a glost, and troubles cery one w The people of Kolhapur do not believe that comes to stay there, zrcepting the members of Isus famil: there is any connection between the bit or ow! A 837 who iurats bys anul tre spurits of the dead, but they belsere underground lecoines 1 ghost ofter de iti that, If an owl cries out in the evening or at comes back to watch lus treasure, and troubles night, indiettes the death of a sich person in those lso try to cours the fantly The applies also to the sound l'noccupied blouses tre generally linunted of a single pengla, but the sound of a pur or by evil spirits Itatin forts in the hankan penglar is considered auspicious Fliesc battles were fought, the souls of those It 19 generally believed that oll unoccu. slain in the battles are sud to use assumed pwed houses are hianteil by esal spirits the furms of spuits, and to keep a tek user Person who wish to inabit such trouses first the forts 7 perforn the l'astu shán ceremony, and give In the holhapur District there is a ullam a feist to Brulins Is former times, in the Nigte beyond thr ruce Panch Gingt at districts tlint were ruled by the Portuguese, a distance of three miks from Kollpur, where religious persecution prerasled to escape t! c soul of a pxrson med Ippii hulkarna from thirse persecutions, ficople were compelled 11ts assumed the form of , Sambands and to leave their houscy unprotected Before guards the burud tressurce in the House Jearing their houses, ther used to bury their Wher aagindy tries in thig a the fruri dumne treasure in the ground and on that spot the ghost enters the holy or bus daughter in law n banan being or an aunt * a3 sacrificed in and begins to dince and cry out louir, and ord r that the spirit of tu dera should liaier does not allow any one to touch lux trunsure about the place, and prevent strangers from It is also said that he strikes the ground with cong lus stick at night Anotlier suola intaner The esal spurste truch Inunt ruins and guard 13 cited in the rise of the sillage of lats de burcu transures and old forts are known as in the Shirol Petz, where Bápujipant hulkar- Vahapurutin, Kharis, Brahma Rakshasa and nu continues to guard lius laust after death Samban il ile does not allow anybody to live in the luse, If there any bural treasare in an old and if any one is bold enough to skepy thirre inoccupied house, the owners of the treasure at night, the spirit of Bapuji pixirs and Tr#373934 there is the form of a ghost f 11 1rom hm out of the house Tbc bouscus trenere be 1e1r the temple of a detr, it is therefute unlimited at present Tuy wife swappened to be under the guardamsłup of that in adopted a son, but he has there in another dete village Yadinge. Inchool Master, Umberg101, TÁn. School Vester, Cbbeldada, Ratnagiri School Master, I caduf, Ratoázirk + &cbool fuster, fold ipur, Kolbu Rea Saheb Shelte, ho nápur • School faster Adrace, Raccégint School Master, Vipadrug, Randet • Kéo Saheb Shelle, holbarer ·62 FOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN pot. repeating the Rám raksha slotra, i. e, the them into water. Some people takc water in protecting praises of Rrímn, the seventh 11 copper plate and extinguishy in it burning incarnation of Vishnu. Among Brálumans. sticks of tlıc lamarind trce, after waving them ricc grains are wayed thrice round the face round the body of the affected person." of a child and put into water. The water is At Khárbáv in thc Bassein taluka of the then thrown away. Even flowers are wared round tlic faccs of small children in the Thána District, fivc picces of broken tiles evening and tlırown away, are made red liot and put into water in which At Chaul in the Karjat taluka of the i little quantity of all the cooked food in the housc lias been mixed. Turncric powder is Kolába District, somc people wave the left also put into it. A pen knifc or some other shoe thrice round the body of the affected iron instrument is then turned five times person for tlic purpose of erading the effects of an evil cyc. A red hot iron bar is also in the water. A winnowing basket and a broom arc waved tlırice round the face of cooled in watcr mixed with turmeric powder." the affected person, and placed over the water At Shirgaon in the Málim taluka of the Thina District water is drawn in a brass or At Dahánu in the Thána District, tvo al copper pot in the evening, and turmeric big stones, of which one has been traved powder, rice, and any other cdible articles on round the face of a person affected by an which the evil cyc has fallen arc put into it. evil eye, are struck one against the other. Twentyone date leares, cach of them with If the stonc breaks, it is beliered that the a knot, arc then wared round the body of the cvil cffcct has been removed. Cowdung is affected person and thrown into the water pot, mixed with water in a brass or a copper burning coals being dropped into the mixture. plate, and dust from a public road, hair, and Thic pot is then waved thrice round the body burning black cotton cloth are put into of tlic affccted person, and kept in a corner another small ressel. This ressel is then of the bedroom for one night, with a basket, rared round the person, and placed upside a broom, and a sandal or an old shoe placed | down over the mixture of coudung. If on the top. It is then thrown away in the it sticks to the brass plate, this is supposed inorning in some public place where three to be due to the eril cye.? roads mect. If the water becomes red, it is The people of Kolhápur beliere in the supposed that the evil eye las been effects of an evil eye. A child suffering removed." from an evil eye turns pale and thin, and suffers from The effects of an evil eye are sometimes headache. To avoid these visible on the face of a child in the form of cffects, elderly women make a mark with lamp small red pustules. The appearance of such black on the face or brow of the child. pustulcs is called Chák padane.4 Boiled rice and curds, and bread and oil If a person is affected by an evil eye at the are also passed round the face of a child, tinie of taking his meals, lie loses his appetite. ( and thrown into a public road. 8 He also becomes freaker day by day. Generally, in the Konkan districts, oppro- One of the modes of removing these evils is brious names are given to children when they to wave fresh date leaves three times round are sickly, always crying, and weak, or when the face of the affected person, and to throw they are short lived. These names are *1 School Master, Kbopoli, Kolába. 3 School Master, Sbirgaon, Thána. 5 School Master, Malád, Tbúna. 7 School Master, Dahánu, Thána, ? School Master, Chauk, Kolába. 4 School Master, Padghe, Thána. 6 School Master, Khárbáv, Thána. 8 Ráo Saheb Shelle, Kolhápur.

·FOLKLORE OF THE LOlh! 63 Marya, Rodya Kerya etc It is bel ered In the S1 I lampula a book pertain ng to that children improve a health wl en called the gol Sh va n the chapter of Smant ni by sucł o probz ous nao es 2 it has been descr bed low a man was turned Opprobr ous names s ci as Dhondu kondu into a wornan Keru treg ren to cl ildren n famles nwbc) At holl apur there are no nstances known the first cl Idren are shortl ed But uer of a change of sex The goddess I allanma real names arc d fferent rie names of the Jas sigb reputation in ths dur et for Fellknown ar twet c n beru Nana Chhatre and I a son Kondopant Chlatre are examples mak ng a change in the hab ts and deportments of men and women of opprobr ous names ? espec slly among low caste people It s bel e ed that the curse of Among 1 gh class H ndas the first son tb s goddess l as the power of destroy ng the is not ge erally called by I a real pa e but I tilty of males wbereupon they bel stelle by one of the opprobr ons names & ven females Many nstances of this type can be abo e seen at the fa r of the goddess I alla mms wich Ch Idren are somet nes we gled with sloes or sandals and also wth cowdung in some s held in Várgash sha (December ) men cases the r 1 ostr Is are bored espec ally the dressed a women s clothes and y cc ersa are often seen at tl s far $ right one II ndus generally call tler ch Idsen by In Western Iuda ron na ls sre generally the names of the r det eg and ancestors and used when any sprt s to be bur ed n the they attr bute tie premature de tl of the ground Oil er metals sucl as gold Iver ch ldren to tlor own msbel av our towards and copper are somet mes offered to the glosts such ancestors or to the r lay ng abused The blood of fowls and goats s also offered them tley fear that sec] abuse or to them Wen zicenses burnt before a m sbel av our las ofended the ancestors sorcerer the sprt e ters nto hbody To avod the r d spleasure and ti e conscquent Water s charmed and spr nkled over the death of the r cl Idren, the people & ve body of a person attacked by an er i apot opprobr ous names to the r next born soch Rce and add are required for as Dagadya Dhondya Gundya Dandyo erore s ng arts Red powder Pagar tur Keryo Ukrdya, Kondye Lobhyo etc Te mer Cowder black o ntment kajal lepon, custom of tattoo ng one s de of the body of Varak ya 11 uda a k nd of incenge betel leaves females also prera Is in the holl ápar D ett et betelnats cocoanats mango lea es N rgud espec ally in cases were the cl Idren a Icares and peces of clot? are also used for finly are shorti red the same p rpose In the Purange there are instances of a les Cane st cks are used by people as a protec de ng transfor ed nto females and fem les t on ag ost er i spr's A stick cut from to males For exampl uc female Amba x38 the tree known as Pandha is also used as transformed to a malc called st kl nd and protect on Carmed black cotton str Des are the male Narad was transform d nto a ted to the west arm or neck fem 1 Irjuna tle tl rd brother of the very much afrs d of a ghost he ropests the Induras asad tol are chang dh sses and nine of the monker god Bárut or on the trnal to Bralinnad, de ty tlst may be forourable to a sfi* Schoo Mac 31 Rang 1 S hoo sa Anj e Rank US hoo MX FT Tiba of Thins S hooler Dandar T. Rio Sheb She f• Kabác Sbola e hesh Ku Schoo Master Stud Tbina Ré Séheb She te Schools « Bases Ra nign s booster I gra ng ! תוגת Ifa ·04 FOLLORE OF THE K0.7.1.1 - . The blood of fowls and gonts is uncil as a At lái, il custom prcrails of putting coral protection ngainst ghosts and Derachárs, and nccklnccs on whildren as a protective against xi}so ngainst witclicraft. Clintieel water is evil spirits waved round the person nflcctai ly an evil Iron nnils and liorscshocs are driven into Apirit, and thironn mwny. Rings, amulct*, and the thrcluid or on to the door of a liousc on ankicks one of metals of five kinds ari put the full moon day or thic Inst day of the Hindu on the lands and loss of children lo word of calendar month at' ctening time, to prevent the effcets ng cril spirits, clic entrance of cril spirits. Dirty localitics It is custom:rgo una certain pirople to apply bring considered to be launts of evil spirits, spittle to tlic sandalpaste mkon the forelicad pcople living in such localitics burn incense of n mnn, and to the red tissukumork on thic ' in their lowusses every day. While cxorcising forchead of :n unwidowed woman), Il is concvil pirits the sorcerers throw clarıncd Udid sidered to ben protection against rril spirits, grains and Raile panic seeds on the body of Tlne book of an ugle, i stick cul froin a the diseased, or place these things below lijs free known as Peindhri, an eine having threr joints, and the root of a shiruh callesi Shrirad, burd. Rings made of metails of five kinds,-- which lins white leaves, arc uicl as protection ironi, copper, brass, silver and gold-arc against evil spirits." chiorum o an eclipse dny, und worn by people. Red Ic:d and corries arc ticd to the necks Al Pendur in the Silvan lalukin of the Ritnagiri District il is believed that an iron 115 feet of animals as protection against cril stick held in the land is a protection against spirits. Tlie spirits that haunt buricd treasures cvil spirits." are picified by the blood or fowls and goals All Chauk in the Korjat taluhu of the Islien digging up such trcasures.' Kolub: District, pictures of certain deities are Certain mantras are written on a paper, aud tattooed on the burly for the purpose of the paper is tied to : black cotton string, or thic protection against evil spirits. It is also belipaper is put into a copper apuulci, and thien tied ered Gint cvil spirits run asray when salt and tu a black cotton string. Tlc black cotton garlic arc tlırown into fire as they cannot bear string with the anjulet is then tied round the thic smoke of burning garlic." ariu or the neck of a person attacked by cvil Atfedhc in the Roh: taluka, wlicni tlic dead spirits, or suffering from malarial fevers. body of a woman dying within ten days of Thcse mantras disclosed to licr dclivery is taken out of thic liousc for anyboily.14 burial, an iron lorseshoe is driven into the Vadidorn is a black cotton thircad liaring threshold of the house, and grains of Váchani seven or ninc knots with a chariocd paper in arc scattered in thc strect while the corpse is onc of tlıcsc knots. The thread is first held being carried to thc burial ground, At Bluran in uic Jurbád taluka sonic over burning inccnsc, and then ticd round the ncck or thic arm of the diseased. Sunday peoplc tic is square piccc of Icather to the necks of thcir children as protection against is generally chosen for attaching these evil spirits." thrcads, 11 arc never School Master, Ubhiidanda, Ratnugiri. : School Master, Bándivade, Ratnúgiri. 9 School Master, Fonde, Ratnugiri. * School Master, Pcodur, Ratnagiri. 5 School Master, Chauk, Kolába. ſ School Master, Medhe, Kolába. . School Master, Bhutan, Thána. School Master, Rei, Thina. 9 Rio Sálieb Shelke, Kolhuipur. 10 School Master, Bríndivade, Ratnagiri. 11 School Master, Külse, Ratnágiri.

·TOLALORE OF THE LONAIS 6) 1 At Poladpur in the Kolába District, there I orderls sages and saints und to make lived a sorcerer who used to give such amulets such sacred circles round their residence - and cbarined threads He placed about ten peating certain mantras, for their protection or twelve copper rings or apulets in a copper 'from eul spirits It is believed that the plate kept in the sun Wlule thus exposed to spirts cannot enter or lcure these enchanted the sun these amulcts were continuousls watchcircles ed by the sorcerer for some two hours, repeating such spints at the bound ines of these circles They used to burs bottles containing certain manitar! At Malad in the Than District, copper There are ding such places in the kolhapur amulets and charmed black cotton tireads District such as Buransábeb ot Bralinipuri in the name of hal Bhurav, an incarnation | thu Sadhubuwn of Panliala, and Babu Jauzál of the god Shivs, gre used as protective at Kolhapur aguast cvil apınts They are tied to the aims It is a general bchef among all classes it or the neck of the diseased on an eclipse day, Hindus in the Bombay Presidency that Satur on the last day of the Hindu calendar month, 'day is an unluchs dar, and in some places a Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturdsy Frider and Tuesday ne 19 considered It kolhapur, the use of amulets is generally linauspicious resorted to by people suffering from the attacks of evil spirits or from alarm feiers. Sunday is considered as An ordinari di The sorcerer who exorcises the evil spirits Mondas lednesd 11 and Thursday are wrides certaut mantras on a paper, or draws believed to be auspicious or lucky day certain symbols and repeats the mantras over It is said that a thung suggested or twuglet them. The paper is then wrapped in an of on Triday cannot be carried out success ajoulet made of copper or silver, and fastened fully to a cotton thread This amulet 19 tied round Sowing seed and watering trees > strictly the arm or the neck of the disersed Belore forbidden on Sunday It is believed that tying it to the arm or the nech, it is once trees do not bear well at watered on Sundars held over burning incense * Tuesday and friday are considered unluck A sncred circle is frequently used as a pro- Wednesday tection from spirits The sorcerer draws a circle durs for beginning a new tash on the ground with busstich, and the following and Saturday are said to be anruspuewus tir articles are put inside at Coconuts lemons Fisitng another Tallage red lend, and a Kohala gourd lowls are also The numbers 2,6 11, and 70 are lelici ed $1crificed to this circle Tlin nilling in of tlus to be lucky, 45, 10 and 8 are unluchr and circles called mandabharane by the exorcists | 1, 3, 7 and 9 are considered as muddling or Rice or Udid grain, and ashes chammed bop moderate mantras, are scattered round 1 certain arca The figure zero is bs sone considered of land, or are given to n person supposed to 101uspicious be affected br evil spirits The spirits cannot Tie nurubers 5. 7,9 are six brsim to enter * place charmed in tus manner Thes be auspicious and I, 3 11 ind 13 are also scattered round the place supposed to be fuunted by evil spirits in the belief that insuspici rus 24 Deither evil spirts nor snahe ein transgress Oud nunibers are auspic100%, and ereu num. the boundars thus marked bs i sorcerer bers are and the inspicuous 1: 1 School Vaster rolapur, ha aba Schous Master, Bufel, Thant Rio Sibcb, Shelke, holbopar + School faster, Báadira de, Ratgiz ri. School Master, Ubbadinda, Ratnago * Rúa Sheb selke, holbápur School Master, Ubhadás la, Raindz ti Ischool lister, tagut, Ranaşırı * School Master, hhopol, kolaba Schond Vaster, Rd, Thens School Vaster, Bindade, hatnazn Rio Seb Shele, ko ipar! in ·66 FOLKLORL OF THE KONKAN 10 omens, 11 The following are generally held to be sneezing, or the asking of a question at the auspicious omens time of departure, waiting, meeting a person While going on any busmess, to come across with an emply vessel, how ling of dogs and an unwidowed woman, a cow, Bráhmans, a jackals, a pair of crows playing on the ground, tive-petaled flower, or a pot filled with water;1 and a liglited lamp extinguished by its fall the throbbing of the right eyelid and of the on the ground? right arm of a man, and of the left eyelid of a While plans or proposals are being made, it woman, a Bráhman coming in front with a is considered inauspicious if any one sneczes cup and a spoon in huis land after taking his on the sound of a lizard is heard Meeting bath;- lhe appearance of a peacoch, the a person of the depressed classes whose touch Bliárad wáj or the blue jay, and the mongoose, is pollution, or a Brálıman who accepts funeral especially when they pass on the left side of gifts, is considered inauspicious. Meeting a the person going on business, 3 woman who is in her menses, a mourner, a The following are considered to be suspibuft alo, a snahe and a diwad are considered cious fhen seen within a bundied paces of 1 inauspicious An iron vessel or an iron bor, cow dung cakes, salt, grass, a broom, a vulture, person starting on busmess:-- and a washerian bringing with lum dirty Brálımans, unwidowed women, boiled food, clothes are also considered to be inauspicious meat, fishes, mill, any kind of coin, the bırd Cháslia or the blue jay, passing by the left Among the Hindus in Western India, for side, the appearance of the moon in front, a the purpose of helping the spirit to go to person coming across one's path with vessels heasen safoly, and for securing its goodwill filled with water, and a married couple, a cow towards the survivors, after death ceremonies with its calf, images of god, cocoanuts and other called the Shoráddhas are generally performed. fruits, the motlier, wlute clothes, the sound Some perform these ceremonies once a year of a musical instrument, a llorse, an elephant, in the month of Blıádrapada, and others percurds, flowers, a lighted lamp, a jackal, a form them twice oi thrice 1.e on the anniverspiritual preceptor, a public woman, a Mahár, sary day of the deceased as well as in the a washerman coming with a bundle of washed dark half of Bhadrapada, which is generally clothes, and a marriage procession the manes' fortnight (pitri The following objects and persons are pah sha).12 generally believed to be inauspicious The funeral solemnities performed from the Oil, buttermill, a couple of snakes, a mon- 1st to the 14th day from the death of the key, pig, and an ass, firewood, ashes and cotton, a person with a disfigured nose, a man dressing deceased are as described below:- his hair in tlie shape of a crown, ied gailands, On the first day, at the time of burning the wet clothes, a woman wearing red cloth, in dead body, a plot of ground is purified by empty earthen vessel, a Bráhman widov, 1 repeating certain mantras, and the corpse is Brahmachárı and an unmarried Brahman", then placed on it Before setting the funeral a widow, a bare-headed Bráhmın, a cat going pile on fire, balls of boiled rice or wheat flour across the path, a dog flapping his ears, are put on the face, the forehead, arms and mecting a barber with his bag, a beggar, the chest of the corpse. Such balls are placed known as School Master, Ubhadanda, Ratnagiri 3 School Master, Achare, Ratnagiri. 6 School Daster, Achare, Ratnagir.. ? School Master, Khopoli, Kolaba. 9 School Master, Anjarle, Ratnagiri. 11 Rác Saheb Shelle, Kolhápur. ? School Master, Khopoli, Kolaba. 4 School Master, Mitbáv, Ratnagiri. o School Daster, Ubhádánda, Ratnágırı, & School Master, Mitbáv, Ratnagiri. 30 School Master, Pendur, Ratnagiri. 12 School Master, Devgad, Ratnagiri.

·TOI ALORE OF ALL AO111 67 TS t a ur n on thc body of the deas d only when deat! they willeli tle so I of the lend xl ! tas taken place on an unlucky day or wlen cross ni tr la tarna! there is an unlucks conjunct on of stars Tle 11 ater m Ied til or Sesin u sel son or son otler narr Inta of t1 deceased sandal ast and obletns of bo led rear & nerally 1 of rms tleser les w tl tle I lp & vend ls to the nanes to s cure tl red a Bral nir est Othetl rl di le w II towards thesr gous to the burn ng i la collects the ass it B nha 1 n the Dap ! tal ha ott f tle I ceas dan itir vy tn nto the ser Rat agt D str et nord r to ir et On tl s occus on ! 9 accomp n d by the soul fro assu nng the forn of blot ar relats of tl cd censed Ral prsons wloare 19 a custo of tab IPC ot Cuired able to go to Benaresk ej the bones of the si ce cs of vonse or tl see 1 of 1 eget leceased are ta d throw them nto the ble known as Vathblá) roun I tle necht th co beto e burn It s Ganges at Prayaga near Benires after jer Is buled tht bd ng tl s tl 601 form ng certa n Shrad lhartiere Tleging el from troubl ng tles ors of oblat ons cont nu s da ly t Il tlet nth da The oblat ons of the tenth lus are call d Das It Poladpur nte Rolabı D serct : Pnda an ll gers dr Tle r les of the el enth d rnnntti Txad ! Are t! tu call d Flot stla On tt tle orj se lefort El elerenti dar tie ground person perform ng tler tes l , to el ingels Iley bel esetlat nis qu the son of the deceas d w ll not trn scred thread after spp ng a Ittle cows el sprt Cooked food repare I at the place Son pople sitter grino el were thertes fulley nt d y nre jer road xl le tle corps s le 8c IT! t! forned on 1 Br Im s are fed il re or at creu ton ground A nog tle H ndug n tl knap least th rty two no il fuls of coohed font are wu n tle Dccan dillud offered ! tle & cred fir Abg bill of are null burtlut un ir tt toll Lo led ce put before the sac od fire or near tle Bral 1ng tak ng ther meals is tl on tl rawn Persol ng oſs all jur * to tless A mil calf $ Ts cnlf nel lib rtl or durur nis > branded worsl ri ed and let loos cl 1 is calle II aty d con dered sacted by ti dy ng t n s months fron tl both Sanya + are bu ert Tic bod of perun Hagers On tl 1111 day si calcere non es suffing fro lepross ar ieces ar l brals for propt at & tle ciglu arus and decle en Iwong Lngssats the lads are alka Rudras ar perfor el and g fts of n I lot of but d (rt n mantras are rep it I wil ground 1 cor cooking essels ar ous k nds bury ng or burn ng tel d bol of corn, sollen m ges siera Imperbury na cornuts and crta n k n ls of grs n con* clotl es sloe's wbr1149 lell og te are tloun nto the grue and after c Are & on to il Dral tang collectc tler tle lal bly wt1 ault tl grar is fill 1 ui 0 1361 day after dentl a f ist w t1 earth and stng 11 bt ng the to 13 or more Byal na sa it! ut! relats d ad Lxxly silicet un t! fu eral ! Sarahddán ie the eft fa alſ and wth ts tad to tl n rtl aifettwand Copra line of a cou and a calf are also s ut! Tuls and sandal www and at tlc Brel insolle un rstin ing tlat Bel wwwi ir kejto le le before la as T stall they ar bi 1 r R&S deb She le ho bapu S hooltas er 140 I Ri sogiri hool was er Ubhavanda Ra nag 1 hoo! Mas e Band ale katask 1 School Master Poladpur hol be • School Master Ibhrampu Ra nig ·68 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN 5 the dead body over it. Cocoanuts and The Agnihotri, i.e., one who preserves perpecamphor cakes are placed on the body, and tual fire in his bo'use for worship, has to get it is set on fire. Among the Lingayats and himself shaved every fortnight. Gosávis the d ad are buried. Before burying, Among high class Hindus boiled rice is the Lingayats have to take a written order daily offered to the dead after a portion has from their priest, the Ayya or Jangam. been thrown into the fire, the remainder being The paper is then tied to the neck of the given to the crows. The portion thrown in deceased, and the body is placed in a bag the fire is called Vaishvadev, and that which is made of new cloth, the head being allowed to given to the crows is called Kágwás. Among remain out of the bag. Blaasma or aslies, salt other Hindus it is given on the last day of and camphor are also put into the bag along Bhádrapada and on the date of the father's with the corpse, which is then buried. The death, annually;6 Oblations of boiled rice are Jangam repeats mantras when the body is in the given to the dead every day, on the last day of grave. No such written order is necessary for the Hindu calendar month, on the date of a the burial of Gosávis. A cocoanut is broken person's death every month, on the same date of on the head of the corpse at the time of the dark half of Bhadrapada every year. These burying it. Among liigh class Hindus the oblations are put out of the house before taking corpse is carried to the funeral ground in a the meals. It is believed that the ancestors bier made of bamboos. Anong the Lingayats come down in the form of crows to partake il gaily dressed frame called Vakhar is pre of these offerings.7 Oblations of cooked food pared on the bier, and the body is dressed with are also offered to a cow, and considered thus clothes and head dress and seated in the Diak. to be received by the dead. They are especially har. Some of them carry the dead body in a given to the crows annually in the dark half of bag made of blanket. There is a custom of Bhadrapadu on the date of the deceased's keeping foot-prints on the spot where a San- death.8 Afler the corpse has been carried to yási is buried, and they are daily worshipped the funeral ground, an oil lamp containing by the people. Among the Káthawatis of one colton Wick is kept on the spot where the Thána and Kolába districts the dead body is deceased expired. The flame of the lamp is first buried, and after a few days the skeleton' directed towards the south as it is believed that is taken out of the grave and then burnt as the soul goes to heaven by the south. A ball usual.? Among the high class Hindus the of boiled rice and a little quantity of water or moustaches are shaved at the death of parents milk is kept daily for the first ten days near paternal uncle and elder brother. Among the the lamp while repeating the name of the Shudras it is not necessary to shave, Persons deceased and of the gotra to which it belonged. who have lost their parents have to perform The lamp is taken out of the house on the certain funeral rites or Shraddhas when they X 11th day.' visit holy places such as Benáres, Prayag, Hindus believe that impurity attaches to all Ayodhya and Násik, and they have to shave i the, things in the house in consequence of the their moustaches at all these places before dea of a person in that house. All those performing the funeral rites,' Moustaches things which can be purified by washing are are also shaved as a penance for certain sins. washed and taken back, while things like • Rio Sáheb Shelle, Kolhấpur. 2 School Master, WIohlade, Thána. 3 School Master, Mitbáv, Ratnagiri. 4 Ráo Saheb Shell,Kolhápur. 5 School Master, Khed, Ratnágiri. 6 School Master, Kelma-Náhim, Thána. 7 School Master, Ubhádunda, Ratnagiri. 8 School Master, Devgad, Ratnagiri. 9 Rio Silieb Shelle, Kolhápur.

·FOLKLORE O TIE KOTA G9 t Durbo a per al $ cart) en pots cooked food cte are thrown twelve days person heor ng of the death away spec al carc be ng trhen to break these of a member of 1 s famly with the first pots so that they may not be used agin. I ven tn days from the date of the deat! becomes the walls of the louse Are w te wasl d 1 TI free from that nwuen ng on the ele ent) earthenots that are requ red for the funeral day If le hypens to ar twt nonc rts of tle dead are all kroken One who montl of the deat! le 111 to obser e s reqrd for lo lng water to bacie tle for tiree diys and art r one month iclis to COPE 4 broken wlen the body s carrelt observe it for one ly only TIe son or the fun ral groun! Oft! rest one 9 broken one w! 1 rfor funeral rtes of t? at the funeral pl after th SO 113 ja sed leceased l 19 to sleep o the ground ani! 3 tir ce roud tle, le rtl in turtlenes! to take I smejly onls one ad, til til end All dtl water It sblecltat brls and of the 13th lay He tak sl. bt! n cold an mals dr k ng water ut f these ess la water Sweet tngs ar not prepared n tl wo ld be nfect dbd sease a lts s tl Tou e lur ng tid of mour in rrison w tl se oty are broken Tie our the yer ol of no me ry nor ng ners who use arti en ves els d r ng tlp mo r Br in n co ves to the mourner s louse and ning Irenk tle at the end of t] mourn ng rec tes soin pa nges lo tl Gaul Purana 1 song the Igrs of Cl zul rtl whell test t? tat of th soul aftr holaba D tr ct all rtl n res els nthelouse d att 0 t] el nt! dyt1 House 18 are broken ontle ele entl d y after a data Ex sme r th cow lung an icowy urn the fan ly ti ci ef reaso 1 as on 1 for ti s tle lou 11 the clotles are act bring that the ws! y an 1 des res of the wasled ot Lyser el I ceng git Iurk n the cart en es els cos tad all ot 1 Sanyas anith Ling its apica se trouble to the nmates of the louse 3 d not obser e any k nlot nu rn ng All the members of the fail of the den! Tie brot rotte de 1500 | > $0 In e to obser e mourn ng for ten lays ad all the nmbers belong og to t! are ; ur fi 1 on the cle enti lay after tak ng fainly lo e to ob U i bati nnd s 11 ng Panci garya or tl fi ejro Ti marr dd bliter of t1 I cease 1 lucts of the cow Tie son of the dealerson y to obscet for t! er dys I ron the ne thon erforms the fu ral r tes of the deal rith or s atl en nerut on ti $ 1 tau 1 ujur field on tl twelfth lay aftrenntng obs red for the or on iyon 1 tiertes ( Sapni ini m um ng ca e It! death of . *fsar ots tlc locs tt slt! s were not in urn ng lu band l as to obrt nourna tor tl ree It aybxulv to al s1 n but ftlen luret lays Drs the บ n n ? jsou ! t ke abu ries of the Ice clor in the not worst the gods or go to the tail, ab ese of a son any lab rb log ng 11h is als I bind length vourn ng tam ly sett dtorfor the Ties fuaenlrts of the la I rol Tie nuur ts ar oft lo cl any I tes are Tretormed for gue first tiled rs began burly excette Lory ft faply ng tro the first lay or from the 3rd On the ti tecnil 11 tlks $ And otlar Sth tl rte 911 Owl pel rnst > n! rs of tle fan ly or tak r trs last s ou hrou ! lur og ul se temi! fayd tylr the role as ni 1 r kl u Mourn ng n the Tley $U ur 8 tor ten P t otto > hoo Vase Lbhájánd Raads Shoo Vas e Chou hudba Ras Cheb She ke ho hapo to Va 1. > ebbe te ho napu Iool Mas er Lbhijada la niza . S hos Sac by Ra nágn Va agje ho sb..

·70 HOLKLORE OF TIIE KONKAN for the purpose. It is belicved that after The spirits known as Mahápurush 'haunts going to the temple on the 13tlı day, the sons tlic Pipal and Umbar trees. Avagat the ghost and the other members of the family are at of a widow haunts the Avali (Phyllanthus liberty to go out of tlie louse 1 emblica) trec. Alavant, the ghost of a woman At Kolhapur it is believed that the deities dying at childbirth or during her menses, lives Etalái and Kalkái of the Konkan districts in the Nágchámpa, Surang and the Kájra keep with thein evil spirits as their servants, irces. Deraclár, Sambandhi, Nunja, Zoting, These servant spirits obey the orders of these Khuvis and Khápra reside in trees and plants. deitics. Some pcople in this district go to The people of Kolhapur beliere that the the temples of these deities and request them lo spirits known as Bramhasambandh, Brahma Rákshaşar, and Kharis reside in trces. leud tliem lhe services of these spirit scrvants. The spirits known as Derclár and Chalegat It is considered very lucky to sccure thic are considered to be the special protectors of Tielp of these spirits. The temple ministrant crops and cattle. then requests the deity to give a Kaul or omen. The people of Ubládánda in the Ratnágiri For this purpose, the temple ministrant calls District belicie that the rillage deities and on the deity to enter his body, and when he llie Derachúrs are the special protectors of is possessed by the spirit of the deity, he crops and cattle. Offerings of fowls and allows the applicant to take with him one of cocoanuts are made to them annually:S llie deity's servants for a fixed period. The At Kochare in the Ratnagiri District, the Gurar, or the ministrant, then explains to the spirit known as Visváti is believed to be the person the period for which tlie spirit servant special protector of crops and cattle. is given, and the amount of the annual tribute The people of the Kotába District consider required to be given to the deity for the use of that the spirits known as Maslıya, Klavis, her servanl. He also gives liim a cocoanut and Bandar are the protectors of crops and cattle. 10 and sacred ashes. The applicant then returns At Dahánu in the Thiána District, the spirit liome, believing that the spirit serrant will Cheda is believed to be the guardian of crops follow him, and from that time he prospers. and cattle. 11 This spirit servant is called Chetuk, and it Tlie people of Kollápur believe that the can be seen only by the person in wlose charge deities of the fields protect the crops and it is given by the Guray.2 cattle. Those who are in possession of the At Achare in the Ratnagiri District, the spirit Chetuk, or the serrant spirit, are sure to find of a Brálıman well versed in the l'edas is called their crops and cattle protected by this servant Mahápurusha and it is said to be benevolent. spirit.12 It haunts Pipal and Umbar trees." Evil spirits are not usually invoked to At Murbád in the Thána District, the spirit frighten children, but occasionally the names known as Vetál, the king of evil spirits, is of goblins such as Bágulbáva, Bowáji, Gosávi considered to be benevolent." etc. are mentioned to scare tliem. 1:: 1 School Master, Múlád, Thána. 2 Rrío Sáheb Shelke, Kolbúpur. 3 School Master, Achare, Ratnagiri. & School Master, Murbád, Thána. 5 School Master, Achare, Ratnagiri 6 Báo Saheb Shelse, Kolkapur. 7 School Master, Fonde, Ratnagiri. & Sohool Master, Ubbádánda, Ratnagiri, 9 School Master, Kochare, Ratnagiri. 10 School Master Varsai, Kolába. 11 School Master, Dahánu, Thána. 12 Báo Sábeb Shelle, Koihapur. 23 School Master, Achare, Ratnágiri.

·CIIAPTER VII lun any TRI TVD SERPEVTI ORSIP Groves of mango trees are considered to be At Fonde in the Dergad taluk. it is coul sacred as they have a pleasing appearance sidered intospicious to cut the trees and the and afford grateful shelter against tlic Licat of groves that surround the temple of , vlingar the day Its a general belief aviong Hindus deity, for they are belired to lelong to that trees from wluch sucls pleasure and pro that desty tection are derired must naturally be the abcdr of the gods. There are many such grores in At Padglar in tlır Than District tr trere Satara During the spring season people go wluch are supposed to basr bern haunted by to these groves and sorship the trees TI evil spirits such as Samlandh, Vunja Dera- Hindus have a general prejudice against char etc are not generally cut lov tio prople througlo fear of Urs sports, cutting living trees which yield fruits, and it tree il cut down the custom to keep a ston is considered specially oruspicious to cut the at the root of tir tror in order that the following trees - Umbar, I ad or Banian tree, Pupal, Saundad picr mis no longer live affected or lammerd by tlır spirit tur tre There are certain or Shamı, Palus, Bel, Nui, Arali and the Tuin families who do not burn Pupal. hair or plant for it is believed that these trecs arr Shuant wood Timeline that the burning the abode of derties, eg the god Dattatraya of these trers cusry larm to their familie rendes under the Umbar tree, the goddess It 11 kad tut the burning of Ur Apla tror Parvat on the Banjan tree, and the god V 19hru causes the I reeding of the insct known ** rendes near the Tula plant The god Gochadile the cattle or dog lours Brahm, the creator of the world, 11 ford in There 19 an A redumbar trer of tim gori the Popal tree The plantain trec is also cor- Dattatraga st Bhullamad) and big Banun sidered to be sacred While gathering a bunch tree oror the math of the Lingayat eredmo of plintains, the trer first cut before the named hadappi mraz folhapur which banch It is considered aspicious to gather worslupped br ur people of the miglooring the bunch without so doing tillages. The Sounded tree briter known) 16 There are certyn grores at Ubhadando in Skant, is worsky ped once > yes on the tbe Vengurla taluks of the Ratnagiri District Daraza thr 10th day of the bright all of which are supposed to be haunted by Dera Iskorin (October) til sid that Pom the chars, and are tkrefore swt eat by the sereneh oration of long brgt bormt txople on the Shani tre daring hus fourtan grarı The people of Illrampur in the Chiplun ezile and took Urm busck grin wins ir talcks consider it 1710pciocs to cut the lad marrindopron Larks or Crylon to kill Porn and Pipal trees of wluch de thread ceremo the demon king of Cerlon 157 le going to Lanks br boved to the Shamı tror en ag mics have been performed. After the thread ceremony of the trees is Oter oslone plzt. le 26 seerufu w kat andrikaz ide form is raised around thro? yaralás and to start for a categy on the .., "fheb wel hot, Ibo Wate, Lac, Passt. >6 bol Huer, Iris, f, Pak I5c1 X3*, Fe3 2. Prin Ector 1 Barter, the 121 1 buc Varer, D. va, This ·72 FOLKLONE OF TIDE KONT1.V Dasara day after worshipping the Shumi trce, Umbar-Illen the god l'islim in luis fourth nu distributing its leaves among their friends incarnation, called Nursinli, i.e. half an und calling il Surarn or gold. This is suid of lion, lore into pieces the body of the to be the origin of the festival of Dasura, a demon n.116d lliranyakashipu with his claus, species of the film rind frer callcai Gorakh le felt a burning sensation of the poison from Chinch is said to Ire: comector with the Ilindu the lody of that dernon, uliicli vas assinged int Gorihimildi. For this reason this tree i bois Ilirusting his linds into the trunk of the is worshipped by the people get fair is Umbar agrarambar irer." held every year at Battis Shirole in the Starit! District, whicle is situeel nt it distance of In ordes 1111t they may not the aluspicious about ten miles from Kothpur, siglt of 1 deity early in the morning. Hindus The l'ipal, the lmbor, the lead or Banian gener:dly plant the Umbar orid Tulsi trees in Irce, and the Tulsi plini il re Torslipped logo front of tlleir l.ouses, and worship tliem daily. Ilindus in general. Thrilpire tror in wor The juice of the root of the Umbar has a sluipped log Ilindlus on the Dasara klar, :nd its cooling effect, and lience it is freely used in leaves are distributer under the name of sonr', Gilses of measles critch. Its sop is also used or gold, imong their friends and relativen 115 melicine for swellings. It is very pleasant di Medlc in llie Rolu taluko or tlie: Loliid1 i to sıl under the slınde of this free, and as it is District, there is it treo I'chala (Blerie : believed that the god Dittútraya resides myrob:lan) which is believed to be connected lienicall this tree, it is licla very sacred by the with the local deity Mitsoli:1. It is consi- Hindus, dered to be a sacred tree, cind nobody cares to cut it or to touch it with the fert. Pipal-The l'ipal tree is considered very At Shirgsion in the Miihim Inluka of the sierer because it is believed that the god The District there is a Runjani tree on thic Bralmt resides in the roots, the god Vishnu book of :1 tank called Khambule, wlich is said in the trunk and the god Shiva on the top of to be connected with the deity Brölıma; ind this trre. Persons who niake in particular rou therefore no lounch of the tree is cul lip the Javo any oljects to be fulfilled worship the people. It is considered harmful to cut the Pipal irre, and walk round it several times trec. every day. The evil spirits Sambandh, At Gánagipur in the Kollpur District, Derachár, Nunja, and l'etal haunt the Pipal llicrc is a l'ad erce connected witit the saint Irre. These spirits are considered to be the Kabir. Il is called Kabirtad. There is also Serrants of tl:c god Shiva. It is also believed an dudumbar free connected with the god Dattatraya, and known as Dattatraya Ardim- that persons who worship and walk round this bnr.5 tree daily are nol affected by those spirits. The Pipal tree is specially worshipped at The Umbar, l'ipal, l'ail, and the Tulsi plant are considered to be sacred, and are dawn on Saturday as it is considered that the respected by Hindus. The following are some gods Bralıma, Vishnu, and Mahesh or Slura of the legends about their sacredness, happen to be there at that time. 1 Rúo Suheb Shelkc, Kolhapur. ? School Master, Shirarade, Ratnágiri. 3 School Master, Alcdhe, Kolába. 1 School Master, Shirgaon, Thána. School Master, Umele, Thina. & School Master, Fande, Ratnagiri. 7 Rio Sálieb Shelke, Kolhapur. FRúo Sáheb Shelke, Kolhapur. School Master, Ubhádúnda, Ratnagiri. or ·POINT ONE OF TUTAON 13 1 17 CU 3 1 1 un ler ti TA Ini 1 ard r t n10 orst - 1 6 her ! nd in 1 TIegedi Tal or the Man in trecirc dir so I to nic it! olor St110 led snakebt Nrth Into i ri te Iwi Il suicimd 1o e and dut ful requ steel) 1 tle Axl of In litru 1 ut? and succeeidneir In tl mt at rd for! tt If of ler 1 sb nist? is there It act illel re! TIK A turnirl fro I? Irlantil 1 ad tre th s trit ۱۴rt 1 rr wors! 111 11 last fore1 Lexi In It? 1tl north th & Sarit serer s nec ll beer an 1 ttt) r11 r1 1le for the ret e of worsl 11 Helal rri gr norr full tell ir e br won n for tl juro e of se ur Tas! 0 Belfth ti Dife to ther) Ins? It s loll 1 f at 111 tlc goj slnu takes si Itrande tu 1 Int th tee of the geldsructo of I 117 lei 1 rorli The wors ft? tre ou ! t Ich 1 solar to ti tof I couldet es nl nonn Isl > fort Air t ket ne aroon ! intill clor of t! 71 rt! guma srth ? Tic T ls nt worlu il ist? bla Oril * Il dus art cularly 1 ! hing the li tn rt! rlausos 3) lunu $ Orsind, art cul r 1 telf w! Ell stunt 11 u D Iru 1 ole to ti? mnt tic gold 55 147 trl non r 1) vf of 1 sl nu 11 lu to ne ll in yfr 12 th Ricme Is Icfr orslit ng t T is F It 4 11s0 sn it at Ila anr 11 god I si no Isegit inlocul hrini 1+1 lo d rundt! Tal K MI K Iftler I us! m 1 01 Awu orfur ng groft gr и thе т. IND 11 14 hr sl 11 lo ir kl praga I beg to lore t11119 tly In Br!) si et ur congy or Bal he slow or 1 gout Inu gw * 1 * It win irr it th stint iry ron 1?!? I voft br 11 alf of hull ( inir for + 1st ning ini tetal lusin mrr atkur ki, ns1 the Tulo il nt tl worst mo at tlu noflr il nt sequrul to the worst of t1 gollat thout Iersons w! I cho clllrn in kra vow ! Into dir su I alus als mallu at Jujur that! frsthm in Ic or (Butet frondosa) 1! Bel Resep I to god mal 1 ir off rol tot Thy from 11 and the Shan (1 ros segma offer fulfilment of 30 fori Arr +??? راء لعام 1 5 t ! 1 co ܖ tܐܐ ܬ1 ܕܐ 7 Ii e F M K 1 . nrn 7 5 K mon л 11 ncc وام اور مI Ros beb be #ho pu cboul lase I de staat > hool sa e Dando Tbiga School Is er to , Fatsáz * School Slaster De gad Pasig bool va . I bar Flatság 1 School fa e hhom hot ha 1 Schal Vase Fan 12 Shool is of laat ! Pazh ·74 FOLKLORE OF THE KONKAN, Muralis. They are married to the god Khan- She becomes the maid servant of the temple, and doba, and have to earn their livelihood by is free to behave as she likes. Daughters of begging in villages. A male child thus offered such Bhávinis who do not wish to marry, to the god is called a Vághya,1 undergo the process of shesa bharane, and There is a custom of offering children to the follow the occupation of their mothers. The dcities Yallamma and Khandoba in fulfilment of sons of the Bhavinis have an equal right to the rows made in order to get a child. The child property of their mother, but any daughter is taken to the temple of these deities, accoinwho marries a lawful husband loses her share panied with music. The temple ministrant in the property of her mother. A Devali asks the child to stand on a wooden board on follows the occupation of blowing the horn or a heap of rice in front of the deity, and puts cornet, and is entitled to hold the torches in the into its hands a paradi-a flat basket of marriage ceremonies of the people in the village. bamboo, tying to its neck the darshana of the Many of them learn the art of playing upon deity. A female child is married to the the tabour—mrudunga—and are useful to dagger- Katyúr--of the deity. When once Kathekaris. i.e., those who recite legends of the this ceremony has been performed, parents gods with music and singing. Some of them abandon their rights to such children. When become farmers while others are unoccupied. these children come of age, the males can marry Bhavinis follow the occupation of a maidbut the ſemnales cannot. The latter earns her livelihood begging jogava in the name of the servant in the temple, but their real occupation goddess Amba with a paradi in her hand. A is that of public women. They are not scorned male child offered to the goddess Yallamma is by the public. On the contrary, they are called jogata, and a female, jogatin. Children required to be present at the time of a marriage dedicated to the goddess Máyáka are called to tie the marriage-string—Alangalsutramof Jogi and Jogin. Children offered to l'irangái a bride, for they are supposed to enjoy and Ambábái are called Bhutya (male) and perpetual unwidowhood—'Janma suwasini.' Blutin (female). Some of the houses of Bhavinis become the In the Konkan districts there is a class of favourite resorts of gamblers and vagabonds, women known as Bhárinis who are said to be in the absence of a daughter, a Bhárini purmarried to Khanjir, i.e., a dagger belonging to chases a girl from a harlot, and adopts her as the god. They are also called deva yoshita, i.e., her daughter to carry on her profession.3 prostitutes offered to the god. They have no Snakes are believed to be the step-brothers caste of their own. They retain the name of the of the gods. They reside under the earth caste to which they originally belonged, such and are very powerful. The snake is conas Maráthe Blávini, Bhandári Bhávini, Sutár sidered to be very beautiful among creeping Bhavini, ctc. The following account is given animals, and is one of the ornaments of the of the origin of the sect of Bhárinis. god Shiva. An image of a snake made of woman wishing to abandon her husband goes brass is kept in the temple of the god Shiva, to the temple of a village deity at night, and in presence of the people assembled in that and worshipped daily along with the god. țemple she takes oil from tlic lamp burning in There is a custom among the Hindus of the temple, and pours it upon her head. This worshipping Nága, i.c., the cobra, once a year on the Nága panchami day, i,c., the fifth day process is called Deval rigliane, i.e., to enter into the service of the temple. After she has of the bright half of Slıráwan ( August). poured swect oil from the lamp upon lier licad, Images of snakes are drawn with sandalpaste she has no further connection with lier husband. on a wooden board or on the walls of houses, A 1 School Waster, Palshet, Ratnrgiri. 2 Rio Saheb Shelse, Kollipur. 3 School Master, Kálsbe, Ratnagiri.

·FOLALORE OF TIJE KOVA 13 are And worsipped by fimdu women on tbus dus The names of the inde deities Darra griss, sacred to Ganpati, parched fire Takshaka, Vasuki and Shesha Their shrines lahya, legumies hadadar, and milk are offered at Kolhapur, lagothione, Priyaga to this image. Some people go to the sakes lagdesackt Hadi and Sabrımbanya Agent abode Jarul-an ant-hill-on this dar to , fair is held every year at Battısı Surale on worship the shike itself, if ther happen to the Naga panchami duy entch sight of it! There is shrine of snake det at It is and that at Battist Shurale in the Sasantwadi The mimgenient of the shrine Jelgaum District the real Naga comes out of ja in the lands of the State officials It its nix de below the earth on this day, and is lrliered that a real smake resides tixrein worslumped by the people Volk and lohya, There is a shrine of a smake deity at iwas prchied niec, are put outside the louse at night in tir Vibag islukn of the Kolabu District, on this day with the intention that they may where a great fur is held every rear on the De consumed by A smuke Hindus do not dig 14th. der of the bright half of Kartık or plough the enrth on aga panelamı day (Yovember ) It is said that persons suf- Fren vegetables are not cut and fried on this fering from snakebites recorer when taken in das by some people ? time to this temple Earthen migrs of snakes are worslupped It 18 said that a coietous fKTSONT who by some people in the Konkan districts on the acquires great wealth during lus life-time and Nága panchamı day. The Naga is considered dies without enjoying it, or without issue, to be a Brahmın by caste, and it is believed becomes a smake after death and guards his buried treasures At holhapur there was that the family of the person who kills Sarhar-money-lender--imed The cobra being con smake becomes extinct hodulkor who 19 said to have become a suake, and to adcred Braluman its dead body is morned gusr] lus treasures In the Ullage of with the janarre and then burnt as that of Salava in the Panhalı petha of the Kolhapur human being A copper en is also thrown District there is snake in the house of into its funeral ptic3 Kulkarni, wlio scares away those who try to At cert116) villages in the Deccan big enter the storehouse of the Aollarni earthen image of nake is consecrated in a It is a general belief aprong the lindus puble place on the Naga panchami day, and that shakes gasrd treasures. It is said that worslupped by Hindus in general Homen there are certain places guarded br smakes in Gor territory Persuns who were compelled sing their songs in circles before this image to slunden Portuguese territory owing to wlule men perform tamashár bor its side In religious persecutions at the lands of die fact, the dis 16 enjorrd by the people Portuguese buried their treasures beyx Atle tlor Ag lioliday The snake is removed next day, ground Those wlw died during exile are sud and an Hol in the form of annan made of to fuse become bhuts or glosts, and it is mud in scated in its place Tlus idol is called believed to the guind tixir buned freasures Shurálslct, who is said once to bure been in the form of snakes * king and to lmye ruled over this carth for The Hindus generally beInse that the smokes on and one-fourths of a ghatala, 1, for lo guard buried treasures do not allow any Lalf an hour only The dır, is obserre As one to go hear them Tly snake Inglitens dny of rejencing bus the prople. those w/w try to approach, but when he wishes 4 School Master, Mithir, Ralangin > Rchool Master, Khoroli, koliba * School Muster, l'ender, Ratadt 1 Ráo Bábeh Shallar halhápur * School Master, Kilahe Ratnagiri Ráo Sabeb Shelke, Kolhapur School Master, Apte, Travel, halbe School Laster, Lbhidince, Ratogir

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·FOLKLORE OF TUE KOVIN 77 begin to speak through the victim I he At Xariagre in the Ratnégın District, persona sorcerer enquires what the snake winte The suffering from snakebite are given tlor juice of snahe gives reasons for biting the person. "Den hadalım! leares, and are kept in the temple any thing thus asked for by the stake is of Hanuman The feet of the deity are offird, the viction comes to luis senses, and 19 washed with holy water, and the water is giren cured There are to iny witnesses to the above to the fictim to drink 5 fact 1 snake is believed to have At Matbas in the Ratnagiri District cuckens numir ring from twenty to twenty-five are jewel or mani in its hend, and it loses its life applied to the wound crused by the snakebite when this jewel is removed Tlus jewel las A chicken has the power of draying out the the post of drawing out the possors of possort from the lands througit the found, but smakebite When it is applied to the woud this causes the death of the chicken. The it becomes green but when kept in milk for remedy abosc di surubad 19 sure to be successful sometime, it losrs its greenness and reverts if it is tried within three lours of the its tual wlute colour It gives out to the person being bitten Tlxre are sejernl other milk all the poison that by been absorb« «l didicines wlucha act on the smakebite, but they from the wound and the milk lx.com's green must be gulen very promptly There are soube Thus Jewel ein he used several times 9 9 absorbent of the poison of snakebite T! X'u s tlus village who give cluirund water for stroke or any other bites. Many persons green mill must be buried under ground, s, suffering from smakebite luase been cured by that it may not be used again by ny » else the use of mantras and charmed water ? Water from the immks or Velaisten the It 1.4 believed that an old snake barang long Savanlwadı Strle ud afanj vre in Gorternatory hair or its body as a jewel in its head This 18 generally used as medicine for snakebite It jewel 19 compared with the colours of * is believed tint by the power of mantras a snike rainbow Tie snake can take tlus jewel fronu can be presented from entering or Dining A its head at mght, and search for food insta particular aren Tlus process is onlleil sarpa lustre Such smalcs dcter comc near tbt bandhuane' There are some sorcerer9 ww ein habitation of human beings, but always rtside draw smkes out of their lules by the Use of in the depth of the jungle Tlus sprcies of their mantras, and carry them away without snake is called Deca Sarpo, re, shake touching them with their luinds, belonging to a desty It is related that a At Advare, in the Rajapur taluha, muts of snake wis bom of a woman in the kinkar's certain herbs are need 20 roter and applied house at Tardal in the Sangli State, and to the wound caused by the smakelute, and another onc the Gabalc's house at given to the sufferer to drink * Kolhápur in Bảo 84beb Shelle, koltipur School Master, Witbay, Ratnagin School Master, Ubhadinda, Katougui School Master, Adiware, Ratnégleta School Master, Váringre, Ratnagiri. • School Master, Kalsbe, kategui, I Rao Saheb Sbelke, Kolbápar.

·CHAPTER VIII. , i TOTEMISM AND FETISIISM. The worship of totems, or Devaks, prevails is taken by fier, The father takes the illong Ilindus in Western India. The term winnowing fan and the mother takes the Deval is applied to the deity or deities Kalasha, and they are carried from the mandap worshipped at the beginning of a thread or to the derak consecrated in thic llouse. A i marringe ceremony. The ceremony is als lighted lamp is kept continually burning near follows: A small quantity of rice is put into this dcrak till the completion of the ceremony. After completion of the thread or marriage :1 wimmowing fan, and with it six small sticks of the Umbar Irec, cach covered with mango Ceremony the derak is again worshipped, and thie leaves and cotton thread. These are worshipped ceremony conics lo an end. The deity in ils deities. Ncar thic winnowing fan is kept the dorak is requested to depart on the second or the fourth day from the date of its conit?? nrllion or copper ressel filled with rice, turmeric, red powder,' betelnuts, sweet bulls secration. No mourning is obsersed during made of wheat flour, ghi and sugir ; and on the period thic derak remains installed in the louse, the top of the vessel is a small sprig of miingo and a cocoamul covered with cotton tlirond. Among Maráthás and many of the lower Thin vessel is also worshipped as it deity, classes in the Rntnágiri District the briinchi of a l'ne, Kadamba, mango, or and offerings of sweet catables are made to it. an ipla tree in After the worship of this resscl, the regular worshipped as their derak or kul.1 Somc Muráthás have it word or ceremony of Punyáhavachanu is performed. dagger as their deral, which is worshipped by them Twenty-scren Matrikás, or village and local before commencing the rilul of the marriage deities, represented by bctelnuls are consecrated ceremony." in a new winowing fan or a bamboo basket. Seren Vátrikás are made of mango leaves, six The family known as Rine ait Máringre in of which contain durra grass, and the serenth the Davagad taluka of the Ratnagiri District, darbia Each of them is bound with and the families known as Gadakari grass. and raw cotton thread separately. They are Jadhava at Málwan, consider the l'ad or Banian worshipped along with n Kalasha or a copper trec as their devak, and do not make use of its lota is mentioned above. This copper lota | Icares. In the same manner, some people conis filled with rice, betelnuts, turmeric, etc., a sider the Kadamba (rce, sacred to their family.3 sprig of mango leaves is placed on the loła, There are some people imong the Hindus in \'cslern India whose surnames are derived and a cocoanut is put over it. The lota is also bound with a cotton thread. Sandalpaste, from the names of animals and plants, such as rice, flowers, and durva grass are required for Boke, Lándage, Trágh, Dukre, kávale, Garud More, Mhase, Rede, Keer, Popat, Ghode, its worship. An oil lamp called drati is wayed Shelár, Gayatonde, I'ághmáre, Shálunke, round the devak, tlıc parents, and the boy or Bhende, Padral, Tlálke, Aple, Ambekar, the girl whose thread or marriage ceremony is to Pimpalkhare, Kelkar and Kálke. be performed. A Surrásini is called and The Hindus belicve that a cow, 1 liorse, and requested to wave this Arati, and the silver an elepliant are sacred animals. The cow is coin which is put into the Arati by the parents treated with special respect by the Hildus 1 School Master, Adivare, Ratoágiri. 2 School Master, Kúlshe, Ratnagiri. 3 School Master, Acbare, Ratnagiri.

·TOLKLORF OF TIIC KONA 11 79 in gele T11, and the bull by the Lugasats and the stones with red lead and oil and worstup oilmen The milk, the urine, arut the dong of them along with a slie gait in the minner in a cow are used as medicines, and they are also which the row was promised to be fulfilled guten 14 offerings to the god in sicrifices The horse 1 connected with the worship of Tim Shelar family considers the sheep as the god handobut because thus animal 1 their deral, and they do not eat the flesh of a sred to thint drits bing bis flourite stiet p The Shalunke famılı respects the Tehicle For thuis telcon all the dusotees or Shalunk, or sparrow People belonging to the Bhaktas of khandobr take cire to worship tlie More fumly do not eat the flesh of a pencoch Torse in order that its master, thu pod hlin #thes consider it to be their derak 1 Jobs, muy be pleased with them Tlc l'l andarts whose surname is Podwa! It is well known that the cow is considered do not eat the vegetal le of a snake-gourd or ns most sacred of all the animals by the l'adral Hindus, and the reason 1stgned for this Ilincus do not ent the flesls of the ammil special veneration is that all the ceilies dwell respected by thens, and those who offer ans in the cow fruit to their guru ag a token of respect do The Mandi, ortullich made of stone riot ent that fruit in future Some Indus do net ist onions, garlic and the fruit of a palm the Jagh or a tiger at tle temple of a girl less consecrated in front ot the temple of Shna tree The fruit of a tree believed to be the detak of famils is not eaten by the meinbers and cows and dogs in the temple of Dittatr11 of that family Are Forslupped by the Hindus Mie fanules of Hasy und Nane do not take Tlac mouse, being the vehicle of the theor fax on the leaf of a I ad or Banuen god of wasdom," uøpslupped by the people along with that god true as they consider it to be their derak There are sonic Hindu families in the In the honkan cattle are worslupped by the holson District who believe that their hul or IIindus on the first der of hartıha, anul tres taten mists of the tortoise nrl the gost, and Are mide to pass over fire tlıcı d, not ont the flesh of such animals А Tlie mountains bring cues anal temples of crimin community of the Taishyas or traders deities are generally worsbpwd br the known as Swar belieic that a jick trte or Ilandas The Alucha Pahad the Girar, the Phanas » their kul, and they do not use the Panclımadlı, the Braun girl tha Sahyadri, Inics aftmt tree tlae fungar, the Jundonela dongar, the Monja It is believed among the JJindus that the dongør at Junnar, ile Tugab sich dongar, the chely Salirdi protects children for the first Ganes! Lene, and the Shusaba, are the princithree months from their birth: The dents as pal bols mountyns in the Borbay Presudener worslapi d on the filth dny from the birth of Mount Abu, known aytle Abuchu Palind 2. nul, and if there occurs apy omissjon or Leliered to be rerr sacred, and many lindas error in the worslup of that deats, the cluld go on a pilgrimage to that or antiin. Ingins to cry, or does not keep good lealth Ils are worsluipped at Ganpati Pule On such occasions the parents of the cluld and Chaul At Pule there in temple of the inake certum rows to the desty, and if the poel Ganpatı, the sota of Slura and at Chula chill recovers, the parents go to a jungle, and the Kolába District thirre is a temple of the collect sien suor]stones They then besmear god l'attatrasi . School Siaster, Anjarle, Ratoágui * School Master, Acharr, Katoigri School Blaster, Tonde, Ratpig ri * School faster, Chant, halaba Báo Sieb Selle, Aothing ·80 FOLKLORE OF TIME KONKAN (0) The place which produces sound wlien water called Jora Dhonda lying by thic scashore at is poured over it is considered to be holy, and Múlwan in tlic Ratnagiri District. It is is worshipped by the people. supposed to be haunted by Devachár.j In the Deccan, lills are worshipped by the The stoncs which are oncc consecrated and people on the Varak chaturdashi day in worshipped ns dcities have to be continually Diparáli, 14th day of the dark Jualf of Ashwin worshipped, eren when perforated. The small (October). The legend of this worship is round, while stone slab known as l’ishnu pada, that the god Shri Krishna lifted the Govardhan | which is naturally perforated, is considered to mountain on this day, and protected the people be holy, and is worshipped daily by the Hindus of this world. A lill made of cowdung is along with the other images of gods. The worshipped at crery house on the Narak holes in this slab do not extend right through .chaturdashi day.i It is considered inauspicious to worship the Stoncs of certain kinds are first considered fractured imnges of gods, but the perforated As one of the deities, or as one of the chief black stone called Shaligſám, taken from the Jicrocs in the family, and then worshipped by Gandaki river, is considered very holy, and the people. Many such stones are found worshipped by the people. For it is believed worshipped in the vicinity of any temple. to be perforated from its very beginning. asionc coming out of the earth with a Every Shaligram has a hole in it, even when it phallus or lingam of Shiva is worshipped by is in the river.? the Hindus. If such a lingam lies in a deep Broken stones are not worshipped by the jungle, it is worshipped by them at least once people, But the household gods of the a year, and daily, if practicable, in the month Brálmans and other liigher classes wlich are of Adhikamás, an intercalary month which called the Panchayatan-a collection of tire -comes cvery third ycar.3 gods-generally consist of five stones with holes The red stones found in the Narmada river in them.8 represent the god Ganpati, and are worshipped No instances of human sacrifices occur in by the people. India in these days, but thicre are many A big stone at Phulaka Tembla near Murud practices and customs which appear to be the in the Ratnagiri District is worshipped by the survivals of human sacrifices. These survivals people, who believe it to be the monkey god arc visible in the offerings of fowls, goats, Hanumán or Máruti. All the stone images of buffaloes, and fruits like cocoanuts, brinjals, gods that are called Swayambhu or selfthe Kohálc or pumpkion gourd and others. .existent are nothing but rough slones of Human sacrifices are not practised in these peculiar shinpes. There are sucli swayambhu days, but among the Karháda Brálınans there natural-images--at Kelshi and Kolthare in the is a practice of giving poison to animals in Ratnágiri District.3 order to satisfy their family deity. It is said There is a big slone at Paislet in the that they used to kill a Brahman by giving Ratnagiri District which is worshipped as lim poisoned food. Kálikádevi.' It is believed that the people belonging to Stones are sometimes worshipped by the the casle of Karháda Bráhmans used to offer people in the belief that they are haunted by human sacrifices to their deity, and therefore evil spirits. We have for example, a stoen nobody relies on a Karháda Bráhman in these 1 Río Sáheb Shelke, Kolhápur, 2 School Master, Medhe, Kolába, 3 School Master, Anjarle, Ratnagiri. School Master, Palshet, Ratnúgiri, 5 School Master, Kálshe, Ratnagiri. School Master, Mokháde, Thána. * Ráo Saheb Shelle, Kolkapur. School Master, Kálshe, Ratnagiri.

·FOLKLOR OF TIE ADVA 81 19 dzys There is a prorerb 1 Varathi wlucha At Ichar, in the Jalwan talaka of the fans that a mu el trust eren 1 hafa Rataagini District, the round stoces Lawn a4 or a batcher but not A hirlada Kshetrapal are supposed to possess the power Is they cannot offer Jum in mcrifices in of curing diseases, and are also believed to im tliese days, it is said that during the Dararatra the abode of spirits holdigs, ue, the first ne dise of the It Idırare, in the Ratnagiri District, there briglat lulf of Ithnin (October), they offer Istove named Vahár Purukha which 14 pousovsed fool to crows, dogs and other worsluipped by the people whien cattle disc 15 າານເppls 1 prejuils, especialls the disense of a large tich At Kalsle in the Malwan talar of the or the cattle or dog louse 3 Ratnagiri District, the servants of gods, re, 1t Ubladandı, in the Ratnagiri District the ministrants or the Blopis of the temple tluse ast some stoney wluch are believed to prick their breast with a knife on the Dasara Te haunted by Ietal Bhutouth Raw in th <ly, and cry out loudly the words 'Roya and stich liep seri ints of the goud huv • Koya To bolood comes from the breast 15 and it is supposed that the 11 the power of the wound a slight This appears to be 1 curing pidi mic diseases People maht w Survival of lowon sacrifice ? t that se stones when wy dist ise pretul in the In the Baby Presideixcy and nore Tannlets specially in t! Lonkan districts, fetish Tlie Hundus gen rolls convider a ser l! stones are generally worslupped for the objects that are the neins of tluar livelihood, purpose of nerting evil an curing diseases and for thus reason the own worsiup their In every vallige stones are foun] stered to oil mill the Brabiny lwold in krtion the spirit deities like Babırobi, Chedobr, Klan sacred thread-ladnopartl, and religious db1, Whisob, Zoting Vetal, Jnkliai, Rokas books the goldsm this and their hire posts halkai nnal others The low cl 189 ptople such 14 stered and do ewt tot tit in with mir 1, Mahars, Mangs, etc, apply red led and fuct In 15 in or nccidently in to outo stones, and call them loni of the above touch them with lus foot polisen names, and ignarunt p ople are very much boost theru afraid of such derties Thry believe that such It is believed by the Intus that tlu, broom d stics hive catrol over all the evil spirits or the winnowing fun, the payalıma measure of głosts It 19 sul that the spirit Vetal starts foar shers, the Samar or sweetvillim, to take a round in a village on the might of the wet it ressel, fire aml Sahan or the designing noun yon diy of every inonth, accompanied by slab should not lx touched with fout ill the ghosts When nng epidemic purus The metals gold, silver, uod copper, the in a villig, people offer to tlx se fetish stones hing's coins jewels and pearls corns, the eftrings of stables, como umuts, fwls an Shaligram stone, tha Ganpal stone froin the ws Varmadi nyer, conclu shell, sicred nslars, There is a deity niwel Bharul Ultplut tusks, the Iwrns of an wild ox (Gara), At hohisare in the Baradı Suate, to whom tiger ski derr skın, milk, curds, ghi, cow's 1 » nre mide by the people to cure diseases Dr, Bel, basıl leares or Tels, morals, Is the deity 11 m tlu burning ground it is beteInuts, and flowers are considered as sicred mturalls believed that thus 19 the back of by the Ilindus and max will dore to touch them with his font pints School Laster, Cbank, holiba School Maste, Fonde, Ratnag ri. > Shoot Vaster, Váringte Ratan School Master, hálsbe, Ratnega + School Master, Achart 1.200 den ihool faster, Lbhadaada, Pato e ·82 FOLKLORE OF THE KOKAN dre Hindus worship amually on the Dasara day to worship the fire every day in connection with the arms and all the instruments or implements tlic ceremony l'aishnadern--oblations of boiled by which they carn their liveliliood. Tlic corn rice and ghi given to the fire. It is also sieve, the winnowing basket, the broom, the worshipped by the Hindus on special religious rice-pounder, the plougl), the Auta or wood occasions, bill, and other such implements are worslipped Fire is worslipped at the tinic of Madnas or ou llis day. The agriculturists respect their Sacrifices. Sacrifices are of fire kinds. They winnowing fans and corn sieves, and do not touch them with their fect. Derayadna, Bhutayad na or Brahmayadna, In the Kolbápur District all the instruments Rishiyadna or Atithiyadna, Pitruyadna and and implements are worshipped by the people Mannshyayadna. The offerings of rice, gli one day previous to the Dasara lioliday. This firewood, Til or sesamum, Java or barley, etc, worslup is called Khánde pujan. They also are made in these yadnas. It is also worworship all agricultural instruments, and tic to slipped at the time of Shrárani or Upákarmathem Icaves of Pipal and inango trees.? the ceremony of renewing the sacred thread A new winnowing fan is considered to be annually in the month of Shravan, holy by the Hindus. It is filled witli ricc, Aniong the lower classes fire is worshipped fruits, cocoanuts and betelmuts, and a Khana--- on the Mahalaya or Shraddha day. They picce of bodicecloth—is spread over it. It is throw oblations of foort into the fire on that then worshipped and given to a Bráliman lady | day. in fulfilment of certain vows, or on the occasion The fire produced by rubbing sticks of the of the worship of a Bráhman Dampatya or Pipal or Sherari trec is considered sacred, and married pair. it is essentially necessary that the sacred fire The broom is considered to be holy by the required for the Agnihotra rites should be Hindus. Red powder-Kunku--is applicd to produced in the manner described above. a new broom before it is taken into use. It Agnihotra is a perpetual sacred fire presershould not be touched with the feet. ved in Agnikunda, --a hole in the ground for At Rewadanda, in the Kolába District, some receiving and preserving consecrated fire. A people worship a wood-bill or Koyata on the Brálwan, who lias to accept the Agnihotra, has 6th day from the birth of a child. The riceto preserve in his house the sacred fire day and night after his thread ceremony, and to worship pounder, or Musal, is worshipped by them as a devak at the time of thread and marriage | When an Agnihotri dics, his body is burnt by it three times a day after taking his bathi. cercmonies. the people who prepare fire by rubbing sticks Fire is considered to be lioly among the light of Pipal wood together.4 class Hindus. It is considered as an angel There are sone Brálımans who keep the fire that conveys the sacrificial offerings from this continuously burning in their houses only for earth to the gods in hicaven. It is considered Cháturmás or four months of the year. The as one of the Hindu deities, and worshipped fire which is preserved and worshipped for daily by high class Hindus. A Brálman has four mont]ıs is called "Smárta Agni." 1 Rao Saheb Shelse, Lollipur. : School Master, Rewadanda, Kolába. 3 School Master, Iblirámpur, Ratnagiri. 4 School Master, Adivare, Ratnagiri. 5 School Master, Anjur, Tbána.

·CHAPTER IX. VINIL HORSITIP. Tlc following animals, birds and insects are gift of a cow along with its call to a Brahman respected by the Hindus — The cow, bullock The sight of a cow in the morning is believed shc-buffalo, horse, cleplunt, tiger, deer, tous, by all Hindus to be auspicious goat, ants and alligators, and Among the birds The bullocs is respected by the people is it the following are held sacred-Percock, swan, is the farourite rehicle of the god Shira and is angle and kokil or cuckoo very useful for agricultural purposcs rhe or all the animals the cow is considereil tu Yandı or buli is worslapped by Hindus The In the most sacred by Ilus It 19 generally bullock is specially worshipped on the 12th worslupped daily in the moming for the whole day of the bright half of hartıla When er, or nt least for the Cluturmas or four months beginning from the 11th day of the performing the funeral rites of the dead a bull is worsupped and set free Tlxe bull thus set bright lif of Ashadha to the 11th diy of the Inght Iulf of the month of Kartha, and a free is considered sacred by the people, and is preill worshup is offered to it in the ciening never used again for agricultural or any other in the 12th day of the dirh half of deltmın domestic purposes, (Octolar) In order to avoid calamutics arising from the Thic cow is believed to be the handle of all the influence of inauspicious plants llindus wor. destits and puthis It is compared with the ship the she buffalo, and offer t ng a gift to * anathan its sucredress and it is considered that Brahman The shc-buffalous compared with the lintis pleased it is capable of giving Rol Purusha or tlur goal of Death, te reason everything required for the maintenance of being tint lao is believed to ride a buffalo 1040811xd, and for this reason it is strled tlic The Bralıw who accepts thus gift hus to hema Dhenu or the gher of desired objects.skuse lus mousticles and to undergo a certain It snd that a person who walks rounal penance The cowherds sometimes worslap tle the cow at the time of its de lnvers obtruns tb punya or merit of going round the whole she-buffalo As it is the selucle of lami, the The cow is even worship cd by thic buffalo is specially worshipped be pcople wlien pol 1.sling an epidemie accurs in 1 sillage Io certain Il cow is considered next to a mother as villages in the honkan districts the buffalo is little clul Ircu and the people in general arc Forslupped and sacrificed on tlie sexe das tedbr the will of a cow Sonte women anong The horse 19 the clucl of the deity Khan- Tigh clasy Hindus take a you not to take their dobr of Jejuri It is forslupped on the l'ijaya mais lefore worshipping the cou, and when Dashami or the Dasara bolidis as in former the con is not available for worship they draw days, on the occasion of the lorse sacrifice or in turmeric wlute or rol pow lr the cox's Ishramedha. It prints and worslap the me At thre mapi ton of the tox it is worshipped, and The elephant is the relucle of the mod Indrı then given as a gift to a Bráhmuan Itu mon and is speenlly worshipped on the Dasara dar Biler vers meritorious to grea Ciopra lan- 'It is also believed that there are agbt sacred ·SO POLKLOR]: 01 TIT: HOVK.1. 4 lors mouto henslor innaferp. T), only inriss juure of tırir ungit. Tycan detrol n ritch Bu gurl print dorp sitelerinft in to pranzin 013 liyetler nos curat of this trancl. Worn blir brass frivilly trains with Isr, 1111 ninot foluirl line prior) or riti proces the louar of a trilclt, it tirlito: 10! Anyare?.' People get rullyleep 138 ouer arithre 1px? Ilse" witeli's lyd. Slim ja I watch over this met10:11 of yollut }WO is thirst thirritun lix llor preole that shir will lw: Seetri fole wilala, noul ir slim in procine) dersons mit of the village of food priclining popiedaming live lolirke ist, nu is ongle! srila li lilick Arts Isabel grople tlorit per into lv + flottli xitre. in tl kollignor Dandrid, slrn thom people luginsglie frontline abher.tthroa Artline portion to him of Ilom prieteners of n ritel in Inrili. Ito all soat 11.71, w 1er is compostrid Elisse villigr, thirsinho parall proccantions n! u drink ch iiter, lors bincl. 1 l rol!" thir to!!!atrat. " Ty sirring for lunta! lillaint halat yt it to the opera arirate for in tlir T11) Distrito lilitril the ti. 1:17514th and legal titel. Split Folir liur tics hort rongeud ilirsranis sekels Altsive billede tu tollafirld of the widel, nisl salire ulirtlirs insigne linse al monestrol .17.11}, Storer sa 1 11111furt vs gerin in die dislil. Ir they 1:71 an innoille jutoelirat med lysandy!!! Api Cityneil on farl, ilir ner further colour, tlır. Inurr fry!!!* nt line for! kr 313 In order to nooit lwing troubled for liverpool 11!1e15 ini anda*50= titreenit por tiso cheirik, der herp an old, kur not slogan Doch Bilbili, aby si therriso lis "**ull and a closed onpur amulet under Har jogador Ilirl, hel stir tristiti? ln ritr ili reattir 111111 dewr of thrir houers, or trolle flor Hill. Wie man bich 3:1 118 the crosses with ishin: 1 on looth sides Potline pural ***kle ortugum istini ilin of stor. . memper plaers countri spots or trerins to kruiibile. circle uitr ile 2091 the front of n house, there TIsrppinfraoirir.operniller 'T'), n 1),stric! mlijece Irina to guin ng pins! blir eril-fircle of 1 bio ( 111 11x130 of maill losina chapas rollis tlie this rheisils fricha, LO: 11:4rf, Ah;«!, hus! 1. ::H521.Ja.:r?, 1111, 'TI:sna, 11753. Illas Sake Shelle, hellipur. ir rusljussan $ . --- .

·CHAPTER XI. GENERAL Offerings of cocoanuts, fowls or goats are Laranı or plantation of crops a fair calleil Annually made to the spirits tlint guard the Palejatra is field by the people, and every fields They are generally made at the time furiner breaks a cocoanat in the field at the of beginning a plantation or the lartesting of time of plintttion or laranı of crops At the 1 crop Wien muking these offerings, the time of hiresting it as customary with an farmers pray to the god to gire prosperous of the cultnators in the honka to place a crops every tenr Thry prepare their cooked coconut in the field in to thrash it by the first food in the field on the first barvesting dır bundle of crop seseral times before the regular and offer it as naivedya (grls mual) along operation of thríslung is begun At the close at with the above mentioned offerings 1 the larsest tla por asints offer coconuts fowls At Bándivide in the Ratnagin District, while or A gort to the guardia dents of the field commencing the sowing of crops the fnrmers At Vadu in the Thans District the plouglis worslup & certuin number of bullochs made of are worslupped by the farmers on Saturday and rice floor arul thien throw them into the pond or then onrried to the fields for plouglung It mer odjoining the fields On other occasions the time of harvesting that wondo post low hulu offerings of cocoanuts and fowls are sacrificed to the bullochs are tard is worshipped by them and the duties that protect the fields Some people at the close of the harrest the lamp of new give a feast to the Bralmans at the end of the com 15 worshipped and coconuts it broken hnriesting senson Oscrit 7 Ceremonies in connection with plouglung, In the holbapur District the farmers worship ete, are not observed for all the lands But fields the plough be forc beginning to plough the 1994 which are supposed to be haunted by evil spirits At the time of swing the corn they worship Are worslapped at the time of ploughing an! We Kuri an implement for sowing corn the cul spirits are proplated cocornnts, sugar, the tune of Ropanı or transplant ng the crops fowls or ponts are offered to the local deitirs or tles split a (nonnut, and worslur the stone delachara There is 1 custom of worshipping conscernted Lr the side of the ficklaſter les in the fiells the heaps of new corn at the time merring it with red powders and make sowot of linricst, and this custom generalls pressels sacrificing a font for the prosperity of their in almost all the honkan districte 3 crops It the time of Innesting they al. At Torule in the Ratnagir Distract the worslup the leap of new corn and after gising Shurar generally composed of boiled rice mired to the deity offenngs of cocoinata, fowls or with curds us hept at the corner of a fiell at gorts ther carry thr com to their liones the time of reaping the crops The Shixar 15 In the Konkan districts the sillage destr is sometimes composed of the offerings of fowls invoked to protect the cattle People offer nnd gonts. This ritual is niso known by the Cowls and coconuts in the annual fnit of a nime Chorang 5 sullage deite, and request her to protect their It Dángar in tlac holiba District, there is cittk and crops Ther huse to offer a fruit or A custom of carrying one onion in the corn buffalo to the date ererr third year, and to taken to the fields for mwing and placing fire bold annuilfairs in lumour Thr processin handfuls of corn on eet of cloth lv fore of bal is me of tlir cars adopted for beginning to sow the comi At the time of aserting cattle diseases Sol Master, Bándiade. Ratiti pol Master, Fonde Karnes the Yol Yaster Dásgár, holiba Saheb Sele hothipur ·90 FOLKLORE OF THE 'KONKAN After the kindling of the Iloli the people difference which is that cow dung is used inassembled there offer to the IIoli a Naivedya stead of mud. This day is called Shennad (god's meal) of poli-a sweet cake made of day. On the fourth day the Dhunda Rákslin- Jagri, wheat flour and gram pulse. Cocoa hasin (a demon goddess) is worshipped by the nuls from all the houses in the village are people, and the day is spent in making merry thrown into this sacred fire. Some of these and singing obscene songs called Láranis. The cocoanuls are afterwards taken out of the fifth day of the dark half is known as Rangsacred fire, cut into pieces, mixed with sugar panchami day and is observed by the people and are distributed among the people asscmb in throwing coloured waler upon each other. led as prasád or favoured gift. Lower Water in which Kusumba and other colours classes of Hindus offer a livo goat to the are mixed is carried in large quantity on Holi, take it oul klien it is lialf burnt and bullock carts through the streets of a city and feast thercon. sprinkled on the people passing tlırough these On the night of the fullmoon day and the streets. On this day the sacred fire of the first day of the dark half of Pálgun, the Holi is extinguished by throwing coloured people assembled at the IIoli fire Wander water over it. This water is also thrown upon about the village, enter gardens and steal the persons assembled at the Holi. The money plantains, cocoanuts and other garden produce. collected as post duriug this period is utilised Robbery of such things committed during these in feasting and drinking. days is considered to be pardonable. Some At Ibhrainpur in the Ratnagiri District the people take advantage of this opportunity for image of cupid is scated in a palanquin and taking revenge on their enemics in this respect. / carried with music from the temple to the Holi The fire kindlcd at the Holi on the fullmoon ground. The palanquin is then placed on a day is kept constantly burning till the Rang certain spot. The place for thus depositing panchami day i. c., fifth day of the dark , the image of the god is called Sálián.1 At half of Fálgun. Next morning i. c., on the Náringre there is a big stone called Holdev first day of the dark half of Fálgun, thic which is worshipped by the people before kindlpeople boil water over that fire and use it for ing tlıc IIoli fire. After the kindling of the the purpose of bathing. It is believed that sacred fire the palanquin is liſted from the water boiled on the sacred fire has the power , Sáhán, and turned round tlie Holi fire with of dispelling all the diseases from the body. I great rejoicings. The palanquin is then car- People go on dancing in the village and sing ried through the village and is first taken to the songs for the next five days. They generally house of a Mánkari, and then from house to sing Lávanis, a kind of ballad, during this house during the next five days. Thic inmates festival. Among these dancers a boy is of the liouses worship the deity in the palanquin dressed likc a girl and is called Radha. This and offer cocoanuts and other fruits and make Rádha has to dance at erery house while the certain vows. The palanquin is taken back to others repeat Lávanis. the temple on the fifth day of the dark half of The second day of the dark half of Fálgun | Fálgun when on its way gulál or red powder is is called Dhulvad or dust day when people thrown over the image and on the people who start in procession through the village, and accompany it." compcl the males of every louse to join the Among high class Hindus the thread girdi"g party. They thus go to the Holi fire and cercinony a boy is performed when he att ns raise loud cries of obscene words throwing puberty. The girls are generally married a mud and ashes upon each otlier. Ther after an early age, and when a girl attains puberty, wards go to the river or a pond to take their sugar is distributed among the friends and bath at noon time and then return to their relatives of her husband. She is then seated houses. The third day of the dark half is in a Naklar—a gaily dressed frame. Dislies also spent like the prerious one with a slight of streets which are brought by the girl's - 1 School Master, Ibhrampur, Ratnagiri. · School Master, Náringre, Ratnágiri 3 School Master, Ibhrampur, Ratnagiri.

·FOI KLORF OF TIŁ Kol! 91 parents and the relatives of lier husband are Special ceremonies called Laghurudra and given to her for the first three days Slie Vaharudra in honour of Shra the god of destakes Bier bath on the fourth day accompanied trution are also performed Sweetmeits sucls by the playing of music and the beating of as pedhas etc are offered to the gods in fulfil drums Sweetmeats in dishes are brought by ntent of 10ws Some people make rows to the relatives till the day of Rutushantı (the observe fasts, to feed Brahmins, and to distrifirst bridal night) The Garbhadan or Rulu-bute coins and clothes to the poor, while slanlı ceremony is one of the sixteen cere others hang Corana wreaths of flowers and monies that are required to be performed mango leares-on the entrance of the temple, during the life of every Hinda This cereand hoist flige over it Rich people erect new nony is perfsrmed within the first sixteen temples to different Findu destics Soir ob digs from the girls attaineng her puberty the store fasts to propitiate the goddess (handika 4th, 7th 9th, 11th and the 13th being consi and worship her during Naiarátra tur first number dered mauspicious for tlus purpose 11 lule diss of the briglit lalf of Ishauen (October) performing this ceremony the following three and others offer fowls and goats to their fa rites are required to be observed They are Tourite duties Homen make it a row to Ganpatıpujan or the worship of the god Gan-walk round the dudumbar or Pipal tree and pals. Punhyaha achan or the special ceremony to distribute cocoabuts, sugar 1g11 copper or for invoking divine blessings and Varagraha ser equal to the weight of their childru shantı the ceremony for propitiating the nine Vows apl made by people with the object of planets The ritual of this ceremony is as s caring healtlı, wealth and children and other follows - desired objects sixcha as education etc They are The husband and the wife are sented side by as follows, side on wooden boards to perform the abuse Perform ng the worslup of Shri Satua threc rites The Kadali pujan or plantion tree Váruyan, offering clothes and ornaments to the worslup is performed by the pair The stered temple de stres, hanging bells, constructing a Are or Iloma is required to be kindled The foot path or steps Icoding to the temple of the juice of the Durra grass is then poured into the special deity 1 Vows are also made to obright nostril of the bride br ber liusband This is tain freedun froin dastase or such other caluniinterled to espel all disenses from the body of tres Wien any person in the family becomes thic gırl and to secure safe conception They ull or when a sudden calamity befalls a family are then scated in a Jakhar, and presents of an elderly member of the family gors to the clothics, ornaments etc, are made by the parents temple of a deity and makes certun rows of the girl and other relatives After this the according to log menns, fulfilling them as soon husbrul fills the lıp of the girl with rice, a is tbe calamity or disease has disappeared. coconut, five betelouts, fre dry dates, fire Vows are usually to perform sets of bene. ntmonds, fire pluntains are five pieces of solace These consist in distributing cocos The girl is then carried to a temple nut mixed in sogar, giring feasts to Bralinan necompanied by the playing of musse Agrind priests, observing fasts on Satardır, Toesday renst is given to the friends and relatives aj and Sundar, offering clothes and ornaments to the close of this ceremony deilzes, buldung ac* teooples and guest houses The Hindus generally male various kinds (dharmshalás), digging out new wells and in of sows in order to procure offspring or with distributing clothes and food to the poor 3 some other such object, and fulfil them when It Khopol in the Koluba Dutrict, people they succeed in getting their desire Tlxe fol who have no children or whose children die lowing are the different kinds of rows made shortis after birth make a row to the Satusi They offer coconuts, sogar, plintains and deity whose temple is at a short distance from othier fruits, cosuy new dresses and ornaments | Alopol. The row is generalls to bring the to tlor destes, one giuse feasts to Brahmins child to the darshana (sught) of the deity and turmeric School Visier, Fonde, Rstog Schod Vaster, taglay!, Katoág 1 * School Vaster, Voyagdurt, Ratsigrie ·ji APPENDIX MAXI : kind of tra. AMIR : Immortal, AMITIO : l'scles. MATIO MSMO: An order of flosta. ANSI.(S1.1: Tho lost any of n month. AMB.1: Xomo of n godde 9. IMBIL: Conjce. AJBO: Unngo. ANXOYESHWAR: Anme of the god Mohitler. M.X.GI: Xorno of A Vow, ASIGODI1: Sre Anngh 1813'T CHATURDISIII: Tho fourteenth day of tho dnek half of Dhulrapid snored to Vishnu. AXDII (RIO :.in orlar of ghosta AXOIR.15 : Yomron ingo. .1.XI.ILI : Poliniul. .1.X7.1.X : Sont 19rd na collyriuin. AXJINI: Moilies of tiruti. {XIIXI : I fore or mole on the oyn.lid. WSKADI : Wnino of a poisonous plant. AXXID1.1 : The god prosiding over fool. 1.XXAKISTA: Thin right or tenth cy of the bright hall of .Ishrin or the second day of the bright hinli of hijrhl: when awrcis are offered to godz. IXXAP'RSA: Thin goddler providing ning lood. .ISTIRAL: Some of n dnity. AXTARIPAT: The pince of cloth which is held betworn tho bridin and bridegroom at the time of n llindu redding. .1XTYESIITI: l'uncral rites A.XIRIDU.1: Namno of a constellation. ISUSTITII (X : l'erformance of certain ceremonics onii sork, in propitintion of a god. 1P'ASMIR: Epilepay. APS.18.1: ('csenin formale divinitica srlin resido in the sky one and thin rives of the Giandharvas. Thcy nre sometimes represented as the common tomcn of tho gols. Al'T.1: Name of a treh. IRIXI : Elnrodendron glaucuin. ARITI: The corrmony of waving (around an idol, a gurii, etc.,) a platter contnining a burning Inmp IRDUODAYA: Half-risen state of a lionvonly body. ARDR.1; Nonnc of a constellation. JRGIYA: a respectful oficring to a goul or a vencrablc person consisting of various ingredients or of water only. ARJUS.1: Tho third of tho live l'andava brothers, ARU'YDIATI : Wife of Vnsighthn; namo of a star. ASARA: I fratrr nymph ASIX: A prayer carpot. ASII.SDH : The fourth month of tho Deccani Hindu and the ninth month of the Gujarát Hindu calendar year. ASH (PURI : Yoino of a goddess. ASHLESHA: Yamo of a constellation. ASHO: A corruprod form of Ishvin. ASHAPATI: Nomo of a mythological king. ASHTABHARO: An order of ghosts. ASHTADALA : Eight.cornorod. ASHTA-DIK-PILA: Protectors of the oight different directions. ASHTAKA: A hymn consisting of eight verses.

·APPENDLX 111 ASHT AJAT (DIN A&It consisting of e ght kinds of articles, 1SHT (VASO 1 class of d vine beinge o gbt in number ASHYEV The soventh month of the Deccant adu and the twelfth month of the Gujarat Hndu calender year ASHIT\I \ame of a constellation ASHVNI KUR The tan song of the run by hua wife Sanjaya 11 the form of a mari Thay Are famous as heavenly phye ciana ASEW ABIEDHA Horse sacr fice ASUWITTET (MA The only son of Drona be mal tary prenator of the Au av A. P.Javad. ASJ NI An order of ghosts ASO A corrupted form of their ASOPALAVA Name of a tree ASUR GATI Tho path of the demons ATIT A class of rel gous beggars ATLAS & kind of cloth ATRI Tame of a sage ATY (P (TIA \ame of an out door game played in the Decca ) AVAD MATA Name of god VAGAT An order of ghost AVAC ATI Fallen condut on AT ALL A Muharamadan 4 nt AVALA Name of a tree WATCR An incarnation of sbnu II An order of ghosts 41LL Vame of tree 11 DUVBAR A tree Fcus glomerata INUTI Wood bull 11 AN Tamo of A tree B B (BARO An order of ghost B (BHUL Acacia arab ca. B (BRIO S BABATO B (BRO Ses Babaro BADRUS (HAV Tame of A Brmo, son of Arjuna BIBUL 4cac A RADICA BDII4 Imsending evil BICHIDA \ame of an ex I sp nt BICULB (11 Vama of a gob! BAHRI Vama of goudens BUITIRI SONJAT Vame of a gokloss BATTEROBA Vame of muor deity BAHIRON (CHE BUILT In order of ghosts DIJ! Diah BIJALE A wooden cot B(JIT wooden stoot BUVIA A cast of tomblers or an indinduat of it Biha Vemo of demon name of a nago. BILLI small roun 1 fint oake of dry bol i beina BALI Seo NARIA Bihor Joue BILI TERASI TI o 13th day of tlu dek halt of ghd broad BILID in or ·APPENDIX .. BALADI: An order of ghosts. BALDEV : Name of the brother of Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vislını BALEV : The full moon day of Shravana. BALEVA: See Balev, BALEVIAN: A kind of worship. BALI: Name of a mighty demon, the lord of the nether world or pútál; an oblation; a victim. offered to any deity ; name of a procession. BALIDÁN: Offering of a victim. BALLA: An order of ghosts. BANASUR: Name of a demon. BANDHAI-JAVAN: Name of a cattle disease. BANIA: A trader. BAPA: Name of a guardian spirit of fields. BAPDEV: See Bápa. BARANESHWAR MAHADEV: A name of Mahadev. BARAS: The twelfth day of the bright or dark half of a month. BARVATIA: An outlaw, BATASA: A kind of streetmeat. BATRISA: A man possessed of thirty-two accomplishments. BATUK: Name of a minor deity. BAV: A word used to frighten children ; & goblin. BAVA: A term of respectful compellation or mention for an ascetic or religious teacher. BATAL : See Búbul. BATO: See Báva. BAYA: Name of a deity Presiding over small-pox. BAWAN VIR: Name of a minor deity. BECHRA MATA: Name of a goddess. BEDA: Name of a tree. BEL: Aegle Darmelos. BEL-BHANDAR: Leaves of the Aeglo Marmelos and the turmeric powder that are kept on an idol. BER : Jujube tree. BERO: Deaf. BETHI : An order of ghosts. BHABHO: Worthless. BH. DARWA: See Bhadrapad. BHADRAPAD : The sixth month of the Deccani Hindu and the eleventh month of the Gujarat Hindu calendar year. BHAGAT: An exorcist. BHAGIRATH: Name of an ancient king of the solar dynasty who is said to have brought down the Ganges from heaven to the enrth. BHAGVAT: Name of one of the eighteen purinas. BHAGVATI: Name of a goddess. BHAGWAN: An epithet of Vislinu ; of Shiva. BHAGWATI: See Bhagvati. BHAIRAV: A name of an inferior manifestation of Shiva, BHAJAN : Repeating the name of a god as an act of worship; hymns or pieces or verses vung to. a god. BHAKTIMARGA: Path of devotion, BHALU : An old female jackal. BHANDARI: A caste of Hindus. BHING : Hemp Frater. BHANGI: A scavenger ; name of the caste of scavengers. .

·APTEX DIN BHANGRA A kind of tree BHARANI sme ol a goldes BHARAN dame ol A constellat n BH(RANT The process of claro ng BHARATA Name of a broti er of Rama 12 BpVent? incarnat o of Ist nu BHARVAD A caste of thepherd BH (SIKA An order of ghosts BHASA Foly asl en BH ASJISUR Name of a demo BHLUBIJ The second day of tlelrsht! I of Karl BRAT 41 Marce of a sto a det BHIALI Mame ot a god les BEALANT Anme of the god le aratho BHAN A caste of female temple servants o are prout tutes b profeu BH ILANI See Bhavani BHE SA A she buffalo BHC Y9 (SUR A demon in the form of a he-bucatu BHIKI (RI A beegar BHIKHO A beggar BHIL A partly Hindu partl alto tr le BHBA The second of the five andava brot) er4 BHI34 AGIARAS The elevent! de of the bright I all of Jyrahth BADJI 4SEVA See Bhima. BHISI (TII MAHADEV A name of si sa BEIJIMATH SHANKAR A name of Sh va BHTSIINIA Son of Shantanu and tler Yor Gangng end grant uncle of the Pannya harav BHOGACA Village boundary BHOI A caste of fishemen s d palanqu n bearers BHOJALATRA A palca leat PUOLINATII A Demo of Si BETOG RINGDI Name of a po yoncus plan UNOPAL4 Gourd RHOPI The person that oficates itle to npl s of vllage du BHUCHAR An order of ghosts I over g over the earth BHUGA A black bee RILSHUNDAKA Yame of sae DIIUT An ev loput BHUTA See Bhut DHUT I DE ATA A gloetl godt a BHUT (LI A woman who can nflue ce el loprts to do luft to oti er BHUTE Plural of Bhutzs ce Blut H. BHUTIN feraale member of an order of devstees of the goldes Blava BHUT) TH Tame of an ex I spot BRUT 1 male jo mber of suri rul de utees of the golets Bhati DHLTA A male exorcut DHUI femalo exorcist BIBILIŞI Brother of Rivane the demon ku g of Links or Cc 17 DIJ The gecond day of the orgit or dark half of a month BIJ ATRIKSI Vild Temarun of reed en shoot Tla mar Atakes tv & frunu mutual relas on of causat on that exist. Het werd and shoot and us appled to cases in which to olleets stan i to each other in the seletu of Lor! cause and effect HIL (DO a 1.

·vi APPENDIX BILI: See Bel. BINDU : A drop. BOCHO: A coward. BODAN: A ceremony in which curds, milk, boiled rice, fried cakes, etc., are mixed up together and presented in oblation to the goddess Mahalakshmi by a company of at least five married women and one virgin. BODO: Bald.headed. BOL CHOTH : The fourth day of the dark half of Shraman. BORADI: The Jujube tree, BOTERUN: A complete cessation of rain for seventy-two days. BOWAJI: See Báva. B0W: See Byu. BRAHMA GRAHA: Ghost of a Bráhman, BRAHMA : The first god of the Hindu Trinity. BRAHMABHOJ: A feast to Bráhmans. BRAHMACHARYA: Celibacy. BRAHMACHARI : One who has taken a vow to lead a celibate life. BRAHMAHATYA: The murder of a Bráhman. BRAHMAN: The sacerdotal caste of Hindus or an individual of it. BRAHMANA-VARUNA: The appointment of duly authorised Brálimans to perform religious ceremonies. BRAHMARANDHRA: The aperture supposed to be at the crown of the head, through which the soul takes its flight on death. BRAHMA RAKSHASA: See Brahma Sambandh. BRAHMA SAMBANDH: The ghost of a Brahman that in his life time possessed higli attainments, and a haughty spirit. BRIHASPATI: Name of the preceptor of the gods: BRUHANNADA: The name assumed by Arjuna when residing at the palace of Viráta. BUDHA : Mercury. BUDDHI: Name of a wife of Ganpati. + с CENDUR: Red lead. CHADA: Rent. CHAITANNADYA: An order of ghosts. CHAITRA: The first month of the Deccani Hindu and the sixth month of the Gujarat Hindu calendar year. CHAKLI: A sparrot. CHIK PADANE: Appearonce of red pustules on the face supposed to bo caused by the influence of an evil eye. CHAKORA: A bird, Bartavelle Partridge. CHALA: Name of a deity. CHALEGHAT: An order of ghosts. CHANIAR: A caste of tanners. CHAMPA : Michelia champaca. CHAMPA-SHASHTI: The sixth day of the bright half of Nirgashirsha, CHAMPÁVATI : Name of a goddess. CHANA: Gram. CHANDA: Name of a kind of wind.. CHAND CHANI: An order of ghosts. CHANDAN: Sandal wood. CHANDIKA: Name of a goddess. CHANDI KAVACH: A hymn in honour of the goddess Chandı or Durga. CHANDIPATH: Recitation of a hymn in honour of the goddess Chandi or Durga. CHANDKAI: Name of a goddess.

·APTE.DIY CHA\DRA: The moon CH 4XDR IVAVDIL The disk of the main, the lines apiere CILIYDR (141 TR IT me of a los CHARAK Excreto CHI (RAS A caste of goncalogists an l banke CHAR AVIVRIT Hater in which the feet of a sp r tual gulay ba ni CHARMARI Name of snake desty CHAROWTHI A kind of four CHASII 4 Tie Bl 10 jny CHAT An image of darbha grass at Shrillha wlien tho Tequm Bir U NIA) 14 not proar 25 CHITA SJIR (DDII 4 4 shrdldha n which a cl nt represents a Brilu u CHI (TURV (9 The period of four montly commencing trong thn tenth thay the right all Ashdit and ending with tho tenth day of the stat holl. Airtel CII STURTUII Tho fourth day of the bright or dark half of a month, CHI KUR IR order of ghosts CHEDA Chost of person of the Kunbi or Shudra casto or an unmarrio! Mal ir CHEDOB4 Mame of a spirit deity. CHEL 4 A disciple. CHEL AV An oblation to a Máta or goddess CHET AK Akud of black art CIIFT IKIV A witch CHILTUL Aspirst servant CHIAMACITHARI: Death anniversary CHHIP A caste of calico pruters CHROGAL! Celebrated, Great, CHHOG ILO With & tail. CHILBIL Votes of thio Pingala bird CHILUM 1 clay pre CHIIVDH IRO Regged CUIR AVIVA Immortal CHITHI puce of paper on w nich myslic sugna ero drawi, an a nulou CHITILARI 4 Raggod CHILTI See Chithi CHITRIA Acasto of Brahmans sluo known as honk in myth CHITRI Vome uf & constellation CHOK da CHIO luches Senio CHIOLI I belice CHO GF A kind of sweet CHIOR (51k VTIVI in order of ghosts CHOR SI VIRU &n orier ghosts. CHORAWS I ceremony per for at the two of roupinz CHOTH The fuurth day of the night or dark half of a month CHILDBL DF JOYNI A caste of fortuno-tellen. CIL DEL An order of fotoala ghorts CHILDFLI Cee Coule! CHILDI ferche CHIUDI PICR\1The full moun day of the ranih of Jfi CUIDADI 8 km of chih vom by fair, CHLYTHO: 1.aszet, CHILLI NOLI A intr of Kilis CULPUTA Rettle of what courtroon van C3/CT EL SAP 3 tha t ưa tv box, MILPILO 31-SI ·1 - ·APPEVDIY 11 PELARSHI A dealer with gols end denils sone that summons, Tortues them, etc DEVA SIRPA A snake belonging to a deity. DPVASKI The annual ceremonies in honour of the tutelar dividity of a village DEVA YOSHITA A Fomen offered to sout PEV DIV (LI The eleventh day of the bright halt of Kartik DEVI A goddess DEVIPANTH A sect of the worshippers of the goddess Darge. DITG4 An amulet made of a piece of cloth DI AL-JATR 4 A ceremony perforaed at the time of harvest DHAN A name of Hanuman DHAN 4: Coriander DHANANJAYA Jame of a snake DHANA TR410D4SHI The thirteenth day of the dark half of Ashnin DHANUAR caste of shepherds PHAVISHTHA Vame of a constellation, DH4XV Sagittarit DHA VURMAS The period during which the sun 28 in Sagittarius. DHANU-S AVKR (VT Transı or passage of the sun through Sagittarius DIARI (DI Atrera of milk DISARVAR J1 The goal of death DHARISHIL! A reyt house DHARVASHASTRA The code of body of Hindu low DHARVASINDHU Vame of a work treating of findu law. DHED An impure caste of Hindu DHEDV (DI The ward or place occupy by the Dbed caste DHINGO Fat DHOBI casto of waabermen DHOL A drum DIOLIO. An order of ghosts DHOVDILG uYa Vama of rite performed for securing rainfall DUORI: White DHOTAR Waist cloth DHUL PIDAVO The tirst day of the dark half of Filgun. DIIRUV The son of Uttunapide. He was a great devotee of the gol Vusliu DHULETI Ses Dhul Pádavo DHULWID > Dhul 'Adavo Che clay of the wing dust after the burns of the Holi DHU DX Vame of a dernon goulless DHUND 4 R (KSH ASIV See Dhunde. DHUVDUUMARI Yams of a raytholoziol personaje DHUVI The wpoke fire of an AICATIO Over which he site ibaling the spoke, DUUP. Frankincense DIO LUBARA: Same of a goldede DIPO Panther. WISH ISHUL Pain caused by directions DIVILI fent val with avoturnal Iluminaturly feastu, gambling te bul! Juring the con cluding day of fshon an 1 the first and second day of Kirt DISSA. The fifteenth day of the dark half of Ashed DIWAD. serpent of a large but harcolesu species VODK | One hundredth part of nipee. LOK : All of raoltsyey sad sesamum sed moked together. VOR Piece of a string, a magie thread VORLI: Solanum indicum PONO 012 The solar atar ·X APPENDIX : DRO: A lind of encrod gras9. DRONA: Son of Bharad dja, by birth a Brilliman but acquainted with military science whicl recoived as a gift from l'arnsliuriin. Ho instructed tho Knurava, and Pandavas in 1140 of arm4. DRUSTAJASI: kind of black leads. DUDUA: Milk. DUDUP.SK: Rice cooled in milk and acetoned with sugar. DUG.DUDIOON: Seo Dikla. DUHITR.1: Shreiddha performed lay a grandson to propitinto his maternal grund father. DUKXL: Fomine, DUNDUBHI: I kettlp.Irum. DUNGAR: d lill. DURI (R: The court of an Indian Chiri. DURGA: Name of a godde98. DURGATI : Fallen condition. DURTA: I kind of encreul gra44. DU YODHAX.1: 71 clicose of lle lagraro Brolliers, DWIJ.1: (*cc-lom. I Brüliman, a Kshatriya or a l'rishyn, whoso investituro with the sa thread constitute, roligiously and metaphorically a second birth. DWITIYA: The second tiny of tho bright or dark half of a month. E EKSDASHI: The olcrentlı day of the bright and dark lintvca of a month. EKIL PER: Zizyplıue jujubn. CKAXTIR10: Intermittant lovor, EKOTISIT.1: Tlin riles performed on the eleventh day after death LTAL.SI: Name of a gouden, F FIG: I vulgar song. FXGAX: corrupted forin of Filgun. Scc Fillgun. FAKIR: Muliummadon mendicant. FAKIRI: Alms given to Tokirs in tlic duarrom. FAKIRO: a bregar. F.SLCUX: Tho tarellth inonth of the Deccan Hindu and the fifth month of the Gujarat #1 calendar year. FUTADI: Yamo of n biri, FIRANG.SI: Yame of a goddean, FUL: A forrer. FUL DOL: a festival in which coloured rater is throinn. GADAED.I: I donkey. GADHEDO : Sce Gadledn. GADHERIMTA: Name of a goddess installed to protect a fortress or a street. GAFAL: Stupid. GAGANACHAR: In order of ghosts moving in the etlerini regions. GAGAR BEDIUN: A picco of leather thoog or a piece of black wood on thich mysticspells i beon cast. GAJ(B.SI: Name of a goddess. GAJACHHAYA: A festival-the day of the new moon of Bhadrapad the moon being in Hasla constellation. GALAL: Red powder, ·Irre\Dil GI I trwp ol demigods considered n Shil. Atten into GLIGOR Vape of Yo GIVDH ART celestial musietan, lait of detaigne who are consulente ! No! sals GINDI! Tame of the bow of Arjuus GADU Vame of a tree GASDH Sandal paste GUZI CHATURTHI The fourth day of tho bnght half t Dadrapal celebratal u thotirt! day of (anesh CLE HIU: book shaped pstrument used by thieves in burung hot through all CANGU me river Ganges GUGIJ AL Water of the GM GLICILOR Vame of A VOW OLIGLO Stony GLGUD order of losty GIVJI Hemp foner GLPATI The son of hisan 11 triata He is the leity of way the rett cult an obstacles GUPATII UJ 4 The worshup of Ganpati. (VTH: preparatio of geam sur G40\-DEVI Wullige gul less GRAVI song i pr pitation of god leny GARBH ID The marriage consumatto con la ny GARH VE Supplcati to an Idol GIRUD The eagle VARUD PUR IV Vame of & purin GSTRAD Vame of a goul less GAU A measure of distance equal t, 1 mily (AUT 41 Vame of gagn (IVA A will ox GAVALI A casto or beriemeria GAV ATDEV Name of godling. G4ATI In order of ghosts 6 AYASUR Name of a demon USHATRI Same of a daughter of Bralima 1. (YATRI VITRI I sacruel vertu fron the lelehrld op cually earn and peale ly overy Braluman at hus mort)an evening drvotin Tb vereri in holour of the sun. (YITRIILR CHARI form of devotion toquin ig Dic reo Latin of the Olyuri mudro. hundred thousan I time with corte dymblo con Iru «(Y TRII UR ISCII AI ACHIV 5 Gayatripurmcharan € EDI * bat. EDI DIVDE In poulvor game playol by buss GERIA: A lxy who take an active part in the lion festival. (HDI! In otorcuyt caste of tmap!, minurante sul fully fit GHADI: A mesure of me equal to twenty four minutes HADULO process for renoving the effect of t. yj1 ay (HI\CHIVE in order of ghr. CILINDHAR 411 in order of gh ta CHANT T1 st quality of ostele which w put in st na tua. No, u oll mally GHIT: Step on the sun of or yer or tank rent water CHATOT IC! Tarpo fa dan (HELT: Ja ·مهم و ما هم به ہ . را را در ۳۰ 13ri 136 .2: 51 :{ * * } -ر14 13 12 *} { ۰۹۰ ، ار {{ و ۴۶۰. ا {44}} !!!!!!! ! 110 ( 42 ۲۲ ،۰{ }}۰ | ۹۰ ۱۹۹۱ 53 } {۱۶ ۱۲۹۰ ۱۹ ! } سر وه بوم وز د سم به و F هی * مع هی جه ا * وهي هه (۰۲ ۰ ۰:۱۱۱۰۰ {!:04. مه د t . ۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰۰ مه ۱۸۰۲ ۲۰۰ ۱۰ - 424 405 4 ttt100 } { { . } A۱۰۸ - }} 3، 4، ۰ ۹۱۰ ۹۰ { } په۱۲ : ۰ي } - {۰۹۱۰۹۹ ۱٫ ،، \1: }{}{!!! ؛ 1 : 06 (1) 1 ، }!.} {{ }} {}} } * {} مه سیب . ۱۲ وام ۱۹۰ }}}}'r\.{{ } ·APPENDIX G#4 { troop of demigoda considered as Shres's attendants GAN AGOR Tame of a vow G*\DHARTA A celestial naustelan class of demigod, who are consvlered to be the uncan of gods CIDIVA Tame of the bow of frjuna G\DU Vame of a tree G LDH Sandal paste GANESH CHATURTHI The fourth day of the bright half of Bhadraped celebrated as the birth day of Ganesh GALSHIO boch shape 12trurgent used by thieves in boring holes through all! GANGA The river Ganges (UG (JAL Water of the Ganges GA GIGOR Tame of a low OLIGLO Stony GSXGUD in order of glots GA JA Hemp flower GANPATI The son of Shiva and Parvata He is the deity of wdum and the remov r of the culti an l obstacles G4\PATII UJ A\ The worship of Ganpati. G{\THIAS Aprej aration of gram four GAO DETI Village grdders GR4131 1 got bn propitation of a godde GIRBH ( DTI e merr are consudamnation cerein ny GARHIVE Supplıcati in to an 1 lol. GARUD The eagl GARUI PUR Same of a punin GATRAD \ame of a goldes G4U A meayure of a staner equal t, If milen CAUTAS1 Tame of 8 ago GIVA A will ox GAIALI caste or hertamente G4V 4TDEV Vance of a goulding. CATATI An order of ghosts GYASUR Aane of 4 d-mon GUIATRI Vemo of & Jaugliter of Braluna. ((Y42 RI VATR 4 sacred vernd from the Vedas held specially sacred and repeated by every Brahman at his morning and evening devotion The verse is honour of the sun. «(Y1TRI PUR ISHRA Afum of devotion requirng the recitation of the Guyan maruro hundred thousand times with certain ayen bolic cremones (Y 4TRITUR ISCH AJ ICH 4V Ses Cayatripurascharan. (EDI bat. (IOIDSVD un outdoor game play al by boss. GCRIA: A boy who takes an active part in the lolo festival (H(DI: A 1 avoroist Ousto of terdplo mi istrants or An un lividual of it GHIDI measure of time equal to twenty four minutes. CHADULO procesa for retnoving the effects of the evil eye CHI\CHIVI In order of ghosts GH (NOK 4R 41 da order of glosty G}(VT That quantity of o 1 seedle which u pat in at one tme to be crushed in an oil mills CH(T: Steps on the sute of Amer or tank leading to t1 ruter G}{{TOTK1CH1 Sams of R đemon GHELI Val ·APPENDIX GULLO: Jud. GIELUX: Jaci. GHER.ITALI: Eclipuede GHET.I: Arliecp). GHODO: A luorsis. (NUGARI: (irain boileul wholu, i.e. tin-plit and unluyked. GIUMAT: il sort of inusical intrument can earthen rossol, pitchor-form, covered over at the larger mouti with leather, GHUSA: ,Iinysterious intcry pit. GIDOT.(X: Nome of it creeper. CILLI-D).(XIX: play amongst born trapstick. GIR.ISI.1: i Rajput Inneholier. GIRIA: I writer drmon. Applied to Riil or to an eclipse in general, olur or lunar. GIRL: Anontor or individurl of il ninong Gnsdris. GOCI:11: Check at lug * GODIO: I bull. GOKARX: Yume of a mythological king. GOKIILO: Inche in the wall. COKOL: The name of the village at which Krishın s're brought up. GOKHIRU: . species of thoms, GOKIL-ASHTASII: The ciclilli day of the clark half of Bhd lragyod cclebrated as the birthday of kirislinn. GOL: Jolaps. GOL.AB:1: Maine of a kocde4*, GOLAJIB.(DEVI: Xime of a good. GOMILKI: Mouth of a casr. COXD.180: l'Inca where the villnge cattle rest. GOXDUAL: a kind of religione clance, COOLTEL: A kind of creeper. GOPALS:1XT.(X: Vainr of an incantation. GOPR.N..X: (iill of a cost srith its call to a Briluaa:). GOR: I priet. GORA: black carthen resscl filleul trith cured, GOR:DI:: d name of Ilanunun. GOR.SIX: d married unwidowed somnan. GORAKHA: Yomo of a sint. GORAKH CHYCH: A kinel of tree. GORJI: il preceptor. GORAKHRSJ: Name of nonint. GOSTI: Annscctic. GOTR.I: rcction of 11 ciste having a common ancestor. GOURI-PUJAS: The sorship of tho goddess Gouri, i festival obsorved only by women. GOUTRAD: o vom in lionour of the con lasting froin the eleventh day to the fifteenth day of the bright half of Bhadrapad. GOLTR.(L: Name of a yom. GOVARDHAN: I celebratel hill near Mathura. A large lieap of cow (lung or rice, vegetables, etc. made on the first day of the briglit half of Tárlil: in imitation of the mountain, GOWAL.S-DEVA: Yame of a deity connected with rain-fall. GRAHA: A planet, GRAHAN.: Au cclipse. GRAHAN-PUJAX: The sorship of the plough on the full.moon day of Shravan. GRAHA-SHANTI: A ceremony in propitiation of the planets. GRAMADEVATA: village goddess. GRAMA.DEVI: A village goddess. ..

·APPENDIX XIII GRIHADES ATA Tlie diety which presides oser tbe bouts GRISHMA RITU The summer GRIYA Name of a desty. GUDHI A pole wrapped around with a clutty & mango oprig etc. erectel ou to friday of the year before the house-door GUDHI PIDIA The first day of the briglit hall of Chair the new year day of the DMI Hindus GUHIAR An order of semi-divine being GULAB A rose GUGAL Balsamodendron. GUJAKALPA ante ca medicinal preparation. GUL IL Red powder GUSPHA A cave GUNDAR Gum arabic, CURAV A taste of temple ministrants or an et lividual of 1 GURU A religious preceptor, Jupiter GURU CHARITRA ame of a sacred brk H HADAL: Ghost of a woman who diry within ten dars of childbirth or dar ng ron 1 HAD ALI See Hadal HIJ A pilgeun HAJAX A cate of barbers of an individual of HALAHAL A Bort of deadly poison produced at the churning of the ocean HANSA A goose HANUS IN Name of a deity in the fond of & monkey, He was great dsi ute of Rama HANUMAN JAYANTI The full moon dav of chrutra celebrated as the birthday of Ianuari HAR A name of Shiva HARDA A garland of balls meule of sugar HARDAS One who performs kathis that is relates stories of Hulu daitros to thu socum pannasa: of music HARDE: Myrobalara HARI A name of Ibnu HARISCHANDRA ame of a mythological king HARIT(LIKA The third day of the bright ball of Blund rapid on which un-gus of Parvati malo of earth are worshipped by women HARIS ANSIIA Name of a purdi HASTA Name of constellation HATHADI an order of ghosts, HITHI: An elephant HAVAN A BACT6cial offering HILDAJATIO A name of Hanuman HEDAMBA Tame of a giantes HEDLI, An order of gh sta HEVANT RITU Fanter HIDIIBA Name of a giantes HIJADA: A eunuch HINGLAJ Aame of a golder HIRANYAK AYHIPU Same of a demon HIR NYAK ISHY SPU Tame of deroo HIRAXI AKS4Amo of demon HIRWA &n onder of ghosts HOL Anno of a goddess HOLI: A festival held at tho approach of the remal equmor The pis unit to be loaded at the lectival ·.UPP'EYDIX BIOLII: A boy who takes and notivo part in the Holi colebrations. HOLIKI: Mamu of a goldeny. HOLO: .1 Aprcice of birdly. IIONI: Acrilicn. 110,1.VLIV.IX: .1 formation presuing comprelionicly or collectively, tho several acts and pointy nppertaining to oblation by firo: also any one indefinely of those acts and point4. TOW: Name of a clcmon. MILWB ID: .1 one of Vernis or an individunt of it. 111"'{SHINI: The pilo nrrangri lo hn kindlord nt thin festival of Hildi. . 1 I.XI I.XIV. I siit. IXI)': 'sakoprsnel. IXDR-111 IXU'Siy... ram-bos. IXIRUIN. Mana pilit nous IXON WHITOTS II .I fenilalanlaratei in honour of the cod Initra. IR 11.1 protection manat rallt ini le of tlim Iraprox of trend. INITIDI1.17): Ichinonendiits. 111110 Imprint of marrim ۲ ۲۱۱ : .) (D1* The blacks art TIGRIX The fiftrantla class of the bright holl of laluille JIORITI: Whiluinova JIKIII. In oriler or phone. JKI11. Samas on mmor woulden. TIRIII .In order of remenlivene beingy. TIKISI-DEV1 Yama af al mor volledo JIRILAR, Voine of a inmor Soulless. IKIIRO 13 orilor of ghosta. J( KIX Spirit of a woman w lost luusband is alive. 11UTI. Your Of Anmor golden JIKRIX Vampo of Adlerts reding in water, In xirdar of sluly; nunc on tree, JIL ICHI IR la ording of evil xpirita living in matei. ..11. ID:11 Il'ater-gridiene, J.11.IJ. In order of klients TIL-JITRI: The ceremony of submerging tlo imnge of Shiva. JAL.1XDHIR: Name of a cleinon. Ill. Ir. I dream caused by cold. JILDEVKI. Water-goldest JILOTSAV.I: water festival JAJBUV.IXT: Ono of the generals of Rama's army nt the siege of Lanka or Ceylon JIVBUV.LVTI: The daughter of Jambuvant. JJI: .In order of ghosts. JIV: .In order of ghosty. J.IX.IK. A kug of Malun, the foster father of Sita, J.STAWC: sacred thread. J.WGJM: Lingayat priest. JAXHIU: Name of a mythological kung. JAXJIRO: 4 black cotton thread with seven knots ·APPES DIX XP JAVISHTAJIT The eighth day of the dark half of Shriftus celebrated a tho birth-day of Krishna JANJIA SUI EST\I a woman who is perpetually une dored. JANNI Name of a minor goddess JANTRA A myst cal arrangement of world JAP Repeating prayers in a mutter og manner, JAP MAL rosary JKRAN A kind of black art JAR (SANDH Name of a demon JARI Name of a goddess JARI MARI A godde . pres dag over an opuem o or pest lent al deu JATA Matted hair JATRA A far JATUPI Vanne ol sage JAVA Barley JAVALA Tonder trent planta JETHA Toeghth month of tl Gujarat H ndu calendar ear JHAPAT A Budden encounter JHOLU Name of a godde JISIP An order of ghosts JIVI An ondor of ghosts Jrvo Small JINTHRO Rugged JIREV Cumin seed JITADHANI Sange of a goddess JITI Live JIVO L ve JOGAI Namo of a goddess JOGAMI A female harple JOGATA A male ehuld offered to the goddess Yallamna. JOGATI\ A ferazalo cl uld offered to the goddess I allamm JOGAVA Begg ng in the name of the goddess Ambue JOGI A male ch I offered to the goddess Slás aks. JOCIN A female ch ld offered to t) e goddes, 15 ska JUARI Akad of coni JULEBI A kind of sweet Jurii False JUTARI A kind of corn JI ESHTHA TI e ti rd mo ith of tle Dacca H Jua i theo zhth moath of the Gujarat H calendar year Vama of a constellat on JIOTISH SHASTRA TI $c ence of astronoms к KABAR A tomb raped over the gra e of a Hut ammutan ant KABIR Aame of celebra ed sat A ICH Tie son of Br 1 pat t1 preceptor of gols A CHAK 4D A kind ol beau KACHARO Retuse KACHBI Rainbow HACHHII A custo of vegetable sell LAD ID IN: Legumas HAD ALIPUJAN Planta tree worst p KADAMB Authocephalus cadumbs.

·xvi APPENDIX : 1. KADVI: Bitter: KADAVO: Bitter. KADULIMB: Melia Azadirachta. KAFRI: An order of ghosts. KAGDO: A crow. KAGRASHIA: An expounder of the utterances of crows. KÁGVA: Cooked food offered to the manes. KAITABHA: Name of a demon. KAJAL : Collyrium. KAJRA: A kind of tree. KAKADI: A cucumber. KAKBHUSHUNDI: Name of a sage. KALASH: A jar. KALASHI: A weight of corn. KALANEMI: Name of a demon. KALASIO: A bow). KÁLI: Name of a goddess. KALIKA: Name of a goddess. KALKAICHE BHUT: An order of ghosts. KALI CHAUDAS: The fourteenth day of the dark half of Ashvin. KALINGI: Daughter of the king of the Kalingas. KALI PARAJ: A name applied collectively to the aboriginal tribes of Gujarát. KÁLIYA NAG: Name of a mythological snake. KALI YUGA: The fourth age of the world according to the Hindu scriptures. KALO: Black. KALO VA: Name of a cattle disease. KALPAVRIKSHA: A fabulous tree granting all desires. KAL BHAIRAV: A name of Mahadev, KAL PURUSHA: The god of death. KALUBAI: Name of a minor goddess. KALYAN: Welfare. KAMA DHENU: A heavenly cow granting all desires. KAMALA HOLI: The fourteenth day of the bright half of Fálgun. KANAN : A kind of black art of bewitching a person. KANANDALU: A gourd. KAMDEV MAHADEV: A name of Mahadev, KAMIOD: A kind of rice. KANAKNATH: A name of Mahadev. KANKOTRI: Red powder. KANOBA: Name of a minor deity. KANSA: King of Mathura, maternal uncle of Krishna. KANSAR: Coarse wheat flour cooked in water or ghi and sweetened with molasses or sugar. KANYA: A girl ; Virgo. KAPHAN: The cloth in which a corpse is wrapped. KAPIL: Name of a sage. KAPILASHASTHI: A day on which synchronize six particulars—the day, Tuesday; the month, Bhadrapod; the date, the sixth of the dark fortnight; the Nakshatra, Rohini; the Yog, Vyatipát; the Nahunakshatra, Hasti, KAPILASHETE : See Kapiláshasthi. KARAN: A kind of tree. KARHADA: A caste of Brahmans found in the Deccan, KARKA: Cancer, ·APPL\DLY KARKATA Same of a water nymph hARK ITI See Karkata, hARKOTAK Tame of A snake LARS 4M (RG 4 TI e path of set on STIL The eight) mot} of the Deccan Al the first mtl of tim jutut Huls calendar year KIRTINESon of S! V& the commander of the arm I the goal ASADA Aknd of eacred gree KASIA butcher K 194T14 Yamo of a god LAS TIA-C (VTH Tymg the knot of haast & a Sow char el the name of ti who h SHI Ben&rex KATHAH ATI Rame of a trh KATHEKARI A narrator of ti e legends of the goals, KITHL Name of tr be LATLARI Tame of a tr be LATLI Akin of merl c nal preparatu Attir A digger KAUL The r ce betelnuts etc stuck upu 1 in dol w1 t KIUL GHL\F To consult a dety by kaul KAUR ATA TI o patronym c of tlo descendants of knuti ally all th tle su of DI r terus tra KAUSTUBHA Name of a cel Ira ed jern obta ned at the clum K of the von wur 1 Vishnu hal 4\ESHWAR A name of Valle MIA Body KrDR Name of a de ty hi RADO Ak nd of tree hrSHAR Saffron hFSHATA & name of brusl ne. KITU In Astronomy then nth of the planets in myti ology - demon 1 HIABITII An or lor of glost KID KHADY 1 BESADII A ceremo gwerformed i exore tu prur ate cf ou goddesses, KHADI Red or green eart] : LIOACHAR In order of ghosts COA n ng in the sky HAIR Acac a catechu. KHAIS 4 spec os of water eps hi W&D PATI: & Bect of Hund 13 hHhHARA Aknd of tree hAKHI A sect of Hindus KHAL Ti e paguage in the al nga (pl allus of a) ATA A bol ce clot! h11 (DE PUJ I Wont pol ama LIDERI A name of the ter har i la KRIDOBI: Name of a dety LIAJIR: 1 daggre HAPARI: Ak nd of cattl 12-CASE KIIRIA In order of gl nata KUARA 11 A&A of cattin n scl tio hoots are ai cial hiARVA caste of filmen and sa lors or sa inl atual of t HARTI Seahhina KIIXTALF ·Svii APPENDIX : : KHATRI: caste of woavors. KHAVAS: A caste of Hindus. KHAVIS : An order of ghosts. KHETALO : Namo of a snake deity. KHETRVA: A fiold, KHEJ: An orcior of ghosts. KHICHADI: A proparation of rice and pulse cooked together. KHIJADIO: The Shami tree, Prosopis spicigera KHIJADO: See Khijndio. KHIJADO MAMO: An order of gliosts. KHILI: A pog. KHIR: Rico cooked in milk and swoctened with sugar. KHIT KHIT: Notes of the Pingla bird. KHODIAR MATA: Name of a goddess. KAODO: Lame. KHODO MAJO: Vamo of a minor doity. KHOJA: A class of Musnimiins. KHOKHO : an outdoor game playod in the Deccan, KHUNTINI: An order of ghosts. KIDI: An ant. KILBIL : Votos of thio Pingla bind. KINKHAB: Silk workod with gold and silvor flowers, brocade. KINNARI: An order of somi-divino beings. KIRSTA: A fisherman. KISHORDAS: A namo of Hanumin. KODRA: Punotured millet. KOHALA: Pumpkin. KOKAI: Namo of a goddoss. KOKIL: A cuckoo. KOKILA VRATA: The festival of cuckoos which is held in the month of Ashadh after a lapse of ttronty years. KOLAMBAI: Name of a goddess. KOLH.SI: Name of a goddess. KOLI: A primitivo tribo of Hindus common in the Bombay Presidency. KOLO: & jackal. KOLKAI: Name of a goddess. KOLU: Cucurbita maxima, KONDI: A kind of earthen pot. KONDURI: A preparation of mutton, KORI: A new garment; an unused earthon jar; a small silver coin. KOTHALI: Reticulo. KOTWAL: Name of an untouchable caste of Hindus. KOYATA: A wood bill. KRISHNA : The eighth incarnation of Vishnu. KRITIKA: Name of a constellation. KRIYA BHAUDAI: Name of a deity, KSHATRIYA: The warrior class, the second of the fourfold divisions of Manu. KSHETRA: A holy place. KSHETRAPAL: The guardian spirit of fields; a kind of stone. KUBER: The lord of wealth, the regent of the north and the king of the Yakshas ant Kinnaras KUKAD VEL: A kind of creeper, Kul: A totem; a clan, KULA-DEVATA: Family deity. KULA-DEVI: Family goddess 62 ·ALI E Dil YIK KULADHAR VI A special worslap of the family god or godds of each faruk AULATHI A kind of corn KULCKA A mixture of wheat oat or Two four, clarified butter and su ar or nota yang KULK VRNI A village accountant KUMBHA Aquarius KUMBHALAR Name of a demon. A USIDHAR A caste of potters AUJIBHARAN A Foman of the humbheir caste KUVBHAVU: Vamo of a cattle 1998. KUMBHAVIVAHA Blarriage with an earthen jar KUNBI A cultivator KUND A pond apt A Bacred pool UDALA I kind of magic circle KUNDALI All astrological diagram of the postion planeto at any particilar tiram KUNDALIA Damo of Hanuma. KUNDI A shoe makers earthen pot KUNKU Red powder AUTI The first wife of Pandu KUPOTS 1KG4 Digging a well for the benefit of the public-and abani na oner ownership over it KURASADI Weat flour lumpe is in the orromony of the Bobin KURI An imploroent for sowing corn KUR VI Aarde of a water nymph KURULSIIETRA The extent a plairt noar Dillu tha e of the great battle to 1 hauravas and Pandaya USISAND An order of demoi-gods KUSUMB4 The dy o prepared from the dried fouers of tho kusumbs (Carti umu, tu ctorius) KUTRO A dog L LAPU 1 sweet ball LAGHUKUDRA I rito in honour of the god Shiva LAHI [ arc bed rice LAKSHACHANDI A recitation i hovour of the goddess Parvati LAKSHAVLIA Brother of Ramn LAKSHMI The goldens of wealtli L (LA HARDLI Tame of & minor local dorty LLO Name of a field det) L (LO BH 10 4T Mame of 8 gaat LMIWDIVO An Iron lamp LAMLAN A branch of black magie LIVIA Ceylon Lint Coarse wheat ft wer fried in ghi and elegal with molducs or sugar L AVEC Close LATI I kind of ballal plantation LANAVI Plantation. LATO A Parasite L14T A ghost of widow LINDO & tree Vantagexcelsa LIMBO l olorous LIVO Pballus LINCANI See Luga LINAL IT in intes adual of the Lungis at rell, 100 whox chut object of worship ·S APPENDIX LOBAN : Olibanum, LOBH.IN : Incense powder. LOTA: A water pot. LUVANA: A caste of traders. LUXVII : See Lakshmi, M. MACHCHENDRA NATH : Name of a saint. MACHHI: Name of a water nymph. MACHHO: Name of a goddess. JACHHU: Seenlachlo. MADALIUN: A hollow bracelet. JADAN: Cupid. JADHAVI: A village lieаdman. MADHU: Name of a demon, MADHU PAVANTI: An order of ghosts. MADHIVACHARYA: Name of a great saint who founded a sect of Vaishnavism. JAFAT : Useless. VAFATIO : Useless. JAG : A grain, Phaseolus inungo. MAGH: The eleventh month of the Deccani Hindu and the fourth month of the Gujarat Hindu calendar year, MAGHA: Name of a constellation, MAGHALO : A lamp of mud covered with leaves to represent the god of rain. MAHABHARAT : Name of an epic of the Hindus. JIAHSDEVA: A name of Shiva. JAHA GIRA: Name of a ininor deity. MAHAK,ALI : Name of a goddess. MAHAKALI NIRVAN TANTRA : Name of a work on Tantric philosophy, MAHALAKSHMI : Name of a goddess; Name of a ceremony in which the goddess is worshipped on the eighth day of the bright half of Ashvin. MAHALAYA SHRADDHA : A shruddha performed in the dark half of Bhadrapad in propitiation of ancestors, JAHAMARI : Cholera goddess. JAHANT.: A saint. VAHAPURUSH : An order of civil spirits. JAHIR : An unclean caste of Hindus. MAHAR PURUSHA : A kind of stone. JAHARAJA : A term of respectful compellation applied to kings, religious heads, saints, etc. JAHARAKSHASA : A class of demons. JAHARUDRA: A sacrifice in honour of Shiva. . MAHARAURAVA: A kind of hell. JAHASHIVARATRI: The fourteenth day of the dark half of Mugh, a fast day in honour of Shiva. MAHATMA: A saint. MAHATMYA : Greatness. MAHESHA : A name of Shiva. MAHESHVAR : A name of Shiva. MAHI : Name of a demon. JAHIKAWATI : Name of a goddess. JAHODAYA: Name of a festival, VAIDAN: A plain. JAKARA: Capricornus. MAKARI: Name of a water nymph. MAKHAR: d gaily dressed up tooden frame. :

·VIPEDI 111 1 group YANI Vaze MALAP musical mode VALILARI name of handoba, VL) Relea VIALI caste of gardener or as indo bual of it. 31LLXD weet preparation of whest foart Alha VALL Laclean VALLARI A nane of hhadobe. VALO 1 bower SILMIKUL 1 An order of glosta MANO - to order of ghosts & maternal uncle LAVAS! Same of a deity ADAL MADALU 1 c rcle VID IV SHR Vam of an a cient scholar A ADAP I lower MADA BHARAYE Filling in a magio circle as a protest w from prie VEL-ST BH. The auspicious post of the mama luwer WA An unclean caste of the Hundus, MI. V Tame of a Rw JA\GUL Var VAX AL C-GOURI : ceremony performed ly marl girls ir ve kur \rry Tuesday of the month of Shrerin DAN ALIRATI Joving a lightel lamp round an lol NAVG ILSUTRA TI o lucky threr wom by married women VAI jewel, none of a deity MINIDIAR A snake WAWI MALLA \ame of a demon VANLARI The person entitled to certain ho 100N and prean ito at village eterli AOD1 1 blach ant. MASA KHAS UNTI An order of ghosts MATRA An incantation & magic spell MAXTR IHASTRA The science of incantatione. MANTRI in exorcist MANTRIK an exorcist JANUSHYACH IR in order of ghosts moving among me MARAN A branch of black magic VARGA path, course WARG 1 Name of a goudess MERGASHIRSHA The ninth month of the Dccani Hinta anl the secon 1 month for "jarde Hindu calendar foar VARGI: Ivect of Hu dus YARGI I EXTHI foll wer of de Vargi erct VIRI Tame sf a goldeas, JARICHI \ame of ele. VIRII UV A ceremony for driv 2 & #sy 10 acts MARIO + Varjoram VISUB : Lentil, VASIDI In order of ghet MATAgolese NATAJI See Ata HATI ISHTAVI Thee ghth lay (t1 - HIMM YATIRI are of a goddle VATH : monastery ·1311 APPENDIX MATHBHAJI: A kind of greon Vogelable. MATI : Earth. MATRIKA: A mother; an order of semi-divine boings. MAULI: Name of a goddess. MAUNYA VRATA; A voi of silonco. MAVADI: Ghost of a woman dying with certain desires unfulfilled. NAYA: Illusion. MAYAKA: Name of a goddess. MEDA: Marrow. MEDINI: The earth. MEGH: A cloud. MEGHARAJA: Tho god of rains, MEGHLADDU, A street ball of whent flour fried in ghi. MEHULO: Scc Maghalo. MEKAIL: Name of an angel. MELADI: An order of ghosts. MCLDI: Sec Mcladı. DIELI VIDYA: Sacrilegious Art. DIENA : A kind of bird, DIERU: Name of a mythological mountain. MESHA: Aries. MHALSA: Name of a goddess. MHARJAI: Namo of a goddess. MHARLOBA: Namo of a deity. MHASHYA: A species of rater spirits. MHASOBA: Name of a villago deity'; lord of ghosts MIANA: A class of Alusalmüns. MINA: Pisces. MINDHAL : A kind of fruit MIRI: Particle. MITHUN: Gemini, MIYALI : An ordor of ghosts. MOBHARA: A hollow stone used for threshing corn, MOCHI: A casto of shoo-makers. MOCHINI: An order of ghosts. MOGRI: Rat-tailed raddish. MOHAN: A branch of black magic. MOHINI: A fascinating woman. MOHARO: The stone found in tho head of the snake MOHOR : See Moharo MOKSHA : Salvation MOLANI : An order of ghosts MOTAKAT: Name of a von MOR : A peacock. MORIA: An earthen boti. MOT MAVALI : Mother Mary's MOTUDUKH: A kind of cattlo disease. MOVA KHARAVA: Name of a cattle disease. MIRIG: A deer; name of a constellation. MRIGANKA : The moon MIRIGA TONCHANA: The moon. MRITYUNJAYA: Name of an incantation, MUCHKUND: Name of a sage. MUJÁVAR: A sweeper of a mosque devoutly or piously fired to it ·APPE DIY Txut JUKTI Salvation YUL.Ame of s star MULO Raddish VUNDU A kind of win! UVOLSIIWAR VALADE Ananke of Shiva JUNOI NITA Namo of a goddess , dumb mother MUNJA Spirit of Brihman boy who desima-dat-ly after he threadoremony VURALI A flute MURDU YG 4. Tabour MURLI See Blurall US4L A ner pound r MUTHI The fist MIUTH BRAVE Throwing of a handful of rare over which incantattung have been repea el sending a bewitched lemost to a person to whom a d1468 46 19 to bn trinae et or who » to be kulex VUV 1-KFSHIBI kind of cattle dispaye N XICH IN Akıl of grad NAD (root 1 coloured cord with a small parcel C 32in incense md powd te te NIDISADI A corl and s rolse VG snike A pe los al Airliyin bu bali mne pnty inform NAC4: Seeg NGAISALI A propitiatory offering to snakes VACAR A caute of Brahmany found in ujar it VACCI AVEA A flower tree, Alpinu mutane NAGDIV The Anahe god MAGKIVYA A enako girl. NC KESIR Iesaus Ferrea (GMAGA: A clags of beggars who w rshop the nahe NON STH Nome of A snake desty NIGTICILAVI The fifth day of the br ght hul huwabny in honor of the murder VIGO Shareless NAGOBA The anahe deity NACVIL A kind of creeper ان + LIIR Naim of epror Valiomlan siit ALS HEB I familiar na for th teurer utlu oluram, of the Tatt-pl) with natcs et thn top in 6 mil or borre-ena maruber. H4V ( pscret ofer do Hwa NAY LSK IR Revery nt al or ftspectiul al In 38 x calitation NIVDI the a loptise father of brishna. VA\DIRT Yame of a mytholo,cal kmn INDIA !! DI RHR )DIT I Shruths to the na prelim nary t) Any Jyox4 CAD Smol YAO AR ASING in order of gheets, IRA Yamos of Asage VER AD IUNI Yemn of duine r. SARAN liell VARAK-CHATURI) 4F Tho fourteenta dins i ! Jull of As SARILI PICK VIVL The cocoas it bolı lay, the tenth day of the bri, hit bull of shk ..tent of 1% Lop het on ·xxis AI'I'ENDIX NARAYAN: Nomo of a sage. NARAYANA BALI: A sacrifice in propitiation of cvil spirits. NARAYAN KAVACH: A liyin in lionour of Vishnı. NARAYAN NAGABALI: A kind of offering. NAREL-PURNINIA: Sec Núrali Paurnimn. NARGUDIKALPA: A kind of medicinal preparation, NARKYA UDA: A kind of incense. NARSINHA: See Narsimlin, NARSINHA MEHTA: A celobratcd saint of Gujarit. NATAK: A drama. NATHU: Tied. NAVACHANDI: Name of a sacrifice. NAVAGRAHA: The nine planets, NAVAGRAHASHANTI : A ceremony in propitiation of the nine planets. NAVAKADAN: Gift of a ship. NAVALA-DEVI: Namo of a goddess. NAVAMUTHIUM: A preparation of nine liandfuls of wlicat. NAVARATRA: The first nine days of the month of Ashvin héld sacred to Durga. NAVATERI: A game of nino and thirteen. NEHADO: A hamlot of Bharvácls or slicplieris. NIAR: A kind of rico grown without ploughing. NILOTSARGA: A kind of Shraddha. NILOTSAVA : See Nilparviin. NILPARVAN: A ceromony in propitintion of tho spirits of deceased ancestors. NIRGUDI: A kind of plant. NIRJALA: Name of n.goidoss. NOL VEL: A kind of creeper. NRISINHA MANTRA: An incantation in honour of Nrisinha. NYASA : Gesture. .. OGHAD: A fool. OKAR INU: Vomitting; a kind of sheep disense. OLO: A species of birds. OMKAR MANDHATA: Name of a god. P PADO: A he-buffalo, PIDUKA: Impressions of feet on stones. L'ADVAL: Snake-gourd. PADIVAL: Sec Padval. PAJUSAN: A holiday of Juins. PALAS: A trec, Butca frondosa. PALEJATRA: A ceremony performed at tho sowing season, PALE MARAD: An order of ghosts. PALIO: A pillar. A tomb erected on the grave of a person who dies on a field of battle. PALUS: See palas. PAN: A betel leaf. PANCHAK: Grouping of constellations lasting for five days. PANCHAKSHARI: An exorcist. PANCHAMRITA: A mixture of milk, curds, sugar, ghi ånd honey. PANCHARATNA: Five kinds of precious things, viz., gold, silver, copper, coral and pearls, PANCHAYATAN: The five deities, Shiva, l'islinu, Suryo, Ganpati and Devi. PANCH.DEVA: See Panchúyatan, ·APPENDIX XTY PACFIG AVI Im Iture of tle fi products of the cow PLICHOP ACHAR TI e present ng n oblat on to an dol of five art clea PAND AVA 4 term appled to the fise song of Pan lu PADHAR \ame of s goudes PANDIT & scholar PENDHRI & kind of tree PANGALA DEVI Nan e of a god lese PANOTI Certain pecul ar co junet one of pi ne s namo of a goddess PAPAD Water biscus PARADI Id ease-scar g bn het a babet PARAKAYAPRAVESH Enter the body of another PARASHU An are PARDESRI 1 term applied to men from per Ind a usually low caste PARJ4YY& Ran PARJANYA SHANTI ce emo y p rformed to securd rainfall PARMAR A clan of Rajputs PIRO A kind of stone PARSHAD I AIKU TH Tame of a h A enly reg on. PIRTHISHWAR Lord of tle eart! & god PARI ATI The co sort of Sha PARWAVI A fest al PISHLCHAR An order of glosts bio , among beasts PASHUPATAKA A weapon of Sh a PASTANA TI e beng dus poard for e- engele etc for idol worshp PIT A low wooden stool marr age wth a w dow PITAL The nether world PATH4 Recitat on PATIL A village I eadman PATIT PALAV Pur fer of the fallen PAThe dead scarf PATL4 A low wooden stool PAT LIVAVE To marry a w dow PAURAVIC As prescribed in tl opurdnas PAUSI The te th month of tle Deccan R ndu and the tand month of the Gujardt Itin la calendar year PALAIYA & sect of goddess worsh ppers PAITE Ak nd of gta v PEDHE Alod of sweets TEDI 4 small heap or hips PEES A An order of shorts PENDU Ik nd of aweete PETTOD: Lund of cattled ease PILGUV T1 a twell 1 month of tl e Deccan Findu and the fifth month of the Gujarat Toto cale tar) ear PAVAS Te jach frit PIDHIARATI The ceremony of bet tuting night ornaments on an Hol toe the most ments of the day PILUDI Aknd of tree TIND Arco ball PINDI See Pnd TIGLA 4 .pecs of be PIVJAR Reł powder PITAL tree Fcus relgrona TIP ALFSIM IR MATADE! 4 name or she ·ххуі APPENDIX . PIR: A Muliaminadlan name for a saint. PIRAS PIPALO: Theşpesin populra. PISHACHA: An evil spirit. PITAR: A spirit of a deceasod ancestor. PITHI: Turmeric powder. PITPAPDO: Glossocardi Boswellin, PITRA: Nanes. PITRI: An ancestral spirit. PITRI SHR. DDHA: A Shriddha in propitiation of the ancestral spirits. PITRRIYA: A deceased ancestor. PITRU PAKSHA : Manes' fortnight, the dark half of the month of Bhadrapad. POHOR : A measure of timo oqual to three hours. POLIO : Holloir. POLO : Hollow, PONDHAR : Name of a goddess. POPAT : A parrot. POSHI : A class of chuicls, an order of ghosts, POTHIA : An exorcist ; the bull of Shiva. POTHIO: A bull, PR.CHETAS: A patronymic of Manu. PRADAKSHINA : Circumambulntion. PRADOSHA : The thirteenth day of the dark half of a month. PRALH(D: The son of the demon Biranyakashipu. He was a great devotee of Vishnu. PRALAMBA SUR : Namo of a demon. PRANA : Life. PRANA-POKA : Denth trail. PRAS.ID : Consecrated food. PRASTHANA: Sce Pastann, PRATAB : An order of ghosts. PRAYASCHITTA : Penanco. PRAYOGA: Performance ; experiment. PRETA : A goblin; spirit of a person dying a sudden or accidental death, PUDINA: Mentha Sativa. PUJA : Worship. PUJARI: A worshipper. PUJYA : Deserring to be worshipped. PULAP : Name of a sage. PULASTYA: Namo of a sage. PUNARVASU: Name of a constellation. PUNDARIK : Name of a mythological snake, PUNEMA : The full moon day of a month. PUNJI : Refuse. PUNJO : Refuse. PUNYAHA WACHAN : A particular ceremony performed on festive occasions. PUNYA STHANA: A holy place. PUNYA TITHI : The death anniversary of a Sanyasi or saint. PURAN : The name of a certain class of sacred books ascribed to vása and containing the whole body of Hindu mythology. PURBHAYA : A term applied to persons from Upper India, PURNAHUTI : An offering into the fire of a handful of rice, ghi, cocoanuts and some other articles. PURNIMA : See Paurnima. PURNA TITHI : A complete day. PURUSHOTTAN : Intercalary month, PURVABHADRAPADA: Name of a constellation, .

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·زن را AllIXDIX RI:, 1: Intiimillj. RIVITI. Yim of 11 const lintjon. 11:11.101: .pr Mar 2011 Of Namun and sugar, HIKTI: I'nirinttiil. incufurrascatin, RISIII l'l'XI 11.1111 'I for fifth any of the bright linli of Bhamrin, RITI. .1** tutill. RONIXI : War of nation, 1:01.ISI : Irinapilitar. Ideal fire punteti irromeople knute of kritin. . را ۱۰ ۱۱۰,۱۱ ۱۰۱.۱.۰ 1:11),1 .narder la mialis ille 11.4. l'D1.III 111.li. "I leren mond of prins Winter 111 , constant att inte over the image of Shinn for COIN CITis dos mil ritsht B:VIDR.111. III lone Ostalo Shira, Il corpo iniuriis. 111'111:.{lisil. II....I promise of 105 losnela rof elie tiroslir som KIIR.11.11: . crites 112 hour of tin Lil Shun. Rultrir.clutroque final Ril'(): limuna Nll: Hirms x AANKY, It'TI'SIISSII. Tie innerung" ( 0-Uminotinn er tomon. S اد) .51 SII11.1: meting (1) ITI 1'I SOTI surre!! rotondigins of NI ICN years and a half. SCHWX Areningulliment, SSD111: 1111t. GIR:.l lang atlie Solur race, an ancestor of Ramn, 111,(X.liveing alols. 1/119R.BOJIS: Herelme a thinnud Brahma-. Six les orelor of Glarmente Iwme for Mremamantia clinical climcomleel Irrien il l'rifi.. SI11.01:100..1 hand of course, SllOTII Vune of art., SIRI.SI 1o pisodes of thouts. SR19111 11 181107. "I due soni 11mpel in plutut iris box one in Muliammu-ilme other profile not Hudu SAIBIY.1 Yome of li deity. SIN CIRI: The clutti tutustairs SiviDi: Tir critico such an crecer oser th burul-pinca ou a Samnagi or sout; deep and tri ont mexlitation SINADISoc Somdh. SI1111 I louer lamp. SI11.11.1 PUJI: Onlinary tror up. SAUBISDII: Spirit of a Briihimnu who dies Nathout an lieli and chose funeral rites have not ban porforioed. SSLI: Ilog of wooxl. SAUSIY,1: Ertering the divmo orier, S.JPAT SU.UNIW.(R{ : Wendth-giving Shamildir, " Saturn in tlir inonth or Siruvan. SAMUDRA: The sno. SAVAT: .1 genn, SAMVATS.IR: year; I period of three cycles of tirent: seard euch, that 14.sisty yean. SAMVATSARI: Death anniversary. S.MVATSARIK SHRADDHI: The yearly Shraddha. SIXATKUJAR: One of the four song of Bralima. .

·VIPEVDI xxa ls 1 1) ou . e 8 g NUX SA\CHIL Akd of salt > LSDUYA The mort ng 00 or eve ing pray of a ) I DLA SANDHYA (RADI Often ca of VI ko gara ! Cahes to th buils n the VIP IT Delr m SANKAL A chain SA KAR A stone DA KASTI CHATURTHI Tte lo ett lunar day of very dark fut SAKRENT Trangt or passe, of te mu op lant frono $b of the Zulan SU KR ATT See Sa kránt SŁYY IS1 The Bráhman of theirth order the rel SAPI DI The offer ng of a ball of rce etc tort of leceun tel the tw Ith day after locena SAIT (I A perusal or read story of A D or u her sacri 1 k days SAITAILA PARAIAN Sec Sap ali SAPTA RISHI Ursa Major (tlos stery of us *UPIXI to be tv wat Blar el At Ang rim Pulan * tual ha Anth SAITI Vame of an incart He STRAVODHAAk d of frut SALASSATI The goddess of loan SIRI A robe SARPA BANDIIANZ A jrocess by w) ch 4 unek 1 in r rt cular area, SAI VAS (KSHI T) e obner er of all! STAT kud of tree SIT ARSLAGO \ame of a goblin SITEIT Arxenth day of the brilt or da kl 16 ota ATERI \ame of a goddess SITHARA The place in the house where a corpur SITHIA An AUSP c Ous bguro drawuo e floor ITSANG Contract with the righteou SAT\ \I \one of a god less the glont of a w A ATI I VRAIAS Tane of a de Row of ) af nam SATUA VINAYAK A Dame of a cap An off TIAWAN \amo of a myth o h cal kn SILD (31\I The lightning MEDAD De Shantree I came ! SU 4 1 Animal ULI (TI Wegbing about sex po Sir! The sun SAVITRI A mythological woman bralel fur les Ilu 84 INELAPIS Tame of god SANU A kind of tror (15h IP A opet leader 8(10 Sewed, JJ4 Sierg ng in otted uefnt LI cosure of rett SERAJA A kind of sit LA Verso Łth disciple follower SŁAht feederak. SH DID 4 Teme den.. NILAI TO \une of calls durant ChiXI: An urter of ·XXX .13'TENIX : SILIKT.1 V.ITA: Vama of perde44, SIIKTI: 'Thr* (trgy us hetius power of indbrity pirantifici 14 liie wile; (L4 L'ársati of Shiva SHIKIMITA: Vome rif it goordebout, IIKT)-!:AXTil: .I followers of 111. Shakti or Suikin sect that is those who worship a div olders muler its faininiue prorsonification. $11.IKTIY,11; : 1 xncrilice in Tropious of Slinkti. SILEN:1.1.1: I willní stone supporto ripirrarnt Vishm. SULISKI: .punejry of singing birida. SU.IXI: Saturn. S11,1X2:01 RATI: 'l'lje nproses ut taking oli tlo iilule night garments and putting on ott for the day 51.ISR:18.(11.ARYA: 'Il... teigendienst of this cerrated teacher of the Vrdánt philosophy. 11.1.XI.SI'Ili Vanaf 1 front, 111X111141'll: Vann of nucleron, 11.1SKMIXT: In prilor whomme SILTINI: Ikann aftlin luonno rims who marrin! (ingus nu.1 Satyavati. Stl.111.(DI1X: Tilmelirli lonell or 111 month a Murpil. SIRIXO:: 1)or post of Vilm, 1.11.11 ''SIA 1: Th. Inill-1110001 ells of Isheni. SI11.11)-BITI': Tille. Tartustui. SILISTRI: rrepturi. 1117.(11.1XD1: Incintata in honour of the greitimo SHI.T.I.XIII.1: Lover for at lummi yoor. SILIT.IT.SRAK.1: Yning of a muritutaon. SIITCHAXN1 : .lu incarentina in luomuur of Ilım srdelenst Chundi. SIIS BH1.10.IXE: Samo of a crose monių, SEX11:11: Brud Irosi, SICSI fli: Tinnalin of opet team muda who wupport the earth. SUEVIRI:.1 hind of inve. Silki.IXDI: Imea lor at the laughter of Drupala. She was given out to be, and brought f1d, ninnu chudai. SNITHAR : Top SIIKOTAR: Vane of a korleipzv. SILI : Stale. SILI SITIMI; Tin Nial soventi, ili aposenthi day of the dark hall of Shrimii. SUURS.SITET: Some so an ancient l'usi or trader who became a king an reigned three and Jolf guilt (n Briller of time). SIISINIR-RITU : The cold renon. SNIT : Thir forward in tlir $»po tlore luuenlo planted in the pit of the Holi fire. SIITSI. ISTAKA: Iliyina in prnians of llor godless Slitain. SHIT.II..SY-L'UJ:LY: ilsolidny obserend by noinn. SIIITAL (DENI: The finall-pox goudleers. SIITILI JATA: Shitalicleri. SIITIIS.APT.JII : Ser Shili Sitem, SUVA: The third god of tim llindu Trintys SHIVAALISGI : Yamo of a plant. SIN.(-MUTIA: od row in which handfuis of com are offered by marric] girls to the go: Vish on every Monday in the inonth of Shrivan. SIIVARATRI : The fourteenth any of the dark half of every month sacred for the worship of Shiv SHIVARITRI : Scc Slivaritra. SHIWANI : I kind of tree. SILIAR: An offering of boiler rice mixed with curds; an offering of n goat or fowl. SHLOK:I: Istanza, a verse, The sixteen wills of doing homage. Cunni471/DIR.

·Arryn 4+ 11 timme la N OLI PICLA J! mngfont is STIRI AD AEnd of sinh HR (th term anal to the member of the JAM SHRI Tefill montlnt Den A Itaimtimet 11 Year SHRI 1 T1 e errimo pomer ng te stimat SHRAN LA \ame ir monsiell tn SHNI DUTTA Tamo fat VIRIYCAR (RATI See girare URLSGHI Namn of A MAGE SIRI SATIRII Same of Adet SHUDDHA Pure trolig! t 1 x LA SHILDR Tie last of t} forni SHUKAMUNI Amen Ass SHUKRA Venus SIDDH An order of om NIDDHA D'URUSHI A magc SIDDHI Accomphalen in tear *con (pomat tai ta SIDDHIKIRAN Namo al Kal cl Durm rijke A Act im SIDHA Uncooked at el VIDIO -he. NIKANA al ng SIKEA al ng MIKOTIRU See Sin ru STROTURU Chont of aw MA d SIHAT 'Ti e first pregt wiry tem s/SDH (SAR Nam (4 8 x SEDUR R I least ISHA Alon Le SIVHIHA The mother 11 h ITA TI consort flame SIHA BAADHAVF nnet Jarys An AC O Sewn, ALERTA AGW Tir frn } weermalently 21 NOD UVJ 'The Orren my flwn gunun) ( x) te na then I NOL LKI am felan 11 SOLA SOSIAP-SLATI AYn drvenih * 1 ta WOLAI + emrin empty (34VATI (11 Dff my! 117 Ithe Luft NOAA Tamim Arla NOVI A cute A11 Ten od vydal ! OPPO 14 ANY NHI am scan feel le - ALFA AMMA I HATIK BATI Am at.. STAFF Alwit (trar THI *THUS I DES Abral THIS ADFTATI THIPIS 1 4CD TFAK TUULI 444th Anekatru OUHL CTS .

·Usui IPPENDIX SUDII: Hector. SUDHAKAR: Tlie moull. SIDYAJIX: Some of a mythological king. SUGAD: .1 little eartheni tycl. SUKIL:. pentiful hari. SULO: .lessiles of plenta, bI'LLIMI.XII'SRO: I kind of mouth, SUMARIN:15ISII: INDI" nf linnpati. SI'S1. lempreel. SIXI: 11:10 of cattle clientes SIXKI: XM11" of forkeliny, SIXTI: Dry singer. ALTADI.X: .! srillouing inn SI'RI: Libr. SURAK.IXO: 'Pustafrel iron aire SUR1.1: Amorphophallus compulntim (elephant foot). SURAX: . hu or irre, Sl'ID)}.1.X: (;hose of a male ?}}ember lying with certain of los clrvirr unfald}led. STRO: Sre Sorro). SUROllilk).lxpurit of one who mecky death on a firid of battle, SURYA : T1, 41111. SINY,1 1.11.11'll : I lymns in lionour of the Sun, SURYA.VRIT: . Yun an lionour of the Sun. $1"TAKT: Onc ceremonially : mpuro on nccount of the death of a relative. SI'TIR I cant of corporate or an individunt of it. Similu orciorul gh0444, SUTTEN. I Nomon sh burny her ell on the funernl pyro of her husband. SLV.): An murerloent truryl on preparing apicrow. ALWARS: lioli. SI'W.SSISI:In unirioned soman. SWAMI .lloril, term applied to ininta. SUSHI 11.111.5R1.7 : An epithet af Dattatriun or Shri Dutta. SIVAMIX.R.YAX: darct of Hindus. SWAMY: 1 dream. SWARA : Heulen, SWASTIKA:.1 kmıl of mystical figure. SWATI Varne of constellation. SIWAYAMBIL : Self.cristent. SWAYAMVAR: A moder's choico marriage. : T. TADI.I: A front of the for.palin. TADUII: The full moon day of sluih. TAKSHAK: Same of a snake. TAL: A hind of cymbal. TALABDIA KOLI: A subclivision of tlo koli tribe. TALKI IMB.1: A ghost of no uninarricd Shudra. TALI: I plate. TALI BHARASE: Irite prorformeel in honour of the god Khandoba. TALO BIIAGAT: Vamo of n gront snint. TAMASHA: A diverting oxhibition ; n show, play, farco, mock-fight, etc. TAMHAX: a flat saucer-liko metal pinto. TAMJAI: Namo of n goddes, TANYATUN: Lightning ·APPE DIX XIII TAPALESHWAR Anamo of Mahdav, TIRA BARAS the star twelfth, the twelfth Jay after the death of a person TARIA TAV Periodical lever TARPAN An offering of water TAY A Bhcot of papet TAVA A cake fred in oil in & pal. TAVO Flat unlegvenod loave TAXAMI: The ghost of a worden dying in child bol or mongoz. THAKORJI A name for the Deity THAL A dish THAV4 A station THIYAK Locality THOR A tree, Eupbona nerifolia TID A locust TIL Sesamum TILA The sectarial mark made with coloured earths or unguents upon the forehead TILAD A ganging sparrow. TINDOTAN A kind of creeper TIRTHA Mater used in bathug an lol, a holy placo TOL! A weight amounting to 210 2119. TOVD BHUT An order of evil spirita TOSHI A clash of chudels. TRAVENI A confluence of three ripers TRET (YUG1 The second yu). Ur A, acestruz to the lalu scruptures TRIJ The thurd day of the brught or lack lialt of math TRIPINDI 4 kind of Shraddha TRIPURASUR Nange of a demon TRITURI PIURVIVA Tho full mvu sy of Artske TRISHAVKU Tame ol a king of the Solar race TRISHTUL A tedent TUCHAKA I mystical mythou TULA Libra TULSHI-YRIT vo vau hour of the Tulshs or s sect bial plaas TULSI The sweet bag! TUVOJAI Name of a goddess TUR AB AT A tomb URUT Standing, an order of gliosts UCHATAN a branch of black magic UCHCHATAY Seo Uchatan UDA A Species of water spirits UDAK SHANTI Propitiation by water UJAVI A ceremony in propitiation of the vil szegels UJJANI, & festival in honour of the gol to lea LKABDI Farth with which the manage altars but Uko dung hun USIA VAPFSH The god Jahí lav ac lut wils Piresti, rano of a yow in honor of thrin USIBIR The Indian fig treo UMPI Yame of a digaul USAI SITI Yame of a goddess UDAR A mouse UYT A Camel LPIDEVA Ademgout ·XXXIV -APPENDIX UPAKARMA: The ceremony of renowing the sacred thread. URAS: A fair held in honour of a Jahomedan saint. UTAR: A sacrificial offering. UTTANAPAD: Name of a mythological king UTTAR.I-BHADRAPADA: Name of a constellation. .UTTARA-FALGUNI: Name of a constellation. UTTARAŞHADHA: Name of a constellation. .. V. .. VACCHADO: Tho spirit supposed to cure liydrophobia. VACCHARO: Sec Vácchado, VACHO: Even. VAD: The banyan tree; the dark half of a month. VADAN: Fried cakes.. VADHAVO: Odd. VADYAJAI: Name of a goddess. VAGADNAR : One who beats musical instrumonts like drums. VAGGAYA: Name of a deity. VAGH: A tiger. VÁGHAMBARI: Name of a goddess. VAGHARAN: A woman of the Våghri caste. VAGHESHWARI NATA: Name of a goddess. VAGHRI: A caste of Hindus. VAGHUR DEVI : Narze of a goddess. VAGHVIR: The spirit of a person killed by a tiger. VÄGHYA: A male child offered to the god Kliandoba, VAIRAGI: A recluse. VAISHAKHA: The second month of the Deccanı Hindu and the seventh month of the Gujarat Hindu calendar year. VAISHNAVA: The sect of Hindus devoted to Vishnu, VAISHVADEV: in oblation of boiled rice into the fire. VAISHYA: A trader, the third of the four-fold divisions of Manu. VAIT.IL: An order of demi-gods. VAITALIKA: An attendant of the god Shiva. VAIVASWAT MANU: Name of the seventh Manu not reigning. V.IJRA: Adamant. VAJRABAI: Name of a goddess. VAJRABATTU: A kind of bead. VAJRAMAYA: Adamantine. VAJRESHWARI: Yame of a goddess. VAJRESWARI: See Vajreshyari. VALAI: mock bridegroom in the Holi festival, VALANIA VALAJI: nt procession of a mock marringe in the Holi festival. VALAMI: A mock bride in the Holi festival. VALAND: A caste of barbers or an individual of it. VALGO SAJACHARI: Death anniversary. VALLABHACHARYA : A great saint and scholar wlio founded a sect of Vaislınavism. VALO: A kind of cattle disease. VALU: Eccentric. VAMA-JÄRGI: A follower of the Veima-muirga that is a mode of rorship in which the idol is. worshipped by the left hand, liquor drunk, eto, etc. VANMAN: A dyrarf; name of the fifth incarnation of Vishnu. VANA-SHASTHI: Name of a Holiday. VANTRI: An order of ghosts.

·IPTEN DIE XY VANZIAP INA Bsrrenness VARADANI Name of a goddess. VAR ADIL. Tame of a dety VARCI: A boar VAR (HILIIT la sol a book VARSHA RITU TO rany wagon VÁRUL Bowh te ant ) 11 VASAN Des te AS INTIPANCHASI The flth day of the br gt tal of Vish TASIT RITU The spe ng VASH In oblation of oan i sweets off to to crows VASHIKIRAN branc of black m VASHISHT: Name of a maga VASTU A rel gour to pe for oslo enter 3* new in VASTDEVATA The g aard en sprto! lwal ng places VASTU See vast VASTUPUJ W See 18 u VASU A bull calf or bull bra dad ani tatibot VASUB R 19 The tw If h day of ho brh 13 of fohv VASUDEVI Same of the laar of hrana VASU DWAD 1ST alasubaras VASUKI Name of a onako VASTU SITVTI See Visto VATA SAVITRI VRAT Vamo n * VW o barver by wom outo fall tapon lay of Jyeole VATI 1 small metal cur VATKI See all VAS roweror of wer stank (LALI Eccentro VUV Wind the dy prosiding over town VAI USUTI A narac of Virt VEDA \ame of the ser ptures of the Indus VED ATR III The t) reo vela, Tib laju. Budima VEDILA Sale info VEDIC Relat ng to the Worlag as enjon in the solut 1 EHIALI A tree B ler cyly rol ala VELAN Inck VELO I creeper VETAL The lord of ghontr name olla, 1 ETR ISARPA Aranoat ku ban ma of a naknat til VID(PARI 13 1out ani len er VIDI UT L ghnung VAJAVAD ISIWI 17. tenth dut of helt hall of Iglen VIJLI Lghton WKRIVA pol Aks 1st 1 clestin! enr VVAITH CITLI Tut The fourth day of litlul try to 1). VICII If Thall Kors VIR A male fi pi glowt of an unmar hvat ja 1114 in order of ghout paylady 11 tauon. IISITE!!! 1. of a conubilat on ISUNWIJLJI pul word p 11 HI ACCA of twenty years VISHNU Terorul lufttr Jinli Toy ·Xxxvi APPENDIX VISINUSIILASRANAMA: A book contnining tho tliouiband names of Vialınu. VISIINUYAGA: A snorifice in honour of Vialinu, VISUOTUK: Vam? of CIRCASE. VISIIVIMITRA: Saino of a ingo. VISHWARUPI: 'Thint ouinte in all formy, an opithet of l'isluu. VISHWESHWAR: Inning of Shiva. VISI!.TI: In order of ghosth. l'Ill1013.1: Yaing of a god, VIS UCHIK.1: Vonic of a cholern foldr44, 111.(XCULAR.1: An order of glo(4. VRIT: A vow. VRIKODIR.1: Wollebnlırd, an cputhact of Bhimn. VRINDA: Sain of thin sefer of Jalandhar, ndonon. VRISCHIKA: Scorpion. VRISIIABI.1 : Tourile, VRITR ISAAR: Vnmo of nile m011. VRUNDI: ser l'rinda. VY.STIPT Thir keveneenth of thin clytrological Yogu (tlic twenty-oventh part of a circle In"urul on the plan of tlic Ecliptic). 1,1D): The lorry on tree. 11.Di Incaclound prece of moneloss-fiofil ur pirelil gorund. 11 11:11-13.14.15 The Iselith day of lshus, 11,31::. Nale cluidar si o flored to thin goud Kiindula, Wills111.111. Sam on vullende goldent. 11.11J (I Some of ocenti. 1 f^:1101.1 .In order of Kim IGRISI11,1R1: Varm oli silloin gradelene. U 18.1 Jamn of in the sty; n male cinil offered to thin god Khandoba. HVIS DIN1115111 'I har trolleh dny of the bright hall of Bhulrapid. 110.1 Icracher, a forro pol 711173}r for all rathen of eroiingii, po, linny'ng HI.XIR.ISTA 1 Brühmly in the third orier of his lifo; linrinit in general. Walli. .In out-hull. \ ir 'I he Banyon tree 1.111.1 ill.XI.1.1 Thir full rnoon day of Byrohelin lliDA Infuso, Y. VIDXI See Yojna YIXOPIVIT The encreu tlirondi sorn og Brahmans. Y.ID.XYA. Ynna. 1.1.W.SX odhout; s person performing a £rcritice. V.IX.I:n sacrifice Y.UKSHA. A class of domigous, nttendant on kubern and employed in guarding his treasures. Y.IKSHIXI. 1 female Yahsha; ſnirr. YALLAMMA: Yame of goddess, Y.11.1 : The God of death Y.MIDUTA: 1 mc3songer of the god of death, YALNAGH LATA: l'on or conjunction of times, viz., n Sundny-falling upon the second day of the bright or dark linlf of a month ; a Fridny falling upon the third lunar day, otc., etc. YAMALOKA. The region of Inmn. YAJAPURI: The city of the god of drnth YANTRA: A mystical formula or dingrum.

·APPLYDI
XXII
YOGA Religiou, an I buract malitati
100 I VARGI TH patl, of mu lica!!
1001-UTII Vam of u wurk 1 v I it anjali c ntnug af <f the wel nou of Y.
106 11X HIS[1 mm for pul wophy.
TOJU i mn yuro tf dutt ICU att erhe tail *
YUDHISHTHIP An epith Diarmi thelint of 11 1'1 1114 l rothorn
Z
Z(MIXDI I femalı spirit gitling thon gat
ZIVPAIDI in order of glowth
ZANZARKA Xamn of As Idee
21VZIRA A kind of magre incantati
ZAR: Fever
ZARVY ZARI IV ceremony in whol a woman I tch water for t). Urtim, ata dolavery,
ZIL IKLSHWAR Annie of Valia leva
ZINI Small
zon An order of glusta

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