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·GENERAL REPORT
OX
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN BENGAL,
YOR
1878-79.
Calcutta:
PRINTED AT THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1879.

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·INDEX TO THE REPORT ON PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN BENGAL. PAGR. - GENERAL SUMMARY ... 100 1 CONTROLLING AGENCIES ... ... ... .. .. 28 18 14 .. ... ... 12 2 . ... # ... ... 18 19 21 21 21 ... . 1.0 . ... ... ... ... 28 . .. 24 lav 1.. .. ... ... ... 26 25 26 26 87 27 28 28 28 29 ... ... ... .. ... .. ... 1) ... ... UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Attendance in the Colleges for General Education Expenditure First Examination in Arts Senior Scholarships B. A. Examination M. A. Degree COLLEGE REPORTS Presidency College Sanskrit Hooghly Dacca Kishnaghur Berhampore Patna Ravenshaw Cattack Rajshabyo Midnaporo Chittagong Rungporo General Assembly's Collego, Aided Free Church Cathedral Mission St. Xavier's London Mission Doveton .. SECONDARY EDUCATION Secondary schools *** Attendance and expenditare of schools of secondary instruction Higher English schools Government Aided U naided Entranoe Examination Junior scholarships Middle English schools ... scholarship examination vernacular schools scholarship oxamination Lower schools scholarship examination Social position of middle Englisla scholars vernacular of lower 29 29 ... 90 ... ... ... .. ... 80 82 82 84 .. 21 .. .. 38 ... 1. . ... .. ... 43 ... ... ... ... 99 ... 46 49 50 68 64 56 56 56 ... I. ... . . 99 ... 1 PRIMARY EDUCATION Progress of primary education iu Presidency Division Burdwan Rajshabys Dacca Chittagong Patna Bhagalpore Chota Nagpore Orissa Primary scholarship oxumination Social position of primary scholars 67 58 60 61 69 66 66 68 70 71 1. ... ... 75 0 ·ii PAGR. +++ 75 .. .. ... ... ... 81 86 86 86 86 87 87 .. ... re ... ... ... ... ... 88 2 ... ... . ... 1.. EDUCATION OF EUROPEANS AND EURABIANS FEMALE EDUCATION SPECIAL INSTRUCTION Attendance and expenditure in schools for special instruction Law examination Medicine Modicul College, Calcutt Campbell Modical School (Sealdab) Dacca Temple (Bankipore) Cuttack Civil Engineoring .. Hoogbly Survey School Dacca Patna Cuttack Industrial Schools Tho Debreo Schools The Dacca The Ranchi School of Art Art Gallery Normal Schools Madrassabs ... Sanskrit Titlo Examination SCHOLARSHIPS EMPLOYMENT OF STUDENTS IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 ... ... .. ) R .. ... 100 ... 92 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 93 99 94 94 96 99 ... ... ... ... ... . ... : ... ... 100 ... 101 SCHOOL BOOKS ... ... ... 101 ... ... 105 106 107 109 110 GENERAL STATISTIOS- Return of attendance in colleges and schools for general and special instruction Ditto ditto for special instruction Ditto of Receipts and Expenditure of educational Establishwents Abstract return of the class of instruction in Government, aided, and unaided schools Return of social position and creed of pupils in the colleges for general instruction Ditto ditto of pupils in colleges for spocial education, madrasbahs, medical vernacular schoole, survey voruucular schools, and the School of Art Abstract return of social position of the pupils in Government, aided, and unaided Achools Distribution of Government aided and inspected schools in the several districts and divisions under the Government of Bengal 111 ... 112 . .. .. 113 I. . ...

·ON according REPORT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN BENGAL, 1878-79. The Government of India, in a Resolution dated the 6th January 1879, forwarded to the local Government a set of statistical forms which were to be adopted in future educational and general administration reports. A representation was, however, made by the Government of Bengal as to the difficulty of adapting the new forms to the existing system of education in this province, and their introduction was accordingly postponed. The present report upon the progress of education in Bengal, for the year ending 31st forms. The rules that accompanied the Resolution the Government of India further proscribed the following now order of subjects for the annual report on education :- 1.- Introduction, containing a summary of general statistios and of the year's operations. II.-Controlling agencies. III.-University education. IV.-Secondary ditto. V.-Primary ditto. VI.--Schools for special or technical training. VII.-Scholarships. VIII.--Employment of students in the public service. IX.-Books. This order has been generally, adopted in the present roport. It has been thought, however, that the consideration of scholarships cannot be conveniently separated from that of schools ; and each class of scholarships has been accordingly treated in full detail, in connexion with the corresponding class of instruction; a summary of the whole subject being again given in its proper place under the heading No. VII. I. GENERAL SUMMARY. 2. Following the classification introduced into Bengal in 1877, the following table summarises the state of education for the last two years. Every school that has furnished returns is included :- of GRNXBAL ODYNARY. 1878. 1879. CLASA 08 INSTRUCTION. ... II. ... ... Superior Collegos Higher English schools Middle Secondary Middle vernacular schools Lower Primary Primary schools Special Female European and Eurasian Schools. 19 176 672 1,087 1,604 22,126 66 519 49 Pupils. 2,003 31,688 31,618 63,234 66,012 446,522 3,779 11,964 4,580 Schools. 20 196 540 1,061 1,541 29,270 60 543 47 Pupils. 1,963 36,033 31,490 62,607 63,892 631,064 3,805 12,777 4,677 ... ... ... ..! ... .. O. ... Total 26,218 641,400 33,278 727,707 3. Under superior instruction there is no actual gain, the increase of one in the number of colleges being due to the fact that La Martinière has now for the first time furnished the returns of its college department. Excluding it, with its 8 undergraduate pupils, there is a net loss of 48 students in colleges, among which Government colleges have lost 15.

·2 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL SUMMARY 4. Secondary instruction shows a loss of 101 schools and a gain of 969 pupils. The circumstances which have brought about this considerable reduction in the number of schools of secondary instruction will be explained in their proper place. Meanwhile it may be observed, in brief anticipation of a fuller statement hereafter, that three causes have been in active operation throughout the year, tending to reduce the class of secondary schools and to diminish their number. The first of these causes is common to all secondary schools, English and vernacular. For two ycars past the attention of Circle Inspectors has been repeatedly and urgently called to the “inefficient margin of schools; those, namely, that have shown themselves permanently unsuccessful at the departmental examinations of their class. Tħo results have been the withdrawal of grants-in-aid from a large number of middle schools which were declared to be inefficient and incapable of improvement, and the reduction of others to a lower class. The second cause is to be found in the orders of Government of October 1877, reconstituting middle English schools on a vernacular basis. Those ordors have had a twofold operation; some of the best of the middle schools having been raised to the higher class, while others, in which the English teaching was found to be of no value, have been converted into vernacular schools. The third cause is to bo found in the growing disinclination in cortain districts to aid secondary schools from the primary grant. The extension of the system of payment-by-results has caused many district officers to look with disfavour upon schools of this class, which are genorally stipendiaries, and consequently occupy a large share of the district grant; and many middle and lower schools have in this way disappearod. 5. These causes have operated in the following way. The overhauling of inefficient aided schools has led to the withdrawal of 82 grants; namely, five higher English, 19 middle English, 36 middle vernacular, and 22 lower vernacular; while seven middle vernacular schools have been roduced to the lower class. Tho orders affecting middle English schools havo raised six to the higher class and brought down 17 to the class below. The reduction of secondary schools aided from the primary and circle grants has caused a loss of 39 middle and 47 lower vernacular schools. On the other hand, 11 new grants-in-aid have boon made to middlo English, and 21 to middle vernacular schools; while 19 higher English schools and 26 middle vernacular, including many of those whose grants have been withdrawn, have been brought on the returns of unaided schools. The net result of all these causes is an increase of 20 higher English schools, with 4,345 pupils; and a loss of 32 middle English schools; of 26 middle vernacular, eight of them being grant-in-aid schools; and of 63 lower vernacular, of which 15 are grant-in-aid Mission schools; or, more briefly, there has been a loss within the field of secondary instruction of throo Government schools, of 53 grant-in-aid schools, of 86 middle and lower schools aided from the primary and circle grants; and a gain of 41 unaided schools. 6. The loss under secondary instruction, which, it will be observed, is a loss of schools only and not of pupils, is accordingly not to be regarded as a subject of regrot. It is in fact a result of the enforcement of two useful principles: the first, that schools which have not shown themselves worthy of Government aid shall not continue to receive it; and the second, that the primary grant is to be devoted mainly to primary instruction. The necessary limitations in the application of those principles will be referred to horeafter. 7. Primary instruction shows a gain of 7,144 schools and 84,542 pupils. This result is due to the introduction into many additional districts of the system of registering pathsalas either together with, or as proparatory to, that of payment-by-results. The bulk of the increase is found in the two divisions of the Behar Circle, in which the system dovised by the Inspector has brought 5,100 additional schools on our returns. It will of courso be understood that these figures denoto no increase, at least no corresponding increase, in the actual number of schools and pupils; but merely, as has often been explained, that schools alroady existing are brought within the influence of the Government system, with its examinations, its new standards, and its methods of competition and inspection. From being isolated and stationary, they have become organised and progressive schools,-more or less organised and more or less progressivo in different parts, according to the system in force; but whatever improvement may spring from tho new conditions under which they are brought, is to be looked for in the future rather than in the present.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 3 GBUBBAL AUMXART. 8. Under "special instruction" there is a loss of six schools and a gain of 26 pupils. The decrease is explained by the closing of six normal schools of the lower grades, in pursuance of the policy steadily carried out by Government for the last few years with regard to these institutions. Thres aided normal schools have also ceased to exist. Two branch madrasahs have been established; one supported from the Molain fund, and the other by a privato endowment; and a petty school, clussed as industrial, has received a grant-in-aid. Turning to the different subjects of instruction under this head, the number of students in tho Medical College has considerably increased; while on the other hand medical schools have lost large numbers of their pupils, as in the preceding year. Law classes roading for University degrees, which in 1878 showed å marked increase, have returned to the position of two years ago. The Engineering Department of the Presidency Collego, the Government vernacular schools of surveying, and the few so-called technical schools, are nearly stationary. 9. The education of native girls has been extended by the addition of 24 schools and 811 pupils. A new Government school has been opened at Dacca, long noted for its advancement in this respect, and is well attended. From 19 aided schools the grants have been withdrawn on account of general inefficiency or of failure to comply with the conditions of the grant-in-aid rules. On the other hand, 43 new schools supported from the primary grant have been opened ; one unaided school has ceased to exist. 10. The foregoing classification has been based upon the nature of the instruction given in different classes of schools. In the following table the schools are classed according to the sourco of their income and the grant by which they are maintained :- 1878. 1879. ... 2) CLASS OP INSTITUTIONS. Covornment schools and collegos Grant-in-aid Circle grant Primary grant Unaided Schools. 316 1,779 262 17,395 6,466 Pupils. 28,728 85,663 10,742 406,135 110,232 Schoole. 307 1,677 287 24,354 6,663 Pupile. 28,423 83,281 11,947 489,518 114,638 > > > > Total 26,218 641,400 33,278 727,707 11. Amongst unaided institutions it will be remembered that schools of primary instruction, including pathsalas, tols, and maktabs, lie altogether outside the scheme of Government organization, and are not affected, as all other unaided schools or colleges are, by the general competition for scholarships, in which schools of all classes above the primary are brought together, whatever be their relations to Government. The returns of such primary schools fluctuate greatly from year to year, and it is not possible to ascertain how noarly thoy represent the actual circumstances of indigenous instruction. Their number has advanced on our returns from 6,084 with 86,200 pupils to 6,232 with 84,196 pupils. Separating these, therefore, from other unaided schools, it appears that schools of organised instruction havo advanced from 20,134 with 555,200 pupils to 27,046 with 643,511 pupils, showing an increase in round numbers of 7,000 schools and 88,000 pupils. In the previous year a gain of 4,000 schools and 63,000 pupils was recorded. All this increase takes place in the field of primary instruction, and by comparing the average numbor of pupils in tho schools thus added, it will be evident that each year extends the operations of the primary system to schools of a humbler status than those of the year before. 12. Returning to the table, the loss of nine Government schools is explained partly by tho six normal schools that have been abolished, and partly by the closing of four vernacular schools. An army English school in the cantonments at Bhagulpore has been reduced. The Government girls' school established at Dacca, and the branch madrasah oponed at Hooghly, complete the list of changes. 13. Grant-in-aid institutions show a loss of 102 schools and 2,282 pupils. As before explained, it is in this class of schools that tho most extensive reductions have taken place. The competition for Government aid is now so close in almost every part of Bengal, that it has become indispensable to apply to ·4 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR #NIRAL SUMUARY schools receiving grants much more rigorous conditions than were necessary or possible when the system was in its infancy, or even when Sir George Campbell in 1872, reviewing the past distribution of the grant-in-aid allotment, declared that "looking at the matter broadly, the money has been well spent." The aided schools in every circle and district, and with most effect in the Presi. dency Division, have been confronted with the results shown by them for the last three years, and called upon to justify their claim to a renewal or continuanco of their grants. Leaving out of consideration those cases in which grants have been merely reduced, or in which the class of an aided school has been changed, the net result is as follows: middle English grants have been reduced by 31; middle vernacular by 8; lower vernacular by 15; primary (missionary and other) by 29; and grants to girls' schools by 19. These figures denote, not the whole operation of the year, but the net result; that is, the excess in each class of grants.cancelled over new grants made. The savings thus secured will be assigned in grants to schools hitherto unaidod. 14. In the re-classification that has been made of circle schools, according to their actual status and to the departmental examinations at which they are permittod to compete, 22 schools, classed in the previous year as middle vernacular, have boon either abolished or reducod to the lower vernacular grade, in which there is a gain of 14 schools, caused partly by that reduction and partly by promotion from the primary class. Many new primary schools havo been brought within the circle system, with a total resulting gain of 25. 15. În primary grant schools the following changes have taken place. Tho advice that has been for two years given to district officers, to exercise caution in subsidising middle schools from the primary grant, has had the effect of reducing the number of such schools from 128 to 111. Lowor vornacular schools may be quite legitimately supported from the primary grant; but, as before stated, the nocessity of reducing stipends so as to increase the reward fund has brought down the number of lower vernacular schools from 1,328 to 1,267. Schools for girls aided from the primary grant have advanced from 151 to 194, and the numbor of pupils in them from 2,299 to 3,395. There are also 9,013 girls reading in boys schools aided from the primary grant, against 7,501 in the previous year. Turning to tho class of primary schools proper, there is an advance from 15,788 to 22,782, and an incroase in the number of pupils from 353,424 to 439,204. The increase of 7,000 schools is distributed as follows:-In the Patna Division 1,800 new schools, and in Bhagulpore 3,300; 600 in Dacca and 600 in Burdwan ; and in the Presidency, Rajshahye, Orissa, Chittagong, and Chota Nagpore Divisions, from 100 to 200 cach. 16. Among unaided schools of organised instruction, higher class English schools have advanced from 44 to 63. An aidod middle English school, unless permitted to raise its class, is compelled under the orders of 1877 to reconstitute its teaching on a vernacular basis; and this change is being steadily, if slowly, introduced: not in all cases without opposition. But an unaided school of this class, though not directly amenable to the control of the Circle Inspector, is 80 far affected by the orders that, unless it changes its mode of toaching, it no longer has any chance of a middle scholarship. In some cases these schools have preferred the alternative of raising their class, and of reading for the Entrance examination and the junior scholarship. This class has further been recruited by the accession of higher English schools from which aid has beon withdrawn, and by some old-established schools which have begun to furnish returns. Middle English schools number 112, as in the previous year; the reduction, due to the circumstances just stated, having been balanced by the addition of schools formerly aided. This last cause similarly explains the rise of middle vernacular schools from 80 to 106. 17. Turning to what I have described as "unorganised” or indigenous schools, the whole number is made up of 4,887 pathsalas, 337 tols, and 1,008 maktabs. The number of Sanskrit tols that furnish returns to the department shows a steady increase from year to yoar. It is not clear whether that result has been in any way influenced by the new examination for Sanskrit titles, and whether it indicates a desire on the part of the pundits to bring themselves and their schools into notice, with a view to the future examination of their pupils. As in the previous year, the province of Behar supplies the great majority of the indigenous maktabs.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 5 18. The following table summarises the expenditure for the year under the different budget heads. The figures have been furnished by the Accountant- General: GAMERA OVXHARI, BUDGAT BAD OP DIPENDITURE. Banctioned estimate, 1878-79. Rs. 3,93,500 Actuala, 1878-79. Ra. 3,92,356 . 4,74,000 6,66,500 4,71,927 5,70,787 Direction and inspection: Government collogen" and madrasahs (inoluding regrants) Government schools (including regrants) Grants-in-aid and assignments, For secondary and suporior instruction For primary instruction Scholarships ... Miscellanoous ... Total Less receipts Net Government expenditure 4,50,000 4,00,000 1,49,000 40,000 4,30,922 3,99,200 1,56,413 57,619 ... ... ... .. 25,73,000 5,29,000 24,79,224 5,13,808 ... 20,44,000 19,65,416 19. In the Resolution of Government upon the educational report for 1877-78, I was directed to place myself in communication with the Accountant-General, with the object of assimilating the principles on which educational receipts and charges are classified in the public and in the departmental accounts. Many simplifications and adjustments have since been introduced, and these have taken effect from the beginning of the current year. But as regards the year under report, I find myself in many cases unablo not only to explain the discrepancies between the Accountant-General's figures and my own departmental statements of roceipts and expenditure, but also to give a satisfactory account of the differences between the sanctionod estimato and the actual expenditure as shown in the preceding table. Thus the estimates for 1878-79 included under the head of expenditure on madrasahs a sum of Rs. 15,600, the amount of the Mohsin contribution to Muhammadan education in colleges and schools, in regard to Rs. 11,000 of which no cash transaction takes place at any treasury. The statement of actual expenditure under colleges, again, includes the charges for half the year of the Rungpore, Midnaporo, and Chittagong colloges, which appear in the estimates under the head of Government schools, high. A sum of Rs. 16,000 should on this account be added to the estimates for colleges, and a further sum of Rs. 3,000 for the purchase of plıysical science apparatus in the Kishnaghur College. Making thesc adjustments, the actuals fall short of the estimates by some Rs. 10,000. 20. The apparent saving of Rs. 96,000 undor Government schools must accordingly be reduced to Rs. 80,000 by the transfer of half the cost of second grade colleges from this head. A further reduction will be effected by striking out Rs. 8,000, the ostimated cost of the now grading scheme, on account of which no charge was incurred in the yoar under review; and the savings will thus fall to Rs. 72,000. This amount includes the regrants made to Govern. ment schools under the net-grant system to the amount of Rs. 53,000, of which the greater portion, was not spent, but will be again regranted for the current year. Henco the actual amount of the savings upon sanctioned charges will be Rs. 19,000, added to whatever amount has been spent outside the estimates by Government schools from their surplus funds. An excess charge of Rs. 6,000 under the head of girls' schools, arising from the opening of the Eden Female School at Dacca in the early part of the year, has been met by savings to the same amount under normal schools, boarding schools, and technical schools. 21. Tho excess expenditure on "Scholarships' appears to be due to the inclusion under this head of the charges for Mohsin and other endowed scholarships, which wero not included under the head of scholarships in the ostimates. The oxcess under · Miscellaneous' arises partly from the transfer to the Public Works Department of Rs. 18,000 for the purchase of the cstate Constantia, the site of the new Government railway school at Kurssong, the cost of which was made debitable to savings in the grant for education; and partly from charging to this head tho expenditure incurred from a contribution of Rs. 5,332, sanctioned from Wards' estates for the promotion of primary education.

·8 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR GONDRAL &UMMARY 22. The following table compares the expenditure for two years, taken from the departmental returns. The class of instruction, and not the budget head of expenditure, is here made the basis of classification, and the whole expenditure connected with education is shown, excluding only that for educational buildings, the returns of which have not yet been received from the Public Works Department. The table accordingly includes charges for medical instruction, which are not included in the estimates of the Education Department: YEAR ENDING 81BT MARCH 1878. YXAR ENDING 818T MARCE 1879. Total expenditure. Government expenditure (net). Rs. Total cxpenditure. + Governmont oxpenditure (not.) Rs. University Collegiato 2,39,000 Secondary instruction 6,06,000 Primary instruction 2,72,000 Scholarships 1,34,000 Female education 75,000 Spucial instruction (including scholarships) 4,19,000 Miscellaneous 88,000 Superintendence ... 3,80,000 Rs. 85,000 4,32,000 16,76,000 7,81,000 1,51,000 2,36,000 5,16,000 1,00,000 3,80,000 2,33,000 5,66,000 2,89,000 1,40,000 78,000 4,26,000 68,000 9,82,000 Rs. 86,000 4,41,000 16,25,000 10,09,000 1,56,000 2,41,000 5,33,000 72,000 3,82,000 I.. ... .. ... Total 22,13,000 43,56,000 21,72,000 45,45,000 .. 23. In order to compare the statement of not Government expenditure in this with that given in the preceding table it is necessary to exclude the charges for medical education, amounting to Rs. 2,35,000. The not expenditure is thus roduced to Rs. 19,37,000, which amount is loss by Rs. 30,000 than the actuals of the year as furnished by the Accountant-General. Of this difference, a sum of Rs. 18,000 is explained by the purchase-monoy for the Constantia estate at Kurseong; Rs. 4,000 by the contribution in aid of Dr. Fallon's dictionary; and Rs. 1,000 by the cost of medical stores supplied from England. There remains a final discrepancy of Rs. 7,000, which is not accounted for. 24. Passing to the detailed figures under each head, the saving of Rs. 6,000 in the Government expenditure upon colleges is due to an increase of Rs. 14,000 in privato contributions, involving a proportionate reduction in the cost of these institutions to Govornment. This saving is independent of the payment to Government during the year of the arrear subscriptions of the Cuttack Colleyo, amounting to Rs. 12,000, which have not been included in the college receipts for the year. The reduction of Rs. 40,000 under secondary instruction is largely due to the general revision that has been made throughout the year of tho grants to aided schools, the expenditure on which bas fallen short of that of the previous year by Rs. 28,000, including a building grant of Rs. 10,000 given in 1877 to St. Joseph's School in Calcutta. The expenditure on secondary education from the primary grant has also considerably decreased. Primary instruction shows an increase in cost of Rs. 17,000, partly due to the cause just stated, and partly to the general development of the primary system, enabling district officers to spend up to the limit of their assignments. Under scholarships an increase of Rs. 6,000 has taken place in the oxpenditure upon lower vernacular scholarships, the assignment for which has been revised and increased. Under special instruction, an increase of Rs. 14,000 in the cost of the Medical College is nearly met by a decrease of Rs. 13,000 in normal schools; while the promotion of professors in the Civil Engineering Department of the Presidency College, and the annual increments to their salaries, have caused an additional expenditure of Rs. 6,000 in that institution. The decrease of Rs. 30,000 in miscellaneous expenditure is explainod by a saving of Rs. 20,000 in grants for school buildings and furniture, and by the transfer to the head of instruction of the cost of prizes and rewards, for which Rs. 10,000 were included last year under the head of Miscellaneous.' 25. The Government contribution to the total cost of education, which fell in the provious year from 53 to 51 per cent., or (excluding building charges) from 62 to a fraction over 50 per cent., has again decreased to 47.75 per cent. Three years ago the Government share of the expenditure was 56 por cont. For the first time therefore in the history of the Education Department the contribution from private sources to the total cost of education has ·> OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. SUMMART exceeded the amount of the Government grant,-a result to which the history of the last few years has steadily pointed. The following are the chief elements of difference :--The Government share in the cost of collegiate education has fallen from 55 to 521 per cent.; of secondary education from 36 to 35 per cent. ; and of primary education from 35 to 281 per cent. 26. The following able shows the class of instruction reached by the pupils in schools of all kinds, excluding colleges and also schools of special instruction. Tho upper stage includes pupils who have reached a standard equivalent to that of the first or second class of a school reading the University · Entrance course; the middle stage includes all between these and the next following class; the primary stage includes in its higher section those who can, and in its lower section those who cannot, read, write, and understand easy sentences in their mother tongue: AR CLABB 08 SCHOOL8. Number of pupuis. Upper stego. Middle 'stage. Primary Primary stage, bigher stage, lower sootion. soction, .. .. 18.4 1 22.9 39-6 888 ... ... .. ... .. ...... Higher English Middle Middlo vernacular Lower ditto Primary ditto Girls' schools for natives Boys' Achools for Europeans, &c. Girls' ditto ditto Mixed ditto ditto 36,038 31,490 62,007 63,301 631,084 12,777 2,172 1,221 1,184 63'5 88'3 817 18 102 108 43 37 8 87.6 5.8 22:1 31.8 40'6 0107 60' 116 22 180 .. 1.. .. ... 87 1 32:1 90.2 38.2 39.6 162 2 41 ... ... . ... . Total number of papils 721,060 7,413 64,020 ... 204,148 385,178 Total percentage ... 1:08 9 36'6 63'3 It will be observed that this table supplies the information which the Government of India, in the Resolution to which reference has already been made, desires to secure by dividing a middle or a higher school, with pupils in two or in three stages of instruction, into two or threo distinct schools. More detailed information under this head will be found by comparing the return of schools and students with the return showing class of instruction, both of which are appended to this report. 27. In the following table the social position of the pupils in various classes of schools is compared :- CLABS OF SCHOOLS. ... Upper classog. 33 1:55 12 ... Higher English Middle Middle vernacular Lower Primary Middle classes. 07.1 46:4 345 211 13:5 ... Lower classes. 29.6 52.1 04.3 787 86.2 4.. 91 ... .. Total of all schools 5 19.9 79-6 In tho returns of the previous year the percentages of the three classes were 5, 27, and 72:5 respectively. The groat decrease in the number of middle class pupils shown in the present returns arises from a new definition of tho classes that has been introduced, the effect of which has been to transfer to the lower class a large number of pupils hitherto returned as belonging to the middle class. All such definitions are essontially arbitrary; but for the returns of the present year the following have been adopted The “upper classes " include those whoso income amounts to Rs. 10,000 a year, if derived from Government service, estates, or professions; or to Rs. 20,000 a year if derived from trade. T'he "middle classes" include thoso below the upper classes who are (1) officers of Government other than menial servants, constables, and the liko; (2) holders of realized property yielding an income of Rs. 200 a year and upwards; (3) professional men; (4) merchants, bankers, and large traders. The lower classes" include all who are not included in the other two. Of the whole number of 571,202 lowor class pupils, 349,885 are children of cultivating ryots, and 65,423 of small traders. " These proportions indicate the extent to which the system of primary education is working for the benefit of the agricultural classes.

·8 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL BUXNARY 28. The number of pupils in aided and unaided schools is here compared Division by Division for two successive yoars. The loss of pupils in aided schools in the Presidency Division is confined to the district of Jessore, in which, as was pointed out in my last report, the primary grant had been for some years cxceeded. Tho unaided schools of the Bhagulpore Division in 1878 have now been taken up into the primary system, and appear as aided schools. In the Patna Division many of the unaided schools of 1878 reappear as aided schools, while many more have been discovered and registered." Throughout Origsa, and especially in the district of Pooree, large numbers of indigenous pathsalas have been registered. I. ..... Calcutta Presidency Division Burdwan Rajshahye Dacca Chittagong Patna Bhagulporo Chota Nagpore, Orissa PUPIL. ON 318T MARCE 1878. PUPILI ON 31ST MARCH 1879. In aided schools. In unaided schools. In aided schools. In unaidod schools. 12,396 14,995 93,911 20,601 91,106 24,304 148,980 16,662 105,000 11,930 39,146 4,872 39,598 6,682 61,146 16,611 75,881 15,421 12,512 1,760 15,241 1,692 51,547 19,233 61,415 29,332 24,487 19,700 53,038 655 22,805 3,409 24,560) 2,217 67,463 926 57,426 13,615 I. 9 ... 29. The advancement of each Division is shown by thc pumber of pupils in different stagos of instruction, as in the following table :- PRIMARY STAGE. DIVISIONS. Population. Upper stage. Middle frage. Higher Kection. Lower section. ... *** ... ... Calcutta Presidency Burdwan Rajsbalye Dacca Chittagong Patna Bhagulporc Chotu Nagpore Orissa 480,000 7,881,000 7,201,000 7,377,000 9,127,000) 1,911,000 13,12:3,000 7,200,000 3,323,000 3,102,000 2,408 1,410 1,547 384 1,024 219 010 206 145 200 8,479 13,480 13,900 6,318 10,740 2,1193 4,076 2,718 1,717 2,147 6,837 38,429 097,866 20,123 20,940 6,566 87,888 18,493 10,786 30,378 6,678 03,705 86,842 23,226 52,761 10,314 64,050 34,770 16,640 89,477 .. CONTROLLING AGENCIES II.-CONTROLLING AGENCIES. 30. The organization of the department has beon revised and strengthened in the course of the past year by a Resolution of Government dated the 29th July 1878. In that Resolution the Lieutenant-Governor expressed his full adheronce to the leading principles of the system of educational administration which had been established by Sir George Campbell in 1872; namely, the direct control by the Magistrate of primary education, and the closer association of the Education Department with the executivo officers of Government. At the same time it was declared that primary education should be brought more clearly within the final control of the boad of the department; that the services of Circle Inspectors were to be more fully utilized in matters of direct administration; that the duties which had boen assigned to district committees were needlessly multifarious; and that it was desirable to settle more definitely the relative positions and functions of the various officers concerned in educational work. 31. Accordingly it was ordered that the Diroctor should exercise general control over education of every kind, including primary. The primary grant was still to be administered, and primary scholarships awarded, by the Magistrate, through his district officers the Deputy and Sub-Inspectors; and for the state of primary education in his district tho Magistrate was still to be held in the first instance responsible. That officer was, however, ompowered to consult the Oirclo Inspector on any matter connected with primary education; and the latter, similarly, to offer his independent opinions to the Magistrate. The Magistrate was not bound to follow the Inspectors advice; but if differences of opinion arose on matters of importance, the question was to be referred to the Director, whose decision would generally be final, subject to a reference to Government in certain excepted cases.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 9 COXTROLLIR AQBNOIB 32. The general control of all the schools of a district, and the distribution of the grant-in-aid allotment, had by the rules of 1872 been vested in the district committee. By the new Resolution the Circle Inspector was declared to be the chief administrative officer of the department, and was made immediately responsible for the state of secondary education throughout his circle. He was charged with the local administration of the grant-in-aid assignment, and with the supervision and control of aided schools. He was entrusted with the management of all middle and lower class Government schools, including the appointment and promotion of their teachers; the solection of text-books in all schools other than primary; the examination for, and award of, middle and lower scholarships ; the supervision of zillah schools, of normal schools, and of Government colleges and madrasahs under officers of the subordinate grades of the department; and the appointment and promotion, up to certain limits of salary, of teachers in zillah schools. 33. In order to utilize the services of the Inspector in the best possible way, and to enable him to engage himself more closely in the direct control and supervision of schools, and in the other important duties which were definitely transferred to his charge, he was by the same Resolution ordered to be relieved of the duty of auditing school bills and accounts; a new department being created in the office of the Diroctor for the discharge of these duties. The appointment of Assistant Inspectors in four of the largest circles was intonded to afford him still further help. The duty of the officers, as defined in the Resolution, was to collect for the Inspector, within whose circle thoy worked, such information about the condition and progress of schools as the latter officer was unable to obtain by personal inspection, owing to the inconvenient extent of his local jurisdiction. They were to form no separate link in the administrative chain, but wero to be regarded as the eye and the right hand of the Inspector; and were accordingly to be employed in whatever duties the Inspec. tor, looking to the varying requirements of his circle, might from time to time assign to them. The Inspector would, however, it was considered, find it advisable to make over to his assistant the general supervision of vernacular schools, retaining that of English instruction under his own more immediate charge. At the same time the increasing importanco of vernacular teaching in middle English schools made it essential that schools of that class should also como within the range of the Assistant Inspector's duties; while the Inspector was exhorted to make himself familiar with vernacular (including primary) schools, not only through the reports of his Assistant, but also by personal inspection as occasion offercd. 34. The new duties assigned to the district committee were those. Besides assisting the Magistrate, as a consultative council, in matters connected with primary education, tho committee were to undertake the general supervision of the zillah school, so far as regarded tho maintenance of the building, the financial affairs of the school, and the settlement of questions of discipline that might be referred to thom by the head-master; in all matters, in short, except the determination of the courso of instruction and the appointment or promotion of teachers, though they wero empowered to make whatever representations they wished on these last excepted points. 35. The relative position of the various officors, oducational and civil, who are concerned in educational work, was determined in the following way. The Director was to be held responsible to Government for the state of education of every kind. Superior education in colleges and madrasahs was placed under his immediate control. In matters of secondary education, the final distribution of the grant-in-aid assignment rested in his hands; all grants being sanctioned and withdrawn by him. His power of appointment to teacherships and other offices, and of promotion therein, was defined and enlarged. In other matters connected with secondary education ho looked to the Inspector; and in those belonging to primary education to the Magistrate; retaining in each case the final control and revision, subject to the orders of Govornment, of important or disputed points. The immediate duties of Magistratos and district committees on the one hand, and of Circle and Assistant Inspectors on the other, have already been described. In addition, cach class of officers was empowered, and indeed invited, to communicate freely to the other any observations on educational matters not falling within their own control which the experience of their daily ·10 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR CONTROLLING AQR100 36. work might suggest to them. Coming to the subordinate officers of the department, the Deputy Inspector, who was charged with the supervision of all classes of schools in his district, was declared to be subordinate to the Inspector in regard to secondary, and to the Magistrate in regard to primary education. In order to avoid any confusion that might arise from this double subordination, it was provided that the Magistrate, as the officer in more immediate local cona nexion with the Deputy Inspector, should have the first claim on his services. Sub-Inspectors, who are officers chiefly engaged in primary education under the Deputy Inspector, were placed in much closer subordination to the Magistrate. The position of the Commissioner in this system it was thought unnecessary to define, beyond declaring that he must be kopt as fully informed by Magistrates and Inspectors of the progress of education in his Division, and enjoy as ample opportunities of taking an active part in it, as he might wish. So far as tho experience of a few months justifies an opinion on the subject, the new organization has worked well. It has removed causes of delay without introducing elements of disagreement. The higher inspecting officers of the department have been freely consulted by Magistrates on matters connected with the administration of the primary grant, and in some instances references have been made to myself: in only one has it been necessary to refer a question for the decision of Govornment. In sending out a circular of instructions for the guidance of departmental officers in preparing their annual reports, I invited cach district officer to favour me with a special report of his own upon the primary education of his district, independently of the departmental reports. In the great majority of cases my request has been readily acceded to; and a series of valuable reports upon district elementary education, by the officers directly charged with its control, has now for the first time been received by the department. 37. The transfer to the Inspectors of the direct responsibility for secondary education has had equally beneficial results. When the responsibility for a grant-in-aid was shared in a somowhat indefinite way between the Circle Inspector and the district committee, the Inspector, though still charged with the supervision of aided schools, had not that direct and independent authority ovor them which would onable him to act in all casos promptly. Applications for revision of establishment or for reduction of grant had still, according to the rules, to come before the district committee; and thoughi, in spite of this divided responsibility, many bad schools were reduced, yet many others continued to enjoy grants-in-aid to which their actual condition hardly entitled them. Under present orders the Inspector alone is responsible for the due application of every grant; he has had his attention repeatedly and strongly drawn to the inefficient schools that exist in every class; and with regard to each one that has conspicuously failed to reach the departmental standards, he has been called on, after due investigation of its circumstances and history, to explain the causes of its failure and to state its prospects of success. The result has been great activity among aided schools in every circle. In a large number of cases, as before mentioned, grants have been withdrawn; but this is a measure which has only been adopted in the last resource, when it has become manifest that success cannot be reasonably expected. The fact that 65 higher and middle aided schools (to speak of no others out of a total of 1,111 of those two classes, should have had their grants cancelled during the year, is a sufficiently clear proof of the continued neod that existed for decided action. But the abolition of aided schools is by no means the only result of the year's work. In a large number of cases in which failuro appeared to be due to remediable causes, the establishment of the school has been revised, its site or its teachers changed, or its class altered. The revision of grants to existing schools has been attended with a considerable saving, which will of course not be permanent. There are numerous schools now unaided, which need and deserve aid; and while the great complaint for the last few years has been that the grant-in-aid assignment was insufficient for the requirements of the country, we have now a fund from which new schools, as they show themselves worthy, can be aided. 38. These are the principal duties in which the Circle Inspectors have boen engaged, and in which the new Resolution has added to their authority and their power of prompt action. The appointment of teachers in zillah schools ·OF PUBLIC INSTRU OTION. without reference to the district committees concerned, and the control CONTRALLERY or transfer of Government vernacular schools without reference to Magistrates, have also proved to be useful additions to the duties of the Inspector. In all this I would not be understood as saying or insinuating that the new Resolution has replaced an inefficient by an efficient agency; though this is doubtless true in the sense that the officer whose whole time is devoted to these and kindred duties has an advantage over one who attends to them at intervals, and in the midst of othor engagements. All that I mean to convey is that a double has been replaced by a single agency, responsibility restored and defined, and an active and consistent policy made easier than before. 39. The position of Assistant Inspectors is not altogether free from ambiguity. Their official personality is merged in that of the Inspector; consequently, while their business is to see and report, they are generally unable to act. The Circle Inspectors indeed speak highly of the services which their assistants have rendered. The Inspector of the Western Cirole refers to Babu Brahma Mohan Mullick, his assistant in the Burdwan Division, as " quito capable of holding independent charge of a circle." He describes Babu Radhanath Roy, the Joint-Inspector in Orissa, as "a Sanskrit as well as an English scholar; a successful author both in Uriya and Bengali; of very superior natural parts; and quito devoted to his duties." The Inspector of the Eastern Circle writes of Babu Dinanath Sen :"I have recoived from the Assistant Inspector, since his appointment to Chittagong, a sorios of very able and elaborate reports of the state of education in that district.” The Inspector of the Behar Circle points to the progress that has been made in the Bhagulporo Division, as showing that the appointment of Babu Radhika Prasanna Mookerjea as Assistant Inspector has not been made a day too soon. The Inspector of the Presideucy Circle has adopted in full the "copious and careful report” of Babu Bireswar Chatterjee, the Assistant Inspector of the Chota Nagpore Division. But from one at least of the Commissioners I have received a representation that he cannot quite determine the actual position of the Assistant Inspector, nor the relations of that officer to himself. The Assistant Inspector's viow, in fact, is confined to that section of educational business which the Inspector, desiring information, may from timo to time assigo to him; if the Commissioner refers to him on any other subject, the Assistant is compelled to plead either ignorance or inability to act. He forms no separate link in the administrative chain; subordinate officers consequently pass him by, and address themselves dirootly to the Inspector. The Resolution of Government purposely left the position of the Assistant Inspector somewhat undefined in the belief that further experience would point out the right mode of adjusting his relations with other officers. That experience seems to show that if he is to bo not merely a partial channel of communication and source of information, but also the local embodiment of the Inspector, a more prominent position must be given to him. Means can be found for securing this rosult even while he remains an Assistant Inspector. But it will be worth consideration hereafter whether the most satisfactory mode of defining the position of these officers will not be to constitute some of them Joint-Inspectors-a change which was contemplatod in the Government Resolution. The status of a Joint is more independent than that of an Assistant Inspector; but the Division under his charge is still subject to the control of the Inspector with regard to English schools, to certain classes of appointments, and to tho distribution of grants-in-aid. Tho Inspector's influence, therefore, still extends to that portion of his circle which is placed under a Joint-Inspector; and the visits which he is under the nocessity of paying to this detached area will enable him to make that influence strongly felt. A collateral advantage of such an arrangement is that, whenever the Commissioner of a Division desires to interest himself closely in educational matters, he is enabled to do so with much greater effect when his chief educational adviser has the position of a Joint-Inspector. 40. The control by District Magistrates of the primary grant, and their relations to inspecting officers, satisfactory in nearly all respects, call for notice in two points only. The hopo expressed by the Lieutenant-Governor in his Resolution upon the last annual report, that the system of payment by besults would, if only in its simplest form, be tried in every district, appears to ha led ·12 REPORT OF THE DIRKOTOR CONTROLLING AGENCIES some district officers to conceive that they were by those orders precluded from aiding any schools of a class other than the primary, to which the system of payment-by-results is more peculiarly applicable. No orders that have been issued by Government really support this position. Useful warnings have been from time to time issued against the unnecessary diversion of the primary grant to the purposes of secondary education; and the principle has been maintained that the chief function of that grant is “ to promote primary education; not to force people out of their natural social position by giving them an education which unfits them for the ordinary duties of such a life as is open to them. That the occasional development of a primary school into one of a higher class, though it need not be repressed, is to be left to come naturally, and only as the result of an actual demand ; that no forcing is to be attempted; and that the sound progress of a district in primary education is to be tested only by the proportion of pupils who can read, write, and cipher.” The principle thus stated carries with it its own limitations. Lower and even middlo vernacular schools that grow naturally out of primary schools are to be aided from the primary grant. The importance of lower vernacular schools, for the encouragement of which a special class of scholarships has been created, is that they form a quite necessary connecting link between the now primary system and organized education of a higher class; while the circumstances of their origin, their humble status, and the fluctuating nature of their incomo, make it impossible to bring them under the conditions of the grant-in-aid rules. This principle has now been definitely accepted by Government in a letter (No. 352) dated 22nd April 1879, in which it is declared that "lower vernacular schools formed out of the most advanced primary schools ...: should be aided from the primary fund. The extension of lower vernacular schools from the primary grant has, no doubt, to bo strictly watched, but it would be impossible to apply to them the grant-in-aid rules." 41. The second point to which reference need bo made is the indefinite distribution of tho Deputy Inspector's time between the supervision of primary education under the orders of the Magistrate and of secondary education under those of the Inspector. It is an oft-repeated complaint that the reforms of 1872, the value of which few are now inclined to disparage, had nevertheless this injurious though inevitable result, that they confined the attention of inspecting officers to primary schools, to the great neglect of secondary education. The steady decline of secondary schools throughout the country during the last six years has beon repeatedly insisted on by thoso most competent to judge, and has been the subject of conment in successive Resolutions of Govern. ment. It may be illustrated by facts adduced in the Burdwan Division, in which the average number of visits paid yearly by the Deputy Inspectors to each secondary school has declined from 3.9 in 1871 to 1.9 in 1878, -ranging from one visit a yoar in Midnapore to 2:6 in Bankoora. If further evidence to the same effect were required, it would be found in tho large margin of inefficient schools that aro now known to exist, and in the vigorous measures which it has been found necessary to take with the object of reduce ing that margin. The time therefore has plainly come for declaring that the supervision of secondary schools is now the most important part of the Deputy Inspector's duties. In most districts tho system of primary instruction is now well established, and requires on the part of the Deputy Inspector no more than a general, though careful, supervision of the work of his subordinates. The Sub- Inspectors as a body have gained considerable insight into the conditions and circumstances of primary education, and are thoroughly competent to inspect primary schools. To confine Deputy Inspectors to the same task, is to employ them on duties which they are hardly better qualified to discharge, and to deprive middle schools of the chance of improvement. The function of the Deputy Inspector, as I understand it under the new organization, is to be the Magistrate's agent in working out his policy through the Sub-Inspectors, not to take a co-ordinate position with them; to lay down rules under the Magistrate's orders for the inspection or examination of primary schools, and to see that those orders are faithfully executed, rather than to carry. them out in person. Yet I find a desire shown in some instances by the district officer to require from the Deputy Inspector so much and such detailed work in connection with primary schools, that it becomes impossible for the latter to carry out the ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 13 AGBXOIAS: orders which he receives from the Circle Inspector with regard to secondary CONTROLLIX® schools. The requirement, for example, that the Deputy Inspector shall personally visit and inspect a certain large number of primary schools every month, · or that he shall be present at every sub-circle examination, is not one which in the existing development of the primary system it seems necessary to enforce. It is at any rate found to be irreconcileable with orders which I have myself issued to Deputy Inspectors, requiring minute and careful examination of secondary schools, and a detailed report to the Inspector of certain prescribed particulars in the case of each school examined. The Resolution of the 20th July 1878 lays down the rule that if the Magistrate and the Circle Inspector require the Deputy Inspector's services at the same time, tho Magistrate shall have the first claim on his services; but it is possible for a district officer, zcalous in pushing forward primary education, to interpret that rule in a way which was not really contemplated by Government. Tho general supervision of the primary system, in which they have Sub-Inspectors as their agents; and the detailed examination of secondary schools, in which they must practically, work singlehanded,—these are the duties which can now be most usefully required of Deputy Inspectors. All that is needed is an intimation by Government of the policy which it wishes to be followed. Without such a general declaration it will be difficult to carry to completion the reforms which are now on foot. 42. The introduction of the new graded system at a final estimated cost of Rs. 22,000 a year has sonsibly improved the position and prospects of the subordinate officers of the Education Department. The number of officers admitted to the classes is 318; of whom 6 are in the first class on Rs. 400 rising to Rs. 500; 10 in the socond, on Rs. 300 rising to Rs. 400; 25 in the third, from Rs. 200 to Rs. 300; 40 in the fourth, from Rs. 150 to Rs. 200; 62 in the fifth, from Rs. 100 to Rs. 150 ; 75 in the sixth, from Rs. 75 to Rs. 100; and 100 in the seventh, from Rs. 50 to Rs. 75. The orders of Government provide that the promotion of an officer from class to class is to be determined not merely by seniority, but by that combined with efficient work and aptitude for higher duties. It may be anticipated that these orders will have a marked effect in encouraging officers of all classes to qualify themselves for further promotion by the efficient and faithful dischargo of their dutics. A detailed report of the work of each officer for the past year has now been supplied, and will be continued from year to year on a definite system, so as to form a permanent rocord of his services. III.- UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. 43. As in the previous year, the Governmont colloges numbered 12. Of those, seven are of the first grade, teaclıing the full course for the B.A. degree, namely, the Presidency, Hooghly, Kishnaghur, Dacca, Patna, Cuttack, and Rajshabyo colleges. There are five second grade colleges, teaching to the standard of tho First Arts examination; they are the Sanskrit, Berhampore, Midnapore, Rungpore, and Chittagong colleges. The abolition of the collego department at Rungporo, after an experimental existence of two yoars, has, however, now been decided on, and will be carried out at the close of this session. As 'in the previous year, there aro six aided collegos and three unaided, among which La Martinière has now for the first timo supplied the returns of its.college department. 44. The following tables give the usual returns of attendance and expenditure :- Statement of Attendance in Colleges for General Education. UNIVERSIT EDVOATION ---- Number on the rulis at tlu und of the year. LAT COLLAGES-GEREBAL. Monthly 160. 1875. 1878. 1977, 1878. 1879. 310 . DO 91 Rs. 12 B o B 6 21 3.600 35 180 145 79 . ... 800 28 118 180 61 36 Government- Prosidenoy College Sanskrit Boobiy Dacca Kishnaghir Borhampore » Patna Outtack Rajshahyo Midnapore Chittagong Runsporo 820 30 208 129 1(18 88 20 ... 209 34 183 128 114 87 1007 sut 80 18 120 1214 61 81 OM 17 20 10 .. 6 108* 20 20 86 80 1 9 B SUI 41 17 15 16 18 17 ... ... Total 881 838 1,001 1,002 1,067 ... • Kuolusive of Altuon out-studenta. Bxclusive of two out-studonta, Exclusivo of one gut-studonto, ·Number on the rolls at the end of the year. BDUOLTIOT. COLLEGES GENERAL. Monthly tee. 1848. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1870. R8. 910 ... 10% 99 6 102 Son 98 78 09 .. 118 100 00 08 11 Aidado General Assembly's Collego, Calcutta Yrao Churoh Onthedral Mission St. Xavier's Dovoton London Mission Bhowaniporg Total 19 988 99 98 100 18 60 45 1 d0b 88 12 81 19 .....! 89 d.. 892 868 701 640 1. 1... .. 990 Unaided- La Martinière College, Calcutta Metropolitan Institution, Baptist Mission Colloko, Serampore Total 146 9 930 5 248 t. ...... 156 235 280 988 .... GBAND TOTAL 1,218 1,40 1,794 2,008 1,908 Авр EXPENDITURI IN 1878-79. OoBT PAR ANXUN OP BACE BTUDENT. COLLEGES-GENERAL. Number on the rells on the Slat March 1879. smuou atbəAP roll number. attendance. OSBADAT From State From funds, &c. fees, &c. Total. from Btate krom funds, &o. feon, &o. Total. Rs. Ro. Bs. Bul. Ra. Bs. College 1931 418 > > ... The decrease in the past year might therefore seem to indicate a temporary 14 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Statement of Expenditure in Colleges for General Education. 45. From the first of the foregoing tables it appears that there is a decrease of 40 in the total number of college students. In the last annual report it was pointed out that the number of college students had steadily advanced between the years 1874 and 1878 from 1,083 to 2,003, showing an average yearly increase of 230 in the number of those that sought a University education, decline in the demand for education of this class. In reality it means nothing of the kind; and the figures, when rightly explained, point to the fact that the demand is still growing. For it will be remembered that the number of possible college students is limited by the number of those that pass the various examinations of the University. The college students of the 31st March 1878 wero formed out of those that passed the Entrance examinations of 1876 and 1877, and the First Arts examinations of the same two years. The college students of the 31st March 1879 are formed out of the successful candidates at the corresponding examinations of 1877 and 1878. Owing to the steady decrease in the number of successful candidates at the Entrance examinations of the years 1876, 1877, and 1878 successively, the quantity of potential 'college-material' declined from 2,308 in 1878 to 2,005 in 1879. In other words, out of 2,308 possible students in the former year, 2,003 were found to be members of colleges; while out of 2,005 possible students in the latter year, as many as 1,963 were members of colleges. The value of these figures is indeed affected by the exclusion of Gobernyant- Prewidency Sanskrit Hooghly DACOB Kishnagbur Berhampore Patna Cuttack Rajshahyo Midnapore Ohittagong Rangpura 840 36 180 146 79 20 114 30 89 21 13 810 85 180 124 87 82 104 88 888 32 136 114 68 28 90 80 85 16 11 65,868 14,85 29,901 23,469 99,008 16,286 $9,882 8,099 7,840 1,638 9,703 8,164 . 48,007 1,710 13,123 9,737 4,808 1,071 8,293 6,609 8,815 4,284 1,7% 1,626 1,08,010 10.064 49,024 88,198 27,201 17,106 87,8785 14,808 11,468 5,882 1661 68) 07 80 78 79 86 817 280$ 8891 167 298 880 802 3184 391 431) 684 879 507 208 8581 603 S08 200 027 1081 946 452 11. ... ... 18 18 12 .. . 802 408 084 4,789 Total ... 1,087 1,012 861 2,08,716 1,11,428 8,20,149 245 131 878 Aided General Assombly's Collego, Onlcutta... Froo Ohurch Cathedral Mission 1. Xavior's Doveton London Mission Bhowanipore 298 98 73 1 PD 287 98 73 78 20 67 2) 929 88 04 70 17 89 4,200 6,520 0,620 8,000 8,000 2,349 24 207 16,820 17,009 29,100 4,800 11,010 98,407 89,440 28,119 20700 7,800 13,869 18 624 86 81 1707 CO 184 265 881 867 106 1997 276 816 284% 282 67 8421 Total 640 008 607 24,189 96,426 1,20,618 100 837 GRAND TOTAL 1,707 1,080 1,368 2,32,805 ... 2,07,862 4,40,787 171 103 894 ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 15 UXIVOBATY IDODATIOT. students failing at either of the higher examinations and rejoining their colleges for a further course of study, but not in such a way as to vitiate the general conclusion. That oonclusion clearly is that the demand for collegiate education is still increasing. Those who have passed the Entrance examination of the University find it more and more difficult to qualify themselves for any profession unless they go forward to a University degree; while those who proceed to the highest degrees which the University has to offer find their advantage in the more prosperous careers that are thereby opened to them. 46. The general movement of college students may also be elucidated in the following way. Of 755 candidates in Bengal who passed the Entrance examination of December 1878, 639 joined the first-year classes of colleges for general instruction in January 1879, exclusive of 32 students who joined the Civil Engineering Department of the Presidency College. The 733 first-year students of 1878 formed the second-year classes of 1879, and their number was increased to 900 by the re-admission of unsuccessful candidates at the First Arts examination of 1878. The second-year classes of March 1878 numbered 843; and of this number 672, besides ex-students and teachers, presented themselves at the First Arts examination of the following December. Of the 208 who succeeded in passing, 177 (including a few students of previous years) now form the third-year classes of colleges in Arts, in addition to 33° who have been admitted to the Medical College. The 161 third-year students of 1878, together with 52 unsuccessful fourth-year students, formed the fourth-year classes of 1879, which now number 213. Finally, 215 candidates (in addition to ex-students and teachers) presented themselves at the B.A. examination of January 1879: 71 passed, and of these 36 are now reading for the M.A. examination, against 31 in the preceding year. It follows therefore that 90 per cent. of the successful candidates at the Entrance examination become members of colleges; that practically all who pass the First Arts examination continue to read for their degree; and that about half of those who win that degree attempt the standard for honors. 47. The numbers in the Presidency College continue to show a satisfactory increaso, notwithstanding the high rate of fees. It is in every way desirable to attract as many students as possible to this, tho strongest of all the Government colleges; and it is worth notice that the present returns show an increaso, not only absolutely, but relatively to the whole number of students in Calcutta colleges. The decrease in the Hooghly College is due to the much smaller number of students that passed the Entrance examination from the higher class schools of the neighbourhood. In the Dacca College overy class shows an increase in numbers. The college is gaining in popularity, and the number of students who join the Presidency and other colleges from Eastern Bengal is diminishing. The attendance at Kishnagbur and at Berhampore was reduced, not only by the smaller number of successful Entrance candidates, but also by the fact that several first-year students of 1878 appear not to have rejoined the socond-year classes in the following session. The Berhampore College is kept up almost exclusively for the benefit of students from the Moorshedabad district. In the collegos of Patna and Cuttack there is only a slight change. But Rajshahye College shows a very decided incrcaso thrnughout, and notably in the second-year class; the fourth-year class, containing six students, has been opened only this year. The Midnapore College has a second-year class of 13, instead of 3 as in the previous year. The Calcutta aided colleges have suffered loss in their first-year classes, owing to the general failure of candidates at the Entrance examination of 1878; and also in their third-year classes. After the First Arts examination of 1877, the number of third-yuar students in aided colleges was 67, and in the Presidency College 45. After that of 1878 the proportions wero reversed; the third-year class in the Presidency College numbers, 66, in all the aided colleges 38. The Metropolitan Institution shows a considerable increase in the strength of its Entrance class; and having been raised to the B.A. standard, it now has a third-year class of 8 students. 48. Comparing the table of expenditure with that for the previous year, it will be seen that the total yearly cost of oach student, which is rockonod as in formor years according to the average daily attendance, has decreased from ·16 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Rs. 395 to Rs. 376, after a decrease in the year before to nearly the same amount. But by recont orders of the Government of India the cost of each student is hencoforth to be determined by the average monthly roll number, a much juster method. Reckoned in this way, the total cost of each student has decreased from Rs. 334 to Rs. 316; the Government share having fallen from Rs. 2283 to Rs. 206, and the private contribution having risen from Rs. 105 to Rs. 110. The following variations in particular colleges chiefly call for notice. With five exceptions all the Government collogos show a decrease in the yearly cost of each pupil to Government. The cost has decreased at Patna from Rs. 450 to Rs. 306, owing not only to an increase in the local contributions, but also to a large improvoment in the average daily attendance. At Cuttack the cost has fallen from Rs. 854 to Rs. 290, owing to the fact that the subscriptions for the previous year were kept in sealod bags. They are now regularly paid into the treasury, to the stipulated amount of Rs. 400 a month. The five exceptions are the following. At Kishnaghur the yearly cost has increased from Rs. 235 to Rs. 358, owing to special expendituro and to diminished attendance. At Berhampore the cost has increased from Rs. 479 to the serious rate of Rs. 605 for each pupil; so that this college, whose benefits arc confined to a very limited section of the community, costs for each pupil nearly double the rate of any other in tho province, with the exception of the Sanskrit College, which is maintained on special grounds. The Rajshahye College, all of whose expenses were in the previous year defrayed by its endowments, has now cost Government Rs. 52 for each pupil. The not grant to the collogo for the future will be Rs. 6,000 a year. The increase in the Midnapore College from Rs. 54 to Rs. 108 is merely due to a more accurate method of adjusting the accounts between the college and the school. Tho increase at Rungpore from Rs. 172 to Rs. 452 supplies a further argument for the abolition of the college classes. 49. The total expenditure upon collegiate education has increased from Rs. 4,32,112 in 1877-78 to Rs. 4,40,757 in 1878-79. The total increase of Rs. 8,645 has been caused by an increase in private contributions to the amount of Rs. 14,409, accompanied by a decrease of Rs. 5,764 in the Government expenditure. The Government expendituro is really less by Rs. 12,000 than tho amount shown in the table; the arrear subscriptions of the Cuttack College to that amount having been paid into the treasury, though not entered in the foregoing statement of the income of the college for tho year. But the subscriptions at the lately determined rate of Rs. 400 a month having boon regularly paid during the past year, the cost of the Cuttack college to Government is Rs. 7,000 less than ju 1877-78. In the Presidency, Hooghly, and Patna Colleges there is an equally distributed decrease in the Governnient expenditure, amounting in all to Rs. 10,000, and a siunilar increase in the local income to the extent of Rs. 5,000. The increase of Rs. 2,000 in the Government expenditure on the Rajshahye College, while the extra assignment for the year from provincial funds was fixed at Rs. 500 only, is the subject of an inquiry that is now being made into the amount that has actually been paid by the Rajshahye Association towards tho support of the college. The incroase of Rs. 4,000 in the Government expenditure on the Kishnaghur College is chiefly explained by the payment during the year of the cost of the apparatus purchased for the college laboratory. In aided colleges the Government grant remains constant; the private contributions show an increase of Rs. 2,000. 50. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS.--The year under report, like its predecessor, was marked by a large reduction in the number of successful candidates at the various oxaminations of the University. This result was not confined to any particular province or to any class of institutions. It is not to be explainod, therefore, by deterioration in the quality of the instruction or in the aptitude of the students. In the year 1876 an exceptionally large number of candidates passed the Entrance and First Arts oxaminations. In the year 1877 an exceptionally, large number were rejected at the First Arts and B.A. examinations, and therefore swellod the class of failed candidates competing at the corresponding examinations of the following year. Both these causes would make it antecedently probable that a large number would fail at the First Arts and B.A. examinations of December 1878 and January 1879, ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 17 UNIVERSITY #DUCATION. without the necessity of assuming any great variation in the rigour of the standard. Of 759 candidates who appeared at the late First Arts examination from Bengal, 208 passed, or 27} per cent. Of those candidates who appeared for the first time, 30 per cent. passed ; while of the 214 unsuccessful candidates of previous years, only 17 per cent. passed. Similarly, among 262 candidates who were examined for the B. A. degree in January 1879, 71, or 27 per cent., were successful. Of those whr presented themselves for the first time, 28 per cent. passed, while of the 84 rejected candidates of previous years only 21 per cent. passed. By a regulation of the University which has lately come into force all unsuccessful candidates will honceforth be required to attond the full course in an affiliated college for six months before again presenting themselves for examination, a measure which will probably have the effect of increasing the percentage of success among that hitherto unsatisfactory class of students. 51. FIRST EXAMINATION IN ARTS. The following table gives the particulars of this examination. The number of second-year college students in March 1878 was 843, and of theso 672 appeared at the examination of the following December. First Arts Examination, December 1878. NUMBET PASAED IN TIR COLLEG38. Candidates first examined. division. Scoond division. Third division. Total 15 110 16 60 21 2 9 99 13 3 7 4 2 ... 52 . 49 5 26 11 11 5 11 .. Government Presidoncy College Sanskrit Hooghly Dacca Kiubvaghur , Berhampore >> Pütna Cuttack Rajshahyo Midnapore Rungporo Chittagong ... 10 2 9 2 5 3 1 38 20 48 9 3 3 1 1 ... 12 1 3 ... 1 8 4 8 I. ... Vio I. 2 ... Total ... 385 34 52 49 135 2 12 Aided General Assembly's College Froo Church Cathedrul Mission St. Xavier's Doroton London Mission Bhowanipore 89 30) 10 15 9 5 4 1 9 3 1 *1* ****** 191 .. 1 1 5 1 6 25 Total 187 25 15 48 ('naided- .. ... ! La Martinièro College, Calcutta Metropolitan Institution, Baptist Mission College, Serampore 10 6 20 97 1 ... ... Total ... 100 4 10 6 20 . Ex-studonts and Teachers 87 2 3 5 . GRAND TOTAL 709 46 89 73 08 ! 52. An inspection of this table shows that Government collegos passed 35 per cent. of their candidates, aided colleges 26 per cent., and privato institutions 20 per cent, while among independent students only 6 per cont. were successful. Again, of the candidates from Government colleges, 1 in 11 was placed in the first division; of those from aided and private colleges, 1 in 24. The Presidency Collego maintains its high position, passing 44} per cont. of its candidatos; and is closely followed by the Hooghly College, both in the percentage of successful candidates and in the number of those placed in the first division. The new second-grade colloge of Chittagong has justified its establishment by passing three candidates out of eight at this its first competition, thus taking rank by the side of the Midnapore College. In the Dacca, Patna, Berhampore, and Rajshahye Colleges the proportion varied from 21 to 25 per cent. there is now a strong and well-constituted staff of Professors, but the results of their teaching cannot well be looked for until the close of the current sessiou.

·18 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY BDUCATION At Patna three-fourths of the students failed in mathematics, in which subject there were two changes of Professors during the year, one early in the session, and another a few months before its close.. At Berhampore, again, mathematics proved to be an element of weakness; while at Rajshahye as many as half the students failed in Sanskrit, & matter which demands the attention of the Principal. The Rungpore College met with very different success from that established at the same time and under the same conditions at Chittagong. Nono of its students passed the examination, a result which was held to have decided the very doubtful question of its utility and its prospects of permanent success, and the closing of its college classes has now been ordered. The Cuttack College achieved the distinguished success of passing eight candidates out of nine sent up, a result on which all concerned may well be congratulated. It should be added, however, that the class originally consisted of 15 students. 53. The following table shows the religion of the candidates. Upon the similar table for last year I had to remark that no Muhammadan candidate had passed in the first or second division, and only 12 per cent. altogether. Tho present year shows a much better result. First Examination in Arts, December 1878. NUMBER PASSED IN THE Candidatos. Total. ... ... Second division, 81 3 1 Hindus Mahomodans Christians Others First division. 37 3 3 3 698 36 16 34 186 9 Third division. 67 3 0 3 ... 10 Total 784* 46 89 73 208 .. Rs. 26 * Including 20 who were absent from the examination. 54. Upon the results of the First Arts examination 49 senior scholarships were awarded. The following table shows the colleges from which the successful candidates came: Senior Scholarships, January 1879. First krado, Second grade, COLLEGRO. Rs. 20 Total. a month, A month. Government Presidency College 7 Sanskrit 2 2 Hooghly 6 6 Dacca 4 4 Kishnaghuru 1 Berhampore » 2 Patna 6 Cuttack 2 2 Rajshahye 1 1 Chittagong 2 Midnapore 10 3) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Tel::::::::w 1.6 ... ::: .. .. .I. Total 35 39 ... .. Aided General Assembly's College St. Xavier's London Mission Bhowaniporo Dovoton 1 1 2 1 . Total 3 Unaided Metropolitan Institution 3 3 4. GRAND TOTAL 10 39 49 second The 10 scholarships of the first grade are thrown open to general competition; nine were gained by Calcutta candidates, coming in oqual proportions from the Presidency College, from aided colleges, and from the Metropolitan Institution, while the tenth was gained by a student of the Kishnaghur College. The grade scholarships are allotted beforehand in definite numbers to certain districts and divisiops, that is, practically to certuin colleges. There is therefore in their case no competition between one college and another, except as regards those situated in Calcutta. Of these last, the Presidency and Sanskrit Colleges gained seven and two scholarships respectively, and the aided colleges four.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 19 UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. 56. Sixteen of the scholars elected to hold their scholarships in the Presidency College, ten at Hooghly, four at Daoca, and two at Kishnaghur, the number of those choosing the Hooghly and Dacca Colleges for their final course showing a considerable increase. All the scholarships assigned to Behar and Orissa are held in the local colleges. Five scholars chose the aided collegos, and four the Medical College of Calcutta, in which last only a single scholarship was held in the year before. It is worth notice that the numbers of scholars choosing the A or Literature course for the B.A. degree has increased of late years. At the first institution of the alternative courses it was remarked that all the best students chose the course in science, notwithstanding the fact that the test of examination had shown it to be the harder of the two. Scholarship-holders were almost unani. mous in selecting the B course. But some reaction has apparently set in, for the course in Literature was chosen by 13 senior scholars of 1879, and by 14 of the year before. The B.A. examination of 1879 reversed the judgment of former years as to the difficulty of the alternative courses, but the election was made before that result was known. 56. B.A. EXAMINATION.---The number of fourth-year college students in March 1878 was 221, and of these 215 appeared at the examination of January 1879. The following table shows the results of the examination : B.A. Examination, January 1879. NUMBER PASS3D IN THP- COLLEGES. Candidates examined. First Second division. division. Third divisiou. Total 6 18 Government Presidency College Hooghly Kishnaghur Dacca Patna Cuttaok ... 61 31 11 16 11 7 6 1 1 1 31 7 2 6 3 17 .. 1 ... I 1 :::: Total 131 16 25 ... 49 ... ... II Aided Gonoral Assembly's College Frce Church Cathedral Mission St. Xavier's 34 20 7 4 7 5 1 ... 19 .. 6 ... .la ... Total ... 79 11 1:1:1:::: : Toll road tri 11 13 Ex-students 36 ... ... 6 Teachers ... 13 3 3 GRAND TOTAL 202 42 71 .. 57. As in the previous examination, the Government colleges met with the greatest sharo of success, passing 37 per cent. of their candidates; while aided colleges passed 16 per cent., and of private students 18 por cent. passed. Of the Presidency Collego students more than half passed; and the Dacca and Patna Colleges succeeded better than in the First Arts examination. Still, in the Dacca College out of 16 candidates, including four out-students, cight failed in English, seven in mathematics, and eight in physical geography; and in the Patna College out of cleven candidatos seren failed in English. The Kishnaghur College failed chiefly in mathematics; while of 32 Hooghly students, 10 failed in English, 15 in mathomatics, and 17 in physical geography. 58. The Cuttack College failed in this, as in tho previous year, to pass any of its candidates. This, however, is not the test by which the value of a college for Orissa should be judged. The Cuttack College contains no officer of the superior graded sorvice; and all that its experimental establishment shows is that students so circumstanced are placed at a disadvantage in the general competition. When the period of five years, for which the upper college classes were sanctioned, has come to an end, the question of its continuance will have to be settled, not by the failure of its students by a particular test, imposed under conditions in which success could hardly be expected, but partly by the resources that may be found to be at the disposal of Government for maintaining a collego on an adequate scale of ·20 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR UNIVERBITY EDUCATION. ostablishment, and still more, perhaps, by the political advantages involved in placing higher education within reach of the inhabitants of a province who will not go abroad to seek it. The question of multiplying colleges in Bengal proper, and the question of establishing a college for Behar or for Orissa, involve widely different issues. In Bengal, the Government scholarships bring collegiate education within the reach of all, and they are eagerly competed for by students in every part of the provinco. In Orissa, as in Behar, it is found that tho natives of the country set no value on a gift which forces them to seek for education among foreigners. Though the benefits of the Patna Collego require to be extended among a much wider circle than has hitherto felt its iufluenco, yet no one will question the good which it has wrought for Behar, not only in regard to the spread of sound learning and the cultivation of intelligence, but in the practical way of training a body of men fitted to cnter the professions or the public service. The Cuttack College, properly equipped, will civilise Orissa, as the Prosidency, and other colleges have civilised Bengal, and as the Patna College is civilising Behar. Meanwhile, the way is being prepared for that result, and the level of oducation is being gradually raised, even though no students as yet pass the higher examinations of the University 59. Out of 273 candidates from Bengal, including 11 absentees, 108 chose the A and 165 tho B course at the B.A. examinations. For tho first time since the establishment of the alternative courses the latter seemed to be the easier test, 29 per cent. passing in the scientific and 21 per cent. in the literary course. It is, however, also true, as shown by the number of failures in the common subjects of English and mathematics, that in this, as in former years, the B course was chosen by the most capablo and ambitious students. The Presidency College is tho only one in which both courses aro regularly taught, though fourth-year classes for the A course were opened, or re-openod, during the past year in the Kishnaghur and Dacca Colleges, in addition to the course in scienco. From the Presidency College 20 students presented themselves in the A course, and soven passed; none in the first division, and only one in the second. Of 43 candidates in the B course 24 passed, six of whom were in the first division. In the Kishnaghur College six candidates in the A course all failed, whilo of seven candidates two passed. At Dacca the A course candidates succeeded botter, three passing out of five, while only two out of 13 passed in the B course. There can be no doubt that such a division of the teaching power is a source of weakness to any college that is not fully equipped for both courses. The Principal of a college is placed in a difficulty when students put forward a request for an alternative course. Many of these are unsuccessful candidates at the preceding examination, and if their prayer is refused they must join some other college. The Principal is anxious to keep, as many students as possiblo in the B.A. class; he takes counsel with the Professors, and they decide together that the necessary lectures can be arranged. In accordance with representations so mado, I sanctionod last year tho oponing of alternative courses in two colleges; but desirable as it is to make the local colloge satisfy the requirements of all its students, yet the wisdom of such a concession must be regarded as still doubtful. 60. T'he religion of the candidates is shown in the following table. The entire failure of the few Muhammadan students is to be regretted. The Eshan University scholarship of Rs. 45 a month is given to that Hindu candidate, being a native of Bengal, who stands first on the list of B.A. candidates; it was awarded to Atul Krishna Roy, of the Hooghly College. B.A. Examination, 1879. NUMBBR PABBBD IN THB- Number of candidates. First division. Sooond division. Third division. Total. 7 20 36 63 229 11 7 I. ... Hindus Mabomedans Christians Others ... 1 ... 1 5 26 2 6 1 Total 273 8 21 42 71 * Including 11 who wero absunt from the examination. ܝ ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 21 UNIVRBATTY EDUCATION two 61. M.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION. The number of candidates for Honours was 23, of whom 13 passed; and for the ordinary degree 19, of whom nine passed. The Presidency College furnished 13 candidates for Honours, and of these 10 passed; three in English, one in history, five in mathematics, and one in philosophy; and five candidatos for the ordinary degree, all of whom failed. Two candidates out of four passod in Sanskrit from the Sanskrit College, one of them with Honours. The Hooghly College passed candidates for Honours in physical science, and the Kishnaghur College one Honour candidate in English. The Honour candidates from aided colleges failed, but of those for the ordinary degree, five passed out of seven. COLLEGE "REPORTS.The following accounts of the progress of higher education in the colleges affiliated to the University in Arts are taken from the annual reports of the Principals. The statistics of the Presidency College aro bere given, as in previous years, in fuller detail than those of other colleges. 62. Presidency College.--The changes in the staff of this college for the year under report were the following. In April Mr. J. Eliot was appointed Meteorological Reporter to Government. Mr. W. Booth replaced him until the commencement of this year, when Mr. Eliot returned. In the month of April the Reverend G. M. Wilson was appointed a Professor; he taught mathematics in the first and socond-year classes until the close of the year. Mr. A. E. Gough joined the college in June; he teaches philosophy and English in the thirdyear class. Mr. A. Clarke Edwards and Mr. F. B. De M. Gibbons joined in September; the latter gentleman taught mathematics in the college until November, when he resigned his appointment and returned to England. Mr. J. Mann joined the college in Octobor, and was transferred to Hooghly at the beginning of the following session. Mr. W.J. Webb took furlough in August; Mr. Robson joined at the boginning of the year. He toaches Latin and English. There is a growing desire among the students to loarn Latin, and though it entails much extra work on the Professors, the Principal thinks that, having rogard to the requirements of English teaching, it should not be discouraged. In the second-year there are 19 students who attend lectures in this language. In March Mr. W. H. Paulson left the college for the Principalship of Kishnaghur; hisremoval was felt as a loss. Baboo Nilmani Mookerjee, the Sanskrit Profossor, has been absent throughout the year, and Baboo Shama Charan Mookerjee has acted for him. 63. The comparative strength of the General Department of the college on the 31st of March during the last four years is shown in the following table :- WWW 1878. 1877. 1878. 1870. Regular students. Out. students Regular students. Outstudents. Rogular studopts. Outstudonte. Regular Out. students, students. ..... .... D. .. B 18 02 80 128 70 Honour class Fourth-year olans Third Second Pirut. 10 88 04 08 9 10 88 46 123 86 9 10 80 18 70 68 120 77 ... SA 10 . 19 101 ... . Total 810 48 809 46 929 40 849 16 ... These figures, the Principal remarks, speak for themselves, and he points with satisfaction to the recovery which has taken place in the number of students reading for Honours, by far the most satisfactory class that wo have to deal with. 64. It has been found necessary to divide the second-year class, consisting of 120 students, into two sections, in order to ensure more efficient teaching. The division into sections has the obvious advantage of securing for each individual student more of the Professor's attention. This is perhaps of more importance to the students of the second than of the first year, as the stimulus of the approaching examination makes them more willing to profit by it. But even in the first year (and to a less extent in the third and fourth-year classes) such a division would be very desirable if the strength of the college staff permitted it. In smaller colleges it is possible to adopt the tutorial, rather than the professorial method of teaching, the latter being bardly well suited to students fresh from school; but with the large classes in the Presidency College this is not possible. The Principal considers that all ·22 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR DRIVERBITY EDVOATION. the Professors are hard-worked, when it is remembered that some of them have duties outside the Presidency College. 65. Out of the 120 students composing the second-year class, 91 have taken up chemistry and 29 psychology. Among those who have taken up psychology there are four scholars. Of the 66 students in the third-year class, 21 have taken the A course and 45 the B course. Tho number of scholars in the two courses is seven and 11 respectively. Of the optional subjects, five students have selected mathematics and history, one student mathematics and philosophy, and 15 philosophy and history, The fourth-year class consists of 70 students. Of these, 25 have taken the A course and 45 the B course. The number of scholars in the A course is two, in the B course 19. Two students have selected mathematics and philosophy as optional subjects for the A course; 23 have selected history and philosophy: 66. Classifying the students according to tho social position of their parents or guardians, we have the following result:- Belonging to the upper classes of socioty middlo .. ... . 22 327 Ditto ditto 349 Classified according to religion, there are 336 Hindus, seven Musulmans, and six Christians. 67. The first-year class was examined in December last in the subjects read during the year. l'he result was satisfactory. From the second -year class 117 students were sent up to the F. A. examination, of whom 13 passed in the first division, 21 in the second, and 15 in the third, making a total of 49. Seven were absent. Of the 61 who failed, 34 failed in English, 34 in the second language, 20 in history, 53 in mathematics, 30 in logic, 24 in chemistry, and three in psychology. Upon the result of this examination six scholarships of the first grade and 13 of the sccond grade were awarded to students of the college. Mohini Mohan Sen, who stood first among the successful studonts from this college, obtained the Gwalior gold medal. 68. The third-year class was not examined. The college sent up 63 candidates to tho B.A. examination, 20 taking up the A course and 43 the B course. Of the course candidates, one passed in the second division and six in the third, and one was absent. Of the 12 rejocted candidates, five failed in English, two in the second language, three in history, nine in mathematics, two in philosophy, and four in optional mathematics. Of the 43 who took up the B course, six passed in the first division, six in the second, and 12 in the third, and one was absent. Of the 18 who were rojected, eight failed in English, 11 in mathematics, seven in chemistry, sovon in physical geography, and eight in physics. 69. The following soven graduates wero electod scholars, tho subjects they havo taken up for Honours being recorded against their names :- 1. Krislinadbone Mookerjeo Mathematics. 2. Devendra Bcjoy Boso Philosophy. 3. Kishori Moban Sen Gupta Mathematics. Physical Science. 5. Rajendra Nath Chatterjoe Ditto. 6. Amulya Charu Mitra Mathematios. 7. Bhupendra Nath Boso English. The Haris Chandra prize was awarded to Krishnalal Datta, who is now reading for Honours in mathematics. Atul Krishna Roy, holder of a Laha science scholarship, having obtained the Eshan scholarship from the Hoogbly College, has now joined the Presidency College. The Honour class contained on the 31st March 18 graduates, of whom seven are studying English, four mathematics, four physical science, and one philosophy. .. .. ... ... 4. Cbaru Chandra Sarkar ... ... .. ... ... . .. .. ...

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 23 70. Twelve candidates presented themselves for the last examination for Honours in arts. Of these, ten passed. Their names, the classes they obtained, and the subjects they took up, are given below:- UNIVERSITY XDUCATION.. --- We propter 11 WWW.N www NAM88. Classes. Bubjects. Second Third English. .. ... ... Ida . .. Second ... .. .. History Mathematics. . .. DO Baroda Prosad Ghosh Mobini Mohun Chatterjes Ram Chundor Mullick Kali Sanker Sukul Surendra Nath Mitra Asbatosh Gupta Baroda Ranjan Roy Haridas Gargari Haridas Bauerjee Surja Kumar Agasti ... tad .. ... 11 19 .. 19 .. Third First . 19 Philosophy. . . Another student paid his fee for this examination, but, not having passed the B.A. examination, he was not allowed to sit for it. Five candidates appeared for the ordinary degree of M.A., ono taking up English, one mathematics, two philosophy, and one physical scienco. They all failed. 71. Sanskrit College.-- This is an Anglo-Sanskrit institution, though it is open also to students who wish to read Sanskrit exclusively. In the school department the studies are carried to the University Entrance standard in English, and in Sanskrit to a standard beyond that of the B.A. examination. In the college dopartment English subjects are taught up to the F.A. standard, while the Sanskrit course is wider than that required by the University for the degree of M.A. in Sanskrit. In the college department the number of students on the rolls was on the 31st March 35, against 36 and 34 of the two previous years. No great advance in numbers can be expected, seeing that the difficulty of the special Sanskrit courso prevents the college being recruited from ordinary Entrance schools teaching only up to University requirements ; while of students who pass the Entrance examination from the Sanskrit collegiate school many enter other colleges. Thus, of 16 who passed this school last yoar, only five entered the College Department. Of the 35 pupils, 8 are in the first year, 11 in the second, 7 in the third, 2 in the fourth, and 7 in tho Honour class. The fee income amounted to Rs. 1,710, being an increase of Rs. 25 on that of the year preceding; while the total cost to Government was Rs. 14,354, against Rs. 14,356; and the cost to Government for each pupil decreased from Rs. 495 to Rs. 449, owing to an improvement in the average daily attendance, the present basis of calculation. The time given por wock to the special Sanskrit course, compared with that devoted to the ordinary English subjects, is in the first ycar 183 hours against 12 hours, and in the second year six hours against 22}; while in the two higher classes, which read the ordinary subjects at the Presidency Collego, nine hours and six hours respectively are given to Sanskrit lectures in their own college. There aro also a class reading for Honours in Sanskrit for 18 hours a week, and a class recently opened to prepare candidates for the Sanskrit title examination in Sanskrit literature. Out of 17 candidatos sent up to the First Arts examination five were successful, three being placed in the first division. Tho Officiating Principal attributes the large percentage of failure to the fact that the Univorsity no longer requires candidates for the higher examinations to present a certificate of probability of passing. At tho B.A. examination both the candidates sont in passed in Sanskrit, though they were plucked in the other subjects which they road at the Presidency College. Three candidatos went up for Honours in Sanskrit, of whom one passed, gaining a socond class; and une went up and passed tho M.A. examination, The Officiating Principal expresses his general satisfaction with the work done by his colleagues. There were no permanent changes in the staff, which consists of three. Sanskrit Professors including the Officiating Principal, and two English Lecturers. 72. Hooghly College.---There have been numerous changes in the college staff, Mr. Gough, Mr. Dowding, and Mr. Mann succeeding one another as Professors of English Literature; while Dr. Watt, Professor of Botany and ·24 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Chemistry, was transferred to the Patna College, and Dr. Jadab Chandra Bose, Lecturer on Botany, died. The loss of the latter officer is deplored by the Officiating Principal; he was an assiduous and clever teacher, and an enthusiast about his work. The graded staff at the close of the year consisted of Mr. Griffiths, the Principal, the Rev. Lal Behari Day, and Mr. Mann. The science subjects wero taught by Dr. Gregg and by Mr. Abinash Chunder Dutt, who was appointed to the Department in 1878, after being odacated in England. The number of students on the rolls decreased during the year from 208 to 180, the loss being in the first and fourth-year classes ; in the first year, from the fact that the candidates passing the Entrance examination from the schools of the neighbourhood were fewer than in the previous year; and in the fourth year, owing to the small numbers of the previous thirdyear class. But the second-year class is so large that further admissions have been refused. The first-yoar class contains 50 students, the second 92, the third 17, and the fourth 19; there are two Honour students. For tho F.A. examination 60 candidates went up, of whom 26 passed, 7 being in the first division,-a fairly satisfactory result. In the B.A. examination only 7 regular students passed out of 31 sent up. In physical geography 17 failed, and 15 in mathematics. The Officiating Principal was much disappointed at this unexpected result. One of those who passed, Atul Krishna Ray, stood second in the first division and gained the Eshan, the Vizianagram, and the Laha Science Scholarships, amounting in all to about Rs. 140 a month. The Thwaytes Gold Medal and a Laha Science Scholarship of Rs. 25 a month were gained by Sasi Bhushan Adhikari. Three candidates went up for Honours in Botany, of whom two passod--one in the first and the other in the second class. The total fee income of the college was Rs. 12,237, a slight increase on the figures of the year preceding. The total expendituro fell from Rs. 44,448 to Rs. 43,024. The Botanical Garden suffered much from want of water, the pipo loading from the pump to the river having been broken. The fact was reported to the Public Works Department in December, but the pipe was not mended till the last day of the official year. Meanwhile all the water plants had perished. The same thing occurred in the previous year. The hostels, both the Hindu and the Muhammadan, were in a satisfactory state, there being 70 boarders in the first and 81 in the second. The improvoments in the management mentioued in the last year's report have given general satisfaction. There aro 17 free boarderships in the Muhammadan hostel, which the Principal describes as being most useful and important aids to poor and deserving Muhamnadan lads. The cost to Government of the Hindu hostel was Rs. 818; of the Muhammadan hostel Rs. 136; in addition to the contribution of Rs. 1,713 from the Mohsin Endowment Fund. The gymnastic classes do not flourish at this college, there being an average attendance of only 28 pupils. 73. Dacca College. There have been no changes in the college staff during the year. The number of students has increased from 129 to 146, many students from Eastern Bengal schools being now drawn to this college instead of migrating to Calcutta. Of the 146 students, 55 are in the first year, 63 in the second, 12 in the third, and 16 in the fourth. The receipts from fees and fines amounted to Rs. 9,449, showing a slight increase over the previous year, and the total expenditure to Rs. 33,197. For the F.A. examination 72 candidates, including 20 out-students, were sent up, of whom 12 only succeeded, 1 of the 12 being an out-student. The failures among the 52 regular students were 34 in English, 34 in mathematics, and from 13 to 23 in the other subjects. In the B.A. examination out of 12 regular and 4 out-students sent up, 5 of the former and I of the latter passed The Officiating Principal attributes failure in the University examinations to the utter indifferonce showu by students during their first and third years, and not to any want of earnest good teaching. The failures of the college this year in the F.A. examination have been mortifying to all the Professors. The want of room in the college building for the large college and school classes has been for many years a great inconvenience. The Pogose School ·OF POBLIC INSTRUCTION. EDUCATION. building adjoining the college has been purchased by Government for the use of the collegiate school. Necessary repairs have been effected, and the building has now been handed over to the college authorities. The Dacca College has for many years past been remarkable for success in athletics and cricket, and under the prosent Officiating Principal these pursuits have been much promoted by the organization of athletic tournaments and cricket matches. It. the annual cricket match, “College vs. Station," the college eleven was, as usual, victorious. A society has been started in connection with the college with the object of diffusing general knowledge and supplementing the work done in the college by means of popular lectures and a reading-room. Nine lectures on various literary and scientific subjects were fixed for the year 1879, of which several have been delivered. And in order to improve studonts in the arts of speaking and composing, it has been arranged that a series of lectures shall be delivered by students under the supervision of the college authorities. 74. Kishnaghur College.--Mr. Rowe having been appointed to officiate as Inspector of Schools, Presidency Circle, Mr. Paulson joined the colloyo as Officiating Principal in March 1879. The numbers on the rolls have decreased since the last report by 26, the falling off being in the first and second-year classes ; the total number is 79, against 105 of the year before. The first-year class has 23 students, the second 37, the third 11, and the fourth 8. Thirty-eight candidates appeared at the F.A. examination, of whom 11 were successful, 2 being placed in the first division. Many candidates who had no chance of passing were sent up, as the college authorities are no longer required to do more than certify to attendance at a certain percentage of lectures. For tho B.A. examination 12 candidates, including 1 ex-student, compcted (two of those sent in being absent through illness), of whom 5 took the A course and 7 the B. Of the 12 only 3 passed, the failures being chiefly in mnthematics, in which subject 8 were pluckod. Two Honour and one M.A. candidate were sent up, of whom only the latter was successful. The total expenditure of the college was Rs. 27,201, of which Rs. 4,603 were realized from fees and fines, the corresponding amounts for the previous year being Rs. 24,112 and Rs. 5,732. Apparatus for the lectures in physics and chemistry was purchased during the year at a cost of £273. The Endowment Fund, amounting to Rs. 41,893, raised by public subscription, was lodged with the Collector of the district, and has been invested in Government securities for Rs. 40,000; the balance being credited to Government in part paymont of the cost of the laboratory, in pursuance of an agreement originally made with the subscribers. The gymnasium was well attended throughout the year, some of the students being very fair gymnasts. Cricket was played in the cold weather, and much interest shown in tho game. The new laboratory and lecture-rooms are in course of construction, and will do much towards removing the inoonvenience that the lecturers in chemistry and physics have hitherto felt for want of space. The hostel contained 21 inmates on the 31st March, and seems to be much appreciated. 75. Berhampore College. The only change in the college staff during the year has been caused by tho transfer of Pundit Rangati Nyayaratna, for 12 years Professor of Sanskrit, to the Head-mastership of the Hooghly Normal School. On the 31st March 1879 there were 26 students on the rolls, 8 in the first and 18 in the second-year class, against a total of 39 on the same date in the previous year. The Officiating Principal, Baboo Prasanna Kumar Sarbadhikari, points out that the College is recruited from the schools of the Moorshedabad district only, and that from all these schools only 14 candidates passed the Entrance examination of 1878. Of the 8 students in the first-year class (since roduced to 7), the fees of four are paid by the Mabaradi of Cossimbazar, and of-two others by Roy Annada Prasad, Roy Bahadur; while one is a continual absentee through illness. The total cost of the College Department was Rs. 17,106, against Rs. 17,050 of the year preceding; the income from fees and fines Rs. 1,971, against Rs. 2,210, leaving a net cost to Government of Rs. 15,135. Twenty Candidates wont up to the F.A. examination, of whom only 5 passed, the failures P ·26 REPORT OF TIE DIRECTOR UNIVBBSITT IDOCATION. being 8 in English, 12 in mathematics, 6 in chemistry, 4 in history, and 3 in each of the other subjects. The gymnastic class has had an average attendance of 33. The lato gymnastic teacher, Baboo Hari Mohan Ganguli, organized a successful gymnastic tournament for the schools of the district, and collected somo Rs. 350 to . be spent in prizes; some of the monoy is reserved for a similar contest next year. The Hindu hostel attached to the college had an average of 16 inmates, 13 being students; and its total cost was Rs. 1,516, of which Rs. 537 were realized from fees and fines and the remainder from the proceeds of a local endowment of Rs. 14,000. 76. Patna College. There have been several changes in the staff during the year. Mr. McCrindle having gone on furlough for a short time, Mr. Bellett officiated for him. Mr. Archibald, Professor of Mathematics, obtained leave on medical certificate for 15 months, and his place was supplied by Baboo Nanda Krishna Basu, M.A., holder of a Premchand Roychand studentship. Mr. Willson's health also failed, and he was obliged to take leave for three months. His duties were taken up by Mr. Abinash Chundra Dutt, who was subsequently transferred to the Hooghly College, Dr. Watt from Hooghly taking his place. The number of students had slightly decreased on the 31st March, but had risen again to 133 when the report was written. Of the 114 returned on the 31st March, 39 were in the first year, 55 in the second, 10 in the third, and 10 in the fourth. The Beharis numbered 65 to 48 Bengalis, and the llindus 94 to 19 Mahomedans. The proportion of Behari students is increasing year by year. The schools of the Patna and Bhagulpore divisions contributed 34 students to the first year class, including 9 from tho Patna Collegiato School ; the schools of Lower Bengal contributed 5 only. The amount realized from fees and fines was Rs. 8,293, against Rs. 6,361 of the year 1877-78-an increase of Rs. 1,932. The Government expenditure, owing to the officiating arrangements made, was Rs. 1,000 less than in the previous year. For the F.A. examination 44 regular candidates were sent up, of whom 11 passed, 3 being placed in the first division. This result was very different from what the Professors and the Principal anticipated, as the class was considered an exceptionally good one. Out of 14 candidates sent up for the B.A. examination 3 only were successful, the failures being 7 in English and 5 in mathematics. The scientific association, originally started by Dr. Roy with the object of organizing a series of loctures and of forming a museum, has bocn remodelled by Dr. Watt, and is in a flourishing condition. The hostel contained 34 boarders, of whom 7 were Mahomedans. The Beharis, as a class, object to reside in the hostel, as they will not live under the same roof with even their co-religionists if they come from Bengal. The gymnastic classes have been well attended, and tho Boharis are at last beginning to join them. 77. Ravenshaw College, Cuttack.--The only change in the staff since the last report was that Baboo Lukhi Narain Dass went on medical leave in January 1879, and was succeeded by Baboo Byomkesh Chuckerbutty, M.A., as Lecturer in Mathematics. The number of students on the rolls on the 31st March 1879 was 36, against 39 in the previous year. There were 14 students in the first, and 14 in the second-year classes; in the third and fourth-yoar classes the numbers were 5 and 3 respectively. The Principal reports that of the 36 students on the rolls 18 were Uriyas, 14 Bengali settlers, 3 Bengali immigrants, and I & European; 27 were scholarshipholders, and of the remaining 9 only 2 were Uriyas. It would therefore appear at first sight that without the aid afforded by Government or private scholarships the people of the province are as yet either unable to make use of the opportunities of high education which the college supplies, or are indifferent to its advantages. But it must again be remembered that the pumber of college students is limited by that of such cessful Entrance candidates. The number of feeder schools to the Cuttack College is only three, all of which are Government schools ; the other higher ·OF POBLIC INSTRUCTION. 27 UNIVIRITT EDUCATION 1 English schools in Orissa not having succeeded. in passing any candidates at the Entrance examination. From those three schools only 31 candidates passed the Entrance examinations of 1877 and 1878; and of these all but three are now reading in the first and second-year classes of the college. For the F.A. examination, out of a class of 15, 9 candidates were sent up, 8 of whom passed, 1 being placed in the first division. This is a highly creditable result, considering that out of the total number of candidates sent up from Bengal only 20 per cent. were successful. For the B.A. examination 4 candidates were sent up, but all failed. All of them were plucked in mathematics, and three of the four in chemistry as well. The two candidates who passed in English were clerks in the Commissioner's Office, and to suit their convenience the fourth-year class throughout the year was held in the early morning; they had both failed in 1878. The Principal regrets that the college has not yet passed the stage of having to form its classes of office-clerks and place-seekers; but it may be added that until Uriyas receive the same education as Bengal supplies, Bengalis will occupy all the places and offices of the province. The fee income for the year was Rs. 1,709,' and the total expenditure Rs. 15,208. The annual Government grant is Rs. 6,000, the old allowance to the high school, and a further sum of Rs. 4,800 to meet a local contribution of the same amount for the support of the higher college classes. The total cost of the college to Government was, however, only Rs. 8,700. This year the Maharajah of Mohurbhunj has given a donation of Rs. 20,000 as a permanent endowment, and at his request the name of the colloge has been changed to Ravenshaw College, in commemoration of Mr. Ravenshaw's services as Commissioner of Orissa. 78. Rajshahye College. The college was raised to the status of a first grade college in January 1879, when Mr. F. T. Dowding was added to the staff as Officiating Principal. The number on the rolls on the 31st March 1879 was 59, an increase of 18 on the figures of the previous year. In the first-year class were 22 students, in the socond 28, in the third 3, and in the fourth 6. The number of students has nearly doubled within tho last two years. All the students were Hindus, though the Mahomedan element largely preponderates in the population of the district : it is well known, howevor, that the Rajshahyo Mahomedans belong almost exclusively to the poorer classes of society. Tho income from fees and fines was Rs. 1,795, and additional sums of Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 3,000 were realized from private sources, the former from the Dubalhati Endowment, the latter being subscribed by the Rajshahye Association, in addition to a further sum of Rs. 2,000 paid in February 1878. For the F.A. examination 12 candidates were sent up, of whom 3 were successful, 1 being placed in each division. The failures wore mostly in mathematios, in which 7 out of the 12 were pluckod, 5 failing in history, and • 6 in Sanskrit. The present college building being far too small to accommodate all the classes properly, a sum of Rs. 1,500 was sanctioned by Government for additional class-rooms. This has not yet been spent, there being some prospect of a large sum being, subscribed for the erection of a permanent college building by the Rajshahye Association. Government has been askod to concede some additional land for the purpose. 79. . Midnapore College. There has been an improvement in the numbers on the rolls since last report, the figures being 21 this year, against 17 last year; 8 are in the first-year class, and 13 in the second. Six of the 21 held scholarships. For the F.A. examination 7 candidates went up, of whom 3 passed. Of the four who failed, only one had studiod for two years at this college, and ho failed in one subject only. The college moreover lost two students during the year, both of whom were successful at the F.A. examination, one as an exstudent of the Midnapore College, the other as a student of the General Assembly's Institution. More accommodation being needed for the college classes, Government has sanctioned an expenditure of Rs. 2,622 from the savings of the institution for the erection of two extra rooms, which will shortly be taken in hand.

·28 REPORT OP THE DIRKOTOR UNITOBIITT XDUOTION. The income from fees and fines amounted to Rs. 1,223, and the interest on local funds to Rs. 3,030. The Government grant to the collego is Rs. 2,000, Rs. 1,000 out of the total net grant of Rs. 3,000 having now been assigned to the school department. The Head-master, Baboo Gangadhar Acharjya, is spoken of by the District Committee as onjoying their full confidence, being an excellent teacher and a strict disciplinarian. 80. Chittagong College. This second grade college was opened experimentally in 1877, and the first batch of students presented themselves for the F.A. examination in December 1878. The results of the examination, in which 3 candidates out of 8 were successful, may be held to have justified the experiment. Mathematics was the subject in which most of the failures occurred, 5 out of the 8 being plucked in that subject. One of the successful candidates was a Mahomedan, being the second of that religion who has passed the F.A. examination from the district of Chittagong; he has since joined the Hooghly College. The numbers on the rolls are 14, the same as last year, 7 being in each class. The Golak Chundra Donation, which provided for the maintenance of the college for two years, has now come to an end, with the exception of a sum of Rs. 2,000 which has been invested, and will yield an annual income of Rs. 80. The Lieutenant-Governor, however, on his visit to Chittagong in March 1878, sanctioned the provisional continuance of the colloge and of the Government grant of Rs. 3,000 a year, if the rest of the necessary. expenditure could be made up from local sources, including the savings of the school department, besides the ordinary college fees. The college is now being carried on temporarily under these conditions, pending a settlement of the question whether local subscriptions can be raised for its permanent maintenance. Some additions have been made to the building in the course of the year, which have added greatly to the convenience of the classes. A boys' club oxists in connection with the college, at which during the year some 40 essays were read by students. 81. Rungpore College. At the date of report there were 9 students on the college rolls, 7 in the first and 2 in the second-year class. For the F. A. examination 4 candidates were sent up, all of whom failed. This disastrous result was as discouraging as it was unexpected, the Headmaster having been confident that at loast 2 would be succossful, The income from fees and fines amounted to Rs. 290, and Rs. 1,215 were realized from subscriptions. The total cost of the education of each pupil was Rs. 684, of which the Government share was Rs. 452. 82. AIDED COLLEGES.--Since the time when the grants to the aided colleges of Calcutta were fixed, their relative circumstances have undergono much variation. The amount of aid to be given has never indeed been settled, exclusively or mainly, by reference to the principle of results; though the estimale formed of the probablo future usofulnoss of each college may be held to have influenced at the time the amount of its grant. Other circumstances which more directly affectod the grant wore the sums guaranteed from private sources and the amounts at the disposal of Government for high cducation. The following paragraphs will show that the grant now received by each college from Govornment bears no close relation to its usefulness; and in reference thereto I add a statement showing for each aided college its average attendance and its success in examinations for the last five years :- m NOXCBKR PANIED IN FIVE YBARS AT AIDED COLLEGES. Monthly Average Goverti number of ment grant. pupils. Pirat Arts. B.A. M.A. 78 10 Rs. 850 480 480 800 900 250 8A .. General Assembly's Free Church Cathedral Misalon St. Xavier's london Mimaion Doveton . 914 100 81 78 80 10 . 1 #+0 NO 100 ...... ... 83. General Assembly's College.-The number of students was 296, divided as follows:-first year 97, second year 142, third year 21, fourth year 36. This is a decrease of 37 on last year's figures, ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 29 UNIVERSITY BDUOATLAT. In the F.A. examination out of 92 candidates 23 were successful, 2 being placed in the first division. For the B.A. examination 36 candidates were sent up, of whom 7 passed, all in the third division. One student gained the Radha Kanta Medal and a scholarship of Rs. 25 a month in Sanskrit, and another student a scholarship of Rs. 20 a month, also in Sanskrit. The college expenditure was Rs. 28,497, of which the Government contribution was Rs. 4,200, and the income from fees Rs. 14,461. The cost of educating each student was Rs. 124, and the cost to Government Rs. 18. 84. Free Church Institution. The number of students on the roll on 31st March was 98, or one less than last year, viz. first-year class 21, second year 44, third year 4, fourth year 19, Honour class 10. Fees and fines amounted to Rs. 4,100; the Government grant was Rs. 5,520, and the total expenditure Rs. 22,420. The cost of educating each student was Rs. 255, and the Government share Rs. 63. The results of the University examinations were :--F.A. examination, out of 32 candidates 8 passod ; B.A. examination, out of 20 candidatos 5 passed; whilst 4 obtained the degree of M.A. 85. Cathedral Mission College.--Tho number on the rolls on 31st March was 73, distributed as follows:-first-year class 17, second year 39, third year 6, fourth year 11. The number last year was 86. To tho F.A. examination 19 candidatos went up, of whom 5 passed. In the B.A. examination out of 19 candidatos only 1 was successful. Tho arrangement by which the science studonts of this college used to attend the physical lectures of the Presidency College as out-students has been modified in the case of the second-year class, which now receives chemical locturos in its own college. The expenditure during the year has boon Rs. 23,119, which was met by Rs. 17,599 from fees and college funds and Rs. 5,520 from Government. Tho cost of educating each student was Rs. 361, and the cost to Government Rs. 86. 86. St. Xavier's College.- The college sustained a severe loss by the absence through illness of Father Lafont. It is hoped that he will soon be sufficiently recovered to return from Europe and resume his labours. The number of students on the rolls was on the 31st March 94, against 105 last year. Of these 31 were in the first year, 42 in the socond, 7 in the third, 13 in the fourth, and there was one Honour student. In the F.A. examination out of 16 candidates 5 passed, 4 in the first division, 1 obtaining a first grade scholarship and a Duff Scholarship. For the B.A. examination 7 candidates were sent up, but all failed, 5 being plucked in mathematics. One student obtained the degree of M.A. in physical science. The amount of fees collected was Rs. 7,186. The monthly fee has been raised from Rs. 5 to 6, and the increase of income thus realizod has been laid aside for the purchase of books for a reference library. The cost of each pupil was Rs. 367, of which Government paid Rs. 51. 87. London Mission College. The college has lost the services of the Revd. A. Strachan, B.A., who, after giving his valuable help until September 1878, suddenly died from heat apoplexy. The numbers on tho rolls were 57 on the 31st March this year, against 60 last year; 20 being in the first-year class, and 37 in the second. Six students passed the F.A. examination out of 27 candidates, 1 being placed in the first division. The cost of each pupil was Rs. 343, of which Government puid Rs. 60. 88. Doveton College.-The number on the rolls was 22, against 18 in 1878; 6 are in the first-year class and 18 in the second. The Principal regrets that tho results of the F.A. examination were exceedingly unsatisfactory. Nine candidates were scot up, of whom 6 were regular students and 3 bad failed at previous examinations. Eight candidates failed; six of them, however, passing in four out of the five subjects. The ono successful candidate passed in tho first division and obtained a second grade scholarship. The Principal thinks that the University ought to tako steps to prevent violent variations of the standard from year to yoar. The cost of each pupil was Rs. 441, of which Government paid Rs. 176.

·30 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BBCONDARY DUCATION. IV.- SECONDARY EDUCATION. 89. The subjoined table shows the changes that have taken place during the year under this head. Schools for the education of Europeans and Eurasians are excluded, and will be separately noticed. SECONDARY SCHOOLS. 1877-79. 1878-79. Sohools. Pupils. Schools. Pupila. Higher English. Government Aided Privato 48 48 84 44 12,875 9,383 9,430 85 63 13,236 8.894 13,903 Total . 176 31,688 196 36,033 .. Middle English. Government Aided Private 7 453 112 1,037 24,906 5,075 6 422 112 820 24,387 6,283 ... Total 572 31,618 310 31,490 Middle Vernacular. Govornment Aided Private ::: 177 830 80 10.017 39,406 3,811 172 1783 106 9,305 38,601 4,701 Total 1,087 .. 53,234 1,061 52,607 II. Lower Ternacular, Government Aided Private 10 1,536 08 354 53,868 1,800 13 1,474 757 50,638 1,996 Total 1,604 56,012 1,541 53,391 GRAND TOTAL 3,439 172,552 3,338 173,521 90. An inspection of this table shows that among aided schools there is a loss of 31 middle English, 47 middle vernacular, and 62 lower vernacular schools; partly balanced by a gain, under unaided schools, of 19 higher English and 26 middle vernacular. But the chief part of the reduction here shown in middle and lower vernacular schools has taken place in the area covered by the primary grant. Confining tho attention to secondary schools supported by grants-in-aid there has been a loss of 54 schools, namely 31 middle English, 8 middle vernacular, and 15 lower vernacular, and a gain of one higher English school. 91. The arrangement of the present report does not admit of a separate section being given, as in previous years, to a review of the grant-in-aid allotment, and it will be convenient to introduce in this place some general statements with regard to it; it being understood that this allotmont, though operating mainly within the region of secondary instruction, is not entirely confined to schools of that class. The following table compares the distribution of the allotment for the last two years, exclusivo of special grants for building and other purposes. TABLE I. Statement showing the distribution of Education under the Grant-in-Aid System for 1878 & 1879. Teen 1878. 1879. Number of institu. tions. Numbor of pupils. Receipts from Goyorament. Total rcceipts. kumber of institutions. Number of pupils. Recoipts from Cove orument. Total receipts. 6 88 1) 21 .. RA %4,198 48,842 1,30,469 87,208 7,828 7,161 44,667 38,458 19,281 18,987 16,609 701 0,983 PA, MA 3,914 5.030 4,876 7,669 1,037 91 788 775 84 459 674 130 792 YAN 8 11 18 18 Rs. 1,18,800 1,60,628 9,76,289 2,47,161 22,037 19,632 1,69,771 1,54,4215 70,774 39,117 42,284 Colloges Higher Engliali schools Middlo Middlo vernacular, Lower Primary Girls' schools for Datives Boys for Europeans, &o. Giris for Mixed Normal Technical schools Total 686 11 103 280 ... Re. $4,189 48,602 1,17,803 84,810 7,784 6,508 41,298 23,112 19,810 14,920 18,198 040 8,894 24,387 9,114 4,388 4,459 0,0.98 1,617 1,116 Bin 890 . 1,20,615 1,100,206 3,40,000 8,45,000 21,789 17,130 1,02,118 2,84,871 78,034 18.604 43,896 167 1. . 21 17 I 19 18 12 1 # . .. ..... ... 1. 1,779 85,569 4,35,702 14,46,408 1,677 63,281 4,01,920 13,84.976 ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 31 ORCONDARY EDUCATION. 92. The reduction in expenditure, both from Government and from private sources, follows on the reduction in the number of aided schools. How that reduction has been brought about will here be briefly indicated. By, far tlie greatest activity has been shown in the Presidency Circle; in withdrawing grants from inefficient schools, in revising the establishmont or the class of those that gave promise of improvement, and in aiding now schools. It will be seen hereafter that the operations in the two districts of Jessore and Nuddca suffice to account for a large share of the reductions shown in the present report. In Orissa equal diligence has been displayed, regard being had to the total number of schools in that province. In the division of Burdwan a smaller proportion of schools have boen called to account in this way; but the Inspector, while fully acknowledging the large margin of inefficient schools that exist in the division, has pointed to the prevalence of epidemic fover in recent years as supplying a sufficient explanation of the declino of schools, and as affording a reason for dealing with them tenderly and giving them a chance of recovery. Full weight should be allowed to these considorations. The circumstances of the Burdwan Division are exceptional; and any school honestly struggling with its difficulties, and not unsuited to the locality, may well bo allowed a longer period of grace in which to re-establish itself. But all such casos, in Burdwan and in other divisions also, must be carefully distinguished. When that distinction has been drawn, there will still remain a large number of schools which, professing to belong to a given class, and receiving grants corresponding thereto, have nevertheless for years together eithor sent no candidates to tho departmental examinations of the class, or failod to ensure their success. In other words, they have not fulfilled the conditions under which, whether expressly stated or not, grants were given them. That one or more pupils should pass each ycar by the standard which a school professos to teach is, if not tho bost criterion of efficiency throughout its classes, at any rate the only test which we can now apply. Inspectors havo been urgently remindod that a grant-in-aid is not a benefice, to be held by a school irrespectively of its merits or success. The test of efficiency is not a severo one. In defining inefficient schools, thoso only have been regarded whose pupils have entirely failed at two or more out of the last three examinations. Further, thoso schools which, having failed at two, havo succeeded at the third of those examinations, are regarded as improving " schools. Thoso, again, which have been newly cstablished, or whose class has been newly raised, are reserved for special consideration. Hence, an inefficient school means, as regards the present question, an old establishod school with a sufficient grant, whose pupils have either not appeared, or have altogether failed, at the scholarship examinations of 1878, and of one or both of the two preceding yoars. With rogard to each of these schools, of which detailed lists havo been furnished, tho Inspector has boen requested to make a special investigation, and to report what are the causos of failuro, and what the prospects of success, in oach case. Cancelment -of the grant, as before stated, is by no moans the only remedy that has been proposed or applied. In some cases revision of the establishment, in some tho appointment of new teachers or a now committee, in some reduction of the class, in some transfer of the sito, in some, again, the increase of local subscriptions, have been found to supply the necessary means of futuro in provement. But in othor cases remedial measures have beeu found unavailing. The general history of such cases is somewhat as follows. Some of tho loading men of a village are seized with the desire for a middle-class school. They consult the Doputy Inspector, who advisos them as to the necessary scalo of establishment and the amount of aid for which they should apply. Some enthusiasm is aroused, a committee is formed, a subscription list circulated, and teachers appointed. All goes well for a year or two, when dissensions arise among tho members of the committed. A party breaks off, and their subscriptions cease. The рау. of the teachers falls into arrears, and tho head-master, seeing no hope of realizing it, resigns his appointment. An inferior man takos his place, well knowing tho precarious nature of his salary. Dissatisfaction with the school increases, pupils leave, and their feos with them; the secretary no longer makes those advances by which he had endeavoured to satisfy the teacher and to keep the school going; and finally the Deputy Inspector or the Inspector learns something of the state of affairs, and comes down suddenly on the school. If ·32 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BBOONDARY EDUCATION it is found, as it is not seldom found, that the accounts of the school have been inaccurately represented to the Inspector, the grant is withdrawn. If, however, the management has been honest, an effort is made to reconcile the existing differences, and to start the school again. This attempt may succeed or not; but in the many cases in which it finally fails, all that can be said is that the school was established without possessing the elements of permanent success. From schools aided under conditions similar to these, grants are being continually withdrawn. 93. The following table sums up for reference the detailed statistics of attendance and expenditure in all Government and aided secondary schools, including those aided from the primary or circle grant. Attendance and Expenditure of Schools of Secondary Instruction during 1878-79. RELIGION OF STUDENTS ON THB SLAT MARUA 1879. BECRIVED FROM CLANS OP INSTITUTIONS. Number of pupils on the rolls on the $1st March 1879. Number of schools. Monthly arerage roll number. Expondod. Arerage daily attend. Governmout. Local funds. Total received. Mabomedans. ance. Christians. Hindus. Others. HIGHER ENGLIBDI- Rs. 4. P. RA. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. 104 .. Governmont Aideu 18,2:36 12,928 8,894 8,370 831 10,116 6,174 10,003 8,4131 2,140 400 80 1,20,217 8 61 2,76,049 8 20 8 48,861 14 3 1,41,788 98 4,02,3607 13,90,417 14 S 1,10,208 7 6 7,88,000 18 11 6,92,555 19 10g) 5,47,317 12 24 Totul 133 2,180 20,078 10,289) 147 19,3-10 2,554 83 1,74,770 1 9 4,17,776 18 1 II MIDDLE ENGLISH- Government Aided 820 642 24,887 22,104) 422 337 21.152 16,780 438 2,740 6,359 6 6 10,1300 6 16,13005 2,32,106 003 8.10,909 % 18,44.197 11 % 9,770 10 11 88 1,17,808 2 8 407 I. Total 25,207 22.7.40 17,389 4417 21,489 8,176 135 1,27,678 18 2 2,88,466 9 03 3,86,089 3 25 3,60,927 11 7 MIDDLE VERNACULAR- 11 Government Aided 172 783 4,308 99,001 8,608 85,724 27,127) 1 218 7,685 89,102 1,401 5,156 228 48,316 04 03) 3,01,958 8 11 27,972 4 11 1,70,201 8 4 75,088 14 8 2,78,220 13 75,688 14 8 2,76,169 % 1 ... Total ... 955 47,906 44,332 33,708 219 40.747 1,647 203 1,60,275 2 3 2,03,633 18 8 8,59,008 13 6 3,51,858 1 LOWER VERNACULAR (lovernment Aided 13 1.17+ 707) 0,638 630 46,823 326 36.033 B 230 016 41,400 49 447 1,630 133 74,610 05 3208 0 78,303 8 6 1,962 B 3 1,52,919 9 2 1,901 63 1,69.619 6 8,061 Total 296 42,010 8,647 II. 1,487 51,305 47,232 87,269 3,003 1403,898 185,018 104,690 76,246 13 78,024 09 1,84,870 14 6 1,54,470 18 9 1,007 6,28,874 14 103 9.38,500 1 11 14,07,375 0 0 14,84,174 x 10 QBANI) TOTAL ... 1,9099 123,698 21,024 N.B.-Exclusive of Europoun and Eurasian schools for boys. 94. HIGHER ENGLISH SCHOOLS.-The unique importance of this class of schools, and the necessity of keeping their establishments and their methods of teaching up to the highest possible standard of efficiency, depend upon the fact that they furnish the only sourco of supply for colleges. In Bengal the question of their efficiency is chiefly important as determining the quality of the education which thoy give; the most distinguished students of the University come, as is well known, from the great schools. But in Behar, in Chota Nagpore, and in Orissa, the question of quantity takes the foremost place. What is chicfly needed for these provinces is a due supply of students who are able to enter the University. That one Behari should take high honours is of much less moment, in the prosent state of that province, than that ten should pass through the ordinary college course and qualify themselves for those_duties, official or professional, which are now undertaken by foreigners. The Patna College Offers high education to all who pass the Entrance examination, but the number of those who pass is still lamentably small. The usefulness of the Cuttack College must always be limited by the number of candidates that pass the Entrance examination from the district schools. So few pass from the schools of Chota Nagpore that the question of a college for that division is altogether premature, though only on that ground. Middle and primary schools offer to the great majority of their pupils a course which is complete and sufficient. Higher schools do this also; but they provide, further, the only means of access to the University ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 88 95. The figures of higher English schools are repeated :-- WOONDARY EDUCATION 1877-78. 1878-79. serien Government schools Aided Private Schools 48 84 Pupilo. 12,876 9,883 9,430 Kohoola. 48 86 Pupils. 13,296 8,894 13,903 03 Total. 176 31,688 198 36,033 Aided schools, notwithstanding the increase of one in their number, have suffered a considerable loss of pupils, and Government schools show an equal The only, great increase is in unaided schools. Each class will be separately noticed in detail hereafter. 96. "Meanwhile, the results of the University Entrance examination for the three classes of schools may be brought together : Entrance Examination, December 1878. - W NOMBER PAGSBD IN TIE- CLASS OP SCHOOLS. Number of competing schools. Number of candidates. Porcentage of guccess. First division. Socond division. Third division. Total. 111 Government schools Private pohools (aided) Ditto (unaided) Private students and teachers 80 78 70 781 887 788 61 4 2890 8 80 1 201 51 182 8 878 109 205 11 109 2 261 1..... Total 198 1,089 108 302 200 755 80:0) • Including the Bethuno girls' school and tho Sculdah modical school. As in the previous year, the Government schools passed more than half their candidates; the proportion of success for the whole area covored by the Calcutta University being 42 per cent. Also as in tho previous year unaided schools passed a greater percentage of their candidates than aided schools. This is not to be wondered at. Higher class schools that ask for no grant-in-aid are either maintained by some wealthy man, or are situated in populous centres, where there is a great demand for education of that class, and whero, consequently, the fee receipts are regular and large. In either caso the establishment is likely to be strong, and tho school to be in all respects well found. Many aided schools in the country find it difficult even with the holp of a grant to make both ends meet, and the constant tendency to reduce grants on renewal acts hardly on those schools whose inherent expansiveness is not great enough to supply the slight loss so caused. These are the schools that swell the “inefficient margin," and it is to these that inquiry has boen spocially directed. 97. The following table compares the success of Government, aided, and private schools at the Entrance examination in greater detail. Private students and toachers are excluded. NUMBER OF BOTOOLS WHION BRNT CAN- DIDATRS. NUMBER OF BCHOOLS BLOM WHICH CAN- DIDATES PASSED. CANDIDATES PASSED IN THE DIY7810X, Total number of schools Government, Number of candidates. Government Private. Bumber gained scholarships. dided. First division. Third division, Total Private. Aided. Total, 7 28 .00 13 17 10 10 81 2 . 12 10 82 8 215 12 19 019 72 123 18 4$ 74 19 348 976 553 16) 201 26 113 I. 58 00* 24+ 11 17 2 18 10 7 1285 122 251 97 107 14 Burdwan Prouidency Calcutta Bajslabye Dacos Chittagong Patna Bhagulporu Ohola Nagpore Orjala .. 00 12 10 7 9 0 7 5 1 1 10 16 9 11 12 95 80 8 4 18 17 0 8 11 10 . Total 108 60 78 70 1$ 40 141 1,891 104 258 151 • Inclusive of tho Bealdah medioal vernacular school. † Ditto of the Bethuno girls' school. # Ditto 2nd grade junior scholarship awarded to Miso Kadumbini Bone. It appears therefore that overy Government school sent candidates, and that (with a single exception in Chota Nagpore) from every such school candidates ·34 REPORT ON THE DIRECTOR KROONDARY BDUCATION. per cent. passed. The efficiency and the popularity of these schools are firmly established, and increasing year by year. From a total of 84 aided schools at the beginning of the year 73 sent candidates to the examination, and from 49 of these candidates passed. Judgod, therefore, by a single examination (which it will be remembered is not the test departmentally applied), 42 per cent. of aided English schools are inefficient. The existing number of private schools is not known, since many furnish no returns to this department; but of 70 that sont candidates to the examination 46 were successful, leav. ing an inefficient margin, judged again by a single examination, of 33 98. GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.-Schools of this class are either collegiate, under the control of the Principal of the college to which they are attached, with the exception of the school departments of second grade colleges under ungraded officers, which are managed as zillah schools; or zillah schools, which are under the supervision in educational matters of the Circle Inspector, and in financial inatters of the District Comunittee. Zillab schools, again, are described as of the first, second, or third class, according as the number of their pupils is over 300, between 175 and 300, or under 175, tho scale of establishment being also determined accordingly. The following tables show the results of the Entrance examiuation for the schools of each class. The merit marks in the last column aro determined by assigning one, two, and three marks respectively to each boy passing in tho third, second, or first division. The schools are arranged in the order of their total merit marks, but it will be understood that tho classification is after all but rough; and that a school with a comparatively small attendance may deserve much moro credit from the success of its pupils than its place in the list among larger schools would indicate. Collegiate Schools. NAMEB OF SCHOOLS. | Number of pupils on 3180 March 1879 Nurnber of candidates. First division. Second divisiou. Third division. Total pasnod. Merit marks. ... 403 501 978 398 214 B15 05 30 16 12 ) 7 7 9 11 31 Hindre Hare DACCA Collegiate Achool Kishmaghur Samart Hooghly Rajubahyo Cultuck Patna Calatta Madragnalı Hooglily Branch School Midnapore Collegiate School Runkore Berlinmpore Chittagong 13 17 16 10 8 12 6 0 B 38 SA 21 19 10 14 12 10 O 1 81 77 37 29 90 28 25 18 16 10 12 11 ji 21 11 39 2:5 28 19 8 19 18 209 491 393 991 Sul 920) 207 488 8 1 1 1 1) ... . 5 5 S 1. 99. The Hindu and Hare Schools of Calcutta maintain their easy pro-eminence. Their strength has declined compared with the previous year, the numbers of the former school having fallon from 425 to 403, anů of tho latter from 612 to 561. This result is described by both head-masters to the recent opening of the " City school," under private management and at low rates of fees, a circumstance which has also affected the attendance in the Sanskrit collegiate school. The income of the Hindu School from focs only was Rs. 21,400 and that of the Hare School Rs. 26,668; the former paying its cost within Rs. 592, and the latter leaving a surplus of Rs. 2,234. The first three boys in the University Entranče list were pupils of the Hindu School. The Dacca collegiate school has now sprung into the third place inong the higher English schools of Beugal. Extensivo changes were made in the teaching staff in the last and preceding sessions, and these are now making their influence felt. Much is also due to the energy of Mr. Pope, the Officiating Principal of the College, who has paid close attention to the discipline of the school and the methods of teaching. Only five candidatos out of 30 failed in English. The Principal has also introduced, in communioation with the head-masters of the other four Entrance schools in Dacoa, a set of rules to check the frequent migration of pupils from ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 35 AROONDART BDUCATION. school to school, a crying evil of former days. The numbers of the school havo increased from 373 to 375. There was a loss of 39 students in the two highest classes, owing to the salutary enforcement of strict rulos of promotion, and a gain of 41 in the lower classes. The Kisbnaghur collegiate school has also sensibly improved its position. Its pupils have increased from 362 to 395, and its fee receipts from Rs. 7,099 to Rs. 7,606. The Hooghly collegiate school, with 406 pupils, succeeded indifferently at the Entranco examination. The building is probably more unfitted for the purposes of a school than any of its class in Bengal. The head-master writes :-"Our rooms are all thoroughfares, large, and open on every side to the noise froin tho adjoining classes, either from the absence of doors or from the necessity of keeping them open for the admission of light into other rooms.” Tho numbers of tho Hooghly, branch school, also under the management of the Principal, have advanced from 196 in 1876, when its net grant was reduced from Rs. 3,000 to Rs. 1,800, to 296. Only Rs. 60 of tho net grant woro spont during the year. The school was not so successful in the Entrance oxumination as in the previous year, but the Principal reports that the prosent head-master has brought fresh vigour into its management. 100. Tho Rajshahye collegiate school distinguished itself by passing four candidates in the first division. The Ravonshaw collegiate school, Cuttack, suffered much from internal dissonsions, resulting finally in the removal of the head-master. The system of promotions was excessively bad, and of 50 pupils in the Entrance class in March 1878 only eleven were found fit for the examination; of these ten passed. The new head-master is an officer of experionco and roputation; but the staff of the school is weak in the lower grados. The Patna collegiate school had 481 pupils, against 496 in the provious yoar; its fee income was Rs. 11,174. The school fared ill at the Entranco examination. Tho Principal states that great care was taken in making promotions from class to class at the beginning of the session. This is in accordance with the orders of Government in the Resolution upon the last report; but when nino candidates only passed out of 31, 19 failing in English, it is still open to doubt whether more strictness might not with advantage have been exercised. The maintenance of a high standard among tho pupils of the Entranco class, and of that noxt below it, is essential to the success of a school. With fewer indifferont pupils to drag back the rest more might havo passed the examination. The rule has, no doubt, to be applied more cautiously in Behar than in Bengal, but its value is beyond question. It reacts also in the most salutary way on the teaching of the lower masters, who are deprived of a great stimulus to exertion if the majority of their pupils pass up, almost as a matter of course, into the class above. The Midnapore collcgiate school suffered from the prevalence of a malarious fever. The head-master attributes the failuro of the candidatos at the Entrance examination to some confusion and delay that aroso out of a mistake in the number of question papors sent from Calcutta for the examination in English. As 12 candidates failed in that subject, and only four in any other, thero may be some ground for this belief. Of nine candidates from the Puingpore collegiate school, six passed, one in the first division ; a creditable result. In tho previous year also six passed. The number of junior scholarships usually allotted to the district is three, to which Government has now added two more as a compensation for the withdrawal of the college classes. There are also two private scholarships' attached to the school; one awarded annually, and the other every alternate year. According to the present average results, therefore, every Rungporo student passing tho Entrance examination will be able to pursue his studies in a college. The Borhan pore and Chittagong schools "succooded badly in the examination; in the former, 7 out of 13 failed in English ; in the latter out of 19 students 12 failed in English, and 11 in history and geography, a most unusual result. The possibility of maintaining the Chittagong College will obviously depend, not upon financial considerations only, but still more upon the numbor of Entrance candidates passing upwards from the school; since, with tho exception of a few students from Noakholly, the collegiate school is the only feeder to the Chittagong College. It is very satisfactory to find that the numbers of the collegiato school have increased from 352 to 436; that of Mabomedan students having advanced from 88 to 123. The financial condition of the school is flourishing.

·36 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SECONDARY EDUCATION 101. The following table shows the result of the examination for first class zillah schools. The number of these has been increased by the addition of the Gya, Chupra, and Comillah schools, whose pupils have now for two years past exceeded 300. The increase in the two former schools is especially noticeable. Zillah Schools, 1st Class. RE NAMES OP SCHOOLS. Numbor of Number of pupils. cundidatos. First division. Second division, Tbird divinion. Total passed. Merit marks. A 2 8 Uttarparah Beerbhooin Mymenuingh Barisal Comillah Howrah Bhagulpore Arrah Chopra 401 388 410 443 811 279 418 19 10 18 19 98 17 12 11 10 12 RO 20 18 12 11 11 12 11 OSIG 19 10. 1 4.29 483 18 10 era .. The head-masters of theso schools are men of tried experience and ability, and they are in general ably supported by their assistants. The Uttarparah school is maintained by the fee receipts, amounting for the year to Rs. 7,239, by Baboo Joykisen Mookerjea's endowment of Rs. 1,200 a year, and by the interest on invested funds. These amounts covered the expenditure of Rs. 10,757, and tho Government grant for the year was untouched. This is the first time that the Uttarparah school has taken the highost place at tho Eutrance examination among the great zillah schools of Bengal." The school is steadily increasing in numbers, and it has boen found necossary to build new rooms at a cost of Rs. 7,587, to be defrayed from its surplus funds. 'The Boerbhoom school owes much of its success to tho character and zoal of the head-mastor. In the nine years of his incumbency the foo incomo and the numerical strength have been doubled. The Inspector reports that the arrangements for gymnastic and out-door exercises are more systematic than in other schools, and that the hostel is much appreciatod. The two great schools of Eastern Bengal, at Mymensingh and Barisal, which for many years have taken the lead of their class, have now fallen to the third and fourth place. It is not that they have done worse than in previous years; they have in fact done better, having each passed one candidato more than in the yoar before; but the Uttarparah and Beerbhoom schools have done better still. Honorablo rivalry of this kind reflects credit on all who are are engaged in it. The Howrah school is steadily, if slowly, increasing in numbers, though its strength is still below that which justified its inclusion in 1876 in the list of first class schools. It enjoys no Government grant, but hardly yet pays its way, having had to draw on tho savings of previous years to the amount of Rs. 940 to meet the expenditure of Rs. 9,161. Proposals havo beon made to restore a portion of the not grant withdrawn in 1872; but. I agree altogether with the Circle Inspector in holding that the experiment then started, of maintaining a Government school close to, though outside, the metropolis, with a strong and efficiont establishment but with no Govern. mont grant, should be porsevered with, and no effort spared to make the school self-supporting. I am reluctant to reduce it to the rank of a second class school while it has a fair chance of recovering its position; and I am confident that the head-master will do his best to secure that result. The Comillah school under its new head-master has now taken rank among zillah schools of the first class. Considering its numbers, and the fact that it is in competition with two other higher English schools in tho district, its position is very. creditable. The four zillah schools of Behar, notwithstanding their numerical strength, rank at the bottom of the list as regards their success at the Entrance examination. Nor is this result other than natural. The necessity that tho pupils are under of loarning Persian, and the fact that they hear no English spoken out of school, place them at a disadvantage compared with Bengalis. Hence these schools are less successful in the Entrance examination than many of far inferior numerical strength in Bengal. The Bhagulpore zillah school has to contend with the competition of a private school recontly openod in the town. The Arrah school for the first time since its establishment passed two candidates in the first division, though the total number was small.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 37 saCONDANT SDUCATION. With careful attention to his duties and to the discipline of the school entrusted to his charge, the head-master has now the opportunity of winning a high reputation. The Gya and Chupra schools, whose pupils numbered 276 and 246 respectively in 1976, have now advanced, along with the Patna Collegiate school, to a strength second only to that of the Hare School in Calcutta. Altogether, the great schools of Behar are steadily improving, both in number and in efficiency-- a result which is full of promise for the future of collegiate oducation in that province. 102. Zillab schools of the socond class are shown below:- Zillah Schools, 2nd class. NAMES OP SOHOOLS. Numbor of pupils. Number of candidatos. Firkt division. Nocond division). Third division, Total passed. Merit marks. 1 .. 6 6 1 ...... 1 12 9 11 8 8 16 Il 8 Bankoora Jessore Mozutforpore Turreodporo Barrackporo Monghyr Noakholly Ranchi Pubna .. 287 209 S6 273 156 282 288 181 242 8 .. .. 1. .. O CON som to meet .. ..... 6 8 7 2 2 19. ... +10 The Bankoora school has risen from the fourth to the first placo, and has added 57 to the number of its pupils. Tho Jessore school under its present head-master has gained thrco places in the list; it has had to struggle during the year against a virulent outbreak of malarious fever. The Mozufferpore school, with_299 pupils in 1878 and 30 in 1879, borders closely on the first class. The Inspector is dissatisfied with the rate of increaso, and believes that the district has not been sufficiently stirred up. This may be true of Behar generally; at the same time it so happens that the Mozufferpore school drawn a larger number of pupils fyom the middle English and middlo vernacular schools of the district than any other zillah school in Behar. A new Deputy Inspector has recently been appointed, and he may succeed in sending in more pupils from the interior to the zillah school. The Furroodpore and Barrackpore schools have fallen off both in numbers, and still more conspicuously in success at the examination. For the former school there is this excuse, that a series of changes wore made during the year in consequence of tho head-master's retireniont. The failure at Barrackpore is ascribed to the proval. ence of malarious fever. The attendance at the Monghyr zillah school has diminished owing to tho oponing in the town of a private school with low fee rates. Tho Noakholly school shows a largo incrcase. The new hoad-master is described by the Inspector as an officer of great energy, and by the Commissioner as one of the best head-masters ho has anywhero scon. The improved position of the Ranchi zillah school reflects credit on its head-mastor, an ablo and hard-working officer. The Pubna school has fallen off lamentably from its creditable performances of the previous year. head-master must endenvour to maintain the position which his predecessor succeeded in securing for the school. 103. The following table exhibits the position of zillah schools of the third class : Zillah Schools, Srd class. Its new NAME OF BOT0018. Number ot pupila. Number of candidates. First divwion. Second division. Third division. Total pansod. Merit marks, 8 5 .IO . IOC I. ... .. I. . ... ... 1 1 I. 8 .. 2 100 .. .. ... 115 . Purulia Balasore Måldak Baraset Poores Bogra Hazaribagh Deoghur Dinageporo Purnoah Julpigorce Palamow Motihari Chaibassa 119 140 72 178 118 198 98 P1 180 101 98 76 105 82 1 1 NN O Cotos da ... . III. 100 ... ... ... ...... 1 1 1 1 1 1 D.. ... 1 1 9 1 10 1 001 ...... .. 11. . ... .. ..... ...1.1 .... K ·38 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SECONDARY EDUCATION. The four schools of Chota Nagpore, namely Purulia, Hazaribagh, Palamow, and Chaibassa, show some small improvement in numbers, and the first of them a great increase in efficiency, having advanced from the fifth to the first place. The head-master is highly spoken of by the Committee and the Inspector. The Hazaribagh school has also passed one more candidate than in the previous year. The Palamow school was establishod as a zillah school only towards the close of the year. It has a net grant of Rs. 150 a month, of which Rs. 125 are contributed from Government estates and Rs. 25 from Educational funds. The local income is equal to the net grant. The Chaibassa school may more properly be regarded as a foreshadowing of a higher class school to be established at some future day. It has a head-master, a second master on Rs. 30, and a pundit; and those officers are assisted in teaching by the district clerk. It passes no pupils at the Entrance examination. The two Orissa schools of Pooree and Balasore have maintained their position, and the latter has inproved it. But defective organization and premature promotion to the Entranco class have been charged against both schools, ospecially that of Balasore. The head-masters of both have been transferred since the beginning of the session. In the Rajshahye division the demand for higher English oducation is in general slight; the numbers of most of the schools are, however, steadily improving, and at Bogra, Dinagepore, and Julpigoree additions to the schoolbouses are being carried out or proposed. All the third class schools of the division are underniastered ; but until their pupils increase, the establishment cannot well be strengthened. The demand will certainly grow with time. The Maldah and Bogra schools fell off greatly at the Entrance examination. In the Behar circle the three schools of Motihari, Dooghur, and Purneah all passed one or more pupils, having succeeded with none in the yoar before. first occasion on which the Motihari zillah school, raised to the higher class in 1875, has passed a candidate at the Entrance examination. There remains the Baraset school, which now touches the limit of second class schools. It had 158 pupils in 1870, and has but a limitod area from which to draw its students. Of tho ondowment of Rs. 15,000 which Baboo Khetter Nath Chatterjee has made over to Government for the advancement of education in his native place, Barasot, over Rs. 10,000 is devoted to paying foos and scholarships in the zillah school. 104. AIDED SCHOOLS.— The gain of one is thus accounted for. The Contai school in Burdwan, the Jamalporo school in Bhagulpore, and four schools in Jessoro, have been raised from the middle to the higher class ; on the other hand, three schools in the 24-Pergunnahs, one in Nuddea, and one in Jessore, havo had their grants cancelled. The reasons for withdrawing the grants from these five schools in the Presidency Division may serve to illustrate the action of the Education Department in similar cases. Cossipore.- This is a school which has done good work in its time, bụt failed to hold its own when unaided schools wore started in competition with it. It finally fell into such a hopeless state of mismanagement that the grant was. cancellod. It is true, as the Inspector romarks, that higher English education in the immediate neighbourhood of Calcutta stands in little need of Govern: nuent aid. Baharoo.-Two aided schools had existed for many years within a short distance of each other. Efforts had been repeatedly made to amalgamate them, which at length promised to be successful and to put a stop to the somewhat damaging rivalry which had prevailed. A central site was agreed on, with a joint committee. On this a school-house was built by the liberality of one of the managers, and a grant-in-aid given"; the grant to the outlying school being withdrawn. But the attempt at amalgamation proved fruitless ; a third school was opened, and there are now three higher English schools within three miles of each other. The grant to the central school has also been withdrawn during the current year. Garipha.--This school first received a higher class grant in March 1878. In a year's time, however, it was reported that the head-master had left, and the lower masters all moved up a step, though incompetent to take the higher posts ; that the number of boys had fallen to 32; and that the school was a failure and unlikely to improve. On this the grant was cancelled.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUOTION. 99 880ONDARY EDVOATION, Kanchrapara.-The grant to this school was withdrawn for two years, in May 1878, as a punishment to the managers for continued negloct of the rule to keep the account books where they would be accessible to the inspecting officers, and for noglect to furnish any satisfactory explanation of serious irregularities in the matter of paying the teachers. An ontire change in the constitution of the committee will be necessary before the question of restoring the grant can be entertained. Noral.- The grant to this flourishing school was cancelled under peculiar circumstances. A complaint was brought to the head-master, and subsequently to the committee, that some of the elder boys had been guilty of rudeness and insulting behaviour in the street to a gentleman. The head-master showed so little promptitude and firmness in dealing with the case, and the committee were so apathetic in taking it up, that when two months after the occurrence the boys were ordered to apologise for their misbehaviour, there was general rebellion, and the elder boys left the school in a body. The boys seem to have relied for impunity on the weaknoss of the head-master, the indifference of the committee, and the sympathy and support of their guardians and neighbours. It was impossible to support a school showing such gross defects of discipline and subordination, and the grant was accordingly withdrawn, with the full approval of the Magistrate and the sub-divisional officer. This sovere measure has produced the desired effect on the tone and temper of tho school; and on the strong recommendation of the Magistrate the grant has since boon restored, though on a reduced scale. The school is ono of the best in the division in point of attendance and success at examinations. It has passed 30 pupils at the Entrance examinations of the last four years a larger number than any except the collegiate schools. 105. The higher English schools of the Presidency Division that received aid throughout the year were 32, namely, 15 in tho 24-Pergunnahs, nino in Nuddea, seven in Jessore (including four newly raised from tho middle class), and one in Moorshedabad. Of the aided schools in the 24-Pergunnahs, those of Barisa and Harinavi, with monthly grants of Rs. 60 and Rs. 70 respectively, descrvo notice for their uniform success during the last four years, in which time they have passed respectively 19 and 16 students. The head-master of Harinavi, to whom the success of the school seems to havo boen chiefly duo, has been appointed to the head-mastership of the new "City school” in Calcutta. Five othor schools aro ranked as 'inefficient,' and are under investigation or trial; they are the following: Agarpara C. M. S. School (Grant Rs. 65). This is the oldest school in the district, but has declined from 250 pupils at one time to 93 this year. A change has been made in the staff, and under the new Socretary, the Rev. E. H. Thornton, hopes are entertained of some improvement. The grant was reduced during the year by Rs. 45 a month. Basirhat (Grant Rs. 45).-The Deputy Inspector reports unfavorably of the head-master and his assistants. Steps will be taken to change them. Sodepore (Grant Rs. 35).-Has a graduate head-master, but hitherto has had an apathetic committee. A new committee has been formod, and the school will be given a trial for another year. Warning has been sent that another failure this year will necessitate some change. Taki (Grant Rs. 50).—The head-master of this school is not a graduato, but is described as an aotivo and painstaking teacher; his assistants are said to be wanting in energy, and the secretary is over lenient. It is of doubtful expediency to allow an undergraduate to romain as head-master of a higlier English school unless for proved teaching ability. Somo change will bo called for here. Hatugunge (Grant Rs. 40).-Succeeded in passing one candidate this year, the only one during four years. This school has to contend against a difficulty not uncommon, and not, in this case, easy of remedy—the constant change of head-masters. Men will not stay, because the place is considered unhealthy. The present staff are not well reported of; but as the one successful candidate passed in the second division this year, it may be hoped the school will improvu under the present head-master, ·40 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR #CONDARY EDUCATION, ; 106. In Nuddea, the Navadwipa school has been the most successful. Those at Ranaghat (Rs. 75) and Muragacha (Rs. 45) are also efficient. The unsuccessful schools are four:- Meherpore (Grant Rs. 40).- The failure of this school is duo to mismanagement. The sub-divisional officer has now taken it in band, and very lately a fresh head-master has been appointed. If he can make nothing of the school, which is in a backward and retired part of the district, the reduction of its class will be considered. Ula (Grant Rs. 25). The village in which this school is situated is des. cribed as almost depopulated by fever. The Inspector was inclined to reduce the school to a middle English one, but a further trial was given until December 1879. Durgapore (Grant Rs. 40).-The secretary of this school is Baboo Radhika Prasanna Mookerjee, Assistant Inspector of Schools, Bhagulpore. No pupils were sent up to the examination this year. The head-master is not a graduate, nor bas he passed the First Arts examination. The vernacular school at this place has been amalgamated with the higher English one, and it will be well to wait till the next Entrance examination to seo if any improvement has resulted. If not, a chunge of establishment will be necessary. Moheshpore (Grant Rs. 40).—This school has suffered during the past year from continual change of masters, pointing prosumably, to bad management, The unhealthiness of the place may have something to do with the difficulty of retaining teachers. The managers have lately appointed as head-master a graduate, who appeared last year in the Honour examination. 107. In Jessore, the Khulna (Rs. 50) and Dowlatporo (Rs. 75) schools deserve favorable notice. That at Jhenidah (Rs. 57) failed wholly this ycar, owing to the temporary transfer of the head-mastor as Sub-Inspector. He has since returned, and tho school is likoly to improve. The Jangiporo school (Rs. 55) is the only aided higher English school in the Moorshodabad district it ļas been recently raised to this class, and complaints are made of want of attention on the part of the managers and of incompetence in the teachers. Steps are being taken to effect a chango. 108. In the Burdwan Division there are 33 aided higher English schools, 14 in Hooglıly, fivo in Howrah, seven in Burdwan, two in Beerbhoom, two in Bankvora, and three in Midnapore, including the Contai school newly raised from the middle class. The most successful schools of this class are Konnagar in Ilooghly and Kuchiakolo in Bankoora, both of which were selected for favorable comment in the last year's report. In the last two Entrance examinations tho Kuchiakole school has passed 20 candidatos, and the Konnagar school ll; the head-master of the latter has now been taken into the servico of Government. 109. The inefficient schools in tho Burdwan Division are six; of which the Inspector remarks that all have suffered more or less from incompetent teachers, from insufficient funds, and, more than all, from epidemic fever, an abiding source of weakness. Bansbaria Free Church School Hooghly (Rs. 42).-Up to 1875 the condition of this school was good. In 1878 soveral representations were made to the headmaster and to the managers upon its want of progress. The managers liave pro. miscd to attend more closely to the condition of the school, and to take whatever measures are necessary for its improvement. But there is no doubt that the committco have not taken pains, as in earlier years, to select teachers of ability from the native Christian body. Dusghora School, Ilooghly (Rs. 45).—The school, which is situated in a populous village in the interior of the district and supported by a wealthy zemindar, has suffered from the destruction of the house by fire, from epidemic fever, and to some extent from incompetent teachers. A new house has been built, and a new head-master appointed. Bora School, Hooghly (Rs. 33).--The village is six miles from Serampore, the neighbourhood of which has suffered much from malarious fever. Pupils and thio fee income fell off, the teachers were not promptly paid, and the accounts were irregularly kept. The grant has been suspended until competent teachers are appointod, The only question now is whether the grant to the school shall be raised, or its class reduced.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 41 SROONDART SDUOATION. Baluti School, Hornrah (Rs. 54). This school, which has done well in former years, has faileu at the last two examinations, owing, it is said, to the fact that the head-master paid unduo attention to his studies for the M.A. degree. Another teacher has been removed. It is under trial; and succoss is expected at the next examination. Ajodhya School, Bankoora (Rs. 43). This school has been the subject of correspondence for the last two years; the managers wishing to hand the school over to Government, together with an endowment of Rs. 60 a month. Its reduction to the status of a middle school was proposed, but this the managers would not agree to. The offer of the endowment of Rs. 60 has lately been renewed, togother with a further guarantood income from local sources of Rs. 74 a month, on condition that Government should maintain it as a higher school, with a grant-in-aid of Rs, 60 a month. Meanwhile, the old teachers have been roplaced by a more efficient staff. Soorool School, Beerbhoom (Rs. 28).-It has been proposed to amalgamate this school with a middle English school, also aided, at two milos distance. The managers at first declined the proposal, and the grant was suspended ; but an agreoment has hoen come to, and the amalgamation will bo shortly carriod out. 110. In the Rajshahye Division there are only four aided English schools of the higher class ; those of Serajgunge and Chatmohar in the Pubna district, and Patiya and Dighapatiya in Rajshahyo. All passod ono or more pupils at the last and proceding examinations, except the Dighapatiya school, which failed for the first time in three years. 111. In the Dacca Division there are five aided schools; thero aro none in Chittagong. The aided schools at Dacca are generally weak; only two candidates passed from two schools out of 18 sont up in 1879, and fivo from three schools out of 25 sent up in 1878. Two schools, those of Kalipara and Joydebpore, have now boen reduced to the middle class; the others have been warned, and are on their trial. 112. In the Behar circle thore are six aided schools; three in the division of Patna, and throo in Bhagulpore. The sub-divisional aided school at Behar is vigorously managed by the Deputy Magistrate, Baboo Bimola Churn Bhattacharjoa, and has well-paid teachers. It has 144 pupils, and has been for many years in an efficient state. Tho Khagoul school, close by the Dinapore Railway Station, has shown signs of decay during the year. It is maintained by a young zemindar of the placo educated at the Patna College, who formerly devoted much personal attention to the school, but who has for two or three years been non-resident, having been appointed manager of an estate under the Court of Wards in another district. It has only 67 pupils. Tho Tikari school in Gya was established in 1876 by the Maliarani Raj Roop Kuar, who founded for its benefit an endowment of Rs. 1,200 a -year, and liberally furnished it with scholarships. At the first examination at which tho school competed in 1878 its singlo candidate passod in the second 10-division. Tho Jamalpore school, in tho Monghyr district, is attended by tho children of the nativo employés of the Railway at that station. It has for many years been numerously attended and succossful as a middle school, and in 1878 was raised to the higher class. In the Sonthal Porgunnahs thero are two higher schools, at Pakour and at Moheshpore, both maintained by men of position at thoso places. The former has for many years boon succossful; the latter is uniformly unsuccessful. Tho Maharajah Gopal Lal Sing Babadoor, who supports the Moheshpore school, does not koop tho tuachers sufficiently to their duties, with the result that, one single candidate exceptod, the school has failed at every oxamination for soveral years. The grant has been reduced, and the teachers warned. 113. In the Chota Nagrore Division there are two aided schools. The Pandra school in Manbhoom passed three candidates out of six, one in the first division, at the last Entrance examination, and tho Pachumba school in Hazari. bagh, four out of six. In Orissa the enly aided school is tho Lukyanath school in Balasore, established in 1877, with a grant of Rs. 30. It has passed no pupils as yet, but it has a competent and experienced teacher for its hoad-master, and though its strength has declined owing to the prevalence of malarious fever, it bids fair to succeed.

·42 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SECONDARY BDUOATION. 114. UNAIDED SCHOOLS. - It is optional with schools of this class to furnish returns to the Department. The number of these that do has increased from 44 to 63, including some from which grants have been withdrawn and others raised from the class bolow. The unaided schools are thus distributed :-19 in Calcutta, showing an increase of six; 16 in the Presidency Division, with an increase of sevon, including the four whose grants were withdrawn in Jessoro; 13 in Burdwan, with an incroasp of fivo; seven in Dacca, with an increase of ono; one in the Rajshahye Division, at Olipore in Rungporo; four in the Patra Division, one being tho Doumraon Maharajah's school, and the other thrce weak schools in Bankiporo; two in the Bhagulporo Division; and one in Orissa, in the town of Cuttack. Unaided schools of this class in the advanced districts around Calcutta commonly owe their oxistenco to a gonuine demand for higher English education, and stand in no need of extraneous support. The great schools in the town of Dacca likewise exist because they are needed. But in less advanced parts like Behar the uprising of unaided schools, while it shows that the poople aro awakening to the value of a liberal education, does not as yot convoy the promise of independent and sustained success. Baboo Bhoodeb Mookerjee regards tho establishment of such schools as repeating the phenomena of forty years ago, when the private sominaries of the time failed in their attempt to do the work undertaken by the Government schools. “Individual zoal or benevolence, and not anything like a public movement, originated institutions which expired with their founders or their fortunos, and the same process is now arresting for a time the furthor development of some of the Behar zillah schools. It may safely be assumed that on the collapso of any private schools the sudden influx of pupils to the zillah schools would call for immediate enlargement of school accommodation." Unaided higher class schools in Orissa or in Bohar aro symptoms of an impending change, and as such have their significance and value. But meanwhile they can ill sustain an unequal contest with the zillah schools by whose side, and upon whose pupils, they subsist; and the rivalry is for the moment harmful, since it substitutos a lower standard of excellenco for a lighor. 115. Some usual tables with regard to the candidates at the Entrance examination of 1878 are appended. The first gives & statement of the second languagos taken up :- Entrance Examination, December 1878. Ilocomber 1878. 58 1,215 23 .. ... .. ... ... December 1877 57 1,232 28 50 565 69 34 19 Latin San krit Arabic Persian Bengali Urdu Hindi Uriya Armenian . :.:. 460 60 25 16 4 ... ... Total 2,058 *1,935 * Inclusive of two candidatos from Nepal The important fact to be noticed is the steady increase during several years in the number of thoso taking up. Sanskrit instead of Bengali, or other vernacular language. 116. Tho next table classifies the candidates according to their religion:- Entrance Examination, December 1878. NUMBEN PASSED IN- ANA Number of con didatus Total. First division, Becond division. Third dit 1810n 810 241) 660 Hindus Muhumedang Christians Others 1,792 98 72 91 8 11 10 11 0 8 96 le Total 1,038 109 892 280 750 Christian, 1.c. European or Eurasian, candidates have a considerable advantage in the fact that thc language of the examination is their own tongue ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 43 117. The award of scholarships is here given :- SECONDARY #DUCATION Distribution list of Junior Scholarships, 1879. . Number of scholarship holders who Pulged the Intrance examination in the COMMISSIONER'S DIVI8l01. First grado Second grado Third grade Acholarships, scholarships, scholarships, Rs, 20 a Kg, 18 Rs, 10 month. month. mouth. Total, First division, Second division. Third divwion. 6 ... $ . 19 10 13 8 28 20 1.6 13 21 2 .. Burdwan Division ... Caloutta Presidency Division Rajshahye Dacos Chittagong Patua Bhagulpore Oriana Chota Napporo 7 6 7 1 6 1 18 8 13 1. .. 4 12 9 6 18 3 10 ... 1. 13 I. .. O 10 .. ... N o 1 0 Total 10 4 101 8 - WIN he * Inclusive of the 2nd grade scholarship awarded to Miss Kadumbrai Bono of tho Bethuno School. The general progress of education in the loss advanced parts of the country, and the increasing severity of tho competition for the scholarships assigned to cach division and district, aro indicated in a very marked and satisfactory way by the fact that only two scholarships were won by candidates passing in the third grade, ono in Behar and one in Orissa. In the provious year 24 third class candidates won scholarships, including six in the Patna division, three in Bhagulpore, three in Chota Nagporo, and three in Orissa. 118. MIDDLE ENGLISH SCHOOLS. The figures of this class are again given :- 1877-78, 1878-79. Government schools Aided Private Schools. 7 403 112 Pupils. 1,037 24,906 5,08785 Schvols. 6 422 112 Pupils. 820 24,387 6,283 Totul 572 31,618 540 31,490 The loss of one Government school is duo to the reduction to a lower class of the English school for the children of sepoys in the cantonments at Bhagulpore. The school is not under this department, though it genorally supplies returns to the inspecting officers. Among unaided schools there have been minor changes, balancing each other in different districts. In addition to new schools, soine of those from which grants have been withdrawn re-appear as unaided schools, while others have omitted to furnish roturns, or havo transferred themselves to the higher class. In the districts of Patna and Shahabad five new English schools have been opened in expectation of aid. 119. The loss of 31 aided schools is thus explained. From 19 the grants have been withdrawn, 6 have been raised to the higher class, and 17 reducod to-vernacular schools, while 11 new grants have been sanctioned. Those changes have been distributed as follows. In the Presidency Division there is a reduction of 24 middle English schools; of which 14 have been converted into middle vernacular schools, and four raised to the higher class, leaving a net loss of six schools. Six grants have been withdrawn, two in tho 24-Pergunnahs, two in Nuddea, and two in Jessore, for mismanagement, irregularity in the payment of teachers, or general inefficiency; and two more in Nuddea for refusal to appoint vernaculár teachers; whilo two new grants have been given to schools in Moorshedabad. In Jessore largo measures of reform and reduction have been set on foot. The District Committee, in conjunction with the Inspector, sot to work in earnest to carry out the orders of Government with regard to inefficient English schools, and their reconstitution on a vernacular basis. Of 30 aided schools of the class in this district, the grant has been withdrawn from two, in which the management was hopolossly bad; sixtuen others have had their status alterod, four being raisod to the higher class and twelve reduced to the lower vernacular; while the teaching staff in each of the remaining twelve has been remodelled so as to make the vernacular the medium of instruction. In the Burdwan Division there is a loss of five schools of this class ; three grants in Hoogbly, two in Burdwan, and one in Midnapore, having ·REPORT OF THE DIREOTOR JRCONDARY DODATIOI. - been cancelled or stopped ; the Contai school in Midnapore having been raised to the higher class; and two new grants having been sanctioned, also in Midnapore. In the Dacca Division, two grants have been cancelled and two sanctioned, while two aided schools have been transferred to the vernacular class. In the Behar circle the transfer of the Jamalpore school to the higher class is met by a gain of two middle English schools in the Patna Division; one, the Behar Scientific Society's school in Mozufferpore, having been converted into an English school, and a newly aided school having boen opened in the Shahabad district. In Orissa two grants were cancelled and two sanctioned, two middle English schools being also transferred to the vernacular class. 120. Active discussion still goes on about the orders of 1877, placing the course in middle English schools on a vernacular basis. The Inspector of the Eastern Circlo brings a great array of opinion against the orders, insis on the unpopularity of the schools as now constituted, and remarks that we are concorned, not so much with what the people ought to feel on a question of this kind, as with what they do feel. The Presidency Circle Inspector quotes with approval the remarks of one of his deputies, to the effect that the middle classes profor their children to acquire à fair knowledge of English with the knowledge of their own vernacular;" but adds that, however true this may be in Jessore, where comparatively few boys aim at a higher English education, a student, whose knowledge of English is limited to the middle scholarship course, is yet likely to find a difficulty when he joins a higher class school. The Joint Inspector of Orissa statos that the subdivisional schools are attended by the song and relatives of people connected with the courts, who desire a fair education in English ; and that though the orders are being steadily carried out, any measure tending to improvo the quality of the vernacular teaching at the expense of English is sure to be viewed by them with disfavour. At the same time other and weaker schools in the province have been much benefited by being placed on a vernacular basis. Baboo Bhoodeb Mookerjee, an uncompromising advocato of the extension of English education, is convinced that the objections to the present system, so far as they exist, will disappear before long. As to the fact of its unpopularity, the Inspector observes that the new arrangements are more readily accepted in Burdwan, Beerbhoom, and Bankoora, than they are in Hooghly and Howrah," where somo of tho school managers think that the boys will be better fitted for higher English schools if they learn history and goography, mathematics and science, through the medium of English.” Of the orders themselves he remarks that, according as they do with the true theory of education in this country, they cannot but prove wholesomo. 121. Mr. Bellett, the Inspector of the Rajshahye Circle, so completely expresses my own views on this subject in the following passage of his roport that I quote it at length: 6. The hope which I expressed in my report for 1877-78 with regard to the effect of the Government orders placing mideto English education on a vernacular basis has already been to a great extent fulfilled. The measure was by no means a popular one, and its unpopularity was, I believo, almost without exception in proportion to the need which existed for it. The class of teachers which most hates to be obliged to teach in Bengali is the class in which the knowledge of English is the slightest; and not only is it the case that the pupils in middle English schools now learn their other lessons more satisfactorily by far than they could formerly, when they were taught in a tongue 'not understanded of 'oither pupil or teacher, but I have noticed during the course of my tours this past year that there is less of that miserable parrot-work than there used to be in the teaching of English itself. It has been urged against the change that middle English schools do not now attract lads who propose to go afterwards to higher schools. Whether this is the fact or no we are not, with our short experience of the present system, in a position absolutely to decide. For myself I cannot but believe that these schools will always fill in consequence of the attractions which the scholarships to be held in higher schools offer. But even should it not be so, and should boys who are intended for higher schools no longer be sent to middle ones, tho rule introduced was, I am confident, none the less a good and just one. The large proportion of boys who go to middle schools end their education there; they go nowhere else, and it would be absurd to object to the introduc- ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 45 88COXDART EDUCATION tion of a system which , will complete as far as it goes, and make really thorough, the education of the mass of the boys in tho schools, because some very small fraction might be advantaged if the old state of things were allowed to remain. The introduction of this rule I regard as the most satisfactory feature of the year, both in its present effects and in its promise for the future." 122. Nothing that I have heard or seen since the new system was introduced has in any way shaken my firm conviction of its soundness. That the orders would be unpopular amongst English teachers was foresoen. Those orders were a direct attack upon their mothods of toaching, and upon a system which had permitted the pretence of instruction in a language unfamiliar to the teacher and unknown to the pupil. That the orders would bo unpopular with a section of pupils and their parents was also foreseen; a section which, if not largo, at any rate has a voice to make itself hoard. It is useful to bear in mind that, except in large sub-divisional towns, where probably a majority of the students will afterwards migrate to the zillah school, a middle English school is called into existence by two very difforent sets of motives. The majority desire for their sons a decent oducation suitable to their station in life, without any hankering after the Entrance examination. One or more leading families in the village desire for their sons a proparatory school which shall fit them for the higher English course for which they are destined; a school which shall take the place of the lower classes of the zillah school, and enable the lads to be kept for some years at home without the expense of a private tutor. It is easy to soe that the interests of the two are hardly reconcileable. Under the former system the influential men used to socuro at small cost the education which they wanted; but the majority of the subscribers, though thoy were by no means averse to English, and were indeed attracted by the idea of that language, got hardly their money's worth if the education of their children was to go no further. Under the present system the latter, at any rate, get a sound middle-class education, complete as far as it goes, togother with some useful knowledge of the English language. Those who are destined for the zillah school go thero, it is true, less advanced in English than under the former system ; but their loss-assuming it to be, as they suppose, a loss—is of far less moment than the solid advantages gained by their neighbours. 123. In my roport for last year I pointed out that this question was argued too much on tho assumption that, in sottling the course for middle schools, tho interests of intending Entranco candidates were chiefly to be regarded. expressed the opinion that the number of students in middle schools who proceeded to higher English schools was small, and added that information on that point was being sought for. That information has now been obtained, and it furnishes a complete corroboration of my position. During the past year a statement has beon obtained from every higher English school, Government and aided, showing tho number of pupils who had formerly read in middle schools, English or vernacular; both those who joined the higher school with scholarships, and those who did not. The results are as follows. The number of middle English scholars reading in higher schools is 251; the number of those who have come from middle English schools without winning scholarships is 1,728. Hence 1,979 middle English pupils is the number of those who are affectod by the recent orders. The total number of pupils in middle English schools is 31,490, and therefore only one pupil out of sixtoen suffers disadvantage from the new system. I conceive that in determining the courso of a school we should regard the interests of the fifteen who finish their education thorvin, rather than of the one who goos to a higher school. 124. But the argument is not yot complete. It is necessary to see how these figures affect the statement that middle English students will suffer under the new system when they come to join the higher school. The following figures throw furthor light on that position. The number of middle vernacular scholars reading in higher English schools is 920; the number of middle vernacular pupils who have come without scholarships is 3,465; and the total number of pupils in middle vernacular schools is 52,607. The scholars of either class must first bo separated ; and with regard to them it need only be said that the superior success of middle vernacular over middle English scholarshipholders, when they finally come to the Entrance examination, has M ·46 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SECONDARY BDVOATION. been for years past afirmed and repeated by competent authorities without question. It is not indeed open to question; it is a matter of recorded exporience, attosted by the University lists. The fact has been known to me from the earliest dato of my connexion with schools in this country; and it was the knowledge of that fact, more than anything else, which first led me to consider the advisability of modifying the middle English course. But the case of scholars, I repeat, need not here be considered; they are bound to read in higher English schools, and no question of personal inclination enters. With those who are not scholars the case is different. They can choose whether they will read in higher English schools or not; and if a purely vernacular course furnished a worse preparation for a higher school than the old middle English course, that fact would certainly tell upon the number of voluntary students from schools of either class. But the figures above given point to a different conclusion. In all higher class schools the number of voluntary students coming from middle English schools is 1,728 out of a total of 31,490, or 51 por cent. The number coming from middle vernacular schools is 3,465 out of a total of 52,607, or 6 per cent. If we exclude vernacular schools aided from the primary grant, very fow of whose pupils probably advance to any standard higher than the middle, the proportion will be still more in favour of vernacular schools. Judged by this test, therefore, the pupils in middle vernacular schools even now exhibit a stronger desire for higher English education than those of middle English schools. A still more striking fact may be mentioned. In the town of Calcutta, where the freest choice is open, both to pupils in selecting a school, and to managers in determining what constitution will make their schools most popular, we find that all the great middlo schools of the city are purely vernacular schools; and that while tho pupils in the Hindu School (excluding scholarshipholders) who have previously read in middle English schools are only 11, thero are no less than 128 who come from vernacular schools. Tho middle English course now possesses all the completeness of the vernacular course, with the addition of a little English; and it is hardly probable that, after the first objoctions to a change of system havo passed away, the new course will be found to be less popular, or less adapted to the noods of zillah school students, than was the old vernacular course without that addition. 125. The following table shows the result of the middle English scholarship examination of 1878, the last under the old system: Middle English Scholarship Examination, 1878.79. Manuwun Ar - NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUMBER OF SOJOOLS WHICH SENT CANDI FROM WHICH CANDI. DATBS. DATIN PABBED. NOMDER PABBED IN THE DIVISION. Total number of middle English schools. Government. Number of candidates who competed. Government. Private. Pirst division. Aided. Second division. Number gained scholar. ships. Third division. Private. Total. Aided. Total. Total. Sepse 112 86 $1 3 6 16 77 25 2 2 1 09 19 161 2 74 77 1 8 B 1 6 15 90 87 140 Presidonoy Calcutta Burdwan Rajxhahyo Dacca Chittagong Patna Baxulporo Chota Nagpore Orissa 18 :::::::::: 110 63 122 16 SA 23 18 10 70 2 79 209 CO 8 86 17 9 9 51 8 80 18 ... 207 14 220 118 139 40 150 02 21 10 18 84 8 11 16 10 18 3 3 ... 17 6 25 16 7 9 s 1 0 22 14 7 8 8 8 1 10 R4 21 8 14 13 77 40 10 86 *** 8 1 1 18 1 . Total ... 090 7 280 19 816 6 17 1,002 59 105 $70 694 104 126. In the previous year the total number of schools of the class was 572; of theso, 308 schools sent 934 candidates to the examination, and from 247 successful schools 575 candidates passed. The present results therefore show a sensible improvoment in the general efficiency of the schools, which is spread over nearly all divisions, and is most marked in that of Burdwan. In the Presidency and Patna Divisions, however, the number of competing schools, of successful schools, and of passod candidates, has markedly declined. In the Patna Division the Inspector raised the standard of the examination ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 47 SROONDARY $DOCATION of 1878 to the level of thật of Burdwan by setting the same question papers in both the circles under his charge. This was done with my full approval, not so much in the belief that middle education in Burdwan and in Behar stood on the same level, as with the object of finding out what the difference of standard was, and of utilising the lesson by furnishing school managers with a new inducement to get better teachers. The teachers of middle schools in Behar, and more especially the teachers of English, are in far too many cases incompetent. The Patna College has not yet extended its dominion 80 widely that its students will consent to serve for the small pay which the head-mastership of a middle school offers. In Bengal a middle school can always command the services of a First Arts student, and often of a B.A.; in Behar, students who have passed these examinations can command higher wages. The result is that there are large numbers of Bengali head-masters in the middle schools of Behar; and the difference of language is a serious bar to efficient teaching. The normal school at Patna has now been recon. stituted with an English department, and a liberal stipend allowance assigned to it. The passed students of this school, thoroughly trained in the vernaculars and in the art of teaching, and with a sufficient knowledge of English, will raise the standard of instruction in course of time. In the Bhagulpore Division the results at the same examination by the Burdwan standard were so bad that the marks had to be raised 25 per cent. all round in order to qualify the best students for tho scholarships attached to the division. 127. In the Presidency Division there is a loss of 13 competing schools with 27 candidates, and of 10 successful schools with 24 passed candidates. The loss is most conspicuous in Jessore, in which district there is a decrease of 11 competing schools and of 18 passed candidates. The reforms referred to in a previous paragraph afford a sufficient explanation of this result. Four of the most successful schools of previous years have boon raisod to the higher class, and consequently sent no candidates to the examination. With regard to the others, a future gain has been purchased at the cost of a present sacrifice. It has been explained that 12 middle English schools in the district have been converted into vernacular schools, and that 12 others, retained as English schools, have boon romodelled on a vernacular basis. The immediate loss of the few passed students which these schools have been able to furnish in previous years is more than counterbalanced by the gain of skilled teachers and a useful course of study. It should be borne in mind that the benefits of the present reform will not be immediately manifest. A change of system is accompanied by some temporary disorganization; and the losses that arise during the period of transition are not to be regarded as supplying a trustworthy test of the value of the reform. 128. Some detailed notice of the middle schools in tho other districts of the Presidency. Division may be useful, as illustrating the action that is now being taken with regard to thom. 24-Pergunnahs. -Out of 39 schools 20, or more than half, failed to send up candidates. Of the non-competing schools 8 were unaided, leaving, 12 whose failure has to bo explained. Three of these have been successful in two years out of the last three. The names of the other nine are given below, with the reasons of their failure and the steps taken to improve them :- Failed in Halishahar 1876, 1877, 1878 Kadihati ... 1876 ,1878 .....a Dum Dum 1878 ... Vory unhealthy climato. Too near the good schools of Chingurah. Grant recontly reduced. Too close to the Dum Dum school. To have apother year's trial. Recently reduced from higher English. Grunt ronowed for one year moro at the request of the Cantonmout Magistrato. In a backward sub-division. Toaching staff inefficient, and to be changed. Closed. Managers recently changed, and grant roduced. Teachers inefficient and to be changed. Now schools. Karanjali ... 1876 ..... 1878 .. Kalaroa Mohestola Natta Bhatpara Hadipore 1876, 1877, 1878 1876, 1877, 1878 ... Nuddea.--Five aided schools sent up no candidates. Of these five two are said to be well managed, and all of them with one exception passed candidatos ·48 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BACONDARY EDUOATION. the year before. The excepted school of Baganchra is in the backward sub-division of Bongong, and has not succeeded, during the three years of its existence, in working pupils up to this standard. If it is not more advanced at the end of the year may be necessary to confine it to vernacular. teaching Moorshedabad.--Seven aided schools out of 17 sent no candidates. The changes required, or already made, in the schools are here noted :- it Failed in Bhagwangola 1876, 1877, 1878 Bhagirathporo ... 1877, 1878 ... O. ... Bharatpore Rampal Chowa 1876, 1877, 1878 ... 1876, 1877, 1878 ... 1870, 1877, 1878 ... Has been reduced this year to middle vernacular. Requisito changes in the teaching staff already made. Grant suspended. To bo rcduced to middlo vernacular. Grant recently renewed after suspension. Well conductod, and likely to succeed. In a backward locality, and not likely to succoed every year. ... .. ... ... .. Islampore ... Choitanyapore ... (New school) 1877, 1878 .. 129. In the Burdwan Division the Inspector reports that the middle English schools seem to him to have much improved in discipline and efficiency. Many that had no maps or black boards before have now got them. These improvements have been most marked in Burdwan and Beerbhoom. Tho placing of middle English schools on a vernacular basis has, I believe, something to do with the earnestness displayed by the Deputy Inspectors of these districts.' The improvement is made manifest by the fact that 151 pupils from 77 schools passed the scholarship examination in 1878, against 102 pupils from 53 schools in 1877. Of the 22 aided schools that passed no candidates, three are new schools, three do not read the scholarship course, three are kept up with difficulty in very backward parts, five suffered much from malarious fever, and the remaining eight are not well managed. These last are now engaging the Inspoctor's attention. 130. All the Inspectors have sent careful and copious reports, similar to those which I have quoted, of the condition of the middle schools, English and Vernacular, in each district, and of the measures taken or proposed with regard to them. It is not necossary that I should enter into any further details on this point. The general result with regard to middle English schools is this. At the beginning of the year Government schools were 7; all sent candidates to the examination and 5 wero successful. Aided schools numbered 453; 289 sent candidates and 244 were successful. There were 112 unaided schools; candidates appeared from 19, and passed from 17 of those. At the close of the year the number of aided schools had been reduced to 432; hence there still remained a balance of 188 schools of this class that passed no candidates at the last examination. The number of "inefficient" schools, defined after the manner explained in a previous paragraph, will of courso be much less than this; but enough remains to show how great has been the decline in this class of schools, and how roal is the nood for remedial moasures. Reform, not destruction, is the requirement of the timo; the schools have fallen, many of them, into evil ways from which they can be only gradually weaned. Upon them much money has been spent; and our endeavours should be to take care that the money so spent shall not have been thrown away. Where the management is dishonest, or in other ways hopelessly bad, no concession can be made; but when failure has arisen, not so much from want of will, as from want of guidance or from external distress, liberal terms should be given to unsuccessful schools, provided always they show themselves in earnest to remove the evils which may be pointed out to them. And in order that these measures may be carried out effectively, and with full knowledge, throughout Bengal, it is necessary that the Deputy Inspectors should be authoritatively instructed to give much more time to the inspection of secondary schools than has been the practice for the last six years.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 49 88CONDARY 131. MIDDLE VERN "CULAR SCHOOLS.--The following are the figures relating to this class of schools :- IDUOATION. 1877-78. Government schools ... Aided Private Schools. 177 830 80 Pupils. 11,017 39,406 9,811 1878-70. Schools. Pupils. 172 9,306 783 38,601 106 4,701 I. ... Total 1,087 53,234 ... 1,061 52,607 A few Government vernacular (or model) schools have been reduced and a few closed, their grants being transferred to now sites after tho end of the year. The increase of 26 under unaided schools is due to the withdrawal of grants from schools previously aided. 132. The loss of 47 aided schools is made up of 39 circle and primary grant schools and of 8 grant-in-aid schools. Aniong tho former class two circles with six schools wero closed in Furrccdporo; and 16 circle schools in Dacca were either reduced or closed, owing, as the Inspector alleges, to tho withdrawal by the Magistrato of the allowance of Rs. 2-8 a month which the gurus have hitherto enjoyed from the circlo grant. This demands inquiry, since tho distribution and control of the circle grant are no longer in the hands of the Magistrato. Tho Dacca circle system has long been colobrated for its success in promoting secondary oducation at a very small cost, by gradually raising primary into lower and middle vernacular schools. The cheapness of the middle schools crcatod under this systen, and their success in the vernacular scholarship examination, were noticed in the report for last year; and it is for the Inspector to see to their prosperity and to maintain their standard. 133. Tho reduction of middlo schools aided from the primary grant has chiefly taken place in Jessore and in tho Burdwan Division. In the former district the primary grant had been for some yoars exceeded, the reduction that had been made in its amount in 1875 having escaped the notice of the district authorities. When this fact was pointed out large reductions were at once set on foot, and 21 middle schools consequently lost thcir grants. In the Burdwan Division 11 middle schools in Midnaporo and 4 in Burdwan have ceased to be aidod from the primary grant. In other districts roductions have been mado, though to a niore limited extent. In Eastorn Bengal and in Beliar, on the other hand, moro middle schools have been taken up into the primary system, chiefly in the districts of Durbliunga, Mozufforpore, Backergunge, und Dacca. Tho not result throughout Bengal is a loss of 11 middle schools from the number of those aided fron, the primary grant. 134. Turning to grant-in-aid schools, the loss of eight is thus explained. From 36 the grants have been withdrawn, and soven have been roducců to lower vernacular schools; 14 schools have been brought down from the middle English class, and 21 new grants sanctioned. The chief changes have been the following: In the district of Jessoro 17 grants have been cancelled, and 13 new schools aided with the portion of tho allotment thus saved, whilo 12 converted English schools have been transferred to this class. In the Burdwan Division four grants have been cancellod, thrco " attached” schools bave now been rightly classod as unaidod, and three now grants have been given. In the Rajshalıyo Division six have been closed for want of local support, and four reduced to the lower vernacular class. Three schools in Noakholly havo been reduced; four have perished in Orissa ; and four new schools have been aided in the Sonthal Pergunnahs. 135. The orders affecting middlo English schools have made it an easy matter for vernacular schools to open an English class, and have consequently promoted the spread of English teaching to no inconsiderable extent. "Undor the old system the gulf between middle English and middle vernacular schools was so wide that a school could bridge it only by an entire change of constitution. Under present orders the course in a middlo vernacular is identical with that in a middle English school, with the singlo exception of the English language. With the permission of the Circle Inspector, any eficient vernacular school N ·50 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BOONDARY EDUCATION. can now add at its own expense an English class, the school being still ranked as vernacular, and the English teaching being ignored so far as regards the imposition of any disqualifying test. All the Inspectors have not supplied information on this important point; but I learn that 21 vernacular schools in the Burdwan Division, 18 model schools in Patna, and 5 in Bhagulpore, have opened English classes on these terms. The 17 English schools in the Presidency Division that were reduced to vernacular schools will almost certainly renew their English classes as soon as they have properly organized their vernacular teaching. All such schools will continue to be classed as vernacular until their English teaching improves to the standard of the middle scholarship, when they will be entitled to take rank as middle English schools, and to claim recognition and aid for their English classes. I would impress upon all inspecting officers the vital importance of encouraging the extension of English teaching under these salutary conditions, involving as they do the continued maintenance of a sound vernacular standard, and the enforcement of the rule that in middle schools all subjects are to be taught through the vernacular. Given efficient teaching in the vernacular, and the addition of even a little knowledge of English is, in these days of railways and newspapers, a solid advantago which need not be confined to dwellers in 136. Tho following table gives tho results of the middlo vernacular scholarship examination : Middle Vernacular Scholarship Examination, 1878-79. towns. UMR ** NORER OP SCHOOLS WLION ABNT CAN- DIDATX. NUMDER OF SCHOOLA FROM WHICII CANDI- DATKH PABRD NUMBER OF CANDITATEA PANKD IN DIVISION Total nunber of middle remacular schools. Number of candidates who competed. Government. Government. Nnmher gailed scholarship. Second division. Pirst division. Private. Third division, Aided. Private, Total, Aided. Total. Total, 116 0 3 108 : 235 6 174 14 1 17 16 45 1 22 18 80 4 130 8 113 209 2:33 101 6 1.30 112 16 60 10 70 81 210 10 78 6 399 02 184 16 12 8 417 43 86% 807 708 58 410 179 1:37 186 Presidency Calcutta Burdwan Kajshubyo Dacca Chittagong Paina Bhagulporn Chotu Naxboro (rissa 10 84 37 13 1 171 12 40 19 90 22 150 9 20 80 19 33 25 100 70) 14 37 90 10) 147 80 4 25 34 31 8 18 108 67 JA 32 30 17 9 12 40 14 30 5 7 7 173 121 :31 88 12 ... 1.. 2 17 1 110 48 14 Totul 1155 019 70 839 1,061 124 607 2,603 153 181 957 1,641 224 137. Tho general result of tho examination may bo shown as follows: At the beginning of the year there were 177 Government vernacular schools; 145 of these sent candidates to the oxamination, and from 124 schools candidates passed. The uumber of aided schools was 830; of these 612 competed, and 424 successfully. Private schools wore 80; 76 sent, and 49 passed, one or more candidates. On the whole therefore 883 schools sent 2,663 candidates, and from 597 schools 1,541 candidates passed. In the previous year 887 schools sent 2,939 candidates to the examination, and from 637 successful schools 1,573 candidates passod. There is therefore a loss in the present returns under every head. In the Presidency, Rajshahye, and Patna Divisions there is a loss both of successful schools and of successful pupils; in the Eastern Circle, and in the divisions of Bhagulpore, Chota Nagpore, and Orissa, there is a gain of both. The Burdwan schools show a loss of successful schools, but an incroase in the number of passed candidates. 138. The Presidency Division sent up 23 schools and 112 candidates short of the numbers of the year before, and passed 9 candidates less than in 1877; the proportion of success has therefore much improved. Much of the loss is explained by the reduction of middle schools in Jessore. The attention of the Magistrate was drawn in any last report to the circumstance that the primary grant had been for some years largely exceeded. That officer at once set himself to reduce tlo expenditure, and 21 middle vernacular schools, hitherto supported from the primary grant, were closed. It is to be regretted that the Magistrate did not ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 51 SROONDARY EDUCATION make a reference on the subject; as in that case it might have been possible, since the schools were established and flourishing, to postpone the reduction or to spread it over a series of years, until the villagers were sufficiently habituated to their schools to induce them to make up from local sourcos the loss of the Govornment grant. Of the unsuccessful schools in the district 13 are quite new, and there remain five about which action is to be taken. In the 24-Pergunnahs 19 aided schools failed to send up candidatos this year, and 17 of these failod on two previous occasions. Nine of those are in thó very backward sub-divisions of Satkhira and Diamond Harbour. It is difficult to bring them up to the middle standard, and the Inspector suggests their reduction to the lower class. Seven schools are under incompetent teachers; in all of these changes have boen or are about to be made. In Moorshedabad 16 grant-in-aid schools did not compete; three of these are now. Six grants have beon suspended or withdrawn, and the other seven will be given a further year's trial. 139. In the Rajshahye Division the Inspector has long complained of the difficulty of getting competent pundits for schools in the districts of Dinagepore, Rungporc,' and Julpigorce, owing to the distance of the normal school at Ram. pore Beauleah, and the reluctance of pundits trained in that school to take service in districts reputed unhealthy. Of Dinagoporo Mr. Bellett writos: “I doubt whether any school in this district can be called a good one I cannot hope for much improvement in this lamentable district till we have a normal school nearer to Rampore Beauloah ;” and again to the same effect:“A comparison of tho Pubna district with its 23 schools and 1,154 pupils and Rungpore with 34 schools and 1,094 pupils, when the formor has only six schools which can be classed as unsatisfactory and only one which can be called bad, whilo in the latter the Deputy Inspector can only name seven with anything like satisfaction, all the remainder being indifferent or bad, provos my statement of the influonce of the neighbourhood of a normal school for good. In Pubna pundits can be obtuined without the least difficulty from any of the threo normal schools, Calcutta, Dacca, and Hooghly; and tho satisfactory condition of the district with regard to middlo vernacular education is, thero is no doubt, to be traced directly to this fact." Government has now sanctioned the transfer of the first grado normal school of Ramporc Baulcah to Rungpore, a measure which will be carried out at the close of this session. 140. In the l'atna Division the same cause operated in the middle vernacular as in the middle English scholarship examination to bring down the results, namely, the introduction into the Behar circle for the first time of tho Burdwan standard of examination. Another cause is to be found in the fact that at Mozufferpore the question papers were tampered with, and tho examination quashed. In the Bhagulporc Division tho marks had to be increased 25 per cent., as in the middle English examination. Of 70 middle vernacular schools, 16 sent no candidates to the examination. Of these 10, ten wero unaided schools, one a primary grant school, throu now schools, and two situated in a fever-stricken part of Maldah. Of 11 schools that sont candidates but failed, six were primary grant schools. Of the other five, one in each district, the accounts given are respectively, "feverstricken," " situated in a backward part, no first or socond class this year, " opened in 1878," and "attached to an English school, and to be transferred." 141. In the Dacca Division the numbor of middle vernacular schools is larger than in any other, namely 241. The Presidency Division approaches it with 238, and Burdwan follows with 174. But tho success of the Dacca schools is still greater. The number of passed candidates was 485, against 446 in the previous year, either number being greater than the sum of the successful candidates in the other two divisions. All the districts share in the general advance; byt Dacca stands at the head of the list, and Backergunge comes next. Out of 95 competing schools in Dacca district, only soven failed to pass any of their candidates. The popularity and success of middle vernacular schools in Eastern Bengal has for years past been remarkable; the villagers take the greatest interest and pride in their schools, and in the general competition for scholarships; and they display no anxiety whatever to convert a good vernacular into an indifferent English school. Nor is the cheapness with which the schools aro conducted lesa remarkable than their success. The following short table affords a striking ·52 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SECONDARY comparison of the year's results in the four divisions in Bengal proper in which middlo vernacular education is most advanced : EDUCATION. DIVISION. No. of grant-in-aid middle vernacular schools. Cost to Governmont. Total cost. Rs. Rs. Presidency Burdwan Daoca Kujshubyo 1:40 130 121 97 19,702 20,955 14,777 14,704 030,469 87.131 88,007 88,750 ; Tho operations of tho Dacca Normal School, which had in former years a very high reputation, have been confined much more closely to Eastern Bengal than those of the Ilooghly Normal School to the Burdwan Division, or of the Calcutta Normal School to the Presidency Division. When tho stipend grants to all first grade normal schools were cut down with a vigorous band in 1873, the demand for compotent pundits became much less easy to satisfy in Central and Western than in Eastern Bengul; and the schools in the former divisions had to put up with inferior men, or else to secure good pundits at prices much higher than those ruling in the Dacca Division. The subject does not directly belong to this section of the report ; but it has long been foreseen that if the middle vernacular schools are to be restored to their formor position, it will be necessary to make a large increase in the stipend grants of normal schools. The recent orders havo vastiy increased the importance of middle vemacular schools, and have made the maintenance of a high standard of efficiency in these a matter of the first necessity. Middle vernacular schools are now the centro of the socondary system, just as higher English schools aro the backbone of the colleges. No reasonable expenditure that will increaso the cfficiency of either class of schools can fail to secure a more than adequate return. 142. The vernacular schools of the Chittagong Division aro less unsatisfactory than the English schools. In Noakholly they have done well, but in Chittagong they aro far from successful; and Mr. Cotton, the Magistrate, regards the aided middlo schools of that district as little bettor than pathsalas. The Commissioner agrees with him, and says they will not improve, because there is no general desire for the class of information taught at such schools, or indeed for European cducation of any kind. Mr. Beames would therefore degrade them; but the facts seem rather to furnish an argument for keeping up the more promising of these schools, in the face of all difficulties, in the hopo that a desire for a better standard of education inay hereafter arise. 143. Out of twenty-three schools in Chota Nagpore soven sent no candidates. Four of these wero in tlie district of Manbhoom, which suffers in comparison with the Hindi-speaking districts of the division, from the fact that its schools are examined by the Presidency divisional standard. Two schools in lIazaribagh sent no candidatos; one is to be removed, and the other is an Urdu school for Mahomedans, the examinations of the division being conducted only in Bengali and in Ilindi. An unsuccessful school in Singbhoom is to be transferred. The Assistant Inspector remarks that the model schools in Lohardugga and Singbhooni are of great service to primary education, sinco the passed candidatos accept employment as gurus; while those from schools in Hazaribagh and Manbhoom look forward either to a higher English education or to qualifying as pundits in the first grade normal school at Ranchi. 144. In Orissa, with 37 middle vernacular schools, a considerable improvement is shown in the result of the examination, 88 pupils passing from 30 schools, against 19 pupils from 21 schools in the previous year; and this notwithstanding the decease of the large and efficient school at Pooree from the fuilure of local support. Balasore is the most successful of all the districts, none of its schools having failod altogether. One school only failed in Cuttack, and the causes of its failure are being reported on. In Pooree very littlo desiro is shown for grant-in-aid schools, ospecially in the Kloorda sub-division. Even in Government schools in that sub-division the boys scout the idea of purchasing school books, with which they claim to be supplicd by Guverndient. The improvement of middle oducation in Orissa ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION ABOONDARY RDOCATION. Course is largely due to the judinious control of the Joint Inspector, whose zeal and discretion in this, as in every other branch of his duties, claim the fullest acknowledgment. 145. During the of the year Pundit Mohesh Chundra Nyayaratna, the Officiating Principal of the Sanskrit College, put forward a proposal to modify in several important respects the course of study in middle vernacular schools which was fixed in 1875. His proposals were as follows: (1) To appoint some central authority to select text-books in Bengali, in order to define the standard in language and literature at the middle scholarship examination. By the orders of 1875 no text-books were fixed, or to be fixed, in Bengali literature; each school reading in its higher classes the books that it thought likely to serve its pupils best in the general examination in language, which was all that the rules prescribed. (2). To omit mensuration from the courso, as involving a knowledge of the third book of Euclid; and to omit the alternative subjects of botany and chemistry, as implying a knowledge of practical appliances which neither pundits nor schools possessed, and as having no relation to the course in higher schools. (3) To substitute hygiene for these subjects. 14) To raise the marks assigned to the Bengali language, as being by far the most important subject of the course. These proposals were sent for the consideration of Circle Inspectors, of the head-masters of first grade normal schools, and of the contral textbook committee; and the proposals were thoroughly discussed. It was agreed by all that the first proposal suggested a valuable reform, which indeed the resolution of July 1878, placing in the hands of Inspectors the selection of textbooks for middle schools, now for the first time enabled the department to carry out. Perhaps the most satisfactory plan is that in force in the Presidency Circle. A fairly long list of books in literature and in grammar is fixed by the Inspector, out of which school managers aro at liberty to select textbooks for all their classes; but the examination is as heretofore a general one in language and grammar, and is not confined to any particular books. 146. The other proposals met with very little support, and were generally condemned as retrograde. They were in essence a return to the standard of 15 years ago. It was held indeed that thero were two cardinal errors underlying the pundit's proposals. The first, that the course of instruction in middle vernacular schools was to be dominated by that in higher English schools; and the second, that the Bengali language was the most important subject in the vernacular course. The defects of the scientific portion of the course are well known; but the remedy for them is to improve the teaching of those subjects in the normal schools. Ground is being won year by year, and the schools are becoming habituated, if to nothing else, at least to the terms of elementary science and to the idea of scientific teaching. When trained pundits are produced in sufficient numbers, they will find their work much easier than if they had to break entirely fresh ground. The introduction of hygiene as a compulsory or an alternative subject in the scholarship course awaits the decision of the Government of India with regard to the production of a text-book. 147. LOWER VERNACULAR SCHOOLS.-Tho following changes have taken place during the year: 1877-78. 1871-79. Government schools Aidod Unaided Schools. 10 1,536 58 Pupils. 354 53,868 1,800 Bchools, 13 1,474 54 Pupils 767 60,638 1,996 Tutal ... 1,604 56,012 1,541 63,391 Three model schools have been re-classed as lower vernacular, and a few unaided schools have ceased to exist. 148. The 1,474 sided schools are made up of 115 grant-in-aid schools, 92 cirole, and 1,267 primary grant schools. The loss of 62 aided schools is explained by 15 grants-in-aid cancelled ; a gain of 14 circle schools, partly reduced from the middle vernacular, partly raised from the primary class; and ·54 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR ARCONDARY IDUCATIOK.. a loss of 61 schools aided from the primary grant. The net loss of 15 in grant-in-aid schools is sufficiently explained by changes that have taken place in the mission schools established in the Presidency Division, in Midnapore, and amongst the Kols of Chota Nagpore. A fixed monthly grant is made to a mission, which undertakes in return to keep up a certain number of schools, and to spend a certain sum of money in their support. The class of these schools fluctuates from year to year, though many are kept permanently above the primary standard. Against the 15 now lost 20 were raised to this class in the previous year. I have in former reports expressed a high opinion of the educational work that is done by the missionary bodies among uncivilised races, such as that of the Church Missionary Society and the Indian Home Mission among the Sonthals, and that of the Lutheran and Anglican Missions among the Kols. Their work is in a high degree one of civilisation as well as of education. 149. The 61 primary grant schools that have disappeared from this class are the balance of a much larger number that have ceased to be aided from that allotment. In Jessore 40 grants to lower vernacular schools have been withdrawn, some of them doubtless reappearing as primary schools. In Moorshedabad 16 schools havo been cither reduced or abolished. In Beerbhoom 28, and in Burdwan 10 lower vernacular schools have been classed this year as primaries. In Chittagong 15 wore lost, and in the Sonthal Pergunnahs 19. On the other hand 25 primary schools in Dacca, 12 in Backergunge, and 13 in Midnapore, were raised to the lower vernacular class ; and in Orissa 23 primaries were so raised, to serve as model or central schools in the primary system now in force in the districts of Cuttack and Balasore. 150. Subjoinod are the results of the lower vernacular scholarship examination, the subjects for which include the Bengali language, the history and geography of Bengal, arithmetic, the first book of Euclid, and elementary facts of science. Lower Vernacular Scholarship Examination, 1878-79. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS W010I BENT OAN- VLDATNA. NUNBER OF SCHOOLS YROM WHICH CANDI- DATKG PABORD, NUMBBR OP CANDIDATES PASSRD) IN DIVIBIOX. Total number of lower Fernacular schools. Gorernment. Government. Number of candidates who competed. Private. Number gained scholar. ships. First dirigion. Aided. Third division, Private. Aided. Total. Www WAT *** 122 68 1 50 126 1 1 98 9.15.35 Second division. 21 3 1 7 * Total. 850 2 280) 110 1 2 74 1 834 178 B2 200 160 89 168 69 1 B BA 292 16 40 Pomaidency Calcutta Burdwan Rajalnkyo Decce Chittagong Palna Bhagulpore Chota Naxpore Orion 22 10 22 100 80 144 10 84 71 989 1 428 123 498 108 838 872 89 208 12 % B 53 1 24 142 127 142 262 39 11) 187 27 188 120 65 78 16 75 88 125 16 58 15 8 08 1 B 89 88 14 19 121 70 1 76 70 Total 1,841 11 004 87 1,012 9 628 21 068 2,800 196 308 704 1,258 184 151. In the previous year, when there were 63 more schools of this class, 2,457 candidates competed from 993 schools, and from 702 schools 1,272 candidates passed. The number of competing schools is therefore greater than in the year before, and the number of successful schools and pupils is less. These figures point to no docline in efficiency. Many of the schools of the previous year, which have since been reduced, were reduced on financial grounds, and in order to provide funds for the extension of the primary system, and not by reason of their inefficiency. Consequently many schools that passed candidates in 1877 were not in existence in 1878, while the new schools that were just raised to the class were often hardly strong enough to succeed at a first attempt. In schools originating as these do, and offering to picked boys of the classes that fill our primary schools an opportunity of advancing to a higher standard of education, the important thing is to get as many as possible to attempt tho standard. They cost the Government Rs. 3, Rs. 4, or Rs. 5 a month each; and they form a valuable and necessary link between the primary schools of the country, so far as they have been taken up and organised, and the secondary ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 55 SECONDARY DUCATION. 1 system of Government ach bola. The margin between the 1,474 aided schools that exist and the 964 that competed represents the number of schools that have begun to raise themselves above the primary scholarship standard, and may hope to approach that standard in a year or two. The Magistrate decides which schools, out of all that are aided from the primary grant, shall be classed as lower vernacular and permitted to compete for the corresponding scholarships. 152. In the Presidency Division the percentage of successful candidates was so much smaller than in the previous year in every district that the Inspector cannot resist the conclusion that the standard of examination was raised. He believes, however, that there are still many schools in the districts of 24-Pergunnahs and Nuddea which are never likely to reach the scholarship standard, and that would succeed better as primary schools. In the Burdwan Division the number of lower vernacular schools to be aided from the primary grant is fixed for the future at 84 in Burdwan and 65 in Midnapore. In Hooghly, Howrah, and Bankoora no number is fixed; but the Inspector remarks that an abolished school is seldom replaced. The district of Beerbhoom, which had 28 lower vernacular schools aided from the primary grant in 1877-78, had none at the close of the year, the Magistrate having decided that all such schools should be aided, if at all, by grants-in-aid. Of the 28 lower vernacular schools, from which grants were taken away, throo at once converted themselves into primaries, two obtained grants-in-aid, eight have applied for grants-in-aid, five have ceased to exist, and the remaining ten, in the words of the Deputy Inspector, “closed and revivod, revived and closed, and were at last brought on our list as primary schools.” Notwithstanding the reductions in the Burdwan Division, the success at the examination was much greater than in the previous year. In 1877, 139 schools sont 286 candidatos, and from 121 schools 208 candidates passed. In 1878, 185 schools sent 428 candidates, and from 166 schools 334 passed. The 1,267 schools aided from the primary grant in this division cost Rs. 11,364, or at the rate of Rs. 4-6-6 each a month. The rate throughout Bengal is a fraction under Rs. 4 a month, but there is no doubt that the higher rate is compensated by increased efficiency. 153. The lower vernacular schools in the Dacca Division are little, if at all, inferior to those of Burdwan. Of 232 schools, 222 competed, and though only 152 schools and 252 candidates were successful, against 166 schools and 334 pupils in the Burdwan Division, yet the classification of the successful candidates shows that the standard in Dacca was much more severe than the other. Of the Dacca candidates, only five were placed in the first division, and 61 in the second, while in Burdwan 69 candidates reached the first, and 123 the second division. In the Chittagong Division the lower vernacular, like the middle vernacular schools, are generally unsuccessful. In the Patna Divi. sion the number of successful schools and of passed candidates was only half that of the previous year. The standard is being gradually worked up to that of other parts of Bengal. In the Bhagulpore Division, out of 138 lower vernacular schools aided from tho primary grant, as many as 127 competed at the examination. Of these, 71 schools and 187 candidates were successful, which is a better result than that of the Patna Division. In Chota Nagpore 27 candidates passed from 16 schools, out of 52 in the division; from Lohardugga 20 candidates passed. It has been already noticed that passed pupils of middle schools in this district are willing to serve as teachers in primary and lower schools. But the other three districts failed miserably; Manbhoom (which was examined by the standard of the Presidency Division) passing only five candidates, and Hazaribagh and Singbhoom one each. In Hazaribagh it is most difficult to get teachers for these schools, and the Assistant Inspector points out that the circle system might be introduced into this district with great advantage. In Singbhoom many of the pathsalas, as the Assistant Inspector again points out, have evidently been forced promaturely, and without any natural demand, into the lower vernacular class. At Jagarnathpore in Singbhoom there is the most expensive school of this class in Bengal; it is a Government school, with a grant of R. 25 a month, and with no fee income of any kind. It sent four boys to the examination, none of whom passed. The grant might be divided into two with great advantage. In Orissa the lower vernacular schools have greatly increased in efficioncy. In the scholarship ·56 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OBCONDABY BDVCATION. examination all the districts attained the same level of succe88 as Balasore, which in the previous year had distanced the other two. In Balasore and Cuttack, the lower vernacular schools have a close relation to the primary system. One is established as a model school at each police outpost; and the abadhan, or teacher, has to inspect all the schools in a surrounding area, in addition to the work of teaching his own. The Joint Inspector is reluctant to pronounce upon the merits of this portion of the scheme, but thinks it more promising in Balasore than in Cuttack. The double duty imposed on the abadhans is no light matter; and in Cuttack the area of inspection for each abadban is much larger, and his remuneration much less, than in Balasoro. 154. I append returns showing the social position of whose who gained middle English, middle vernacular, and lower vernacular scholarships. Among middle English scholars there aro 72 of the middle classes to 32 of the lower among middle vernacular scholars, 122 of the middle classes to 101 of the lower; and among lower vernacular scholars, 53 of the middle classes to 135 of the lower. Or again, of 188 lowor vernacular scholarships, sons of cultivating ryots hold 74; of 223 middlo vernacular scholarships they hold 40; and of 104 middle English scholarships they hold 11. Social Position of Middle English Scholars, 1878-79. MIDDLE CLASOBA. LOWER OLABBES. Upper classes. Tota). - Parc . 1 2 36 19 16 10 1 8 2 20 2 1 1 1 Brahmans and Rajpoots Hindus Kayasths and Baidyas Lower castes Mabomodans Obristians Others Total ... 1 48 1% 6 1 2 1 ... 1 . . . ... .. 4 93 80 12 8 16 11 8 9 104 . Social Position of Middle Vernacular Scholars, 1878-79. LL NU MIDDLE OLASSES. LOWER CLASSRS. Upper classos. Tota). Service. Profession. Bstates, Common labour. Service. Agricultare Skilled labour. Trade. Miscellaneous. Trade. PL... 1 Hindns Brahmung and Rajpoots Kayastha and Buidyus Lower (aster 18 20 20 0 10 0 15 10 8 68 77 21 . ... 1 2 3 11 2 ... 1 8 S 8 1 6 28 .... Mahomedans Obristiane Others IPO 1 2 1 *** .. S Total 1 90 29 8 26 40 10 9 18 228(a) (a) No return of ncven vernacular scholars from Bohar Circle. Social Position of Lower Vernaculur Scholars, 1878-79. A- MIDDLI CLABRES. LOWER OLAB&KA. Upper Clus. Total. 64 . 8 2 20 18 19 1 Soon Brab mans and Rajpoots Hindus Kasusils and Budynas Lower cables Muhamedans Christians Othern S 19 8 1 ... 1. . . .. .. .. V. ... Total 6 88 11 23 74 28 8 5 188 ܝ ·1 OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 57 „V.-PRIMARY EDUCATION. 155. The total number of primary schools of all classes, and of the pupils reading in them, is shown in the following statement:- PRIMARY BDUCATION Primary Schools. 1878. 1870. ... Schools. 10 163 ... schools. 12 192 50 16,788 Pupils. 310 4,876 1,712 353,424 Government schools Grant-in-aid Circle grant Primary grant Pupils. 207 4,469 2,998 439,202 ... ... 22,782 ... Total !!. 20:12 6,084 300,322 86,200 23,038 6,232 4446,868 84,196 Unaided schools GRAND TOTAL ... 22,120 446,522 29,270 531,064 The fow Government schools are nearly all in the Mymensing district, and are kept up for the benefit of the half-Aryan races that dwell on the lower slopes of tho Garrow hills. The grant-in-aid schools are all mission schools. The chief increase in circle schools has taken place in the Presidency Division ; 27 primary schools having been added in the district of 24-Pergunnahs, in which the circles have becn re-arranged and the grants re-distributed undor the direction of the Inspector, who is now charged with the direct administration of the circle grant. The subjoined tables show the extent to which the circle and primary grants are used to promote education other than primary :- 150. Circle Grant Schools. -- Primury. Lower. Middle Pupils. YEAR ENDING Schoola. Pupils. Schools. l'upils. Schools. Pupils. Schools. Total. 31st March 1878 31st March 1879 . #89 1.839 8,129 78 93 3,046 3,681 128 106 6,868 5,227 - 10,742 11,817 287 • Including six girls' schools. Primary Grant Schools. Primary. Lowor. Middlo. Total. YEAR ENDING Schools Pupila. Schools. Pupils. Schools. Pupils. Schools. Pupils. ... ... 31st March 1878 814 March 1879 *15,989 +22,976 356,723 442,699) 1,328 1,287 46,778 42,059 128 111 4,684 1,280 17,305 21,354 400,136 480,518 ... * Including 161 girls' schools. Ditto 194 ditto. 157. As was explained in the last report, the circle grant has been for some years exposed to serious vicissitudes, arising from a completo misconception of its purpose by the officer to whom, in 1872, it was entrustod. That purpose was to creato lower and middle vernacular schools at small cost out of the primary schools of the country, and thus to engraſt secondary education upon the indigenous system. The chief troubles have hitherto arisen in the Preşidency Division, where the pundits have been treated alternately as teachers, as inspectors, and as both. In the year under report misfortune appears to have overtaken the circle schools of the Dacca Division, in which for many years the administration of the circla grant had been conspicuously successful. The middle schools of the Dacca circles have fallen from 105 to 82, lower and primary schools having increased by six and seven respectively. There is consequently a loss both in quantity and in quality. Tho Government has now declared that the character of the circle system is defined by the highest standard at which it aims, and consequently that expenditure on circle ·58 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PRIMALY EDUCATION schools is expenditure upon secondary education. Tho transfor to the Circle Inspectors of the control of these schools will probably bring about a return to the principles on which they were first ostablished. 158. The loss of 17 middle and of 61 lower vernacular schools aided · from the primary grant has already been referred to. Variations of this kind are not important; and the principle is now generally accepted that the occasional rise of primary into lower vernacular, and moro raroly into middle vernacular schools, is a legitimate and useful development of the primary system. There is no longer any reason to fear that the primary grant will be applied in any undue proportion to the purposes of secondary education. Taking the returns of the year as the basis of calculation, the actual character of the primary system in Bengal may be thus exprossod. For every 1,000 primary schools in the province there are 58 lower vernacular and five middle vernacular schools that have grown out of primaries. Each primary school has 19 pupils, and costs Government Rs. 12 a yoar out of a total expendituro of Rs. 43. A lower vernacular school has 34 pupils, and costs Government Rs. 18 a year out of a total of Rs. 94. A middlo vernacular school has 38 pupils, and costs Government Rs. 54 a year out of a total of Rs. 130. No exception can be taken to the outgrowth of a secondary system, whose dimensions are so limited, and whose cost is so moderate. The warnings of former years have had their full and salutary effoct, and no further restrictions on the support of secondary schools from tho primary grant noed now be imposed or suggested. 159. The following table sums up for reference the detailed statistics of all Government and grant-in-aid primary schools and of all schools aided from the primary and circle grants : C1.488 OP SCIVOLB. Number of schools. Sumber of pupils Oil the rolls on the 31st Dlarch 1879. Arera monthly roll Hunder. drerage daily atteud. Alice. Espended from Government. Exponded front local Sources. Total expcuded, Christians. Hindus. Valomelans. Others. Rs. A, 1. Rs. A. P Rs. A. P. Govornmont primary 10 214 1.53 ... 6J 32 111 1,090 07 34 00 ... 1,114 $ 7 Grant-111-aid primary 763 4,459 4,120 3,139 1,572 572 1,721 I. 6,558 O 1 10.1077 308 17,130 9 7 CIRCLE GUANT SCHOOLA- BOG 1 3 1 Middle vernaculur Lower ditto l'rimary ditts) Garls' ditto 3,591 2,5 131 8,418 2,090 2,102 101 3,33% 2,673 1.684) 2,287 2,212 128 626 703 791 3 83 6. 11,217 8 0 6,000 4 0 4,299 16 873 0 0 0,516 4 4,909 9 3 2,824 14 7 29 0 0 17,732 10 1 11,559 13 S 7,118 13 7 200) 1.1 .. Totul 287 11,017 10,000 R.247 1 9,026 2,014 22,034 11 99 14,978 9 2 303,813 4 11 1'RIMARY GRANT SCHOOL .. Middlo vernacular Lowor ditto Primary dito Ciirls' ditto 11] 4.280 8,804 3,081 3,84485 911 4 6,024 18 6 8,036 97 14.4610 71 1,347 39.100 31,305 83 30,93 6,913 270 80,231 0 1 59,218 8 2/ 1,19,146 12 8 9:2.782 430.20.1 394,187 333,450 1,357 3.865,0:30, 81,468 7,8 %,70,521 2 87,07,141 6 9,833,002 7% 3,3105 8,090 2.324 101 308 169 4,510 08 1,806 09 0,411 1 5 Total 24,354 4899,6 1R 45,231 370,128 1,514 387,008 02,080 7,780, 3,47,183 0 117,70,787 2 0/11,23,480 11 11 160. PRESIDENCY DIVISION.—The number of aided primaries has increased from 1,712 to 1,753. Lower vernacular schools number 238, and middle vernacular 44. In the 24-Pergunnahs and in Moorshodabad the payment-byresults system is in force for primary schools; in Nyddea and Jessoro a mixed system of stipends and rewards prevails, The local authorities have gonerally managed their own schemes without the assistance of the Circlo Inspector. 161. 24-P'ergunnahs-Population, 2,210,000; primary grant, Rs. 12,000 ; expenditure from that grant, Rs. 10,067 ; of which Rs. 947 have been spent on 1 middlo and 27 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has decroased since the last report from 641 with 23,000 pupils to 630 with 23,678 pupils. Unaided primary schools uro 463. The introduction of the payment-by-results system in the previous year had the effect at the outset of reducing the number of aided primaries, the gurus being under the impression that no aid at all would be given by Government. It has ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 59 PRIMARY BLUCATION . now come to be better unuörstood, and the gurus are said to have set to work with greater vigour and steadiness in the hope of earning an ample reward. Three methods have been followed, as in the previous year:-(a) payment by rewards after quarterly examination; (6) fixed grants ; (c) annual rewards; the only change being that the first-inentioned has played a noro prominent part than before. It has been found that there are certain drawbacks to the system hitherto in vogue of holding the examinations quarterly at each school. At 0110 quarter's examination a boy would pass and got a reward, and there was nothing to prevent his being presented agniu at tho cxamination for the next quarter in 1lio samo subjoets, and gaining a second reward without having made any progress. Further, after finishing each periodical examination the Sub-Inspcctor had to tabulate the results, draw up the bills, and distribute the reward-, in amount of work sufficient to take up the whole of his time, and to prevent his aitending to other classes of schools. The Magistrato proposes to introluce the Midnapore system of central examinations, and to cause tho Sub-luspectors to keep for cach pathsala a memorandum-book to noto the progress of och boy at the time of examination. 102. Nudieu. -- l'opulation, 1,813,000; primary grant, Rs. 18,000; expendi- Gure from that grant, Rs. 16,978; of which Rs. 5,337 have been spent on three Brille and 9 luwer vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 603 with 18,399 pupils to 665 with 20,154 pupilii. Unuided primaries are four. The Magistrate remarks that it was intended to introduce the plan of payment by results; but an unqualified system of that kind was thought to be ill-suited to the requirements of the district, and measures were accordingly taken to improve those schools that were in the receipt of fixed grants, while the result system was applied only to those which had hitherto boon unaided. Under this system 139 priinary schools received rowards. All the sub-divisional officers have written in favour of the scheme, and the gurus of patlısalas hitherto unaided have come to understand that Stato aid, instead of being the monopoly of some, is to be shared by all. Gurus who could send up no candidates to compete for rewards received some aid for registering their schools and subunitting annual returns. 103. Jessore.- Population, 2,075,000; primary grant, Rs. 16,000; expondituro from that grant, Rs. 14,700; of which Rs. 3,130 have been spent on 17 middle and 52 lower vernacular schools. The total numbor of schools aided from the primary grant has decreased from 409 with 13,120 pupils to 350 with 11,493 pupils. This decrease is due mainly to retrenchiments that have been made in grants from tho primary fund to middle and lower vernacular schools, of which there were 38 and 92 respectively in the previous year, against 17 and 52 now returned. Aidod primaries taken alone show a sinall increase from 279 to 281. Tho necessity for withdrawing aid from middle und lower schools arose from the discovery that tho primary allotinent had been in fornier years exceeded. Unaided primaries are 186. The local authorities have determined to introduce tho plan of payment-by-results as an experiment in one subdivision. An officer oxpcrioncod in the Midnapore system has recently been sout to Jessore as Deputy Inspector, and in all probability that system will be adopted for the whole district. 164. Mourshodabad.-Population, 1,354,000; primary grant, Rs. 11,856; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 9,028 ; of which Rs. 4,045 have been spent on 23 middlo and 65 lowor vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has decreased from 428 with 10,728 pupils to 398 with 10,14 1 pupils. Unaided primaries are 23. There is bolieved to be no very extensive system of indigenous oducation in this district. No important change has taken placo in the administration of the allotment, the payment-by-rosults systom liaving been in vogue throughout the year. The central examinations had 38 moro schools competing than in the ycar befory, and 1,032 more pupils. Rs. 2,714 were distributod in rewards, being an avorago of u little over Rs. 11 for each school. Middle and lower vernacular schools, the offspring of the old five-rupoe pathsalas, are planted very thickly in this district, and absorbed nearly half the primary grant. It is probable that the existence of so many fixed grant schools, and the paucity of indigenous pathsalas, will prevent the paymeat-by-results system from gaining ground in this district as it has in others.

·60 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR - PRIMARY ILOCATIOR. 165. BURDWAN DIVISION.- The number of aided primaries has advanced from 4,925 to 5,527 ; lower vernacular schools are 215; and there are two middle vernacular schools. In Burdwan and Bankoora the system of stipends and rewards is combined; in the other four districts all payments are made upon the result of examinations. Next after Balasore, in which tho proportion of pupils to population is 34.84 per 1,000, come the three districts of Midnapore, Burdwan, and Bankoora, in which the proportions are 25:9, 24.36, and 23.91 respectively, the district of 24-Pergunnahs following with 23 84 per 1,000. 166. Burdwan.--- Population, 2,035,000; primary grant, Rs. 22,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 21,828; of which Rs. 5,617 have been spent on 1 middlo and 113 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has advanced from 1,164 with 36,908 pupils to 1,459 with 42,809 pupils. Unaided schools are returned as 55. Mr. Larminio's system of last year has now been brought into full operation. It differs but slightly from the one so successfully worked in Bankoora, and the results are as encouraging as thoy were in that district. On this plan the teachers of 18 pathsalas were paid at the rate of Rs. 5 a month, of 66 at Rs. 4, and of 650 at Re. 1. The teachers of the third class also receive rewards according to their success in teaching. There is a fourth class of schools, the teachers of which, receiving no monthly aid, are entitled to rewards for good teaching as provod by the central examination. Schools of the first two classes that show narked failure at the scholarship examination are degraded to the third class, and replaced by good schools of that class. Similarly, third class schools may be degraded to the fourth class, and their places taken by good schools of the fourth class. The Magistrate can testify from porsonal observation that both gurus and pupils generally are now thoroughly awake to the advantages of giving attention to their work. The annual cost to Government has been barely over 8 annas a year for each pupil. The pathsalas examined for rewards numbered 1,024, the pupils examined 17,906. Of the pathsalas 948, of the pupils 2,015, oarned rewards aggregating for pathsalas, i.e. for the gurus, Rs. 6,412, and for the pupils Rs. 485. Eightytwo girls succeeded in passing the examination, 31 by the higher standard. The total number passed was 8,588; the highest reward, Rs. 46, was gained by the guru of an unaided pathsala. 167. Bankoora.-Population, 527,000; primary grant, Rs. 6,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 5,705; of which Rs. 1,107 were spent on 22 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has increased from 326 with 10,418 pupils to 407 with 10,656 pupils. Unaided primaries aro returned as 17, against 120 of tho previous year. This difference arises no doubt from many unaided pathsalas of that year having been brought within reach of the reward examination, and therefore classed as aided. No important chango has been made in the system of last year, the basis of wlich was “small stipends and large rewards," except that central examinations are now discontinued, and partial examinations in certain subjects are held at each visit paid to a pathsala by an inspecting officer. The Sub-Inspector has to visit each stipendiary patlısala six times during the year, and each rewarded pathsala" three times, and to record in a book kept for the purpose the nunber of marks obtained by each pupil. The classification of schools is based on the aggregate marks thus obtained by cach. The gurus of 311 stipondiary and rewarded pathsalas received rewards varying from Rs. 55 to Rs. 3 each. 168. Beerbhoom.--- Population, 696,000 ; primary grant, Rs. 5,144; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 4,796, The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased froin 273 (including 28 lower vernacular schools), with 7,985 pupils, to 312 schools, all pathsalas, with 9,334 pupils. This district is the only one in Bengal in which no lower vernacular school is aided from the primary grant. Unaided primaries have decreased from 122 to 30. Many of these have no doubt been taken into the ranks of aided or rewarded pathsalas. The system of payment by classification which prevailed in this district during the 1877-78 has been changed. At the commencement of the year under report it was decided that only 100 pathsalas, with a fixed monthly subsidy of Rs. 3 each, should be kept on the stipendiary list, and the rest, 79 in number, were at once struck off." In the month of December it was arranged that all pathyoar ·PUBLIC. INSTRUCTION. B1 PRIMARY Rong ra . sales should cease to draw Axed grants, and that the system of rewards and examinations should be introduced. It was ruled at the same time that rewards should thenceforward be given to only 400 pathsalas. The 100 schools that show the best results receive a lump sum of Rs. 20 each; the next 100 schools, Rs. 15 each; the next 100 schools, Rs. 10 each ; the last 100, Rs. 7 each. The examin. ations were held at eight centres, and 207 schools, aided and unaided, were examined. The total number of pupils examined was 1,309, of whom 731 competed for rewards and the rest for primary scholarships. 169. Midnapore.-Population, 2,545,000; primary grant, Rs. 24,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 22,933; of which Rs. 3,313 were spent on 56 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has decreased from 3,059 with 60,217 pupils to 2,919 with 55,571 pupils, while unaided schools have decreased from 553 with 8,151 pupils to 394 schools with 5,883 pupils. This shows a total loss from the returns of nearly 300 schools with 7,000 pupils. It would appear that the payment-by-results system has in this district reached the limits of the fixed allotment, and that the falling off in the number of schools is due to the withdrawal this year of the special extra grant of Rs. 3,000 sanctioned in 1877-78 as a temporary measuro. The Magistrate is of opinion that the prevalence of fever and small-pox in the district has had a bad effect on the attendance of pupils at the pathsalas. The reward examinations were held at 122 sub-centres, and 17,521 boys and 297 girls presented themselves, against 18,746 boys and 276 girls in the previous year. The standard of examination has been somewhat raised, and 44 of the pathsalas now teach up to Charupath, Part I; 1,753 up to Bodhoday; 365 up to Sisusikhya and 377 up to Barnaparichay, Parts I and II. The number of pathsalas in which no school books are used has fallen from 558 to 318, clearly an important advance. Out of the 122 educational sub-circles, 25 arc said to be considerably more advanced than the rest. The average amount of rewards carnod in theso has been Rs. 224, Rs. 227, and Rs. 184 for the last three years; while the average amount of the other sub-circles was Rs. 114, Rs. 118, and Rs. 117 in the same period. 170. Hooghly.--Population, 757,000; primary grant, Rs. 5,559 ; expen. dituro therefrom, Rs. 5,368 ; of which Rs. 1,034 have been spent on 18 lower vernacular schools. Thó total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 305 with 7,709 pupils to 338 with 8,479 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 50. No material change has been made in the simplified form of the payment-by-results system introduced by Mr. Pellew and described in my last report. The only altoration has been that the rates of rewards have been reduced. Passed candidates being placed in two divisious, boys in the second division obtain rewards of 4 annas each instead of 8 annas, and their gurus of Re. 1-8 instead of Rs. 2. At the examination held in March last 3,967 pupils from 295 pathsalas were examined, and 291 gurus and 1,308 boys received rewards. The highest reward won by a guru was Rs. 29-8, and the lowest Re. 1-8. 171. Howrah. ---Population, 731,000; primary grant, Rs. 3,441; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 2,752; of which Rs. 480 were spent on 1 middle and 6 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has increased from 56 with 2,086 pupils to 282 with 8,786 pupils. Unaided pathsalas are returned as 14. The great increase in aided pathsalas has been brought about by the introduction throughout the district of the Hooghly system of payment by results, slightly modified. The main point of difforence is that in Howrah equal payments are not made, as in Hooghly; to all.the different circles; but the grant is divided among the circles in proportion to the number of pathsalas in each which are expected to send up pupils for examination. The successful candidates are in this district arranged in three divisions; and the boys, acoording to the division in wliich they are placed, get one rupee, 8 annas, and 4 annas, and their gurus Rs. 3, Re. 1-8, and one rupee respectively. The gurus of stipendiary pathsalas got no reward. The reward examinations were held at 13 centres, and were attended by 1,519 boys from 333 pathsalas; 625 boys and 190 gurus obtained rewarde, 172. RAJSHAHYE DIVISION. The number of aided primaries has increased from 1,008 to 1,184. There are 101 lower and five middle vernacular schools. In the districts of Dinagepore and Rungpore stipends and rewards are ·MA 62 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PRIMARI EDUCATION a pupils. combined; in the other five districts a system of stipends, often determined by classification, is maintained. 173. Rajshahye.- Population, 1,311,000; primary grant, Rs. 12,000;. expenditure, Rs. 10,460; of which Rs. 1,074 were spent on 19 lower vornacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 264 with 7,613 pupils to 270 with 7,627 pupils. Unaided primaries are 18. The system followed has been that of payment by classification, the stipends being Rs. 5, Rs. 4, Rs. 3, and Rs. 2-8 respectively, which are adjusted every half-year after inspection and cxamination. The circumstance which makes the plan of examination at centres a difficult measure in this district is the inundation of largo tracts during a great part of the year. The Midnapore schemo, pure and simple, is to be introduced as an oxperiment into two or thirco thanas, wliere the waters subside early. The cost to Government for the education of each pupil has been Re. 1-4.5. 174. Dinageporc.-- Population, 1,502,000; primary grant, Rs. 14,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,172 ; of which Rs. 337 havo been exponded on 8 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 284 with 0,346 pupils to 353 with 7,776 Unaided primaries are 45. Last yoar the experimental introduction into two Sub-Inspectors' circles of a system of payment by results was roported. This system has worked with fair success, and has been extended to the whole district. In addition to small stipends, rewards are given after quarterly examinations, the average monthly attendance of pupils being also considered ; double rewards are given for girls. The Governmont expenditure has been about Re. 1-8 per pupil. The Magistrate thinks that the system is taking hold, as it is seen that a good teacher who has a large school and brings on his boys secures a fair reward from Government. The weak point of the systcni is the cxamination at local centros, since in this district intelligent and trustwortlıy residents at the centres are hardly to be met with, and the award of marks, and consequently of stipends, is left in the hands of the Sub- Inspector. The Inspector considers that the most satisfactory branch of education in Dinagepore is the primary. 175. Bogra.- Population, 689,000; primary grant, Rs. 3,000; expenditure, Rs. 2,521; of which Rs. 520 have been spent on 11 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 68 with 2,039 pupils to 73 with 1,947 pupils. Unaided primarios are 20. The decrease in the number of pupils is accounted for by the scarcity caused by floods in the castern tracts. The grant is administered, as stated in last yeur's report, by a system of classification, tho rowards to gurus of Rs. 2, Rs. 2-8, Rs. 3, and Rs. 4 a month varying according to the progress of tho school as tested by the Deputy and Sub-Inspectors. There are no central examinations, and consequently no direct competition between the gurus. 176. Rungpore.- Population, 2,150,000; primary grant, Rs. 16,800; exponditure therefrom, Rs. 7,955; of which Rs. 729 have been spent on 19 lowor vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 230 with 5,306 pupils to 338 with 7,417 pupils. The system followed in the provious year was that of small fixed grants supplemonted by rewards after quarterly examinations, partly conducted by resident sub-committees. The introduction of this system was said to have caused the large falling off in the number of schools and pupils, and it has now been considerably modified. Now schools are no longer limited, as before, to the smallest rate of uid, and the consequence is an increase of over 100 schools and nearly 200 pupils. The pathsalas are distributed into classes, and the fixed stipends regulated accordingly. 177. "Pubna.- Population, 1,212,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 7,023; of which Rs. 2,257 have been spent on fivo middle and 40 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has fallon from 189 with 5,928 pupils to 178 with 5,709 pupila. Unaided primaries number 72, against 53 last year and 16 in the year before. A system of payment by results is said to be under the consideration of tho district committee. The pathsalas are divided into three classes, of which the lowest only does not teach printed books; and of this class there are only six The Magistrate remarks that the number of pathsalas seems small when ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 63 PRIVART EDUCATION. The average compared with the population of the district; but the mass of the people are concentrated along the eastern and southern borders, and fewer schools suffice. Still, if the prosent number wero doubled, and advantageously situated, it would not be beyond the requirements of the district. It is, however, difficult to keep pathsalas alive in the tracts which lie outside the chief centres of population; and if the grant were doubled, probably the increase in schools would ultimately be confined to the neighbourhood of existing pathsalas. The Magistrate has visited many of the aided pathsalas, and found most of them in a very satisfactory state. The division of the boys into classes, and tho gonoral introduction of slates and books, are improvements of late years. 178. Julpigoree.—Population, 419,000; primary grant, Rs. 4,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 3,138; out of which Rs. 267 have been spent on four lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has decreased from 70 to 68, but the number of pupils has risen from 1,246 to 1,328. The system of high fixed grants, as described in last year's report, has remained in force throughout the year ; and the schome of ranking and paying pathsalas according to efficiency and local disadvantages combiuod, which was under consideration last year, is reported as under consideration still. Out of 98 gurus 71 have passed either the normal school or the vernacular scholarship examination; but, in order to check any unduc tendency to raise their pathsalas above tho primary standard, a rogular class for instruction in reading and writing on plantain and palm-leaves has beon introduced into tho course. income of a guru has risen from Rs. 76 to Rs. 83 a yoar. The cost to Gov. ernment for oach pupil was Re. 1-7-10. 179. Darjeeling.- Population, 95,000; primary grant, Rs. 1,200; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 1,070, all on primary schools. The number of schools thus aided has fallen from 19 with 402 pupils, to 18 with 325 pupils. Unaided primaries are threo. The great demand for labour in the tea gardons has caused a great falling off in attendance at thoso schools, and five tea gardens and ono village school were consequently closed. Mr. Macfarlane reports that the difficulty of keeping up pathsalas in the neighbourhood of a toa plantation is daily increasing. In tho Terai there were 10 pathsalas with 166 pupils ; seven of the ton received aid from the primary fund, and two from a local source called the Two Per Cent. Improvement Fund. In only two instances did the gurus receive any local incomo. 180. DACCA DIVISION.The number of aided schools has increased from 1,054 to 1,625. There are 177 lower and 16 middle vernacular schools. The method of stipends is in force in every district; in Furroedporo aud Mymensingh this is supplemented by rewards for keeping registers, &c., and in Backergunge by a system of payments after examination, which is also to be partially introduced into the Dacca district. The general character of the country is thought to place difficulties in the way of any thorough-going system of payment by results. 181. Dacca.- Population, 1,853,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,554; of which Rs. 1,190 have boen spent on four middlo and 23 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 215 with 6,997 pupils to 544 with 15,000 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 81, against 166 of last increase in the number of aided schools is accounted for by the orders authorising payment to all gurus who sent in returns, and the classing of their schools as aided. The number of unaided schools is said to be really much larger than the returns show; many pathsalas having refused to send in the statements, especially those of social position, on the ground that the information thus obtained would be applied to the purposes of taxation. At the close of tho year no fresh stipends were grantod to unaided pathsalas, as it was proposed 'to take advantage of the grants set free by the abolition of old pathsalas to find room for carrying out the centre and sub-centre examination system proposed by the Deputy Inspector, 182. Purreedpore.- Population, 1,512,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 7,592 ; of which Rs. 1,048 have been spent on i middle and 21 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has rison from 255 with 8,143 pupils to 203 with 8,829 pupils. Unaided primarios are 34. The aided prinary schools are of two ·64 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TRIMARY ; EDUCATION. classes ; (1) stipendiary schools, in which the gurus receive a fixed monthly grant, subject to reduction in case of an unfavorable report, and varying in amount from Rs. 5 to Rs. 2; (2) rewarded schools receiving 8 annas a month for keeping registers, and one rupeo per annum for submitting returns. Both classes of gurus are entitled to rewards according to the result of the primary scholarship examination; a private pathsala getting a much larger reward than an aided one, and an aided pathsala with a small grant getting a larger reward than one more highly paid. Early in the beginning of the year the fixed monthly grants are subjoctod to a revision, the stipend being raised, reduced, or withdrawn according to circumstances in each case; but on the whole a saving is effected, so as to bring into the stipendiary class a larger number of pathsalas, generally chosen from the list of rewarded pathsalas. The Magistrate is of opinion that there are not in this district many indigenous pathsalas left undiscovered by the inspecting officers. 183. Mymensingh.—Population, 2,350,000; primary grant, Rs. 11,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 9,541; of which Rs. 1,425 have been spont on one middle and 30 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increasod from 263 with 7,615 pupils to 283 with 8,011 pupils. Unaided primaries are 49. On the average, aided pathsalas have cost Government during the year a little over Rs. 32 each, against nearly Rs. 43 in the previous year. In order to prevent unaided pathsalas, started in the hope of receiving a grant, from dying away when they see that there are no funds with which to aid them, a certain portion of the allotment, saved by the withdrawal of grants from unsuccossful schools, is reserved for the bestowal of small rewards upon the more deserving of the unaided schools, which are thus brought within the circle of aid. The plan las yet, however, been carried out in only two sub-divisions out of five in the district. 184. Backergunge.- Population, 1,818,006; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,527; of which Rs. 2,890 have been spent on 7 middlo and 64 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has risen from 250 with 8,635 pupils to 547 with 15,665 Unaided primaries aro returnod as 45, against 187 in the previous year. The large increase in the number of the aided, and the decrease in that of the unaided, pathsalas are due to the inclusion in the ranks of the former of all rewardod pathsalas hitherto returned as unaided. The method of administering the grant is a combination of payment by stipends and paymont by results; the traditional description, "a network of khals," being again given of tho district, which is consequently said to be unfitted for the Midnapore system. The stipends are divided into six grades, the highest of which, containing 20 pathsalas, is rated at Rs. 5 a month, and the lowest, with 40 pathsalas, at Rs. 2 a month. There are 250 stiponds, of the avorage monthly value of Rs. 3-2. At the end of each tour of inspection tho Sub-Inspectors mako recommendations for promotion to a higher, or degradation to a lower grade, in the case of each pathsala that shows great progress or the reverse ; and frequont changes are thus made. Competition is very keen, and whenever a guru conceives that he has been unjustly treated, the mattor comes immodiately to the notice of the Deputy Inspector, and an inquiry is mado. That part of the system which involves payment by results is thus worked. For tho purposes of examination the whole district is divided into 47 sub-circles, with a convenient sub-centro to oach. The boys who pass the sub-centre examinations are admitted by pass certificatos to compete at centre examinations, which are held at four centres in the district. Boys who pass at the centre examinations earn Rs. 3, Rs. 2, or Re. 1 for their guru, according to the division in which they are classed, and the ten scholarships allotted to the district are awarded on the result of these examinations. This system was introduced in 1877-78, and has' boon very successful, the number of competing schools having risen from 80 in 1876-77 to 243 in the year under report, and the number of successful candidates from 52 to 433. 185. Tipperah.- Population, 1,534,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 5,969; of which Rs. 1,148 were spent on 3 middle and 39 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund hus decreased from 355 with 9,277 pupils to 324 with 8,282 pupils.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 65 PRIMAKT BDUCATIOX. pupils. Unaided primaries Aro roturned as 435, being thus divided; pathsalas 112, tols 7, muktabs 316. The loss of 31 schools from the aided class is nearly equally divided botweon pathsalas and girls' schools, of the latter of which 68, are roturned this year, against 72 last yoar. This decrease is due to retrenchments necessitated by the discovery that the primary allotment had been exceeded in former years. The Deputy Inspector accounts for tho large number of unaided schools returned, which is exactly five times as great as the number given last year, by the introduction of tho practice of giving rewards for returns. The amount thus offered was only 4 annas for each pathsala; and at this moderate rato 345 so-called 'unaided' pathsalas were brought for the first time into notice, and within the range of inspection. The system followed in the previous year has been otherwise unchanged, and no attempt has been made to introduce any scheme of payment after examination. 186. CHITTAGONG Division. The number of aided primaries has advanced from 229 to 387; thero are 38 lower and one middle vernacular schools. In both districts the system of stipends is in force; the stipends being in Noakholly determined by classification after periodical examinations. 187. Noakholly.- Population, 714,000; primary grant, Rs. 5,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 4,469 ; of which Rs. 888 have been spent on 1 middle and 18 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 143 with 4,617 pupils to 169 with 5,167 pupils. Unaided primaries aro 47. The system of fixed stipends, altered from time to time according to the state of the school when inspectod, has remained in voguo during tho year. The Deputy Inspector remarks that this system requires close and constant inspection of a stricter nature than the present inspecting staff can give; but nothing is said about the introduction of any more comprehensive system of contral examinations, where, with an economy of power, a great deal of work is done by a small staff. 188. Chittagong.–Population, 1,227,000; priinary grant, Rs. 6,000; expenditure, Rs. 6,571; of which Rs. 1,132 havo been spent on 20 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant lias increased from 142 with 5,715 pupils to 262 with 7,413 pupils; a change due, as in other districts, to the inclusion under tho bcad aided' of all pathsalas that receive Government money in any shape. Unaided primaries are returned as six only. The Magistrate has written an interesting memorandum on the state of elementary education in the district. lle believes that an educational census (such as was actually takon fivo years ago by tho then Deputy Inspector, Baboo Brajendra Kumar Guha,) would show that moro persons know how to road and write in Chittagong than in almost any other district of Bongal of the samo size and population. Mr. Cotton is of opinion that the reason why the primary education returns are not more satisfactory is to be found in the fact that tho poople--and especially the Mahomedans, who in this district are closely influenced by religious motives, and form the majority and the most influential part of tho population of almost every village-do not care to send their children to our schools, through dislike to the sccular character of the oducation offered therein. For every pathsala aided by Government, Mr. Cotton would there were in the district at least half a dozen private muktabs, in the houses of respectable villagers, in which the Koran is the chief, if not the only, subjoct taught; and he considers that our aim should be to improvo these muktabs, and not to supplant them by pathsalas. He is of opinion that threo out of four aided pathsalas in Chittagong are artificial institutions, where the Government grant is not, as it should be, supplemontary to other sources of income, but is the mainstay of support. Mr. Cotton is anxious to save money by the abolition of four or five out of the seven Anglo-vernacular schools in the district, as well as of the model schools, which he considers unprofitable and superfluous institutions, and to apply the savings to the encouragement of Mahomedan education, the religious and exclusive character of the instruction being in all cases respected. Mr. Cotton's suggestions are in full accordance with the principle which is now held to govern all methods of primary instruction in Bengal. It is thought advisable neither, on the one hand, to offer aid to those say that R ·66 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TRIMARI EDUOATION. indigenous schools whose course of instruction is not that which the Government chiefly desires to promote, unless they consent to some change in, or addition to, the course; nor, on the other, to impose upon the people a system and subjects of instruction which are unsuited or distasteful to them. But, accepting the indigenous schools of the country in tho form in which they are, under the special conditions of the locality, most popular, the Bengal system endeavours, by tho promise of Government support, to introduce into the traditional course of study certain subjects of instruction which will bring the school so aided into some relation, more or less close, with the general system of education in the province. That is to say, the old standards are retained in order to secure the popularity of the institution, while new standards are added in order to liberalise to some extent the course of study.' The object thus boing to encourago natural and spontaneous movenient, it follows that, if in any locality the existing systems of instruction have a religious basis, the religious clement should be recognised and supported. Unless education in the primary schools of Chittagong be established on such a basis, it may well be true, as Mr. Cotton urges, that we shall never attract the bulk of Mahomedan children to our schools. Government aid will be amply justified if a certain amount of secular instruction-arithmotic, or the Bengali language, or bothis added to the course; and it may be confidently assumed that such subjects, onco introduced, have a tendency to extend rather than to narrow their limits. The kyoungs, which number 28, are regularly examined by two standards of languago and aritlımetic, corrosponding to the two classes into which the kyoung pupils are divided. Twenty-four of these schools succeeded in passing candidates at the examination, and 82 candidates out of 388 examined were successful. The system of giving rowards to the Raolis is impeded in its working by the objection of the Raolis to take rewards for the discharge of what they consider a religious duty. 189. Chittagong Hill Tracts.Population, 70,000; primary grant, Rs. 1,600; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 24. The number of primary schools returned is three only, against five last year. All three are kyoungs, the three pathsalas returned last year having ceased to exist for want of pupils. The number of kyoungs examined this year under the system described above was three, and seven pupils woro rewarded, all passing by the lower standard. None of the pupils who in the preceding year passed by this standard were found competent to appear for the higher examination. The Deputy Inspector reports that it is chiefly through the valuablo influence of Raoli Guna Miju, of Harbang, that he hopes to bo able to introduce moro system and regularity into tho kyoung teaching. The Raoli's services have now beon freely given for many years in aid of the extension of education among the kyoungs. 190. Patna DIVISION.-The number of aided primaries has increased from 1,337 to 3,175. There aro 205 lower and 25 middle vernacular schools. The large increase of schools and pupils is due to the adoption of the chief-guru' system, dovised by Baboo Bhoodeb Mookerjee, by the Magistrates of Patna, Shahabad, Sarun, and Chumparun. The number of unaided schools has also largely increased, owing to the extension of the system of registration in the districts of Gya and Mozufferpore. In Mozufferporo and Durbhunga there aro said to bo still largo numbers of unaided schools which have not yet supplied the three annual roturns required by the system. The chief-guru system, though formally adopted, is not pushed equally in all districts. In Patna and Sarun the Inspector remarks that the payments to gurus are not made with sufficient pronptness. In Gya the Magistrate has dispensed with that important provision of the system under which the chief gurus inspect. In Shahabad and Chumparun the Magistrates are unwilling to risk the loss of good stipendiary schools, in promoting a kystom which is regarded as still oxperimental: Mozuſferporc is in some respects behind the rest of the division. 191.' Patna.- Population, 1,560,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 7,374; of which Rs. 2,089 have been spent on 9 middle and 37 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 241 with 7,730 pupils to 750 with 11,664 pupils. Unaided primaries are 739, against 540 returned last year. The large increase in both aided and unaided pathsalas is due to the inclusion, under the head ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUOTION. 87 6 PRIMARY BDUCATION aided,' of rewarded pathsalas to the number of 540, which received one rupee each for the submission of returns for the year 1877.78, and to many unaided pathsalas having brought themselves into notice in the hope of getting Government aid. The chief-guru' system has been introduced during the year. In this system the pathsalas of each sub-division are divided into circles comprising a group of pathsalas, with one more officient than the rest at each centre under a stipendiary chief guru. T'he chief gurus have certain powers and duties in connection with the subordinate pathsalas within their circle, such as collecting roturns, communicating orders with respect to examinationgatherings, and occasionally visiting the pathsalas in order to render assistance to the subordinate gurus and thoir pupils. Government grants have boon withdrawn from many pathsalas surrounding the chief guru's pathsala, and the teachers are to receive, instead of monthly stipends, rewards according to merit at the year's end. The Magistrate has received many petitions from gurus thus deprived of their stipends, and he rescrves-his comments on the success or otherwise of the system until next year's report. The number of stipendiary pathsalas in tho district is 210. 192. Gya.- Population, 1,950,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 9,106; of which Rs. 2,896 have been spent on 3 middle and 48 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has decreased from 243 with 6,250 pupils to 238 with 5,825 pupils. Unaided primaries aro returned as 908, against 463 of the preceding year. Ten schools classed last year as primary havo raised themselves to the lower vernacular class. The increase in unaided primaries is duo to the gurus having voluntarily furnished returns in the hope of reward. The Magistrate is anxious to introduce the chief-guru and reward system; but he desires to do so without withdrawing aid from any of his stipendiary pathsalas. It is hardly possible to keep the old system intact while suporadding to it any plan of payment by results. In order to make room for the new system, some portion of the old must disappear. 193. Shahabad.- Population, 1,724,000; primary grant, Rs. 9,000; exponditure therefrom, Rs. 8,496; of which Rs. 1,590 havo been spent on 4 middlo and 27 lower vernacular schools. The total uumber of schools aided from the primary fund has risen from 171 with 3,954 pupils to 706 with 9,966 pupils. Unaided primaries are 22. The increase in aidod schools is due in this district also to some 500 hitherto unaided pathsalas having been this year rewarded and classed as aided. The chief-guru system was introduced in September, when the pathsalas wero dividod into 55 circles, over each of which au intelligont stipendiary guru was made chief. The Doputy Inspector states that one of the good effects of the introduction of this eystem has been to increase the number of primary scholarship candidates from 278 in 1877-78 to 034, and of successful candidates from 161 to 464. Printod Nagri and Kaithi books have been introduced into almost all the primary schools, the Kaithi books supplied by the Inspoctor having been distributed gratis and having proved very uscful. The Magistrate considers that the attempts made to extend primary education are as yet purely experimental, and that all that can now be said is that a seemingly promising beginning has been made. 194. Sarun.- Population, 2,064,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs 8,022; of which Rs. 1,069 havo been spent on one middle and 22 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 240 with 6,361 pupils to 664 with 11,196 pupils. Unaided primaries are 270. are 270. The increase in aided primaries is due to the same causes as in other districts of the division. The Deputy Inspector considers that the chief gurus have proved to be very useful in advancing primary education. There are 36 of them in the district; they olose their pathsalas on Sundays and dovote those days to inspection. The number of pathsalas presenting themselves for examination was 253 with 1,705 pupils, and among them 235 patlısalas with 148 pupils carned rewards. 105. Chumparun. - Population, 1,441,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 6,931; of which Rs. 1,294 were spent on 24 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from tho primary fund has risen from 161 with 4,764 pupils to 551 with 6,283 pupils. No upaided primaries are returned, implying that all the schools which furnished returns * ·68 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PRIMARY BDUCATION are rewarded, and therefore classed as aided. There are 19 circles in the district, each with its chief guru. The average number of pupils to a pathsala appears from the above figures to be this year between 11 and 12, against nearly 30 last year; many of the additional schools aro therefore of a very hạmble status. The sub-divisional officer in charge of Bettiah, Mr. Nugent, expresses a fear that the number of pupils returned for his sub-division has been much exaggerated. He has visited all oxcept two or three pathsalas during the year, most of them after sending notice. On such occasions he generally found a large tail of boys collocted, evidently, for show merely, as they confessed to no more knowledge than the alphabet, if even so much. When ho went without giving notice, he generally found neither master nor boys, sometimes only master or boys, very seldom both together. 198. Mozufferpore.-Population, 2,188,000; primary grant, Rs. 11,000; expendituro therefrom; Rs. 10,896; of which Rs. 1,804 have been spent on 3 middle and 31 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has decreased from 257 with 7,081 pupils to 230 with 6,226 pupils. Unaided primarios are 395 with 2,962 pupils, against one school returned last year with 23 pupils. The loss of 27 pathsalas from the list of aided' is due to the removal of that number from the stipendiary list on account of paucity of pupils. It is reported by the Sub-Inspectors, who collectod the statistics of unaided schools, that there exist somo 400 more indigenous pathsalas in the district, which may be induced next year to send in returns. The Magistrate remarks that primary education cannot bo expected to make rapid strides in this district, in which the material condition of the mass of tho people is so low, and that the utmost patience must be exercised in our educational dealings with the lower classes. Mr. Worsley also notices the want of text-books printed in the very neat form of Kaithi which is used by the putwaris of Mozufferpore, and which prevails generally in the district. The fact is, the written character of each district has its local peculiarities; and that in which our Kaithi text-books are printed for the pathsalas of Bohar is a compromise, agreeing closely with none, but at the same time differing widely from nonc. 197. Durbhunga.- Population, 2,196,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000 ; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,427; of which Rs. 880 have been spent on 5 widdle and 16 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has increused from 231 to 273, whilo the number of pupils has increased by only 7, from 0,819 to 0,826. The attendance has therefore fallen off considerably since last year. Unaided primaries are returned as 33. The Deputy Inspector conjectures that there are in the district some 500 unaided schools, with about 5,000 pupils, which have not yet been brought within the range of inspection. The Inspector remarks that Durbhunga is occupied with an experiment of its own, but no details havo reached mo as to the character of the experiment. 198. BHAGULPORE DIVISION.- This division is distinguished abovo all others by an enormous incrcase in the number of aided primary schools, from 494 to 3,760, tho Commissioner having cordially supported and co-operated with the Inspector in introducing tho chief-guru system into every district. In Monghyr and Bhagulpore the results have been far in advance of the most sanguine anticipations, and in all districts the scheme is said to bear promise of good fruit. Tho number of lower vernacular schools in the division aided from the primary grant was 138; of middle vornacular, 18. 199.* Monghyr.- Population, 1,813,000; printary grant, Rø. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,860; of which Rs. 2,450 have been spent on 1 middle and 49 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 153 with 5,355 pupils to 1,464 with 18,235 pupils. No unaided primaries are returned, against 653 in thre year. The chief-guru system has been in full operation throughout the year. Thirty chief gurus paid 4,552 visits to pathsalas, and the results are seen in the great addition made to the returns of aided primaries, and in the absoluto disappearance of unaided schools. The Inspector reports that in this district the Magistrate personally presided at several examination centres, and he regards the results achieved as quite splendid. The Deputy Inspector of this district, Baboo Bhagwan Prasad, was the first to understand the scheme, previous ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION: 69 PRIXABY UDVOATION: . and the first to work it out to large results. Mr. Magrath, the late Magistrate of. Monghyr, assured the Inspector that the reported success of the district in primary education was in full accord with what he had himself seen, and that the results brought out “had passed from the realm of wonder to the world of fact. There is still, however, some ground for surprise at the large access to the numbers of candidates who passed the primary scholarship examination, 647 this year against 443 last year. The Inspector observes that it is evident to any casual visitor that there has been an actual increase of smartness under the close inspection and periodical, mobilisation of the pathsalas under the new system; but he cannot quite account for the largely increased success of the primary pupils at the written examination, considering that the same village gurus still teach the pathsalas. He has not, however, been able to find that the questions set were easier, or the examiners less strict in marking than in other districts. 200. Bhagulpore.- Population, 1,826,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 9,038; of which Rs. 3,100 have been spent on 17 middle and 53 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has risen from 180 with 4,037 pupils to 1,303 with 13,877 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 0, against 494 in the previ. ous year. The inclusion this year among the aided schools of the 494 pathsalas returned last year as unaided, and the addition of nearly 600 pathsalas which have in provious years furnished no returns, are what the chief-guru system has effected in this district. The Magistrate regards the achievements of the year as excellent, and they are said to reflect great credit on Moulvi Elahi Bux, the Deputy Inspector of the district. There are 34 chief gurus in the district, who between them paid 6,642 visits to pathsalas. The number of successful candidates at the primary scholarship examination was 193, nearly troblo the number of last year. As in the case of Bhagulpore, and also in that of Maldah, the Inspector regards these results as being far less explicable than the mere increase in the number of schools and pupils ; but the questions were of the usual order of difficulty, and there is no ground whatover for questioning the fairness of the examiners. 201. Purneah.—Population, 1,715,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therofrom, Rs. 5,766 ; of which Rs. 1,032 have been spent on 20 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant las increased from 159 with 4,409 pupils to 486 with 7,463 pupils. There are no unaided primaries; the 197 returned last year having been brought into the aided class. The Inspector remarks that Mr. Hopkins, who has recently introduced the chief-guru system in his district in full force, is of opinion that the results. show a successful issue already." There are 36 chief gurus in the district, who paid nearly 32 visits of inspoction each during the year. The number of competing candidates at the primary scholarship examination has risen from 211 to 270, and of successful candidates from 161 to 226. 202. Maldah.-- Population, 676,000; primary grant, Rs. 4,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 2,042; of which Rs. 584 have been spont on 16 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 43 with 1,215 pupils to 147 with 2,862 pupils. Unaided primaries are two, the 120 returned under this heading in last year's report having been aidod under the chief-guru system. There are 20 chief gurus in the district, who paid altogether 347 visits of inspection. The oporation of the system is said by the Inspector to have been impeded by the prevalence of epidemics in the district. There was a decline from 25 to 20 in the number of schools that sent up candidates to the primary scholarship examination, while the number of candidates that appeared and of those that wero successful remained much the same. 203. Sonthal Pergunnahs.Population, 2,259,000; primary grant, Rs. 7,000; expenditurn therefrom, Rs. 6,762. There are no primary fund vernacular schools, middle or "lower, in the district. The number of aided pathsalas has risen from 141 with 4,050 pupils to 524 with 7,673 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 1 against 409 of last year, the change being the effect of the working of the chief-guru system. The number of candidates at the primary scholarship examination has increased from 140 to 221, and the number of successful candidates from 96 to 139. Mr. Oldham, the Deputy Commissioner, ·70 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IDUCATLOM ** This system observes that, being new to the district, the only remark he can make on the state of education is that it affects the Sonthal and Paharia population to an almost inappreciable degree, only six Sonthal boys having appeared at the examination. 204. CHOTA NAGPORE DIVISION.-The number of aided schools has advanced from 649 to 775 : there are 44 lower vernacular schools. In all dig. tricts the system of fixed stipends prevails; but in each, that of rewards after examination has been in some small degree superadded. I may be permitted to repeat a remark made in my last report on the subject of introducing the system of payment-by-results into those parts of the country in which the margin of indigenous schools outside the circle of aid is small. finds its most congenial field of operation wherever indigenous schools abound. Where, on the contrary, the only schools are those which the primary grant has called into existence, the advantages of that system are chiefly confined to the introduction of the principle of competition. Competition, again, while it strengthens the schools that are already strong, has an opposite effoct on those which are weak, and which on that account demand our special care." 205. Hazaribagh.- Population, 772,000; primary grant, Rs. 7,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 5,639; of which Rs. 432 have been spent on nine lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aidod from the primary grant has increased from 163 with 3,536 pupils to 174 with 3,697 pupils. Of these, 137 are stipendiary pathsalas with a monthly grant of Rs. 461. The rest have earned rewards after examination. Unaided pathsalas are returned as 59. The system of payment-by-results, noticed in the last year's report, is said to have worked well during the year. The examination for rewards was held at 42 sub-centres, and 521 boys were examined both from stipendiary schools and from others. The amount of rewards earned by 126 teachers was Rs. 273, and by 137 boys Rs. 42. Besides tho schools formally returned as above, the Deputy-Inspector mentions the existence of 114 indigenous pathsalas with nearly 1,000 pupils. The Assistant Inspector believes that this number in no way represents the actual spread of indigenous instruction; and the Deputy Commissioner has agreed to take a complete census of unaided schools, with a view to introducing the Midnapore system. Colonel Boddam is of opinion that the prospects of the reward system in the district are very good, and hopes that in a few years the fixed-stipend plan of payment will be entirely superseded. 206. Lohardugga.- Population, 1,237,000; primary grant, Rs. 10,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 8,016; of which Rs. 432 have been spent on nino lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 190 with 4,933 pupils to 213 with 6,735 pupils. Unaided primaries are 54; twelve of the aided schools are under the Anglican mission. The monthly stipends were paid according to the average attendance of the pupils, attendance being determined solely by the registers which the gurus themselves kept. Besides stipends, 60 money prizes to the value of Rs. 530 were to be given at tho end of the year to the gurus whose pathsalas were most successful at the primary scholarship examination; and three prizes of 12 annas, 8 annas, and 4 annas respoctively were to be given in each pathsala to the pupils whose regularity and progress were most satisfactory. The District Committeo havo now modified the form of payment by attendance, and schools will for the future be judged and rewarded by the results of the periodical examinations held by Deputy Inspectors, as well as by those held annually. 207. Manbhoom.-- Population, 996,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 7,461; of which Rs. 933 have been spent on 16 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has incroased from 203 with 7,309 pupils to 380 with 8,621 pupils. Unaided primaries are seven, against 72 in the last report. Of tho aided pathsalas 134 were stipendiaries, 181 were schools whose teachers and pupils' received rewards on the results of a general examination, and 49 were rewarded pathsalas receiving one rupee each for submission of returns. The Deputy Inspoctor ostimates that there are some 30 pathsalas, with 450 pupils, not as yet included in the returns. The Assistant Inspector thinks it likely that, as the system of payment-by-results has already gained some footing in the district, that of fixed grants will gradually disappear.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. TION. BDUCATION 208. Singbhoomi Population, 318,000; primary grant, Rs. 8,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 2,880; of which Rs. 321 were spent on 10 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 47 with 2,075 pupils to 55 with 2,411 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as four. The 45 aided primaries are divided into two classes, 35 old and 10 now. Almost all the old pathsalas had been in receipt of stipends of Rs. 5 a month; but these were reduced during the year to Rs. 3 or Rs. 3-5, and the savings thus effected were applied to rewarding the most successful gurus overy, half-year. The 10 new pathsalas had no stipends granted them, but were rewarded once a quarter. The Assistant Inspector remarks that the payment-by-results system will not suit Singbhoom, where the margin between the inner and outer circles is extremely small. The The gurus of the 10 new pathsalas are said to have had no income from local sources, and to have received on the average only Rs. 2 from Government. 209. ORISSA DIVISION.--The success of the system of payment-by-results, which had been introduced into two out of the three districts of the division, was last year questioned by the Joint-Inspector and the Magistrate of Balasore. Quality appearod to have been sacrificed to quantity. The experience of another year seems to have dissipated all doubts, and the systom is pronounced a triumphant success. It is to be introduced into the remaining district of Pooree during the current financial year. The number of aided schools in the division has increased from 4,316 to 4,528, the limits of expansion having been nearly reached. There are 111 lower vernacular schools, which form an integral portion of the system. 210. Cuttack.–Population, 1,623,000; primary grant, Rs. 13,000, a special addition of Rs. 2,000 having been made to the district grant for the year, in order to provide for the great and unexpected increase in the number of pupils claiming the higher rate of reward. The oxpenditure was Rs. 11,778, of which Rs. 1,450 have been spent on 40 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 2,641 to 2,657, while the pupils have decroased from 29,265 to 26,548. Unaided_primaries are returned as 308; in the preceding year there were The Joint-Inspector considers that the falling off in the number of pupils is due to the returns having been this year collected by the teachers of lower vernacular schools, who went round the pathsalas of their respective circles and assistod the abadhans in filling up the returns. This, he considers, is a plan far more likely to procure accuracy than the course, followed in the previous year, of leaving the abadhans to subinit their own returns to the Sub-Inspectors at the nearest police outpost. Tho chief special measures carried out during the year under report have been the appointment of five inspecting gurus on a salary of Rs. 10 a month each, to teach abadhans in selected areas; the utilization of the services of the lower and some of the middle school teachers in inspecting pathsalas situated near them; and the distribution of printed books among selected schools. The system of payment-byresults is thought by the Joint-Inspector to have passed beyond the experimental stage. Although he was not at tho outset very sanguine of the success of the scheme when first introduced by himself in Balasore, all his doubts have now been removed; and he is convinced that within the next five or six years a very large percentage of the existing indigenous pathsalas will have raised them selves to the level of the most advanced pathsalas under the stipendiary system. The Magistrate remarks that in this district the pathsala systeň is indigenous, and that it flourishes with no assistance from Government to an extent which is hardly reached elsewhere even after very liberal expenditure. Mr. Nolan observes that in August 1877, before the plan of payment-by-results was introduced, there were 3,400 pathsalas in the district, of which only 230 received Government aid; and he urges that our object should be rather to improve and elevate the existing system than to increase the number of pupils. This end, he considers, has been gained, since the competition introduced by the reward system has diffused emulation and vigour throughout the primary schools of the district. As a proof of this, 343 pupils passed this year the primary scholarship examination, against 204 in the previous year. The system must be looked on as a complete success. none.

·72 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PRIMARY #DUCATION. The following table shows the results of the pass examination for two successive years : TA NUMBER PABBED * READING AND WRITING NUMBER PADSBD IN ARITH- MLTIC NUMBWA PASORD IN URMINDAKI AND MANAJANI ACOOVITS. Airbor standard. Lower standard, Higher stundard. Lower standard. YEAR. Boys. Girls, Bogs. Girls. 1 1877-78 1878-79 1. 2,650 2.690 2,328 2,650 27,2014 14,102 802 28,869 14,038 2,200 48,493 14 0,687 $ 8,988 408 42 8,843 1,488 18,850 4,960 124,971 28 6,423 889 .. The noticeable fact is the increase in the number passing by the higher standard. 211. Balasore.- Population, 770,000; primary grant, Rs. 7,000; expenditure therefrom, Rs. 6,165; of which Rs. 2,358 have been spent on 43 lower vernacular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary grant has increased from 1,500 with 19,771 pupils to 1,504 with 21,946 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 257, against none last year. A great improvement in the accuracy of the returns has been made by the appointment of inspecting abadbans, who have been also useful in inducing teachers from various parts of the district to go for training to the normal school, in introducing printed books, and in assisting the Sub-Inspectors at the time of the pass and primary examinations. The appointment of these inspecting abadhans is the only innovation on the system of payment-by-results describod in the last report as in vogue in this district. Thore appeared at the reward examination 10,379 pupils from 1,454 pathsalas, and 6,270 pupils obtained rewards for their teachers aggregating Rs. 4,382. The Magistrate observes that it is yet too early to pronounce decisively on the effects of the newly-formed abadhan agency, but that it is reasonable to anticipate very valuable results from an arrangement by which, so to speak, even the most secluded and insignificant hamlet is brought educationally into relations with the outor world, and the most old-fashioned abadhan is made aware that he is no longer too obscure for criticism, The following figures show the results of the pass examination for two years : JAL w Arena YEAR. Number of Number of schools from computink which candipathsala. datos passed. Number of pupils on the rolls of patbsalns, NUMBER PAWBED IN- Number of pupils who presented them. Hixher standard. Lower standard. Helves for examination. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Total number of boys and girls passed in the higher and lower standards. 1877-79... 1878-79 1,609 1,454 1,002 1,4445 21,143 18,450 12,7083 10,978 1,601 1,44 14 19 3,268 4,834 168 170 7,041 6,270 DEM + therefrom, Rs. 6,903; of which Rs. 1,133 have been spent on 28 lower veracular schools. The total number of schools aided from the primary fund has increased from 262 with 4,503 pupils to 479 with 6,623 pupils. Unaided primaries are returned as 1,016. "The stipendiary systəm was in force throughout the district, but Rs. 81 were spent on 160 pathsalas as rewards for furnishing returns. The large increase in the number of unaided pathsalas is probably due to the returns having been more accurately collected through the instrumentality of the teachers of stipendiary schools. Of the aided pathsalas. 118 have reached the primary scholarship standard, and of the rest 57 are in a fair way to attain it. The Magistrate has taken steps during the year to introduce the payment-by-results system in the chief sub division. It was thuught necessary to keep up 25 stipendiary pathsalas to serve as models, but from all the others stipends have been withdrawn. Thirteen centres of examination have been chosen, and there will be two examinations yearly, the first being for a pass. Four annas will be given to each successful candidate at the ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 73 PRIMARY SDVOATION. pass examination, and 12 annas to his abadhan. In the Khoorda sub-division, a hilly and woodland region, there is no general desire for education and no indigenous system. Stipendiary pathsalas will therefore be retained; all have been hutted, and have received printed books. 213. Orissa Tributary Mehals.--The education in these mehals, being mainly primary, is treated of in this place as in last yoar's report. An increase of 172 schools and of 1,641 pupils is returned, the figures being now 287 schools with 4,689 pupils, against 116 schools with 3,048 pupils in the year before. Two Sub-Inspectors were appointed in Septomber 1878. The circle of one comprises the estates of Bankee, Ungool, and Dhenkanal, and that of the other the tributary estates of Keonjhur and Mohurbhunj. The difficulty of travelling is very great, the routes being often impassable in the rains from tho flooding of the mountain streams, and in the summer from the jungles catching fire. Nevertheless a good deal of inspoction work was got through. There are two other Sub-Inspectors, one in charge of the Khond mehal schools, who is paid from the revenue received from the tax on spirit-shops, and the other appointed by the Dhenkanal School Committee to look after the subsidised pathsalas within that estate. Thero is one middle English school ; it is situated at Barripada, and is entirely supported by the Maharajah of Mohurbhunj. Improvements have been made in the teaching staff, and the number on tho rolls has risen from 56 to 142. Thoro are six middle vernacular schools, three of thom being Government schools, and the others entirely supported by the Rajahs. The aggregate number of pupils in the six schools was 262. Six schools of this class woro abolished during the year, under tho scheme for the roorganization of the Bankee and Ungool schools, which has been the subject of special orders of Government. For the middlo vernacular scholarship examination three schools sent up six candidates, of whom four were successful. There wcro 42 lower vernacular schools at work during the year; a gain of one school. Of these five wore Government, soven aided, and the remaining 30 unaided. The number of pupils was 1,334. In the Khond mehals five new schools were established from tho voluntarily-imposed grog-tax. No examination las as yet been held by the lower vernacular scholarship standard, but text-books have been introduced into tho schools, and tho standard is being taught in many of them. Tho primary scliools are of three classes, numbering altogether 237, viz. 75 grant-in-aid, 15 primary grant, and 147 unaided. The total cost to Government was Rs. 1,068, and the amount contributed from other sources Rs. 10,787. Tho number of pupils was 2,926. Tho 75 grant-in-aid primaries have beon opened under tho schemo for reorganizing tho Ungool and Bankee schools. This schemo provides for the training of abadhans in the Cuttack normal school, and for giving a retaining fee to successful gurus; and money is set apart for a plan of payment-by-results and for the purchase of school books and prizes. The 15 primary grant pathsalas have bocn under the supervision of the Rev. Mr. Phillips, and are reported as being in a satisfactory condition. Tho attendance was 247, 'against 222 last year, the pupils being mostly Sonthals, and only three of the number are returned as unable to read and write. Mr. Phillips has lately retired from the mission through ill houlth, and the well-earned thanks of Government have been accorded to him for his selfdenying labours in the cause of education extending over 35 years. The schools under his charge have been made over to the Maharajah of Mohurbhunj; Almost all tho Keonjhur schools are situated in pergunnahs inhabited by Bluiyas. The school-houses are surrounded by lines of small huts for the use of school-masters and pupils who have come from a distance. The Maharajah takes a keen interost in the schools, and endeavours by all means to secure full attendanco. In Mohurbhunj the pathsalas established by the Maharajah are mostly attended by Uriyas. In order to make the teachers work proporly, a rupee is doducted overy month from the pay of each, and from the accumulated sum annual payments are made to those only who show good results. No primary scholarship examination has yet boon held, but the schools are gradually working up to that standard. Thero were 47 girls attending the lower vernacular and primary schools, there being no girls' school in the mehals. 3 ·74 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PRIMARY EDUCATION The Superintendent considers the abolition of some of the middle and lower class schools a step in the right direction, but is not quite sure that a payment-by-results system will succeed. Mr. Smith thinks that more inspection than is at present possible is required, and proposes to reduce the normal school course from one year to six months, and to employ the money saved from stipends in the appointment of inspecting pundits. On the whole, he considers that education in these wild tracts is making sound, if slow, progross. 214. PRIMARY SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION.—The following table shows the result of the primary scholarship examination. The subjects of this examination for Bengal proper are (1) handwriting, MS. reading, reading and explana. tion of Bodhoday; (2) the four rules of arithmetic, simple and compound, and the rules of Subhankar; (3) bazar and zemindari accounts and simple mensuration. Primary Scholarship Eramination, 1878-79. Number of schools which sent computing candidates. Number of schools from which candidatos passed. Number of candidatos passed in tho-- Eained NAVIA COMMIRSIONEBB DIVINIUN. Government. Aided. I'residency ... 48+ 42 020 265 12 277 1,906 211 114 181 450 Burdwan 1,283 1,357 684 884 8,904 270 867 418 (a)1,188 03 Rajshahyo 300 ... 17 377 101 3 164 057 07 B3 161 301 03 .00 Dacca 3 723 9 788 1 BON 6 816 2,137 808 206 1,015 66 ... ... Chittagong... 101 155 122 2 124 190 117 13 200 13 .. Patna 029 177 1,106 168 902 3,747 1,052 830 003 2,448 08 1.0 1,110 1,110 078 678 2,478 877 411 20 804 (0)1,231 39 + Bhagulporo Chota Nagpore 270 270 198 198 687 107 168 98 802 30 ..... Orissa 1 615 1 517 1 412 1 414 1,342 ...... (720) 32 .. II. Total 6,785 254 6,053 3,747 192 3,941 10,910 2,558 2,478 1,800 7,006 419 (a) 104 passed candidates woro not classified. (0) 139 ditto ditto. (c) 720 ditto ditto. 215. In the previous year 12,985 pupils competed from 4,474 schools, and 5,647 passed from 2,996 schools. There is therefore an increase of 1,579 competing schools with 3,925 pupils, and of 945 successful schools with 2,318 pupils. The bulk of the increase is found in the divisions of Patna and Bhagulpore, the former contributing 1,055 and the latter 430 additional candi. datos passing the examination. In every division there is an increase except in that of Rajshahye, in which the number of successful candidates has declinod fron 503 to 301. The failures were mostly in the districts of Dinagepore, Julpigoree, and Rajshahyo, in the last of which, it is said, that "the certificates being of no value," only those go up for examination who have a reasonable chance of a scholarship. It was never supposed or intended that primary scholarship certificates should be a passport to omployment; but the conditions of aid might well be so arranged that a guru would find his advantage in passing as many boys as possible by the test, the importance of which is that it affords a most valuable indication of the progress of primary schools towards their legitimate standard. 216. The general advance in the standard of primary instruction is also shown by the progress returns. In 1877-78 the proportion of pupils in the higher stage of the primary section (i.e., those who can read, write, and understand easy sentences in their mother tongue) was 34.4 per cent., and in the lower sections 64.5 per cent; in 1878-79 the percentage in the higher sections was 37:1; in the lower 61.7.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUOTION. 75 217. The social position of those who won the primary scholarships is shown below: PRINARY BDVOATION. Social Position of Primary Scholars, 1878-79. MIDDLE CLANDES. LOWER CLASSES. Uppor classes. Total. 1 8 27 . 16 1 dou ... HINDUS Brahmann and Rajpoots Kayastbu and Baidyas Lower casters 87 16 8 0 21 $1 82 01 81 8 8 1 98 107 148 10 12 8 1 1 A 2 19 1 Mahomedaus Christians Othors ... 11 . . 40 0 9 Total 1 19 08 9 00 165 88 14 11 418 Of 413 scholarships offered to competition among 530,000 pupils, 111 aro held by boys of the middle classes and 301 by boys of the lower.' That is to say, the lower classes, who form 86 por cent. of the pupils in primary schools, held 73 per cent. of the scholarships. These scholarships are intended for the pickod boys of primary schools, so as to give them the opportunity of rising to whatever position their natural capacity may fit them for. satisfactory to find that so large a proportion of tho scholarships are won by the classes for whose benefit they wero established. 218. The orders of Government prescribing the divisions of the educational report assign no place to the education of Europeans and Eurasians, or to the education of females. They may be conveniently introduced at the close of this section. It is very XDUCATION O 219. EDUCATION OF EUROPEANS AND EURASIANS.-The table below shows the statistics for the last two years of such schools for the general EUROPEANS ANI education of Europeans and Eurasians as sent in complote returns :- KURABIANO. Number of schools. Number of pupils. CLASS OP SCHOOLA. 1877-78. 1878-79. 1877-78. 1878.79. 8 8 1,637 1,617 Aided schools for boys Ditto ditto for girls Ditto mixed schools 9 10 950 1,076 18 18 786 892 Ditto normal schools 1 1 1 16 .. ... 3 492 655 I. Unaided schools for bogs Ditto ditto for girls Ditto mixed schools 2 160 106 3 514 202 .. Total ... 48 46 4,665 4,547 Three unaided schools, which last year furnished returns, have now omitted to do 80; and one aided school at Arrah has been closed owing to circumstances mentioned below. On the other hand, two newly aided schools in Calcutta are now included for the first time. 220. The two Scottish orphanages, which have been by mistake included among schools for Europeans and Eurasians in the general summary, are excluded from the figures shown above, since the 39 pupils studying in them on the 31st March last were all Native Christians. The Church Mission Normal School for Eurasian mistresses, which has been included among schools for special instruction, is added here to complete the list. The total cost of the 37 aided schools was Rs. 2,44,821, of which Rs. 58,652 were contributed by Government.

·76 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR EDVOATION OF BUROPBANS AND EURASIAX. 221. CALCUTTA.-Full returns were received from 28 schools with 3,735 pupils, against 30 schools with 3,790 pupils in the proceding year. Of these 28 schools 10 were for boys, 12, including the Church Mission Normal School, for girls, and six were mixed. Of the 3,735 pupils, 2,274 were boys and 1,461 were girls. 222. Of the 10 boys' schools, seven were aided and three unaidod. The number of pupils in the seven aided schools has decreased from 1,590 to 1,553, of whom 1,429 were Christians, 72 Hindus, 22 Mahomedans, and 30 “ others." Classified according to social position, 22 were from the upper classes of society, 1,071 from the middle, and 460 from the lower classes. The progress returns givo 210 in the upper stage, 633 in the middle, 471 in the upper section of the primary stage, and 239 in the lower section. Tho expenditure on these schools was Rs. 1,17,743, of which Rs. 18,574 was paid by Government and Rs. 99,169 supplied from private funds. The cost of each pupil to Govornment was Rs. 14. The Hindu, Mahomedan, and “other” pupils were for the most part in the Benevolent Institution, St. Chrysostom's School, St. Josoph's School, and the Doveton College; and the 22 pupils from the upper classes were all in the Dovoton Collego. The Doveton College, the Free School, St. James', St. Joseph's, and St. Chrysostom's Schools, send up pupils from thoir highest classes to the Entranco cxamination, and are thereforo ranked as higher schools. The Benevolent Institution, though it last year sent up one candidate to the Entrance examination, is classed as a middle English school, and the Cathedral Orphanage as a lower English school. The pupils in the three unaided boys' schools, St. Xavier's, the Armenian Philanthropic Academy, and the American Mission School, have risen from 492 in the proceding year to 507, of whom 440 wero Christians, 29 Hindus, 10 Mahomedans, and 28 “others.” According to social position, 95 were from the upper classes of society, 395 from the middle, and 17 from the lower classes. The progress returns give 88 in the upper stage, 282 in the middle, 132 in the upper soction of the primary stago, and five in the lower section. The Hindus, Mahomedans, and others, were in St. Xavier's College only, and the 95 pupils from the upper classes also belonged to the same institution. Tho St. Xavier's and the Armenian Philanthropic Academy teach up to the Entrance standard, and the American Mission School is classed as a middle English school. 223. Of the 12 girls' schools, 10 were aided and two unaided. In the 10 aided schools there were 1,054 pupils, of whom 976 were Christians, 1 Mahomedan, and 77“ others.” Of these pupils, 22 were boys. Classified according to social position, 525 were from the middlo classes and 529 from the lower. The progress returns show 24 in the upper stago, 360 in the middle, 425 in the upper section of the primary stage, and 245 in the lower soction. The expenditure on these schools was Rs. 67,978; the total cost to Government was Rs. 18,920; and the cost per pupil Rs. 25-8-0. The pupils returned as “others” were 74 Jews in the Christiau Jewish Training School, and 3 Parsees in Mrs. Powell's. The two unuided schools which furnished complete statistics were the Loretto House and La Martinière for girls. They had 136 and 88 pupils respectively, making a total of 221 pupils, of whom 221 were Christians, two Ilindus, and one Jew; 26 were from the upper classos, 118 from the middle, and 80 from the lower; 36 wero in the upper stage of progress, 108 in the middle, 65 in the upper section of the primary stago, and 15 in the lower section. The aided schools for girls aro the Church Mission Normal School, the Free School for girls, the European Female Orphan Asylum, the Bow Bazar Loretto, the Entally Loretto, the Christian Jowish Training School, the Old Church Parochial Ilomo, the Calcutta Girls' School, the Benevolent Institution for girls, and Mrs. Powell's School. 224. The mixed schools from which returns were received were all aided. No unaided school furnishod complete returns this year. The number of aided schools has risen from five to six by the addition of St. Mary's School, and the number of pupils from 323 to 397, of whom 179 were boys and 218 girls, all Christians except four. According to social position, 227 were from the middle classes and 170 from the lowor; 21 were in the upper stage of progress, 176 in the middle, 92 in the upper section of the primary stage, and 108 in the ·. OF PUBLIC INSTROOTION. 77 lower section. The expenditure was Rs. 12,220, the total cost to Government Rs. 3,838, and the cost per pupil Rs. 14. The six mixed schools are thus classified: JDUJATION QT BUROPHANS AT SUBAKIANH. 12 *** ... 1. St. Stephen's 2. Old Church Day ... 3. St. Mary's .. ... Middle English school. ... I. .. ... ... ... ... I. 4. St. John's 6. St. Paul's. ... ... Lower ... 6. St. Saviour's I. .. .. 225. Besides these 28 schools there are somo lh other schools for Europeans and Eurasians, more or less known to the department, from which incomplete or no returns were obtained. They are as follows:- Bohools furnishing incompleto Schools furnishing no ruturn. returns. 1. La Martinidre for boys. 1 & 2. Rogimontal schools at the fort. 2. Pratt Memorial Girls'. 3. Mr. Ardwiso's Seminary. 3. Infant Preparatory. 4. Dovetop Institution for young ladies, 4. Miss Moran's. 5. Young Ladies' Seminary. 5. Mrs. Stark's. 6. Mrs. English's. 7. Mr. Ridley's. Some schools noticed in the last report havo ceased to exist during the year under review. They are 1. Murgihatta Loretto. 4. Mrs. Barbain's. 2. Mr. Salo's institution. 6. Wators's. 3. Mrs. Whelan's. 226. The success of the higher English schools at the last Entrance examination is shown in the following table :- PASSED IN TIIS Numher of candidates. Scholarshipe. NAME OP SCHOOL., First division. Second division. Third division. Total 1877 1878. 1877. 1878. 1877. 1878. 1877. 1878. 1877. 1878. 1877. 1878. St. Xavier's ... 26 20 ... 2 7 1 2 9 9 2 .. Doveton 13 ... 13 7 8 8 3 8 11 8 1 .. La Martinière 9 6 6 .. 2 8 ... .00 Bt. James' 7 *** 8 1 .. .. . 1 1 1 3 1 1. 8 8 2 1 9 . 44 Armonian Philanthropic Academy Froa School St. Joseph's St. Chrysostom's Bonevolant Ipstitution for boys 8 1 2 1 .. . ..4 8 1 1 ... 1 I.. . ... 1 • ... .. .. Total 69 8 10 7 11 18 6 32 38 7 227. The next table shows the social position of the pupils at the Avarious schools, so far as I bave been able to ascertain it. Though these schools are established primarily for the education of children of European and Eurasian parents, it will be seen that in some of them there are children of other than European and Eurasian origin. Of the 75 pupils in the Christian Jewish training school, 74. were Jews of other than European origin, and one was a Mabomedan. English is the language of the school.

·78 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BRICATION OF Social position of the Pupils of European and Eurasian Schools in Calcutta for 1878-79. DUHOPLATI AND BUBAGIANO. 1. MIDDLE CLASSES OF SOCIETY. LOWEK CLABSES OP SOCIETY. NAXB OF SCHOOL Total number of pupils. Upper classes of society. REMARKS. Gorernment service, Numbor. Profession, Estatea. Common labour, Agriculture, Skilled labour. Trade. Service. Miscellaneous. Total. Trade. Total. Aided undor tho Minuto of Mebruary 1876. 26 40) 7 I. .. 00 8 1 A 18 Mto 8 8 66 18 17 (a) 3 Jews. 01 16 . 1 .. .. ... .. 1 63 18 . . 3 St. John's > St. Paul's 8 St. Saviour's Bt. Stephen's 8 Cathedral Male Orphanago 0 St. Joseph's 7 St. Chrysostom's 8 Bow Bazar Loretto 9 Christian Jewish 10 182 10 6 9 116 187 .. 48 280 1. d. 1. III 11 ... 8 15 96 30) 60 28 161 S7 15 60 18 18 189 57(a) 86 16 08 227 405(0) 103(c) 300 75(d) 118(e) 29000) 140(0) 109 24 85(1) 920 .. 21 23 87 . V. ... . 1 d. . 208 116 (6) 3 Hindus, 6 Mahomodans, Audi Parsee, 75 (0) 91 Hindus and 0 Ma. homodana. 88 (1) 74 Jew, and 1 Mahonodan. 83 (e) 1 Jow. 810) Hindus, 6 Malom- EXATIy, and 19 " others." 68 (o) 32 Hindus, 6 Malomedann, und 10 "utlers." 24 20(h) 3 Parrces. gud 60 88 8 1 28 1 133 53 B 200 40 1 2 82 10 .. 82 08 3 1 5 10 Old Church Day Doveton College 19 Benevolent Institution for boys 23 Ditto ditto for girls Old Church Parocbial Homo 18 Mrs. Powell's 16 St. Mary's Total 40 10 ... RO 6 15 .. 6 B 16 34 99 24 .. ... 2,111 22 564 83 222 323 1,192 199 118 ... 34 42 ... 6114 897 206 non-Christians. 75 4 23 137 9 ... 40 35 9 30 76 20 80 Olhor Aided Schools. 1 St. James' 2 Church Mission Normal 8 Entally Loretto 4 Freo School for boys Ditto for girls 6 European Fomale Orphan Aøylum. Caloutta Girls' 165 187 O 220 248 183 52 6 199 34 20 38 13 ... PI IS 1.. 215 88 43 1 ... . ... .. ... ... ... II. .. ... 07 3 .. .. 97 10 *. .. .. .. .. I. Total 803 302 7 100 123 091 .. 20 77 177 2652 Unaided Schoole. 98 166 38 7 420(0) 02 11. .. .. . 69 10 326 85 (i) 20 Hindus, 10 Mahoni- 17 edans, and 28 others. " 8 BU 1 St. Xavier's 2 Armenian Philanthropio Academy. 3 AmorioRn Mission Fohool . La Martiniere for girls Loretto House 2 . 10 ... SB 48 1360) 8 385 8 110 .. 26 81 10 9 .. ... . Total 54 125 | 613 78 80 10) 2 Hindus and 1 Jew. 07 (k) 70 pon-Christinn. 703 1,260 (1) 276 nou-Christians. 5 8 731(k) 19) 3,736(2) 143 1,112 4. GRAND TOTAL 144 509 671 4,38 259 2 147 12 U. SUMMARY 510 Pupils belonging to the upper classes muidule lowor 1.13 2,394 1,250 > Total 3,735 Leaving out of consideration thu unaided schools in the foregoing table, we find that the numbers of pupils iu tho three sections of society were returned as follows: 1877-78. 1978-70. .." ... Uppor classes Middle Lower Parentage unknown 1,677 614 672) 22 1,823 1,259 Total 2,885 3,004 228. All the pupils from the upper classes were in the Doveton College. The new schools in the list are St. Mary's and Mrs. Powell's. The former, is an admirably conducted school under the Sisters of the Cross, situated in the populous suburb of Kidderpore. Mrs. Powell's school is not organized on a satisfactory plan in point of instruction, but is possibly doing some good in providing a home for several European children who would otherwise be wandering about the streets.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 79 ADVOATION OF 229. The following table gives the name, class, and management of each of the aided schools, as well as the number of pupils on the rolls, the amount SUROPEAN AND of the monthly grant, and the rate of fee charged :- Aided European and Eurasian Schools. KURABIAX8. --- the Purins. 1877-78. 1878-70. No. Name, class, and management. Monthly Govern- Monthly ment fees. grant. REMARKS. Boyo. Girls. Boys. Girie. RA. A.P. Rs. Re. 1.4 Higher Schools. 1 Doveton College 2 St. James' 8 & 4 Free Schoolt 6 Bt. Joseph'n Roman 6 St. Chrysostom'n thuho Middle Schools. Protestant ... { 297 149 251 403 102 132 100 188 164 0 0 200 00 8091 5 4 20%) 0 0 50 0 0 187 245 405 108 8 to 10 • Tho capitation grant is Rs. 8:08 3 to 0 n land for 50 pupils. + The Free Sohool in an endowed 8 to 6 school, and not strictly wideu. 1 to 9 Boventy-eight pupils pay foew. 8 e- 0. . . i St. Stephon's Old Church Day 3 Benevolont Institutiont. Protestant ant... 80 61 160 30 88 91 28 78 140 87 40 109 100 00 70 0 0 209 0 0 1 to 8 2 to 8 Free. | The Benevolent Institution las hitherto exclusively Inupiaked by Protestants, though the terms of the Trust do not require more than that tho manager mliould bo Cloriatiany. It receives Rs. 759 & capitation grant. 3 to OSA CAPILLIOLL krunt of ko. la boad for su pupils. 4 8t. Mary'ag... Roman Catholic. 23 35 60 00 Lovoor Schools. 21 60 0 0 18. John's 2 St. Paul's 3 St. Saviour's 4 Cathorul Malo Orphanage... Roman Catholic. Protestant... { 23 72 10 30 18 0 en 27 07 7 1 to 1 lol Frau. 252 50 200 00 ... ... 10 100 0 0 61 . Girls' Schools. 1 Churd Mission Normal 2 European Femalo Orphan Asylum 3 Christinn Jowish Protestant 4 Caloutta Girls' Old Church l'arochial Hiomo... 6 & Bow Bazar Lorotto Roman Ca & Entally Lorctlo tholic 12 12 200 0 0 09 75 00 97 $200 0 C 87 16 2001 103 100 16! || Inclusive of lodging and board, Froo. 2 8 to By Roduced from Rs. 800 to Rs. 200 from Jumuary last. Free. ** A capitation grant of Rs. 3 a loud 1 to 4 tor 17 pomulk, all of whuni arc 1 taught, fod, uhd clothed free of charge. tt A capitation grant of Re. 1-8 ide head up to Rs. 50. Many of the children are froe boerders. **51 0 0 150 00 200 800) 213 Mrs. L'owell's Protestant... $ 82 7750 00 .. . 4 230. During the current year special examinations are being carried on of all the middle, lower, and girls' schools in the above list except the Clurch Mission Normal School. Tho standards of examination laid down by the Education Department in England for elemontary schools have been slightly altered so as to suit Anglo-Indian schools, and the cxamination will docide how many pupils in each school come up to the different standards. It will then be possible to form some schemo for determining the grants to these schools, as is the practice in England, according to the standards attained by their pupils. Such a stop 'has become necessary, owing to the increasing number of applications for aid to schools of this class. 231. PRESIDENCY Division. The only school undor inspection is the aided railway School at Rampore Hât. It had on its rolls on the 31st of March last 12 pupils, of whom oight were girls. The military schools at Barrackpore and Dum-Dum are not under inspection. 232. BURDWAN DIVISION.--The number of schools is five, as last year. The total roll number also remains much thu same, there being on the 31st March 90 boys and 84 girls. The expenditure on these schools was Rs. 9,322, of which the Government sliare was Rs. 3,672. A special building grant of Rs. 1,000 has been given in aid of repairs to the Bishop Milman's School at Howrah. 233. RAJSHAHYE DIVISION.-The two schools in this division are at -the St. Paul's School for boys, and the Darjeeling School for girls. A Government school has also been opened since tho close of the official year at Kurseong for the children of railway omployés. 234. St. Paul's School exhibits groat improvement under its present headmaster Mr. Carter. The school has entirely recovered from the temporary depression noticed in the last yearly report, its numbers have doubled, und ·80 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR DUOATION O BUBOPBANS AND SURASIANO, there are now over 70 boys on the roll. Two candidates from this school passed at the Entrance examination, and one of them, who was placed in the first division, would have gained a scholarship but for the regulation which requires a candidate to read and write a vernacular language with fluency. An additional master has been appointed and a munshi engaged to teach Bengali and Urdu. There is every prospect that the school will maintain its present sound and satisfactory position. The Darjeeling girls' school has, since the last report, been removed to a more commodious house with larger grounds, and improvements have been mado in the course of study and the class of books used. The school suffered a loss in the course of the year by the departure of Mrs. Lewin, who, as the Secretary, took much active interest in the school. Hor place has been well filled by Mrs. Abbott. 235. Dacca DIVISION.--There are two schools in this division,--Mr. Vyse's school at Dacca and a railway school at Goalundo. "In Mr. Vyse's school the number on the rolls on the 31st March last was 58, of whom 28 were girls. Of this school the Inspector reported in November last that the work of instruction was too heavy for the staff employed, and he proposed that the school should be connected with the Diocesan Board of Education, and entirely reorganized. A sum of Rs. 4,000 was subscribod a few years ago for the establishment of a new school in Dacca for Europeans and Eurasians; this sum is still in the Bank of Bongal, and may possibly be appropriated, with the consent of tho subscribers, to the reconstitution under the Diocesan Board of Mr. Vyse's school. It is understood that the Ven'ble Archdeacon Baly is about to make proposals on behalf of the Diocesan Board for the roorganization • of tho school. 236. The school at Goalundo has a houso provided by the Eastern Bengal Railway Company. It contained 12 pupils-eight girls and four boys-and received a grant-in-aid shortly after the close of the year. 237. CHITTAGONG Division.--The only school of this class in the division which has furnished returns is an unaided school for girls recently established, about which the only information procurod is that it contained on the 31st March 18 pupils. Of the Roman Catholic Orphanage in Chittagong, lately burnt down and now being rebuilt, no information has been supplied. 238. Patna DIVISION.-The total number of pupils attending European and Eurasian schools in this division was 358. The number of pupils is larger by 215 than the number given last year, owing to returns having this year been received from two unaided institutions, the Kurji Priory and the Banki- 239. The school at Buxar had on the rolls on the 31st of March 66 pupils. It was inspected in December last by the Inspector of Schools, Presidency Circle. He found that in reading and writing the elder children were as well taught as in the Calcutta schools of tho same class, and in arithmetic had gono as high as was necessary. There was some tendency to push the studies on too rapidly, and the teachers were advised to aim for the present at nothing beyond tho middle scholarship course. 240. One school, tho Arrah Boarding School, was abolished during the year. In December I inspected the school, and was convinced that it was not doing such work as to justify the continuance of the large graut of Rs. 120 a month. There were only nine boarders in the school, three of them boys whose father was about to be transferred to Dinapore. It was found that there would be no difficulty in transferring the six girls to the schools at Buxar or Allahabad. The grant was accordingly withdrawn. 241. BHAGULPORE DIVISION.- The Jamalpore school had on the rolls 116 pupils, of whom 28 were girls. The Government expenditure on the school. was Rs. 2,273, and the total expenditure Rs. 9,524. This school is the best of the railway schools, and ranks with the most efficient aided schools of the same size in Calcutta, such as the Old Church School. The boarding-house arrangements are excellent, and the general management of the institution by Mr. and Mrs. Pegler, the head-master and head-mistress, 'has been most satisfactory. The great difficulty with this as with all railway schools lios in the frequent removal of the children owing to the transfer of their parents to other stations on the line. The only remedy is to increase the number of boarders, who need not leave the school when their parents are transferred. pore Convent.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 81 BDUCATION OF XURABIANS, 242. ORISSA DIVISION.- The number of European and Eurasian children under instruction was on 31st March 46, of whom 39 were in four schools in the BUROPEANA AND town of Cuttack. The Cuttack Christian school underwont various vicissitudes during the year, two mistresses having resigned, and the school-houso with its valuable furniture having been burned down. The committee have appointed a mistress of long experience, and secured another suitable building. TEMALR 243. FEMALE EDUCATION.-Excluding schools for Europeans and Eurasians, the returns for which have been separately given, the table below shows the progress in female education during the year :- EDUCATION. 1877-78. 1878-70. 1 Schools. Pupils. 140 311 8,158 134 1,827 73 1,839 Bohoola. Pupils. 270 399 8,179 130 2,017 72 2,031 Government schools Aided Zonana Private ... ... (aided) .. ... .. 519 543 ... Total Girls in boys' schools 11,964 9,623 12,497 11,235 .. Total girls 21,587 23,732 It will be seen that all classes of girls' schools show an increase of pupils, while there has been an addition of 1,612 to the number of girls reading in boys' schools. Tho lattor increase is mainly found in the number of girls attending primary grant pathsalas, the figures under that heading being 7,733, against 6,194 in the previous year, a difference of 1,639. 244. The number of girls in the different stages of progress is given in the following table- Higher stage Middle Primary » (upper) Ditto » (lower) 1877-78. 40 1,629 5.976 13,896 1878-79. 37 1,545 6,741 15,409 ... 0. .. Total 21,560* 23,732 * No returnn for 37 pupile. The increase in the primary stages arises naturally from the large addition that has been mado to the number of girls reading in primary pathsalas. A slight falling off has thus taken place in the two upper stages. But in many cases the figures have been supplied, year after year, by the nianagers of the schools, with no correction by the inspecting officers; and implicit reliance is not in all cases to be placed on them. Of the two Government schools in the preceding table, one is the Bethuno School in Calcutta. Tho amalgamation of this school with the Ballygunge Banga Mahila Vidyalaya has been effected since the date of the last report. The circumstances of the amalgamation are briefly as follows. In 1873 tho last named school, which is doscribed as a 'boarding school upon advanced principles of education,' was established at Ballygungo, chiefly through the exertions of Mr. Justico Phear and of some ladies of Calcutta. In 1875 Mr. Phear, who was the President of the Bethune School Committee, was of opinion that the school would have a wider scope if the Ballygunge school was amalgamatod with it; but as there were difficulties at the time in the way, it was not till the year under report that the plan could be carried out. The house at the Bethune School, formerly occupied by the Lady Superintendent, was rearranged to accommodate the new pupils, and at the date of report there were 15 grown girls boarding at the school. 245. The educational history of the year has been made noticeable, among other things, by the fact that a young Bengali lady las for the first time passed one of the examinations of tho University. A pupil of the Bethune School, Miss Kadambini Bose, competed at the Entrance examination with success, failing sto obtain a place in the first division by ono mark only. This young lady's success was mentioned with high approval by His Excellency the Viceroy on the occasion of the prize distribution at the school. The Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal also sanctioned the creation of a special junior scholarship for Miss Boses benefit, and she was presented with a prize of books to the value of ·82 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PEMALE EDUCATION Rs. 60. Three other pupils of the Bethune School were successful at the Middle Scholarship examinations, two of them passing in English, the third in the vernacular only. Their names were Kamini Sen, Abala Das, and Subarna Prabha Bose. 246. In consequence of the success of Miss Kadambini Bose, and in accordance with her desire to continue her studies to the First Arts examination, the Lieutenant-Governor consented to the proposal to raise the status of the school by appointing a Lecturer qualified to teach the First Arts course. With this object Baboo Sasi Bhusan Dutt, M.A., was transferred from the Cuttack College, and his time is now fully engaged at the Bethune School. Since the close of the official year the establishment of the school has been much strengthenod. Better accommodation has been provided for tho boarders, by their removal to the school-house, and by additions to tho building. The net grant to the school has been raised from Rs. 650 to Rs. 750 a month. 247. Tho second of the two Government schools is the Eden Female School at Dacca, established in June 1878. The grant to this school is Rs. 4,320 a year, which is met by the grants formerly made to two aided Female Schools in Dacca, and that to the Chundra Nath Femalo Normal School at Beauleah, all three of which have been closed during the year. The affairs of the school are managed by a committee, of which the Commissioner of Dacca is President; and the school is regularly inspected by lady-visitors resident in the station, who visit it in turn. The teaching staff consists of four mistresses and one pundit. The head mistress is Mrs. Stansbury, formerly Superintendent of the Chundra Nath Female School. The school contains 153 pupils, of whom 26 are learning English. By religion five pupils aro Christians, ono a Mahomedan, and the rest llindus. 248. The National Indian Association of London having offorod, through their Honorary Secretary, Miss Adelaide Manning, to provide funds for five scholarships, to be thrown opon to competition by girls in Bengal, the offer was accepted by Government at the request of the Association. The scholarships were called the “Mury Carpenter” scholarships. Threo of them, of the annual value of Rs. 48 each, were competed for by the lower vernacular, and two, of the annual value of Rs. 60 each, by the middle vernacular standard. They were distributed among the five educational circles, one being assigned to each. At the examination for those scholarships eight candidates appeared, and were examined by the same papers and standard as wore set for the pupils of boys' schools. In the Presidency Circle three candidates presented themselves for the middle scholarship examination from the Bothuno School in Calcutta, and all passed. In the Eastern Circle, four candidates appearod for the lower scholarship examination; two from the Burrisal and two from the Comillah Girls' School; both the former and one of the latter passod. In the Western Circle, one candidate appeared as a private student for the middle scholarship examination and passed. No candidate appeared in tho Behar or Rajshahyo circles, and the scholarships allotted to those circles were accordingly given to successful candidates from other parts of Bengal. 249. In addition to the above scholarships, the Uttarpara Hitakari Sabha has awarded scholarships to girls who were successful at the cxaminations conducted under the superintondence of that Society. Of the forty-seven girls who presented themselves for these examinations, no less than sixteen were attending school after marriage. Twenty-six of these candidates passed; ten by the first, twelvo by the second, and four by the third standard. Two instances are cited of the success that has been achieved by the Sabha's efforts. Miss Labanya Prabha Bose, who passed the minor scholarship examination in the second division and won a Mary Carpenter' scholarship, and Miss Kadambini Boso, who passed the Entrance examination of 1878, had both held Hitakari scholarships. In addition to the success recorded above, two girls passed the primary scholarship examinatiou in Furreedporo, and four in Tipperah. In Lohardugga, where the prejudice against female education is not so strong as in those districts in which married ladics are kopt strictly behind the purdah, two primary girls' schools have been established, with the large attendance of 129 pupils. In Orissa, two girls from the Patna School passed the lower vernacular scholarship examination and received prizes. It is reported that the prejudices against female education among high caste Uriyas are gradually ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 83 PENAGE ADVOATION. being broken through an example having been set by a Brahmin of position and repute, a teacher in the Cuttack Modical School. Formerly, however enlightened he might be, an Uriya gentleman dared not, for fear of excommunication, take his daughters to live with him in the town of Cuttack; they were thereforo left behind in the country to be brought up by their uneducated mothers. It is hoped that the example above quoted will have a beneficial effect in removing prejudices of that order. 250. Returning to Calcutta, the subjoined statement shows in detail the institutions, other than the Bethune School, which are aided by Government for the promotion of female education. The grant of Rs. 2,000 a year to the native ladies' Normal School at Mirzapur in Calcutta was withdrawn in the course of the year. The period for which it was originally sanctioned having expired, it appeared to the Lieutenant-Governor that the school had not answered the purposes for which it was established ; accordingly the grant was not renewod. The Government expendituro on native female education in Calcutta now stands at Rs. 2,052 a month. I.--Zcnana Agencies. ... American Mission Agency Church Mission Socioty's Agency Church of Scotland Agency Free Church Agency Monthly krunt. Rs. A. P. 752 0 0 30%) () 0 10) () () 90 0 1. ... .. Total . 1,2-12 0 0 11.Normal Schools. Froe Church. Normal School Church Mission Society's School ... 160 10 8 160 () () ... Total 320 10) 8 III.-Orphanages. BIO ... .. Church of Scotland Orphanages Foundling Asylum Freo Church Orphanage 10 0 1080) () . ... .. Total 215 00 IV.-Schools for Native Girls. ... .. . .. ... ... Dr. Duff's School Central Mott's Lano Toltollal Calcutta Hindu Syambazar Dhobapara Kidderporc Sonai 80) 0 50 0 30 0 () 20 0 0 16 0 0 1 1 0 0 20) 0 o 20 00 20 0 . .. I. + I. Total 269 0 0 II. 251. The comments made in the last annual report, and in tho resolution of Government thereon, upon the character and valuo of the instruction given by the various zenana agencies, have been the subject of scrious consideration by the Calcutta Missionary Conference, and of a memorial to Government. The conference took exception to certain statements made in the report and in the resolution, as conveying a needlossly disparaging idea of the work dono by the agencies ; and they contested tho position advanced by Government that their operations in the zenana wore to be exclusively or mainly confined to those who had previously read in girls' schools. With regard to the last point, it is quite clear that such pupils afford much more promising material than any others for the attainment of a respectable standard ; and it is a source of disappointment that so few of the pupils in the zenanas have boon fitted by provious education to profit by the instruction given them. On the other matters to which exception was takon, a difference of opinion seems for the presont unavoidable; though on certain points it did not appear, from the admissions of the memorialists, that there was any serious disagreement between their own estimato of the circumstances and that which the Government had formed.

·84 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PEMALA EDUCATION 252. In the year under report, out of 1,639 pupils returned as being in zenanas, or in schools connected with zenana agencies, Mrs. Wheeler, the Inspectress of girl's schools, examined 1,059, besides 267 pupils in schools not connected with any agency. The standard obtained by oach of these pupils at the time of examination was recorded by the Inspectross. The standards are defined in the following way. The primary stago, lowor section, is that of a child who can read little words, can distinguish tho differont letters composing the words, can write the alphabet neatly, and can numerate up to 50; and who has not gone beyond that standard. In the higher section of the primary stage a child should at least be able to read little stories, to spell words with compound letters, to write easy sentences from dictation, and to write and count tho numbers up to 1,000. "If she can answer questions about tho stories she has been reading, can write such stories from dictation, and spell and explain compound words, can numerato up to 5 figures with ciphers, can do a simple addition sum, she is at the upper limits of the primary, and close on the middle stage. In the middle stage she should read Bodhoday, write and spell well, and do addition and subtraction. If she further knew a little grammar and the definitions of geography, could write and spell faultlessly, could turn a piece of poetry into prose, and do a multiplication sum, she would be approaching the confines of the upper stage. 253. The standards are not sovore. But, applying these standards to the 1,059 zenana pupils examined by Mrs. Wheeler, it appears that 872 of the pupils are in the lower primary stage, 155 in the higher primary, 26 in the middle, and 6 in the upper. The returns furnished by the Superintendents of the zenana agencies are not casily reconcileable with those of tho Inspectress. Out of a total of 1,639 pupils 496 are returned as being in the lower primary stage, 711 in tho upper primary, 246 in the middle stage, and 6 in the upper stage. In other words, while Mrs. Wheeler reports the proportion of pupils in the lowest stage as being 82 per cent. of the whole number, thc zenana agents themselves place the proportion at only 30 per cont. Such a discrepancy throws light on the difficulty of introducing any method of payment by standards. The zonana agencies demur altogether to the estimate of the Inspectress, and would hardly accept aid at a rate determined by that ostinate. On the other hand, if the standards and the rates of payment were to be fixed in accordance with the ostimate furnished by tho agencies, it is to be feared that the grants actually earned by them, after an independent examination, would be so small as very seriously to cripple the work of education in the zonanas. 254. The Inspectress has drawn my attention, as on previous occasions, to many grave defects that are to be found in the existing system of zenana teaching. Those defocts are partly in the management, and partly in the character of the teachers oinployed. The want of unity and of a common organization among the different agencies; the absence of any sustained effort to enforce the payment of fees; the multiplication of schools within a limited arca; tho attempt to teach elderly women, iguorant of any previous training; these are defects of the first kind. The incapacity of many of the Native Christian teachers, and the fact that they are not always trustworthy, are defects of the second kind. Many of these toachers aro self-denying and useful women, and the good that they do is not to be questioned; but the supply of such toachers falls far short of the assured demand. I have said above that the institution of any reasonablo system of payment by standards would probably bring about a large roduction in tho amount of the Governmont grants. If this should also have the offoct of contracting the work of the different agencies within limits more closely corresponding to their powors of usefulness, I should not regard the result with regret. 255. Amid the unpleasant duty of pointing out the defects of the system, it is very satisfactory to be able to call attention to its brighter aspects. Some of the schools connected with the agencies deserve special notice for the excellenco of their management and the success of their teaching. First on the list is the Free Church orphanage and normal school. This institution has during many years. turned out a succession of capable and well-trained teachers, and the discipline that provails within its walls is the best guarantee of good conduct at a later day. The Church Mission orphanage and boarding-school at Agurpara is of the samo excellent class, and reflects much credit on Miss Neale and her ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 86 PEMALB EDOCATION. fellow-workers. The Amurican Mission School in Maniktollah is very promising: it has lately been placed under the supervision of a teacher trained in the first-named institution. Another school of the same mission in Hidaram Banerjea's Lane has also made fair progress. Up to last March this school set the good example of charging foos, ranging from one to four annas, to 29 out of its 82 pupils. But a Church of Scotland School close by levied no foes, and it feltorbself consequently compelled to abandon the practice. A little school in Entally, has the advantage of a supervising teacher porfoctly familiar with Bengali, and therefore able actively to control the work. 256. Mrs. Wheeler spoaks in very high terms of tho work done by the ladies of the Zenana Association at Barrackpore. In the zoal with which they carry on their duties, in tho interest which they take in their pupils, in their care for them when sick, and in the friendly relations that exist between themselves and the villagers, there is room for nothing but praise. All these teachers again have been trained at the Free Church normal school, and their acquaintance with the vernacular wakes thom peculiarly fitted for their position and duties. SPECIAL VI.--SPECIAL INSTRUCTION. 257. This dopartment comprises the subjects of law, medicine, and engi. nccring; surveying schools, industrial schools, and the School of Art. The general statistics are shown in the following table :- 1 XSTRUCTION Statement of Attendance and Expenditure in Schools for Special Instruction in 1878.79. UN Number of institutions, Pupilo. Rencipta frora Govertiment. Total exponditurc. 4 Government Law Schools RA, A. P. Rs. A. V. 164 .....! 277 00 Progrla ney Collego Ilooghly Krishuoghur Barca Patna 1 1 1 1 1 65 17 21 17,010 12 3 2.400 0 0 700) (0) 2,385 76 2,400 0 0 715 76 I. P. Total 6 297 098 7 6 24,840 3 0 Civil Euxinecring Department, Presidency Collego .. 1 89 34.882 00 40,053 14 0 208 1,59,820 80 1,70.982 14 8 : Medical Colloge, Calcutta Government Modical Vernacular Schools .. .. Roaldah l'atus Dacca Cuttack 1 1 1 1 280 174 112 33 205,868 0 0 23,035 10 3 14,331 0 8,936 47 88,336 0 0 28.772 1.3 1 14,2 10 8 6 3,920 07 .. ... Total 000 70,650 97,276 10 1 Jovernmunt surroy Vernacular Schools- Hooghlу Dacra Patna Cuttack II ... . 6 70 1 1 1 1 2,080 1 10 2,499 98 2,181 6 1 2,121 1.0 2,0838 0 9,920 96 2.522 4 2,295 15 0 .. 37 Total 100 8,632 10 4 10,028 49 el School of Art .. ... ... ... 1 70 18,144 0 0 10,000 0 0 Artizan School- . .. Dacoa Ranchi Dehree . 20 18 111 2,800 A 1,180 1 0 14,590 00 1, $10 15 10 1,1815 14 9 20,704 00 Total 146 18,527 7 3 ... 31,3817 11 7 258. Comparing the figures with those for the preceding year, it appear's that the number of law students has decreased from 316 to 227, that the number of students in the Medical College has incrensed from 140 to 208, and in the Civil Engineering Department of tho Presidency Colloge from 87 to 89. All these departments of instruction are connected with the University. Turning to schools of a lower class, the pupils in vernacular medical schools have declined from 686 to 609, whilo those in vernacular survey schools have slightly advanced from 160 to 165. Tochnical schools number 149 pupils, an increase of one. The attendanco in the School of Art bas fallen from 89 to 76.

·86 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SPECIAL TNBTRUCTION 259. LAW.--There are five Government colleges to which a law class, reading for the B.L. degree, is attached. They are the Presidency, Honghly, Krishnaghur, Dacca, and Patna Colleges. Each college has also a class reading for the first grado ploadership oxamination of the High Court. There is a small class of this kind attached to the Chittagong College also: it is taught by the head master, who receives only the fees paid by the studena, It is not included in the return. A class roading for the degree is also "outer ho opened in the Rajshahye College. The University requires that, of the full course of three years, two must be pursued after the student has takon the degree of B.A.; hence students commonly join the law classes in their fourth year. The fluctuations to bo obsorved from ycar to year in the number of law students are therefore no indication of the increasing or waning popularity of that profession, but depend very closely upon the number of fourth-year students at the time, that is, of those who have passed the First Arts examination a year before. In December 1876 tho exceptionally high number of 274 candidates passod the First Arts examination from Bengal, and there was consequently an increase in the college law classes in January 1878 from 222 to 316. In December 1877 only 184 candidates passed the First Arts examination, and the strength of the law classes has consequently declined to 227. 260. The total expenditure in all law classes has increased from Rs. 23,813 to Rs. 24,146; but the figuros given in the above table need corroction in one very important rospect. It will be seen that only two of the classes receive grants from Government, the other three paying their own expenses. But the Presidency and Patua Colleges pay their own expensos and somothing over ; the excess receipts, which are not shown in the foregoing table, being paid into the treasury to the credit of Governmont. Thus the Presidency College had a surplus income of Rs. 1,710, and the Patna College a surplus income of Rs. 317. Deducting the cost to Government of tho IIooghly and Dacca Colleges, amounting to Rs. 992-7-6, there remains a profit on all the law chiesses takon together of Rs. 1,134. This makes a considerable improvement over the previous year, when the cost of the Hooghly and Dacca law classes was Rs. 595 and Rs. 1,070 respectively. 261. The following table shows the result of the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Law:- M'AGBXD IN TUR- 1st division, 2nd division, Total. 1 Presidency College Hooghly Krishuaghur Patna 35 3 No of maddns. 66 9 2 6 :::: 36 3 2 6 6 83 46 47 It will be obsorved that the only two law classes which are a source of expense to Government show very badly in the University examinations. The Dacca College, costing Government Rs. 715, sent no candidates to the examination, and only one in the previous year. The Hooghly College passed three candidates, after having passed none the year before. The principle adopted by Government in establishing these classes is that, so far as may be possible, they should be self-supporting. The question of maintuining the Dacca law class, or of reducing its cost, is now under the considoration of Government. 202. Presidency College. - The number of students on the rolls of the Law Department on the 31st March for the last four years is given below 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. A. ... 3rd-year class 2nd Igt 2nd pleadership 18t 52 40 70 7 6 32 69 39 6 9 71 25 91 10 10 24 43 78 11 8 11 7 Total ... 175 166 207 164 This shows a decrease of 43 students. Of the 164 students, 162 are Hindus, one a Mussulman, and one a Christian. The income from fees amounted ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 87 BPBOJAL INSTRUCPIOX. to Rs. 18,721. and the expenditure to Rs. 17,011, showing a surplus of incorne over expenditure of Rs. 1,710. The college sent up 66 candidates to tho B.L. examinatio), o whom une passed in tho Ist division and 35 in the 2nd division. Chundra Sekur Sircar, who stood first in the examination, obtained the Tagore law scholarship. 763. Hooghly Colleg".--There were 19 students on the rolls, against 38 of the previous year. Six candidates went up for the B.L. examination, of whom two passed, both in the 2nd division. Ono ex-student also passed in the 2nd division. Tuition fees amounted to Rs. 2,123, and the salary of the Law Lecturer to Rs. 2,400. Government thus contributed Rs. 227, against Rs. 595 *of the previous year, to moot the cost of a Law Lecturer. 264. Dacca College.-On the 31st of March 1879 thero were 17 pupils on the rolls, two less than in the previous year. No candidates went up for the B.L. examination. Tho one candidate who appeared at the pleadership examination passed. The total receipts were Rs. 1,620, and expenditure Rs. 2,335, showing a cost to Government of Rs. 715, against Rs. 1,070 of the previous year. 265. Patna College.—The number of students on the rolls was 21, against 36 of the previous year. Of the 21, the Beharis numberod 13, the rest being Bengalis. Six candidates went up for the B.L. examination, and all wero successful ; while of four candidates for tho liigher pleadership examination two were successful. The income from fees and fines was Rs. 2,717, and tho charges Rs. 2,400, showing a gain to Government of Rs. 317. 266. Krishnaghur College. There were six students on the rolls, against 17 of the previous year. These six stulents forined the second and third-year law classes, no first-year class having been formod. No candidate from the thirdyear law class appeared at the B.L. examination, but two former students succeeded in passing. 267. MEDICINE.— The increase of 63 students in the English classes of the Medical College does not imply any fresh increase in the demand for medical degrees. For, in tho first place, the hospital apprentice class has been nearly doubled ; and, in the second, the increase that has actually taken place in the number of University students is chiefly caused by the readmission of old students, or of those who failed at the final examination of the previous session. In vernacular medical schools there is a loss of students in all except that of Cuttack, which shows a gain of one. 268. Medical College, Calcutta. The college this yoar completed its 44th session. Since the first oxamination of the English classes, now 40 years ago, 601 students have obtained dogrees or licenses in medicino and surgery. Of this number, 26 were students from Ceylon. The students of the Modical College are of three classes--(1) scholars and free-students ; (2) paying students ; and (3) hospital apprentices. Students of the first two classes, who must havo passcd the First Arts examination, pursue a fivo years' course for the University degrees in medicine. The hospital apprentices onter the college after having spent two years with a regiment. They are sent by tho military authorities, and read in tho college for throo yoars, their final examination boing held by the Professors. 260. Of the 145 students on the rolls at the beginning of the session, 41 wore scholars and free-students, 74 were paying-students, and 30 were hospital apprentices. During the course of the session there were admittod 19 scholars and freo-students; 89 paying-students, of whom 69 wore readmitted students of former yoars; and 46 hospital apprentices, the usual number of this class sent annually being only 15. During the session there were withdrawn (including those who left the college aftor passing tho final examinations) 19 scholars and free-students, 54 paying-students, and 16 hospital apprentices; besides two more hospital apprentices, one of whom resigned and one died. 'Hence, at the close of the session there remained 41 scholars and free-students, '109 paying-students, and 58 hospital apprentices. The number of those reading for medical degrees was therefore raised during the year from 115 to 150, nine of the latter being casual students who attend lectures with the object of ultimately matriculating in some English school of medicine. Of the 150 students, 32 were in the first-year, 38 in the second, 6 in the third, and 74 in the fourth-year class. The paucity of students in the third, and the absence of ·REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SPECIAL INOTRUOTION. year wil without students in the fifth-year classes at the close of the year are explained by the fact that in March the University examinations of these two classes are hold. 270. The effective desire for medical education is measured by the number of new admissions, and there were only 20 against 35 of the previous year. The loast satisfactory circumstanco connected with the Medical College is the large number of paying-students that withdraw year after completing their course. A large number find themselves unable to pay the fees with regularity, and they are forced to withdraw, many of them to be roadmitted in a subsequont session when they have found the means of continuing their studies. In the yoar under report 48 paying-students withdrew their names before the termination of their course, and 69 who had withdrawn in former years were readmitted. 271. Of 60 candidates at the first M.B. and L.M.S. examinations, 23 passed, seven of whom were placed in the first division. Of 100 candidates at the final examinations, 26 passed, one in the first division. Seven of these, having already attained to the degree of B.A., were adınitted to the degree of M.B.; the rest received the license. Owing to the strict enforcement by the University on the last occasion of the rulo requiring each candidate to pass in every subject and not merely on the aggregato, the number of failures was very much greater than in former years. Of those who passed this year, only one was a Mussulinan, a circumstance which the Surgeun-General remarks with regret. In Dr. Irving's experience Mussulmans make excellent Assistant Surgeons. The Surgeon-General further calls attention to the fact that at present a number of Assistant Surgeons enter the service of Government who pass and obtain a license only after two, three, or even four attempts. Government has recently ruled that, from the 1st January 1884, the number of appointments of Assistant Surgeons will be regulated by the requirements of the Medical Department, and that from that dato no student of the Medical College who may pass the qualifying examination will be entitled to admission to tho service as a matter of right. But for four years to come any number of this class who apply must bo admitted into the service. It would therefore, Dr. Irving remarks, be greatly for the benefit of the service if it could be now enacted that any man who failed to pass after a second trial should be ineligiblo for Government employ. Tho number of supernumeraries for whoin there is no work at prosent is already a large one, and Dr. Irving estimates that at the end of four years it will be not less than 150. 272. Campbell Medical School, Sealdah.-During the year under report the control oxorcised over the school by the Principal and Council of the Medical Collogo terminated under the orders of Government, and the Superintendent of this Institution is now directly responsible to the Director of Public Instruction. He is thus placed in the samo position as the Superintendents of other medical schools. 273. The Superintendent romarks that the classes are too large, and the preliminary education of the students as a rule too defective, to allow the instruction given to be as useful as under other conditions it might have been. The Surgeon-Goneral strongly endorses this opinion, and thinks that anything liko academic lecturing, the only course possible when classes are very large, is out of place in a school of this kind. 'l'hese objections have now been met by the Resolution of Government, defining tho course of instruction to be henceforth pursued in the school, in which the number of admissions each year is to be limitod to 50, and more satisfactory guarantees of preliminary education aro to be enforced. 274. The number of students on the rolls at the close of the goar declined from 326 to 247. The number remaining on the books at the beginning of the session was 70 less than last year, while the new admissions were 18 more. Fifty-seven students passed out of the school by oxamination, and 126 wore removed for various causes, 95 being for non-payment of feos, leaving 247 remaining at the end of the session. 275. The Superintendent points out that those students who require to remain in the school for more than four years before being ablo to pass do harm to the younger students by setting an example of indolent habits. The Surgeon-General is of tho samo opinion. Dr. Irving has known several students of this class subsequently to their school career, and belioves them to be almost ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 89 SPECIAL 1XSTRUCTION, uselogs in the service. Dr. Mackonzie thinks that a moro educated class of students is gradually being attracted to the school, but strongly urges the abolition of the casual class, which consists of students who attend only some of the classes of the school, and these for not more than a year or two, return. ing afxer that time to their native villagos, where they practise as qualified hati: x doctors. Many of these join tho casual class sololy because they are unable to obtain any one of the preliminary cortificates required from regular students. Tho number of this class of students on the rolls has risen from 47 to 61. The Surgeon-General concurs with Dr. Mackenzie in thinking that this class ought to be abolished, such irregular and ill prepared students being likely, he thinks, to bring discredit on the practice of medicine and surgery. Since the issue of the resolution abovo referred to, I have instructed the Superintendent that no more casual students are to be admitted, 276. Of tho 103 students who presented themselves at the diploma examination, 57 passed. Of the failures, 18 candidates had already competed on one, two, or three previous occasions. 277. The new resolution limits admission for the future to thoso who can present certificates of having passed («) the entrance examination, (b) the entranco examination in two or more subjects, (c) the middle English, or (12) the middlo vernacular scholarship examination. In this connection it is useful to point out the proportion of students with various kinds of preliminary training who failed at the class examinations. Of entrance certificate-holders 3.57 per cent. were incompetent; of niddle English candidatos 18:3 per cent.; of middle vernacular candidates 32:32 per cent. ; while of the holders of headmasters' certificatos 43.47 per cent. wcro incompetent. 278. The old lecture-room was accidentally burnt down in Junc last, having caught fire froin sparks from a burning village in the neighbourhood. A new chemistry locturo-room, sanctioned sone years back, has been completed and made over by the Public Works Department, and tho lecturetheatre has been repaired and strengthened. 279. Dacca Mcdical School. At the ond of the session there were 30 students in the fifth-year cluss, 30 in the fourth-year, 27 in the third-year, and 25 in the first-year, making a total of 112 on the rolls. The number on the rolls in 1875-76, tho year in which the school was oponed, was 325, the novelty of the schomo having attracted many students. But since it has been discovered that Government does not bind itself to provide employment for all students passing out of the school, the entries are much fewer than at first. The Superintendent reports that the final examination of the third, fourth, and fifth-year classes discovered great faults in the system of teaching anatomy, too high a standard having been aimed at to the neglect of the commoner but all-important points. The chomical teaching also appeared to have been in somo respects wanting. Measures have boen taken to remedy these defects. 280. T'ho final examination for diplomas was hold hy Surgeon Kali Podda Gupta, Surgeon Peovor, and the Superintendent, Dr. Crombic. Fifty-soven students presonted themselves, but of that number 22 were disqualified for irregular attendavce at hospital and at lectures. Of the remaining 35, diploinas were granted to 23. 281. l'emple Medical School, Bankipore. At the commencement of the session there were in the military class 135 students, and in the civil class 81, making a total of 216. This number was reduced to 174 on the 31st of March, 14 having left the military class and 28 the civil. The luttor number includes three fourth-year students, who finally passed, after having been romanded for six months' further study in Doceriber 1878. 282. At the final examination on the 31st March 1879, fifty-six students (49 military and 7 civil) passed, and four (2 military and 2 civil) wero remanded for six months. The examination was a searching one, and consisted of six oral questions in anatomy, in surgery, in medicine, and in materia medica, and three in medical jurisprudence; in chemistry, and in midwifery. The students were also examined clinically, and tosted by means of dissections and operations in surgery: The Surgeon-General considors the results of the examination very satisfactory, and especially approves of the practical nature of the test in anatomy. Z ·90 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR PECIAL INSTRUCTION. Dr. Irving has had several of the civil hospital assistants educated at the Temple School under his own subsequent observation, and he can testify to their making such excellent medical subordinates that, after the final examination above referred to, he informed the Principal that he would be propared to take into the service all the civil class students who had passed and were desirous of Governmont employment. 283. During the year under report an additional barrack has boon erocted at a cost of Rs. 1,790, several repairs have been executed, and the roofs of both theatres have been raised eight foet, a step urgently required on sanitary grounds. 281. Cuttack Medical School. The final examination of the students who had finished the three years' courso was held for the first time in March 1879. Fourteen students presented themselvos, all of whom with one exception acquitted themselves with credit and were considered deserving of diplomas in medicine and surgery. Four of the students wore reportod as having mado remarkably good progress, and as giving promise of becoming very superior medical subordinates. Dr. Stewart points to these results as proving that natives of Orissa can be successfully trained to become qualified and intelligent medical pructitioners. Two of the passed students have already obtained appointments, one in Sumbulpore and tho other in Khoorda; and the Superintendent points out that in Orissa propor and in the several hill States extending between it and Sumbulpore there exists a large field into which trained medical practitioners may be introduced. The Surgoon-General considers that the school has made very satisfactory progress, and is glad to observe that the want of toxt-books in the Orissa languago is gradually being supplied. Dr. Stewart and the teachers of the school are preparing somo most useful elementary manuals: physics is already completed: another on physiology will shortly be sent to The Maharajah of Mohurbhunj made a donation of Rs. 1,000 to tho school for the purchase of instruments. 285. CIVIL ENGINEERING. — The only institution for the training of Engineers is the Civil Engineering Department of tho Presidency College. The numbers in that institution have fallon from 152 in 1876 to 89 in the year under roport. There is at present no great domand for the services in the Public Works Department of the students who pass through this College, but efforts are being made to find an opening for them in the various district ostablishments that are growing up in Bengal. 286. The Committoe appointed by Government in January 1878 to consider the question of the establishment of a practical training institution for Engineers at Calcutta in connexion with the workshops of the Public Works Departmont havo, it is understood, submitted their report. In the schemo which the Committee recommend for adoption, provision is mado for the training, both theoretical and practical, of Mochanical as well as Civil Engineers, and also of subordinatos in both branchos of work. The settlement of the quostion has boen postponed on account of some delay that has arisen in effecting the transfer to Government of the Bishop's Collego building, and the orders of Government are awaited. 287. Ciril Engineering Department, Presidency College. The following table shows the number of students on the rolls of this department on the 31st of March for tho last four years: one on the press. OT 1878. 1877. 1878. 1879. .. Regular Out. Rocular Out Regular Out Rapular Outstudents. students. students. studonts. Students. students. studonts. studente. 30 1 I. ... .... Third year IABA Nocond First 19 50 83 22 87 80 11 30 40 1 1 1 > 1 . ..... Total 152 129 87 89 1... The above table shows an increase of two over last year. The focs collected during the year amounted to Rs. 6,073-8, and the gross expenditure to ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 91 @PBCIAS INSTRUCTIOX. Rs. 40,955-14. The corresponding figures for the previous year were Rs. 6,720-8 and Rs. 34,288-9-1. The fact that the roceipts were larger in the previous year is accounted for by the average monthly attendance, which has declined from 97 to 87. On the 1st of April 1877 the department contained 121 students. This figure gradually dwindled down to 87. There were only -35 students on the 1st of April 1878 and the number has remained nourly constant throughout the yoar. The incrcase in expendituro is due to the promotion of the Professors and the annual increments in their salaries. The cost of cach student to Government this year has been Rs. 465-1-6, against Rs. 324-5-7 in the previous year. 288. The annual examination of the first and second-year classes was held as usual at the beginning of May. The number of students on the rolls of the firstyear class at the time of examination was 38, and of these 37 were present. Tho result of the examination was that only 19 out of 37 students were found worthy of promotion. Of those who failed to obtain promotion, 12 rejoined the first-year class for another year's study, and six left the College. 289. The second-year class at the time of examination consisted of 27 students, 26 of whom wero present. Of these, 12 were found qualified for promotion into the third-year class, and all the 12 joined it; two were expelled for copying, and have left the College. The 12 who failed in the examination were allowed to read for another year in the second-year class. Upon the result of this examination a Forbes memorial scholarship was awarded to Hari Churan Basu, who stood first in the examination. The other scholarship was not awarded. 290. Twenty-eight students from the third-year class registered themselves for the University examinations, seven for the degrce of B.C.E. and 21 for the license in Engineering. All the candidates were present at the time of cxamination. Of the seven B.C.E. candidates only ono was successful; of the 21 L.C.E. candidates five were successful. On the result of the Vuiversity examinations, soven Assistant Engineer's certificates were granted, and four Sub-Engineer's cortificates. Thoso certificates will no longer be granted on the result of the University examinations. Tho Principal followed the practice which he found in existence when he took charge of tho Collego; but in accordance with a recent ruling of Government it will bo discontinuod. One Bachelor and the four highost of the Licentiates rocoived scholarships of Rs. 50 a month tenable for two years, during which period they are attached to the Government workshops at tho Presidency, and afterwards to works in progress, for the purpose of receiving practical training in their profession. 291. Candidates who fail to obtain certificates at the annual College examination are admissible to the half-yearly examination of candidates for employment and promotion in the Public Works Department. Those examinations are held in February and August. Taking into account the certificates granted on the result of these examinations, the following is the number grauted during the year: For the grade of Assistant Engineer Sub-Engineer ... .. .. . Ditto Overseer Sub-Overseer 7 4 7 10 . Tota! ... 28 292. [looghly Survey School. There were 12 students on the rolls on the 31st March 1878, and only 5 on the same dato this year. The number was further reduced by the withdrawal of 2 students; and the school has been abolished since the close of the year, the students being offered their choice of transfer to Patna or to Dacca. The expenditure amountod to Rs. 2,284, and the income from tuition fees to Rs. 80. 293. Dacca Survey School. The numbers on the rolls have increased from 38 to 76. This increase is due to the fact that the 15 students who passed out of the school in the previous year have all been provided with appointments. After the examination of the first-year class 15 students wero promoted, of whom 6 obtained Government scholarships and 2 Vizianagram scholarships of Rs. 5 oach.

·92 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR INSTRUCTION The final examination of the second-year class was conducted by Mr. Scott, Executive Engineer, the Assistant Engineer, the Road Cess Over. seor of the district, and two officers of the College. Of 20 candidates 14 were successful. The receipts from schooling fees and fines amounted to Rs. 427, and the gross expenditure to Rs. 2,927, against Rs. 424 and Rs. 2,510 of the previous year. “A theodolite has been purchased for the school at a cost of Rs. 275. 294. Patna Survey School.— The number of pupils borne on the rolls has decreased from 74 to 47. The amount realized from fees and fines was Rs. 391, against Rs. 632 of the previous year. The expenditure was Rs. 2,522, or about Rs. 58 less than for the provious year. The majority of the pupils are Mahomedans, who nuniber 35 to 12 Hindus. On the rcsult of the examination of the first t-year class, six Government and two Vizianagram scholarships were awarded. Thirteen candidates were examined, of whom four failed. The examination of the second -year class was conducted by Mr. Nixon, of the Public Works Dopartment, and the Professors of the College. Out of 23 students who appeared at the examination 14 passed. This is a much more satisfactory result than was shown last year, when out of 30 candidates only 11 passed. 295. Cuttack Survey School. The number on the rolls has incrcased from 36 to 37. The sum realized in fees and fines amounted to Rs. 174, and the exponditure to Rs. 2,296. The latter amount has been swelled by the cost of survey instruments and furniture. Tho final examination of the second yoar was conducted by Mr. Macmillan, Executive Engineer, and the Assistant Professor of the College. Out of 13 candidates 12 wero successful. The first-year class was examinod by the second master and one of the officers of the College. Of the 19 pupils in tho class 13 were promoted. The Khoorda revenuo survey and the Orissa cadastral survey are expected to give a groat impetus to the teaching of surveying, by providing work for those who pass out of the school. 296. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. There are four industrial schools: those attached to the European and native workshops at Dohree, and tho Dacca and Ranchi schools. 297. The Dehrce Schools. There were 48 European and 3 Bengali pupils in one school and 60 native pupils in the other. Of the lattor, 40 wero Hindus, 19 Mahomedans, and 1 a Christian. The total expenditure of the European workshop boarding-school was Rs. 25,254, and of the native school Rs. 510. No report on these schools is furnished to the Education Departmeut. 298. The Dacca School.-- The number of pupils has slightly doclined from 25 to 20. The total expenditure has boon Rs. 1,510. 299. Tho Inspector writes of the school : “Of tho 20 boys in tho school nine were learning carpentry and 11 wore attached to the smithy. Last year the carpentry department monopolised a majority of the students; but since the appointment of one of tho students as Vice-Manager of Mr. David's jute press at Naraingungo, the sunithy has become very popular.". 300. The Ranchi School. The number on the rolls has decreased from 26 to 18. Of these 17 aro Christians, mostly Kols, and one a Hindu. The school is under the superintendence of Mr. Herzog, a lay member of the Anglican mission. 301. The Assistant Inspector writes of the school :- “ The pupils of the school were practised during the year in the arts of smithing and carpontry by teachors appointed for the purpose. Besides these they were taught to read and write and do a little arithmetic. Thirteen of the pupils are said to have been in the middle and fivo in the primary stago, of whom only one was unable to read and understood simple sentences in his vernacular. When I visited this school, in the beginning of April last, there were 13 pupils on the rolls; of whom 11 were in attendance. Of these, 10 were learning carpoutry and one smithing; eight could read and understand simple sentences in Hindi, and three could not do so. There were no boys at the time who could be classed in the middle stage. The establishment consisted of a munshi on Rs. 8, a head carpenter on Rs. 10, a, black- ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 93 SPECIAL IXOTRUOTION. smith on Rs. 5, and five assistants on Rs. 23-8 a nonth: in all Rs. 46-8. Besides the 13 pupils received a stipend of Rs. 2 each, amounting to Rs. 26. The total amount of establishment charges was therefore Rs. 72-8 a month. “I also inspocted some of the articles manufactured in the school. These, consisted in the carpentry department of chairs, benches, almirahs, chest-of-drawers, and jal chowkis (native washing stools) of ordinary quality: On enquiry, howovor, I was told that, with the exception of the last-named article, which was undoubtedly very roughly done, all the others were the work of the master and his assistants, the pupils having had very little hand in their production, beyond perhaps tho sawing of the timbers into planks and planing and polishing them. The articles produced in the blacksmithi's department were iron grates, pails, and scrows, which were also said to be the work of the mastor and his assistants. “ The total expenditure on the school, as shown in the returns, was Rs. 1,186-14-9 during the year, against Rs. 1,770-8-9, the amount of receipts, including the sale proceeds of the articles manufactured.” 302. SCHOOL OF ART.-On the 31st March there were 76 students on the roll, of whom 69 were Hindus. Besides the 76 remaining on the roll at the close of the official year, 51 students had been in the school for longor or shorter periods, so that the total number who had received instruction during the year was 127. The numbers in the different classos on the 31st March were Students. 29 20 15 12 10 ... .. 10 In the clomentary classes, a.m. those extending from the first outline work (taught from the black board) to simple light and shade from tho round Higher drawing in light and shade from the antiquo and from naturo Architectural, mechanical, and engineering drawing Wood-engraving Lithography Painting 303. The total of the foregoing numbers amounts to more than tho number of students on the roll; but this is explained by the fact that somo of them work in more than one class, for example, in the drawing class in the piorning, and engraving or lithography class in tho afternoon. The Principal repents with satisfaction his statement of last year, that continued improvement is taking placo with regard to the length of tinio the students remain in the school. Out of the 76 students on the 31st March, 40 had been in the school from two and a half to three years. Mr. Locko continues : “It is much to be regretted that the raw material wbich comes to us is so very raw. Wo have to begin absolutely at the beginning-black-board work-with our new students, which is as though at the Presidency or tho Medical College the students had to begin their course by learning to read and writo. This state of things will doubtless continue as long as simple outline drawing (of the most elementary kind) is not placed besido reading and writing as part of the course of instruction given in every school, even the humblest, receiving Government aid. It has been so in overy parish school in England for the last 25 years. No parochial schoolmaster can get a certificato unless he can teach the drawing of simple figures on the blackboard." 304. The progress made by the students in the School of Art continues to be very satisfactory. The school still maintains, and in some directious, as, for instance, in the studies from life, has certainly advanced considerably boyond the standard which, as far back as 1873, elicited from Lord Northbrook the following enconium in the course of an address to the students of the Medical College:-“I had the pleasure the other morning of visiting the School of Art in this city, and I was exceedingly struck with tho great merit (of the work of several of the students in that school. There was some work in wood-engraving, lithography, painting, and drawing executed school which would, I do not hesitate to say, be a crodit to any institution of the samo class in any part of England.” As His Excellency was well acquainted with English schools of art, this commendation of the Bengali students of the Calcutta school is greatly valued by the Principal.

·94 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SPECIAL INSTRUCTION 305. That they continue to deserve it seems to be abundantly shown by tho high position which their works took at the Fine Art Exhibition held in Calcutta last cold weather. Fourteen students and ex-students of the school contributed no fewer than 66 paintings and other studies from life, and 122 specimens of wood-engraving and lithography, and they carried off four prizes and three certificates of honorable mention. As there were only nine prizes for which, by tho terms of the competition, they were eligible, and only seven for which they actually competed, the result must, I think, be regarded as highly satisfactory: Among all the competitors the only one who gained two prizes was Nobocoomar Biswas, of the School of Art, to whom was awarded Maharajah Jotendro Mohun Tagore's prize for the best painting in water-colour of fruit or flowers, and the Maharajah of Burdwan's prize for the best figure-subject in water-colour. Concerning the latter, Mr. Locko quotes with approbation ono out of many friendly criticisms that appeared in the news, papers of the day, to the effect that it was incomparably the best picture in the Exhibition, in the sense of being the most complete and successful within its Of two of the students, Nobocoomar Biswas and Annoda Prosad Bagchi, it was further said that “they can hold their own in their own lines against all comers," and the “ architectural lithographs of the last-mentioned student are excellent." 306. ART GALLERY.— The only additions made to the Gallory during tho year are the picturos which, as stated in the last report, Mr. Justice Prinsep had kindly consented to purchase during his visit to England. Two academy sketches of hicads by LeGros. Figure study by Watts, K.A. Soashore study by V. Prinsep, R.A. The cost of these pictures was Rs. 3,280, and they are regarded as very valuable additions to the Gallery. 307. The expenditure during the year out of the annual grant of Rs. 10,000 was as follows: ainis." Rs. A. P. Rent and taxes 3,264 3 4 ... Establishment 1,207 60 3,280 (0) Purchase of pictures Coutingencies 321 90) Total 8,076 2 4 308. NORMAL SCHOOLS.-Six schools of this class have been closed during the your; they are those of Midnapore, Gya, Chupra, Mozufferpore, and Jonghyr, all of the third grado, and the Bhugulpore Normal School of the second grade. The largoly-extended sphere of operations of the primary grant hus made it hopeless to attempt to train any but a suall fraction of the teachers of pathsalas. Third grade schools have therefore been closed in all districts in which secondary education is sufficiently widely spread to provido a fair supply of school trainod teachers to take employment in priinary schools. Tho Bhagulporc school was rendered unnecessary by the reorganisation of tho Patua Normal School, which has now been so strengthened as to supply teachers for the secondary schools of all Behar. The Burncah and Purulia schools have also been closed since the end of the year. Those that now remain aro 15 in number, besides the bourding-school at Rangamutti in the Hill Tracts of Chittagong, which returned us a normal school. Sevon are of the first grade, namely, those of Calcutta, 'Hooglily, Beaulcah, Dacca, Patna, Ranchoo, and Cuttack; that at Chittagong is of the second grade; and seven aro of the third grade, at Juipigoree, Durbhunga, Motihari, Ilazaribagh, Chyebassa, Balasore, and Pooree. 309. The following is the rosult of the vernacular mastership examin. ation of 1878 for the pupils of first and second grade schools ; those of Cuttack, ix ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 95 Patna, and Ranchi, in which the language taught is not Bengali, are excluded from the common examinations: SPECIAL 1NSTRUCTION Vernacular Mastership Eramination, 1878. eta -- FIRST GBADE CERTI- FICATES. SECOND GRADR CERTI. FICATE. TIIBD GRADE CERTJ- BIOATES. GRAND TOTAL OF ܐ ܀ NAME OP BOHOOL. Number of candidates. Number of candidates. Total passed. Medium Total passeit. Number of caddidates. High. Medium, Low. Total passed, High. LOW. High. Medinm. Lov. Passed. 1 12 11 10 29 8 ose Candidates. 26 2 11 2 S 12 7 11 16 6 21 6 8 7 Hooghly Calcutta Buulenh DACCH Chittagong Private studente 01 3A 899 11 2 19 30% 12 107 19 8 13 11 11 15 4 3 2 21 19 10 3 S Total 83 1 39 03 14 20 20 108 310. Tho Hooghly normal school is again easily first, and that of Baulcalı second. The continued ill-success of the Calcutta and Dacca schools points to permanent adverse conditions, not necessarily implying failure of duty on the part of the teachers, who aro, with hardly an exception, tried and competent men. The decline of these two schools has been the object of much anxious thought during the past two years, a declino made all the more noticeable by the successes achieved by both in former days. At Dacca, it is alleged that the competition of the vernacular medical and survey schools takos away the best scholarship candidates, who no longer enter the normal school. Babu Dinonath Sen, for many years lead-master of the school, has been transferred as Assistant Inspector to Chittagong, and the school is now under the charge of Babu Jagat Bandhu Lalu, M.A., a capable and experienced officer, to whose energy and ability are chiefly due the high position of the Barisal zíllah school, of which he was the head-master. If he cannot make the school succeed, it will be evident that the causes of failure lio outside the question of efficient or inefficient teaching. The Calcutta school has several diflicultios to contend with, which have often been pointed out. The head-master is fully awake to the critical circumstances which surround him. Ile can offer 10 explanation whatever of the failure of his candidates for two and oven for three successive years in a general competition. lle maiutains that no pains were sparod on tho part of any teacher to ensure the success of the school, and he is sunguine of better results if time be allowed. The examination of next December may throw light upon the very dillicult and unsatisfactory question. 311. The Patna normal school has been reorganised with a strong establishment and a stipend allowance for 100 students: an English department has also been added. The cost of this school has been raised from Rs. 680 to Rs. 1,060 a month, and the distribution of its stipends on the result of the middle scholarship examination has been so arranged as to provide for a supply of pundits to fach district in the Behar Circle. The head-ınaster, Rai Sohan Lal, having been appointed Hindi translator to Government, Babu Kali Kumar Mittra, B.A., was transforred from the head-mastership of the Arrahı zillah school to succeed him. 312. The normal schools at Ranchi and Cuttack are said to be doing useful work, though of the latter the Joint-Inspector observes that the quality of the outturn scems to have somewhat deteriorated of lato. He points to certain defocts in the constitution of the school which will rocoive consideration. 313. The first grade normal schools of the province now demand all the caroful attention which the Inspectors and myself can givo to them. Thore is no part of the oducational system which has more importance, for on their sound condition depends the quality of middle education, both vernacular and Englislı, and \consequently the succoss of the whole secondary system. These schools aro in general most officiently officcred, and the chief needs of the time seem to be firstly, to ensure the attainments and capacity of the students who are to profit by the teaching; and secondly, to secure an adequate and sustained supply of such material. The first requirement depends chiefly on the inspecting officers. For the second, it appears likely that, without some increase to the stipend-allowance, there will be difficulty in supplying the demands of the middle schoole.

·96 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR APBCIAL INSTRUOTION. 314. The following table shows the outturn of gurus trained in third grado normal schools :- Number of Gurus who obtained Cortificates during the year. ---- OR DIVISION. First grade. Second grade. Third grado. Total. WA 7 17 ... .... 6 4 10 .. .. J... .. ..... 1.... Burdwan Presidency Culcutta Rajshahyo Darca Oluttagong Patna Bhuxulpore rinna "hota Narpore .... 8 17 12 14 35 87 87 78 98 Total 132 128 18 272 ... It is obvious how far short of the demand for teachers of primary schools the actual supply falls. Yet they seem to fix and to maintain a standard of efficiency which might otherwise suffer decline; and, as regards the two schools of Balasore and Pooree, the Joint-Inspector urges the necessity of keeping them up for some years to come, at least until an alternative source of supply is provided. For the present the number of higher and middle schools is too small to exercise any porceptible influence on the masses. 315. MADRASSAS.--The following is a comparative statement of the attendance and expenditure on Madrassas for the last year: Madrasnb. Ny of pupils. .. I. .. Calcutta Hooghly Rajshahiye Dacca Chittagong Joraglut 223 23 51 195 120 55 Receipts from Guvernwont. Re, 7.978 1,660 6,004 9,435 6,740 446 Total oxponditgro, Rs. 9,174 1,740) 6,096 9,726 7,045 806 : .. Total 073 32,853 35,186 The Calcutta Madrassa is supported from general rovenues: the other five ure maintained by the Molisin Endowment Fund. 316. The policy of Government with regard to the administration of this Fund was fully explained in my last two reports. It will be sufficient here to notice that that policy has been continued during the past year, and that facilities have been given for the study of English within the Madrassas, whenever u gonuine desire to learn that language was manifested, by the appointinont of English-speaking moulvies and by the allotnıent of Anglo-Persian scholarships chargeable to the Mohsin Fund. 317. The exact amount of this Fund available for educational purposes is at present the subject of invostigation, but it lins been roughly estimated at between Rs. 55,000 and Rs. 56,000. The following statement shows the present distribution of the income from the Endowment : Rs. 27,600 180 Assignments to four madruygas Ditto to brauch niadrussa at Joraghat Ditto tor raynıent of two-thirds food in colleges and schools, and part payment of Arabic und Persian tcacliers Mohsin scholarships Assignment to the Sylhet zillal school ..4 18,580 9,072 800 .. Total 66,532 Considerable savings occur in the expenditure from these assignments; and a scholarship of Rs. 2,000 was granted in the course of the yoar tu Syed Hossein, son of Moulvi Zainuddin Hossein, a well-known Mahomodan gentleman of Patna, to enable the former to visit England, where he desired to prosecute his studies.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUOTION. 97 318. The following is a complete list of the present Mohsin scholarships: BPKCIAL INSTRUCTION. A.-Madrassa (Arabic) Scholarships. Rs. Rs. Caloutta ... 4 scholarships at Rs. 10 for one year 4 8 6 4 :::: 490 384 288 192 » 1,314 ... ... 2 Chittagong 5 4 3 144 120 06 72 ... 7 432 .. .. . Hooghly Dacca Rajshabyo } each. 8 6 4 192 144 90 .. I. 432 X 3-1,206 Total Arabic scholarships 3,072 B.-School (English) Scholarships. 3 scholarships at Rs. 5 for one year 3 4 3 3 Calcutta Madreasa, Anglo- Persian Depart. ment. Brauch school 180) 108 15 114 9) 2 576 6 99 .. Ilooghly 3 3 3 180) 1.44 108 1 99 ... 3 9 > 19 ... 432 6 Dacca Rajshahyo... Chittagong... each, { 120 90 3 72 1 288 X 3 = 864 Total School scholarships ... 1,872 C.-Additional English Scholurships. 2 scholarships at Rs. 5 for ono year 2 Dacca 288 3 Rajshahyo Chittagong 3 for four years 4 for three years 288 288 Total additional scholarships 864 D.-Senior Scholarships open to all Colleyes. 1 scholarship at Rs. 16 for two years 2 scholarships 14 12 ... 38-4 672 676 Total senior scholarships ... 1,632 Junior Scholarships. ... 2 scholarships at Rs. 10 for two years 8 !. Caloutta Madrassa, Anglo- Persian Department Hooghly Dacca Chittagong Rajshabye 480) 384 381 192 192 1 I. Total junior scholarships ... 1,032 Grand total of Mohsin scholarships ... 9,072 2 B ·98 REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR BPNOIAL INSTRUCTION 319. The central oxamination of all the Madrassas was held in Novem. ber. The following table shows the number of candidates and the results of this examination for cach Madrassa: Central Examination of Madras8a8, 1878. NR. NUMBER WAO PABERD IN- CLASHES. Madrnyga. Number of candidutos. Total number pagsod. IRT end 3rd division. division. division. 4th year class ... ... S ... 16 17 4 20 3rd year class 2 12 3 2nd year class 9 6 ... .. 2 ... Calcutta Droca Calcutta Diccu Hooghly Chittagong Calcutta Daca Chuttagong Rajebalıyo (Culcutta Daca Chutagong Rujshahyo ... 3 4 2 12 8 6 24 2st your class 6 9 . . 7 6 16 15 6 3 18 4 1.5 33 ..... 2 ...... Total 167 49 30 112 It will be seen from the abovo table that out of 167 candidates present at the examination 112 passed, of whom 48 were placed in the first, 28 in the sccond, and 36 in the third division. These results compare favourably with those of the previous year, in which out of 161 candidates 86 only were successful, who wero classed as follows-52 in the first, 21 iu the second, and 13 in the third division. 320. Calcutta Madrassa.-The scrious loss which tho Madrassa suffered in the death of Mr. II. Blochmann, the lato Principal, was the subject of notice by Government in the Resolution on last year's report. In August 1878 Mr. A. E. Gough succeeded to thio Principalship. The number of students on the rolls of the Madrassa and its branch school on tho 31st March 1879 was 1,015, against 1,012 in 1878. Thoro is a slight but steady increase from ycar to year. Of the pupils, 223 belonged to the Arabic department, 393 belonged to the Anglo-Persian department, 399 to the Colinga Branch School. Of the 1,015 pupils, 653 study English as well as Oriental languages, and the rest Oriental languages only. Thio students of tho Arabic department are without exception Sunnis; in the Anglo-Persian department thero aro 18 Shiahs, and 2 Sħiahs out of 399 pupils in the Branch School. Forty-two of the students are boarders. The total expenditure was as follows:- Arabic Department Anglo-Persian Department Colinga Brauch School Rs. 9,176 16,900 5,279 Total 31,363 1.. The fees amounted to Rs. 6,902. The annual grant for the Madrassa has been reduced since the boginning of tho year to Rs. 33,000. Arabic Department. The annual examination of the senior classes was conducted by the central board of examinors for Madrassas. Out of 86 candidates, 52 passod. In the junior examination 41 candidates out of 66 passed. Anglo-P'ersiun Department.-Twenty-four candidates appeared at the Entrance examination, of whom 8 passed, one being placed in the first division. 321. Ilooghly Madrassa.-The number on the rolls is the same as that of last year, 23, and the average daily attendance was 14. The Principal of tho College remarks that tho madrassa has been going on in this weak" way for some years past, the numbers on the rolls remaining much the samo. Tho Joraghat Branch Madrassa, with a roll number of 55 students, will probably in a few years be far enough advanced to supply pupils to the Hooghly Madrassa, having been established with that object. At the annual examinations six students of the senior third-year class and five of the junior competed for scholarships, of which five were awarded to the senior candidates and one to a junior. There are at present no students in the third, second, or first-year ·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 99 SPECIAL INSTRUCTION. classos of the senior depuitment. The expenditure, consisting only of the salaries of the moulvies, was Rs. 1,740. 322, Rajshahye Madrassa.—The number on the rolls has risen from 45 to 51 during the year, an incrcase attributed to improved health in the town. An additional class has been added during the year, as well as an Anglo-Persian class, which has been joined by seven of the pupils. Of tho total of 51, 22 are boarders, 14 aro day-scholars, and the remainder (15) pay Rs. 2 a month each for board and lodging. The first and second classes were examined by the central board, the rest (two) by examiners appointed by the Director; and the lower classes by local examiners. Some proparations have been mado towards the crection of the pucca building. All tho pupils were Mussulmans, 41 belonging to the middlo and 10 to the lower classes. 323. Dacca Madrussa. In connexion with this institution no changes of any importance have to bo recorded for the year under review. The new building is progressing, but it is not expected tỉat it can be finished before the end of the current year. No change has taken place in the instructive staff, but two of the teachers have been graded. Tho Superintendent has been placed in the 3rd, and the 2nd Moulvi in the 7th grade of the new subordinate educational service. The number on the roll on the 31st March 1879 was 195, of whom 28 were boarders; average daily attendance 122. The Arabic classes are seven in number, and the English five. The Arabic courses are modelled on that of the Calcutta madrassa, and the courses for the English classes correspond with that of the Dacca collegiate school; but tho highest class (English) of the madrassa only corresponds with the 4th class of the collegiato school. The results of the different annual examinations were very satisfactory. Thirty-nino candidates from the madrassa appeared in the Arabic (central) examination ; of those 30 passed, 11 in tho first, 10 in the second, and nine in the third division. The result of the English examination (conductod by Mr. Pope, Dr. Roy, and Babu Mathura Nath Chattopadhya) was also highly satisfactory. From the five English classes 01 candidates presented themselves, and of theso 48 passed, the first class accomplishing tho result of passing all its boys-eight in number. The madrassa receives a fixed yearly incoine of Rs. 10,000 from the Molisin Fund, and tho receipts from fees and fines for the year under review amounted to Rs. 289-10-9. The expondituro amounted to Rs. 9,721-9-6, leaving a surplus of Rs. 595-1-3. 324. Chittagong Madrassa.—The number on the roll was 126, including 25 boarders, as against 133 in tho preceding year. The slight falling off is attributed by the Superintendent to an alteration which has been made in the Madrassa classes. This was formerly a second gradu Madrassa, its highest class corresponding to the fourth class of the Calcutta Madrassa. The standard of studies has gradually been raised until the course read on tho highest class is now identical with that read in the highest class of the Calcutta Madrassa. The number of classes, however, has not been increased, so that the course read in the lowest class is somewhat difficult for beginners. The establislıment of a school as a feeder to the Madrassa seems to be required. The result of the annual central examination was satisfactory: 28 students from the three senior classes appeared in the examination, of whoin 17 passed-four in the first, sıx in the second, and soyen in the third division. The result of the local cxamination was very unsatisfactory: 45 candidates appeared in the exaunination, of whom 16 passed. The examination of the Englisli classes was conducted by tho Deputy Magistrate. The result was unsatisfactory. The examiner observes:-"Thie progress the boys have made in English is very far from what it should have been." On this Mr. Cotton obscrves : -"The zillah school attracts boys wishing to get a good knowledgo of English. The teaching staff consists of five teachers and six classes. The Superintendent complains with some reason that The establishment is numerically weak.” The classes are still accommodated in a bungalow. The head-master hopes that the repairs to the new building will be completed by May 1879, but Mr. Cotton thinks that this expectation is too sanguino. 325. SANSKRIT TITLE EXAMINATION.-In the early part of the year 1878 I proposed to Government that, with a view to encourage the study of Sanskrit among privato students and to give formal recognition to the proficiency they ·REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR an INSTRUCTION. General Literatu, examination should be held in the four subjects of Kavya or 100 General Literature, Smriti or Law, Darsana or Philosophy, and the Vedas, and that certificates, signed by the Director of Public Instruction and the Principal of the Sanskrit College, should be given to successful candidates. Sanction having been given to the above proposal, the first examination was held in April last. In order to extend the influence of the examination as widely as possible and to recognise the interest takon in it throughout Bengal, the examiners were not appointed (as originally proposed) from among the Professors of the Sanskrit Collego alono, but were selected from many parts of the province. 326. The following is a list of the subjocts in which candidates presented themselves for examination, showing the number of candidates and the number who passed :- Subjects of examinntion. Number of candidutus. Number pussed. 7 II. ... 12 18 6 Kavya or Literaturo Smriti or Law (modern) Darsana or Philosoply- (u) Logic (6) Nyaya Philosophy (c) Vedanta Philosophy (d) Sauklyn and Patanjala Philosophy 12 8 2 .. I. 6 2 Total ... 52 24 To the 24 successful candidatos cortificates were granted, and Sanskrit titles were conforred on them, such as Kaviratna, Smritibhushan, Tarkasastri, Nyayalankara or Vedantabagisa, showing in each case the subject in which they were proficient. The names of the successful candidates were published in the Gazette, and in cases where the candidate had been under the instruction of any teacher, the name of the teacher was given also. 327. It would be perhaps premature to speak with any confidence as to the success of the schenic. The following extract, however, may be quoted from the report on the examination received from Pundit Mohesh Chandra Nyayaratna, Principal of the Sanskrit Collego:-"From the number of candidatos that came up to the very first examination held, and the oagerness displayed by both teachers and pupils, one may be induced to lopo that ere long this examination will be one of the most popular institutions of the country.” VII.--SCHOLARSIIIPS. CITOLARSHITS. 328. The various grades of scholarships have been generally treated in relation to the classes of schools to which they are attached; but a complete list of the scholarships offered by the Government is horo apponded :- Class of Scholarships. Sauctioned grant. AUULIY) CAJOITUTVU in 1978-79, ..1 .. 17 ... .. Rs. 23,466 41,724 50,000 15,000 17,100 1,710 6,00X) 4,800 9,072 2,832 1,200 Sonior Junior Muddle English Vernacular Lower Primary Girls Civil Engineering (graduate) Medical College Mohsin Sanskrit College Art School Re. 21,986 43,186 11,812 34,350 12,024 13,337 1.68 5,463 5,068 9,072(a) 2.832(a) 1,200(a) . A. . I. Total 1,72,90-4 1,03,498 (a) Conjectural. The Sanskrit College and Art School scholarships are awarded by the Principals of these institutions. No statement of expenditure has been returned. The detailed distribution of the Mohsin scholarships has already been given under the head of Madrassas.'

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUOTION. 101 TMPLOIVENT OP STUDENTU IN TAB PUHLIC NERVIOR. VIII.-EMPLOYMENT OF STUDENTS IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE. 329. I am not sure in what manner I am expected to treat this section of the report, to which from time to time in previous years a paragraph has been given. In Bengal the subject has at the present time littlo significance. None but educated persons can hope to enter the public service in any except its menial branches. The Government, the High Court, and all thie great dispensers of patronage in appointments, are yoar by year raising the standard of educational qualifications which they require from candidates. I have in previous reports expressed my high opinion of those students, as a body, who read to the standard of the M.A. degree; and this is a class of students which, I am glad to see, is being moro and moro fully employed in all departments of Government. RC FOOL BOOKA. IX.-SCHOOL BOOKS. 330. The reply of Government to the recommmendations of the Simla Text Book Committee endorsed and emphasised the position that "independent provincial effort,” rather than a centralised imperial control," was the safest guide to follow in regard to this subjoct. The advantanges of such a course in stimulating local offort were held to be so obvious, and its results, ut any rate in Beugal, to have been hitherto so satisfactory, that no further argumonts were needed to support the position which the Committee liad taken up. In Bengal school-books in abundant quantity issue from tho press without any need of Government assistance; and all that is viceded is the maintenance of a Committee, such as for the last three or four years lias been doing such useful work in this relation, to select from the class of books offered to it a long list of all that are of sufficient merit to justify their introduction into schools, the further selection from that list being left to the local authorities who may be from time to time entrusted with that duty. In Behar und Orisaa the circumstances are as yet different, and I subjoin the accounts given by the Inspectors of these circles, showing the progress that has been and is still being made. 331. The Inspector of the Behar Circle writes nearly as follows :-"My predecessor formed the idea of getting Bengali school books translated into Hindi for the use of Behur schools. He brought out Bidya-ke-neo, a translation of the Bengali Bochodaya. On my assuming charge I followed his course, and tho result has been some success. Having obtained the disposal of certain sums of money from the primary (1) Desi Lekhu Jokha by Shyam assiguments of the different districts, this oflice has Belari Lnl. Compilation. been able to bring about the preparation and publi- (2) Fidya-ke-nco, from Bengali Bodhodaya, by lswar Chundra Vidya. cation of cleven* useful school books in Nagri and Kuilhi, books which have met a long-felt want of (3) Ditto into Knithi character. (4) llistory Subah Bengal the schools of Behar. (Bengal, Behar, and Orissa) froin “ The books which have now been prepared in Bengals, lıy Raj Krishnu Mookerjen. (6) Bostu Bichar, from the Ben- Ilindi aro almost all of them (with the exception gali Bostu Bichar, by Rain (Inti of two) translations of some of the popular school Nyaratna. (6) llistory of India, froin Benguli. books in Bengali, which are themselves compilaby Ram Cinti Nyaratua. tions and adaptations from English works. (7) Sharir Palan, from l'engali, by Jodú Nath Moukerjru. “There can be no doubt that Bengal, which has (8) Ancient History, from Bengali, taken the lead in English education, has likewise (O) Natural Philmuphy, from Ben. produced the most useful school books in its own gali, by Akhaya Kuinar Duttu. vernacular; and experience has proved to mo, what (10) l'hysical Genraphy, Bengali, by Andhika Prasanna Moo indeed might have been inferred from the nature korja of things, that to translate from Bengali into (11) Khatnap T'idya characters, by Gopi Lal. (Compilu- Hindi would prove the casiest and best means of tion.) getting school books for Behar. " But the supply of the books now obtained in Hindi, although by no means small, is yet not anything like equal to our actual wants ; and I would therefore continue in the courso which has yielded such hopeful results, most carefully avoiding the delay which has been prohibited in Government orders ou the subject. Indeed it seems to me that although Government prohibited money to be held for long periods with the object of purchasing or getting propared books for prizes and school uso, yet that the Bagir. of from in Kaithi ·102 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR BCUOOL BOOYN. been added to the committee. probibition applied not at all to the principle under which action was being tuken, but only to the longth of time that had elapsed before effect had been given to the principle. This delay I may now assure you attonded only the commencement of an important measure, and, so far as I can judge, is not likely to affect our operations for some time to come. Competent authors are coming up with offers to translate school books from Bengali into Hindi ; and such able scholars as Professor Chhatu Ram Tewari, Babu Kali Kumar Mittra, and Pundit Badri Nath Towari* have kindly con- Moulvio Abdul Ali, decidedly the first Arabic scholar in Behur, has sinco sonted at my request not merely to examino and roport upon the manuscript translations that may be submitted to them, but actually to take the pains to correct them or re-writo them in part if necessary, to fit them for publication. You can well understand what amount of troublo this work would entail upon them; but they have already carried on such work with perfect willingness, and I have every confidence in their perseverance.” 332. I regarded it as most satisfactory and full of promiso for the futuro of Behar that so much judgment has been shown in the selection, and so much energy in the preparation of books suited for use in the schools of the province. The measures proposed or adopted by the Inspector for continuing tho supply of school-books had my full approval, and I was glad to have the opportunity of offering my cordial thanks to the gentlemen who had so officiently secondod the Inspector in his useful labours. 333. Besides the 11 books already noticed as brought out or in the pross, the preparation of cight more lias been undertaken, and some of them very nearly finished. These are- (1) History of England, by Bhoodeb Mookerjca. (2) Art of Teaching, by ditto ditto. (3) Chemistry, by Jadub Chunder BoBo. (4) Botany, by Jadu Nath Mookerjoa. (5) Geography, by Tarini Churn Chatterjoa. (6) Prakritipath, by Rajkrisbna Rai Chowdhuri. (7) Geometry, Book I, with notes (compilation from Pott, Todhunter, and Cassel, &c). (8) Bhashabodhini, Part II, in uniform Kaithi (now in the press). 334. The Joint-Inspoctor of Orissa makes the following remarks regarding Ooriya text-books :- * This is a subject which demands serious attention of the oducational authorities, and I am glad of an opportunity to express my views with reference to it. In Orissa we owo the existence of a series of school-books partly to native enterprise and partly to the encouragement offered to authors' by Government and by the Maharajah of Dhenkanal. The patronage derived from the lattor sources sooms in most cases to have been judiciously distributod. " There is hardly any school-book in Bengal worth the name on subjects other than literary which does not get itsolf translated into Qoriya in some shape or other. The two languages are so alike each other that even authors of very poor abilities find it profitable to write books, and clandestine translation has been for some ycars past the order of the day. A healthy reaction has now set in, and there are already symptoms of preference being shown to original works, though in somo rospocts of inforior merit to translations which they are intended to supersede. “It is unnecessary on our part to do anything more than we have already done towards supplying books, which may now be safely left to the natural laws of supply and demand. Such, for instance, are books used in middle, lower, and primary schools; but some artificial stimulus is necessary to bring about works intended for use in the higher class normal school at Cuttack. For thesc latter it is impossible to expect that there should be any general demand. “We ought to encourage the production of atlases and dictionaries. As yet I am unaware of an atlas in Ooriya. The dictionaries extant are hardly on a level with the requirements of improved modern teaching. Something should be done towards getting a supply of good maps in Ooriya. Want of good maps has always been a crying defect in our middle and lower class schools.

·OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 103 6chooL DOO "In this connection I deem it my duty to suggest the expediency of having an educational journal in Ooriya for the benefit of teachers attached to verna. cular schools of all classes. Such a journal once appeared in 1873, but it died out after lasting a year for want of Government support. “All the four parts of the work intended for uso in pathsalas have been published; and, in addition to this, a cheaper edition has appeared of the Zemindari Sherista, a work highly popular with the rural people. “ Rewards have also been offered for an Ooriya grammar and a history of Orissa. The former has already been published. “In closing I may remark that there is no room for complaint in connoction with the supply of school-books as far as primary, lower, and middle schools are concerned, and that our attention should now bo dirocted to supplying the wants above indicated. “There are very few special books for use in girls' schools. Kumar Boikunth Nath Dé has brought the first part of his 'Balikapth,' which is the only work of its kind in Ooriya. Rewards ought to be offered by Government for production of works in Ooriya similar to "Sușilar Upakhan, Shishupalan, &c., in Bengali, bearing specially on matters connected with household economy. A. W. CROFT, Director of Public Instruction.

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·30 GENERAL STATISTICS. 105 Return of Attendange et Colleges and Schools for General and Special Instruction as on 31st March in the years 1878 and 1879. Number of collegos and schools an on sist March Numbor of pupils as on 81st Marchi COLLBO ES AND SCHOOLS FOR GENERAL INSTRUCTION. We 1878. 1879. 1878. 1870. Colleges and Schools roceiving State Grants. SUPERIOR IXSTRVCTION- Collegon affiliated to the linivcrsity in Arts- Government collagos Private collegea, aided 1. 6 12 8 1,089* 701 1,067 840) Total .. 19 19 1,789 1,707 SECONDARY INSTRUCTION whor English Schools Goveruinent schools Privato scbools, aided ... 18,878 1,388 11. 13,236 8,804 ... 8+ ..1 80 Total .. 132 133 22,208 29,130 Middle English Rohool- Government mobools Privato schools, uided ... 1. 7 ci 1,037 21,003 422 820 24,367 Totul 4010 20,943 26,207 Middle Vernacular Achools- Govcrnment schools Privato schools, urdod 1 177 X30 179 783 10,017 39.400 9,808 38,001 47,006 Total 1,007 49,423 Lower Vernacular Schools (ovornment schools Privuto schools, aided .. 10 1,530 13 1,471 69,808 767 50,638 Totnl V. 1,640 1,467 61,919 61.901 PRIMARY INSTRUCTION 10 Govornmont primary schools l'rivato schools, uided (including cirole primarios)* 12 10,030 810 800.013 207 23,028 480,601 Total 10,042 29,038 8817,32 446,808 INSTRUCTION FOR FEMALES- 1 Government schools Privatu schools, uidod (including zonana agoncios) Total 2 400 1 10 2,085 270 10,484 4103 471 10,126 10,734 Grant•2n-aid Schools for European and othor Foreign Raoes. ... Schools for boys Schooly fur kirls Mixed scliouls . 11 18 8 12 18 1,6:37 991 780 1,017 1,118 862 .. 37 39 8,624 19.088 20,MUN 627, 480 600,071 Total Total of Collegos and Schools for Concral, Instruction rucoving State Grants Colleges and Schools receiving no aid from the State. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION- Colloges athliated to the University'u Arts ... SECONDARY INSTRUCTION Ilighor knglish schools Miudlo ditto ditto Ditto Vernacular ditto Lowor ditto ditto .. 17 220 256 ... 10 ... I. ... 119 A:) us 08 012 100 9,480 6,070 8,NI1 1,800 18,903 0,289 4,707 1,99% ... PRIMALLY INSTRUCTION Patlısalar, Tols, and Maktabs ... ... .. 8,0846 ... 6,931 B0,200 81,100 INSTRUCTION FOR FEMALES 78 ... 1. 72 1,839 2,0449 3 .. ... KOB 100 . Girls' sohools Unaided Schools for Europoun and other Foroign Raoos. Boy' schools Girls' ditto Mixed ditto Total of Colleges und Schools for Goneral Instruction receiving no aid from the Stato. Grand Total of Collegos aud Schools for General Instruction. Tas 402 100) 014 7 11. .. 6,404 6,050 110,111 114,331 20.152 33,218 637,021 723,00% " Exclusivo of 18 out-students at the Patna Collogu. + The Motropolitan Institution. # The Metropolitan Institution and Lamartinière College. %D ·IN 100 GENERAL STATISTICS. Return of Attendance in Colleges and Schools for Special Instruction as on 31st March in the years 1878 and 1879. + Nuwen. Numvor of Collegos and Nchools As on 31st March Number of pupils As on 8185 Maroh COLLEGES AND BCHOOLS FOR SPECIAL INSTRUCTION. 1878, 1879. 1878. 1878). 6 8 810 . 227 1 1 145 WON 1 1 87 RH SPECIAL INSTRUCTION Law Dopartments affiliated to the University Medical College, English Department, afllliated to the Uni. versity. Engineering Departmont. Prosidoncy College, aflated to the University. Madrasahs, Governmont Ditto, Unaided Campbell Medical School, Seuldah Vernacular dittu ditto, Patna . .. Ditto ditto litto, Darca Ditto ditto ditto, Cuttack ... 6 ... OL1 073 .. .. 1 20 ... .. ] J ! 20 YWC) I. . I. 1 1 115 174 ... 1 1 143 119 1 32 35 : School of Art .. ! 1 I. 76 Survor Vernacular Schools . 4 180 105 : Other Technical ditto. Govornmont ... ... .... 4 148 1.40 Ditto ditto ditto, Aidou 1 11 Ditto ditto ditlo, Uludod ... ... 2 147 Nornal Nchools for Mastera- Government Normal Schools ... 24 18 071 Airled ditto ditto .., 30 714 Normal Schouls for Mistrosace- Aided Normal Schooly 4 01 Total of Colleges and Schools for Special Instruction 00 4,775) 3, SUE Cirand Total of Collogo4 and Echools for (ieneral and Spociul Instruction ... 26,215 88,278 6+1,100 77,707 ·1 GENERAL STATISTICS. 107 Return of Receipts and Expenditure of Educational Establishments for the year ending 31st March 1879. --- 1 2 8 4 7 10 11 RECEIVED. EXPENDED. Or NATORE OP ESTABLISHMENT. rates Grants from Provivcial revenues. Suro2010] Endowments. Vunicipal grants. Subscriptions. From revenues of native statts. Pees and fines. Funds not included headings. in Local cesses. Total, The Total SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION Rs. Rs. Re. Rs. 24,901 600 ..... 63,808 1,120 90,059 80,424 2,08,716 24.189 !0,237 11,816 10,2015 20,633 (11,701 6,4 133 81,263 3,20,149 1,20,016 2,20,112 1.90,015 University Colleges or departments of collokeanfilliatod to the Univorsity in Arts Guvernment collagos Privatu colloges, uided Total Scholarships hold in collcgos- Sunior Junior Endowed... 2,32,900 10,083 31,094 1,6,285 31,380 4,40,787 10,757 ... .. 21,980 49,180 24,98A 49,188 12,1.65 4,9A6 43,786 1,144 . 19,146 ... .. Total 3,01,077 31,227 81,008 1,20,288 31,80 5.21.078 5,21,073 I II 3,26,217 $8,012 11,07+ 9,595 1,159 2,078 58,007 2,17,894 74,2W 6,546 2,216 4,02,261 1,90,295 3.90, 118 1.44,100 3,000 .. .... I. 0,771 1,17,803 100 1.870 1,38,894 6,810 (1,200 1,910 111,130) 3.49,909 3+ S.710 10,1:30) 8,4*,197 ..! 48.917 1,01,0959 21 1,200 8,601 80,097 10 2,278 111 328 2,093 80,-73 3774 0,880 6,049 2,78,220 70,683 2,71), 100 ... . SECONDANT INRTRT'CTION- Higher English school Governuent schoolm J'rivate schools, ailed Middle English school- Ciovurnituent school Private schoolm, nided Middlo vornucular solioulo- Goscruuiont schools l'rivate schools, aided Lower verneular schools Governiucnt scivolN l'rivate schools, alled Grant-1-ajd schools for Europorn and otlier forcigu rnces- Schools for boys Mixed schools Scholarship lokal in splivols for Noronary instruction- Middlo Inklista Midille verruculum Lower vernacular l'rnunary Enduwod or privato 1,031 76,016 1.051 1,52,010 176 00), 495 20,301 332 1,018 1,551 1,52,519 612 6,078 15,027 88 23,112 11,20 3,380 . . 4:3,611 17,785 1,34,371 33,004 8,350 020 2,146 1,97,543 12,157 IV. III .. II. 11.812 31,350 12,024 13,337 11.812 34,3601 12,112 18,137 3,67 1 11,819 $4,331) 12. 18.837 8,674 ... . III. 33.67 Total 0,37,731 332 37.38 3,38,309 1:4,104 2,027 6,615,599 20,568 | 17,911,503 17,00,072 1,081 21 10 1,116 1,113 .... ... .. PRIMARY INSTRUCTION Primary verrincular schools Government Aldo (ineluding primarios Hued from the Circlu ani Primary Funds) 2,87.309 1,797 1181 80,215 2,501 2,426 55,70,917 0 4,103 10,07,033 10,07,011 Totnl 2,48,419 4,747 418 80,216 2.501 2,24 6,70,041 54,80:1 10,09,048 10,09,021 2:38 ... IXTRUCTION FOR FEMALIS Government schools Private schools, ailed Totul 19,335 041,01 319 17.010 2,276 21,111 13,168 2.31,902 .24.766 1.00:30 17,165 2,23,931 XLI 21,707 78,303 11,706 77,50 1.030) 8 20,387 21,915 2,47,130 2,+1,113 girls' Scholarships huld 12 Ochool- Girls' scholarships IGA 1059 TAN ... Total 78,577 40,70% 77.959 1,080 24,387 21,915 2,17,2:15 2,41,317 Total for Generul Instruction 13,00.784 5,129 1,98,030 6,23,180 14,35 4.133 i 14,38),(409) ! 1,38,529 55,19,01 :35,117,014 992 25,881 ...... 19 20,873 21) 21,810 240 .... 11,057 .... 2,891,3265 5,068 1,70,89 5,854 810 1,70,13 5,981 84,8A2 ... .... ...... 100 ... 6,1833 35,186 III 2.935 10,180 1,7061 6165 SPECIAL INSTRUCTION Law dopartments affiliatod to the University Scholarships lielu in ditto Medical College, Engligli Jepartment, afiliuted tu tho Uulversity Acholarship held in äitto Inkinderink dopartineut of the Presidency. Collyric. afflliatod to the Univernity.. Scholarships lield in dito Mudrassulis Medical vernacular sobools School of Art Kurvoy vcruacular schools Other tockucal schools Govornment Aldod Normal Schools for Masturs-- Govornment horinal schools Aided normal schools Normal Schnoly for Mistres8d3- Aidod Normal Schools Total for Special Institution 32,883 70,8950 18,111 8,888 41.0.75 5,032 35,180 X7,276 19,1109 10,028 10,149 10,028 129 19 .. 17.004 13.73,4 31,%* ... ... ... 31,399 les 141 40.... .. 208 053 09.006 10,091 .2015 21,189 3,898 0,287 31,384 3,160 4,107 2,097 10, 111 10,160 .. ... 4,26,096 258 1,848 27,737 08,340 18.178 0,4,343 . .RO 5,39.315 ·108 GENERAL STATISTIOS. Return of Receipts and Expenditure of Eduentional Establishments for the year ending 318t March 1879-oonoluded, IRINYS 1 2 5 1oT, T 10 11 RUOKITED. EXPENDED OS NATURE OP ESTABLISHMENIA. Grants from pro vincial revenues. Local rates cesses. Endowments. Subscriptions. Municipal grants. From revenues of Native States. Fees and fines. Funds not included in foregoing headings. Total. Total. Rs. RX ks. R. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rg. Rs. 36.709 127 1,507 127 862 2,298 213 40,820 40,829 .. ...... ... . ...... ...... 1,316 1.927 1,916 1,22 1,916 1,02 MISCELLANBOU8 Charges for schools abolished during thu yoar Charges incurred in the Public Works Department on Government unildings Charges for petty constructions und repnire Ditto, minor works Grant to School Book Society Grunt to Education @azette Gruut to unoful publicatsotix.. Payenge and outat for Gilchrist scholars Scholarship cxamination charges Normal school cxamination charges Sundries .. Total of Miscellaneous ..... ...... 0,270) 3.500) 001 0,270 8,0%) 861 0,270 3,000 601 ... 1,000 1,000 4. I. 1,000 010 ... 6,505 6,105 8,146 ... ... 6703 6,37% ..." 676 6570 4,822 3,450 ..... 9,822 58,0165 137 127 352 7,850 I... 213 71,091 71,091 HUPBRINTENDENCE- 43,828 3,80.513 ..... 45.828 3,86,043 48,828 3,36,845 Direction Inspection Total of Superintendouco GRAND TOTAL 3,82,371 9,89,971 3,82,371 21,72,200 6,511 1,36,378 0,63,874 18,802 5,680 10.84,205 1,07,903 45,82,209 46,16,287 ..

·Abstract Return of the Class of Instruction in Government, Aided, and Unaided Schools for 1878-79. UPPER STAGB. MIDDLE STAGR. PRIMARY STAGE. Comprising pupils who bare not passed beyond the primary scholarship standard. Total, NATURE OF ESTABLISHMENT. Number of pupils on the rolls on 31st Murch. Number of schools. Comprising pupils who have reached a standard equiva. lert to tbat of admission to the ist and 2nd class of a school teaching the Unitersity Entrance Course. Comprising all pupils who are neither in the upper our in the primary stage. Can read, write, and understand Cannot read, white, and understand easy sentences in their mother easy sentences in their mother. tongue. tougue. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls, Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Boge. Girls. Total. Bogs. Girls. Total. 1 GENERAL STATISTICS. 28 248 511 331 83 $19 NORIAL SCHOOLS Por masters Por mistresses Madrassabs Technical seboots 104 61 8 128 93 16 287 1,194 16 172 1,387 24 * 470 1,121 1,367 ... 136 443 672 8 135 478 16 73 145 78 146 37 20) 37 470 1,121 .... 470 1,121 6,618 . . + 1 SCHOOLS FOR NATITE BOTS Higher English Middle English Middle vernacular Lover vernacular Primary .. 6,619 35 79 .. 196 5*0 1,162 1,555 29,155 95 36,033 31.00 53,512 63,549 530,001 :::: 19.299 12.01 16,951 6,48 6,364 59 185 19,201) 12,073 16,977 6,4 6,852 26 16 18 801 11.379 J!,556 21.943 194,88+ 8,041 12.433 19,691 21,6911 196,972 2,184 6,319 16,349 23,02 319,649 2.084 6,96 18,765 24,905 396,101 36,032 $1,307 62,928 52,138 821,149 183 581 86,033 81,490 39,513 53,59 530,01 ... 246 248 2,083 1.073 6,753 PI 1,411 8,859 w SCHOOLS FOR NATIVE GIRLS English Fernacular 8 88 3 93 ... 5 538 363 12,414 8 13 . 87 1,299 ... 1,30 102 3,994 6 225 169 6,889 165 7,107 10 270 12,14 12,414 EIROPRAN AND OTHB SCHOOLS POR FOREIG, RACE Boys' schools Girls' sebools Mized schools 830 330 30. 934 DI ... 2,178 1,221 1,184 934 8 209 12 14 21 2,172 656 21 149 459 II. .. 415 318 656 406 467 252 5 114 10 88 45 269 22 2178 1,231 1,184 1,192 702 - 110 i Total 83,249 134,921 63,839 8,391 2,340 10 68,079 257,586 7,604 265,090 389,578 13,783 185,561 609,295 25,646 724,972 1 * No retum of 223 pupils from Calcutta Madrassab. & % 60 ·Gomain COLLEGES, GENERAL 3 05 u Doreton London Cathodral Mission General Assembly'ı » Free Church St. Xavier's College Bhomanipore.. 1 . : Μια Total ... 1. : Number of institutions, 6 12 (1,087 640 Number of papila on the rolls on the 31st March 1970. Upper classes of society. 17 163 351 Middlo olasses. GO Brahmans and Rajputa. Lowor classes. 18 212 986 阴阳经把B Total. Uppor olaseos of society. 9 N UD 25 205 492 Middle olasses. Kagasths and Baidas. 51 Lower olasses. 47 E z - 281 Total. tvo Edce. Upper classos of society. 9 Middle olassos. 115 45 T 8 5 3 1 Lower castes. 51 Lower classes. 7: 128 Return of Social Position and Creed of Pupils in the Colleges for General Instruction for the year ending 31st March 1879. 98 Total, 2 1 ec Upper classes of society. 43 12 I 6 co 00 413 $332 888 అతికలు Middle classes, Total. HI Lower classes, ::: 50 N W 569 966 OFT Total, 338 78 Upper classes of socioty. 1. 3 OI FI Middle classes. 450 3 19! 1 MOBETIMAN. Lowor classes, Total. 23 ܝܙܗ 16 67 do Upper classes of society. 10 38 211 21 er Middle oln4a0s. CERISTLAN. Lower olussos. Total. 10 13 CO CO 9 ... 11 ... Upper olasses of society. 1. : Middle classes. OTERS. : Lower olasses. ... .. Total. 1 Upper classes of society. 1 Middle olassos. 41 8808827 ITIOL SEL Lowor o lassen. 68 1,067 Total ***** Na** GENERAL STATISTICS. 110 ·COLLEGES SPECIAL- Total . . . Number of institutions. 6 5 1 1 i 208 68 287 Numbor of pupils on the role on the 31st March 1879. 出好? . 11 Upper classes of socioty. 1 f NO : 67 Middle Olandes. 00 8 1 Lower class es, 13 34 8 1 36 178 Total, 21 8 30 - 82 Brahmans and Bajpata. Kayasths and Baidyas. :: .. Upper olabios of society. 6 59 103 L Middle classes. లకలువ N Lower glasses. 19 * OD Total. HIRDTS. 58 114 or ? *** r. Uppor olagsos of society. 1 : Middle Olasses. 30 61 20! Lower castes. ".. Lowor olasecs. M ending 318t March 1879. Retum of Social Position of Pupik in Colleges for Special Education, Madrassahs, Medical Pernacular Schools, Survey Vernacular Schools, and the School of Art, for the year *** I... Total, 24 ន - en a o B .. Upper olasses of onciety. NS *** 138 204 81 16 13 14 157 Middle classes. ¿ 9 3 Total. ... 115 * Lowor classos. 8 . 00 en 129 1 485 2 220 138 19 Tot al. 691 83 18 os 9 21. ... Upper clessos of society. T 1 1 115 108 Middle clansos. 4 1 MURSULKANS Lower olamsos, & Total. I T OR to ... Upper olamnes of society, Home O no ! E iwi Middle classes. 5 1 1 CERIETIANE. Lower classes, ... » 1... Total, 1 % 7 7 4 ++ *** ... : 1. Upper classes of society. I :: Middlo olassen, ... 1. *** * SHO roc :: : Lower olassos. 3 4. 19 ... ::: Total I ... Upper classes of society. 16 3 3 1 7 802 15 16 157 Middle classes. TOTAL ... 163 NE Lower Olasses. 3 # 80% Tatl. 78 111 GENERAL STATISTICS.

·Abstract Return of Social Position of the Papils in Gorernment, Aided, and Unaided Schools for 1878-79. 112 5 7 9 10 11 12 13 15 10 17 19 19 21 24 1 PCPILS BELONGING TO TIB OPPER CLASSRS. PUPILE BELONGING TO THE MIDDLE CLASSES. PUPILS BELONGING TO THE LOWER CLASSES POTILY WHOSE PARENTAGE HAS NOT BEES ABCERTAIRED. TOTAL OF PUPILS OF ALL CLASSES. NATURE OF ESTABLISHYEST. Number of schools. Number of pupils us on 31st Durch. Christians. Hindus, Mahomedans. Others. Christians, Malomodans. Hindus. Otbcrs. Total. Mulomedans. Christians, Hindus. Total. Othera. Muhomcduns. Christiany. Hindus. Total. Mabomodans. Othors. Christians. Total. Hindus. Others. Total. 1,367 2 187 S On 89 582 2 1,106 614 417 51 28 2 255 NORMAL SCHOOLS Por masters For mistresses Technical schools... Madrassalis 1,369 12 ... 393 402 *16 191 301 1,316 498 830 403 107 450 93 76 +6 796 3 1,318 93 495 .I . 1,095 101 11. 196 36,033 5-10 31,490 1,16. 53,512 1,555 53,519 9,155 , 530,001 11,1,197 3 741 105 1,320 193 111 30 39 61 53 6 17S 21,817 12,939 16.825 10.197 61, 455 1,917 1,509 1,551 1, NS 9,475 24159 9,516 1,027 14,6113 307 13,469 2,557 15,37 21+ 28.013 5,914 11,236 326 33,277 8,079 71,516 2,539 348,393, 96,977 10,678 19,123 243 34,414 476 42,158 9,100 , 457,107 51 32 525 203 32,638 3,041 418 28,829 4,106 244 45,456 7,519 359 43,572 9,110 2,709 410,969 106,890 161 36,083 137 31,400 63,513 508 63,519 9,673 580,001 GENERAL STATISTICS. 98 1,14 10 33 100 SCHOOLS FOR NATIYE BOTs- Higher English Middle English Middle Teruscolar Lower vernacular Primary vernacular SCHOOLS FOR NATIVE GIBLE- English Vernacular SCHOOLA POR EUROPBAR AND OTHER FOREIGN RACES Boyt' schools Girls' schools Vized schools 5 5 .. .. 5 533 363 12,414 19 202 0100 28 217 70 169 147 4,804 19 17 . 236 5,051 95 6,542 1 501 101 6,824 177 21 202 323 322 261 10,508 61 1 609 1,135 .. 12,11+ ... 101 97 3 9 117 '1.413 55 21 33 8 48 48 101 58 ... 12 14 21 2,172 1,921 1,184 41 37 4 8 40 1,330 557 716 32 1 623 298 1,981 1,153 1,1777 664 298 2,178 1,321 1,184 167 2 1 170 712 2 6 Total $3,250 72,144 274 3,569 336 36 4,265 3,439 129,050 16,318 879 i 119,676 6.160 438,883 115,304 10,128 570,775 ... 48 428 10,23 571,502 131,983 11,391 725,144 * Inclasire of the Government Jadrassah at Dacca with 195 pupils. + This iricludes the following Madrassahs :- 1.-Calcutta with ... 223 pupils. 2.-Hooghls with 23 3.- Jorgbat with 53 4.-Rajshabye with 51 5.-Chittagong with 196 6.-Sitapore (unaided) 20 9 9 5 498 ·GENERAL STATISTICS. 113 B.EDUCATION. 4.-Distribution of Government, Aided, and Inspected Sohools in the several Districts and Divisions under the Government of Bengal for the year 1878-79. DITINIONS. NAXIOT DISTRICTS, Vernacular mpoken. Arts in square miles, Population. Mamber of schools. -are jo sequens dents on tbe rolls on the 31st Marehe 1879. Average namber of square miles to each school Percentage of setools to popale taon, Namber of pupils to aneb 1,000 of the population. 1,837 408 ... ... I. .88 BURDWAN Burdwan Bapkrors Beerbhoom Midnapore Hooghly Howrah Bongalt Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 8,458 2,034,745 1,422 826,772 1,844 896,021 6,1182 2,643,170 786 767,409 089 781,087 12,7707,201,179 49,886 12,898 IN, W8 68,091 16,800 18,878 . 24.88 99.91 178 25-0 907 189 8:19 S'i 1.48 108 18 3,496 523 889 1.80 ... ... 1 6 Total 6,891 171,180 1.87 '93 29$ .. ... ... PRXSIDENCY 84-Pergunnaks Nudden Jagoro Moorshedabad . Bengali Ditto Ditto Ditto . 1,426 788 680 481 2,662 2,210,947 8,431 2,812,798 8,068 2,076,021 2,678 1,869,626 12,219 7,461,489 1.79 4.84 6.84 6:38 ... 62,899 27,878 22,882 14,036 117,524 .. 29.84 16.87 11:01 100 81 .88 Total 8,956 8.84 45 16.77 Oalcutta Bongali ... 78 ... 420,688 268 22,262 08 30 61.8 Rajshahye Dipagoporo Bogre Rungpore Pubne Julpigoroo 819 426 128 100 2,234 1,810,729 4,120 1,601,924 1,601 GUI), 457 8,476 2,149,972 1,000 1,211,604 ... 28 10 9,899 9,886 8,869 10,783 10,679 7 97 12-2 8.03 0:5 750 8:48 8.8 B01 8.78 ... . . 139 RAJSHARYS . ... ... .. 803 28 Bengali Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Mech Garo, Talo, and Bbutia Bengall, Dindi Bbutin, Lepcha, and Pabaria ,للهBeng 2,008 418,88h 199 9,842 21.88 .82 Darjeeling ..1 *** . 1,294 94,712 38 203 88.26 37 9.09 Total . 17,448 7,977,069 3,771 49,060 ..... ..... ... ... ... .. OBISBA Outtook Poorep Balasore Ooriya Ditto vicio .. dud .. 4. 9,178 1,494,784 2,479 789,674 2,006 770,292 2,1908 1,618 1,802 81,010 14,420 26,888 1.00 1.68 1'146 8 1.97 2.33 2074 18 81.84 Total 7,717 8,094,690 6,818 72,271 1.22 2'08 28.8 00 93 CHOTA NAGPORI Hazaribagh Lolardugga Singbhoom Manbhoom ... ... Hindi and Bengali Ditto Ditto Bengali Total 7,021 771,875 12,04% 1,237,123 1,608 415.023 4,926 906,670 259 205 88 418 6,274 9,284 8,706 0,936 37.78 40.89 04:28 11.92 20 6.83 750 890 9.90 .41 28,493 3,419,601 1,044 28,197 2720 31 8 25 CEIMAGONG Chittagong Nonkholly Chittagung Hill Tracts Bongali & Mugloo Bengali Hul dialects 809 243 6 .. 2,329 1,197,402 1,892 719,094 0,561 69,607 10,853 708 7,774 134 1,1199 274 .84 *072 0.182 10'8 1.98 Total 9,785 1,910,948 057 18,211 17.4 201 9.8% 807 882 03% 436 25 DACOA Furreedpore ... Burrisal Mymensingh Tipporab Dacoa Bengali Duito Ditto Ditto Bonguli & Tipporab Total 0 2,796 1,862,103 2,249 1,011,878 9,816 1,897, fino 0,290 2,849,017 2,400 1,633,831 17,450 0,180,805 20,400 14,229 20,560 14,690) 18,043 3.48 68 6 59 14.018 9:01 14.2 94 10'89 07881 18-10 810 400 . *59 112 ... 8,091 93,804 6.648 898 10.278 Patos ... ... 16.8 86 1. PATIA 101 Hindi and indu. atani Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Hindi and Tirhutea Hindi and Hindueteni Gya Shahabad Barun Ohuniparun Mozuttorpore Durblaunga 1,089 1, 167 771 991 880 049 28,758 16,425 12,482 15,020 6,726 10,878 .. 2,101 1,560 888 4,718 1,949,760 4,388 1,728,874 2,864 2,003,860 8,581 1,440,918 2,800 2,188,888 8,874 2,392,281 98,788 18,268,700 078 698 • 447 400 488 294 67 28 0.8 78 *** .. . . .. 60. 827 100 8,709 10-3 140 8.8 Total 8,003 96,068 8 468 79 ... DRAGULOID Bhagulporo Monghyr Maldab Purusub Sonthal Forgannabs 1,886 1,486 188 *81 Hindi and Hindu. otent Ditto Bengali Hindi and Hindu. stamil Bengali, Hindi, and Sonthal 8.81 10-71 84 10.92 4,927 1,826,800 8,913 1,812,880 1,813 076,420 4,907 1,714,796 8,488 1,260,887 30,408 7,280,784 16,640 19,429 8,718 7,079 0,571 9.87 486 687 9196 76 Total ... 4,072 80,288 $'08 36 Repr. No. 687-500-1.9-79.

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·GENERAL DEPARTMENT EDUCATION, CALCUTTA, TAB 22ND OCTOBER 1879. RESOLUTION. READ- The General Report on Public Instruction for the year 1878-79. The most encouraging feature in the educational history of the year 1878-79 is that, for the first time, since the Department was constituted, the contribution from private sources to the total cost of education has exceeded the Government grant, a result to which, as the Director observes, the experience of the last few years has steadily pointed. The Government contribution, which in the previous year fell from 53 to 51 per cent., or, excluding building charges, from 52 to a fraction over 50 per cent., has now decroased to 47.75 per cent. The departmental figures show that out of a total expenditure on education of Rs. 45,45,000, the Government contribution amounted to Rs. 21,72,000, while the people paid Rs. 23,73,000, their contributions in the previous year having been Rs. 21,43,000. 2. There is still some slight discrepancy between the departmental account of receipts and expenditure and the figures furnished by the Account ant-General. According to these the actual net Government expenditure for the year amounted to Rs. 19,65,416. In order to compare this with the actual net expenditure as it appears from the departmental figures, it is necessary to subtract from the latter the sum of Rs. 2,35,000, being the charges for medical expenditure. The net expenditure is thus reduced to Rs. 19,37,000, which amount is less by about Rs. 30,000 than the actuals of the year as furnished by the Accountant-General. The Director remarks that, of this difference a sum of Rs. 18,000 is explained by the purchase money of the Constantia Estate at Kurseong, Rs. 4,000 by the contribution in aid of Dr. Fallon's Dictionary, and Rs. 1,000 by the cost of medical stores supplied from England. There remains a difference of about Rs. 7,000 which is not accounted for. 3. The following table shows the state of cducation for the last two years Class of Instruction. 1878. 1879. I. .. Superior Colleges Higher English Schools Middle Secondary Vernacular Lower Primary Primary Schools Special Femalo European and Eurasian Bcbools, 19 176 672 1,087 1,604 22,126 66 519 Pupiin. 2,003 31,688 31,618 53,234 56,012 446,522 3,779 11,964 4,580 Soboola. 20 196 640 1,061 1,541 29,270 60 543 Papils. 1,969 86,038 31,490 62,607 69,901 631,064 8,805 12,777 4,677 . ... ... ... . Total 26,218 041,400 89,278 727,707 ... Under superior instruction there is no actual gain, the increase of one in the number of colleges being due to the fact that La Martiniére has for the first time furnished the details of its college department. If it is excluded, with its sighteen under-graduate pupils, there is a net loss of forty-eight students in colleges, of which Government colleges have lost fifteen. Under secondary instruction there is a reduction of 101 in the number of schools and an increase of 969 in the number of pupils. The de crease in the number of schools is due to three causes 1) the with drawal of grants-in-aid from a large number of inefficient middle schools (2 the orders of Government of October 1877 re-constituting Middle English schools on a vernacular basis which have had the twofold effect of raising good schools to the higher class, and turning bad schools intą vernaoular -- ·schools; (8) the growing disinclination in certain districts to aid secondary schools from the primary grant. The loss in secondary schools is therefore not to be regretted. Primary instruction shows an increase of 7,144 schools and 84,542 pupils, the bulk of the increase being in the Bohar Circle. This means, not that the numbers of schools and pupils in the country has suddenly increased to this extent, but that a large number of schools already existing have been brought within the purviow of the Educational Department. Under special instruction there is a loss of six schools and a gain of twenty-six pupils. Twenty-four native girls' schools and 811 pupils were added during the year. 4. In the following table the schools are classed according to the source of their incomo and the grant by which they are maintained :- 1878. 1979. Class of Institutione. Soboole. Schools. Government Schools and Colleges Grant-in-aid Circle grant Primary grant Unaided 316 1,779 262 17,395 6,466 Pupils. 28,728 86,569 10,742 406,135 110,232 307 1,677 287 24,364 6,653 Papals. 28,423 83,281 11,947 489,518 114,588 Total 26,218 641,400 33,278 727,707 The Director points out that the number of unaided primary schools which lie outside the Government organization has advanced from 6,084 with 86,200 pupils to 6,232 schools with 84,196 pupils. If these are separated from the other upaidod schools, it appears that schools of organized instruction have attained an increase amounting in round numbers to 7,600 schools and 88,000 pupils, a far larger increase than in the previous year. It is clear that each year extends the operations of the primary systom to schools of a humbler status than the year before. The closing of onc army, six normal, and four vernacular schools accounts for the decrease in the number of Government schools. The reduction in aided schools is due to the fact that groater strictness has been oxercised in renewing and continuing grants. Many now primary schools have been brought within the circle system with a total resulting gain of twenty-five. Greater caution has been used in aiding middle schools from the primary grant, but, on the other hand, thero is an incroase of 7,000 schools in primary schools proper. 5. Excluding colleges and schools of special instruction, the number of students in schools of all kinds, who are in the upper stage of instruction, is 7,413; of those in tho middle stage 64,920; of those in the higher primary stage 264,448, and of those in the lower primary stage 385,178, making a total of 721,959. The upper stage includes pupils who have reached a standard oquivalent to that of tho first or second class of a school reading the University Entrance course; the middle stage all between these and the noxt following class; the primary stage scarcely goes beyond reading, writing, and arithmetio; it includes in its higher section those who can, and in its lowor soction thoso who cannot, read, writo, and understand casy sentences in their mother tongue. The statistics of the social position of the pupils cannot be compared with those furnished last year, owing to a change which has been introduced in the definition. It is observed, however, that of 571,202 pupils returned as belonging to the lower clusses, 349,886 aro children of cultivators and 65,423 are children of small traders. 6. The Lieutenant-Governor observes with satisfaction that the modifications introduced into the organization of the Department by the Resolution dated the 29th July 1878 have on the whole worked well. The higher inspecting officere have been freely consulted by Magistrates on matters connected with the administration of the primary grant; in some cases references have been made to the Director; but in only one case has it been necessary to refor a question for the docision of Government. The transfer to the Circle Inspectors of the direct responsibility for secondary education has caused all grant-in-aid schools to be subjocted to a stricter scrutiny than was possible under the old system. The results have boon economy in the administration of the grant, and greater activity and efficiency in aided schools. The Director regrets that there is still some ambiguity in the position of Assistant Inspectors, and suggests that, if ·" *** some of them be waised to the rank of Joint-Inspectore, they might be more useful advisers to Commissioners, without any prejudice to their due subordination to their departmental superiore. This proposal will be taken into consideration. 7. There appears to have been some misunderstanding on the part of Magistrates regarding the policy which Government wish to pursue with reference to the distribution of the primary grant. Doubtless, payments to primary schools proper should absorb the greater part of the grant, and care should be exercised that the character of a school is not changed without necessity. But there are many cases in which schools, though no longer primary, cannot be brought under the grant-in-aid rulos, and it is desirable that Lower and evon Middle Vernaoular schools that have grown out of primary schools should in some instances be aided out of the primary grant. The laudable desire of district officors to extend primary education has also led then in some instances to require from Deputy Inapoctors so unremitting an attention to it as to interfere with their inspection of secondary schools. The Licutenant-Governor is unwilling to hamper the Magistrates in this matter by any fixed rule, but he thinks it well to remind all officors concerned in the management of primary instruction that properly the duties of Doputy Inspectors aro (1) the immediate personal inspection of socondary schools, and (2) the goncral supervision of primary oducation through the agency of Sub- Inspectors. 8. The new graded system for the subordinate officers of the departmont, which was introduced during the year, will no doubt prove satisfactory. The number of officers admitted to the classes is 318, of whom six are in the first class on Rs. 400 rising to Rs. 500, ten in the second class on Rs. 300 rising to Rs. 400, twenty-five in the third from Rs. 200 to Rs. 300, forty in the fourth from Rs. 150 to Rs. 200, sixty-two in the fifth from Rs 100 to Rs. 150, soventy-five in the sixth from Rs. 75 to Rs. 100, and ono hundred in the seventh from Rs. 50 to Rs. 75. Pronotion will now depond, not alone on the length of time for which each officer has served, but also on the character which he has carned for general ability and zeal. The future of each officer is thus very much in his own hands, and it may fairly be anticipated that incroased efficiency will result. 9. The total number of Government colleges is twelve as in the previous year, but the abolition of the Rungpore second grade college has been decided on, and it will be carried out at the ond of the present session. Thero are still six aided and three unaided colleges. The nunibor of college students has decreased in the year under report from 2,003 to 1,963. The Director shows that this is not due to any temporary decline in the demand for University oducation, but simply to the docrcase in the number of successful candidates in the Entranco Examinations of 1876, 1877, and 1878, which has diminished the amount of "potential collego matorial.” The total cost of each student to tho Stato, as calculated by the average daily attendance, has decreased from Rs. 395 to Rs. 376, aftor a decrcase in the previous year to nearly the same amount. But if the fairer mode of reckoning by the average monthly roll number recently prescribed by the Government of India be applied to the year under report, it will bo found to have decreased from Rs. 334 to Rs. 316. At Berhampore the cost has incroased from Rs. 479 to Rs. 605 for each studenta rate which the Diroctor justly characterizes as serious, and which renders it incumbent on the Lieutenant-Governor to consider whether its status as a college can any longer be maintained without sono prospect of material improvement in its financos. On this subject the Director is requested to submit a separate roport. The Director points out that the incroasc at Rangpore from Rs 127 to Rs. 452 supplies a further argument for the abolition there of the college classes. 10. For the First Examination in Arts 759 candidatos appeared, of whom 672 were students of colleges, and 87 were ex-students and teachers, and of these 208 passed. Of the candidates from Government schools 35 per cent. passed. Aided colleges produced 26 per cent., and private institutions 20 per cent. of successful candidates, but among independent candidates only 6 cent. were successful. Of candidates from Government colleges, one in 11 was placed in the first division, of those from aided and private colleges 1 in 24. * The Director points out that there is an increase this year in ·u ( 4 ) the number of successful Mabomedan candidates, and that three have passed in the first and three in the second division against none in the previous year. None of the Rungpore College students passed this examination. Of nine candidates from the Cuttack College no less than eight were successful, and the new second grade new second grade college of Chittagong passed three candidates out of eight at its first competition. For the BA Examin. ation 262 candidates appeared, of whom 213 were students of colleges and 71 passed. The Government colleges passed 37 per cent. of their candidatos, aided colleges passed 16 per cent., and of private students 18 per cent. passed. The Cuttack College has again failed to pass any candidates for this examination. The Dacca College succeeded better in this than in the FA Examination, but it only passed six out of sixteen. The athletic eminence of the Dacca students is scarcely sufficient compensation for their scholastic deficiencies. For the MA degree with honours there were twenty-three candidates, of whom thirteen passed; for the ordinary degree there were ninoteen candidates, of whom nine passed. 11. From the college reports it is evident that the Presidency College continues to show a satisfactory increase in the number of its regular students notwithstanding its high rate of fees. The decrease in the Hooghly College is due principally to the fact that the schools which feed it have been unsuccessful in the Entrance Examination. The Rajshahye, Midnapore, and Dacca Colleges show an increase in the number of their students. The athletic proclivities of the students of the Dacca College have been successfully encouraged by the present Officiating Principal, and he has organized a society in connection with the college, which has for its object to diffuse general knowledge by means of popular lectures and a reading room. There is a similar association at Patna College, which was founded by Dr. Roy, re-modelled by Dr. Watt, and is now in a flourishing condition. Among the aided colleges the General Assembly's College has far the largest number of students ; on the other hand, the Free Church Institution attained considerable success in the MA Examination. In the General Assembly's College the cost of each student to Government is Rs. 18 only, in the Free Church Institution Rs. 63, in the Cathedral Mission College Rs. 86, in St. Xavier's College Rs. 51, in the London Mission College Rs. 60, in the Doveton Colloge Rs 176. The Doveton College, which receives a monthly grant of Rs. 250, has only passed six students at the First Arts Examination during the past five years, while no student has succeeded in attaining the degrees of B A or M A. It is apparent from the figures supplied that the aid received from Government is in more than one case entirely out of proportion to the usefulness of the institntion. 12. The following table shows the distribution of the grant-in-aid allotment for the last two years, exclusive of special grants for building and other purposes: yn y Wes A-- 1878. 1879. Number of institu tiviin. Numbor of pupils. Huovipts from Govern taob. Tutal roceipts. Number of inintitu. tionis. Nurnber ol pupils. Receipts from Covermout. Total receipte. Rs. Bus. 6 0 Reb 010 8,804 24.347 29,114 4.7188 874 130 192 Colleres Highor Anglinh Nchoola Middle ditto ditto Middle Vornncular Sciroole... Lwer ditto ditto Primary ditto Gurin Sohonix for Nativos... Hoys' ditto for Europians, &o. Girls' ditto for ditto Mixed Itt for ditto Nortoni dioto lor ditto Technical Schools 701 9,383 VA.9138 28,914 5,085 4,870 7.289 1,07 291 786 776 44,186 4%,848 1,80,438 87,8193 7,826 7,101 44,567 88,468 19,981 13,947 16,640 1,18,000 1,194.748 8,76,289 2,47,161 24,037 10,34 1,899.771 1,542 426 70,574 88,117 36H 115 163 244,169 48,603 1,17,803 86,816 7,78 6,863 41,496 28,11% 10,810 14,220 18,146 1,20,618 1,90,96 8,49,909 2,46,990 21,780 27,180 1,69,116 1,84,871 78,034 48,504 45,898 107 0,9:18 1.617 1,116 11 18 26 19 18 12 1 11. ... T. .. .... ..... .... .... w Total 1,779 85,603 4,86,702 14,46,408 1,077 83,281 4/01.,320 18,84,870 The reduction in expenditure is due to the reduction in the number of aided schools brought about by the great aotivity that has been shown during the past yoar in scrutinizing the character of the work done by them, an activity which has had for its result the withdrawal of grants from numerous inefficient schools. Remedial measures, such as a revision of establishment; the ·success. sovero ono. ( 5 ) appointment of pew teachers, or a new committee, the reduction of the class of the school, the change of its site, or the increase of local subscriptions, have been adopted in all the more hopeful cases; but in some cases all such measures have been found unavailing. The principal reductions havo taken place in the Presidency Circle and in the districts of Jessore and Nuddea; but when the small number of schools in Orissa is taken into account, it will be seen that considerablo activity has beon displayed in that province also. In the district of Burdwan greater leniency has been shown in dealing with inofficient schools, as the prevalence of epidemic fover during the last few years sufficiently accounts for their declino. The system on which these grants-inaid have been reduced or withdrawn for provod and long-continued inefficiency is explained in tho report, and is clearly based on sound and equitablo principles. Mr. Croft saya “ There still romain a largo number of schools which, profossing to belong to a given class, and receiving grants corresponding theroto, havo nevertheless for years together either sont no candidates to the departmontal exuminations of the class, or failed to ensure their In other words, they have not fulfilled the conditions under which, whether expressly stated or not, grants were given thom. That one or more pupils should pass each year by the standard which a school professes to teach is, if not the best criteriou of efficienoy throughout its classes, at any rate the only test which wo can now apply. Inspootors havo been urgently reminded that a grant-in-uid is not a benefive, to bu held by a school irrespectively of its inerits or success. The tost of efficioncy is not a In defining inefficient schools, those only have beon regarded wloso pupils havo ontiroly failed at two or more out of the last three examinations. Further, thoso sohools which, having failed ut two, have succeeded at the third of thoso oxaminations aro rogarded as “improving" schools. Those again which have been newly establisliel, or whose class has been newly raisod, are resorved for special consideration. Hence, an inofficiont soliooļ means, as regards the presont question, an old-establishod school with a sufficiont grant, whose pupils have either not appeared, or have altogothor failed at the scholarship oxaminations of 1878, and of one or both of tho two preceding years. With regard to cach of these schools, of which detailed lists have boon furnished, the Inspoctor has been requested to make it special investigation, and to roport what are tho causes of failure and whnt the prospouts of succoss in each case. 13. The number of lligher English Governinent schools in Bengal romains the same as last year, but there is an increase in the number of pupils. Tho number of aided schools increased from 81 to 85, while the number of pupils attonding then declined from 9,383 to 8,894. In private English schools, however, thoro was a large increase. Tho number of schools of this class was 6:3, against 44 in the provious year, and the number of pupils attached to thiom 13,903 against 9,430. Government schools, as in the previous year, passed half their candidates in the Entrance Examination, and, as in the previous year, unaided schools attained a grouter percentage of success than aided schools. The latter phenomenon is casily explained. lligher schools that ask for no grant-inaid are maintained by somo wealthy man who willingly pays for good touchers, or they are situated in populous localities where a large income is provided and the foos of the pupils, while many aided schools strugglo on with difficulty in less advanced tracts. The comparativo merit of higher English Government schools is roughly, estimated by assigning one, two, and three marks for each boy passing in the third, socond, or first division respectively. Applying this test, we find that among collegiato schools the Hindu and Hare Schools show results far beyond those of other institutions. The Dacca and Kishnaghur Schools follow at a long interval. The latter owes much to the exertions of Mr. Pope, the Officiating Principal of tho College. From the Rajshahye Collegiate School four candidatos passed in the first division. Zillah schools are divided into three classes--tho first consisting of those whose pupils are over 300;. the socond of those whose pupils aro between 175 and 300; the third of those whose pupils are below 175. Among first class schools the Uttarparah School hus for the first time taken the highest place in the Entrance Examination. Its figure of inerit is inforior only to those of tho first four collegiate schools. The Boorblioom School is second, boating the two great schools of Eastern Bengal at Mymensingh and Barisal. It is explained, however, that those two schools have really dono better than in previous years, but Uttarparah and Bccrblioon havo done bettor still. The Beerbhoom School is said to owo inuch of its success to thu officioncy and high charactor of the prosent lead-master. Among second class schools Bankoora stands first; tho Third class is headed by Purulia and Balasorc. - ·( 6 ) 14. The gain of one in aided schools in accounted for by the Contai School in Midnapore, the Jamalpore School in Bhagulporo, and four schools in Jessore having been raised from the middle to the higher class, while from five schools in the Presidency Division tho grant has been withdrawn. The increase in the class of unaided schools which takes place in the advanced districts round Calcutta may be a subject of congratulation, as it is due to a genuine desire for higher English education. But it would appear that the rise of such schools in Orissa and Behar is due principally to a spirit of restlessness and rivalry, and that this influenco is, during the short lifetime of these ephemeral institutions, prejudicial to the cause of education, as it tends to substitute a lower for a higher standard of excellence. 15. Middle English schools havo decreased from 572 with 31,618 pupils to 540 with 31,490 pupils. Government schools have decroased from seven with 1,037 pupils to six with 820 pupils, and aided schools from 453 with 24,906 pupils' to 422 with 24,387 pupils. Private schools continuod to be 112 in number, while the number of their pupils has advanced from 5,675 to 6,283. The loss of one Governmont school is due to the reduction to a lower class of the English school for the children of sepoys in the cantonments at Bhagulpore. The Director explains the loss of thirty-one aided schools thus :-"From ninetoen the grants have been withdrawn, six have been raised to the higher class, and seventeen reduced to the class of vernacular schools, while eleven new grants have been sanctioned. In the Presidency Division thore is a reduction of twentyfour middle English schools, of which fourteon have been converted into middle vernacular schools, and four raised to the bigher class, leaving a net loss of six schools.” The District Committee of Jessore have beon especially vigorous. In conjunction with tho Inspector they have carried out most systematically the orders of Government with regard to inefficient schools, and their reconstitution on a vernacular basis. 16. The policy of placing the course in middle English schools upon a vernacular basis has boen discussed at considerable length in the Inspectors' reports, and, though some officers, notably in the Eastern Circlo, regard the change with disfavour, the balance of opinion inclines to the view udopted by the Director that the measure was sound in principle, and that it will be productive of good results. Mr. Bellett, Inspector of the Rajshahye Circle, writes thus "The measure was by no means a popular one, and its unpopularity was, I believe, almost without excoption in proportion to the need which existed for it. The class of teachers which most hatos to be obliged to teach in Bengali is the class in which the knowledge of English is the slightest; and not only is it the case that the pupils in middle English schools now learn their other lessons more satisfactorily by far than they could formerly, when they were taught in a tongue not understanded of' either pupil or toacher ; but I have noticed during the course of my tours this past year that there is less of that miserable parrot-work than there used to be in the teaching of English itself.” Sir Steuart Bayley entirely concurs in the view expressed by Mr. Croft, and in the soundness of the arguments which he brings forward in support of it. Under the old system the boys obtained a superficial knowledge of English without any thorough grounding in the several subjects of study, and it is to be feared that the acquisition of this smattering too often unsettled them and led them to look beyond thcir proper station in life. Their education was sound neither in English nor in the Vernacular nor in the subjects studied through theso media. The system resembled the often condemned plan employed in somo European schools of compelling little boys to begin their study of Greek through ponderous graminars written in Latin. To the allegation that the new systein provides an inferior preparatory course for the Higher English schools, Mr. Croft replies that the vast majority never go beyond the middle course, and that what is required for them is a sound middle-class education, complete as far as it goes. It appears that the proportion of students in the Middle English schools that proceed to higher schools is only one in 16, and Mr. Croft rightly urges that, " in determining the course of a school, we should regard the interests of the fifteen who finish their education therein, rather than of the one who goes to a higher school.” But thero is little chance of even this one suffering under the change of system. As might be expeeted from the greater thoroughness of the teaching they have received, Middle ·(7) Vernacular scholarship-holders are notoriously more successful at the Entrance examination than holders of Middle English Scholarships. Turning, however, from scholars who are required by the conditions of their stipends to proceed to Higher English schools to the voluntary students in the latter, we find that they are drawn from Middle English schools, and Middle Vernacular schools, in the proportions of 5 and 6 per cent. respectively to the total number of pupils in thoso schools, while, if Vernacular schools aided from the primary grant, from which fow pupils soek highor education, are excluded, the proportion of middlo vernacular pupils who voluntarily attend higher class schools is still further increased. The Director points out that even in Calcutta tho great middlo schools are purely vornacular. Sir Steuart Bayley has no doubt that the change of system will be found beneficial to the truo interests of the pupils. It is entirely in accordance with the recommendation of the Simla Text-book Committee that in the lower stages of instruction substantive knowledge should, if possible, be imparted in the vernacular, a recommendation based upon the rational principle that students who have had their minds trained and developed by the acquisition of ideas through their own mothertongue are more likely to turn out clever men than thoso who have spent the best years of their childhood in the painful acquisition of foreign words to which they are unable to attach any ideas. 17. The Middle Vernacular Scholarship Examination of 1878 was the last under the old system. Out of 540 Middlo English schools, 315 sent 1,002 candidates to the examination and 594 passed. In the previous year the total number of schools that sent candidates was 308 out of 572, the number of candidates was 934, and out of these 575 passed. The improvement in the general efficiency of the schools, which these results indicate, is most conspicuous in the Burdwan Division. In the Presidency and Patna Divisions the number of competing schools and of passed candidates shows a sensible decrease. This may be accounted for by the fact that in the Patna Division the Inspector with the full consent of the Director raised the standard of examination to the level of that of Burdwan. The teachers of the Behar schools, and more especially the teachers of English,are in many cases incompetent and unacquainted with the language of the province. Qualified natives of Behar can command higher wages than middle schools can afford to pay to their head masters, and the consequence is that many schools are in charge of men who were unable to secure similar appointments in Bengal. It is to be hoped that the re-constitution of the Normal School at Patna will furnish the province of Behar with a better set of teachers. In the Presidency Division there is a decrease of thirteen competing schools with twenty-seven candidates, and of ten successful schools with twentyfour passed candidates. This decrease is most marked in Jessore, in which district there is a loss of eleven competing schools and of eighteen passed candidates. This is duo to the roforms mentioned in a preceding paragraph. The Director remarks that the immediato loss of tho few passed students which these schools have been able to furnish is more than counterbalanced by the gain of skilled teachers and a uscful course of study. 18. In Middle Vernacular schools there is a loss of five Government schools with 1,712 pupils, and of forty-seven aided schools with 805 pupils, and a gain of twenty-six unaided schools with 890 pupils. The loss of forty-seven aided schools is made up of thirty-nine circle and primary grant schools and of cight grantin-aid schools. Among the former, two circles with six schools were closed in Furreedporc, and sixteen circle schools in Dacca were reduced or closed, owing, as the Inspector alleges, to the withdrawal by the Magistrate of the allowance from the circle grant, though this grant is no longer under the control of the Magistrate. In Jessore the primary grant has for some years been exceeded, and in order to rectify this at once, it was decided, rather hastily perhaps, to withhold grants from 21 middle schools. In Midnapore 11 middle schools were similarly dealt with. The loss of eight grant-in-aid schools is explaiued by the with. drawal of grants from thirty-six, and the reduction of seven to lower vernacular schools, counterbalanced by the roduction into this class of fourteen Middle English schools and the sanctioning of twenty-one new grants. The orders constituting Middle English schools on a vernacular basis have facilitated the development of Middle Vernacular schools into Middle English schools. With the permission of the Circle Inspector, any Middle Vernacular school may at its own expense add an English class. Many schools have availed ·( 8 ) themselves of this privilege. As soon as the English classes in these schools reach the standard of the Middle Scholarship they will be placed on the same footing as Middle English schools. The Lieutenant-Governor quite concurs with the Director in his opinion that, if it is constantly recognized as the aim of the teaching that a sound vernacular standard is to be maintained, and that all subjects are to be taught through the medium of the vernacular, the extonsion of English teaching within proper limits is likely to be beneficial. In the Middle Vernacular Scholarship examination there is a loss under every head as compared with tho previous year. The loss las taken placo principally in the Presidency, Rajshahye and Patna Divisions ; in the Eastern Circle, and in the divisions of Bhagulpore, Chota Nagpore, and Orissa, there is a gain both of successful schools and of successful pupils. Much of the loss in the Presidency Division is explained by the reduction of middle schools in Jessoro. In the northern districts of the Rajshahye Division there is a difficulty in obtaining competent pundits, but this will be removed by the transfer of the Normal School from Ramporc Bauleah to Rungpore. In this, as in the Middle English Scholarship examination, the results in the Patna Division were affected by the introduction of the Burdwan standard of examination. The success of the schools in the Dacca Division is remarkable. It is ascribed by tho Director to the excellence of the teachers trained in the Dacca Normal School, which had in former yoars a very high reputation. The Director says-" The villagers take the greatest interest and prido in their schools, and in' the general competition for scholarships; and they display no anxiety whatever to convert a good vernacular into an indifferent English school.” He points out also that the success of the numerous Dacca schools las been attained at little cost. 19. During the courso of the year Pundit Mohosh Chandra Nyayaratna, Officiating Principal of the Sunskrit College, put forward a proposal to modify in several respects the course of study in Middle Vernacular schools which was fixed in 1875. His proposals were (1) to appoint some central authority to select text-books in Bengali in order to define the standard in language and literature at the Middle Scholarship Examination ; (2) to omit mensuration from the courso as involving a knowledge of tho 3rd Book of Euclid, and to omit the alternativo subjects of botany, and chemistry as requiring practical appliances not existing in the schools, and scientific knowledge not possessed by the teachers, and as having no relation to the courso in higher schools; (3) to substituto hygiene for these subjects; (4) to raise the marks assigned to the Bengali language as by far the most important subject of the course. These proposals were thoroughly discussed. It was agreed by all that the first proposal suggested a valuable reform which, under the orders of Government placing the selection of text-books for middle schools in the hands of Inspectors, can be carried into effect. The other proposals were rightly condemned as retrograde and unsound in principle. It is hoped that the scientific instruction in these schools will be gradually improved by the improvod teaching of the Nornial schools. The adoption by the Government of India of Dr. J. M. Cunningham's Sanitary Primer may to some extent facilitate the introduction of the subject of lygione. 20. Lower Vernacular schools have diminished in number from 1,604 to 1,541. The loss has taken place principally in aided schools, for in the Government schools there is a guin of three schools, and the number of pupils has alunost doubled itself. This loss is due to the fact that this class of schools has not been so liberally aided as formerly from the primary grant. The results of the Lower Vernacular Scholarship examination are on tho whole satisfactory. The number of competing schools has largely increased, though the number of successful schools and pupils is less. The Director explains that this does not point to any decline in officioncy. Owing to the reduction of many schools of the previous year, a large number of tho competing schools of 1877 were not in existence in 1878, while the now schools were scarcely strong enough to succeod at a first attompt. It is believed that in the Presidency Circle the standard of examination was raised. 21. A large increase is shown over the previous yoar in the number of organizod primary schools, the total being 29,270 schools with 531,064 pupils, against 22,126 and 446,522 respectively. A remarkable extension of the ·(9) circle of organized instruction has taken place in tho Bhagulpore Division ander the operation of the "chief guru" system. In Monghyr and Bhagulpore espe cially the rosults come up to the most sanguine anticipations. In these distriots the class of unaided schools has, as was last year anticipated, totally disappeared under the influence of this system. In Mouglayr the number of schools aided from the primary grant has risen from 153 with 5,365 pupils to 1,464 with 18,235 pupils, and in Bhagulpore from 180 with 4,037 pupils to 1,309 with 13,877 pupils. Moreover a remarkablo increaso has taken place in the number of candidates who passod tho Primary Scholarship Examination. In Monghyr the number of successful candidates has risen froin 443 to 047; in from 69 to 193. The same system has produced a large increase of aided primaries and of successful primary scholarship candidates in the Patna Division, though the system is not pushed equally in all districts. In this system the patshalas of cach district are grouped into circles, with one more efficient than the rest, under a stipendiary chief guru at the contro. The chief guru is charged with the duty of coinmunicating with all the patshalas in his circlo, of getting information from thein, of teaching and inspecting them to some extent, and of paying them the rewards they may have earned at the examinations. The introduction of this system may secin to involve hardship at the outsot, as it inplies the withdrawal of regular monthly stipends from the gurus of the pathsalas surrounding the chief guru's pathsala, and the substitution of rowards according to the success of their pupils in examinations. On tho whole, it appears to be a very successful form of the systom of payment by results. 22. This system has been considerably extended during the past year with due modifications to adapt it to the noods of particular districts. In last year's report it was stated that Mr. Larminie had* introduced into Burdwan tho system of small stipends and large rewards which proved so successful in his hands in Bankoora. It has now been brought into full oporation, and the results are lighly are highly encouraging. The system of payment by results has beon more successful in the 24-Pergunnahs this year, as the gurus have come to understand that it does not imply the discontinuance of Government aid. It is proposed to substitute for the present system of quarterly local oxaminations the Midnapore system of yearly central examinations. Tho Midnaporc system, puro and simple, does not seem applicable to all districts. It cannot be carried out in its entirety in Backergungo on account of the district being "a network of khals." Here tho mnothod of administoring the graut is a combination of payment by stipends and payment by results. Similar causos make it inapplicable to Rajshahye. The system is to be triod there in certain thanas where the waters subside early. In Cuttack the systom of payment by results is said by the Joint-Inspoctor to have advanced boyond the oxperimental stago. In Balasore, the forni in voguo last yoar has bocu nuodified by the institution of inspecting abadhans who have improved tho accuracy of the returns, and have done good service by induoing teachers from various parts of the district to attend the Normal schools, by introduciug printed books and by assisting the Sub-Inspectors at the timo of the pass and primary examinations. Bulasure now stands at the head of the list of districts as regards tho percentago of pupils to population in all schools coming under the cognizance of the Department. "Midnapore, which last year headed the list, now, stands second. In Hooghly no chango has boon wade in the simplified fornı of payment by results described in last year's report. In Howrah a large incrouse in the number of aidod pathsalns has been brought about by the introduction throughout the district of the Hooghly system of payment by, results slightly modified. In Rungpore the systoni of payment by results failed last year. T'he form adopted was that of sınall fixed grants supplemented by rewards after quarterly examinations. It bas now boen considerably modifiod. New schools are no longer limited as boforo to the smallest rate of aid. The consequence is an increase of over 100 schools and about 2,000 pupils. The large increase in the number of aided schools in the district of Dacta is due to the orders authorizing payment to all gurus who rent in roturns and the classing of their schools as aidod. In both districts of the Chittagong Division the system of stipends is still in force. Mr. Cotton points out that in the district of Chittagong the Malomedans do not care to send their children to our schools through dislike to the secular character of the instruo. tion. He considers that our object should be to improve the existing maktabs ·( 10 ) in which the Koran is the principal subject taught, not to supplement them by pathsalas; and if his statement is correct that three out of four aided pathsalas in the district are artifical institutions where the Government grant is the mainstay of support and not merely supplomentary to other sources of income, no doubt the maktabs, which aro said to be six times more numerous, are also more deserving of support, if the toaching which they afford can bo to some extent liberalized and onlarged. It is ossential, however, that some secular subjects should be introduced into the course of teaching, so that the elements of expansion may not be wanting. The Director points out that the system which should govern all methods of primary instruction in Bengal is to endeavour by the help of Government support to introduce into the traditional course of study, whether religious or secular, in the indigenous schools, certain subjects of instruction which will bring it into accordance with the general system of cducation in the province. In these viows the Lieutonant-Governor entirely concurs, and will be glad to see a commencement made of Mr. Cotton's scheme for assisting and improving the indigenous maktabs of the district. This may be done without interfering with tho religious character of tho instruction given. It is only necessary that secular instruction should be superadded. 23. In the Primary Scholarship Examination of the year under report, tliere has been an increase of 1,579 compoting schools witli 3,925 pupils, and of 945 successful schools with 2,318 pupils. T'he bulk of the increase is found in the divisions of Patna and Bhagulpore. In every division there is an increase, excopt in Rajshahyo. The proportion of pupils in tho higher section of the primary stage (i. Č. those who can read, writo, and understand easy sontences in their mother-tongue) has increased from 34.4 to 37.1 per cent. ; tho proportion of those in the lower section has decreased from 64.5 to 61.7 per cent. It is vory satisfactory to observo that 73 per cent. of tho primary scholarships were gained by boys of the lower classes. 24. There is a slight diminution in the number of Eurasian and European schools and of pupils under instruction. More than three-fourths of the wholo number of pupils belong to Calcutta schools. The numbor of candidates froin thene institutions that passed the Entrance Examination is the same as last year, but only one scholurship has been gained this year against seven in the preceding year. St. Paul's School at Darjeeling has recovered from its temporary depression under the skilful management of the present head master Mr. Carter. Its numbers have doubled, and last year it passed two candidates at the Entrauce Examination--one in the first division. The Jamalpore School is the best of the Railway schools; it has been admirably managed by Mr. and Mrs. Pegler, who have now been transforred to the Constantia School at Kurseong: 25. There has becu an increase of pupils in all classes of girls schools, and an addition of 1,612 to the number of girls reading in boys' schools. The latter is due to the increase in the number of girls attending primary grant pathisalus. Thoro appoars to be a slight falling off in the nun bor of girls in the iwo upper stages of instruction, but it is doubtful if inplicit reliance can be placed upon the figures. Ono very interesting incident in tho educational history of the year was the success of Miss Kadambini Bose at the Entrance examination. This is the first instance of a Bengali lady passing an examination of the University. Miss Bose was graded in the second division, having failed by one mark only to obtain a place in tho first division. A spocial Junior Scholarship was created for her by Sir Ashloy Eden, and it is hoped that her distinguished success may stimulato her young fellow countrywomen to endeavour to follow her cxamplo. Ihroo young ladies-whose names are Kamini Sen, Abala Das, and Suburna Prabha Bose, all like Miss Kadambini Bose pupils of the Bethuno School-passed the Middle Scholarship Examination, two in English and the third in Vernacular. Five “Mary Carpenter" scholarships, instituted by the National Indian Association of London, have been competed for during the course of the year--three of Rs. 48 per annum by the Lower Vernacular, and two of Rs. 60 per annum by the Middle Vernacular standard. Forty-seven girls presented themselves for examination for the Utterparah Hitaishini Sablia scholarships. Of those twenty-six passed--ten by the first, twelve by the second, and four by the third standard. 26. Mrs. Monmohini Wheeler, Inspectress of Schools, examined during the year 1,059 out of the 1,639 pppils returned as under instruction in zenanas ·( 11 ) or zenana schools. The discrepancios between the returns made by her of the standards attained 'sy tho examineos and those made by the Superintendents of the zenana agencies are very striking: Thus Mrs. Wheeler places 82 per cont. of the pupils in the lowest stage, in which the attainments are limited to roading small words, writing the alphabet and counting to 50; while the zonana agents claim that the proportion is only 30 por cent. It is not possible to reject the judgment of tho Inspoctress in favour of that of the Superintendents, nor is it possible to reconcile estimates which exhibit such wide differences. Mr. Croft justly observes that these discrepancies illustrato the difficulty of introducing any method of paymont by standards The Director also refers to tho grave defects in the existing system of zenana teaching reported by Mrs. Wheoler. These defocts are partly in the management, partly in the character of the toachers employod. Tho want of co-operation among the different agencies, an absence of any sustained effort to enforce the payment of focs, the multiplication of schools within a limited area, the attempt to teach elderly women who have received no provivus training, are defects of the first kind. The incapacity of many, and untrustworthinons of some, of the Nativo Christian teachers are defocts of the second kind. The supply of good teachers is decidedly insufficiont, and perhaps really tho most satisfactory solution of the existing difficulty would be a contraction of tho work of the difforent agencies and an improvement of the average teaching staff. It might thon be possiblo to briug a reasounblo system of payment by standards into operation. On the other hand, it is gratifying to observe that Mrs. Wheeler speaks higbly of the work done by the ladies of tho Zenana Association at Barrackporo, who havo bocn trained in tho Freo Church Orphanage and Normal School. This institution is remarkablo for the admirable discipline enforced within its walls, and it has turned out a succession of able teuchors. The Church Mission School and Orphanago at Agurpara is of the samo excellent class. 27. The number of law students has diminished from 316 to 227. The l'rosidency College law class has a surplus of Rs. 1,710, the Patna Collego of Rs. 317. If the cost to Government of tho Hooghly and Dacca classos is deducted, there remains a surplus on all the classes ot Rs 1,134. Both the Dacca and' IIooghly law classes, the only two which are a source of cxponso to Government, do very badly in tho University examinations. It has now beon decided to limit the salary of the Professor of Law at Dacca to the amount of fees paid by the students, provided they do not exceed Rs. 200 a month. 28. The number of students in the Medical College has increased from 115 to 208, whereas that of pupils in vernacular medical schools has declinod froni 686 to 609. The increase in the Medical College is due partly to tho fact that the hospital class has been nearly doubled, partly to the ro-rdmission of old University students or of those that failed at tho last examination, at which the number of failuros was greator than in preceding yoars. The cffoctive desire for modical degrees is measured by tho number of now admissions; of these there were only twenty against thirty-five of the previous year. The reports of the Supormtendents of tho Vernacular Medical Schools are very encouraging. In accordance with the rocommendation of the Superintendent of the Campbell Medical School, the number of admissions euch year is henceforth to be limited to fifty, and more satisfactory guarantees of preliminary education are to be required. The admission of casual students to this school has rocontly been stopped. Those persons, unable to procuro tho necessary certificatos for admission as regular students, have been known to return to practice in their villages after a brief attendance in the casual class, and thus bring discrodit on the European system of medicine. Tho Diroctor has this ycar, for the first time, had the advantage of the comments mado by tho Surgeon-Goneral upon the various reports of the nodical schools and colleges. Dr. Irving speaks highly of the hospital assistants turned out from the Templo Modical School. The Cuttack Medical School has mado very satisfactory progress. This year's oporations amply justify the opinion oxprossod in the last Resolution that thero can be no doubt about tho ultimate success and permanent usefulness of those insti. tutions. 29. In the Civil Engineering Department of the Presidency Collago tho number of students has increased from eighty-seven to eighty-nino, while thoso in ·-- ( 12 ) vernacular survey schools have advanced from 160 to 185. Technical schools number 149 pupils, an increase of one. Arrangements for the establishment of an Industrial School on the site of Bishop's College are in progress, and the Lieutenant-Governor has every confidence that this institution will prove of the utmost benefit to the youth of the province. It will give native boys of all classes the means of obtaining a thoroughly practical education, and enable them to leave the beaten track of clerical and ministerial service, for which alone they now care to qualify themselves; and it will opou to them, as well as to the European and East Indian boys of the large cities, a large and useful professional career. 30. On the 31st of March there were seventy-six students on the roll of the School of Art, of whom sixty-nine were Hindus. Besides these seventy-six, fifty-one students had been in the school for longer or shorter periods, so that tho total number who had received instruction during the year was 127. The Principal repeats with satisfuotion his statement of last year, that continued improvement is taking place with regard to the length of time the students remain in the school. Out of the seventy-six students on the 31st March, forty had been in the school from two and a half to threo years. He complains of the rawness of the students that come to him, and suggests that simple outline drawing should be mado part of the instruction given in every school that receives Government aid. This suggestion is, the Lieutenant-Governor fears, impracticable. The progress mado by the students continues to be most satisfactory. At tho Fino Arts Exhibition held in Calcutta last cold weather, fourteen students and ex-students of the school contributed no fewer than sixty-six paintings and other studies from life, and 122 specimens of wood engraving and lithography, and they carried off four prizes and three certificates of honourablo mention, Their success reflects great. credit upon the Principal, Mr. H. H. Locke. Mr. H. H. Locke is also in immodiate charge of the Art Gallery. The expenditure on the Gallery during the present yoar was Rs. 8,076 out of an annual grant of Rs. 10,000. Of this sum Rs. 3,280 was spent upon the purchase of four pictures which are regarded as very valuable additions to the Gallery. 31. In accordance with the policy followed in past years, six more Normal schools woro closed during the year and two have been closed since the end of the year. Fifteen now remain, besides the boarding school at kangamatti in the Hill Tracts of Chittagong, which is returned as a Normal school. Owing to the recent extension of primary cducation, it is found in possiblo to train more than a small fraction of the teachers of pathsalas. Third rato Normal schools have thioroforo been closed in all districts where secondary education is sufficiently widely spread to provide a fair supply of school-trained teachers to take employment in private schools. Such as remain are teported to do good service in fixing and maintaining a standard of efficiency that might otherwise suffer decline. In the Vernacular Mastership Examination of this year, 224 candidates appeared, the same number as last year; but only 143 passed against 150. The Hoogbly Normal School is again easily first, and that of Beauleah second. The Calcutta and Dacca schools again failed conspicuously. Tho coutinued ill-success of these institutions is said to be due rather to permanent adverse conditions than to any failure of duty on the part of the teachers. The Director justly remarks that the task now before the Department in connection with all Normal schools is not to provide better teachers, but to ensure an adequate and sustained supply of stipendiary students, qualified by their attainments and capacity to profit by their teaching. 32." The number of Mahomedans under instruction in Government aided and unaidod schools has risen from 111,645 to 131,998. The policy of giving facilities for tho study of English within the Madrasas whonover there is a genuino dosire to learn that language, by the appointment of English-speaking Moulavis and by the allotment of Anglo-Persian scholarships chargeable to the Mohsin Fund, has been continued this year. A scholarship of Rs. 2,000 was granted in the course of the year to Syed Hossein, son of Moulavi Zainuddin Hossein, a well-known Mabonedan gentleman of Patna, to enable him to visit England for the purpose of prosecuting his studies there. Five Madrasas are supported from this Fund, the Calcutta Madrasa being the only one oported from General Revenues. In the general examination of the Madrasas, - ·( 13 ) 112 candidates passed out of 167: forty-eight were placed in the first, twenty. eight in the second, and thirty-six in the third division. In the previous year, out of 161 candidates only eighty-six were successful. In the Calcutta Madrasa there is a stoady increase of pupils from year to year. The Hooghly Madrasa is still weak, but it is expected that the Joraghat Branch Madrasa will soon be ablo to supply it with pupils. No changes of importance have taken place in the Dacca Madrasa. The results of the different annual examinations wero satisfactory. There is a slight falling off in the Chittagong Madrasa. The establishment of a school as a feeder to it seems to be requirod. 33. In the early part of tlio year 1878, the Director proposod that, with a view to encourage the study of Sanskrit literaturo among privato students, an examination should be held in tho four subjects of literature, law, philosophy and the Vodas, and that certificatos signod by the Director of Public Instruction and tho Principal of the Sanskrit College should bo given to successful candidates. Sanction having been given to the proposal, the first examination was held in April: fifty-two candidates appeared, and twonty-four cortificates were granted." Each recipient of a certificate had a Sanskrit title bestowed on him, showing the branch in which he was proficient. The Principal of the Sanskrit College confidently anticipates that this cxainination will become one of the most popular institutions in the country. 34. In Bengal the supply of school books does not roquire any artificial stimulus. The work of seloction is loft to a Central Committee, which has for three or four years done very useful work. In the more backward province of Behar, tho present Inspector has shown great energy in stimulating the compilation and translation from the Bengali of useful works. The Joint- Inspector of Orissa states that the patronage offered to authors by Government and the Maharajah of Dhenkanal has resulted in the production of a valuable series of school books: at the samo timo lie points out that thero is a want of Ooriya atlasses and dictionaries. 35. No change of any importance bas taken place in the educational polioy of the Department during the past year Superior instruction has boon maintained at its former high level ; groat offorts have boen made to secure the efficiency of secondary instruction, and tho due application of the funds assigned to it, while the circle of organized primary instruction has been still further extended. The demand for oducation of all kinds is continually increasing, and the peoplo show evory year greater readiness to contribute towards its cost. Sir Stouart Bayley desires cordially to acknowledgo the good work done by the officers of the Department, and the influence which their labours havo exercised in stimulating the desire for knowledge among the people. The gentlemen who constitute tho toaching and inspocting staff have earned a very high reputation for tho educational body of Bengal. Mr. Croft directed the Department during tho year with marked ability, and he has presented the results of the year's administration in a report which, for fulness und lucidity, luaves nothing to be desired. ORDER.--Ordered that a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Director of Public Instruction for information and guidance. Ordered also that cupies be forwarded to all Commissionors of Divisions for their information and guidance, and for communicution to District Magistrates and District Committees. By order of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, COLMAN MACAULAY, Offg. Secy, to the Govt. of Bengal. Oircular No. 30. Copy forwarded to By order of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, O. W. BOLTON, Under-Seoy. to the Govt. of Bengal. Y CALOOTTA, The 22nd October 1879. C. E. G.-Rog. No. 8947-4-11-79.

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