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·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE
OF
CULTURE
1951
| 4642
BASAVANGUDI, BANGALORE

·A FEW PRESS COMMENTS ON OUR PUBLICATIONS On Some Philosophical Concepts of Early Chinese Medicine by Ilza Veith People accustomed to contrast Ayurvedic with mo lerti medicine slıould be interested 11) this reminder thint China also possesses a medical syetem 15 ancient and efficarious is Ayur veda and is deeply grounded in spiritund philosophy The present explanation of it is so interesting that one only regret that it is not longer -The Hindu (Vidras) On The liustory of Scientific Thought with Special Reference to Asta by Il J3 Winter The priceless le, ?cy pre cnted by Asia to the world is un doubtedly frest reh tons profound plulosophes 116011sating luteratures ind umque forms in it and architecture Jet the author feels that the science of Asia has been seriously underestimated and the West is only nos coming to realize how little it understands about it --The Ir dran Txpress (Vindras On East and West Some Aspects of llistoric Tvolution by Constantin Regamey This is a very good strrightforward paper on 1 subj ct of great interest It is a subject for a book But rathm few thousand words Regimey has made a solid contributin 1/sandia ( 13 ngalore) On World Peace and Rabindranath Tagore by h Chandrasekharon the ideal nf perfect peace was r close to thgare s soul that lie persisted in his mis ion of reclaiminnanhnd literally nil ins very last breath Vs Chandra hların 19 to be thanked for bringing out s clearly and sadly the particular aspect of the poet Rabindrai the file and works The De can llerald (Bingulore) On Our Report for 1950 The Report (1990) of The lader {nistitute of Culture 19 a mirror of the holy cominendible world that institution doing on the cultural plane One feels the Institute and its actrities out to receive wider attention TO 11 orld tan lry wars prejudices and hatreds an institute of tins type lyas much to contribute The Bharaf Jols (Lombay)

·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE
REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 1951
BASAVANGUDI BANGALORE

·Praed by Rameelal J Patel at Sad 203 P Raopara Broda
tai pablisbed by The lod as lastitate of Caltare Basavangade
Basgilate 8 3 1991
}

·CONTENTS [ INTRODUCTION 1 I 8 11 The Need for Great Ideas The Cultural Scene 1951 Our Activities in 1951—The William Quan Judge Cosmopolitan Home The Library Special Meetings Papers Discussed Pub lic Lectures Books Reviewed Other Meetings New Hall Co operation Aims Members 16 SPECIAL MEETINGS 1 27 11 29 32 35 38 39 List Reports Indian Republic Day 2 Lincoln Day 3 The Common People Must Unite to Build One World 4 World Peace Day and Tagore Day 5 Indian Institute of Culture Day 6 Independence Day Flag Hoisting The India of Tomorrow 7 Paracelsus Day 8 Gandhi Jayanti Meeting War and Peace 9 United Nations Day O Inauguration of the New Auditor ium Our Need The Light of Great Ideas 11 Human Rights Day 1 41 43 45 47 50 53 56 ·III SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED 59 I 61 62 2 ! List 11 Reports Ahimsa on the Farm Anarchy and the Individual 3 The Albigensian Struggle for Spir itual Freedom and What It Means for Us Today 4 Norwegian Culture 5 The Responsibility of the Writer 6 The Present Crisis in Psychology 7 Blood Brotherhood 8 Instruction in Religion 9 Freedom and Authority in Inter national Relations IO Contentions with God Some As pects of Jewish Folklore II Marx and History IV PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISII 63 65 66 67 69 70 72 75 77 79 11 86 86 87 List Reports I Unesco Studies of Social Tensions 2 Negro Life and Culture 3 Land Reclamation in the Nether lands 4 Cast and llest Some Aspects of Historical solution 5 On Human Understanding 6 The Individual and the State The Story of Gomateswara as Depict ed in kannada Literature 8 The Atom and After 9 International Peace 87 88 88 89 89 go 11 ·91 91 92 92 93 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 20 10 Non Violence Theory and Practice II India in Cambodia 12 Indian Influence in the Khmer Kingdom 13 Sociological Education in Modern Democracy 14 The Need for a World Ideal 15 The US Governments Interna tronal Exchange of Persons Programme 16 Bernard Shaw and Politics 17 The Challenge to God from Greek and English Literature 18 Contemporary Philosophy in the East 19 Contemporary Philosophy in the West British Colonial Policy Today 21 A Plea for Integrated Living The Nature of literary Delight 23 Philosophy and Medicine 24 Recent Trends in American Education 25 Philosophy as Darsana 26 Stage Production for Amateurs 27 Time and Music 28 Yantras or Diechanical Contrivances in Ancient India 29 The Social Play in Sanskrit 30 The Influence of the Greek and Latin Classics on English Literature 31 The Citizen of Tomorrow 32 The Study of Modern Indian History 33 Asian Studies in the United States 34 The Indian Ideal of Freedom of Thought 35 Religious Education in the Secular State 22 98 98 99 99 100 101 IOI IOI 102 102 103 104 105 Y ·107 108 108 109 40 ΙΙΟ IIO III III II2 IT3 46 I13 114 36 Royal Charters in Ancient India 37 Little hnown Poets in the Sanskrit Worla 38 Jainism A Universal Religion 39 Phases of Indian Dancing Children I-How Do We I earn About Our Children ? 41 Prolubition vs Excise 42 Children II - The Home of the Child 43 America and India 44 Children III The School of the Child 45 Carlyle and Vedanta Children IV --The Wonderland of Children 47 Ancient Iran of Zoroaster and Tal lamakan (The Gob: Desert ) Children V Children in Wander land 49 Measures to increase Food Produc tion in India 50 Switzerland Her Political and Cul tural Patrimony 51 Masterpieces of Indian Painting 52 Indian Sculpture 53 Theories of Indian Art 54 The Mediative Tunction of Munda Customary Law 55 Reconciliation Between Cast and West 56 Structural Economy of South East Asia with Special Reference to India 57 Penal Relorm 58 Arc Treedom and Justice Incom patible 59 Population Problems 48 115 116 118 119 120 I22 123 124 126 127 128 130 V1 ·132 133 135 136 138 139 141 V бо Walt Whitman Poet of Democracy 61 Psycho analysis Today 62 The Sociology of Culture 63 The Co operative Movement 64 Places of Interest in India 65 The Place of the University in Modern Education 66 Bharata Natyam and hathahalı LIST OF Books REVIEWED LIST OF PUBLIC LECTURESKANNADA LIST OI LADIES GROUP LECTURES LIST OF MUSICAL RECITALS LIST OF EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL FILOS SHOWN FINANCIAL STATEMENT VI 143 1.45 146 VII VIII 147 IX 148 150

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·Ag
EUVILI
Indian Institute of Culture Lecture Hall

·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE BASAVANGUPI BANGALORE INDIA INTRODUCTION We are living in a time of intellectual and moral fer maut in which signs are not wanting of broadened outlook and deepened sympathies as the leaven of universal con cepts the dream of a united human family works in the minds and hearts of men The world is gradually becoming one or should we say that the recognition of the unity which has always existed beneath the surface differences is spreading more and more widely? But before the Promised Land can be entered the dream be translated into reality the vision caught on the mountain top has to be brought down to the market place The politicians and the economists though many of them are ready to accept in theory the desirability of universal unity and peace are not taking seriously enough the truths which have been glimpsed or imagined by the great poets creative thinkers and by not a few among the simple hearted lovers of their hind The recognition of commun ity of interests is driving the politicians to ever larger The economists are perceiving that however alluring the hope of full national self suffi cienty no nation can ultimately prosper while other All require the inspiration albeit at second hand of the Pisgah view caught by the great ideal the music makers and the dreamers but still limited groupings nations starte ists of the past of dreams But it is only when the vision caught by the grand of 1 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE soul is heeded by the men of might the arbiters of the people s weal or woe decreers of the measures that make for war or peace when the national planners are men con cerned with the highest interests of all only then will Tennyson s vision of a world at peace and of the Parlia ment of man the Federation of the world tahe truly effective and enduring shape Meantime it is on the plane of Culture that the first indications of a more universal outlook of a climate of thought and aspiration more propitious to world unity and peace can be discerned The ideal of an International Culture is taking shape not as a featureless uniformity in which all regional distinctions will be lost but as a harmo nious synthesis a noble structure yet in the building into which can be fitted all that each people as each nation has to offer of its best and finest a symphony in which each group has its distinctive instrument to play The national cultures are holding their own but the ideal of an international culture has been glimpsed The danger of the more powerful nations seeking to impose their cul tural patterns upon others in the name of international cul tural unity has to be guarded against as also the common luuman weakness of regarding that which differs from one s own pattern as spso facto inferior Also an objective view of the culture of each group must be taken by its own most discriminating members and the meretricious elements rejected so that only the best of each shall be broadcast and the cacophonous notes allowed to die out without relaying to a wider audience What are some of the signs of the spread of the inter national cultural ideal? One of the most striking is the growth in the number of cultural organizations which cross political and other frontiers Unesco has been very active in fostering these though the movement towards interna ţional organization antedates Unesco by many years The 2 ·INTRODUCTION programmes of Unesco the British Council the United States Information Service and similar organizations for the exchange of persons are also effective for the cross fertiliza tion of cultures So are the activities of the International PEN not only its bringing together of leading writers at its annual Congress but also its issuing periodically in association with Unesco The International Bulletin of Select ed Books So too is the important translation project of Unesco seeking to bring the best in each nations cultural heritage within the reach of all More than one critic in the past year has stressed the output of books having a world outlook Thus Atticus in the United Nations World for January 1991 suggested several books giving World Vistas Through riction rightly maintaining that one way to world understanding is to broaden our receptive capacities increase the channels through which world knowledge is reaching our eyes and And in our own Aryan Path for November Denys Val Baker wrote illuminatingly of Britains Writers of the World referring also to the trend toward international unity to be observed in the literature of Italy as also in its films and in the writers of France Germany Russia Greece and Yugoslavia as well Provincialism is today regarded pityingly by men and women of enlightened minds Isolation as a national policy is dead in the United States where it was once held so strongly but where as John Ely Burchard remarked in The Salurday Reliew of Literature for 3rd November 1951 the long forgotten words of Donne No man is an Iland intire of it self have become a cliché All is not smooth suling naturally Creative activity today faces numerous obstacles both from without and from within There is the threat to freedom of thought and of expression which the pressure in many countries for ideological conformity represents This is not peculiar to our ears ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE the regimentation of thought under the totalitarian régimes of which the expropriation of La Prensa in Argentina was an expression The wide spread condemnation of the effort to make that independent journal conform to the approved ideological line the protest made so the capitals of other South American countries and by the American Newspaper Pubhshers Association in the USA were hope ful indications of the prevailing tempur of the times Put the issue is not closed by protesting and forgetting the battle for freedom of Information has to be fought through for prejudice thrives on ignorance of the facts There have been deological witch Hunts even in the democratic USA a subtle reflection ot the very total tendencies against which the de cruces had fought If the writers courage sises to meet the thireat the literary output should reflect these response to the challenge to human digmty Mir Norman Cousins offered a moral stimulant in his Saturday Relew of Literature for December 1st 1982 when he brushed aside name calling or public abuse the occupational hazard of being a water adding Scared men are stile men The sogue of realism is no doubt a check upon the higher flights of creative art but it has a potential cor rective in the rising public taste in some countries as in drama and in music There is no doubt that in ses cral parts of the world econ omic conditions erert a great depre site iniucace upon culture Not only is the reading public limited in some parts of the world but also the amount available for buy Talent itself is being kept from making its full contribution by the mability of very many esen in rela tively prosperous couatries to make an adequate luvias by the per Subsidies to talent have their own dangers and up to a point the economic incentke may serve as a spur to effort unneeded los compulsuse genous but sery as ins books ·INTRODUCTION valuable for the man of modest but genuine talent The efforts of Unesco in behalf of a universal copy nght las promise to bear fruit ere long and once a Universal Copyright Convention is in effect writers interests will be in so far safeguarded But the chief checks to creativity come from within Divided loyalties not only play havoc with peace of mind they inhibit the best achievement possible to an individual Writers are faced with a choice between loyalty to their language by birth and their language by adoption between æsthetic standards and economic social or political propa ganda between the pull of emotional attachment to the nation and the group against the growing conviction of the unity of the human family These choices made to a mans oxa satisfaction only then can he put his heart into his work It is better that the struggle go on however until he makes a choice in which both mind and heart concur The discomfort felt by the morally sensitive from the con sciousness of inconsistency of practice with innate sense of justice as for instance in acquiescence in iavidious racial and other discrimination is hopeful for the removal of the wrong The wide spread spiritual malaise reported from different countries is therefore not a bad sign False values bave to be repudiated if true ones are to come into their own The reaction against the concept of man pre ented by Western orthodox religion and echoed oddly by recent realism had been bound to come They had presepted man in a degrading light a corrective was needed As Mr Van Wyck Brooks remarked in The Saturday Recrew of Literaltire for December ist 1951 man found him elf devaluated It became the fashion to see man as a fallen being instead of as the reservoir of po sibilities he had seemed of old Nen can only be asked to be self reliant when they are supposed to be upright ·TIIC INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE But the rejection of traditional values or finding theni unworkable left many without adequate landmarks M Denis de Rougemont writing on The Conquest of Anarchy (SRL for January 13th 1951 ) sau the dis sociation between principle and practice as part of the disease out of which totalitarianism had sprung The sense of irresponsibility to any moral discipline had made men search blindly for a guide to conduct He points to the responsibility of the intellectuals for restoring a clear concept of mans nature and place on lus planet Many of the intellectuals have however been as much at sca as the common man In fact as Mr C Hartley Grattan wrote in llarpers Maga ine for November clarity of vision las evidently been lost by some writers in all countries They have ha declares lost the capacity of assuming that at bottom they hnow what the life of man is all about Fortunately however seriously values may have been eroded the passion for them still thrives Readers are still searching for what it is all about and he believes that they are pointing to the correct way forward and that writers who have anything truly illu minating to say can count on an audience Happily therefore frustration is not the last word The insistent call for great ideas is a most hopefui indication that the mind of man intuitively recognizes that they must exist and refuses to be satisfied with spurious values Norman Cousins writing on The Incomplete Power (SRL 75t December 1951) calls a shortage of great ideas America s níost critical shortage in the present crisis What is needed is along with clearly defined national purpose the great ideas and ideals which can inspire and animate not only our own people but the peoples of the world He sees it as part of the waters primc function to stretch the horizons of men s minds and to csoke the natural greatness of men in response to greut causs 6 ·INTRODUCTION What he demands can be the fate of passionate beliefs or compassionate acts in the hands of writers of the cult of the bored ? Preoccupied with trivia the American people lie declares--and the same applies to some extent to people everywhere, need positive goals They need vital inspiration In short they need an epic sense in an epic time One of the noblest calls to the writer sounded in recent times was that in William Faulkner s Nobel Prize Award Speech in which he aserred his belief in the immortality of inan n bec se be alone mong creator s has an inexb ust ble voice bt b cause he has a soul a pnt capabl of compass on and fice and nd rance The poets thw tisd ty is to write abo t th e thugs It hs pri lleget h Ip man d re by I fting his heart by rem ad him of the courag and b nout and tope nd prid and mpa s nad pty a d sacrifice wh ch have been the glo y of his past The poet Voic need not m ly be the re o d of mad it co be e of the props the p llars to help him end re d prevail In a similarly inspiring vein Dr B Ifor Evans calls in the Fourth Quarter 1951 issue of his Adelphi for a return to the ancient sources of wisdom in the art of literature and in the world of the imagination and urges the creative writer to return to the study of the mind and experience of man treasuring any moment which might have a comeli ness of shape or form or idea Even a the oft m te d t ss th can b 2 m ment of maga fc nc and t1 ident ficat n of th t mom t23 2 jor part of the pots foc t th holy tryst that he k ps with mankind A special duty of the writer is to guide public opinion in the direction of citizenship of a united world The neu illiteracy Norman Cousins has written (SRL 8th September 1951 ) is the illiteracy of those who can read and write but are unprepared for the building of a world community They have been educated to make th m aware of the d fferences that keep peoples apart but they are tragically ignorant of bas c similarities ·THC INDIAN INSTITUTP OF CULTURE that can br ng peoples to ether No community neighbourhood has ever been smaller than the wo id neighbourbood 18 today in the scose that every man s welfare and destiny is inte locked with everyone else s The major war on the plane of the intellect may well be described as that which is being waged perhaps uncon sciously to the contestants between the scientific and the classical attitudes to life The leaders of both groups are humanists but each group has its own particular point of view and the other fails to value at correctly Technology lachs the mellowing influence of poetry and philosophy-ıt is using hard iron and steel for procuring silver and gold The dreamers of bold dreams need the precision and the practice of focusing the mighty moving ideas which the telescope the microscope and the balances of the scientists It is for the true lover of culture to blend the two forces into one for making men and peoples nobler than they are The words of Amy Loveman carry a message for both scientists and classicists and for others too What is a culture not sa ph losophy but as a pract cal maa festa tion of democratic livi 8? Not learning alone or th love of knowledge the study of perfect on a Vatthew Arnold p t it but sarely a compound of all these of tradition and e oace for tradit on of c rlos ty and zeal of awareness of the problems of the hour and con sciousness of the obligation of the individual and the race to the world open to them Or II -THE CULTURAL SCENE 1951 For evaluating properly the need for and the contribu tion past and potential of such an institution as the Indian Institute of Culture it is desirable not only to try to get a bird s-eye view of the surrounding cultural terrain but also to turn the telescope here and there outside the Nation s boundaries From this necessarily selectate sam pling the general background may be indicated and the reader can be left to fill in the gaps with the help of fuller sources of information or of imagination and analogy Australia had a 50 year Jubilee Celebration in 1991 with 8 ·INTRODUCTION events throughout the Commons ealth in hiterature and art including novel short story and drama competitions and a Jubilee Exhibition of Australian Art from aboriginal cave paintings through the British period T Inglis Moore writing in Australian Po try a fortnightly revies has described the poetry of Australia as characterized by aware ness of the environment and of the sea by interest in the national past and by a new social awareness An editorial in Meanzın however quoted in Harpers Magazine for November described an increasing collapse of war time optimism in Australia and a social climate in which serious writers could no longer work with enthusiasm Against this depressing picture may be set the tremendous enthu siasm for music which for example brings 100 ooo to the open air symphony concerts in Melbourne From Brazil comes the report in The United Nations World for April 1991 of a rich and abundant literary out put but of the younger writers being in revolt against the rule of their elders enthroned in the Brazilian Academy of Letters Writers in Britain are reported hard pre sed by the effect of the financial situation on the book market the conditions in the publishing business tending to encourage diversion of literary talent to the film radio and television fields The Festival of Britain gave a fillip to dramatic and operatic revivals Ivor Brown reported ( U N Il orld June 1951 ) that Stratford Theatre once hard to fill had had to be enlarged for the summer 19, flood and that it was a job to keep the Bardolatrous crowds at bay Music painting and the theatre receive encouragement from the Arts Council and the Carnegie Committee assists in the promotion of music and drama in the rural areas Both symphony and ballet are reported tremendously popular The Fiftieth Anniversary Number of The Times Literary 9 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Supplenient published on January 18th 1952 was a mile stone in English literary criticism Its selection from the cnticisms of fifty years is of absorbing interest Some of the verdicts time has approved others the judgment of recent years has reversed But by and large here is great reviewing behind the screen of anonymity through which The Times allows in this Annn ersary Number a few tantalizing peeps The Edinburgh annual festival of Music and Drama has become a very popular one In Wales the National Eisteddfod for poets principally held in a different placc each year is very popular as is the International Music Festival held annually at Llangollen in the Switzerland of Wales in which the choral singing competition is the chief of several musical events Canada had a National Drama Festival in 1951 with plays in English and in French There are said to be two main schools of modern Canadian poetry the verse of social consciousness and the verse inspired by the 17th century metaphysicians and by such modern poets as Yeats Eliot and Pound Colombia is apparently outstanding for the high prestige accorded by the masses to men and women of letters Herschel Brickell describes in Unsted Nations II orld for May 1991 low domestic servants spontaneously took a holiday in homage to a deceased popular writer The probably lasting cultural ties formed by Egypt through her theatre arts are referred to by Abdel Megud hamadan writing on Egypt s Theatre Is International (UN World March 19,1) The influence of the French theatre in Egypt is said to nave been profound Tremendous literary activity is reported from France where writing has traditionally been regarded as a second profession and hence writers are less at the mercy of economic conditions but one reviewer Albert Guérard, YO ·INTRODUCTION remarked in The Saturday Review of Lsterature for 31st March 1951 that most French writers today were social scientists C Hartley Grattan writing in Harpers for November found French writers burdened with the woes of living and positive voices like that of Raymond Aran few above the mournful murmur The French literary mind he wrote seemed to be running around in circles of a descending order of significance In Germany the most important contributions in the last three years have been in practical fields though the attempt is being made by some periodicals Leo Lanıd reports in Pilgrims Without Shrines (S R L 13tb January 1951) to discuss political social and spiritual problems with an open mind Alerkur a literary magazine of merit had profoundly condemned the wide spread eva sion of thinking throu, h past mistakes The Festival of Berlin described in France Asie (Saigon Viet Nam) for January 1952 seems to have been noteworthy for the remarkable contribution of the municipal orchestra and especially because of the participation in the Festival not only of the English but also of the French who were represented by the Comédie Française To turn to the Indian scene there has been much lit erary activity in several languages mostly it is claimed in Bengali Tamil and Hindi though in the recent All India Short Story Competition organized by the Hindustan Times (Delhi) the first and second prizes sent to Malayalam and Telugu stories respectively while another Malayalam and a Gujarati short story and four in English won the remain ing six prizes There is said to be more activity in the Indian languages than in Engli h Though in many Asian countries the creative writer does feel the pull from both sides we cannot quite agree with the editorial dictum in the Saturday Reziew of Literature for August 4th that the Eastern ster s heart responds to the native tongue fuis TI ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE mind to the acquired European one In India the impact of English literature has played a very important role in awakening heart feeling as well as intellectual perception Unfortunately English is almost the only European tongue well and widely known in India \Vhile its retention is of the utmost value for inter regional as well as international communication the demands of world cultural understand ing are bound as time goes on to bring a wider acquaint ance with the other chief languages of Europe as well as with those of Asia The major single difficulty with Indian writers seems to be that of finding publishers and buyers of books More and more poets seem to be turning to oral recitations for the sharing of their insights and their intuitions It is a matter for congratulation that imitativeness 1 natural first reaction to the Western cultural impact seems to be fast dying out though the Western and especially the English influence unmistal ably persists In the opinion of one critic of discernment however things have moved so fast that Indians generally seem to be at a loss in attempting to define themselves in the context of their newly attained freedom winch confusion is reflected in all the arts The indigenous classical influence according to hun though strong in music fairly strong in literature and dominant in sculpture is almost dead in painting while the original phase in the different channels of expression is for the most part still in embryo Among the younger painters especially in Bombay and Delhi there is however much experimental work reported The death late in 1991 of the famous artist Abanındranath Tagore closed a chapter in the history of Indian art The theatre movement has been making progress against many obstacles among which the chief is perhaps certain groups using the stage for propaganda Another is a laci of stage facıhties within the means of the enthusiastic 12 ·INTRODUCTION amateur groups who form the spearhead of the development This is proving a greater handicap than the lang uage diversity In Bombay which is the headquarters of the Indian National Theatre group which has no ideological are to grind and which has branches in several parts of India plays are given in several languages The I N T offerings include dance ballets in the classical tradition as well as social plays and skits and a mobile stage set on two vans now makes it possible to bring plays to the mill areas and some day to the villages A Children s Theatre Section inaugurated in 1990 with a children s ballet Barlow a Gujarati adaptation of Pinochio—has been formed by this group of which Shrimatı hamaladevi Chattopadhyaya has been National President since its start in 1944 The Theatre Centre of India organized by the Indian National Theatre and including about 40 groups is affiliated with the International Theatre Institute The formation in Delhi in 1950 of a Natya Sangha for the creation of a theatre of high artistic standards in the Nations capital and for providing amateur talent with facılıties for studying dramatics and allied arts is a hope ful recent development There were some outstanding writers at the Indian Congress for Cultural Freedom held in 1951 but there are said to have been many more creative artists at the Peace Congress which followed it a month later and which is alleged to have been politically inspired It is easy to draw from this the conclusion that the majority of India s creatise artists are sympathetic to Soviet lines of thought but a cultural congress under the guise of a peace effort cannot be taken as a wholly valid criterion An All India Cultural Conference of which Shri Shankar 110 Deo was Secretary was also held at Delhi in 19) India has several institutions which have been erving the cause of culture and promoting cultural sympathies ·TIF INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE between peoples and linguistic areas Writing on The Italian Novel in the Twentieth Cen tury in East and test Giovanni Sarelhi described the lyrical idealistic yet introspective and moral trend of a group of younger writers as against the Existentialism of Italian stamp of another group of novelists Contemporary American novels and certain current literary trends in Lurope had also had their influence The present day novel in Italy is described as a blending of extreme realism svith a groping psychological indefiniteness Giovanni Calendoli writing on Dramatic Art in Italy ( UN World July 1951 ) says that in The Gambler by Ugo Betti great problems of the soul are presented with the sincere and eager desire to solve them on the level of high poetry The St Vincent Prize for the most successful drama of 1921 was divided between A DeBenedetti and E DeFilippo for their respective dramas The Last I tee 111nutes and The Italian Institute for Theatrical Ex changes is reported to have placed several Italian dramas in Paris and in Spain Argentina and Scandinavia The Umbrian festival of sacred music held annually at Perugia is described in East and l est for January 1951 The author mentions Italys firm musical tradition which discourages wild experiments and exaggeration Prof Wallace Stegner writing in The Saturday Review of Literature for August 4th 1951 describes the literary scene in the Philippines where publishers and readers are too few and where the urbanized writers draw their themes largely from the villages from which they are voluntary exiles The struggle of Turkish writers to make the language of literature as simple as possible is described in the Autumn The traditional Persian influence Orhan Burian declares has been shaken off but bridging the gap between the written and the spoken language is Safety First 1951 Books Abroad ·INTRODUCTION still a problem Turkish literature today is said to be dominated by folk literature and by folk art with its ele ment of humour Modern Turkish dramas are comedies described as half humorous half satirical In 1951 another work of Mirs Halide Edip Adıvar was published in English translation The Iren was a Turkish best seller in the 1920s it has been translated into English by Sir Wyndham Deedes as The Autobiography of a Turkish Girl The trend from fiction to realism noted as a strıking feature of the contemporary cultural scene applying to Jiterature as well as to the film has been mentioned In the United States though some excellent novels are being written they are apparently not selling as they once did Short stories are holding their own in America but political biography and other writing which partakes of realism seem to be displacing the novel Publishers Weekly (New York) reports that of 10 872 books published in the USA in the first 11 months of 1951 Only 1982 were works of fiction The language of literature is changing in that country Donald C Lloyd declares in the American Scholar (Summer 1991) taking on regional characteristics The claim is made that there is much original art being produced in the Soviet Union and that much original writing is being done The propaganda colouring of much that is translated for dissemination abroad as in the periodical Soziet Literature does not necessarily negative this claim or deny the high prestige and encouragement which the creative artist is reported to enjoy in the Soviet Union though it makes it as difficult to affirm as to deny these claims There are different ways of giving the desired complexion even to perhaps originally spontaneous produc tions of the creative artist as for example by suppressing here and over emphasizing there May it not be that the quality and quantity of the original creative output are not necessarily impugned by the use to which it may be ·TIIE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CUI TURE put in a cultural offensive directed at winning friends for the Soviet? Let us give Soviet culture the benefit of the doubt Other countries also try to popularize their creativ artists output and such an effort may be a help towards world cultural understanding provided the cultural out lines are not hidden behind the propaganda screen Such is in silhouette the background against which must be judged the need for an Institute of Culture such as this non partisan unsectarian unprejudiced an enemy of none a friend to all seeking the best in every people s contribution to world culture offering its effort to the dream of universal brotherhood and peace The Indian Institute of Culture has aligned itself with the constructive forces which are working to refine the drocs of personal and national self interest into the pure gold of altruism and disinterested service III - OUR ACTIVITIES IN 1951 All the activities described in our previous reports con tinued into 1951 though during the year the Ladies Group Lectures and the lectures in Kannada the regional language were discontinued after four meetings in each group had been held The relative attendance at these and the English public lectures indicated that the latter were more popular bath with the Indies and with the great majority of the educated hannada speaking public and so the special lectures for particular sections of the community were given up The William Quan Judge Cosmopolitan Home for out of town students in Bangalore institutions of higher educa tion continues to have a long waiting list though accom modation for several mo e young men is afforded by the transfer of the Home from its former rented quarters a few houses away from the Institutes own property to the 16 ·INTRODUCTIOV remodelled building in the Institute grounds in which the public library was formerly housed The members of the Home like those who join the Institute itself subscribe to Universal Brotherhood as an ideal and as a guide to attempted practice Besides attending the short daily gatherings at which great unsectarian ideas deals and characters are presented in readings or in talks members of the Home are expected to take advantage of one cultural meeting at the Institute each week the choice of meeting being left to them The daily gatherings at the Home are open to such of the public as wish to avail themselves of them Friendliness and co operation without any of the false barriers recognized by too many in the modern world are the key note of the relationship between members of the Home who are besides provided with wholesome and pleasant surroundings pure food and recreational opportun atres along with a regimen which places a high value on punctuality neatness etc As mentioned in our last Report the value to the Cosmopolitan Home members of the opportunities it offers for an ordered programme and friend ly co operation as well as its presentation of worthy ideals has been spontaneously recognized by many parents as well as by young men themselves The growth of the Institute Library s collection of books in the cultural field has been steady In 1931 556 books were added bringing the total to 4819 There are now 1 679 pamphlets and brochures including books of under 56 pages in the Library s permanent collection 218 having been added in 1951 During the same period the Library increased its number of completed solumes of periodicals bound and unbound by 303 bringing these to a total of 983 The total collection as on 31st December 1951 was 7 481 items During the year besides 57 periodicals were added to those currently received for the reading tables ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE bringing the total to 157 The Institute welcomes all without charge to its reading room and books may be withdrawn by the members both of the Institute and the Cosmopolitan Home The attend ance at the Library has been maintained the daily attend once being about 30 32 total 11 200 for the year The books are for the most part in English but there are some french books and a good selection of books in kannada Valuable contributions to the Library s collec tions and periodicals have been received from Dr Dorothy L heur Dr Hans hohn Dr Arthur E Morgan Dr V Raghavan Dr George Sarton Prof Wallace Stegner The British Council The British Information Services The Hazen Youndation The Library of Congress Princeton University The Smithsonian Institution The University of Buenos Aires The University of Chicago The US Book Lxchange The V S Information Service Madras and The Woodrow Waison Foundation The gift of an Epidiascope by a friend of the Institute not mentioned in last years report has proved most valu able in connection with illustrated lectures The Library was moved early in November to farger quarters in the new building erected in the Institutes grounds and declared open on November roth 1951 which houses also the Institute Office and an attractively designed and furnished auditorium seating some 300 people The Institute s public programme of activities to which all are welcome has continued without a break since the summer of 1947 A brief analysis of the meetings held under the Institute s auspices in 1957 follows There were 10 Special Meetings during the vear of which 6 related to unitersal brotherhood and peace commemorated national events I was the Institutes own Anniversary Meeting and another the Opening of the New Hall at which a lecture was given on Our Need The 2 ·INTRODUCTION Light of Great Ideas (See Special Meetings section for particulars ) In connection with the celebration of Human Rights Day on roth December a two day display of posters and material from the Unesco Exhibition Album of Human Rights was held At the Discussion Meetings an activity introduced the previous year II papers were read and considered Of these 3 dealt with ethical problems 2 were in the sphere of religion i dealt with international relations I with Norwegian culture i with an anthropological and I with a psychological theme I with freedom of thought and the last with Marx and History (Please see Special Papers Discussed 1951) There were 66 general lectures in 1951 an increase of 2, over 1950 At these meetings the speakers were Indians an 36 cases Europeans and Americans in 29 while one meeting was a symposium in which Indians shared the plat form with Dr Alfred G Fish and Dr Ruth C Wright directors of the Study Tour of adult Americans which visited Bangalore in July the subject of the meeting having been The Common People Must Meet to Build One World-The Part of the USA and of India Before the meeting the Institute was At Home to the visitors The foreign speakers were from Canada Denmark Eng land France Holland Scotland Switzerland and the USA Two of the lectures by a French lady were on the culture of Cambodia Of the general lectures 10 were devoted to problems of human understanding and of peace 8 to literary subjects 7 to drama art music and the dance 7 to psychology (including a series on The Child by Dr M V Govinda, swamy) 6 to the culture and achievements of other coun tries 5 to political economy 4 to national problems 4 to educational problems to philosophy 3 to sociology and anthropology 3 to history 2 each to religion and to sci ·(for particulars for sec scen from the list of Book Discussions 1951 and al Ol the 4 kannada lectures 2 were of literary interat the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE ence and one to non vialence Public Lectures-Englı h) Twelve books were orally reviewed in the Book " sion Meetings All were works of cultural value as the all were books with a message for our troubled times Stvadu ila (Please see the list of Pob Women in a Chaning presented and the others dealt respectively with Is Astrology a Science ? Lectures-Kannada 1951 ) Three of the Ladies Group Meetings were on themes and the fourth dealt with Order (Please see English Lectures-Ladies Group) Again in this Report space limitations unfortunately forbid our summarizing the excellent oral reviews before the Book Discussion Meetings as also the Ladies Meetings and the lectures in kannada We have al o for the same reason not givea particulars of the three highly appreciated recitals of Indian mus arranged by the Institute during the year and listed under Musical Recitals 1951 In addition to these Pandit Narayana Rao illustrated with musical selections his lecture Time and Music on June 11th and several fine selec tons of Indian devotional music were played by Shrimat! Vengadamma and Shrimati hailasam Iyer as part of the programme arranged on the occasion of the opening of the on new hall We may mention that on the conclusion of Shrimat: N Sharada s beautiful tina recital with mridan,a accompani ment at the closing meeting of the year when there was a capacity audience of 370 Dr L S Dorasamı the Honorary Secretary took occasion while thanking the talented young musician to express thanks on behalf of the Institute for the generous co operation received not only from the many who had given their services as lecturers chairmen of 20 ·INTRODUCTION meetings reviewers of books authors of papers considered at Discussion Meetings and artists but also from those who had tahen advantage of the Institute s programme week in and week out The Institute he said had received most valuable help also from the Unesco Offices at Paris and Delhi the UMO at New York and New Delhi the American Australian Canadian French Iranian Norwegian Spanish and Swiss Diplomatic and Consular Representatives the United States Information Service the British Council and the British Information Services and others Twice during the year on 29th June and 28th Decem ber the Institute had an appreciative write up of its activi ties and its contribution to the true international spirit in the Unesco Features A long note upon the Indian In stitute of Culture occupied the first two pages of the Septem ber 1951 issue of the World in Brief (New York) edited by Mr William D Allen who has long been sympathetic with the Institutes undertaking Shri KS Viswanathan also contributed to Careers and Courses (New Delhi) for Novem ber an appreciation of The Indian Institute of Culture Bangalore Early in January the Institute was visited by Sir John and Lady Russell and late in the year by Dr Alan Grego Director of the Medical Services Division of the New York Headquarters of the Rockefeller Foundation who addressed a small gathering of Institute friends and members and Mrs Gregg They were accompanied by Dr Richmond h Anderson Representative for India of the International Health Division of that roundation The Institute was represented by invitation at the London Parliamentary Conference for World Government by Miss Ethel Beswick and Shri Raghavan N Iyer A message was sent by the Institute to the Conference of the International Liaison Committee of Orean, ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE for Peace held from August 27th to 23rd at Elsinore Den mark where the Institutes message printed below was read The lodian Institute of Culture at Basavangudi Bangalore sends its cord at good vishes for th fr tial deliberations at risipore of the rep resentaties of o gasız tons for Peace This in titut for the past six years has carried on ts work for mutual nderstanding between peoples and for deep ning tle sense of inl v dual respons wil ty sustained by the conv ct on that world oo ty and peace will come about not througt tic denun atron of war or by w sbfal ta ok ag or through cre dal or other part al b other oods tut by the promulgation and practic of Unsversal B otherhood in all its mplications of just ce of s1 aning of mutual loterest sympathy and t lerar o Analogy being the rule 19 nature the chain react on atti atomic level has its counterpa to the human lam ly The ad v dual who becomes a centre of pe ce a himself who ideate and acts in terms of justice and compassion for all men peoples h s current in spac with Jofluences for good wh ch other mods must feel and other lives will emulate Let us then with renes ed fa th 10 wan divine potent alities and in the ultimate triumph of sghteousness and love over cruelty and hate Won t brotherly bands to ethe and go on with our com noo work in af rent parts of the globe to usb s in the dawo of brot) erhood » a ſu in a peacef i nd un ted world We note that the theme to be cops dered us How can the organiza tons for peace contribute to solving the problem posed by the di 1310n of the world into two blocs > May we off the follo y ng sugg stops for your con ideration ? To 19 the answer seems to be for osganizat ons as well as ndividual to fix their own attention and to duect that of others to that which underlies the surface differences The common b manity of all of us whether in the Russiat or the We tern group or atside both faith in the moral law and in the shared ideals of human conduct mutual sympathy based on topta) acqualot ance wth the aspirations and the diffi vite the act levements and the failures of men and women everywhere these seem to us the solid rock og which alope tbe ed fce of peace can safely rest COOP ration to the ful est extent possible with Unesco is its forts to by og about mut al cultural appreciat on and with all people of good w 11 and lovery of peace everywhere 8 ms an mportant step towards world party and peace And for the rest let us preach just tolerance compas on and the brotherhood of all human ty aod the heart of mat will show the way out of the wlderness ao which the confecting ideolog es have led the world 22 ·INTRODUCTION * It also sent a paper for the consideration of the import ant East West Symposium on The Concept of Man and the Philosophy of Education in East and West sponsored jointly by Unesco and the Government of India which was held at New Delhi in December The Institutes contribu tion which was made available to the Delegates in English and in French was discussed there and has been published in the January 1952 issue of the Institutes organ Th Aryan Path and as its Reprint No 8 From January 1951 edited reports of the following lectures delivered original papers read and discussed at the Indian Institute of Culture in 1951 etc have been pub lished in the Institute s monthly organ The Aryan Path Lectures delivered in person are indicated by an asterisk (1) Children Without Fear by Dr M V Govinda swamy January 1951 (2) * Public Life by Dr M C Munshi February 1951 (3) The Internationality of Literature by Dr Wallace Stegner March 1951 (4) Ahimsa on the farm by Dr Alexander F Slutch March 1951 (5) * The Nature and Destiny of Man A Spiritual View by Dr P Nagaraja Rao April 1951 (6) Unesco Studies of Social Tensions by Dr Gardner Murphy May 1951 (7) The Albigensian Struggle for Spiritual Freedom What It Means Tor Us Today by Mrs Hannah Closs June 1951 (8) * Poetry in Sanskrit Inscriptions by Dr Baha dur Chand Chhabra September 1991 (9) * Philosophy and Medicine Dr Bernard Phillips September and October 19,1 (10) The Present Crisis in Psychology by Dr J R Smythes November 1951 x ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE (18) * A Plea for Integrated Living by Dr S kamesam January 1952 (12) The Concept of Man and the Philosophy of Education in East and West a Paper submitted by the Institute and discussed at the Symposium on this subject held at Delhi 13th to 20th Decem ber 1951 sponsored jointly by Unesco and the Indian Government January 1952 The Institutes publications have been widely and in almost all cases sympathetically reviewed A few of the reviews are quoted on the front cover page of this Report The Indian Institute of Culture in the modest measure of its opportunity is attempting to strengthen the forces that are working for world peace and human unity Con vinced as those responsible for it are of human brotherhood and of the Moral Law which bears alike on individuals and nations it is trying to quichen in those within the sphere of its influence through its meetings its free library and its publications the sense of individual and social responsibil ity It seeks to widen their outlook to deepen their sym pathies in short to promote a real communion of minds with recognition of shared needs and ideals It stands for tried and proven values independent of creedal or political formulas sure that there is solid ground to be reached out of the morass in which so many thinkers are floundering today Recognizing the wisdom to be found in the heritage from the Ancient East it accepts the ancient propositions that evolution is not only of bodies but pre eminently of souls and that man progresses by his own efforts It stands for respect for man qua man and for the individuals right to self determination of thought and of expression It works for mutual tolerance and an enduring peace The Institute has numerous foreign members and sym pathizers in several countries There was an increase of 24 ·INTRODUCTION 64 2 per cent in the total number of Institute members in 1951 not including the new class of Associate Members created during the year for relatives of Members Partic ulars of membership or answers to any questions on the Institute s aims and working will be furnished on request by Dr L S Dorasami Honorary Secretary The Indian Insti tute of Culture 6 North Public Square Road Basavangudi Bangalore 4 ·Dais Occas ON Speakers Chatnak Allendance 14th September Paracelsus Day Dr L S Dorasami MSC PRD Shri R Ramachandra Rao Bhorrbo e B MCS 75 2nd October Wy Gandhi Jayant! and Peace Shn P Kodanda Rao NA 160 Pof V S taramiah MA Sbri L S Seshag ni Ro MA 23 d October Un ted Nations Day Mr Just co B Vasudeva fourthy BALL,B 135 Dr EM Hough NA PX D SI P I odanda Rao MA 260 28 rock lov mber Io ngur tion of the New Sh 1 BP Wadia Aud torm O Need The L ght of Great Ideas Joth December Hman Rights Day (Exh Shri M Rangaswamy b tion of Ilman Rights BA DL Album Mater al Posters Prof SA Asitvatham and ) MA M Philp Spratt BA (Cantab) 236 THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE

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Indian Institute of Culture Library

·INDIAN REPUBLIC DAY 25th January 1951 The Tırst Anniversary of the Indian Republic which was formally brought into being on January 26th 1950 was observed by the Indian Institute of Culture by a Spec al Meeting Mr B P Wadia who presided mentioned at the out set the significance of India s record as a Republic and a Secular State in view of the expectations raised by Gan dhiji s leadership and his ideals Shri G S Ullal considering as an Advocate The In dian Republic and Cıvıl Rights emphasized the duty of the educated to spread among the population at large in formation as to the civil rights guaranteed under the Con stitution He felt however that in the interest of democ racy the fundamental rights now guaranteed required ex pansion by amendment of the Constitution under pressure of public opinion Though for example freedom of speech and expression were guaranteed freedom of the Press was 104 Over the other great tool of propaganda the radio there was no popular control the door moreover was open to the passage of laws curtailing personal liberty The rights to work and to gain a decent subsistence and to a certain standard of social security remained to be assured The State he held existed for the benefit of its citizens On the foundation laid in the Constitution a fine democ racy could be reared he was not pess mistic the means to overcome the present shortcomings was in the people s hands but the economic regeneration of the country was pressing for the withstanding of Communist pressure and the strengthening of the forces of democracy and freedom Mfr Pbilip Spratt speaking on The Indian Republic ·TRE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE and International Relations made a thoughtful and sym pathetic survey of India s foreign policy since the acquire ment of freedom in August 1947 He saw Mr Nehru s handling of the almost domestic problem between Ini dia and Pakistan on the hashmir issue as well as of the broader problems of foreign policy as a tragedy of ideal ism which had stuck to its guns in a world not fit for at It no long r seemed that the Irigher principle of secular democracy for which Mo Nehru had stood was likely to triumph in Kaslımır Similarly his legalistic and moril stand upon Formosa had brought him into opposition to the realistic political policy adopted by the United States and most other nations Mr Spratt felt that Mr Nehru disbelief in a Communist programme of world expansion was unrealistic he himself had more than once mentioned the po ibility of India being overrun by armies from the expanding countries of Asia to be met if they came by the methods of (andhiji Inas much as Vr Spratt feared that Mr Nehru s high ideals were only too likely to be shatter ed aguast the reluctarce to submit to them of other people widdmg power lie felt that the verdict of tragedy was in evitable a noble verdict but a sad one Mr Wadia in lus closing remarks brought out that the people had to be educated indeed in their cıvıl rights present and potential but also in their resporsibilities in thought and action As to the international situation nothing he declared would save the world but the holding in people s consciou ness of the great moral principle of fraternity The re sponse to invasion of it came was vitalıy important but India could not fulfil the world s expectations as the coon try whose father was Mahatma Gandhu unies before any foreign catastroplie came her people rose above provincial ism and religious fanatici m the barriers of social castes and classes and of narrow patrioti m and saw India as a ·SPECIAL VEETINGS great Republic based upon democratic principles and part of the brotherhood of all humanity having duties towards all A rather truculent attitude having b en taken by one of the audience who objected to something one of the peakers had said the Chairman strongly affirmed the stand of the Indian Institute of Culture on the right to full freeaom of expression in which it believed and which it al lowed to every speaker from its platform Learning to concede to others the right to bold and to express views with which one might not agree was part of the training in democracy which all required and which the Institute offer ed to those who attended its meetings ·I INCOLN DAY 12th rebruary 1951 Vrs Robert Briggs Watson wife of the Director for the Far Eastern Region of the Rockefeller Foundation s Inter national Health Division presided at the Symposium organized by The Indian Institute of Culture on the birth anniversary of the great American Abraham Lincoln Dr D Gurumurti who spore on Lincoln The Creator of the United States compared Lincoln with Julius Cæsar and Mahatma Gandhi all men of integrity all great orators and all assassinated Lincoln had stood valiantly for the Union and for lasting peace as Gandhir had sacrificed his hle for communal harmony Mr Lawrence Burr 3 worker in the I MCA Madras spoke on Lincoln the Liberator To him Lincoln was the symbol of the aspirations and struggles of the American people at that period Slavery such as Lincoln had abolish ed was no more but the idea of controlling man mind and body had to be met today Mr Burr shetched graph cally Lincoln s youth and his early reaction against slavery He had put human rights above property rights Mr Burr said that his people still had certain handicaps to overcome for America to be able to point proudly to the achievement po sible for a free people but progress was being made He felt at home with the Indian people but he urged them to recognize the fact that the individual must be the basis of a lasting society not caste distinctions or even the Social Welfare State He appealed to Indians and Amer icans to bridge the gulf existing betueen the different parts of the world the future of the world depended he said upon the integration of American and Indian steals and the freedom of the world was worth working for 32 ·SPECIAL MEETINGS Mr Burr quoted Lincoln s Gettysburg Address and urged in closing rededication to the principles of freedom with which Lincoln had identified himself Mr Stanley R Chartrand USA Consul in Madras and Public Relations Officer of The United States Informa tion Service Madras referred at the outset to the bond between America and India because of Lincoln and of Gan dhiji His subject was Lincoln s Influence on Democratic Thought and Lincoln s having been an individual of very humble origin who had risen to the Presidency was itself an aspect of democracy and had had a great influence in India and elsewhere He spoke of Lincoln s moral strength his firmness combined with tolerance and gentleness his honesty and courage his desire to do the right thing how ever difficult and his great humanitarianism Mr Chartrand sketched Lincoln s political career and how he had saved the Union and abolished slavery and regretted that the influence of great men was not as greatly felt as it should be What men like Abraham Lincoln and Mahatma Gandhr had done and stood for needed to be thought about and discussed Let us be glad he concluded that the ideals are there-ideals of freedom of courage of morality and the strength to go forward and still it seems to me that the humanitarian touch of these great men was even greater In her closing remarks Mrs Watson pointed to the paral Jel between the conditions and the crisis which the United States had faced in the 60 s and the crisis faced by the world today Lincoln had considered himself a simple individual ubo had certain principles by which he regulated his life Blert ing daily in the light of those principles the problems that had come before him he had finally been selected to break his country at a critical time and had become great Most of us the Chairman said would not be cali. 33 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE to be great but if in our contacts with our fellow men we had the capacity and the singleness of purpose that Lincoln and Mahatma Gandhi had shown then India now in her infancy in the world of nations and America a leader in this critical time might reach the goal which they had in their lifetimes reached It was for their countrymen to rededicate themselves to their unfinished tasks 34 ·THE COMMON PEOPLE MUST MEET TO BUILD ONE WORLD THE PART OF THE USA AND OF INDIA 21st July 1951 Taking advantage of the presence in Bangalore of the directors and members of a non governmental Travelling Seminar from the USA this meeting was arranged for mutual benefit The Directors of the Seminar Dr Alfred G Fisk Professor of Philosophy of San Francisco State University and Dr Ruth C Wright Dean of Students of the College of the City of New York were the chief participants from the American side The meeting was under the Chairmanship of Shri B P Wadia Dr I isk made the statement that all problems in the world whether political economic cientific labour or what not were fundamentally rooted in human relationships Human relationship was the primary factor and all these would find their legitimate place when this was satisfac torily solved How was the common man to solve this problem facing every individual in the world today? Dr Fish suggested that every individual no matter what his circumstances could become a bridge builder in his own home from homes it would spread into the neighbourhood Islands of peace and human relationships These islands uniting with Islands formed elsewhere would make up con tinents and finally the world would be engul by the power of fellowship started by individuals at home in their daily walks of life Dr Wright when she spoke tried to build a bridge of understanding between the peoples of India and her country She showed that the Hollywood film industry and the large American monthly magazines sold all over the world were 35 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE America s greatest enemies For the films and advertis ments were not true representatives of the manner of living of the common man In America Of American women 60% worl ed and 94% of these women one poll had showed were working because it was requisite for them to do so for the sake of their family Her plea to India was not to look upon America as Santa Claus but as a nation of common men like Indians having the same obstacles and difficulties to overcome that Indians had The first speaker presenting the Indian point of view was Shri B T Parthasarathy He traced the historical development of the concept of One World from Grecian times to the modern day Then he went on to show the task lying before India to accomplish While other European countries and later America had taken time to develop into the nations they now were India had to catch up in a very short time with the rest of the world Having farth in the democratic ideal she hoped with the help of the democratic countries to live up to it Shri D N Hosalı asked whether the common people of India were the 10% city dwellers or the 90% villagers The villages were tife with superstition and full of orthodoxy Therefore he felt that the meeting of the common people could only be between the educated classes of India and the other parts of the world The ideal of One World could come about he said by military conquest or by a fusion of cultures Before the lively meeting was closed the audience asked many questions on American policies and other points of misunderstanding between the two countries Not only did the directors of the Seminar answer these questions but other members of their group also contributed Shri B P Wadia closed the meeting by clearing the question as to who the common people were The comthoni people of India he said were the sillagers and they were 36 ·SPECIAL MEETINGS The com though illiterate in some respects more ethical and cultured than the educated city dwellers These villagers were capable of following the idea of One World and of being active participants in the scheme while the very education of the modern man gave a separative tendency Human relationship he said could be established by men who spoke the language of the heart not of the head mon man anywhere understood and could practise the teachings of the heart All the great teachers of all coun tries had spoken of the unity of mankind Krishna Buddha Jesus Muhammad had all said that Deity presided in the hearts of all men not only in thi or that community or sect The Indian Institute of Culture he said existed to bu a bridge builder and to join with other bridge builders in the mighty task of keeping before men the doctrine of the spiritual unity of all mankind He closed h s talk by thanking the Seminar for its contribution towards build ing a mighty link between the East and the West 37

·WORLD PEACE AND RABINDRANATH TAGORE
7th August 1951
This joint celebration of World Peace Day and of the
death anniversary of the poet Rabindranath Tagore was
convened under the chairmanship of Prof k Ananthi
ramiah The lecture delivered on this occasion by Shri k
Chandrasekharan of Madras has appeared as Transaction
No 8 of the Indian Institute of Culture
38

·INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE DAY 13th August 1951 Shri B P Wadia in his introductory remarks recalled the founding of the Institute six years before with faith in the great law of the living universe He called upon Shri Guru Dutt to give guidance and inspiration for the coming year by presenting the concept of culture which was losing its significance Giving the address of the day on Aspects of Culture Shri Guru Dutt Director of Public Instruction in Mysore State said that he had not prepared his speech for he felt at home amongst the Institutes audience and spoke bet ter and what he said was better adjusted to the temper of the audience if he did not prepare it Culture he said had many meanings It was equated with civilization when the culture of primitive peoples was discussed But culture was better understood in terms of what distinguished man from the animal It was mans overcoming of animal passions and his acquiring of humane qualities which made him more or less cultured The more cultured the less brute like and the more godlike Shn Guru Dutt gave the steps along the path of cul ture The first was Sadhana well directed effort at con trol of the passional nature and the fostering of the higher powers producing the self disciplined Sadhu Purushartha the pattern for a full and rounded life was based on Dharma the performance of a man s own duties or social obligations Artha and kama were also considered good aims Artha being ambition for health and knowledge and Kama desire itself The three formed a tnnity-Dharma hama and Artha One without the other resulted in lopsided or upcultured development The three in proper 39 ·THE I DIAV I ISTITUTE OF CULTURE proportions alone made a cultured man Desire and striy ing for wealth and knowledge were to be held in restraint by the performance of duties Sadhana he said included sacrifice and also Ioga which brought the higher nature or Buddha into play A cultured man had to recognize the unseen universe as well as the visible one Besides the world of the physical there were the sukshma or subtle and the spiritual worlds A really cultured man would recognize these other realms as well as the visible universe To reach the ideal of real culture a man would have to endeavour for many lives but being immortal could by long effort reach the goal Shri B P Wadia referred to the sukshma mentioned by Shri Guru Dutt defining it as the super electromagnetic substance making up the personal soul of man And with out soul without the light of spirit carried by it how can a man of the world become cultured ? Once there had been a universal religion and the cultured man was one who lived the Religion which integrated body mind and soul When that was accomplished his mind was luminous and graciousness and compassion flowed out from it to his fellow men It was to help in the formation of truly cultured men and women that the Institute had come into existence It was not trying to spread ordinary knowledge so much as to stir the hearts of men so that they might become lovers of mankind aspiring to find ways and means of uniting the world He hoped in closing that the Institute would never become static but growing ever sider and deeper and climbing ever greater heights it would help men to progress towards being Cultured Men 1 40 ·INDIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATIONS I-FLAG HOISTING 15th August 1951 Shri B P Wadia unfurled the National Flag after Shri Nh Murthy had introduced him on this auspicious occa sion Then Tagore s poem My Country was read by Mr R A Ferrao Shri B P Wadia first spoke of the tradition of the flag There was the magnificent flag of Arjuna the Pandava Prince whose crest was that of a monkey with a lion s tail This mighty flag had a divine descent Our Indian Flag of today he said has a philosophic significance The wheel is that of Ashoka portraying the mighty revolutions of the cycles and Ashoka took the symbol of the wheel from Lo d Buddha who in his first scrmon had set the wheel of the kingdom of Righteousness into motion Thus the flag of India bears the symbol of Tighteous progress founded upon the Wisdom of the En lightened Ones Peace is sometimes conceived as uniformity of thought and í eling It is however the unifying force creating harmony in diversity as in a symphony or a mosaic where the different parts go to form one perfect harmonious whole The State he said exists for the providing of opportun ites to the individual not the individual for the State which is the totalitarian idea No citizen no State Then Shri BP Wadia traced the intellectual heritage that contributed to India s Independence Trom Ram Mohan Roy ontards the work of Dadabha: Naoroji Phi rozeshah Mehta Gokhale and others of All India fame was 41 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE mentioned culminating in the grand work of Gandhiji Shri Wadia also brought out the need for developing an international outlook Geographical boundaries he said are no longer of supreme importance Such ideas as form links between people have to be encouraged We must think in international terms The meeting closed with the singing of the National Anthem by Shri Raghavendra Rao ·IT -THE INDIA OF TOMORROW 1 16th August 1951 This symposium of three speakers was presided over by Shrik Sampathgırı Rao Principal of the National College Bangalore Lt Col S V Charı Editor of the Bangalore Daily Post the first speaker showed how India had always had its doors open to the persecuted of all lands it was for this reason alone that India had minority problems This should be a matter of pride to Indians that so many had come to our shores because we had always offered peace This tradition of peace must not be upset freedom of thought freedom of religion and action must be maintained in the independent India of today Shri Lawrence de Souza stressing the need for spif examination spoke on the three great defects in the thinking of modern Indians The first was the behef in majority vote as if mere numbers made for stability or enlightened points of view Most have hardly any discrimination and thus the majority becomes a liability more than an asset Secondly there is a strong move for literacy as if literacy would solve all the problems and make for Culture The villager is more cultured often than the town dweller A literate man is one who can be led away by what he reads literacy does not make for power to season And lastly there is a movement for Hindi being the country s lingua franca Through English Indians have access to all the knowledge of the world seeking to discard English is try ing to place India back in history instead of helping her take her rightful place in world affairs It is a retrograde movement The India of tomorros needs to consider these three points 43 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Shri P R Ramiab Editor of Tainadu commented uport various clauses in the Constitution of India and showed their necessity He said that India believed in peace in democracy and in cndeavouting to be a wellase state achieving these objects she would like to co operate with the other countries who held the same goals The Chairman who was left with only a couple of minutes in which to speak stressed the fact that to make India better in the future it was necessary that every singlu individual live up his best today Also he touched upon the vital necessity for a revolution in the educational realm in order to make it competent to fulól its rule as a builder of the citizen of tomorrow ·PARACELSUS DAY 24th September 1951 The Hororary Secretary of the Indian Institute of Cul ture Dr L S Dorasami gave the address on this 41oth anniversary of Paracelsus death under the chairmanship of Shri R Ramachandra Rao Bhombore He brought out the great contribution of the 16th century physician in helping to free men s minds from authoritarianism and superstition in chemistry and medicine Not only was Paracelsus credit ed with the discoveries of hydrogen and mtrogen he had led physicians to study the book of nature had introduced the study of occupational diseases and suggested remedies for those affecting miners and had also studied diseases of the mind in healing which he had been very successful as well as in bringing about physical cures employing minerals in drugs though not in their crude forms He had insisted that phy icians should consider not only the ailments of the body but the whole man His understanding of the seven fold constitution of man and of various other matters proves that he had somehow obtained Eastern wisdom He had spent much of his life in travel and the evidence seemed to point to his having visited India Paracelsus was an alchemist and the Father of European Occultism He had spoken of three chief elements in man Salt Sulphur and Mercury which seemed to correspond with body spirit and soul and referred also to the vitat principle in man corresponding to the prana of Indian philosophy and to the astral body corresponding to the subtle electrical stikshma sarira and the sidereal influences playing upon man ( He was a student of astrology ) lle had mentioned also the hamic elements in man as v las the mind and the higher triad of man s principle ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Paracelsus had anticipated psychosomatic theory in ascribing to mental conditions all disease except that arı ing from accident Dr Dorasam sketched the main facts of the history of Paracelsus 48 years his training as a physician by hs father belore he sent to the University of Basle how lc had been hated by the apothecaries of his day for over throwing the old uperstitions in the fields of medicine and chemi try and how many books he had written some of those ascribed to lum hos ever being probably from the pens of one of his many pupils Paracelsus had made a great mark upon his time and his contribution to scientifil and philosophical thought was still very important indeed ·GANDHI JAYANTI 2nd October 1951 Shri P hodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society presided at the Special Meeting to celebrate Gandhijis Birth Anniversary The two speakers in the Symposium on War and Peace were Prof v Sitaramiah and Prof LS Seshagırı Rao both of the Central College Bangalore the former s subject being Gandhi on War and Peace and the latter s Tolstoy on War and Peace Professor Sitaramiah said that Gandhiji and the great Prince of Peace 2 000 years ago had taught the same doc trine in being Apostles of Peace But Gandhiji had rosisted that evil had to be resisted even if one had to stand alone the great benefactors of the race had always stood alone Tangible victory had seldom been their lot Gandhiji had said that war was an unmitigated evil wars bred more wars Gandhiji s absolute faith in Truth and Righteousness and God as three names for the same thing had fired others faith Gandhiji s victories had been attained by maring those non violently resisted feel asham cd It would be a pity if India depended for its protection on military might but to change a nation took a long time Peace would be established only when the soul of man had been re educated to think in terms of the larger interests of the spirit Prof Seshagırı Rao based his address on Tolstoy s later writings which he said came from his heart though they were not his best literary productions Tolstoy named three grades in human development pure individualism recognizing oneself as part of the State and being prepared to sacrificc for it and ocial con ciousness subservient to Divine Las ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Tolstoy said that mankind was convinced of the futility of var but Governments made war therefore they should be dane anay with He called on people to put Christs teachings into practice and assume their own responsibility As in the case of bees swarming one breaking away would bc follosed One day the new ideas would have triumptredi over the old ones Men were blindly following the estab lished order following the path of destruction They had to awales from their dream or perish Prof Seshagiri Rao read in conclusion some words of Tolstoy in his address to the Peace Congress in 1909 when he was in his eighties The Chairman said that both speakers had maintained a high level but was there not a way for those who could not Jet follow that high path? He suggested searching for the causes that made for war and bringing them to light to get at least a breathing space This was not to minimize Gandhiji s achievement Lord Moontbatten had said that Gandhi did in Calcutta what four divisions of troops could not have done in restoring order and good feeling Lord Petuck Lawrence had cal? ed it a miracle He proposed that a message be sent to the latter and his wife who were celebrating their Golden Wedding that very day in which the Institute would extend to them felicitations and congratulations for all their work for India etc a proposal which was accepted by applause Individuals might be ready to aspire to great heights but Governments were not Gandhijis disciples in the Government of India were strengthening the country s delences Wars would go on human nature being what 10 was but we must not glorify war Tolstoy had shon ti us the heights to which we had to aspire meantime we could seek ways and means of lessen ing the strain by seeking and mimmizing the causes of con flict as the United Nations was endeavouring to do 48

·SPECIAL VEETINGS
Shri hodanda Rao read Gandhiji s letter of September
10th 1935 to himself in which he answered the inquiry
whether he had got from Thoreau his idea of Civil Dis
obedience Gandhiji said he had already started the
movement in South Africa before reading Thoreau s essay
Civil Disobedience After reading it he had then
called the movement Civil Disobedience but had later
changed it to Civil Resistance
Shri kodanda Rao in closing applied to Gandhiji the
lines of Fitz Greene Halleck
On
Non knew the btt 1 the
Nor named thee but to pa se

·UNITED NATIONS DAY 23rd October 1951 United Nations Day was celebrated by the Indian In stitute of Culture with a Special Meeting under the chair inanship of Dir Justice B Vasudevamurthy Dr EM Hough who spoke first brought out the im portance of the United Nations to every individual as the organization most hopeful for a united world and for per manent peace in justice and freedom It had a sounder basis than the former League of Nations stressing justice equally with peace had as members the world s strongest navons and had shown decision in dealing with aggression The ideals for which it stood as set forth in the Preamble of its Charter were vitally important They implied rec ognition of the dignity of the individual of the obligation to offer equality of opportunity to all and in showing war to be avoidable emphasized the moral law by which nations as well as individuals were bound The necessity for putting aside self interest as the cri terson for national policy and substituting the commonweal was brought out as also the necessity for uaited action to solve many presying problems and the possibility of linking the Co operative Movement with the United Nations effort was suggested I or true co operation there were needed inutual tolerance acceptance oí differences as not necessarily iimplying inferiority mutual appreciation which Insti fute as well as Unesco among the United Nations Special ized Agencies was trying to promote and patience with each others shortcomings Dr Hough stressed in that con plection the need for moral education to supplement the cfforts to raise standards of living and ol education on ? global scale She called for enthusiasm for United Nations 50 ·SPECIAL BEETINGS ideals and spoke of their value as a frame in which our humdrum duties and our efforts at self improvement were seen as having a new value and significance Individuals had to realize their own stake in its success and not be like the passenger on a trans Atlantic liner who on being told in mid ocean that the ship was on fire said comfort ably We should worry! It s not our ship Shri P hodanda Rao of the Servants of India Societ Spezhing next brought out some of the failures of the United Nations In view of that Organization s great pos sibilities for good it was necessary to see its shortcomings that they might be overcome Its chief function was to prevent war it was only when it had failed to do so that armed intervention against aggression became necessary as the lesser of two es ils Trom this point of view (lic Korean action while inevitable in the circumstances was regrettable though it was good that the conflict had been localized The United Nations he said had twice accepted rebuff from the Union of South Africa the Iranian Prime Min ister had flouted the interun decree of the International Court the differences alleged to exist between the United States and Russia if actual would be irreconciliable HC saw hope however in the far larger proportion of like nesses than of differences not only in professed deals but also in actual economic practices Much was made of the confiscation without compensation which men of prop erty in Russia had suffered but the income tax of the democracies differed only in name it also suas virtually confiscation without compensation taking away from the rich to give to the poor in the shape of increa cd amenitie education etc Dissenters in the Soviet Union were alleged to be liqui dated but he had no doubt that those responsible for the Government debated questions of policy and the minority ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE was forced to yield to majority opinion as elsewhere And behind the acquiescence in majority rule was always in the democracies as elsewhere the implied sanction of force beland the Judge stood the policeman The United Nations was however the only hope today of a united world Mr Justice B Vasudevamurthy in his concluding re maths also stressed the importance of overcoming the weaknesses of the United Nations and especially the necess ity of strengthening the Security Council He spoke of the achevenients of the United Nations in Indonesia in Palestine where he thought the Organization had averted World War by the settlement effected and through its Specialized Agencies in the fields of education health cte He suggested the importance to world understanding in ven of the conflicting reports about conditions in Rus sn of a United Nations Commission investigating and re porting on what they actually were In closing lie declared that if the United Nations were tu fast there existed no other organization which could tahe ats place Unul however the International Court of Justice had power behind it to enforce its decisions pro gress would be very slow and partial successes were the best that could be hoped for ·INAUGURATION OF THE NEW AUDITORIUM 10th November 1951 opening read The spacious new auditorium of the Institute attractive in its ivory and fawn colour scheme and its floral decora tions was formally opened at a gathering of 260 friends of the IIC with a lecture by Shri B P Wadia on Our Need The Light of Great Ideas and a musical pro gramme of songs by Shrimatı Vengadamma and a vina recital by Shrimati hailasam Iyer The Honorary Secretary Dr L S Dorasami mentioned a few of the many messages received for the ing the one from Shrimatı Sophia Wadia – Best thoughts Special greetings Opening Ceremony Inaugural Meeting May our new auditorium ever radiate forth in abundant measure the light and peace and power of truth Messages had been recensed also from an Institute Member in London from a Swedish Member residing in India from Dewan Bahadur K S Ramaswami Sastri Shiri K Chandrasekharan Dr V Raghavan of the University of Madras and many more Felicitations were offered on the occasion by Shri CB Srinivasa Rao Shri Haneef Jawaid and Prof R Rama chandra Shri Wadia and the Architect of the building Shri Narayana Rao were garlanded Shri Wadia acknowledged at the outset the great debt of gratitude which humanity oues to the givers of the light of mighty ideas The In titute did not depend he sud only on the hands and minds and hearts of a few workers conscious of their limitations but on the inspiration radiat ed by those great living Beings It was dedicated to the service of human souls and human minds The world did 53 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE not need more knowledge but more character Men and women were hungering for the great Wisdom which would unite them The Institute was trying to spread such know? edge as would make the man in the street conscious of his os n kuman dignity of his body as the temple of the Divine and of lus responsibility is a member of sal democracy judging for him elf when his country was right or sront and saying so Man was farth formed desire formed thought forned Improvements en communkation and transport had made the world physically united but the sense of unity had not followed It was the mission of the Institute to help menu and women to acquire the spirit of appreciative tolerance for drffering points of view and above all to become lamps unto themselves as the Buddha hid put it in lus last sermont The abrhty to see the good points in those wlio differed from vs marked the first step in becoming men and women of culture Such bad the fugh duty of making their hearts enlightened their minds unselfish willing to appear as nothing in the eyes of men and acting as brothers to all War was threatening in many quarters but we could draw from the potency and promise of those of the race who had attained the highest development the assurance that though empires might fill and civihzations crash the human mind and soul mun qua man the creator of civilsza tions the builder of social orders would go marching on We required the enthusiastic spirit of youth He should not miss the beauty of the setting sun in our anxiety whether it would rise again The international world the cosmopolitan world 175 Whether it came by the way of peace or by war the recognition of urrersal brotherlood sas bound to come because the laws of Nature were miglitier than man made lats The true Sages Seers and poets of the world would upon tus 51 ·SPECIAL VCETINGS prevail There was no difference between creed and creed *hat men called the Self the God in the hearts of all did not matter The important thing was that men should rec ogniz it in themselves and in others Men were expanding in power The limitations were those of the lower personal nature The human soul put on ever better garments of mind character senses and organs In closing Mr Wadia invited all who would to join those working for the Indian Institute of Culture that its undertaking might grow to the greater glory of the coming man

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·SPECIAL MEETINGS hoped that the Declaration would soon be transformed into a Covenant The Chairman appreciated the value of the Human Rights Declaration in the struggle to re-establish the liberties which had been partly won but threatened to be lost After a few centuries of effort to gain liberties a counter move ment claiming that the free countries neglected the rights of the common man had arisen to challenge those liberties Their defence was the task of the present day He would not concede however the paramount importance of unrestricted freedom of thought and expression which he considered had led to the rise of totalitarianism That had to be opposed The walls of the hall were lined with exhibits from the Institute s prized gift the Unesco Exhibition Album of Hu man Rights the Exhibit being kept open two days and the Human Rights Day Celebration concluded with the showing of film strips and the distribution of the UN and Unesco pamphlet kindly supplied by the Unesco Science Co opera tion Office at New Delhi entitled Human Rights Day 10 December 1951 which contains inter alia the full text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 11

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·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE LIST OF SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED-1951 Title of Paper Autho Cha Ahimsa on the Farm Dr Al rand r Skutch Mr James Mackeaze A Hendance 1th January 30 CA istr bruary Anarchy a d the Ind ual d Mir Claude Houghton Prof NAN kam MA 37 8th March М. На ah Class Prof NA Nkm MA 33 SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED 5th Ap 11 Ms I ge Abt Daan Prof NANkam MA The Alb gens an Struggle Ir Sp tual Idmad Wht It Meas 1 Us Today Non egiaa Culture The R spot bilty of the Wster Th Py sent Crs n Psy chology 29 *7th May M Claude Ho glto Prof K Anantharam ah go MA 18th June Dr JR Sigthe MB DM V Go Indaswamy B SC MB DS DPM 67 в сH 12th July Blood Brothe hood DI B sto H dson MBBS NRS LRCP LMC (Canada) She CB Srinivasa Rao NA BL 54 9th Aug st I struction la Relig an D Blag van Da Pof NA N kam MA 35 25th October Freedom and A thority in Interpato al Rel t ons Dr Hans hon D D Gur muti MA PID 68

·Dant
Autor
Chai R
Attendance
15th November
Tule of Paper
Content ons with God
Some Aspects of Jewr
Folklore
Dr Ira manuel Olsvas ez
Japab Hadeet Jatead
BAL
57
23th December
Marx and H story
D Margaret T liatges
Mi Phamp Spratt AA
Castab
47
09
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE

·AHIMSA ON THE FARM 11th January 1951 This paper especially prepared by Dr Alexander F Skutch of Costa Rica for a Discussion Meeting of the Insti tute was published in The Aryan Path for March 1951 and as Reprint No 6 of The Indian Institute of Culture Several interesting points came out in the discussion under the chairmanship of Mr J O Mackenzie The deplorable treatment of the cow in some parts of India and how her miserable condition resulted in inadequate milk yield were mentioned The demands of cattle production for slaughter upon land abroad otherwise available for food production were mentioned by Shri Venkataramiah in con nection with India s food shortage but the need for India to be self sufficient in food production was brought out by Dr L S Dorasami The discussion ranged from artificial insemination in cattle breeding to the use of unfertilized eggs to avoid the taking of life The justifiability of killing monkeys com mitting depredations upon urban gardens was debated Gandhui was quoted as having sanctioned it but Shrimatı Mirabaı Dorai wamy recalled his provisoif the monkeys were destroying food necessary for human beings The metaplıysical propositions that the destruction of the form did not destroy the ensouling intelligence and that man had a responsibility for helping esolution in the lower kingdoms were also brought out ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE ANARCHY AND THE INDIVIDUAL 1st February 1951 This paper sent for a Discussion Meeting of the Insti tute by its writer the English novelist Mr Claude Hough ton dealt with the temptation in our chaoti. world to dis claim responsibility for the world s madness He brought the issue squarely to one of honest sell analysis Sporstual pride air Houghton declared prompted judging others by their acts but oneself by one s ideals The world he felt was not very different from a multiple of any one of us as we really were It was not an accident that we were living where we were at this epoch and it might be that the very challenge of narchy might be the means of quicl ening hu man potentialit» into manifestatson In the discussion which followed Shu N Channappa called anarcly the problem of the moral law versus State law That conctptson of Zeno ulose followers werc the Stores #25 quite different from the niodern equating of 1oarchy with luwles ness Tolstoy usa had favoured tlus pure 2sarcly dispensing with external laus The popular understanding of anarchy was so rulc at all but an absence of authority sinch based itself on matcrzahstic science 19d led to chaos Shr] T Pashupalaty also brought out that political confusion was not the original meaning of anarchy Anar chy as understood today meant at least the breaking up of society into individu tistic groups and isolationis The world he declared had to get back to the acceptance of the spintual laws vluch did govers the universe lowever much they might be denied Shri B P Wadia requested by the Chairman to con tribute to the discussion referred to anarchy as a phil osophy The great sages he said were spiritual anarchists whereas the sank materialistic anarchits so called were ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED merely escapists The novels of Mr Claude Houghton he said always introduced the struggle between the two selves in man giving in the interactions of their characters shadowy reflections of the conflict between the higher and lower aspects of man s nature Prof N A Nikam of the Maharani s College who pre sided doubted in his concluding address whether there was any more anarchy today than in the past The prob lem he said was a spiritual one and could not be solved on the economic or political I vels There had to be sub jection of each man to s li rule as Plato bad pointed out Anarchy existed in the individual first of all and states were made up of individuals People had to put aside their aloofness and spiritual pride and to exert the faith that was in them to destroy the lawlessness that existed We could prevent the fall of civilization if we destroyed the anarchy in our eles and by our own efforts created our selves as self ruled beings with faith in our spiritual d stiny THE ALBIGCASIAN STRUGGLE FOR SPIRITUAL FREEDOM AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR US TODAY 8th March 1931 The Discu sion Meeting to consider this paper specially prepared for the Indian Institute of Culture by Mrs Hannah Closs author of H1h Are the Mountains and of And Sombre the Valleys was under the presidency of Prof N A Nikam of the Maharani s College Bangalore A con densed version of the paper which was read at the meeting by Ds L S Dorasami the Honorary Secretary of the Institute was published in The Aryan Path for June 1951 Shri C B Srinivasa Rao Retired Judge who opened the discu şion found that the things which the Albigenses had questioned in the established Christian religion in the 12th century were exactly those which he found unaccept 63 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE able today sive He spoke of the historical background of the peraod in Europe mentioning the crusades feudalism the Age of Chuvalry and the struggle for temporal power between the Pope and the Emperor Shn V D Narayana Murthy Retired Sub Judge took up the philosophical tenets of the Albigenses He thought they could be called Vedantins Vedantism being all inclu Their asceticism seemed to be a distinctly Advartic feature Their dualism had much in common with Madhava Their faith seemed however to be largely Manichæan He compared the Grant concept with the verse in the Upanishads about the Golden Vase which veils the true Sun s glory Shri Devadu Narasimha Sastry thought that the Albigensian beliefs were reminiscent of many older farths including that centred around Osiris and Isus for whom he claimed an Indian origin He mentioned in passing that the accepted dates of those older teachings and in fact the whole chronology put forward by the Orientalists would some day have to be discarded in favour of one more in line with Indian tradition which would push back consider ably all the old religions He referred briefly to the religions of Babylon and Persi3 Shri Sastry considered the ascetic element in the Catharist practice to savour more of Jainism and Buddhism than of Vedanta In the short time at his disposal the Chairman Profes sor Nikam brought out that the Albigenses were less con cerned with doctrines than with a way of life They had preserved some fragments of the one ancient religion which was a way of he other fragments of it were to be found in a}} rehgious systems It was he suggested in closing the concept of religion as a way of life to which the modern world had to return The discussion aroused much snterest and would have been prolonged af time had permitted 64 ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED NORWEGIAN CULTURE 5th April 1951 At this meeting the paper specially prepared for the Institute by Mrs Inger Aubert Daan of Oslo was read by Shri L Shankara Doraiswamy under the chairmanship of Prof N A Nikam of the Maharani s College Bangalore In her paper Mrs Daan shetched the history of her coun try its early Runic stones and its Eddas the daring Viking explorations the long Danish period succeeded by the union with Sweden peacefully terminated after g1 years described Norway s literary and other cultural attainments and gave a convincing picture of a liberty loving peaceful law abiding people solicitous for popular education health and general well being and with a great enthusiasm for One World Mrs hodanda Rao began the discussion by describing how well the hard working Norwegians had adjusted them selves to American life the United States having more people of Norwegian descent than Norway itself had She touched also on the beauties of nature in the Land of the Midnight Sun Shri J T Pashupalaty commended the country s free dom from the spirit of revenge against which many a patriot about to die at the hands of the enemy had warned in the last war as Mrs Daan had brought out He praised also the country s relinquishment of its old colonies of Iceland and Greenland without a struggle when it had separated from Denmark in 1814 and its having had the first written lans in Western Europe In answer to a question from one of the audience Mrs hodanda Rao explained the early Norwegian method of the burial of kings in their boats fully equipped Before Professor Mikam closed the meeting with stress on the early mythology of the Norse people their sense of 65 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE eternal values and of the universal processes of Nature Shn P hodanda Rao gave it his request a brief report on the Congress for Cultural Freedom which he had just attended at Bombay An innovation in connection with this Discussion Meet ing was the arranging of a second Meeting on Norwegian Culture five days after the first at which besides a short talk on thr subject there was an exhibition of photographs mounted on cardboard Many smaller photographs illustra tre of Norwegian life and culture were shown with the epidascope and some typical records of Norwegian music were played to an appreciatire audience THE RESPONSIBILITY OF A WRITER 17th May 1951 Prof k Anantharamah Professor of English in the Central College Bangalore presided at the meeting to discuss this paper sent by its author Mr Claude Houghton for a Discussion Meeting of the In titute In this paper subsequently published in the Aguaran Path in England and in Mlysındia (Bangalore) for May 27th dir Haughton mentioned the writer s responsibility on several counts from his demand on the readers slender leisure to the forests despoiled for paper The potent induence of one who inspireswor infames.imagination was illustrated by Shakespeare and Alarx Great humour he declared vas the desperate need today to sweep away humbug and mpahe us see ourselves as we are The discussion ranged from forest conservation to the freedom of the writer a point raised by Shri C B Srinivasa Rao because the Chairman had suggested some kind of governmental control in the interest of the forests THA Chairman thought that controls in all departments had come to stay and while kriters should not have to write 66 ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED to order a balance had to be struck between individual freedom and corporate needs An academy of writers might be the solution Shri J T Pashupalaty and Shri h Revenna spoke about the types of books that might well be controlled Professor Anantharamiah cited in illustration of the power of the pen and the responsibility that went with it Voltaire s having stirred the minds of men and brought about the French Revolution It was like the dragon s teeth sown in mythology from which mighty warriors Sprang up Sometimes the influence of a book was quite disproportionate to the quality of the writing ég Iitz gerald s translation of Omar hhayyam which suited the mood of the English nation and focussed its thought in a cryptic and effective way THE PRESENT CRISIS IN PSYCHOLOGY 28th June 1951 Dr M V Govindaswamy Superintendent of the Mental Hospital Bangalore presided and led the discussion which followed Shri L Shankara Doraiswamy s reading of Dr J R Smythies paper on this subject which had been sent for one of the Institutes Discussion Veetings and which was published in The Aryan Path for November 1957 Dr Govindaswamy opening the discussion saw the present crisis as one in modern thought and not only in psychology He mentioned how little was yet known about the brain structure the recent frontal brain operations hav ing advanced knowledge but little He mentioned Freuds pioneer place in the new psychological developments para psychology being the latest entrant into the field The question of what time uas had been raised by the work of Dunne and Rhine The ordinary man would give it up ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Dr N S N Sastry questioned there being a crisis in psychology not could he follow the wnter s referente to additional dimensions His own investigations in parapsy chology had however yielded far better results than chance could account for He referred to a higher layer of common consciousness reaching up to which might account for thought transference according to one theory The mind was not confined to the brain but the Soul was above both mental and physical impressions The mind he suggested had to be recognized as an energy Shri B P Wadia referred to the present challenge of the facts of extra sensory perception to the materialists He mentioned the duality of Manas as both the thinker in its higher aspect and the lower mind He spoke also of a term used by the ancients Sutratma the thread soul the thread on which the beads of separate existences were strung Krishnı spoke in the Gita of this ego drawing together the five senses and the mind for the purpose of incarnation and then dropping them again The thinker remained objective yoga was the uniting of the two minds Modern investigators were seeking objective proofs of subjective processes The mystics had no doubt of the realities of which they spoke but each had to realize for himself It was the light of the alone to the Alont of Plotinus The great Truths did erist and the genius who used a higher faculty than reason had access to them The Chairman in summing up mentioned other states of perception being often illusory but conceded the possibility of past events being sensed by some people as in the adventure of two ladies in the Versailles Gardens who had an authentic vision of them as in the late 18th century He suggested that words like mind could be used not only as but also as verbs or forces shakits As to the Great Beyond which Dr Smythies paper mentioned in connection with additional dimensions Dr nouns 68 ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED Govindaswamy said that the Buddha had remained silent about it and the Vedanta spoke of it as the Great Light BLOOD BROTHERHOOD 12th July 1951 This paper specially prepared by Dr Irene Bastow Hudson of Canada for an Institute Discussion Meeting was read by Shri L Shankara Doraiswamy It was a historical account of the universal blood brotherhood ritual every where in the world though the method varied the rite was to be found She described the varied methods the mix ing of the blood sprinkling one another or the earth with blood etc It was significant that this bond or pact was not breakable this ceremony was considered to be the inter change not only of blood but also of the life that ran through the participants thus making them incapable of harming one another without hurting themselves since by the primita es blood was considered to be the vehicle of the life force Both Stanley and Livingstone had entered into blood compacts with African natives to pass safely through their territories Shri C B Srinivasa Rao Retired First Class Magis trate who presided read from some Indian authorities Supplementing the data given in the paper as to totemism He was in search of information in reference to the effects physical psychical and spiritual of blood mingling No answer was forthcoming to this question in the discussion which followed but the general impression was that such a mixing involsed playing with a dangerous unknown force Shri Devadu Narasimha Sastry suggested that these rites might be initiation ceremonies testing the candidate The ceremonies were doubtle s relics of a past age but some of thein persisted down to our own He also showed etc ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE that qualities and functions of the blood described in an cient Sanskrit texts were today being rediscovered by modern science Vidyabhaskara Shri M Ramakrishna Bhat commented upon the reference in the paper to the ancient Greek myth of the separation of the sexes He shoued that the same was taught in the ancient Indian scriptures and gave the example of the Ardhanarı While in ancient days covenants were kept by so called primitives modern civilized nations did not keep their pacts He referred in closing to the idea of religious and spiritual brotherhood INSTRUCTION IN RELIGION 9th August 1951 In this paper Dr Bhagavan Das discusses the problem of religious education in the schools in Secular State The paper which was read to the gathering by Shri L Shan kara Daraisu amy expressed the view that religious educa tion should be given to boys and girls All should be given instruction in their own particular religion and further classes should be conducted on the fundamentals of all religions which any child should be free to attend to be come acquainted with the world s religions Dr Bhagavan Das made a plea for the production of text books which would synthesize the religions of the world Prol N A Nikam who presided desired each spealer to mahe fus views on three points clear (1) What 35 Religion? (2) Do you agree with the paper ? (3) In what way do you disagree or agree with it or how would you supplement it? Shri k S Nagarajan agreed with Dr Bhagaran Das that the etlucs and fundamental principles common to all religions should be imparted to youth He thought that all the so called religions were really the same in their 70 ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED kernel they only thought themselves to be different The teacher however was of the greatest importance in this teaching he needed to be a tolerant man Shri C B Srinivasa Rao was opposed to religious education The purpose of religious education was to make a noble and honest man of the child this same goal was obtainable without religious education It would suf fice to have close contacts between students of different communities and to have educators who were men of high morality and broad minded these could not help teaching the children to grow up into men like themselves Shri Ranoji Rao was in search of a definition of Relig 1on wherein it differed from ethics and social duties Shri h Revenna wanted a coromittee of experts to commence work on a text book Shrimatı Sophia Wadia objected to the term Sana tana Dharma being only applied to Hinduism Sanaiana Dharma meant Eternal Verities These were not con fined to Hinduism but were found in all religions and could be taught to all without any religious label One had to make a clear demarcation between the teaching of the prophet and that which the priest gave in the prophet s or the sage s name Shri R Ramachandra Rao Bhombore said that it was for parents to teach their own children the difficulty was that the parents themselves needed to be taught The Indian Institute of Culture was their school Another speaker mentioned that the All India Educa tronal Congress which had taken up this question had felt the chief difficulty to be the finding of open minded and qualified teachers Shri B P Wadia taking the Benares Hindu University as an example since it exemplified what Dr Bhagavan Das wanted showed that it had not been successful along the real lines for which it had been started Had it not become ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE a sectarian institution ? Mentioning the Sanalana Dharma text books published by the Benares Hindu University itself he said that they were acceptable only to Hindu children Professor Niham expressed the opinion in closing that philosophy not religion was what the children should be taught PREEDOM AND AUTHORITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 25th October 1951 The paper considered at this meeting under the chair manship of Dr D Gurt Retired Principal of the Mladanapalle College had been especially prepared for the Institute by Dr Hans hohn internationally known writer on history and political science In this essay read by Shri L Shankara Doraiswamy Dr hohn took up the growth of the idea of combining maximum individual freedom with minimum coercion in the common interest and its gradual spread from England where it developed to the Western democracies generally The totalitarian idea was the exact reverse of this Every government even a world government depended upon a measure of agreement upon values but even with opposing ideologies a modus vivends could be found of inter national authority was confined to the suppression of aggression by whomsoever committed leaving all countries free to develop along their own fines As the sense of security creased the fanaticism found in certain countries under dewer forms of government would lessen and mutual suspicion and apprehensiveness would be allayed Com munists were not the only ones to commit aggression but the new principle of authority within nght limits that was being established 1p Korea might have a great bearing on world peace ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED Dr Gurumurti as a background for the discussion gave a summary of the main points in the paper stressing espec ially the necessity for agreement upon basic human values and ideals the floating of which by South Africa a member of the United Nations weakened the UNO s position Peo ple in general were not ready for the spiritual anarchy of complete sell determination which required judging how far one could exercise freedom without interſering with others The level of each nation had to be raised before there could be a real community of ideas Mr Philip Spratt of My sindia who spoke first pointed out that the paper s chief stress was on the need for suppressing aggression which he considered insufficient It might have been enough in 1914 when none had really wanted war but when a sufficiently strong Power was ready to defy public opinion collective ecurity unless it could muster overwhelming force was inadequate to check it Communism with its admitted object of world domination threatened the diversified development by which humanity had so far progressed The Communists would use physical aggression only in the last resort By infiltration and propaganda with which international authority could not deal China with its hundreds of millions had been added to the Communist bloc India lay open to similar tactics The compact Soviet bloc embraced a third of the world the other tko thirds being made up of some 60 nations not fully united Shri C Srinivasa Rao the second speaker reviewed the gradual growth of the idea of world government He recalled Wells s requirements for it which had included one religion universal education the abolition of poverty and a democratic form of government He felt that there was hope in the United Nations and mentioned President Truman s recent pronouncement that a minority must realize the impossibility of opposing the will of the united ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE peoples of the world Shri Srinivasa Rao felt that things had been made more difficult by the partition of India which had been accomplished without consulting either the people or Gandhiji but he approved India s foreign policy Shri R Ramachandra Rao Bhombore brought out in his closing remarl s particularly cogent points from Dr Koho s paper with which he was in general agreement while believing that it was indispensable for the individual nations to relorm and remove inequalities and injustices at home like the disabilities of the Negroes in the United States and the Indians in South Africa Justice liberty equality and fraternitv should be allowed by all nations He believed that once the fear of aggression and exploitation was removed the nations would work together meantime sufficient authority at the Centre was necessary A question as to how effec ive pressure could be brought 10 bear upon a government when the government did not represent the people was not discussed for lack of time Dr Gurumurti emphasized again in closing the meet in the necessity for similarity of outlook among the mem bers of a world government or any government He said also that propaganda was not all powerful It would he beliesed be impossible for Communism to penetrate India and change the national outlook based as Indian civiliza tion was upon respect for the individual Hitler had been a master of propaganda but the fire he lighted had ended in smoke There wert certain forces in haman nature which could stand up against propaganda and external control It was not enough to try to avoid hostilities it was neces sary to try to bring about coromunity of minds ·SPECIAL PAPERS DISCUSSED CONTENTIONS WITH GOD SOME ASPECTS OF JEWISH FOLKLORE 15th Movember 1951 The Discussion Meeting to consider this paper especial ly prepared for the Institute by Dr Immanuel Olsvanger of Jerusalem was under the chairmanship of Janab Haneef Jawaid The paper was read by Shri Shankara Doraiswamy The author brings out the attitude towards God of many of the Jewish common people based on a very human concept of God and a relationship as with a father or a brother so intimate as to permit not only appeals but also complaints and even defiance when God is considered to be in the wrong and also jests The concept that God is bound by his own law is strong and has been invoked to uphold the rule of the majority which he had approved in opposition to his later wishes But propitiation and inter cession are resorted to to get him to act as the petitioners desire The special relationship to God of his chosen people is brought out But in other passages as in the closing paragraph the writer pays tribute to the All Embracer about whom it cannot be asserted He 15 He is not and the All Sustainer all pervasive incomprehensible which is above the ascription of human virtues and traits The paper was commented on first by Dr EM Hough who drew a distinction not made clear in the paper between the tribal God Jehovah and the higher habalistic concept of En Soph an abstraction like Parabrahm It was unfair to take the popular concepts as the criterion of any religion The idea of an impersonal omnipresent Divine Principle was clearly brought out by such habalists as Philo Judæus and Ibn Gebiro! brief excerpts from whosc writings were given The idea of eternal and immutable Lax was also found among the habalists or ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE The Jewish idea of being the chosen people was taken as an instance of the many divisive concepts pride of creed caste nation or race which separate man from man Or these religious differences were especially potent causes of disunity A man who thought he had the great ocean of truth in his own jug naturally would look ashance at those with different containers But Truth was hile the white light into which all the prismatic colours of the several religions could merge Mr James O Machenzie dealt with the sources of the anecdotes recounted in the piper referring to the Midraslı the narratives of which he compared with tho e in the Puranas the Talmud and the Hassıdıc reform movement Israel was not the only God fighter Israel stood for nian Prometheus defying Zeus and the many in the Ilindu scriptures who had combated Indra were mentioned as parallels Human self consciousness had been won by effort The speaker pointed to the significance of the statement that God had gone into exile with his people She Jews stress upon the unity of God Israel and the Thorah or Law was brought out The Chairman mentioned in his concluding remarks that tlie paper was not a controversial one It presented a Lold concept of God as held by the common people a God so human so rational and so willing to be out voted as to be rather unique He questioned the author s bru hing aside of the word spiritual saying that Indians as a people prided themselves on being spiritual considering the spir itual the highest aspect of man Tlie bold attitude to God has not one that would commend it elf to Muslims A few years ago when the great Iqbal had complained in a poem that God was neglecting the Muslims the hue and cry raised had forced him to write another poem putting the blame on themselves which had satisfied Muslim opinion 26 ·SPECIAL PAPER DI CUSSED MARX AND HISTORY 25th December 1951 Mr Philip Spratt of Mysindia presided at the meeting to discuss the paper on this subject specially prepared for the Indian Institute of Culture by Dr Margaret T Hodgen Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Cali forn12 The paper part of which had appeared in The Scientific Monthly for April 1951 under the title harl Marx and the Social Scientists was read by Shri L Shan hara Doratswamy In it Dr Hodgen criticized Marx as naive as a historian and vague and indefinite as a scientist Out of the wealth of available material on the history of man Marx had confined his illustrations in Capital almost entirely to England from the 16th to the 19th centuries He had reported no instances going against his theory of the evolu tion of human society from the prehistoric ancient Asiatic through the antique feudal and modern capitalistic forms to the dictatorship of the proletariat He had himself appealed to history so it was not unfair to demand that his account conform with the known facts He had assum ed a few non literate cultures of today to conform to the earliest economic relations and declared the original society to have been a communal propertyless state handful of ethnological facts was now repudiated by most ethnologists He had frequently referred to Asian cultures but ignored their diversity A perfectibiltarian and a follower of legel Marx had had a high purpose but his means were inadequate Instead of believing only in the possibility of advance he had accepted it as a law in nature Shri C B Srinivasa Rao who opened the discussion contrasted the evolutionary type of Socialism with the revolutionary Socialism which was Communism In the His mere 77 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE revolutionary stage there was no democracy but the Com munist theory presupposed the gradual withering away of the State in the post revolutionary phase Janab Haneef Jaward dissented from Marx s view that all human developinent was determined by economic factors but said the truth of a theory did not depend on docu mentation and the labour theory of value was an important contribution He felt that the good qualities and achieve Inents of Marxism had not been given credit in the paper Dr L S Dorasami Honorary Secretary of the Institute, suggested that the speakers while contributing to the understanding of Marxian doctrine had got away from the paper s thesis As a student of biology he would suggest propos of Marx s claim mentioned in the paper to have found confirmation of his theory in Darwins book that few in that day had understood Darwin s theories on natural selection etc He felt that Dr Hodgen was justified in criticizing Marxs theory as weak in its scientific aspect The Chairman agreed that it was the historical basis of Marxism which Dr Hodgen criticized but he felt that her criticism went too far Any author could be torn to pieces because any lustorical writing had to ignore the majority of the facts He had moreover written about 100 years ago and it was hardly fair to judge him by an ultra empirical historical standard His idea of facts different He had not attempted a scientific lustory His method was entirely a priori No modern student of the subject could admit Marx s metho as valid but he himself the Chairman said could not concede that India did not fit into the Marxian scheme It did since the coming in of capitalism was 78 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE LIST OF PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH 1951 DI Tile Lectur Ch 19 an Ali ndance Ist January 182 Use co Stad e ol Soc al T S103 D Ga d er M rpby Dr M V Gov da B SC MB BS DPM 4th Negro L le a dC Iture Dr Bierze Tate Dr LS Doras mi 122 1 C PBD 13th Dr WC de Lee » Land Relamat on n the N therl ad ( with la tern slid and film) ShE I Ganap Iyer BA MCS 07 16th Dr con tota R gamy Pr i NAN kam MA 127 Cast and West Some Asp cts of His oric! Evolt on PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH 3rd February On Human U derst ndi 8 Prof NANKM 168 DE P 1A S hlpp Trof A CLwing FBA 6th The ladiv du 1 id the State SI 1 B P Wada 123 8th The Story of Gomate ara # D pcted Dhana da Sir T N Sreekantaya MA Principal I S Di arane draya MA T 117 Literat 220d The Atom and After Dr N R Sri iva a MSC PI D Dr EGR ma l MSC dr HD 90 Tot Siarch Internatio al Peace M Cimre Philpott Shr P I odanda Ra MA 118 ·Dale Title Lecturer Chairman Attendance 15th March Na Violence Theory and Pract ce Prof K Anantharam ah MA 66 Principal 1 Sampathg n R40 HA 22nd India in Cabod a (with lantern si des) Ville Surasse harpeles Dr Bk kottar MB $ 83 24th Rajadharmapras kta Shr AS R Chan BARL 98 26th Indian Influence in the Mlle Suzanne Karpeles Khmer Ki gdom (with lapter sl des ) Sociological Educat an Dr Wolmer Clemmensen Moden Democracy PHD The Need for a World Ideal Mrs Caresse Crosby Shrik Guru Dutt B MCS 76 27th Sir R Balasabramanian B4 BL 105 80 7th Apr ! THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Mr Vayne M Hartwell The US Go ernments laternatinal Ex hange of Persons Prog amme Shri Kodanda Rao MA 125 11th Apr ! Bernard Shaw and Rolt cs Prof A N Moorthy Rao Shri CB Snnivasa Rao MA DL. 80 MA 29th The Ch blen e to God from Gck and English Lt erat te Sha L S Se hagur Rao MA Prof NA Nikampf 3rd May Contemporary Philosophy atbe La t Dr P Vagasaja Rap HAD LITT Dr D Gurumurti BA 115 PAD 3th Contemporary Philosopby la thelet Dr P Nagaraja Rao YAD LITT Caht ylankara Sun KS Naga ajaa 8$ ·Date Tile Leth CA 批 非 Attendane roth Bay Brit sta T day C lo al Ply Dit J A Borron Sh 1P Koda da Rao 1 A 75 Igth A Plca fo Integrated S D DSC Shr P I odanda RO 85 Living K mesam HN 12 lad ) E (HONS) 24th Th ture of I te у Sa kata sh rada Shri S Ra achand a ROMA Digit Dr TMP Mabade MA PHD 118 28th Philosophy ni M dico D Berna à Phi ll ps Dr IV Go indsamy SC MB B D A IS st! JUD מת A D Chr SADY P of BR Selach 760 Reet T d n can Edu at nt thin tern id s) DSC PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH 7th Phl op?y as Darsa a Đ TMP Nah dv PH Ch I Guud tt A MC 163 1 9th St & Iroduct on fr Ima te SI Sh GS Ulla! A L 133 Ble (11 G Ρ Α1 nde) Tand IN ay a Ra в с LIT Iith Te d MS al 11 st ati th V dyabhush n Sh DK 82 Bh das C&C D 0 ce 1 ci ani 1 Ancient V Ra hava Tant 9 C ntr India Pr EDDI ambi I 2 PHD Tith The Scial Play AS ns. t D Ra ha P of NSNS stry 11 D LITT 114 21 & PAD ·Dars Tutte Lecturer Chairmon Abondance 1116 June Prof P K Venkata Rao 125 The lofluence of the Creek Mr SCG Bath & BE and La Class cson Lug 1 sh Literaturo 7300 Tho Ctizen of Tomorror 00 Mr Just ce ASP Ayyar MA BAR AT LAW 1CS FRSL Mir Just ce B Vasudeva urthy D A LLS 3rd July The Study of Modern Indian History Dr Holder ruber Sbr P I odanda Rao MA 3th A AR Studies in tbe United States Dr Holden Furber Prof NA Nukam MA rog 9th The Indian Ideal of Free down of Thought Dr M Hafiz Syed XA PRO litt Prof A N Moortby R20 82 75 KA THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE 9th RIous Educalian niha Secular State Shri D V Guadappa MA x 20 Shri K Guru Dutt MCS Prof XAN kam NA De D Gura murts MAPA D 23rd Royal Charters nA ent Iod A (wtb photo rapbs) Dr B Ch Chbabsa XANOL PYD (Leyd Shri T N Sreekantaya MA 21h Lttle Known Poets ia the Sapskrit World Dr B Ch Chbabra WA YOL PHD (Leyd } Dr M V Govindaswamy BSC NB IS DPM 135 and August Jainis A Vatversal Re 18 on Principal K S Dharanen dra ya MALT Shri B P Wada ·Dalt T te Le iw Chur a Allendance 28th Augst Dr NSN Sastry NAD LIIT 300 Phases of Ind an Dancing Shrimati Rgo De 1 (with dem astrations) Ch Idren I-H w Do W. Dr M YG vind sw my Lea About Ch ldren? DSC MBBS DPM 3rd Septembe Shr BPW dia 95 6th Prob b tion us Ercise Shr P hodanda Rao MA Shri BP Wad a TOO totb Shri BP Wad a 91 Cb ter 1 II The Home of th Child Dr M V Gol da w my BC WB BS DPX with America and tod a Mr St aley R Ch rtra d P of BR Seshachar DSC 182 17th Shr: B P Wadia Childr 111 --The School of the Chid Dr M V Gov ndaswamy B SC MBBS DPM 91 PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH 20th Carlyle and Vedanta Suri D A s bb Rao MA ShILS Seshag i lao 75 25th Ch ldren 1V-Thollon de 1 d of Children 100 Dr MVG indaswamy BSC MBBS DPN Sun B P Wadia 27th R cap a akta Sbr R N Mia BE AMICX Shri BP Wadia Accot Ir n of Zoroaste d Takl make Gobi Des t) (with lan tes Ides) go 29th Dr M V Go adaswamy BSC BBS DPM Shri B P Wad a Child V-Cb Id en 10 Wande lagd 108 11th October Aleasures to loca e Food Producti a n I da Dr C Ford C Tayl r Shn D V Gu dapps YA 120 ·Dale Lecis er Chairy at Attendance 13th October Shu B P Wadia 259 ista Dr Bilottar NBBS 140 Sitzerland ffer lol I cal Is Cecellency Dr Ardia and Cult ral i atrı sony Da mr (with flros) Vtste pesal Indo Prot 0 C Gargoly Painting (wth lanter si le Indian Sculpture (with Pros 0 C Gasgoly Janter sl le ) Theories of Ind 2 Art Prot OC Gaog ly Th Red at Funct on of Dr Dorothy Spencer funda Cu tomaty La v 16th Dr NSN Sast y NI 140 LITT 18th Shri DP Wadia 150 19th Dr M V Go ndas amy SC MBBS DIN 1st loepber Reconciat on Bet» en Shr TL kantan La tandt BA VAX AT LAI THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF COLTURE 120 8th Sbx K Guru Dutt BA NCS Shri S HY Lakshm para 5 Ppa B MIX (Ind} BARCH Structural Economy of So th Fast As a wth Spec tal Reler ice to India (with lant 1 sl des ) Penal Reform 110 Dr S Isamics I RON SC MEE (Ind) ME (HONS) tath Dr Walter C Reckl 5: Prof P Skiva Shankar BALLB 150 2200 Dr SIN Mahadevan SBBS LRCP NRCS 200 Ar Freedom and Justice Sb IPMS Boto Incompat ble BAZL 8 Jan3b C Abdul Vadi BA ALB DI VSN Sa try MAD LITT Sur Plodaoda Rao MA ·Tile Lert i et Chair nan Attendanc 29th or rober Por lation Problem 190 Shri P I kn I na to NA MCS Rajakaryanr sakta Shri Masti Venkatesa ly ngar NA 6th December lot of D Ralph L P rc II Wit Vh tm o Demo acy I of A N Morthy Rao NA 140 rith I'sy clo-a 1553 T day I rof HM je Gross ND FRCP DM V Go indas amy CNDB9 DPM 214 13th The Soci logy Culture VL on rd M Schiff Pri Sita am ah MA 130 A Isth Th Copative M mot c Mr Rot ert J Bts 78 Sh R Rama I and a Rao Bhombo e B C PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH 17t? la D Bh kott i BBS 110 Ilc of It st1 I dia Shri 1 V S da hi tion ifh to Iyengar graph ) Th llcold .U! Ity P of J T Chr in Biot rol at on 27th Inme Rama Rao MA YGS 270 29th Dr ata Natyum ant katt kalt with o mon stratio :) 370 SI at: Lela Bh ka ah BA (11 NS) S Doras m MSC PYD ·UNESCO STUDIES OF SOCIAL TENSIONS 1st January 1951 Thus lecture which Dr Gardner Murphy of the College of the City of New York gave at the Institute under the Chairmanship of Dr M V Govindaswamy Superintendent of the Mental Hospital Bangalore was published in The Aryan Path for May 1957 NEGRO LIFE AND CULTURE 4th January 1951 Dr Merze Tate Professor of History Howard Univer sity Washington DC and a Visiting Proſessor at the Visva Bharati Santiniketan lectured at the Indian Insti tute of Culture under the chairmanship of its Honorary Secretary Dr L S Dorasamı She sketched the historical economic and social background of her people in the United States and described at some length the habits and manner of living of lower class middle class and upper class Negroes Education was greatly stressed in the two upper clas es though material prosperity was prominent among the aims In spite of having many good friends among the white race Negro Americans had won their way against heavy odds the resulting self dependence and self respect com pensating to some extent for their inferior status In response to a request from the audience Dr Tate sang a few Negro Spirituals including Swing low sweet chariot and All Gods chillun got shoes to the great apprecia tion of the audience 86 ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH LAND RECLAMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS 13th January 1951 The lecture on this subject by Dr WC de Leeuw Dutch Delegate to the Indian Science Congress presided over by Shri E V Ganapatı Iyer Special Commissioner (now Chief Secretary) to the Government of Mysore was illustrated not only with lantern slides but also with a documentary film depicting graphically the spectacular battle against the sea which the Dutch people have waged with success Though dikes date back several centuries and windmills have helped to drain off the surplus water It is chiefly in this century that large scale machinery and Diesel driven pumps have won the greatest triumphs in closing the Zuider Zee to the ocean tides as Dr de Leeuw very interestingly showed In his closing remarks Shri Ganapatı Iyer brought out the vast land reclamation problems of India problems posed not only by floods but also by jungle encroachment etc He pointed out the need for emulating the Dutch in their spirit of collective responsibility continuous joint effort resourcefulness and inflexible perses erance of the nearly 100 million acres of cultivable waste land in India were to be brought under the plough EAST AND WEST SOME ASPECTS OF HISTORICAL EVOLUTION 16th January 1951 This lecture given at the Institute by Prof Constantin Regamey Professor at the Swiss Universities of Lausanne and Fribourg under the chairmanship of Prof N A Nikam was published as Transaction No 6 of the Indian Institute of Culture ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE ON HUMAN UNDERSTANDING 3rd February 1951 Dr Paul A Schilpp Professor of Philosophy at the Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA and Editor of The Library of Living Philosophers Inc Tec tured on this subject under the chairmanship of Prof N A Nikam of the Maharani s College Bangalore Dr Schilpp brought out the duty of ph losophers to attempt solutions of the problems of human relations These depended not only on improving the human lot and upholding human dignity but also on promoting mutual understanding through (1) weeding out superstitious notions in ourselves and ( 2 ) recognizing human brotherhood above distinctions of creed race colour and sex An actual brotherhood might be far in the future but a world government would be a step towards it and would prevent irresponsible national m from hurling the race to sell destruction THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE STATE 6th February 1951 Dr AC Lwing I BA Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge University speaking on this subject under the chairmanship of Shri B P Wadia contrasted the total itarian and democratic points of view the latter demanding the largest measure of freedom for the individual consistent with others rights The individual ought to be prepared to sacrifice himself for the common good but the totalitarian state took the position that who was to be sacrificed must be left to the experts Treedom was surrendered when it was left to the experts to determine not only means but also ends In a democracy the vote gave the individual some control over the ends to be sought One of Professor Ewing s strongest points was that free speech was of value not only to the individual but ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGI ISH also to the country as without it citizens of intelligence initiative and responsibility could hardly be produced THE STORY OF GOMATESIVARA AS DEPICTED IN KANNADA LITERATURE 8th February 1951 The traditional account of the original of the colossal statue of Gomateswara at Shravanabelgola as found in the Mahapurana of the Jains was given in this lecture by Shri TN Sreekantaya under the churmanship of Shri I s Dharanendraiya Puncipal of the Sri Jayachamarajendra Sanskrit College Bangalore This trajestic figure carved out of solid rock and about ,7 ft lugh dates from the roth century Its pure and serene face is the artists conception of Bahabalu a son of the first Jain Thirthantara and the brother of Bharata The latter a King of insatiable ambition had tried to force Bahabalu to acknowledge has supremacy but had failed in every trial of strength to overcome him The story was that of Balabalu s voluntary relinquishment of his kingdom to his brother and his attainment of the final goal after prolonged meditation and of Bharata s over coming of his own ambition This was Pampas version a later writer had varied it but both versions had a rich ethical content THF ATOM AND AFTER 22nd ebruary 1951 Dr N R Srinivasan of the Department of Metallurgy in the Indian Institute of Science lectured under the chairmanship of Dr EG Ramachandran of the same Department on the process and results of atomic fission and combination The lecturer described the various types of atom bomb the plutonium or uranium bomb used on the ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTF OF CULTURE Japanese cities the hydrogen bomb and the still more devastating cobalt bomb on which scientists are now work ing The explosive effects of the conversion of a certain quantity of matter into energy either by splitting the atom or by bringing about as in the hydrogen bomb the com bination of a number of hydrogen atoms into an atom of helium were disastrous More important however were the radioactive effects which continued invisibly affecting and destroying living tissues The cobalt bomb would be a hydrogen bomb coated with cobalt the particles of which would remain radioactive for y cars perhaps Wars bred more wars the verdict of history was against the idea of preventive sar but the sense of nationalism was so strong that national security was put ahead of human well being INTERNATIONAL PEACE 1st March 1951 Mr Elmore Philpott a journalist of Vancouver Canada who had worked there for Indian independence lecturing under the chairmanship of Shri P Lodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society analyzed first the historical background of the present situation traced the rise of nationalism and pointed to its threat to world peace It had once served a need but today the country s mandate and duty to humanity might pull the individual in different directions The importance of India for world peace was great standing as she did outside the two power blocs But there was a real deterrent to war today in the attitude in all countries of the people themselves War today was not between armies only but total war and no nation could be sure what its people would do in the event of a wat other than a war in national delence 90 ·PUBLIC LECTURES--ENGLISH NON VIOLENCE THEORY AND PRACTICE 15th March 1951 Prof | Anantharamiah lecturing under the chairman ship of Principal k Sampathgırı Rao of the National College said that non violence simple in definition but complex in practice had been exercising the Indian mind for centuries Its right understanding was vital if catastrophe was to be avoided by the modern world Fear was the root of vio lence shed fear and hatred was also shed Then there was real bravery reluctant to use force The Greek tragedies showed how revenge bred revenge until someone brohe the cycle of hate Mon violence had ats limitations however Success in using it depended on others being reachable by moral force Professor Anantharamiah praised Britains unprecedented magnanimity in bestowing freedom on her largest possession Force sometimes had to be used but without malice but only non violence in international affairs promised the salva tion of the world today INDIA IN CAMBODIA 22nd March 1951 In this lecture given under the chairmanship of Dr BK Kottar Associate Editor of Mfg sindia Mlle Suzanne harpelės a French anthropologist who has founded Buddhist institutions in Cambodia and Laos dealt with the present day life in Cambodia It follows she explained the old pattern with modifications such as the substitution of an umbrella of yellow cloth for the Buddhist monks ancient one of palm leaf and of a vacuum flash for his old water filter At the cremation place the Buddha s words about the transience of life are chanted The hing sprinkles flower scented water over the old kbmer statues of Braho 91 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE or CULTURE inical deities on one day and over a statue of the Buddha on the next and the ordinary folk likewise perform similar ceremonies Mlle Karpelis told some charming stories from Cambodian folklore and showed slides of the Cambo dian court dances with their delicate grace and Indian mudras India is she said for Cambodia as for Laos the land of the Buddha whence they have received spiritual treasures and India could play a great part in these Cast ern lands by nusivifying fier ancient culture and electrify ing them into renewed activity INDIAN INFLUENCE IN THE KHMER KINGDOM March 1951 Mlle Suzanne harpeles lecturing under the chairman ship of Rajadharmaprasakta Shri A S R Chart & Retired Judge of the Mysore High Court described the history of the ancient Khmer hingdom now modern Cambodia and ats culture It had reached its zenith with the construction in the with and 12th centuries Ad of the magnificent Angkor Vat That temple many fine photographs of which were shown with the epidiascope depicted in its carvings scenes from both Hindu and Buddhist mythology the two religions faving flourished side by side in Khmer without friction The Mahayana Buddhism of the early period had given place to Buddhism as found in Ceylon Burma and Siam The French Research Institute was largelv respons ible for bringing to light the glories of the vanished Khmer Kingdom SOCIOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN MODERN DEMOCRACY 26th March 1951 Dr Wolmer Clemmensen Secretary of the Danish India Society of Copenhagen lecturing under the chairmanship of 92 ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH Shrik Guru Dutt Director of Public Instruction in Mysore emphasized the need of teaching the masses to think for themselves Lest they should passively accept domination they had to be taught to practise real de mocracy to take care of the precious gift of freedom Sociology taught on a wide scale would bring home to the people their prejudices intolerance and resistance to change and so help them to objectivity not only in matters of daily life but in larger issues thus promoting tolerance and justice The Danish Folk School Movement offered a pattern for the teaching of democratic ideals and the arous ing of social mindedness to which collective sociological research as well as teaching had a contribution to make THE NEED FOR A WORLD IDEAL 27th March 1931 Mirs Caresse Crosby Founder of Women of the World Against War brought out the need of a world ideal of world citizenship in this lecture under the chairmanship of Shri R Balasubramaniam Retired Sub Judge (Madras) The people of good will all over the world should get together Mrs Crosby had published the literature of the world citizenship group started in Paris a couple of years ago It had made some progress in Southern France and in Italy where the World Government groups would meet in April She had hopes for work with women and advocat ed each country having a woman as Peace Secretary She fatoured adult as well as student exchanges between coup tries etc India as a nes nation could strike out new lines and adopt new ideas 93 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE THE US GOVERNMENTS INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF PERSONS PROGRAMME 7th April 1951 Mr Wayne M Hartnell Cultural Affairs Officer of the United States Information Service Bombay brought out in this lecture under the chairmanship of Shri P hodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society the importance of international exchange of persons for international under standing and the well being of the various countries Under the Fulbright Act he explained about 70 80 Indian stu dents could go annually to the USA and both students and professors from the USA could come to India The leader specialist exchange plan under the Smith Mundt Act had first brought Mr Norman Cousins to India eminent Indians would go to the United States for three months He mentioned the several mimeographed bulletins distributed by the USIS in India and its American Re porter and referred to a plan to print here Indian editions of needed books thus ensuring more employment in India as well as cheaper prices and 40 BERNARD SHAW AND POLITICS 12th April 1951 Professor A N Moorthy Rao lecturing under the chair manship of Shri C B Srinivasa Rao began with a picture of the roʻnantic optimistic and mug Victorian attitude to life which Shaw had set lumself to breaking down Repeatedly in his plays Shaw had exposed the control of government by big business and the hollow pretences of the politician with his ignorance and party spirit and fine speeches fooling the masses of blind followers He had believed that progressive evolution would eventually bring man to a higher level but had no constructive suggestions for making 94 ·PUBLIC LECTURES–ENGLISII people more mature here and now beyond proposing to increase the span of life to 300 years or so! THE CHALLENGE TO GOD FROM GREFK AND ENGLISH LITERATURE 19th April 1951 In this lecture presided over by Prof N A Nikam Shri L S Seshagırı Rao Lecturer in English in the Central College dealt first with the Greek dramatists Æ chylus had showed the Gods as evolving learning from their blund ers but also had depicted the implacable justice of law Sophocles had agreed that the sinner never escaped suffer ing but showed that sometimes tle innocent suffered too 1t all for discipline Euripides ironical praise of the Gods had proved his disbelief in them Marlowe s Dr Faustus had shaken the ordinary notions of God and justice For Marlowe as for Spenser heats and Shelley Beauty was the object of faith heats had equated it with Truth this poets religion had been con tinued in Bridges and Brooke In Prometheus Unbound Shelley had showed Zeus strong only through man s weak ness when he had forgiven Zeus Prometheus had been released Hardy had showed suffering inevitable for the individual but serving a universal purpose Shaw s Life Torce he had showed would master man unless man con quered nature Such had been some of the ways in which great thinkers had met the challenge of the God idea CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST 3rd May 1931 Dr D Gurumurti presided at this lecture in which Dr P Nagaraja Rao Professor of Philosophy in Gujarat College Ahmedabad dealt with two types of contemporary Indian 93 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE Or CUI TUPL philosophers the ashram type and the university type classifying Sri Ramal rishna and Vivekananda Sri Ramana Maharishi and Sri Aurobindo in the first category and deal ing with Dr Radhal rishnan principally in the second They were all in line with the Adwaita Vedanta of Sankaracharya though the last two mentioned had modified somewhat the insistence on all worlds being may auic maintaining that although illusory they were pervaded by Reality er en when all beings were merged in the Absolute something remained the higher ego purged of its limitations Rama krishna had followed Sanl ara while allowing other minds to follow their own path He named also followers of other lines of thought GR Valkanı Prof A R Wadia and Tilak with his stress on harma Yoga In the East how ever philosophy had traditionally admitted the possibility of spiritual realization beyond the level of intellect CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST 5th May 1951 Dealing with Western philosophic trends under the chairmanship of Shri A S Nagtrajan Prof P Nagaraja Rao classified them as principally Logical Positivism in Britain Existentialism on the Continent Naturalism and Emergent Evolutionism in America There was also a strong group of Christian dogmatists such as Carl Barth and Dr Schweitzer and there were the Western Vedantists of Hollywood Huxley Isherwood etc Logical Positivism stressed semantics precision in terminology with an emptr icism confined to the material plane whereas Indian phil osophers were empiricists on the spiritual plane as well as were also the Western mystics Existentialism represented a rebellion against regimentation and the reassertion of the value of the individual Huxley had all the Western empineists against lus metaphysics 96 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY TODAY 10th May 1951 Mr J A Borron of the British Information Services Madras speaking under the chairmanship of Shri P Kodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society showed that the old idea of Colonies as feeders of the home country had given place to the recognition of responsibility for Colonial development Large sums were now being ap propriated for Colonial agricultural technical housing and other types of development The aim politically was to raise living and educational standards and to train the people for autonomy though progress towards it was slow He concluded by referring to the advantages of Commonwealth membership The advantages of voluntary union of self governing units within the Commonwealth were mutual and the greater their number the better was it for world peace A PLEA FOR INTEGRATED LIVING 19th May 1951 Dr S hamesam a well known worker along nature cure lines pleaded in this lecture under the chairmanship of Shri P hodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society, for the integrated life Science since the day of Bacon had been serving--and stimulating-Material wants creating a monster which required to be led at humanity s coeg the scale of armament production and the prostituting of scientific skill to destructive ends The lecturer saw mass production as largely responsible for our economic troubles as unnatural living-artificial fertilizers canned foods harmful medicines--kas largely responsible for wide spread disease Nervous diseases showed the lack of integration between mind feelings and body due to high pressure living The remedy was to 97 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE redace the pressure follow ethical standards and relax observing the simple laws of healthy firing which he suggested might well be propagated by Institutes for Integrrted Living THE NATURE OF LITERARY DELIGHT 24th May 1951 In this lecture presided over by Dr T M P Maha devan Professor of Philosophy in the Unversity of Madras Samskritavisharada Shri S Ramachandra Rao Lecturer 10 Sanskrit at the Central College Bangalore gave a masterly presentation of the classical Indian theory of esthetic enjoyment The appeal of a play or a poem depended partly on the proper blending of the predominant sents ment the descriptive passages and the accompanying moods but the quality and extent of the spectator s or the readers background of experience was also an important factor The particular characters in a great play like Shakuntala seemed soon to give place to general types with one of which the spectator could identify hinsell Rasa or Isterary delight he showed by analysis not to be due to any causal relationship to suggestion to revela tion to inferential knowledge or to verbal cognition but to be transcendental and inexphcable In the spectator the quality of saltea is predominant hus mind is controlled But he quoted Kalidasa s analysis of literary delight short Ing that it implied such delight to be inferior to the ab solute bliss resulting from the knowledge of Brahma--the Brahmananda of the Upanishadıc thinkers PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE 28th May 1951 The lecture on this subject by Ds Bernard Phillips Head of the Department of Philosophy of the University of ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH Delaware in India as a Research Scholar at the Benares Hindu University was given under the chairmanship of Dr M V Govindaswamy It has been published in two instalments in The Arjan Path for September and October 1991 and as Reprint lo 7 of the Institute RECENT TRENDS IN AMERICAN EDUCATION 5th June 1951 Dr Chris A De Young Dean of the Graduate School Illinois State Normal University a lecturer in India ander the Fulbright Act stationed at the Central Institute of Education University of Delhi gave his illustrated lecture on this subject under the chairmanship of Prof R Seshachar Central College Bangalore He spoke of how highly decentralized the administration of education in America was and of its democratic control of the secular education in all public supported schools and of the em phasis on learning to do things with the hands of which he was sorry to find so little yet in India where he had taught years ago examinations were still over emphasized be found He stressed the influence of the home in education as also the need of child understanding and guidance He would have schools library centred Apropos of religious education Dr De Young said that religion could not be taught it could only be caught and a true educator by the influence of bis own life and spirit would give the necessary spiritual quickening to his pupils PHILOSOPHY AS DARSANA 7th June 1951 Under the chairmanship of Shri h Gura Dutt Director of Public Instruction of Ify sore State Dr THE P Baha des an the Head of the Department of Philo ophy of the 99 ·TIC INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE science University of Madras traced first the history of Western philosophy from the 16th century when freeing itself from theology philosophy had begun to become the handmaid of Logical Positivism denying all validity to meta physics had been its final product Eastern philosophy by contrast was darsana a lew of reality by means of a transcendental experience in the East was not only a viess of life but a way of life There were logical systems in India such as Nydja and Buddhism and Purka mmamsá might be considered a kind of pragmatism but pragmatism had not taken root in India The test of philosophy was realization immediate experience of Reality which was possible because Reality was not other than ourselves The goal STAGE PRODUCTION FOR AMATEURS 9th June 1951 Miss Irene Buller (Mrs G P Alexander) of the London stage lecturing on this subject under the chairmanship of ShnGS Vial not only gave many lunts for the success ſul amateur production of plays but also imparted some thing of her own enthusiasm for the importance and the possibilities of the amateur stage She brought out the need to consider the talent available in choosing the play to find the best producer possible and gne hum full control to fill in the background by studying the characters and their setting to identify oneself with the part to take the work seriously and to divide the tasks among the members of the company with due attention to the audiences con sentence and pleasure The pointers given ranged from clothes good carriage and Leeping the eyes up to carcful listening by the actors and conscientious alertness in the prompter Please keep the stage risve a vital part of the world you live in ·PUBLIC LECTURES-E GLISH TIME AND MUSIC 11th June 1951 Pandit Narayana Rao lecturing under the chairmanship of Vidyabhushan Shn Dh Bhardvaj said that music was more than an expresion of the emotions and higher senti ments through the medium of ound it was the expression of the divinity in man But it had many levels from the most metaphysical the Sound the Word by wbich the ani verse was created down to the physical Modern cience did not understand the flow of time and how the different times of day produced different moods or s ates of consci ousness due to the attunement of man with Mature The ancient Risbis had recognized this relation hip and said that only certain ragas approprate to each time of day should be played then The lecturer described the various ragas with their predominant notes and their intended effect demonstratiog the twilight ragas with vina accompaniment YANTRAS OR MECHANICAL CONTRITANCES IN ANCIENT INDIA 18th June 1951 This lecture by Dr V Raghasan Head of the Depart ment of Sanskrit in the University of Madras delivered under the chairmanship of Prof D D hosambi Professor of Mathematics at the Tata Research Institute Bombay has been published as Transaction Mo io of the Institute THE SOCIAL PLAY IN SANSKRIT 19th June 1951 Dr V Raghavan Head of the Sanskrit Department in the Unnersity of Madras gave this lecture at the Institute under the chairmanship of Dr ASV Sastry The lecture has been published as the Institute s Transaction \o II IOI ·THE II DIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS ON ENGLISH LITERATURE 21st June 1951 This lecture by Mr SCG Bach Regional Represent atne of the British Council at Madras was given under the chairmanslıp of Prof Pi Venkata Rao of St Joseph s College Bangalore Mr Bach sketched first the content of Grech literature from Homer to its peak in the 5th century BC the Roman classical literature having been modelled on the Greek The classical idea had been characterized by objectivity or impersonality humanism the exaltation of reason symmetry and simplicity All literary forms were Greek though perhaps they were basic and the Greeks had only developed them The wpfluence of the Greek and Roman classics on English had grown from the Norman Conquest affecting the lang uage as well as the current of thought Shakespeare had made the classical culture completely his own The Renais sance era of expansion had been succeeded by the Augustan with its greater emphasis on classical forms Even today in our day of industrialism and scientific expansion the classical tradition persisted to some extent and bade fair to Cvive Lsen modern writers could not get away from the myths which shether historically bascd or enshrınıng phil osophical or natural truths touched upon issues of permanent importance to man w TIIE CITIZEN OF TOMORROW 23rd June 1951 Mr Ju tice B Va udevamurthy of the High Court Bangalore presided at this dreezy address by the sell known wnter and humorist Vir Justice Å S p Ayyar of thie Nadras High Court Bir Ayjar started on the theme of the essential oneness of humanity and the need for 102 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH shedding insularity and becoming citizens of the world The citizen of tomorrow would have to shed his separative tendencies Man he said had in him the god as well as the animal and the intelligence to choose between dharma and adharma right and wrong He touched on the secular state not being an iconoclastic state each was free to follow the religion of his choice All religions had their messages and these did not conflict The ideal was the well being of the world Heaven was not some far away place but had to be brought down on earth He advocated doing away by education with rigid castes one law for all people and economic sufficiency for all His points were interspersed and illustrated with many witty anecdotes in the lecturer s characteristic vein THE STUDY OF MODERN INDIAN HISTORY 3rd July 1951 Dr Holden Furber As ociate Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania in India as a Fulbright scholar lectured under the chairmanship of Shri P hodanda Rao of the Sersants of India Society The biographer of Henry Dundas Viscount Melville Dr Furber had been greatly interested in the history of India under the Cast India Company Much of 17th century Indian hi tory he de clared lay buried in the records of the East India and Dutch India Companies but was accessible either in London the Hague or New Delhi He hoped that some young Indians would take up the research The private records and diaries of educated Indians perhaps still in their families was another potential source From 1650 to 1830 Englishmen in India had entered into the life of the people many had engaged in research and left materials for future historians From 1830 1885 English had been widely introduced Indian says had been looked down 103 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE upon and Western ideas gradually assimilated From 1885 when the Indian National Congress was born Indian history had come to be written also by Indians but there was room for much more attention on their part to the modern period ASIAN STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES 5th July 1951 The past the present and the future of Asian Studies in the USA were discussed by Dr Holden Turber in this lecture aver which Prof N A Nikam of the Maharani s College Bangalore presided Elhu lale had been Govern or of Madras and the great New England thinkers had con tacted Indian philosophy but William D Whutney at Yale and Charles Rockwell Lanman at Harvard had been proneer American Sanskritusts Today South Asian studies un known before 19.0 were offered by several universities with funds derived partly from Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundation grants They were taken advantage of chiefly by graduates so far Many of the universities and colleges offered lectures in this field and several of the larger unver sstses specialized in particular regions There were however at present not more than 200 experts on Astan subjects in the USA Dr Furber made several suggestions by which their number could be greatly increased in the near future -Seminars at which foreign lecturers could be welcomed the spreading an merica of books published in In and the possible establishing of an American Academy similar to those in Rome and Athens upon Indian soul to be open to Indian as well as American students 104 ·PUBLIC LECTURTS- ENGLISH THE INDIAN IDEAL OF FREEDOM OF THOUGHT 9th July 1951 Prof A N Moorthy Rao presided at this lecture by Dr M Hafiz Syed Retired Professor in the Oriental Department at the University of Allahabad The lecturer urged return ing to the ideals of Indian philosophical thought From Rig Vedic times on there had been tolerance in ancient India Asoka was not the only ruler to honour all sects However great the social restrictions intellectual life had remained free The demand for freedom was innate in man If we thought wrongly time would show us Our errors What we thought did affect us enormously because as a man thinks so he becomes but no one was master of another s thought Today the spirit of man had outgrown the old forms dogmas were obstacles and had to be broken the lecturer declared The end of education he said was to transfer authority from the without to the within to the Immortal Inner Ruler The recognition of Brahman as all was the Magna Carta of intellectual freedom RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE SECULAR STATE 19th July 1951 Shri D V Gundappa President of the Gokbale Institute of Public Affairs Bangalore presided at the symposium on this subject Shrik Guru Dutt Director of Public Instruction in Mysore State who spoke said that secular meant only that the State was not narronly religious The Brit ish policy of non interference with religion had so far governed though the University Commission Report had recommended study of the lives of great religious leaders and of great religious books as also some of the central problems of religion IOS ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE The Central Board of Education at its meeting in My sore in 1945 6 had decided religious instruction to be the function of the home and the religious community The State left the individual free Gandhiji had favoured a secular State but had felt that the educated classes needed to revert to the ancient traditions Morals Shri Guru Dutt felt would deteriorate without a religious ideal The example of the elders was very important in teaching relig ion as a way of life Prof N A Nilam of the Maharani s College Bangalore questioned whether the universities could teach virtue al though they could teach comparative religions The secular State he said being based on an ideal of religious liberty was really on a religious basis itself for all its secularity Dr D Gurumurti Retired Principal the Madanapalle College defined the Secular State in terms of religious toler ance rather than of mere neutrality Man he said was a soul possessing a body but the spirit in man was forgotten in educational matters The youth of today lached rever ence because education was turned only towards preparation for earning a livelihood He suggested a system of moral or religious education from the primary stage onward which would cultivate a spirit of reverence and a sense of the Divine while bringing out the universality of the doctrines of all the great religions Viewing the majesty of nature or the creative work of man would help but the example of the teacher could best impart religion teaching it as a form was useless The difficulty was in getting qualified teachers The Chairman stressed the difference between Religion as a search for truth reverence for Life the sensing of the Dlystery and the Eternal Verities holiness and practice of the great virtues--and the separate religions in which there was conflict Each could follow whichever of the latter he liked but all should follow Religion The State and Relig son, he said were like the Prairilts and Marille Margas the 106 ·PUBLIC Lectures-ENGLISH one going out and the other the tvay of return The State had moral functions but should control the exterior where as Religion should feed the interior Citizens had to learn to be good neighbours The Schools could teach great poetry art and music and the history of all peoples but not religions with a small these would receive their corrective from cultural bodies like the Indian Institute of Culture The great mystics everywhere and the great moralities should be taught as also such books as lead to holiness The world today the Chairman felt needed the Indian attitude of tolerance ROYAL CHARTERS IN ANCIENT INDIA 23rd July 1951 Dr B Ch Chhabta Epigraphist to the Government of India illustrated his lecture with a charter corsisting of strips of engraved copper plates which were perforated and fastened together with the King s seal He also passed Among the audience photographs of other such charters and inscriptions He explained the immense value of these title deeds to historians for what they gielded of description of ancient social customs etc He also describ ed the interesting ways in wllich these charters, in Prakrit or Sanshnt, with parts of the local tongue found their tray to the Epigraphist s office Though these chatters recorded a gift of land or of a township from the King yet they sometimes had great literary value The lecture was undet the chairmanship of Shri T N Sreekantaya ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURF LITTLE KNOWN POETS IN THE SANSKRIT WORLD 24th July 1951 This lecture delivered by Dr B Ch Chhabra Epi graphist to the Government of India was presided over by Dr M V Govindaswamy It appeared in The Aryan Path for September 1951 under the title Poetry in Sanskrit Inscriptions JAINISM A UNIVERSAL RELIGION 23rd August 1951 Shri S Dharanendraiya Principal of the Sri Jaya chamarajendra Sanskrit College Bangalore lecturing under the chairmanship of Shri B P Wadia brought out the broad tolerance of Jainism which leaves each free to follow his own path It recognizes seven different points of view all necessary but sejects blind faith The tradition of Jainism is claimed to go back to the highest antiquity The soul is immortal and was originally pure but has been caught in the ocean of Samsara from which it has to work its way back to become one with the highest Deity by repeated lives on earth in wluch the enjoyment or suffering is self earned the perlected man the Thirthankara is the crown of existence The strongest point of Jainism the speaker brought out is its cthics Ahimsa being its chief doctrine There are however separate codes of conduct for householders and Sanny asis The Chairman brought out in concluding that the con tribution of Jainism was not merely negative harmless ness but also the positive doing of lindness the very name of the Jain Teacher Mahavira who had been a con temporary of the Buddha meant great man of energy Ahimsa he called the non violence of the strong 308 ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH PHASES OF INDIAN DANCING 28th August 1951 Shrimatı Ragını Devi began her lecture with a reference to the importance of the gesture springing from inner feel ing this being what distinguished the Indian dance from the European dance where physical form and rhythm were stressed The gestures from which expansive movement unfolded had been formalized with them went the cadence of the body and movements of eye and hand Though the Indian dance had started with ritual and invocation it also dramatized the epic stories covering all phases of human life The lecturer demonstrated many mudras symbols for space a fish an elephant a lotus etc portraying a Radha Krishna episode and with the accom paniment of veena and voice the ten Avataras depicting each characteristically Other short dances were also demonstrated Her lecture was confined to classical dancing leaving folk dancing out of account She hoped that the survival of the old dance forms however such as the variations of Kathakali in South India could be assured in the lifetime of those who still retained the cultural tradition fast dying out in some places She believed that the dances though about Gods and Goddesses could be adapted to present day life there was much mirth and fun in them stories moreover covered all the incidents of life and could be adapted to modern conditions Shrimatı Ragını Devi compared the various forms of the dance in India remarking that the Tandava dance was more a matter of sculptural poses than of the dance proper Dr N S N Sastry who presided considered that the art of the dance was a spontaneous expression of human emotion finding expression in religious forms but not The epic 109 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE arising from them He mentioned the Tandava and Nata raja dances however as having a deep symbolical meaning CHII DREN 1-110W DO WE LEARN ABOUT OUR CHILDREN? 3rd September 1951 In this first of five lectures by Dr My Govindaswamy Superintendent of the Mental Hospital Bangalore under the chairmanshp of Shrs B P Wadia it was brought out how little conscious Indians in general are of the psycholog ical problems of child rearing After referring to develop ments and findings in psychological studies in the West Dr Govindaswamy stressed the importance of the parent child relationship and the proper adjustment of emotions and affections during the first few years Starving a child s affections meant abnormality in later life PROHIBITION US EXCISE 6th September 1951 Shri P hodanda Rao Minority Member of the Madhya Pradesh Prohibition Enquiry Committee analyzed the ex perience in that Province which was half wet and hall dry Excise in the wet area had doubled in the last year or so Excise was meant to check liquor consumption but had be come valued as a source of revenue Shri hodanda Rao called it a degrading and inequitable tax easily replaccable by other taxes Prohibition had been more effective in checking over all indulgence in alcohol most Indians being law abiding and drinking intoxicants being frosned on by religion and social custom He felt however that individual rationing al rendy introduced in Sweden vould more effectively keep people temperate and within bounds, allowing a moderate Ito ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH supply to individuals who could not do without liquor and putting the bootlegger out of business by properly adjusting the excise tax He stressed the importance of enlightened public opinion to back up the law The Chairman Shri BP Wadia mentioned the advant age which Gandhiji s religious and moral approach to the problem had given us The problem had its profoundly moral as well as economic aspects Individuals should sacrifice for the sake of the country CHILDREN II --THE HOVE OF THE CHILD 1S 10th September 1951 After referring to American observation studies of chil dren Dr M V Govindaswamy named the needs of the child as love security being made to leel that it is wanted and belongs to the family and being accepted for what it Parents plans for the child s future should not inter fere with hus normal development Problem parents made problem children Delinquency often followed unstable home conditions Allowance had to be made for the animal impulses and curiosity of children The role of toys in child development was brought out the important thing belog not their beauty or intrinsic value but the imagin ative use the child made of them AMERICA AND INDIA 11th September 1951 In this lecture under the chairmanship of Prof BR Sesbachar Professor of Zoology in the Central College Bangalore Ms Stanley R Chartrand American Consul and Public Relations Officer of the United States Informa tion Service Madras stressed the Universal respect ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE America for Gandhiji though Americans in general had not known much more about India The two countries bad in common their political heritage from the same mother country including its democratic tradition but in present day politics Indians and Americans did not always see ege to eye The statement of India s Prime Minister that the American offer of wheat was acceptable without strings had cleared the position paving the way for the loan which many Americans had anticipated with individual or group gifts of food The work of the USIS which was shortly opening a Library in Bangalore under Dr Purcell who had accompanied Mr Chartrand to the lecture was to help Indians to understand Americans Its work was fivefold operating through a free public reference library for information not propaganda films a press section a Voice of America radio programme and an exchange of persons programme which was most important India s culture and America s material progress could be blended with profit Some of the things that America had India did not want but others could be not grafted on but hybridized so to say with India s culture In answer to questions Mr Chartrand brought out that America s former isolation policy had been given up and explained that the USI S though it acted also for trade purposes was as non political as the British Council in its objectives CHILDREN III -TIIE SCIIOOL OF THE CHILD 17th September 1951 In this third lecture in his series Dr M V Govinda swamy said that the school s function was to be a bridge between the home and the outside world He dealt par 112 ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH ticularly with nursery schools Most educators bad forgot ten the child but Mme Monte sori had freed bim from many restraints while leaving the training tied to the academic system Children needed control from their elders or they were miserable The value of drama for children was brought out Competent teachers were more important than fine buildings CARLYLE AND VEDANTA 20th September 1951 Speaking under the chairmanship of Shri L S Seshagırı Rao of the Central College Bangalore Shri D A Subba Rao brought out that though Carlyle does not show a direct acquaintance with Vedanta texts he had been led by his own meditations as well as by the influence of German thinkers and of Sir William Jones towards the same truths He had taught the doing of actions for their own sahe urg ing fearless performance of duty and a return to the eternal values renouncing the lower ones The Chairman considered that Shelley s Prometheus Un bound had more influence on Carlyle than he had received from Eastern sources though there were points of similarity between Carlyle and Vedanta--his appreciation of the value of suffering the conquering of the expectation of reward etc Carlyle s theory of heroes was related to the Hindu concept of Avataras his beroes were not merely men great in deeds but men who had power to reconstruct CHILDREN IV. THE BOWDERLAND OF CHILDREN 25th September 1951 The fairy tale best fits the wonderland of children according to Dr V V Govindaswamy sho in this fourth ·IUL INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE In fauty lecture in his series examined the importance of phantasy in the development of the child There were great similar ities in folklore from one country to another tales physical laus tiere suspended The child became in imagination one or another character The old tales were better than the recent ones children asked for the old ones to be told again and again Alice in Wonderland re quired a lecture by itself Shri B P Wadız who presided said that the invisible world of the devas the gods the sages and the rishis had the same power on the adult mind as the fairy world had on the child s emotions The nature spirits farrtes devatas of the child s fairy tales might lead adults to the recogni tion of the invisible world of reality ANCICNT IRAN OF ZOROASTER AND TAKLAMAKAN (THE GOBI DESERT) 27th September 1951 Rajasevaprasahta Shri R N Mirza referred first to the Western explorers of the Gobi region especially Sven Hedin and Sir Aurel Stein giving irteresting points about their background He mentioned also the work of scholars like Prof A V Williams Jackson and Dr Arthur Upham Pope whose wertices in making Iran known better in the West had been valuable Shri Mirza dealt with the Zoroastrians and their rever ence for the sun as the source of hle a reverence shared by some among the Iranian Vuslims The Zoroastrian theory of magnetic energy shonid he said be appreciated by modern scientists who are concerned with magnetic solar and cosmic radiation It could dispel materialism The storehouse of this energy in the individual man was the Fratarshi or Trou 1hich sometimes acted as a Guardian Angel 114 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH He sketched the awesome dimensions and features of the Gobi Desert describing Sir Aurel Stein s trip in search of the old China trade route which he had lovod by coming upon one Chinese coin and then a string of them at scatter ed intervals evidentiy fallen from a leahing sack Tollow ing up this clue Sır Aurel had come upon ruins and found in the ancient town where Firdaus bad lived a beautiful Picture of a bearded Persian carrying a mace showing that the Persians had travelled east taking their culture with them A slide of the picture was shown Shri B P Vadia who presided spoke of the force of destiny in which great and little men played their parts Sir Aurels coolies had shared in the discovery tioned that not only had human beings each a Frazarshi according to Zoroastrianism but all things and beings as well up to Ahura Mazda himself He men CHILDREN CHILDREN IN WANDERLAND 29th September 1951 Dr M Govindaswamy in this closing lecture of his series referred to the need of help for difficult children The child s need for affection secunty etc not met led to difficulties Dichens s portraits of clnldren were analyzed also George Eliot s Barrje s sere mentioned too and hip lings him The Sanskrit poets were most helpful depicting many episodes of children Passing to present day child problems Dr Govindaswamy referred to the Child Guid ance Units abroad with their social workers and clinics Several problems in the home were mentioned eating difu culties bed wetting etc which should be liandled without anxiety or undue stress Children s deltaquency was often a device to attract attention Of all children in Wander land Dr Gos indaswamy thought that 60°, to 70°, could ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE be brought back to a normal state of mind Elementary centres of child welfare were greatly needed throughout India The series of lectures had sought to awaken interest in the whole problem so that some fruitful developments might follow Shri B P Wadia in his concluding speech from the Chair said that the subject was neglected in India We needed to understand it and to draw on not only tlie modern psychological solutions but also on our own heritage to help us which brought in the question of soul values and what had been brought over from prior lives MEASURES TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA 11th October 1951 Dr Chifford C Caylor Agricultural Counsellor of the American Embassy New Delhi covered in huis address the many possibilities for increasing India s food production The 5% more land that could be brought under cultivation would not take care of the growing population Irrigation would almost double the yield in certain places but even without it villagers could do much by contour bunding re storing tanks etc to conserve the available moisture wluch now ran away Some land could be reclaimed by draining off the excessive salt concentration Dry farming methods had helped to reclaim the American Dust Bowl Here fallow land around villages and some millions of acres of jungle land could be brought under cultivation ging of wells and the sinking of tube wells were valuable steps The ploughing in of leguminous crops was important for providing nitrogen other ingredients were also necessary for soil fertility The making available of improved seed and implements is also necessary Tractors and thresh ing machines might be made asailable by the Government The dis 116 ·PUBLIC LECTURES--ENGLISH or by co operative societies since time was an important element in both planting and harvesting Also the villagers tequired education in improved methods by trained service units Shri P H hrishna Rao Retired Member for Food Sup plies of Hyderabad now Development Commissioner of Mysore State stressed in his address which followed Dr Taylor s lecture the importance of cattle manure and com post required even with the new fertilizer factories which could not supply much of the country s requirement He found the poverty of the farmers and the small size of the holding the chief obstacles to increa ed food production Other occupations should be found for the surplus popula tion on the land Di Ananta Padmanabha Rao Agricultural Statistician Government of Mysore gave statistics about the Grow More rood Campaign in the State Though the rains varied he also mentioned there was a regularity in their variation Crops could be altered to suit the conditions Dr Rao con trasted India s sinall per capita expenditure on agricultural improvement with the large outlay of the USA and Britain Shri Ah Yegna Narayan Aiyer Retired Director of Agri ulture in Mysore State spole of the time which would be required to work out the large schemes settle people on reclaimed tracts etc The schemes were good on paper but there were many intangibles including human nature He stressed the desirability of wells and the need of teams of workers to show the villagers better methods and con vince them of their value The Chairman Shri D I Gundappa President of the Gokhale Institute of Public Iffairs Bangalore in summing up criticized the shortcomings of some of the intermediaries between the plans and the people who did not guc needed help with needed promptness and competence Especially 117 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OR CULTURE he thought that the opinions of cultivators themselves should be sought as to what could be done to improve their food production He felt that India should solve her own problems Dr L S Dorasamı Honorary Secretary of the Institute added in moving the vote of thanks to Dr Taylor and the others who had participated in the discussion that the wastage of 20% of the harvested crops through insects rodents and sheer carelessness should be avoided which would go far to solve the problem of increased availability of food India had he said much to learn from the United States and the United Kingdom on farming methods SWITZERLAND HER POLITICAL AND CULTURAL PATRIMONY 13th October 1951 His Excellency Dr Arnın Daeniker Minister for Switzer land speaking under the chairmanship of Shri B P Wadia gave a valuable and suggestite account of lus country s achievement of political unity and freedom a high degree of prosperity and universal education despite linguistic ethnological and creedal differences the meagre natural resources of Switzerland and the strong individuality of its Cantons which had long had their own customs barriers postage coinage etc Switzerlands State organization had been called its chef contribution to world culture The high degree of democratic participation by the citizens in the administra tion of their communes Cantons and the Confederation itself through the Initiative and Referendum which the country had adopted liad been a matter of slow growth from the original Securily Pact of 660 years ago by which several Cantons had pledged themselves to mutual assist ance against aggression 118 ·PCELIC LECIORES-ENGLISH The very The fine and appled arts had all flourished the coun try had produced famous educators and engineers and scientists as well The small country had 7 Universities with 20 000 students Three languages German Italian and French were official languages but there were at least 40 dialects in a country the size of Japar State diversity bad taught tol rance while rolog out conformity Two excellent information films about Switzerland were shown and then Shn B P Wadia who presided brought out the lessons which Switzerland could teach to the Indian people. This country had too much of provincial nvalry religious leuds social barriers and political wir pulling and the international and cosmopolitan spint was greatly need ed Th- Indian Iastitute of Culture was trying to give contacts with the minds of oth r counts and especially heart contacts What other nations mall or great had done we could accomplish did not fear the end of the world or of civilization Mans porer of thought and imagı natron was stronger than the atom bomb Ideas ruled the world as Plato aid and closer contacts with the world of id-as would help to bring about world unity MASTERPIECES OF INDIAN PAINTING 15th October 1931 Dr Bh Kottar of the Bangalore weehly Vysindia who presided over this first of three lectures which Prof OC Gangoiz had come from Calcutta to deliver at the Institute introduced him as the art critic who with his journal Rupar and his everal books had placed Indian art on the art map of the orld Professor Gangoly deplored the virtual boycotting of visual art in Indian school and colleges o that the critical sense was generally undereloped There were some musical connoisseurs, but the average man was aot a casaoisseur 119 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE of the beauty of form and colour which were the passports to the Continent of Eternal Pleasures Some galleries were being started and exhibitions were increasingly held and the speaher urged the audience to look at pictures until you have developed the power of seeing them He showed a number of slides of paintings some me diocre some most artistic pointing out the shortcomings of the former the beauties of the latter He confined himself to two categories of Indian paintings those with animal subjects especially fighting animals goats camels ele phants and those with romantic motifs tahing the occasion in connection with the former to point out the utter sense lessness of such trials of brute force The pictures with the love motit alt with two popular folk romances of the maiden who used to swim to her lover across a river and her intrigue discovered was lured to her death by the substitution of an unbaked pitcher for the one which usually supported her in the water and the other the story of the wanderings of the royal lover of Malwa in quest of a spring which was to push from the earth in tol en of Divine sanction for their union In his closing remarhs Dr kottar described art as an inder to the vitality and richness of a catalization and wel comed Pandit Nehru s project for the establishment of a National Gallery of Art One INDIAN SCULPTURE 16th October 1951 The second lecture of Prot OC Gangoly on Indian Art was under the chairmanship of Dr N S N Sastry Professor Gangoly at the outset ascribed the long delay in the appreciation by the West of Indian sculpture to its having so little in common with any of the Western schools of sculpture This was traceable to a fundamental difference 20 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISit in the artists intention The Indian sculptor was primar ily an image maker the image being intended not as an idol or a fetish but to assit the worshipper in attaining Yoga by suggesting a fragment of the Divine contemplat ing which he might raise his consciousness The test of the value of an image was its power to erohe religious ecstasy It had been recognized in Vedic times that no repre sentation of the all pervasive Deity was possible but certain seers had visualized particular aspects of Divinity and set down the canons of perfection for the particular parts of the form No deviation from these rules was per mitted to the sculptor whose skill was te ted by his sincer ity and his ability to render his own inspiration in the prescribed form The form might be beautıful or ugly creation preservation and destruction being recognized equally as expressions of Divine Power The Indian sculptor approached his task prayerfully Whereas Greek sculpture presented the God in glorious human form Indian sculpture suppressed anatomical details adopted the 10 head instead of the 8 head measure ment which conforms to human proportions gave the Gods four arms etc The more human in conception it was the less did Indian sculpture approach its purpose The lecture was illustrated throughout by dozens of beautiful shdes showing both Greek and Indian images of the Gods Dr N S N Sastry in his concluding remaths mention ed how admirably Indian sculpture illustrated what in the modern psychology of sthetics was called psychic dis tanice It represented a deliberate departure from anatomy going beyond the rules carried to perfection in Greek art to present something more sublime and spiritual than the physical human form ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE THEORIES OF INDIAN ART 18tb October 1951 Prof O C Gangoly in this concluding lecture of his se ries mentioned the difficulties of the subject exemplars of some schools being limited and specific literary references few The Silpa Sastras dealt only with the technique of painting and sculpture Stray pas ages from Sanskrit and Pali literature which he quoted furnished clues as that theories of art were embedded in theories of creation etc The Buddha in his last sermon had directed the erection of monuments to serve as reminders of his life and produce a fluttering of the heart awakening devotion It was however the analysis of the psychological basis of rasas (emotive essence ) as formulated for literature that revealed æsthetic principles applicable also to the visual arts These rasas included clarity of expression strength or brilliance delicacy loveliness richness avoidance of the commonplace harmonious linking of dissimilar things He accepted Dr N SN Sastry s suggestion that suggestive ness was an important quality and agreed with Dr S hamesam who asked if it was not because art had been so much part and parcel of life that our ancients had not thought of defining it Even in Europe resthetic theory had come late Shri B P Wadia who presided said that the lecture had shown that knowledge in ancient India had not been confined to philosophical and religious lore He spoke of the hope expressed that more attention could be given to art in the Institute s future programme and of the desirabil ity of bringing to India young creative artists Enthusiasts about art who would give co operation and advice would greatly assist the Institute in laying greater emphasis on art 122 ·PUBLIC LECTURES ENGLISH THE MEDIATIVE FUNCTION OF MUNDA CUSTOVARY LAW 29th October 1951 Dr Dorothy M Spencer Research Attaché of the Amer ican Embassy New Delhi lectured on this subject under the chairmanship of Dr M V Govindaswamy Superinten dent of the Mental Hospital Bangalore who paid a tribute in his opening remarks to the important contribution af the American school of anthropological research The organization of the aboriginal tribe of Vundas in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Southern Bihar now agricul turists the lecturer explained is into villages of several hamlets each village having about 250 inhabitants The village Headman is called a blunda tliere is also a village Sacrificer in connection with animistic rites Several Villages in turn are loosely grouped together under a com mon Headman who like the Munda has prestige but Iittle authority The real enforcing agents are the Panchayats or Councils whose collective judgment is final though the amount of the fine imposed is subject to bargaining Disputes leading to tension and threatening the peace may be settled by relatives or by the Headman and the Sacrificer acting as mediators but if the contestants insist a Council is called There is a remarkable spirit of accom modation in the proceedings and less zeal for fixing the blame than for removing ill feeling looking to the fotore rather than to the past For the sale of future relations the fine may be small even for a very serious offence like attempted murder This crime is however rare except by resort to witchcraft To relieve friction the aggressive person may be giren his way Sometimes both parties are fined equally All present at the Council share the fine which often takes the form of a feast If the culpnt has already suffered for his fault the fine is proportionately ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE light and his circumstances also are taken into account The interdependence of the members of society is an inpor tant factor in Munda law which seeks to enable the contes tants to get off to a fresh start even after a very serious clash Dr Govindaswamy pointed out the importance of the Mundas stress on human relationships and on relieving ten sions as offering a pattern that could with profit be applied to international and group relations RECONCILIATION BCTWEEN EAST AND WEST Ist November 1951 Shri T L hantam Secretary of the United Nations Association of Mysore State recently returned from a visit to Europe and America where he had represented India at the United Nations Associations meetings described his Impressions of the existing tension between the East and West blocs and the forces worhing to alleviate it Democ racy was defined by the Western democracies in political and social terms by Russia in economic terms giving the dominant position to morhers and peasants The vital problem in world peace was the co existence of the two systems in an international order If world consciousness were to prevail the forces of mankind could be rallied under the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies to overcome not only war but all such evils as poverty disease illiteracy etc The United Nations had to its credit suc cesses not only in the social economic cultural and fru manitarian fields but even in political difficulties as in Indonesia and Palestine the cease fire order in Kashmir and the localızıng of the Korean conflict it had prevented a Third World War Shri Kantam had attended the Conference of the Inter national Liaison Committee of Organizatioos for Perce 124 ·PUBLIC LECTURES- ENGLISH held at Elsinore in August where the message of the Indian Iastitute of Culture had been read He described the various forces working for peace the Society of Friends the War Re isters Movement the Partisans of Peace not represented at Elsinore the National Peace Council of Britain the Vational Coun il for the Prevention of War in the United States the Womens League for Peace and Freedom and the Movement for World Federal Govern ment etc The last named with which Lord Boyd Orr was prominently associated had established a Centre in Brussels and was formulating concrete proposals for the amendment of the United Nations Charter for proportional representation of peoples in the Parliament of the World The Elsinore Conference had deplored the rearmament of Western Germany and advocated the withdrawal from Germany of foreign forces and also condemned violent propaganda which exacerbated differences calling for the dissemination of truth in tead it had seen hope in India s middle course Shri K Guru Dutt who is a Vice President of the Mysore United Nations Association brought out in his closing remarks from the Chair that political and economic problems could not be solved only by political and econom 1C measures India had achieved the most complete re conciliation between the Eat and the West A balance between Eastern ideas with their inclination towards peace and Western ideas and achievements was necessary but war must be conquered first in the hearts of men What was needed was not more resolutions not more Charters but more men taking themsels es in hand and resolving the conflict within themselves ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE STRUCTURAL ECONOMY OR SOUTH CAST ASIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA 8th November 1951 This region over Lecturing under the chairmanship of Shri S H Laksh minarasappa Retired Government Architect Mysore Dr S kamesam spol e illuminatingly on the desirability of substituting wood processed for resistance to decay and termite damage and rendered fire proof for steel as a structural material for South East Asia comprising India Pakistan Ceylon Burma Thailand In donesia and the Philippines had a population of hundreds of millions living under primitive conditions of housing etc It was poor in mineral resources but could produce wood in indefinite quantities on the spot Processed wood more cost but a fraction as much as steel or reinforced concrete Dr Lamesam gave an interesting historical retrospect of the development of the steel based industrialism of the West in which an acquisitive society intensely competitive had replaced a functional society He defined an acquisi tive society as one which produced goods not for the welfare of the people but for gain War not peace was favoured by the steel based industries so easily convertible into armament producers A functional society brought into being by coercion as in Soviet Russia was worse than an acquisitive society but in choosing structural materials the sinews of modern industry consideration was necessary of what we wanted society to be Tlie speaher illustrated the possibilities of processed wood in bridge and house construction with lantern slides and gave figures howing its cheapness and practicability in conjunction with enlightened forest management не aw in light pillar supported roofs and thin walls of process 126 ·PUBLIC LECTL RES-E GLISE ed wood the solution of the East s village tou ing problem The Chairman confirmed the claim for the durability of processed wood which saitab y treated and made fire proof promised to last as long as steel construction whereas un processed wood used in construction could not be expected to last longer than about 20 years PENAL REFORM 12th November 1991 Dr Walter C Reckless Head of the Department of Criminology in the Ohio State University who had been sent to India under the United Nations Technical Assistance Programme to organize classes on Criminology and Correc tronal Administration at the Tata Institute of Social Sci ences Bombay lectured to a large audience on the progressive relaxation of the rigours of penal law Hangın even for trivial offencer had given place to prison sentences but the reformers in several parts of the world had started a movement about a hundred years ago not only for the restriction of capital punishment and of transportation to penal colonies but also to ameliorate the misery of prisoners The modern jail had ceased to be a mere custodial insti tution where the prisoner sat locked up all day without work moral instruction or recreation or eten much medical care a which conditions men had been found to deteriorate and jail vices as well as jail fevers had spread More enlightened administration had ded work a library recreation elementary education and some medical care Gradually there had been introduced remission of sentences for good behaviour curtailment of prisileges instead of flogging if sules were broken conditional pardons in certaia countries probation ( soccessful in 75 to 80 cases out of 100 in the USA ) suspended sentence and parole Mfr Reck less favoured the indeterminate sentence its length to hr ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE determined not by the Court but by the jail advisory boards He felt that kind firm and sympathetic treatment of the prisoner by all the staff was very important giving the prisoner a chance to build up faith in someone who could help him later to go straight A relation of confi dence and faith between a staff worker and a prisoner held the best hope of a change in the latter s attitude to life society and the Government but the public must co operate Shri P Shiva Shankar Secretary of the local Discharged Prisoners Aid Society who presided stressed the last point the attitude of society to the discharged prisoner which too often was responsible for his failure to make good A Mysore Jail Reform Committeee had brought in a Report but financial considerations had handicapped action on it He mentioned also the need for control of films which glorify the racketeer and the constructive possibilities of films and radio in the war against crime Among those present at the lecture were Dr Lakshman Rao Padke Inspector General of Prisons of Mysore State and Shri R Rangarah Superintendent of the Central Jail Bangalore ARE FREEDOM AND JUSTICE INCOMPATIBLE? 22nd November 1951 Dr M N Mahadevan presided at this meeting at which Shri P M S Pinto and Janab C Abdul Nab: former Secre tary of the Mysore Legislature and a Retired Judge denied the incompatibility of freedom and justice Shri Pinto recognized the need of a measure of constraint on personal choice its scope dictated by the principles of justice but brought out the fact that compulsion which allowed no Weakened the human faculties and character Justice was however necessary as well as freedom Econ omic justice was the cause of conflict today but legal and choice 128 ·PUBLIC LECTURES--ENGLISH ocial justice were also necessary There could be no justice without freedom and freedom without justice would be chaos Janab Nabi maintained that in a democracy the fran chise allowing the choice of legislators gave the people power to change the lass Freedom and justice were both provided for by the Indian Constitution Freedom should conform to that enjoyed in the most advanced countries but the greatest good of the greatest number was the aim of a civilized society Sometimes individual likes and dis likes had to be set aside in the interest of the majority as in the traffic regulations Dr NS N Sastry denied that man was born free He was always subject to limitations which increased as he got older His scale of values gradually advanced from the individual to the social The highest values at the cosmic level showed freedom and justice compatible ideal ly however incompatible they migh seem in practice Shri P kodanda Rao of the Servants of India Society saw freedom and justice in inverse ratio to each other the more freedom the less justice and tice tersa To the extent to which laus sere multiplied freedom was reduced and customs might have the force of law The trend was towards more and more control We uffered the restric tion of freedom to get greater justice between man and man re minimum hours of work and the minimum wage infringed freedom but promoted justice In his concluding remarks Dr Mahadevan attributed man s inhibitions to education as they increased adjust ment to society and the environment improved Freedom was wonderful but could be a menace and also only a slogan Both freedom and justice could not progress Justice restricted freedom but it was necessary The dernocracies which stressed freedom were yet trying to give justice to satisfy the majority which had the power 120 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE to change things India was full of poverty ignorance and preventable disease what good was freedom to the masses suffering from these ? Such conditions had to be fought by any organized Government Communism wanted justice almost on a regimented level The slogan of justice might sacrifice the best inter est of those to whom it was meted out There was a threshold below which man should not go When prepared to accept a lower level of being and be happy man was not in a satisfactory state The time had come in India to put the emphasis on justice but he hoped that the stand ards could be raised without stultifying the people POPULATION PROBLEMS 29th November 1951 The recent great acceleration in the rate of growth of India s population was stressed by Shri P H krishna Rao former Census Commissioner Mysore in charge in Mysore of sampling in connection with the United Nations joint project with the Government of India for studying the rela tion between population changes and economic and social change In Mysore State the population had increased as much between 1941 and 1951 as in the 40 previous years The increase in the USA was more rapid but its natural resources were larger Also in 1941 the population density in India had been 246 as compared with 41 in the USA The standard of living could not be raised if the population continued to increase so rapidly Opening up the empty spaces especially in the tropics to mass immigration from India China and Japan would be one solution India with 3% of the world s area liad 20% of its population Industrialization would help Econ omic pressure might do what reason could not early marriages had almost stopped But he urged family plan ning as very necessary 130 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH Several questioners brou, ht up the greater desitability of raising the moral tone of the people and encouraging self restraint as urged by Gandhiji in preference to birth control by contraceptives etc which was conceded by the speaker but considered impractical as a mass solution Suggestions for reducing the existing population were offer ed by two questioners but repudiated by the speaker and the chairman It was admitted that an increase of pro miscuity had been every where feared as a result of dissem inating birth control information but the solution lay in moral education The Hono ary Secretary of the Institute suggested that the fertility ratio tended to decrea e with advance in the standard of living but the speaker said that this reduction would not be large Dr T K Whelpton Director of the Population Division of the United Nations who attended the lecture with Dr C Chandrasekhar directing the project throughout India was invited to say a few words on the subject He explain ed that the United Nations interest in population problems grew from the interest of various nations The UN was trying to develop a programme and was tackling the prob lem of the relation of the size of the population of various nations to the ability to support the people The raising of the standard of living securing more benefits to each individual was the aim Japan had advanced farthest in the East in making birth control information generally accessible Rajakaryaprasahta Shri Masti Venkatesa Iyengar a former Census Commissioner of My ore who presided stress ed also the seriousness of the problem The old religious restraints had weakened and substitutes had not been pro vided He deplored India s having to import food and urged taking the message of family planning to the villages in the language of the people 131 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE to change things India was full of poverty ignorance and preventable disease what good was freedom to the masses suffering from these? Such conditions had to be fought by any organized Government Communism wanted justice almost on a regimented level The slogan of justice might sacrifice the best inter est of those to whom it was meted out There was a threshold below which man should not go When prepared to accept a lower level of being and be happy man was not in a satisfactory state The time had come in India to put the emphasis on justice but he hoped that the stand ards could be raised without stultifying the people POPULATION PROBLEMS 29th November 1951 The recent great acceleration in the rate of growth of India s population was stressed by Shri P H Krishna Rao former Census Commissioner Mysore in charge in Mysore of sampling in connection with the United Nations joint project with the Government of India for s udying the rela tion between population changes and economic and social changes In Mysore State the population had increa ed as much between 1911 and 1951 as in the 40 previous years The increase in the USA was more rapid but its natural resources were larger Also in 1941 the population density in India had been 246 as compared with 41 in the USA The standard of living could not be raised if the population continued to increase so rapidly Opening up the empty spaces especially in the tropics to mass immigration from India China and Japan would be one solution India with 3% of the world s area had 20% of its population Industrialization would help Econ omic pressure might do what reason could not early marriages had almost stopped But he urged family plan ning as very necessary 130 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH Several questioners brought up the greater desitability of raising the moral tone of the people and encouraging sell restraint as urged by Gandhip in preference to birth control by contraceptives etc khich uas conceded by the speaker but considered impractical as a mass solation Suggestions for reducing the evening population rere offer ed by tto questioners but repudrated by the speaker and the chairman It was admitted that an increase of pro miscuity had been everywhere feared as a result of dissern inaliog birth control information but the solution lay in moral education The Honorary Secretary of the Institute suggested that the fertility ratio tended to decrease use Advance in the standard of living but the speal er said that thus reducrion would not be large DE T K Whelpton Director of the Population Division of the Umed Nations who attended the lecture with Dr C Chandrasekhar directing the project throughout Zadia was invited to say a fese words on the subject He explaint ed that the United Nations interest in population problems grew from the interest of various nations The UN was trying to develop a programme and was tackling the prob lem of the relation of the ize of the population of various nations to the ability to support the people The raising of the standard of Irving securing more benefits to each indusidual was the aim Japan had advanted larthest in the East is making birth control information generally accessible Rajahary a prasahta Shri Masti Venkatesa Iyengar a formser Censis Commissioner of Alysore e ho presided stress ed also the seriousness of the problem The old religious restraints had teakened and substitutes had not been provided He deplored Indii s having to impart food and urged taking the message of Ismıly planning to the villages in the language of the people ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE WALT WHITMAN-POET OF DEMOCRACY 6th December 1951 Lecturing under the chairmanship of Prof A N Moor thy Rao of the Central College Bangalore Dr Ralph Pur cell American Vice Consul and Cultural Affairs Officer in charge of the US Information Library at Bangalore brought out at the outset that he had found the Indian Institute of Culture not only hospitable to visiting American speakers but also sympathetic with many ideas of interest to America The US Information Service was he suggest ed an effort in line with the aims of the Institute Walt Whitman the most distinctive but not necessarily the most representative American poet had been both a critic of American democracy as it had so far developed and a prophet of the democracy of the future Love democracy and religion were his formula of greatness The fusion of his work with his life was remarhably complete his poetry was extremely personal He had been unsuc cessful in getting on according to the accepted pattern uninterested in formal education drifting from job to jobs in Brooklyn before his trip west and down the Mississippi to New Orleans for a job lost after a few months gave him a glimpse of the frontier individual and self reliant but concerned for security which he wore into lus idea of democracy Reading Emerson s essay on Self Reliance on his return to Brooklyn he liad determined to give his thoughts to the world and printed in a friend s press the first slender edition of Leates of Grass in 1855 when he was 36 He had spent his remaining 37 years in rewriting and extending that work which had been more cordially praised and damned by critics than any other American book Emer son had sent the message when it appeared I greet you at the beginning of a great carecr Whittier had flung the 132 ·PUBLIC LECTURES ONGLISH His con book into the fire His lyrics were unesen lacking in thyme and rhythm some passages sere fiat and unheroic but he had caught the spirit of Amentan democracy and realized the need for integration for a hearty and human solidarity to balance the empha is on individualism that threatened fractiona tion finding the cohesive factor in the common man and making democracy warm and buman and social cept was of the fellowship of all the children of men Hus Civil War experience nursing the sounded had given him an understanding of the heart of every day humanity and a great admiration for President Lincoln as typifying the common man of his ideal His best poetry was in the edition that had come out soon after the Civil War From social sobdarily he had gone on to religious see ing the good life as oneness with the Whole Passionately Idealistic lie declared that none had begun to think how divine he himself was or how certain the future was Professor Moorthy Rao sn his concluding remarks de plored the dreadfully English approach of the Indian Universities which had prevented acquaintance with American hterature Indian students had been condition ed against rhytoms appearing and disappearing as in Whitmans poetry but Whitman had been probably the first to make an attempt to produce new poetry and was tasier to understand than many modem poets There was an analogy the Chairman thought between his attitude towards the common man and Wordsworth s feeling for simple and humble folk PSYCHO ANALYSIS TODAY 111h December 1951 DE dlayer Gross Director of Research in Mental Diseases Crichton Royal Hospital Dumiries Scotland and Y 37 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE WHO Consultant speaking under the chairmanship of Dr N V Govindaswamy Superintendent of the State Mental Hospital Mysore gave a balanced evaluation of the contribution of Freud and the shortcomings of his theory and its advocates today His teaching on the unconscious mmd was fundamental and generally accepted by modern psychiatrists His psycho analytical technique for detecting deep disturbing memories had its uses but Freud had elaborated the truth he had got hold of to the point where it was false claiming that every mental activity proceeds from the unconscious He had oversimplified instincts into the love and death instincts Especially his overstressing of the role of the ser instinct to which he had wrongly attributed all pleasurable sensations had aroused great antagonism He had shown courage in breaking the taboo on discussion of sex but his theory had many weaknesses Among these were Freud signoring of genetic differences and constitutional factors and the facts that what was found in clinical experience was not found true outside it that his pan psychic and pan sexual theory was an over systematization that alternative explanations were ignored and extraneous checks were not sought and that one stage in his argument was not verified before the next was for mulated The growing intolerance of the modern psycho analytical schools and the claim that control over human souls was sought by the psycho analyst were also urged against Freuds system The interpretation of psycho somatic di orders in terms of psycho-analytical findings was the least satisfactory application of the system Treud s influence was still strong in America though it had waned in Lurope The Chairman shetched Treud s theory against its back ground of a period when advances in bacteriology and research in the structural alteration of the brain in partic 134 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-EYGLISH ular diseases were intensive medical innovations No altera tions were found in the brain in lunacy and no bactenum had been discovered in the brain Freud with his substi tution of chu dhood experiences etc as causal factors had given a new orientation to the problem of mental abnor malities and mental illness He had concentrated on simple cases and turned to Greek mythology for symbols and metaphors Dr Govindaswamy suggested that Indian mythology might also be fruitfully explored in that con nection THE SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE 13th December 19,1 Mr Leonard M Schiff of the United Theological College Bangalore lecturing under the chairmanship of Prof V Sitaramiah of the Central College gave an instructive con spectu of sociological theory differentiating between a soci ely the largest grouping in which common customs tradı tions and duties are operative and a communly a smaller group of people with a common basis of life and of culture containing within at sub groups families etc Culture was the patterning of behaviour in groups Interaction set up habits for individuals and customs for the group which saved individuals from having to solve every problem de The body of customs was very large and the origin of many was obscure and in many cases forgotten The different ways of greeting had once meant something though they had become for the most part mere habit The extended hand of the English had originally implied only peaceful intentions proving that the hand extended held no weapon whereas the Indian greeting with joined palms had meant I worship the Divine in you giving perhaps a clue to the temperamental difference between the two peo ples but both meanings nere practically forgotten today though the folkways continued 710 O ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE But il folkways had little ethical significance unless thought of in connection with what they symbolized mores the customs thought by a group to be necessary for its con tinuance such as marriage customs the institution of mar riage religious rituals etc were in a different class Insti tutions were organized patterns of folkways and mores Life was strictly patternized and ways of thinking and feel ing were in part socially determined Acquisitivene s for instance was practi ed where it brought prestige but among certain Red Indian tribes property was valued only for giving away Without the conventional expectations in terms of knowledge of the cultural pattern of a group organized so cial life would be impossible Conflicting elements in a cul ture tend to the breakdown of the behaviour pattern 10 the co existence of political democracy and economic despotism Dissenting individuals had an important role in cultural change but cultures also borrowed from each other The world was a neighbourhood individuals ought to be free to more about everywhere and the different cultures had to be made into a brotherhood avoiding stereotypes about par ticular groups but a uniform world culture was not possible it would lack roots as an artificial languag does THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT 15th December 1951 Mr Robert J Butler an official of the Farm Bureau In surance Companies the second largest co operative insurance society in the United States spoke under the chairmanship of Shri R Ramachandra Rao Bhombore Retired Labour Commissioner of Mysore State who had at one time served in the Co-operatııe Department Mfr Butler presented co-operation as a way of life and 136 ·PUBLIC LECTURES-ENGLISH the only basis upon which mankind could solve its problems Cıvılızation was at the crossroads and the important ques tion in the solving of which India had an important part was what direction it would take whether towards co opera tive humane procedure or towards coercion Co operative societies themselves while working for fair distribution at a fair price tended towards centralization and away from democratic procedure as they grew His o in society having become large very successful and highly centralized had recognized the need for small units on which Gandhı had insisted It now proposed to spend millions to break up its vast organization and bring it back to local units with as many as ten small cooperative insurance companies to a State which would give individuals power to make decisions as to policy services etc and bring home to the people the necessity for self induced and self devised efforts The sentiment that progress was impossible without bringing in the lower classes was rapidly growing in America which was going in the direction of overcoming poverty The Co operative Movement in America believed the de velopment of machines to be good not ethically wrong but helpful for shaking off poverty though the machine bad to be mastered not to be allowed to master people Planning and keeping objectives in mind were necessary for success Economic causes were prominent in most clashes Peo ples were interdependent and the condition of India affect ed America and vice tersa Men had learned to co operate at the family or small community level but the great task calling for the greatest possible understanding between peo ples was to build up co operation between peoples that would be as solid and as harmonious as the Co operative Movement in Sweden for example seemed to be ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE PLACES OF INTEREST IN INDIA 17th December 1951 Dr Bh hottar who presided at this lecture by Shri B V Sundararaja Iyengar introduced the speaker as a musician whose talents had been recognized by the bestowal upon him by the Mabarajı of Travancore of the title of Sanguta Bhushana Shri Iyengar described the show places of India from one end of the subcontinent to the other as seen through the eyes of a pilgrim visiting its sacred shrines and temples with secular sight seeing subordsnate to the religious inter est He had started going grimages in 1928 and still kept up the practice He gave a glowing description of the Mount Abu temples descnbing the main temple as a masterpiece in marble of the triumphs of Mogul archstecture at Agra where a great Hindu temple to rival the glory of the Taj Mahal was being constructed and of the appeal of Hardwar and Ayodhya fos religious devotees as a350 of Badrinath Temple bigh in the Himalayas with its never dying flame though the temple was closed from October 15th to May 19th and ice had to be chopped away with pickaxes to re open it even on the latter date Shri Iyengar had visited the Buddhist shrine of Sarnath on which place he had prepared a monograph The hardships encountered by pilgrims to some of the shrines were described with humorous touches Inhos pitahty had been encountered from the authorities of many temples but his singing had been his passport Shn Iyengar s lecture was accompanied by recitals from the Gajarrt the Ranaz ana the Gila Govinda and Gitanjals and supplemented by an exhibition of the beautiful photographs which the spealer had brought from the many places that he had visited 138 ·PUBLIC LICTUTCS-ENGLISH In the course of his lecture and recitals the speaber had recourse to no fewer than pine languages-English Hindi Pali Sanskrit Bengali Gujaratı Kannada Tamil and Telugu THE PLACE OF THE UNIVERSITY IN MODERN EDUCATION 27th December 1951 Prof J T Christie Principal of Jesus College Oxford University lecturing under the chairmanship of Principal L Rama Rao of the Central College Bangalore dealt first with the important Unesco sponsored I ase West Symposium held earlier in December at Delhi of which he had been asked to serve as Rapporteur and compiler of the Proceed He took up several points from the paper submitted by the Institute on The Concept of Man and the Phi lo ophy of Education in East and West the subject of the Symposium which paper was published in The Aryan Path for January 19,1 and as Reprint No 8 of the Institute These points winch had been much discussed and some of which were made also in other papers related to there being no fundamental difference between East and West to their debt to each other including the West s debt to Asian science (though diversity in unity was stressed by the Seminar as good) to the fact of Jesus being a universal teacher the other great teachers and prophets to mans traditional ideals needing not redefinition but rediscovery and to the fact of unification having to be through individ uals not national aggregates with its corollary of the importance of education Among the recommendations of the Symposium were that books should be produced about what were roughly called the Prophets irrespectise of their country and that reprints of Eastern classics literary religious and 139 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE W devotional should be brought out if possible under ægis of Unesco On the subject of education in the universities P fessor Christie discussed priacipally the impact of scies and the impact of democracy He brought out the dang of too early specialization depriving the scientist and technician of an adequate background He advoca lectures on the humanities by picked teachers for scier students and something of biology and physiology for a students Democracy had opened the universities doors to wider group but the distinction of quality of mind rema ed The universities would lose their standards as the were for all Degrees should not be demanded for emplo ment It was important that every nation be able to represented at a high cultural level Universities shou aim at being places of light and leading turning out m able to mediale between tradition and change form leaders could say to the masses Now leade had to say Come on The masses had to be sufficient educated to understand the leader and to follow intel gently not blindly Professor Christre stressed the importance of person contacts between students and their Prolessors for firır the former with humanist ideals Mass instruction cou not accomplish what a teacher could with a small group Among the distinguished guests prescat were Sss Samu Runganadhan Tormer Indian High Commissioner at Los don and Lady Runganadhan Shri H V Bhaskaria: Retred Deputy Auditor General of India Ds B L Many nath Vice Chancellor of the University of Mysore Principals of the National College and tbe Mabaran College and many more Go on ·PUBLIC LECTURES E GLISH BHARATA NATYAM AND KATHAKALI 29th December 1951 Shrimatı Leela Bhashariah a member of Shrimat Siriga leni Sarabhais dance troupe which recently toured South America lectured on these traditional dance techniques with demonstrations before an appreciatise audience which crowded even the foyer of the Institutes new lecture hall Dr L S Dora am Hororary Secretary of the Institute introduced the lecturer Shrimatı Bhaskariah mentioned the growing popularity of the Indian dance well described as Movement in Sculp ture Traditionally the Indian dance was totended not merely to give delight but to cause bliss it was a means of altamıng spiritual harmony and salvation The Bharata Natyam dancer was not a creative artist but a farthful follower of what had been taught Some of the musical compositions for which dance pieces had been composed by gifted masters were cery aid as were many of the dance Preces The present Bharata Natyam programme had been evolved in South India about a hundred years ago The lecturer explained that dancing was either graceful and delicate and feminine or vigorous and masculine (Lasya or Tandave) A further division was into Natyam dramat ic interpretation of a story through the dance Nrityam wuch included expression and mood and Abhinajan the tughest form comprising according to Bharata $ Natya Sastra sentiment gestures singing and dress and decor if any Sbe named several schools of dancing but went into de tails only about Bharata Natyam with sts elements of ernotion melody and rhythm always beginning with a Dance of Invacation and ending with a Sanskrit sloka from a devotional lyric and the hathakal The Kathakali dance drama could be traced back to the ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE Tantric period of the Vedic Age but its present form was only four centuries old a scholarly Raja of Kottakara hav ing revived and improved the ancient folk dance drama Rich in symbolism and gesture it was highly stylized and developed with its own technique and peculiar make up and costume and required elaborate training and sustained practice It might be religious semi religious or secular The last type was tremendously popular in the villages which showed the villagers innate good taste Played in the open air it sometimes held them spell bound from sunset to dawn All Kathakall dancers were men who took also women s parts Shrima Bhasi ariah illustrated the gestures and facial expressions appropriate to the nine Rasas I ove valour compassion contempt wonder fear disgust anger and serenity and concluded with the showing of a number of inudras or land gestures of which she explained there were 24 basic ones out of a vastly greater total number ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE LIST OF BOOKS REVIEWCD 1951 Allenda Data 59 Bth January 53 3th Feb uary Tiile Author Re tener On Be og Human De A bley Montage Prof V 5 taramlah MA Tho L fe of Mahatma Lou I'i cher Princ p I K Sampathgri Gandhi Rao MA P pol Vh The Sac ed D lia Goetz and Sylvan is Dr NS N Sastry Bool tho Ancient Mo ley T nel trs frm MAD LITI Qiché Maya the Sp dish of Ad an RCGOS 33 29th Mch BOOKS RIVIEW ED M 1 muna 41 26th Ap 1 The Scene of tho Em t 18 D Bhagavan Ds Pocp1 hay M R hard M T tms 32 Probl ms Soc i Pol y 3150 My Mr Pail p Sp tt BA (Cantab ) Clai 1 fm 14th Jun All Thi & Commn H het B hop us Wa d MA 45 8 26th J ly Vag ant Children Unesco DMV Gov ndas my BS MBBS DIM C I rg1 GI eo ght T! Twe ty T ith Hou Mir Ih lip Sp tt BA IC atab ) 35 2nd Augst The Way of Deliveračce Si osho Hanayam 3oth Dr BI I ottar MBBS 70

·Date
Title
Alth
Revier
Allendance
13th September
Introduction to a Science
of Mythology
Prof CG Jung and C
Kereny:
Shri K Gu u D tt
BA MCS
91
4th October
Liberties of the Blad
Ch rles A Morgaa
55
Mr Phil p Spratt
BA (Cantab )
Prof A N Moorthy Rao
MA
20th December
The Meaning of Shake
spearo
Harold C Goddard
89
144
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURL

·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURL LIST OF PUBLIC LECTURES-KANNADA 1951 Dais Tile Lectu er Chas man Attendance 9th Jad ary Lyricain Modern kannada Shri H N Nagaraja Rao Shr CD Srdi a a Rao MA BL. *4 19th February IS Astrology a Science ? Sart MC Maoch gah 69 V dyabha kara V dwan Shir VE Ramaktyshua Bbt NA 9th Apr 1 Ta oa Maba Yaris Life History of Yasodhara Trin pa) K S Dharan dra ya MA 40 Vidyabhaskara Vidwan Sh i $ Ramakrishna Bhat MA PUBLIC LECTURES KANNADA

·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE
LIST OF LADIES GROUP LECTURES 1951
Dals
Spe ker
Attenda co
27th February
Subject
The Challenge to God from Gre k
and Engl sh L terature
Shri L S Sesbag ri Rao MA
15
24th April
Bhasa as a Playwright
Shri MPL Sastry MA
29th May
Kalidasa 9 Meghasandes
Rajasevasakta Shri CK Venkata
Ramayya MALL B
23
gti
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE
26th June
Women in a Chang ng Ordr
Prof V S taramiah MA
22

·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE
LIST OF MUSICAL RECITALS 1951
Dla
Arti
Attend
Type
Instrume tal and local
14th Apnl
175
Shri NS K: hoa Murthy
Shri N RR m& Rao
Shrimati Tara Naray na Rao
Master Jasa Kumar
14th J ly
Instrumental and Vocal
137
147
Vacha a Guyana Prav na Sangeetha
Vid an C V Nagaraj
Sangeetha Vidwan TN Rama
chandm Rao
Sangeetha Vidwan T Lakshman
apra
MUSICAL RECITALS
31st Dec mber
Veena Recital
Si rimati N V Sbarada
3,0

·LIST OF EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL FILMS, 1951 Dats Title of F:In Ogn of Film Attendance 13th January New Earth ( Black and white sound N therlands Govt Information 207 Glm) Bureau (Illustrating lecture on Land Reci mation in the Vether lauds ) 4th F bruary 175 Cleanl ness Bings Health (Colour) News Mgazine NO 12 (B&W) Ohio Town (B&W) Moover Dam (B&W) US Information Sersice Madras do do do 31st March 350 148 Valley of the Tenne see (B&W) Showdopia (Color) w ter-Isend or Enemy (Colour) National Gallery & Art (Color) USIS Madras B: tish Council Madras USIS Madras do THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE 23th April 280 Lo land Vllage (B&W) Plast cs (Colo] Ho sc in History (B&W) Insects as Dus se Carriere (Colour) Panorama of the USA (Colour) British Counc 1 Madras do Brit sh Information USIS Madras do Ser ces 26th Vay 500 A Ride sth Unclo Joe (B&W) Brabazodling of the Air (B&W) Ti ght 35 (B&W) Wicon D m School (B&W) Ca ad an Whet Stors (B&W) Pulp and P per from Capad (B&W) BIS Vadrag do USIS Madras do Canad an High Commissioner do ·Dta T of Ful Orgin of F11 Ali dance 3 th June Brit sh C u cil Madras BIS M dras B tish Coc1 Mad as Australian High Comm do oner 28th J ly 400 USIS Mdas BIS M drs USIS M da Cand a Hgh Comm ssir BIS M dras USIS Madras do B t sh Coun | Mad a do 25th A gust Let See (Colour) oce Up a Tm (B&W) Man on the Bet (B&W) M ud Mob ( Color Bushland l'anta y (Clou) ers ty of Californ a (B&W) Thi Is B tain-No 5 (B&W) W! Is Disea e ? (Colo ) Westwa Wind (Colou) R port on St ! (B&W) Invt tion to the Nat on (Col) Windo Cle ne (B&W) She p Dog (B&W) Steps of th Ballet (B&W) Mostc f America (B&W) I storic D ath Valley The Toa (B&W) Coast IV lla o (B&W) Elect cal Ge erat on (B&W) Centenary Sw sa Confederat n (B&W) 300 6+1 EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL FILMS 2208 September 450 (Col USIS Madra do do Briti h Co nc 1 Mad as do 3th Octobe 259 IlI st_tag 1 ct of H Excel Jency Dr A Daen ker Master for Swit land ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE FINANCIAL STATEMENT Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year ended 31st December 1951 (Extracted from the books of Theosophy Co (Myso e) Ltd audited by R B Allbless & Co B mbay) Ordloary Revenue Account (a) Lib ary and Lecture Act ftes Income 1 Rs Current Inco 1c Members Subscript ons-Ordinary Les Proport on paid to The Arjan Path maga ine for membe s cop es 2 621 13 5 R Sale of Public tions Sundry Income Interest on Life members and Patrons Deposits Donations Total Income 1 437 140 I 183 15 3 179-0 789 12 0 260-00 993195 11 692 138 Rs Deficit 98 322 18 110 014 I5 4 Rs 130 ·FINANCIAL RS EXPENS S Curre 1 Exp 7345 Ad ert sung of Lecture Prot 5 Loud speaker Travelling expenses of lecturers Publicat ons and Reports Newspaps and Books Book b nd og Sal es nd Wages Postage and Teleg ams Stat onery Ele tr Light and Wat r R pairs Taxes Customs d ties Garden Expens 5 Sundry Expenses Tota) Current Exp ases 667 80 898 110 279 0-0 Y 402 80 2 131 6-0 134 8-0 394 80 488 80 I 133 14 6 603 15 9 164 2-0 175 26 169 80 75 00 34 75 28 IO 054 1 -9 9-0 RS Capital Exp nes Bald ng Extension Rs go 824 07 Furniture and Equ pment 8 470 70 Lib ary Books 431 8-0 Iac ease in sto ks of bo ks and publicat on 234 4.0 Total C p tal Expens s R 99 960 37 100 415 4 139 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE (b) 1 Judge Cosmopolitan Hom Income Boarding Fees of Students Net Deficit Ry 7 882 12 0 2 574 113 R$ 10437 73 Expenses Food servants wages etc Rent of Building R$ 8 037 7 3 2 420 00 ID 457 73 Rs 2 Lite Members and Patrons Capital Account Balance at credit at 31st December 1950 Rs 11 373 14 8 Life Members Subscriptions for 1931 2 574 OI Balance at credit at 31st December 1957 R$ 13 947 14 2 This sum is held on Bank Deposit for the benefit of the Institute. Statement of Assets held by Theosophy Co (Mysore) Ltd as at 31st December 1951 for the benefit of the Indian Institute of Culture Land al Yedihur As at 31st December 1950 Ns 32 773-00 Land a d Buld gs No 6 Morth Publ c Square Road As at 31st December 1930 R$ 74 590 00 Less Depreciation for Year 1 860 00 77 730 0-0 Building Cxtension No 6 Nort! Public Squ re Road As at 31st December 1950 Rs 4529 79 Expended to 31 Decembr 1951 00 824 0.7 95 353 84 Furu tu e a d Equipment L brary and Lectare lfall As at 31st December 1950 Rs 6 237 00 Added in 1957 8 470 70 Rs 14 707 70 Less Depreciation for Icar 2 207 70 12 500-0-0 Furn funt and Equipms I Jodge Cosmopolitan Jione As at 31st December 1950 Rs 4 514 00 Less Depreciation for Year 677 00 3837 0 0 Library Books Expedded in 1951 Stock of Books and Publicat ons Asat 31st December 1950 Rs 605 15-9 Net Iecrease for I car 134_40 840 3-9 Met Total of Assets held at 31st December 1951 Rs 218 467 41 431 8-0 132 ·THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF CULTURE 6, North Public Square Road, Basavangudi Bangalore Members receive free the monthly Arya PATH and at cost price ull publications of the Institute * Inaugural Address (Hindi Translation) 6 Annas TRANSACTIONS Euch Re 1! (Postage extra) NO I The United States of America The Making of Its Constitution (A review of Carl Van Doren s The Great Rehearsal) By M RAMASWAMY NO 2 The Flag of Free India Si nificance of the Wheel of Asoka By G P RAJARATNAM No 3 Goethe The Scholar By W GRAELL No 4 Some Pluulosplcul concepts of Faris Clunese Medicine By ILZA VEITH No 5 The History of Scientific Thou, ht with Special Relerence to Asi By H J J WINTER No 6 East and West S me Aspects of Historic Lola t10n B; CONSTANTIN REGAVEY No 7 The Heroines of the Plays of halıdasa By S RAMACHANDR4 RAO No 8 World Peace and Rabindranath Tagore By K CHANDRASEKHARAN No 9 The Concept of the United Nations A Philosoph ical Analysis By EM HOUCH Yantras or Mechanical Contrivances in Anci nt India By V RAGHAVAN Re 1/8 lo 11 Tl e Social Play in Sanskrit BJ V RACHAS AN Re 1/8 No 1 The Life and Thought of Avicenna By H J J WINTER Re 118 Unesco and World Unity and Peace Re 7/8 No 10 no 13