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·Machines
That Built America
ROGER BURLINGAME
A SIGNET KEY 800
ublished by TEXE AVERICAS LIRILAI

·COPYRICIIT, 1933, RY ROGER BERLINAVE
All rights reseried, including
the right to reproduce this book
or portions thereof in any form.
MSC 56
BUR 53
Published as a SIGNET AFY ROOK
By Arrangement math Harcourt, Brace & Company
FIRST PRINTINO, DECEBISER, 1955
SIGNIT ASY BOOXS are published by
The New American Littory of World Litteuse, Inc
JO1 Madison ricrue, New York 22, new )
PAINTED IN TIZ UYIED STATES OF AME

·the
WILSON
reader
Selected and Edited by
FRANCES FARMER
Law Librarian
Unloersity of Virginia
DOCKET SERIES
Volume 4
Oceana Publications
New York City
1956

·Copyright, 1930, by
Occids Publiations
My MomIER AND FATHER

·TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGZ vii LIFE AND WORK, A Biographical Sketch, g Editor Part 1 JVCILARACTER AND PERSONALITY emanal Address, by Edwin Anderson Alderman ilson The Executive, by Charles Seymour 68 podrow Wilson The Conservative as Liberal, by Richard I lofstadter 78 oodrow Wilson - The Unforgettable Figure Who Has Returned to Haunt Us, by Gerald W Johnson 8L Part 1 WILSOY_THIE STATESMAN IDEAS AND IDEALS Letters 84 perton For The Nabon's Service 103 STIC POLICI- THE NEW FREEDOV" First Inaugural 110 Wilson Accepts Ilus Renomirabion OREICY POLICY-THE NEW HOPE "MISSIONARY DOVACY 119 The Negrediation of "Dollar Diplomacy* 1.30 Panini Canal Tolls 122 Wilson Accepts Hus Renomination (12t. ter portion) WORLD Van 1 132 Appeal by the President for American mitrality 132 Tos Proud To Fight Speech 134 The Right of Americans to Travel in 138 115 ·L+ 182 TAO The Sussex Affair 141 First Commitment to the idea of a League of Nations "Peace Without Victory Speech 150 Declaration of War Against Germony 161 The Fourteen Points Speech 172 Notes to Germany: Reply to Cernan Peace Proposal 181 Conditions of Pence Armistice Terms 155 Further Armistice Terms 185 The October Appeal" 190 THE AFTERNATII OF Wan 193 Make This League of Nations A Vital Thing 101 Presentation of the Covenant of the League of Nations Address at Pueblo, Colorado 205 The Road Away From Revolution Part II WILSON_THIC CONTROVERSIAL FIGURE- TIIE NEW HOPE DELAYED Metropolitan Opera House Speech 001 November Letter to Democratic Minority in the Senate 828 "Great and Solemn Referendum Message 230 March Letter to Democratic Minority in the Senate Armistice Day 1923 Address 240 The Supreme Infanticide, by Thomas A. Dailey 21 President Wilson, by John Alaynard Keynot 245 Woodrow Wilson; A Conclusion, by Charles Seymour 051 000

·PAGE
Part IV
WILSON AND THE FUTURE
Woodrow Wilson, by John Foster Dulles 256
Freedom For Van-A World Safe For
Vanlind, by Bernard M Baruch 262
Woodrow Wilson In Perspective, by
Charles Seymour
268
Woodrow Wilson A Tnbute, by Colgate
W. Darden, Jr
270
OIRONOLOCY
275
BIBLIOGRAPHY
277
28i
IDEX

·B KA . ACHOWIEDGTEXTS TO PUBLISHERS The editor extends appreciation to the foll wing autbont Nashers and periodicals for granting special permission to priat Nased from the books and urticles indicated below, copyrights for Lich were ontsuly secured by them Alfred A Knopf from Puchard Hafstadter's The Ametkeun falta Tradition and the ten ba Made It (1969) The Atlantic faethle: for Wilson 1923) Bc Memoir (1 Doubleday row usor Woodrow Seymour's Harcourt noinic Con Lydia Lopes and Willie 27) from Figure wh Link Now Hopkin P World W two books, and the C "Trinceton Foundation and for Baruch (18 Woodrows ·PREFACE In this butle volume 1 kzve attempted to present picture of Woodrow Wilson as he appeared to some n his contemporaries and as he appears today in the bret messpective of thúty years. Choice of materials and they are, of course, volinaus-has been governed chiefly by three cateria I lave tried to select passages which throw wght on Wilson's character and personality, which mark turning points in his career and kick highlight his place In history for the most part, Wilson himself speaks sarse page, yet I have included also passages from xxe whin have attenperd to deliacate bus personality and maluate his achicements Editonal notes are clesignal to fill in gaps and furnish leads to other sources Perhaps a word of warning is needed No one is mere fully aware than the editor that the effort to present a truc picture of a complex personality is at mover dificult and cluswe. The lights and shadows the play upon the sentralt not only reflect judgments rf time and place breit also mirror the moods and comcons and bidden assumptions of those who seek to makar it Thus scess partucularly the of Wilson {ext hem no ordinary man and he lived io no ardi fliny tre it is ons natural, therefore, that his char- Actor and prsonality and bus role in helping to share listory should continue to provoke contmversy and In eet the need for treated 255essment II As lugareal that the present solume, inspired by the Corom himnerelth annuur of Wilson's buih, will help the tradet letter to understand the man and his gratitude to Faculty of the 1) ulus, IE perust; end patiently ·sehing as the editor's constant and severest crite throughout the preparation of this volume. It is a pleasure, as well, to acknowledge appreciation to other members of the faculty and colleagues at the University of Virginia: to President Darden for contributing the concluding essay; to Dcan of the Law School F.D. G. Ribble and Professor Leslio II. Buch. ler, Chairman of the Law Library Committec, for their encouragement; to Professor Robert K. Gooch, head of the University's Department of Political Science, for directing the editor to helpful sources, to the University's Librarian Emeritus Harry Clemons, who was Reference Librarian at Princeton during Wilson's presidency there, and whose interest and suggestions have been graciously crtended; and finally to the members of the staff of the University's Alderman Library and to my own immediate asso. ciates on the Law Library staff, whose individual assistanco has reinforced my pride in being one among them. Thanks are duc also to Professors of History Thomas A. Balicy, of Stanford University, and Arthur S. Link, of Northwestem University, and to the Woodrow Wilson Birthplace Foundation, especially its Vice-President, Mrs. Herbert McK. Smith, of Staunton, Virginia, for their suggestions and assistance. Mrs. Woodrow Wilson has been extremely gracious in extending her encouragement and grant ing permission to reprint material, and to her the cditor records sincere appreciation, F. F. Charlottesville, Va. February 15, 1050

·WILSONS LIFE AND WORK
BioCPAPIRICAL SX
BY THE EDITOR
For the cavettonice ob thr trades the editor has attempted
o skligt meste of the entical aspects of Wilson's hfe and
sary which will to elaborated upon throughout this volume
A d'Ind then clony will be found on 145€ 275
Rise to PROSIIVENCE
OI Scrisch Irish descent Wonxiron Wilson, chnsten.
al Turdy Woodrow Wilson, was bom in Staunton,
Tirginia, on Disember S 1556 the thurd child
continue his study and unting ettering Johns Hopkins
netuty in 1583 Ile published his PhD thesis,
Corettsonal Cocemment, an analysis of the federal
legislatic system in 1855
Thit same year Wilson was married in Savannah to
the daunator of a mimstre, Elim Lyuise Aron, and
bacarr professitat Bryn awr College where he
pemained until 1595 coing than to teach at Wesleyan
City want 1599) when he became Professor of
funsprudence at Innction Elected President of
111acery in 1902. he introduced a program of reform
te established him as an outstanding educational
$

·serving as the editor's constant and sesetest citic throughout the preparation of this volume. It is a pleasure, as well, to acknowledge appreciation to other members of the faculty and colleagues at the University of Virgima. to President Darden for con trabuting the concluding cssay, to Dean of the Late Sclicol F D.G. Ribble and Professor Leslic II Buch. ler, Churman of the Law Library Committee, for their encouragement, to Professor Robert K Gooch head of the University's Department of Political Science, for directing the editor to helpful sources, to the University's Librarian Emeritus Ilarry Clemons, who was Reference Labmnian at Princcion during Wilson's presidency there, and whose interest and suggestions have been graciously extended, and finally to the members of the state of the Unncrsity's Aldermun Library and to my owa immediate asso ciates on the Law Library staff, whoso individual assistunce his reinforced my pride in bomg onc amons them Thanks are duc also to Professars of History Thomas A Batey, of Stanford Unnersity, and Arthur S Link, of Northwestern University, and to the Woodrow Wilson Bistliplace Foundation, esrxccuilly its Vice-President, Afrs Herbert Arck Smith, of Staunton, Virpinin, for their suggestions and assist Mrs Woodrow Wilson 117s been extremely gracious in crtcnding her encouragement and grant. ing permission to repnnt material, and to her the cditor records sincere appreciation ancc Charlottesville, VA February 13 (1050 ·UE AYD WORK 5& ftis site to political prominence had been swift and spectacular Tus rise was followed by a remarkahla mamma's "144 in : Luud u: Jericson, no President could boast ct so geat a success in this respect." Naxing asserted in the campaign that he was "more concerned about human rights than about property rights." Use Dew President plagued with poor health in the days, actually found the strain ol ollice cavizarating With his "single track mind," to which her to often referreth, and his unusual pomers of contration, he compiled an impressive record of reform that gave the fra the nitre, The New Free- On The Federal Reserve System, the Underwood- Simmons Tanff, the Federal Trade Commission, a firm credit program, and labor lexislalia were among the achiecments of an energetic President fully in control of Congress *Y*wkl be the irony of fase sf sy admissistiation trad 19 dmchiefly with foreign alfairs," Wilson rpm makrd fust before coins tr .. *** . u kune, 'ison Wilson and Bryan were Izlorant of and indifferent to foreign affairs, that they were inntimentally moralists and missionaries nhw with the concept of America's mission in Syr wyth)" and motivated by the ambition to do htly. to advance the cause of international peace art to the other people the blessings of democracy am Christianity Earts opportunity to meettise this missionary dipirma kurid when trables amr in Micrico and the Caribbean la his efforts to deal with Ilgerta, fler Yerican barulit dictator, Wilson's carlies policy of **tch! uongo was followed by intervention which is the inmat. 21-lade of the coast occur.

·THE 15 (LSOV READER become impressed with IPilsons inaugural sacoch as President of Innccton, began efforts to make him the Democratic presidential nommee in 1003 and 1912 The defeat of one of Wilson's programs at Princeton culminating after an evly period of brilliant succes m the controversy between Wilson 3! Andrea F West, Dean of the Graduate School and Hatson's nomination and successful amplign for the formor ship of New Jersey fuis establishment of control over the Democrite part in the State of New Jersey, and his remarkable reform program as Cosemor along, with arc scfforts combined to bnng Ildson from mincntly to the publics notice as the 1912 cmpilen approrchen Before the election laueves Monty went orct to the opposition having been rebouffre mther bluntls by Wilson who 1133 to lose many of his friends nt nous pensels in his career brands of the unfortunate chricteristic of speaking 100 frally Hinc beers of his alignment with Thomas Tortune Rymin *** nonulurl actised of representing the money interest When he askeri 16 son fictics he would feel embromsserl b his continued support Wilson replied in the allinnite On the oiling hand William Jennings inn for whom Wilson had earlier rercalad a strong dishhe unir in Join Wilson's fnllou pre As the opening of the mention approrched it 175 ne this time that Colonel TV flor alin us to play such a promment role later in Wilson's lite 15 Ws close frirpet and retsep 15 (nininr the group of Wilson admiters By the time the Democratic convention assemblert in Baltimore the Moonblican lini split with Toft ns their nominer snel enlace Ruintescit leiding a third party Bran thrru liis sinxist in ison who rrreny thr Democratic nominion after forty sia bullots When the election uns over Wilson hu) polled a litt, oser 600 000 out of 15 000 virs but a lindstir in the platoni mllece hen he received 425 outis 531 votes made him the President of the Uni} States On March 1913, with his wife ante danghters he moved into the White Houer at ·LIFE AND FORK 55. Ilu rise to political promineare had been swift ani spectacular This ise was followed by a remarkable capacsty, demonstrated early in his administration of secundg Congressional consent for his legislative program Indeed it has been frequently stated that, with the erection of Jefferson do President could boast of 50 creat a success in this respect.? I{ating atsted in the campaion that he was "more concerned about human rights than about property nghas," the new President pligned with poor bealth In earlier days actually found the strain of office cavicorating. With his "single track mind, to which he so oft wat? - L of re Free Enemy daml* the bedral in C Ton 7 1 JUSULUL tul in cou "It would be the irony of fate u my administration und in dml chiefly with foreign alfairs," Wilson reon before going to the Winter Flouse. spt with Saltes that both Wilson and Bryan were frant of and indifferent to foreign affairs, that thry were fundsakentally smalıts and missionaries slapened with the control America's mission in nell" And motivated by the ambiton to do i, ta avante the cause of international peace en in give other popks the blessings of democracy arul rutianity** F.toly afterhinity to crrrcise this mixtionary di R$ Malahan il.. se in Vienna arth Haetta policy of tervention mist, occu- Ne ·THE WYSOY READER pation of Vera Cruz and an expedition to capture Francisco Villa, another bandit revolutionist who al one ume had been friendly toward the administry ton's policies Following Huerta's fall and the military occupatice of Nicaragua, 132, and the Dominican Republe Wilson's polics of the gool neighbor was incorporales in the Pan-American met binding the republics of the Western Hemisphere to mutual guarantees of indepxendence and corritonal integrity. Despite its farlure, this pict did point toward the League of Nations and the good neighbor policy of later years, 11 TAILS LIFE Tuo weddings had taken place in the White House withun a Ittle or A Cis after the Wilsons mared in Tbuere were three Wilson daughters, Varennt, Jessie, und Elernor Jessie 11 murned to Francis B SUVTC in November 1913 and Eleanor is married to Scent tim of the Treasury McAdon in Mny, 1914 Alrs Vicadoo ndio makes her home in Comfort is the anh daughter still living Tragedy struck shortly therefter in the summer of 1914 with the death of Wilson's wife, Elles Arson Wilson, who was never too kuppi oser living to play 1 part in public life but who, as a quict counselor, listuned her husband through miny problems at Princeton. Tirnton, and during the carly dus in ve White House It was a warm hospitable househoki nieruchomh Yr Wilson presided Agentle ! *** and metry and its .. mide the Liscuitcr in Corlind ist-though nor lurudio, a source of comfort and iary me, Internt * ·LIFE AND WORK 13 11.ht . dcmoting horkground for and later her three ys of both Huyu unu terseu Storkton arson, Tirs Wilsons brother, became a member of the household when the Wilsons were at Wesleyan and again when he joined the Princeton facull Wilsons fathes, Dr Joseph R. Wilson, to whom the son was so ardently devoted, came to Join the household at the death of Wilson's mother The constant and extensive hospitality was main turned on a modest income set gracefully by Mrs Wilson and the family circle svas indeed a bappy me. T?: professor, hustere in many respects, epijayed hus <schings and entertained all the members of the Lionschuld with his ready wit and singing and playing the puido Wilson had told Ius wife soon after their engagement that he had gained confidence in himsoll for the first uime when he knew that she loved him and fie repeated that statement to his wife frequendy throughout the life together Mrs Wilson's efforts in maling a home at the White House were min less effective and, though she assumed her role pol my attention and my great safety les u Laving my attention absolutely fred else here than tipom myself The posing holocaust in Europe *n the matter upon which the President had to fix hus attention Grmany bad invaded France and Russia had invaded Germany. Two weeks later, on August 19, the Presi dent má le lus ampeal to the nation to be neutral in action pou in thouglat But the latter was hardly Trashie with the cuntry teeming with so-called ·12 THE WILSON READER pation of Vera Cruz and an expedition to capture Francisco Villa another bandit revolutionist who at one time had been fnendly toward the administra tions policies Following Huertas fall and the miltary occupation of Nicarngua Haiti and the Dominican Republic Wilson s policy of the good neighbor was incorporated in the Pin American pact binding the republics of the Western Flemisphere to mutual gunrintees of sndependence and territorial integrity. Despite its failure this pact did point toward the League of Nations and the "gool neighbor policy of latcr yrass 11 TAMILY LIFE Two weddings find taken place in the White House within a little ser er alter the Wilsons mosed in There were three Wilson diughters Margaret Jessie and Elemor Jessie was mumed to Francis » $177 in November 1913 and Eleanor was married to Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo in M13 1914 Vrs Vicadoo who makes her home in California is the only daughter still lasing Trigedy struck shortls thereafter fn the summer of 1911 with the death of Wilsons wife Ellen Arcon Wilson who was never too happy over Irving to play a part in public hfe but who as a quiet counselor sustained lier husband through many problems at Princeton Trenton, and during the airly drys in the II hite Ilouse It was a irmly hospitable housel old asor which Mrs Wilson presided A gentle person interested in it and doctry and devoted to her liusband and fimily c mide the biome at Princeton-Trst in library 100 later at "ProSexet and thereafter in Cinelind I ne-though not luxuriou a source of comfort and ·LIFE AND YORK 13 pleasure and a delightfully distracting background for a hard working professor lecturer wnter, and later President of the University, and for her three daughters as well as a number of in laws of both Wilson and herself Stockton Axson, Virs Wilson's brother, became a roember of the household when the Wilsons were at Wesleyan and again when he joined the Princeton faculty Wilson's father, Dr Joseph R. Wilson, to whom the son was so ardently devoted, came to Join the household at the death of Wilson's mother The constant and extensive hospitality was mamtained on a modest come set gracefully by Mes Wilson and the family circle was indeed a happy one. The professor, zustere in many respects, enjoyed hus evenings and entertained all the members of the household uith his ready wit and singing and playing the mano Wilson had told his wife soon after their engagement that he had gained confidence in him. self for the first time when he knew that sbe loved hon and he repeater that statement to his wife froquenth throughout their lfe together Virs Wilson's Corts in making a home at the White House were no less Sective and though she assumed her role 1 1 > 18 . compel my attention and my great safety lies 12 having my attention absolutely fixed elsew here than upon myself The growing holocaust in Europe was the matter upon which the President had to fix his attention Gomes had is aded France and Russia had invaded Germani Two weeks later, at August 19, the Presi dent made his appeal to the nation to be peutral in action and in thought. But the latter was hardly possible with the country teeming with so-called ·THE WILSOY READER hyphenates*~Germaa-Amcnans and Irish Americans, and the pro-Alles groups Voices of every shade of opinion were clamoring advice to and cnti. asm of the administration Neutrality became increasigly dificult, confronted, as it was, with the British blockade of the Gemins and the Germans submarine blochade of the Bntish When the Lusitans was torpedocd on May 7, 1915, despite frenzied protests over the loss of 1.100 ure including 198 Amcricans, Wilson-still not convinced that the American people were serdy for wandispatched a series of his now histonc notes to Germany, the second of which Bryan felt so certainly would bring on war, that he resigned Cnticised as tho man in the White House" with the "do-nothing policy lonely and burdened with almost insurmountable problems of stato and wrestling with his conscience, Vilson faced one of the most difficult periods in his life in the spring of 1915 the Wilson daughters sought to bring to their hirasscd father whatever nelaxntion might be snatched from the perplexing dally ordeals Through them and n cousin, Jelen Bones, he amo to know their friend, Mrs Edith Bolling Gilt A native of Virginia and a sympathetic and cheerful roman in her curly forties, the widow of a former Washington business man who had rcled extensively in Europe since the death of licr husband, Mirs Calt's visits to the White House seemed always to add a note of checsfulness to the others iso dark days for the President Ticy met in May, were married on Decembar 18, and in January 2010 Virs Wilson took bet place in the White Ilouse to become the closest of all the Presidents political confidants, cycn to the not altogether tunintentional exclusion of Colone House and Joseph Tumally, lils Secretan from the time he became Covernor of New Jersey. Mr Wilson relates that during their engagement through dally communications from Wilson she way Acpt lolormed of the affan of state and of his angletjes ·15 ti . LIFE AND WORK and responsibilities a partnership," she continues, "of thought and comradeshap unbroken to the last day of his he." The mounting tension caused by the European situation weast that following their marriage, Aron aypning was spent unul with Wil. Ison sitting in October 1917 the greatest secrecy surrounded the correspond ence between him and Wilson, only the two of them and Mrs Wilson knoxwg the code, and she performin ing the task of coding and decoding the messages for her husband Thus early association with lyrison's day to day work set the stage for the more conspicious role Mrs Wilson was to play in her husband's last Nincs PI WORLD WAR 1 PERIOD Wilson, who understood Americans strong emotionaddresses, popularly known as the Too Proud to Fight speech, an unfortunate phrase used by Wilson and one at which many people sneerer! In the same address he had also said the example of America must be a special example of peace because peace is the healing and clesting influence of the world and strife is not? This latter statement more pearly flante y lo', the LS ·18 THE WILSOY AEADER French liner, the Susscy, resulting in injury to several Americans Wilson then issued an ultimatum to the effect that, unless the Germans cessed unrestricted subminne warfare, the United States would be formed to break diplomatic relations "Hc .cpt us out of war was the slogan which fciped to re clect l'ilson in 1916, yet he had not used the phrase and it is unlikely that he beloved it On the contrar, he realized that the United States might be drawn in at any moment Terning this, he had npperled to the crowds with grert cloquence and urged them to cxercise clear and cool thinking Early on clection night in November a Republican victory appeared so assured that some of the lending nets. pipers conceded to Charles Evans Juphes before midnight, but it was leamed thirty sit hours later that Wilson hid carried California and so the nation There probably exists no more revealing testimony to Wilsoni s strunch adherence to the principles ho be Bleved in and the lessons he trught in government than the letter he addressed to Secretan of State Lansing when he thought he would not win the elec tion in 1916 In that letter he offered to resign the presidency and live T R Marshall, the Vicc President resign with him so that the supposedly successful candidate, Charles Fons Iluşhos, might assume promptly the reins of government Wilson ride his first perce move on December 18, 1910 This was incorporated in a note addressed to the belligerent governments to state their war alins lle kas loping chercly to bring to bere kpxin them the pressure of public opinion, but neither the Cermint nor the Allies were ready to barsain at this point Wilson, still delicated to finding a basis for pener, on January 2, 1917, dullscree! Ixforç Congress his famous "Teatr Without Victory sprch As Buchiris has put it "Thic address was indeed a far cry from the preparedness sprechies of escar þrlore From the narrow base of maritime rights Wilson kurd shifted! to bronder foundations relating to the settlement of thie war itsell16 As most hitorlane Arh. neutrale ·LIFE AND WORX rights provided a slim base on which to balance ss brosd a principle, but the submarme warfare indicated that Germany intended to dictate pesce on ber own terms and thereby rebeyed Wihon of the necessity of explainng the appareat incongraty in his policy. At However, the Germans had already dispatched their ansner wien Wilson was speaking Dated February 1, 1917, thew note announced that al enemy and Deutral ships woud be subject to dekberate destrud ton Two years earlier, is 1915, when they had decared waters around Great Britain and Ireland & war zone wherein merchantmen would be bable to destruction, Wilson had repked that, should Germany destroy any merchantmes of the United States or tavse the death of American citizens the United States would new it as an act of undefeasible vor lation of neutral rights *** How the Germans had made a bolder announcement, Qs February 3 the President went before Congress starog that he did not believe the German would undertake overt acts but, that if they did, he would call upon Congress to take appropriate steps On March 31 the Zitsmestasin pote broke in the Press The German foreign minister, Dr. Arthur Zone mermann, had cabled the German foreign minister in Werica that of war broke out with the United States he should seek a Sfericit alhase, innting pen to on and offering New Mexico, Texas and Arizona as bait Theo three artved United States merchantanen, the Vigilancia, the Honou, and the City of Ilertphie, were torpedord by submarines and the onest act against which the country bad been warned had in his speech of April President Wilson recon. mended to Congress that it pass a resolution - sizing a state of our la his in mind be considered that Die Vaited States had been formed into war despite ih efiorts to remain Bestral He concluded that store autocacy is to blame the only major horie left was to prevent future autocracies from waping wir and hence he declared- a phrase that was ·10 THE WILSON READER French liner, the Sussex, resulting in injury to several Americans Wilson then issued an ultimatum to the effect that, unless the Germans ceased unrestricted submarine wulare the United States would be forced to break diplomatic selations "He kept us out of war* was the slogan which helped to re-elect Wilson in 1916 yet he had not used the plirase and t is unlikely that he believed it on the contrary, he reauzed that the United States might be drawn in at any moment Fearing this he had appealed to the crowds with great eloquence and urged them to coercise clear and cool thinking Early on electron mght in November a Republicad victon appeared so assured that some of the leading news pipers conceded to Charles Evans Hughes before midnight but I was lermed thirty sit hours later that 1 tu at the selles se udurussea to Secretary of State Lansing at hen he thought he would not win the eles tion in 1916 In that letter he offered to resign the presidency and have T R Marshall the Vice- Pressdent resign with him so that the supposedly successful candidate, Charles Evins Hughes might assume promptly the reins of government Wilson made his first perce move on December 18, 1916 This was incorporated in a note addressed to the belligerent governments to state their war aims He was hoping thereby to bring to be upon them the pressure of public opinion but nether the Germans nor the Allies were ready to bargain at this point. Wilson still dedicated to finding a basis for peace, on Januın) 221917, deln cred before Congress his famous Peace Without Victory speech. As Buchne has put it "The address was indeed a far cry from the preparedness speeches of a year before From the narrow base of maritime nghts Wilson had shifted to broader foundations relating to the settlement of the war itself Me As most hestorancagrec, neutral.com ·LIFE AND WORK nghts pronded a slim base de skich to balance so broad & promple, but the submarine warfare indicated that Germany intended to dictate peace on her own terins and thereby relieved Wilson of the necessity of orris antha annonnt innan * - 11 ar 1, wet, utu uule announcu Liat aus epeany and aeutral ships would be subject to deliberate destruc tran Two years earher, in 1915, when they had de - LowRed vi ule ule scates ar cause the death of Amencan mfizers the Voted States would view it as an act of "indefensible violation of neutral rights 2 Now the Germans had made a holder announcement. On February 3 the President sent before Congress stating that he did not believe the Germans would undertake overt acts but, that if they did, he would walt upon Congress to take appropriate steps On Varch 31 the Zimmermann note broke in the press The German foreign minister, Dr Arthur Ziamermann, had cabled the German foreign minister in Mexico that of war broke out with the United States LUL UYIL HLT against which the country had been warned bad occurred In hus speech of Apr President Wilson recordmended to Congress that it pass a resolution recog. Drzing a state of War In his own mind he considered that the United States had beon forced into war despite its efforts to remain neutral He concluded that since agtocracy was to blame the only major bo left was to prevent future autocracies from waging war and hence he declared-in 4 phrase that was SOOD ·18 THE WILSON READER to reverberato around the world that we would go to war "to make the world safe for democracy* His recommendation to go to war was carned by a joint resolution of Congress The resolution is approved by the President on April 6 As a war leader according to Thomas A Badey. *\Vilson achucsed what was probably his greatest triumph in public hle. The min and the hour pro videntially met Endowed with a fine voice and a splendid pintform presence blessed with a gift of telling phrase and ridinuing thy sincere spuntual for vor of hus Presbyterian Corbears he aroused the Amer. ican people from their spathy and launched them on a cruside of unprecedented power 13 The "War Crbinct was composed of Herbert Hoover 18 food administrator Bernard Baruch for in dustry Hurley for slupping Garhold for fucl, Vanco McCormick head of the War Trade Borrd and Mc- Adop in charge of the Treasury and the railroads George Crcel headed the Committee on Public Infor. mation Tlus was the period of the "mertless" and Wheatless" days *gasless" Sundays and "liberty loins As he had donc in the past Wilson »38 sccking after the declaration of war in April to forge public opinion by hits persunske crpression of lofty idletis "Dut" Bailey states "thcro doubtless is some truth in the charge that Wilson berme hypnotized by the cloquence of his oun (35cipatog pluises "54 On January 8 1918, ll iisan speaking to Congress delvered his famous specch on "The Fourteen Points stating that we were lighting for open diplomacy freedom of the seas breaking of economic barriers reduction of armients ftir aldustment of territorial claims, and finally an association of nations to guamn **** peace Although the speech was widely accl umedi isposition was also yoiced, the full force of wisich ofd not become evident until later it is generally ccd, however that the things Wilson proposed 4* ned so nght and just that German morle there ter werkened stcadely fly this time the American for

·LIFE AND WORK
milion men in France were soiking in the field with
a well-equpped and confident army, The German
Khgh Comisand, Earber contemptuous, Erst weakened.,
and thep sought peace based on the Fourteen Points
which Wilson had outlined.
TV
THE WAR END
When thn First Cominn nato al Malou
Illustu lo usten.
Charles Seymour in his volame, American Diplo
TRAIAS During the World War, states that "It is almost
certain that had Germany appealed to anvetia Alom
but --
Poin"
mou
and
o w wy, uto the prelude aj
Gaman wredes I was not so much shrewdness on
Wilson's past as a simple adherence to straightforward
ideas,
"From a moral pot of view, sayt Batley, The W.
sopi could do ng other than grasp this opportunity to

·THE WILSOV READER bring the bloody conflict to a speedy and honorablo end *17 As fate would have it, though, it was this failure to heed the popular courso that resulted in Wilson s loss of the control of Congress in the elections held in November 1918 the vicck before the signing of the Armistice in a rulu) car in Compiegne When Wilson leading the American delegation, set s13) on the George Washington in December 1918 to attend the Perce Conference in Pins lic knew that the wrs end was only the first step toward peace and ant a long struggle lay ahead The Americın pcoplc had been shocked at Vilsons announcement in mid November that he would go to Paris and they were shocked even more when he announced the names of the delegates to the Percc Conference Wilson hord ing the group, kad appointed Linsing, Secretary of State Colonel House filson s personal adviser liensy White an experienced but at that time a rchlively unknown diplomat and General Tasker H Blussa military expert and member of the Supreme War Council in Paris Criticisin came quickly from Nepal lecans and from others who felt thit viilson lid not appointe men of outstanding calibre It is generally conceded tluat Wilson s domestic political strategy at this point was not astuto especially as he failed to in clude representation from the Senate Furthermore when he addresses) Congress immediafely before stil ing for Europe he was notably vague about hint ho planned to do in Europe By tus time lilson hrd voicxxl the aspiruons of most of the peoples of the winting nations on they kundoubtedly looked to him for the fulfillment of their desires As one writer puts it "listory has not se corded so greta sus faith in the work of a single individ al as Woodrow Wilson inspired at the end of 1918 *18 Tits was ananifested immediately upon his arrival in France when on December 13 hic rocic down the Champs Elysees cheered and acclaimed ly some two million people The Paris Peace Conference did not commenco until Janurry 12 1919 and it was on January 18 that ·WFE AND WORK 21 the first plenary session was held. The Council of Ten, *hich grew out of the Alied Supreme Var Council, was composed of two delegates each from the five powers Great Britait, France, Italy, Japan and the United States In March the Council of Four, or as it 1 pluysical and mental powers While he realized that rupetol hasat halimar world and backward areas Before returning to the United States for a brief Der }}xlson lad successfujo waged a fight for his mandate principle and for the inclusion in the Treaty of the League of Nations Covenant It was on Jan- Nary 22, 1919 that the Council of Ten soted favorably on the Covenant being a part of the Treaty and on January 25 the plenary session of the Conference passed this as its first resolution V THE FIGHT FOR THE LEACLE OF NATIONS -1 14 1919, Wilson read the final and 1. min before mpanied “a living thilig is 2, for it was alson) in Article .. lule was ·& docu THIE WILSON READER X of the Coveaant which defeated the treaty in the United States Having been out of the country for two and one hul months and Congress ready to adjourn Wilson had to return for administratase nitters and to em plain the Covenant of the League to the American people According to announced plans he was to land in Boston and there deliver a speech By this time angered Senators neglected in the making of the Treaty in Europe had already begun their opposition -*3th Senators Lodge Bornh and Poinderter leading the fight This opposition assumed greater proportions nt the appearince of the so-callect *Round Möbı ment signed by thirty nine Republicin Senators the exact number needed to defeat the Treaty This paper announced that the Covenant of the League ***s not acceptable to the signatories in its present form that the Perce Conference should first make the peace with Germany and leave the matter of the Lergtic for later deliberation The issue thereby v 15 dnwn beteen Wilson and the Senate and thererfter it became a long and bitter struggle Before embarking upon his retum to Europe carly in Murch, President Wilson delnered a speech at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York in which lic suid he was retuming to the Conference and that he would not return to the United States "til its over, over there* He is directing his remarks straight at the Senato and the members of that bly reapainded la angry tones Upon retching Drest in March 1919 Wilson xent i to conference immediateh with Colonel Ilouse even birfore the official party left the ship Mrs lilson records that this marked a serious cafele in the Presi pots life When he emerged Mirs Wilon reports 11 she was shocked at the President oppomnce for he seemed to have aged ton yevs son cr plined lottse has given away everything I had won before Hoe left Paris Me ha compromised on a skle and WAL ·LIFE AND Pont 13 so I have to start all over again and this time it will be harder, as he has gyers the impression that my delegates are not in sympathy with me fits own ex planatios of kss compromise is that, with a hostile press in the United States expressing disapproval of the League of Nations as a part of the Tresły, he thought it best to yield some other points lest the conference withdraw its approval altogether Sa he has Htelded until there x bolbing left.*** Spresfically the Conference had pressed tasard a mitary and comic treaty, leaving the League for later consideration Wilson bastined to Issue his March 15 press statement, declaring that the Conferonce and voted for the Covenant as a part of the Treaty and he would stand on that Whule Wilson as engaged in retrieving the situation in Europe House and Lord Robert Cecil, a British diplomat who strongly fassend the League, more seeking constantly to persuade him at the same time to be less Adamant and to accept some com t. 1 Amrit dy!9 udestuussy ay muzeu Hauseminat revised Coxenint with its liventy six articles The Tom vised Covenant included the well known exception Braling with the Monroc Doctrine inserted in an cort to satisfy Wilson's own countrymen This concossion murally opened the wr for other regional acessions on Cunty matters for which Clemen tray and others had been pressing Despite the many concessions the League survived as an intrgral part of the Treaty and it was Wilson's hoge that any imjust terms thus ultimately could be COTTECCH' Yenertheless when the Conference was finally over both France Bael Italy were infunated-a słuation that perted all the Ewopean acclaims which Wilson kid roerived shra thes sec looking to hiro as they se soutte help The cryerangy far the woning of the Treaty was helt in the tall of legs in the palace of Louis XIV ·THE WILSOV READER at Versailles on June 28 1019 The harshness of the Treaty made the Germans cxtrcmcly better tonged the United States and Wilson the French were disap pointed over the handhng of the Sur question and the Italians equally disgruntled and even bitter over the resolution of the issue of Fume Wilson s friendshup with Ilouse seems to have suf fcrred as a result of the crisis which des cloped alien the President had returned to Pini Wien Wilson suled for the United States Inte in June he and House sau cach other for the last time it was on that oc casion that ison said "17 3sc found one on net er ret worthiulule with out cply that "Angla Snyo klupon compromise" Dulcy quot csc statements cominents that into these len words ucro compressed the divergent vicu points of the two men "20 VI TUE AFTEN TATTI Wilson retumed to meet the Intterest opposition ho had ever feed Hic lind failed to realize that although they apperred to be generally in favor of the League the Amencin people did not understand the fund! amental issues insolied When Scnators Lodge Knor Fril Borh and Sohn son led the fight against the Treaty with Articlo their chief target Wilson decided to take his case to the Amercan people. The intensive work in Curope had bmkon his health and when his personal physi con Admıml Grayson wamod him that his projecteci spcaking tour through the best would en linger his life Vilson ignored the advice on September 3 1919 Wilson 'left Washington Schielulert to make some forty addresses Spealing day and nighit hic ·LIFE AND WORK 25 found the audiences teceptive and believing they were were beginning to be convinced, Wilson began to press harder it was then that the straio began to take its toll Crayson wamed again but Wilson rehised to heed the aduce He was stricken, after a lengthy speech, in Pueblo, Colorado, on September 25, 1919, L-un porta af namnly cut S s elith, Agriculture, Palmer, Attorney-General. and Payne, Interior Of Wilson's collapse Basley has thus to say * The prins of a Sophocles of a Shakespeare devet created a agedy more poignant than that of Wrod. row Wilson Elevated to a pinnacle butherto unat. tauhind bv oportal man, silming the promised land of perpetual peace, he suffered physical collapse, mental minne op dat ra's In the long nin would have been happler for All concerned Wilson hutself was a fighter, he had lived a ful life and be would have hoped for so more di fiche furst pende . Marty' 31 Ithough his mind, following the liness, was not 1asically afected, it did not reflect its former alertless, yet his stubbomess seemis never to have abated. Tha sinn ofth, P.1. Treaty Ville melding 1. The ·THE WILSOV READER opposing forces were made up of the isolationists, the so called "lyphenates and an effective liberal element Thic liberal group was supported by such publications as the Nation and the New Republic, the Tatter of vluch had been formerly a strunch advocate of Wilsons libera civs it was tliis publication wirich rin serially in its columns Zolin faynard Keynes booh, The Economic Consequences of the Peace which bitterly denounced Wilson and the Treaty The liberals who hid prved the wy for domestic reform in Wilson s errly administration were stringely enough among the most effective in throw ing up an insurmountable rondblock in the path of internationa} rcform A simong partisanslup that failed to implement effectivch the age old Anglo Sison principle of com promise combined with ignonncc and indifference serc too strong an opposition to be overcome this time by Wilson's grcat "ace in the holca--his cloquent and oratorical nppen to the people file had raised his voice lien the war son and the response innd been mensheining Not in peacc la ngan lanched his appeal to the people on the Western Tourmien to thic point of defying the spesise of deaths--but un fortunately the peoples idealism appeared exhausted and their answer this time was not forthcoming Finally broken in body and to a lesser degrer mentally Wilson given nnotier chinco alicn the Treaty come before the Senate re second time was too embuttered and perhaps too prout of his author ship of the Covenant of the League nnd of his prerog aliscs as the Ereciths to be willing to submit to any reservations The Trenty referred to the Senates roscign Noi Ations Committer after its presentation by Wilson personally on July 10 1919 576 not reportel on until September 10 Wilsons collapsr follosril two socks Jator and the stroke cime on Octobcr ? It was not until October 20 that he was able to sign a few paprots and on November 17 he was taken (nr 1 sbort while 10 the White House lawn in a shecichair

·LIFE AND YORK
27
The question as to why Wilson did not resige or
با ابر
de les rute slouse to suggest that it should be
arranged to have the Vice-President Act, whereupon
Tumulty replied that anybody outside of the White
House circle attempted to certify to the President's
dusability, that Crayson and I would stand together
and repudiate it.***
Wirs Wilson in defense of her position declares
TWoodrow Wilson was first my beloved husband
leis uut equutu attentiunt unu wilt Dr. Grayson's
Advice presented them in digested for whenever the
President has able to hear them all the while
Tumulty was standing by just outside the sick room.
Balicy sums up the situation when he says that "ii
.
De
ct
ST
tt
1
Senator Lodge who with right other Republicans
signed the majonty report of the Foreign Relations
Committee, submitted fourteen reservations to the
Treati. In tus preamble Lodge stated that the United
Seitens
.
WILL Yuson bad de

·THE WILSOY HEADER cured was the heart of the Treaty). prouded that the Umted States assumed no obligation to presente in dependence or territorial integrity of any other to try, or to employ its armed forces for such purpose unless Congress so provides These were the two changes on which ll ilson refuse to gie in Actualls Article | 179 permissives and intet national lawyers have agreed that it may huic bern unnecessary As Briles so npth puts it, it is difficult At this distance to understand why Wilson should have been determined to block all comipramuse and suth at the Trends over the Lodge resen ntion to Art icle Actulh the more important articles which provided the machinery and the teeth of the League were left untouched or virtually untouched? The remainder of the ston is one of irreconciable deadlock Even Virs Halson and Bernard Baruch one of the Presidents closest friends arged cam promise Vrs Wilson records hou when she urged the President on this score he gure her the answer that finalla consonerd her such action would be uton "Better 1 thousand times sud 11 lson fram hus sich bex! *to ro down fighting thin lo pour colors to dishonorble compromiso? The staunch covenanter wms sti}} adamınt and he felt cson then as he later indicated that ultimately public opiwon would prema pul to break the deadlock It is not necessan to our stor in onlyze the political alignments at this castimil juncture Suffice it to that on Yosemler 18 Sonntor Mitcheck sent to Wilson letter from Senttar llaisk of llon tim strting that the Democnis fcit riete 178 cnough left of the Trent rien with the lodce rescriations to Sticle avoid nullification but that the Demo cits would follow the Presidents director in reply Wilson addressed his fateful letter in Jitchmal hich directed the Denocrats to inte daun thic Treats Anti so on the basis of that communication ratification was lost When the vale came the Treatı sath the resorty tions was voted down the role being 39 min anii ·LE AVD WORK day. The Democrats with the support of thirteen Republican Erecoocibles" bed voted against the Treaty and won Vaderwood then more approval of the Treaty without any reservations, but that motion was defeated by 38 53, the Democrats voung, "aye" and the Republicans joining the currecoocibler Then came the letter from Wilson prepared for the Jackson Day celebradas and dinner i Washington, It was addressed to Homer Cairatuags, Chairman of the Democratic Nabosal Cotrimasttee, and stated that Wilson refused to accept the Senate's acto as the nakon's decision and that is there were a doubt on this score, the Treaty should be submitted to the people through a great and salemn referendum. Formal ratification of the Treaty of Versailles betrees Le Allies and Cercaxy took place u Pans two days - Compe nint represented. Deroctive weat of 1930. It was about this time that the area wilu incretary of State Lansing was takmg place and the publication of the correspondence betweeg Wasou and Lansing, followed. Wilson dad written the Secretary asking s were true that be bad been soldung Cabinet meetings duries Wilson's illness. Lansmg replied that a number of meetings had been held to carry on Recessary details, and then he offered to resigil. TVL sct indicated that Lansing had ustarped autbonty, that the Cabuet could not take omal action without the President, that these acts only confited fars earlier distrust of Lansins, and that he would accept the Secretary's peagnation ThoughLaosung defended whx were enterin ma settlement of the Frune code sy w3th Iwly ou a basis diferent from that ·THE WILSON READER cred was the hout of the Treaty) provided that the United States assumed no obligation to presene in dependence or territorial integrity of any other coun try or to employ its armed forces for such pursuose unless Congress so proides These were the two changes on which Wilson refused to gise in Actually Article us permissiscs and inter national lawyers linse agreed that it mas linse born unnecessory As Bhiles so apth pets & "It is difficult at this distance to understand why Wilson should have been determined to block all compromise and with it the Treaty oser Die lodge r soriation to Art icle Actually the more important articles which provided the machinery and thic teeth of the Legic were left untouched or virtuilly untoncheri me The remainder of the story is one of irreconcible deadlock Ever Virs Vilson and Bernard Baruch, one of the Presidents closest friends nged com promise Virs 11 ilson recordis how when she urged the President on this score he give her the answer that finally convinced her such iction would be worn "Better a thousincl times" srid Ilelson from his sick hoc "to go down fighting thrin to dip your colors to dishonorible compromise my The staunch coucnunter was still adamınt and he felt cien thien as he later indicate that ultimately public opinion would pre Mail to break the deadlock It is not necessary tonir story to analyze the political alignments at this cnticil juncture Suffice it in $11 that on Nosenler 18 Senator Hitchcock sent (o "ulsar i felter from Senator Walsh of vion 1 so on the basis of that communic alfan mitication "15 lost Whion this role cime the Trents with the resen 1 trons 175 votrd down the vote beinn ·97 LIFE AND WORK Morise and it was there that, as a private astaze Wilson speat his last years and where Mrs Wilson coatinues to reside. Mirs Wilson details a poignant acroust of those later days with the former President being ministered to by her tender care and that of fasthu seryan Despite aliag eyesight and ebbing strength, Wilson still attempted to work at his typewter and finally resorted to dict would come tc her to record! Khey were set nude "Philo early days as "P.OP." was never written The principal des ersions of Mr and Mrs Wilson were motor rides and almost regular attendance at Keiths Theater, where the audience having became 6}+ne . . arrival hand met Wilson un ukuLvalg fout in the lobes rum hustory would prove him nght assurance Wilson without bitterness seems to have Ised out hu last days sustaned by that which had supported fils Faith all through his life and work-has teadlast beuef in the people and the ultimate vindiatoa of his penciples One of the most reelling portraits of Wilson's quiet faith in his lifes great work is the account Aveo by 13 ftowani Chandler Robbins, then Dean of the Cathedral of St John the Divine who, accompanied by horman ll Davis visited Wilson in his hone only fetch trefore his earth According to Mrs Wilson Ds Robbing stated ** Daris di muka buku be the me try * Wilor ·THE WILSON READER onginally agreed upon In his statement Wilson dos matically stated thật, if the Allies did not carry out the agreement as ongiaally agreed upon, lo would so that the matter of ratification of the Treaty in the Senate of the United States was withdrawn Both of these actions on Vilson's part helped to sway the country away from his position of ratlica tion Finally, on March & the President addressed a sccond letter to Hitchcock in the Senate again an nouncing the fact that in his opinion the reservations mcant nullification and again asking the Democrats to vote down the Treaty The vote came on March 19, 1920 The Treaty had failed VII CrOSINC YEANS The final year of Wilsons incumbency was in sinking contrast to the preceding Bears of dramatic nctivity On April 13 1920 he attended his first Cab. inet meeting following his illness In July he issued the formal call for the first meeting of the Lenguc of Tations to be held in Geneva on November 15 In Tecember Wikon received the award of tho Nobci I' acc Prize Despite ill heath and disappointment the President po not withdraw altogether from politial conflicts It was during this period that he vrlore a foint res son of Congress calling for the extension of the dr "on of the War Finance Corporation and on ! 3 Wilson performed his last official act by de ftat: an emergency, trill bill The following day 1174, 1921 President Elect Warren G lIarding ## gugurted 17 - Wilsons purchased a home on "SStrect in Hlington which had been made rendy for cu Phy the time of his retirement from the White

·LIFE AVD WORK
33
10 Ruebuig, Edward , Woodrow Wilson md the Baince
De
itibile o 16
.Lt. 11s civise
La
*
Seymour, Charles, American Diplomacy Dunng the World
Wer, p. 311-311
11 Ibid., sp 313314
11 Bulley. The Lost Peace, p 41
to Leth Davil. The Story of Woodroco Wason, p. 35
Wilson, Edith Balling Bly Memor, D 248
Balley, Thomas A. The Last Peace, ep 307-308
21 Szily. Thomas Woodrow Wilson and the Great
Betranych, tp 136-137
Tumalty. Sosoph P., Woodroo Wilson As I Know Nam,
p 414
A
$74 Wa would all him
2 son. Edith Bolung My Hernir, 290
Ruiley. The Great Betrayal, p 137
* p 31

·39 THE WILSON READER at him in surprise, and then he went on to explale that if, by his personal influence, he had been able to secure the acceptance by this country of the Corte mant, and its entry into the League of Nations would have been a great personal and political the umph But, he added, as it is coming now, the America people are thinking their way through and reaching their own free decision, and that is the better way for it to come "Those were his words, as nearly as I ma recol lect them Nothing could have been more moving than the sight of that stricken Egure uncomplaining, so full of noble fortitude, looking forward math un shaken confidence to the time when his beloved country would in its own way indicate his hope and take its full and great and helpful place for world affairs 29 Wilson made lus last public appearance on Amis tice Day, November 11, 1923 When he died on Febr Hurry 3, 1994, a crowd of strangers knelt in prayer outside his home NOTES * Link Arthur S. Woodrow IVilson and the Progprestaw Era. P8 * BcU, NAF, Woodrow Wilson and the roople, p 09 * Baker, Ray Stannard, loodrow Wilson, Life and Letters, IV, 55 & Baker, IV, 57 Wilson, Edith Rouing, Aly Memotr, Dould (eds) Tha Public Papery of Woodrow Wilson, The New Democracy, I, 318-329. begin Public Papere, The New Decocracy, N, 407-414 ·LIFE AND WORK ** Buehrig. Edward L Woodrow Wilson and the Balmce Pocet, 281. . 3 Id, p 18 18 Sommer, Charles, American Diplomacy During the World Scr 311-312. 11 Bailey, The Lost Peace, 1*10th it The Cine P 41 hr • Creat Be A). JUSTVU Y. W podton Watson As I lrod H29), thehem to the fact that Mrs Wison has been sound of a thirst for power," Thomas A Balley, in The Great Betrayal, 139, reasons that it is more probable that soce P. . de fotos The Wernhers of the League undertake to respect W , O the Locenant of the League reads w preserye # agalast ertempat agression the trpezarishin tasty L teal ME kb Balbina Vu Jemolt, 297 hp 303 1,314 SIBY

·34
Part I
CILARACTER AND PERSONALITY
MEMORIAL ADDRESS
In Honor Of
THE LATE PRESIDENT IVOODROW WILSON
Dr EDWIN ANDERSOY ALDERMAN
Dr Alderman, President of the University of Vira
ginla, 1004-1931, In response to an invitation ex
tended by a Committee of the Coagress, delivered
the address, reprinted below from 68 Congressional
Record 629-835 (1924) before a Joint Session of the
Two Houses on December 15, 1924
In his oration in memory of the first Athenians who
fell in the Peloponnesian War, Pericles commended
deed only, and that the reputation of many snow
neier depend upon the judgment or want of it of
ong and their virtuc exalted or not, as he spolc, well
or {3} I can, in somo faint measure, comprchcod
what was passing in the mind of the great Athenian
as I stand here today, in this chamber which luas
often resounded with his own lucid cloquence, to seck
to make clear in brief speech the character and
Achievements of Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-eighth
President of the United States
In the case of a statesman, all caprImco woms rus
not to attempt to fix his final place: 191 history until
the generation that inet lilm and loved him, or
hated him, shall have passed eway and a new geien.

·35 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY with with salty d duty and reverence sone the less urge us to set mt, while memory is clear and events are fresh, hat we know of men upon whom their ledow men acred great burdens of power, ta x hora whole races d nations turned in moments of pen] and disaster, u opon whose decisions, from tise to time, rested ke Oures of fuston Woodrow Wilson was such a #7 in lus luretime than the fame of any of his paredes in the wille ou il iucant, aixi LAKO, tanlar *** apparetiuh torgot their fear of tyranny to thin cruited the Presidency and seemed to Cry) on the principle that if you place immense Authority in 1 mans bands tou kill hus red for duitp2!?? am mu ake in him a maçı capacity and lemn manusa la transform his weaknesses to ter sich und fas unworth toss iuto worthiness Sot met n frisidents hule been commonplace Mul but none of thein has clor betrated his trust n sannd his bon4335 3s (son George Washington in the present bou the kte of Arrencan Presidents hx surrent alaracter, abilin and devotion any lirubinst un prime ministers known to me in vern 1 $15. Then Inse tot als ays been scholars ox, mmf the abuse bramy scholars but when

·No text on this page.

·CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY Awaken the pride of his countrymen and to conmand the attention of the world I do the day's work at the University of Virginia, Where Woodrow Wilson leamed the law and the reason therrof“ it came to pass that we ere assocated in the task of training youth, and I became his friend by reason of the ties that bind men tofethet in such ender our; and further, because I thought I saw in lum, in a new era in the evolution of American democracy, a promise of liberal leadership and of sympathy that never slept for the disadvantaged men who bear the burdens of the world The sturdiest romantic tradition of American public afe has been the rise into power and fame of the youth who struggled up to his heights from humble and unlovely beginnings The career of Woodrow Wilson is no part of such tradition, for his racial taheritances and cultural opportunities were about as strong and fine as an American youth can have His 11 Union of a kincling imagination and a quich ettel foy of life and lantle by Celtic admeture and resllence in mrents, his ancestors on both sides, aral his atrocintes on ) sides were religious mer and women of Presbyterian faith He was the son, as I have said, of a Presbyterian minister of sich distinction that it was in his house He marof & Pres. Woolrow, d, doughty L'odow, was للميانمايان جامعه مدن ·TIE ISOV HEADER ms under Presbiterian influences and in Proshrtestan colleges-Dwilson College North Carolin and Princeton the cable or nf You Jorge Later, as the University of rain m the study of 114 and Tolins Hopkins l ane ruth in the study of polite and Juneude rue le akt hunden lus trunmg and it establish 7 passt dans 7s the most cine full cliented min whom the people of this demormat sometiunt 177 of leirmung and fi irful lest intellectual subtlets dull the edge of commnn understanding over din to place at the head of the Couemment Chester 1 Arthur Gmics Cleveland and Woolm Wilson alone of our long presidential line issued out of the procher home into public life Cleveland and Vilcon mas be called the direct contributions of the Presbyterin minse to the Nations conice au it is not without significance that the onh two great SUCC since 1860 of the Democratic Parti in which thru nou mind is titular quints were achrund under their luastrrship Tim Here quite dissimilar in bicherund and qualities as a cunous fate which opposed them to rach other face in face in doser antagonism) in later be made very clev brat alte in the firmones of their wells the finit ! tacir minciu- SIONS and the sensitiveness of their minsrioners Surely the great religious f35th that sent forth thirsc to American Presidents is stifind of its chuldren Wrodnou Wilson) was in Stanton Virsiniz. in the year 1856 in the muelle period of the ima Century and with tl treyntion 1 hrs undercar ntc cars at Princeton the first tu only ninr cars of his life were rased in five Southern States in the study of litent Histon in wrisprudence ile did not obtain at any of the cyrille gesin shich her stuched Mugh repit itinn s & terhel silolar There surrounds his rolleer meer n legiod of mitrier culture an impression of the I ste ulfat aim in realms of thought not mchudael in the rulum an air of self reliance untoucker! In recentricit: or exclu siveness for he mult by my in shimins with the choicest of his fellons und 14 .

·CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY 39 in the rough and tumble of college affairs. He had a 3y, even in south of moving amid the things of the mind and of demeaning himself in the society of bocks as if they had always been friends of his and i Linning with them The habit reverof the highyouth, in and use in action The era in which he grew tis sustood and the mood of the society in which his formative years were passed did much to fashion his ideals and to dations hie amatons of opposing political schools Hits early youth was passed away from, yet in the midst of, the tumult of the war which lay inherent in the logic of that debate I am loath to praise any war, for all war is the col. ------ vor than thie r destined to be the Commander in Chief of all the forces of the undivided Republic in the greatest war of all time illustrates alike the calmness of his own mind and the sincerity of the mighty struggle itself IT-yrir tornant figure of Robert E Lee, long after the war, stirred the emotions of his young heart, but there wg. multLin. .uicl lunalu Lie Tullinent of the Inaging of democratic soalety.

·38 TIE ILSOV NICADEN 5 under Presbiterian influences and in Presbyteri colleges-Davidson College North Carolina a Princeton the college of Vek Jerses 1 ster ett Unncrsih of Virginni in thu studs of Im ad Tolms Tinplins [ 3ersity in the study of politics a jurisprudence he us to braulen his truning, and establish a na chum as the most crcfull drical ????? whom the prople of this democracy somen? in of leirning int kiful lest intellectual subtle dull the edge of common understanding ever dar to place at the hand nf the Gernment Chester A Arthur Crower Cleveland and IVoodoo Wilson alone of our long presklentini line issued o of the preachers home into public life Clareli and Wilson may be called the direct entributions i the Presbiterin minse to the Nations service AT it is not wythont significance the only two gre successes since 1560 of the Democritic Party which they non mink is titular sunts were nchiese under their lerdership They were quite dissimilar i background and quanties as 1 curious fitc whic opposed them in ech other face to face in doi Antigonism in later life made very clerr but the the firmness of their tsills the firits of their conclı sions and the sensitas eness of their conscience Surch the great religious faith that sent forth thes to American Presidents is justified of its children Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton Virgini in the rear 1854 18 the middle period of the 194 Century and with the reception of his trdergrdu ate veurs at Princeton the first twenty nine years o huis life were pissed in fise Souther States, in the study of literature listory and nursprudence H did not obtain dans of the colleges in which he studied 1 huch reputation 75 R technical scholar There surrounds his college crrer a legend of matur (ulture an impression of pursuing ? stedfast aim in rt alms of thought not included in the curriculum an * of self reliance untouched by eccentricity or cock *veness for he could be gry and charming with the olcest of his fellow's and bold and assertive enough ·CHARACTER AND PEASOVALITY 41 yet to stretch over thirty seven years, and he was to spend twenty fise of those years in teaching American - la fresfforpnt mnek. teacher, educational admunistrator, and writer of brols It was not the training adapted to equip for his work a prophet of force or a master of palitical Intrigue Ulysses would not have prescribed it for Telemachus nor Machiavelle for his prince, but I find that all of us who hold the democrbc faith wall me lav he grateful for these studious, reflective Tors in the life of Woodrow Wilson when he pron. dered over the compirtive ment of forms of governml mind It was in the still air of these labonous davs that ha refretel hory to get things done after the fashion of his dreaming when he nurtured enthusiasm for men nnd saw himself as their servant, when, looking dred into the life of the social organism, he saw that not idens but irais conquered men's souls when helenmel calmness from Wordsworth, concentration of merr from Walter Bagphot, and with Edmund Buric discovered the real difference between a states man and a pretender in the circumstance that one Ines by the way and acts on expediency, the other 1-A 1 her 1 the basis of a fame which one day Ful hiah denned streaming to the wiod.

·TIE WILSON READER Tie was of the group of young Southern born mea who knew the contnbuitions of the South to American history sho hnd no apologies to offer for its part in the great struggle ennobled by so much valour and self sacrifice but who felt that the South must again become whole herrtedly a part of the Federal Union st had donc so much to establish lle sow about his hearthstone the faces of grim men who were sub fected in such a test of manhood as our poor human nature has seldom been forced to endureThey were not men of the broadest social imagination but they u cre men of intense and romantic loyzities to causes and of an elevation of thought abont the State as somethung to love and serve and not something to button on or to profit by War did not unfold to him in his far Sonthem home any of its marching splen dours and inuing binners II saw only the filthy backwash of war its ruin and its bitterness cities in ashes ignoramuses in ponor revenge in action and great leaders led away to imprisonment and obloquy It is true that he heard the civil striccle ended upon ? sweet clezr note of "chanty to 7!! and malice to none and nothing in his life shows the balance of his mind better thin his quiet perception of the fact thnt to his vouth 1 challenge had come to help complete unfinished social and morl tasks unpoi soned by hate and uninsted by vengeance It might well have been within the Almighty's inscrutable pur pose to give such a min such a prepration and such a social background for a supremo far-off test when R distrught world would have sore need of the man of faith ind will who would see clearly and reason accurately and who would not filter or turn back when once he had set his feet upon a pith Woodrow Wilson was twenty mine verrs old when he quit the formal life of a college student One may treat as negligible the single year he spent vainly seeking to use a mind absorbed in the philosophy of law and its appication to gurement la the quintaa practice of that profession Tho span of his life was ·41 CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITY yet to stretch over thirty seven years, and he was to spend twenty five of those years in teaching Amenar teacher educational administrator and writer of bols It is not the training adapted to equid for his work a prophet of force or a master of political intngue Ulysses would not have presch bedst for Telemachus nor Machiavelli for his prince but I fancy that all of us who hold the democratic faith will one day be grateful for these studious reflective years in the life of Woodrow Wilson, when he pon dered over the compranve ment of forms of goverty ment and modes of culture when his prachcal mind with 115 adventurous and romantic passion for action received unfolding for a mighty purpose It was in the still air of these labonous davs that ha -Ama IL uero into the life of the social organism, he saw that not deas but ideals conquered men's souls when he fermed calmness from Wordsworth, concentration of energy from Walter Bacehot and with Edmond Burke discovered the real duference between a states man and a pretender in the circumstance that one lives by the way and acts on expediency the other lives on principles and acts for immortality when he came to see faith as hfe's most substantial heroism and Enally pursuing a lonely road gained a wide luminous ver of this world as a world ordered of Cod. moved by the tides of His spint, and thus Laid the basis of a fame, which one day Full high advanced Sher like a meteor streambag to the wind.

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·. 43 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY to gain his ends, the arousing of his passion for democracy, and the fun of his purprise to tcscue uniman nutra? Horst hom to Sght .ings, and freedom e precise moment 1 hen a great tide of hberal tope and opinion was flowing in and over a generation of st satis. faction and contentment with things as they are. Unlike most cultivated Southracts of his generation, Woodrow Wilson had the impulse to write as well as to talk and became a writer of eminence bt to dam a place in the hterature of his country along wuth Jefferson Vadwon, Lincoln, and Roosevelt. At twel nie he pub aher his first book, "Con. gressionni Cocemment" a postgraduate thesis, reveal ing the actual operations of our government and mullimine with a touch of genius his theory of the wisest and most effiesent relation of the Erecutive to Congress This book contained a definite system of gulitical philosophy which he put into practice and sich he cling to the end of his career in this respect a bleness to Thomas Jefferson appears, for each of them hnd developed before he entered office, a definite theory of government and anplied its doctimes to the solistson of national problems. A series of sir volumes on palinical and historical subjects... "Congressional Government A Study in American Politics, The State Elernents of Histoncal and Practical Politics" "Division and Reunion," "George Washingion, "A History of the American People." *Constitutional Concrnment in the United States,* ani fte solumes of Isterary and social studies--an Old Master and O'T .*... - mure and Other I Freedom, avher !! from buss pen in these days It is impossible to read these books without concluding that the guiding motive of all his studies pointed toward political life 300 the coal of politisal office The opportumly to enter politics seemed worlds ·THE WILSON READER Woodrow Wilson was the first professional teacher to pass almost directly from the classroom to the White House Thousands of Americans to-day real with gratitude his high gufts as a teacher and as a fellow teacher I would care to commemorate that clement of Jus enduring service to his countrymen To me and to the hosts of those who teach in this Land those quiet busy years at Princeton as * tercher characterized by great personal happiness in home of culture of intense charm energy, and growing insight seem to constitute fuis real golden Large classes flocked to his lecture hall ta appland his wassed knowledge and to gain from him new phases of life and truth There was beauty in the cadences of his voice and power to arouse and persuade the intellect in the clanty and orderliness of his talk brightened by bland humour and binging wit When he entered upon the presidency of Prince ton new aspect of his qualities appeared It was clear that he hrd thought deeply of the meaning of cdercntion and of universities as moulding forces in a democracy The problem of education was to him the problem of enriching the Nations life with minds of matuntv integnty of character and social sym pathy "What ? man ought never to forget with regard to 7 college" he once sard at Swarthmore "es that it is & nursery of honour and principle" He inaugurated new principles of educational contact uluch now lie at the core of the development not alone of his owTi university but of all institutions of liberal culture in his country A dramatic struggle muhed by unusurl phases of bitterness and ill will characterized his administra ove career at Princeton Universities are little worlds in themselves and like the greater world about them have a way of refusing to be reformed and of prefer ning to be let alone or to be reborn into new aimt and processes only under tremendous pressure and the passage of slow time The total effect on him of all this academic warfare was the hardening of his resolution, the acquisibon of formidable political skil} ·CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITY became President of the United States on March 4, 1913 In 1916 he was renominated and re-elected in the very midst of the greatest crisis in the secular history of manland. I am conscious that I am summing up 1 Abraham Lincoln from a main-street, second-story law office to unimagined burdens of authonty. Both stones will for ever enrich and adorn the epic of democracy Woodrow Wilson once said that the true teacher or the true artist or bustoran must always work for the whole impression. Working in thus spint, I cannot, at this time and place, attempt even to enumerate the legislative measures which, under bus leadership, went forward in the Sixty third Congress, but I venture to claim that no such well thought-out programme of financial, somal, and industrial reform, no such in. spiring spectacle of goveromental eficiency and concentrated energy, no such display of fearless devotion to public interests maving high above the plane of partisan advantage or of pnvate gain, has been annih ihr . sibo bad not only the well and purpose to change the note of industrial life in the Nation and to halt . restoration of quality of opporturuty The Congress that fumuhed the teamwork in this memorable period of legislative energy was admirable and intelligent,

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·abies CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY liberal thought of modern, self-governing commu. But war came, apparently, falling out of the blue like some tragic drama of the high gods, upon a busy and peaceful people, bent upon working out here in a favoured land some scheme of hfe by which every man should have liberty, without hindrance, to be what God made bum. In reality, there bad amived the moment of explosion of confined passions 1. Lennar on nyt r. 1 ance of power, rather than reason and concert of action là the twinklog of an eye, our gain getting age became a brawung age of terror and revolution, to be thought of hereafter as the end of an old epoch and the begining of a new epoch in human nnals. It has been often predicted that this greatest drama history must needs be one day seally written as drama by some Aeschylus who will paint the dark ening sky, the rushing of the wind, the tension of the time as catastrophe leapt to catastrophe, the movements of the bewildered antagonists and the muttenag of the storm and the bghtning in such a drama alone could one hope to find a just portrait of the peace-lorzag figure of the American scholar President, as he lifts hus shoulders to the burdeos, seeks to readjust hus mind and tature, absorbed in purposes of new freedom for common mers, to the tasks of the dreadlul hour, and with tragic loneliness and patience grapples with events. I saw President Wilson for the last time in the Tullness of his strength of the evening of April 2 1917 Fie was standing at this desk, spealong the ·40 THE WILSON READER but leadership lay in the President, not by use of patronage or by social amenities, but by the steady anve of intellectual force which his opponents within and without his party could not resist The new President concluded his first inaugural with these words The Matlon has been deeply stirred, stirted by solemn passion stirred by the knowledge of wrong, of idcals lost of govement too often debauched and made as instrument of evil The foelings with which Me face this new age of right and opportunity sweep across our heartstrings like some et out of Cods own presence where justice and mercy aro reconciled and the judge and the brother are one. We know our task to be no mere task of pelincs but a task which shall search us through and through whether we bo able to unders And our timc and the need of our people whether we be indeed their spokesman and Interpreter whether we have tle pure heart to com prehend and the rectified will to chooso our fugh course of action This is not a day of trsumph it is. day of dedication (summon all honest men all patriotic all forvard looking mer to my sade God helping me I will not fasl sem, If they will but counsel and sustain mci Passionate sincenty shines out of these moving words It was a spiritual moment in our history Men were looking at life with kinder and juster cyes A new spokesman of humanity endowed with power to diagnose the causes of domestic derangement had appcared in our politics with a will and a purpose and a programme An enger and a nipping air seemed to blow away the atmosphere of materialism which Irad in varying degrec hung over the Capitol since Lincoln's day Not since Jefferson had a leader with such a programme dwelt at Waslungton If in seven teen months a world war had not come to turn the thoughts of mankind to the defence of civilization itsell, it is not immoderate to believe that the great reforms already inaugurated would have been fol josed by others equally vital, and the domestic policy of the Nation ordered in accordance with the best ·CARACTER AND PEASONALITY plications and unaware of the new international posibez decided for them, in Theodore Roosevelt's Words, by fate and the march of events Even the Watakn systed the truth that the war was 14 end in itselt held nu jwe lys no to power to confuse bus judgment, as his course it Megaco and his Moble declaration had shown. I biust 1. L. uxe Hoop of moral responsibility imposed upon the Vosted States and to so place its power at the service 1 We a unck in them an amazing strength and unity, I am not troubled by the inconsistepsy of hus Early advocacy of peace and his later proclamation of "force to the limt, for there is no inconsistency. 4. y > 11 1 .: ** wassles sustes, the most powerful of all States, should be a servant, a minister, a friend, not a master among the pations Never before in the Este first order humanity a politer. As long as he thougot uus place was best served by neutrality, we kept out of the war. The long series of diplomatic papers, the patience that endured the mal of submande warfare taught

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·CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY 19 plications and unaware of the new international posibon decided for them, in Theodore Roosevelt's words, by fate and the march of events. Even the Intellectuals who grasped the truth that the war was anmasina eshonte of civilization at . Do power to confuse has judgment, as his course in Mexico and his Mobile declaration had shown. I have the doubt as to where lay his sympathues from the first hour of the conflict, but he was not the man in a position of vast responsibility to be swayed by syarpathy or prejudice or self interest. Rather, he was the man, caseless of fleeting judgments, to seek the position of moral responsibility wnposed upon the and I and in them an amazing strength and unity, I am not troubled by the inconsistency of his early advocacy of peace and his later proclamation of Eorce to the lisput," for there is no inconsistency, As Lincoln with supreme wisdom planted his policy dot on slavery but on union, Woodrow Wilson with a similar greatness tied his policy to the idea that the United States, the most powerful States, should be a servant, a minister, a Inend, not a master among the nations Never before in the kestory of mankind has a statesman of the first order made the humble doctrine of senzce to humanity & cardinal and guiding principle of world politics. As long as he thought this principle was best served by neutrality, we kept out of the war. The long series af diplomatic papers, the patience that more than 1 ·50 THE SYILSON READER him that force alone could advance his doctrine, he took us into war His much derided Notes to the Imperial German Government deserve rank among the enduning documents of international history and constitute one of the most decisive arguments ever addressed to the conscience of civilization, to illustrate the solemn hesitation that ought to mark the course of rulers who marry nations into war, to give proof that is such a collapse of civilization, at least one nation should retain its poise, and to unite his countrymen wlule he taught the world When on March 5, 1914, before the war, in discussing the Panama tolls, he said, "We are too big, too powerful, too self respecting a nation to interpret with too strained or refined a seading the words of our own promises, just because we have power coough to give us leave to read them as we plcase,** hc made clear all that subsequently possessed his mund When a year later he said "Ve do not want anything that does not belong to us is not a nation in that position free to serve other nations" he revealed the heart of his policy, and so when, on the memorable night of April 2d, he asked Congress to Icknowledge a state of war, it was to a crisade, not to a war, that his statesmanlike policy had brought his countrymen, and they could not doubt that the diplomatic victory was his, the moral victory was his, that a mighty people were belund hun, that the Iradership of mankind rested where democracy on a co:tinental scale had begun the American Jesublic In December, 1916 the President had sought tirugh a statement by each side of its war aims to ricover of any basis of peace might be found This izvry exhibited diplomatic gt nuus of the first order, fer enraged the Germans and arded the Alles to cr, lidate therr moral position before the world. The achuses ement was obscured for a moment by a of obloquy from superheated patriots who misu te grm humour and misinterpreted his precise {age when he declared that all sides, according 327 ·31 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY to their ow. gederal statement to these day people, had the same ains Aga, on JanVary 22, 1917, Mr Wilson for the last tume saught mediation in a speech in which he den fined the fundamental conditons of a permanent peace No greater state paper than this erists in the records of inodern states The result of this masterstroke was to bring us nearer war but also bearer to lasting peace, to estab lish but still more closely as the one dispassionate once of mankind, and again to bring upon him an outburst of condemnation for his poblest pre-war utterance in which he used, but explained none too shalliully, the phrase "peace without victory," by which he meant that only a reconuled Europe could be a tranquil and stable Europe, and that community of power must succeed balance of power Studi preoccupied with the thought of lasting peace, Mr Wilson appeared before the Congress in the early winter of 1918 at the darkest maongeat of the allied fortunes and formulated fourteen points of peace These generalizations were almost revolutionary in their scope and idealism and ultimately formed the general basis of the peace to be drafted, but they cared to a political adroitness awung, directly at putting an end to the fighting They planted new seeds of aspuation and new hopes of justice between nations in the minds of men and it us not easy to Ostracve such ideas. Its timeliness as well as its strength gives to this document a place among the great charters which have marked the progress of mankind Our other great pipers, the Declaration, tiin Farencil Address Suginia Bill of Rights, the Constitution, were local or continental in their appia- Arion This paper and the complementary addresses following it, aimed at nothing less than to eadow the broken and weary batons with a nest order and a niet lue Desperate peoples for an hour looked inta the sluning, fate of Hope and had sight of an old hrasen and net earth visug out of horror but mobled by the self sacrifice of millions In Bule's

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·CRARACTER AND PERSONALITY the disinterestedness of its purposes, and the valour 1.) +1, sta amua wielu guts du viwie je bewys anchor at Brest, and art American President, for the first time, appeared in Europe to take part in a parlia- :- slave of cheas and deals. It seemed to him that it was his moral responsibility, under Cod, to go to Europe, heedless of the rocks ahead of him and the whirlpools behind him. It was a fearful responsibility to assume, for all the Beace congresses of civilization, from Wesenhalı3 and Vienna to Paris, had satisfied nobody and had generally broken their creators. This congress was the pgantic legatee of the failures at all past congresses, and in none of these congresses of the past did any one man, not Talleyrand or Metternich or Disraeli 03 Bistruarck, ever occupy position of such ternble greatness. I am sure Artsintle's fine summary of tragedy trust often have visited his mind as his shup wended her way across the seas Tragrdy, is its pure idea, sbows w a mortal w engaged m an unequal struggle with destiny, whether that de my be represented by the forces within oz 1.Li There underlying ideas and purposes, all bord of Arencan danng and American experience, guide his mind and droe him on. The first was faith is the whola bandling length and logic af dennocrac ·7BF WILSOV READER itself faith in men faith in the supremacy of spır! tual force guven neu SRemexiness hou what he sun about him of sufft u and death The second was the escentual dan ritiche f the night of men ruerhero Itaun their uniffusrs. The third as the leaf (pritze et of peoples the partner. ship ni oson many mornik nations which once had welde i discendint states in 1 ses world into Federal 'nan ind might run weld discordint peoples in in old world into y pulsamont of min For pre months at the Congress of Pins in an alien Air surchared with comes inct suSakon almost sirle handled be fought for these principles proved and sustained in the first ne noul of his struggle by hich is nf hone and futh that cuired up to him out of the brused hearts of the oples wlin tristed him to lead them over the fulure of bruto force into God's nence and in the second pe rol buffeted ly the chb ades of fading antisism of chisse criting inity, of solfish clominion and ancient fears Ite had gone to Piris with the "fourtern points of pence" acceptes like his fus Vlies and by the Centini Pouers 78 the basis for the coming settlement The "fourteon nants" Ined in bus mind is 1 dryctrine Ar anternational justice and the leicue of Nations 11 sa intrerul mort thert of concured as the melum en interpret and ulminister Hiose principles of 1995- ter, and to introduce into the relations of modern tutes the idea of argini internationrl cooperation head on rrison No man muld me xhound this yrimme in its entir tv or sreures perfect penco ir justice at Pir Stute sminshuin of the most trans met 'ont for cymkl not have alrenorcu inuch less we are thrt tremendous ailment of the work! The - les treaty thongh a huge rs 1736 pin of the five great trrrtirs since Wistphalia in simpathy and counsel with the peoples concerto in the dress of bitter wrongs in consideration for the 177 and thought of the future proved to be not Gimle peace It is a perce shot thmuch with the (Tay ·CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITY 55 fear and resentment of suffering and I used men, & settlement corrupted by previous bargains among the Allied Powers made under the ture of traditional policies and the stern necessities of 1137 and Indonsistent with the high purpose of the charter tvhich Wilsoo bad presented for the guidance of the congress *** 7 mation or an imperfect peace with the League of Natons He could not, with his vast sense of political and social institutions postpone by headstrong and wilsul conduct the normal and peaceful ardering of men's lives Woodrow Wilson was not a revolutionist. Political refore by "red sun and the breaking up of laws was not in his blood He chose the League of Nations, surrendering in the anguish of compromise, such portions of his doctrine of internauonal justice as he could not get I am of those who believe that he gained more than he sacrificed at Versailles, and I Wow that he alone among mortal men could have salvaged out of that sea of passion the League of Nations the bravest and most reasonable effort to rabonalıze national relations in political history The statement sometimes made that he fell beaten dann by the superior adroitness and antelbgence of his European colleagues is a piece of analysis entitling 1 Su and accepted only to gain an instrument which he believed had in it power to purge and COTTAGE ile had the heart to match the moral hopes of mankind against their passions He sought to give the 20th Century a faith to inspue it and to justify the Incrifice nt millums of lives and there was failure, ·56 THE WILSON READŁA in Jan Smuts's words, it was humanity's failure To make him, the one and undaunted advocate of those hopes, the scapegoat of a world collapse is to visit upon him injustice so crud that it must perish of its own unrcason Therсtore, I do not cnvisage IVoodrow \Vilson as a future as he came back to these shores bearing in his hands the covenant of the league and the imperfect treaty itself envisage him mther as victor and conqueror as he returned to America. unstrined by sordidness or dishonour, unsurpassed in moral desation and olfering to us country leader ship in the brordest and worthiest couse in all the story of humın struggle for a better life What statesman in the lustory of world adıustment in defence of a code of shining if unittrinable klerlism had ever bome himself more stoutly or battled with such focs or achieved with so little support at home or abrond, 50 astorinding a result? When President Wilson first sailed for Europe in December 1918 American sentiment irrespective of party generily approved Ius declared purpose to incorporate in the treaty of peace some sort of league covenant The heart of the time was then in tuno with the age-old drenm The President of the United States had a right to assume that the Ameron people were behind him on the issue of the League of Nations notwithstanding the adverse verdict of the electorate on his general policies Eight yeurs before, in 1910 in his Nobel lecture, Theodore Roosevelt bumself sard It would be a master strake if those grent l'ouers honestly b-nt on peace would form a league of peace not only to keep the peace and thesiselves but to prevent by force if necessary its being broken by others The man or statesman who should bring about such a condition would have eamed his place in history for all time and his title to the gratitude of all mankind. A list of eminent Amencans of all parties then in line with that pronouncement in 1916 would be en ·CRARACTER AND PEASOVALITY 57 illuminating contribution to the bigher impulses of that era. When he returned a different spectacle met hus eyes The great muse for such he had even then even his hfe had become confused with a group of political policies gnen by his enemies the generic name of it alsonism and about this mgert the writh, desmir and hatred of the overstrained time The trert svartior of the common good who had kept the farth fourht the fight and won a victory instead of heanng the acclaim of his own people "Well done thou good and faithlul servant saw himself naged about with foes of mind to rend and destroy him I cannot give time here to determining whether Wilson himself was to blame i tactical judgment alone or how much he was to blame for the change in American opinion nor do I deny that honest men Til mom of deadlock and indecision of partisanship and passion in which for wery months this larvest a action of malam L111 -It I. in ine hearts ot his enemies and something more of compromise hus own heart and something tnore of political genius and firm Dorpose in the hearts of those who held the faith and there might have been Another world I hue htely been reading and I wish all of his cynntrymen might one day quietly read, the thuty feeches made by the President on that fateful Western four which he undertook in Sentenber 1919 in order to secure from the American people the stamp of anprowl shich he desired for his work in Eime and fich the American Senate was unwilling to pre There is no series of political speeches made under circumstances of such strain in our annals attaining higher level of oratory and exposition. Ple was ·58 THE WILSON READER forewarned as he fared forth that his life might be the forfeit of his enterprise He replied would forfeit my hfe to attain the end I seek and he meant st for he was incapable of melodramatic pose, and the consecration of that statement runs like a thread of gold through the sustained ippcy) Undeterred by the stabbing of physical pain and Tuling strength Woodrow ${idson here reveals the 1 rope and depth of his conviction that national isola finn for Americe or any country is for ever ended tint the outlawry of wat is democracy s next great y that sucide hovers over civilization in the pres system of the relation of states and the present thentialities of destructive warfure that the hour struck for the creation of in instrument to gather bond if the organized manhood of the world bent nn evolving a clearer interational conscience a international law substituting reason for pas in fuumin ffurs and that the covenant of the le of Nations is such an instrument if mankind ut adant it to its uses This is the Wilsomsm .'!e quiet justice of humanity will remember out the ages But all this force ind cloquence Ilirtyrdom were to avail nothing Woodrow lell stricken is sf in huttle at Pueblo Colorado mber 25 1919 and came home shorn of his d strength to persuade and move the hearts I untrymen 11 erican Senate in the plain discharge of its sit al duty discussed the treatv for a period onths during ke mnths of which period 't struggled ngainst mortal illness rejected (x20th and elected to ruin ontside the sind scheme of intemational cooperation in Bygd words spoken to the people at Pueblo by thes du were these 1 1 + { the mists of st is great q est ; hivc up I believe that men will se the in th er and face to face There is one thing utrorican people always rise to and extend ·59 CHARACTER AND PERSOYALITY Hoe hard to and that is the truth of justice liberty un! ptact We have accepted that truth and it is song to lead us and through us the world, out into pastures of Giethest and pesce such as this world ever dreamed of before. The prophecy of the stricken advocate of reason has not set come true There are those who hope and bekene that it will never come true It is not Remmly that I should here attempt any controversial discussion but I should lack the courage of the man I seek to interpret if I did not as in American citizens, cry out even in this chamber Gol grant that it may come true and gain new authonty to protect mankind against its imminent dangers It is commonly said that the historic rank of Woodrow Wilson is wrapped up in the destiny of the covenant that if it fails huis rank will be merely that 11 our onor Mesh to foredoomed to the iniquity of parthi oblivion but surely the fame of Woodrow Wikon does not rest udon an mstrument the orderly growth of which into final usefulness may so chance its structure and modify its form as to cause it to hecome another and an esen better instrument It deoends nor an unconquerable idea 50 greatly con ceived and set forth that it must continue to grow and is now growing into new and finer form and hur fame must pow with it into whatever bright terrotti it thay attain Postenty will he eager tn have knowledge of the fxcrsonaliti and the sahent qualities of a statesman set apart to play such a role in the world s affairs 1 shalt picture him as I knew him-not the Wilson whom minkind will rernambet as the stern war leader of a mighty motion but another Wilson known to me- lilson of sprightliness and humour and handsome courtesy of kindly countenance and fas ·THE WILSON READER forewmed as he fared forth that his hſe might be the forfeit of his enterprise He replied I would forfeit my life to attain the end I seek * and he meant it for he wis incapable of melodramatic pose, and the consecrition of that statement runs like a thread of gold through the sustained appeal Undeterred by the stabbing of physical pain and farkıng strength Hoodrow }sisan' here revers the scope and depth of his conviction that national isola tron for America of any country is for crer ended that the outlawry of war ix democracy s nert great task that suicide hovers over civizition in the pres ent system of the relation of states and the present potentialities of destricne warfare that the hour bus struck for the creation of an instrument to gather 1 hind it the organized manhood of the world, bent 11 xon evolving a clearer mterrational conscience & Ironer international last substituting reason for pis- Arn in human affairs and that the covenant of the ligue of Nations is such an instrument of mankind ***** but adapt it to sts uses This is the Wilsonist 1. the quiet justice of humanity will remember tghout the ages But all this force and eloqucncc mirtyrdom were to nothing Woodrow Hiin tell stncken as if in battle at Pueblo Colorado ptember 25 1919 and came home shorn of his ched strength to persuade and more the hearts & countrymen 4merican Senate io the pirn discharge of its Wett tionnt duty discussed the trendy for a period 1 months during five months of which penod i lindent struggled against mental illness rejected Vrch 20th and elected to remun outside the itzed scheme of intern itoni cooperation in ikir bistory 71.!words spoken to the people at Reblo by hasslant were these t that the mists of this great q esta huve **?! way I believe that men will she the truth rye and face to face There is one thing ·CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITT B1 side of the common man and against the privileged sad the powerful. Wilson could be, and sometimes was, aloof and unrelenting to this or that friend or foe; but manland, is the mass, never failed to soften his spent and awaken his emotions He would have gone to the stake to protect mankind, as a whole, from tyranny and injustice, but the ambitions of any individual man, even a friend, stured him slightly. His greatest defans n.7 ing from hun had proved t boldly, a strange moral fastidiousness and loyalty to ut us Tollowers Wilson esoked no such popular devotion as did Herry Clay or James C Blaine or Theodore Roosevelt. Men of his prophetic quality rarely do Edmund Burke once said of Charles James Fox, with a deep sigh, "Yle was made to be loved that sigh often, no doubt, stirred in Woodrow Wilson's heart. He as a selfless man ng so far as personal glory or profit was concerned. It was perfection, Dot repowd that allured him. It was Cols praise, not men's prasse, that gnie him strenath Thal ide tu Aur UL Burke or laruton or Joha Marshall, but he had a brain of lugh order, functioning in a different atmosphere and a broader field, a bram which worked straight and quick, and he suffered ill, fools and those of mody minds I should call bus greatest mental gifts the power to look into the futuze, to assemble facts, to marshal bis propositions in due ordes, to generalize ·80 THE WILSON READER cinating conversation with power to beguile you into being informed beyond your worth and wise beyond your birthright. The sensitive shyness and reserve that clings to men who cannot capitalize their personal advantages to wia friends clung to him Intimicies were sacred relations to his spirit, but these intaricies could not overflow into inveterato amiability He did not wear his heart on his sleeve for daws to peck at, but tenderness governed his demennour with those he trusted, and he wore about him a quiet grace of dignity Woodrow Wilson was a deeply religious man Mien who do not understand the religious spirt need not even try to understand him No man in supreme power in any nation's life, since Gladstone, was sa profoundly penetrated by the Christian faith He was sturdily and mystically Christian He took God Almighty in earnest as the Supreme Reality, and he carried Hun into his home and saw His imminence and guidance in private and public life He had the habit of prayer, and he read and reread the English Bible Through all lus speeches famed the glory of an insistent belief that morality and politics should march hand in hand Many of his tendencics, perhaps the most of them that occasioned debate and censure, sprang from his pragmatic belief in God There was actually such a thing as God's will to this man, and when he thought he had divined that will, he knew the nght, the absolute right, and he was prepared to stand on that, if fnends deserted him or he parted com or if the blow fcl them is the comr great utterances mediaevi bishop bludgeon if the from compromise "Let's stop being mercly prac tical and find out what's right," were phrases often on his lips It was the Christin philosophy at work in his spirit that placed him almost instinctively on the ·CRARACTER AND PERSONALITY 61 side of the cornmod man and against the privileged and the powerful Wilson could be, and sometimes was, aloof and unrelenting to this or that friend or foe, but mankind, in the mass, never failed to soften his spint and awaken las emotions. He would have gone to the stake to protect mankind, as a whole, from tyranny and injustice, but the ambitions of any individual man, even a friend, stirred him slightly. His greatest defect as a leader of men was this shrink. ing from human contacts at close range When he had proved the nghtness of his case and stated it 11 أسل ot his totlawers Wilson evoked no such popular deration as did Henry Clay or James G. Blaine or Theodore Roose telt Vlen of his prophetae quality rarely do Edmund Burke once said of Charles James For, with a deep sigh "He was made to be loved" That sigh often, no doubt, stirred in Woodrow Wilson's heart. He was a selfless man in so far as personal glory os proft was concerned It was perfection, not scagim that allured that it was Gods praise, not men's praise, that give him strength The ambition which drove him to preemmence was the ambition to create new ideals or to rcillumine old, neglected ones Intellecturliv, he does not belong with Kant as Burke or Ilamiton or John Varshall, but be had a bran of high prior . bro quick minds U wetu ue sucure, to assemble facts, to manihal bis pronositions is due ardes, to generalize powe ·THE WILSON AEADER fairly, and to state his interpretations with such terseness and soundness that they sank into minds that listened, As an Executive, he was not an incamation of action like Napolcon or Roosevelt. The lightning decision was not after his manner, but his industry was tireless, his judgment of men sound, and his mind did its own thinking, and men could not frighten or deccive or cajole Jum The possession of a tenacious memory enabled him to keep the whole before him, to dispense with threshing around, and to dread arrels evance and bombust No dogmatism or abruptness controlled his relations to men who approached his problem from the same angle He gave his entire trust to those who worked with him, defended them against injustice, and upheld them against slander or misrepresentation The world used to be full of pxeople busy in discerning: imagining, and cataloguing the faults of Woodrow Wilson. Dogmatist and bermut, thetoriaan nnd pacifist, egocentric and ingratc, dreamer end drifter were some of the miller coinages of his more civil and restrained enemies Well, he had his faults, I am not here to portray or to defend lus faults. Some of them were protective devices to conserve physical strength, and others lay buried deep in the impulses in his blood, but inhibitions born of pride and courage and high ambition are such as nations lerm to forget and to forgive, and even to love and cherish Posterity 15 incurious about the minor faults of its heroes England docs not concern itself with the flaws of Nelson and William Pitt. Men do not remcmber Andrew Jackson's stubbornness and prejudice They recall only the fury and fine of bus purpose to preserve the Federal Union His countrymen wall not for ever remember the volubility and histrionic arts of Theodore Roosevelt, but they will never let de the memory of thic valiant force of hum penetrating the Nation's spint, incrcasing the sum of its energies, au akening youths to high adventure, and stridendly proclaiming the slor of ·83 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY upright bving They do not tattle about Washing. ton's blazing profanity at Monmouth, but see his stately figure riding into the storm of battle beneath the tartered lag of a new pation he would fain bring into the world. They do not wisper about Ilmala's ch AU ELI Jus Hulluuty 3 swutu will woich to carve out the victory of us use and so it will be with Woodrow Wilson in the long perspective of the years. The destiny w hus blood decided that he should posses The iconquerable will And courage fever to ssbok or yeld, And what is also not to be overcome Ke bad the thurst for fame and human reenbrance that belongs to all great natures It was not easy for him to forget or to forgive "The pride of righteousness sometimes froze the more genial currents of his soul, but he was willing to die, and did die, to guarantee to humble men a fairer chance a * fuster world, and therefore the savage assaults of his enemies will shrivel into the Horace or the against and hus a repell will as ueu actors of greatness or else they will pass out of memory and no one will ask Who what they have been More than the ais what waves of the mircost octan have swelled, Found for a moment and The four closing years it the bit of Woodrow Wilson Wtte harsh, unheroic, uninspiring years in

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·THE WILSON READER shadows, mon paused in their busy lives and came to comprehend that a man of great faith had lived in their en, akin in heart and blood to John Milton and John Hampden, Mazzini, and Luther, that a prophet had guided their country and stirred the heart of mankind in an hour of destiny, and that an incorruptible liberal afiame with will to advance the slow ascent of man had joined those whom men call immortal and stood among that high fellowship, Constant as the Northern Star Of whoso true, fired, and lasting quality, There is no fellow in the firmament. WILSON THE EXECUTIVE BY CHARLES SETOUR In his book entitled, Voodrow Wilson and the Vorld War (Yale University Press, 1921) pp. 8-20, Dr. Charles Seymour, President Emeritus of Yalo University, has provided a concise analysis of tho character and personality of President Wilson. Thoso pages are reprinted below with the permission of the Publishers. The personality of an American President has seldom undergono so much analysis with such unsatisfactory results, almost every discussion of Wilson's characteristics Icads to the generation of heat rather than Jight. Indeed the historian of the future may ask whcther it is as important, in this age of democ racy, to know exactly what sort of man he was as to know what the people thought he was. And yet in the case of a statesman who was to play a role of supreme importance in the affairs of the country and the world, it is perhaps more than a matter of merely personal interest to underline his salient traits. Let it be premised that a logical and satisfactory analysis ·ܫܫܝܫ 67 CHARACTER AND PERSONALTY is wel wugh unpossible, for his sature is self-contradictory, subject to gusts of temperament, and he him. self has pictured the struggle that has gone on between the impulsne Insh and the cautious Sootch Clements in him Thus it is that he has handled sum- ** problems in different ways at different times, and s produced upon different persons diametrically posed impressions As an esecutive, perhaps his most notable charac- Tistic is the will to dominate. This does not mean 11t he is the egocentric autocrat pictured by hus pponents, for in conference he is apt to be tolerant the opinions of others, by no means dictatorial in lanner and apparently anxious to obtain facts on oth sides of the argument An unfriendly cuoc, Mr. ? , Dillon has said of him at Paris that he was a rry food Isstener, an intelligent questioner, and menable to ugument whenever he felt free to Eve wractical efect to his conclusions Similar evidence was been offered by members of fus Cabinet But unquestionabls, in rerching a conclusion he resents pressure and le permits no one to make up his mind for him he us, sud the German Ambassador, "a recluse and lonely sozler" One of his enthusiastic admirers has written "no 4. U bib. 1 Uw at vins remarked Wilson Works The rest of us play, mpirateh speaking, We Ewropeans can't keep up with a man who travels a straight path with such a ·1 THE WILSON READER s! 'ows men paused in theu busy lives and carr to prehend that a man of great farth had live rera, akin in heart and blood to John Milto Juhn Hampden, Mazzini and Luther, that had guided their country and stirred th mankind in an hour of destiny and that a tible liberal affume with will to advance th tunt of man had joined those whom men ca ' and stood among that high fellowship Constant as the Northem Star Of wlose true fixel and lasting quality bere ys no fellow in the formanncnt WILSON THE EVECUTIVE BY CHARLES SŁYNLOUR } 16 nok entitled Woodrow Wilson and the (Yale Un vers ły Press, 1921) pp 8-20 Seymor Pres dent Emerit u of Yale 213 provided a concise analysis of the personal ty of President Wilson Those rinted below with the permiss on of the t 21 ity of an American President has e so much anzlysis with such un almost every discussion of Wilson s ds to the generation of heat rather 1 the histonan of the future may s important in this age of democ tly what sort of man he was as to ple thought he was And yet in man who was to play a role of ( in the affaurs of the country and ps more than a matter of mercly Iniunderline his salent traits Let b por pod tl logical and satisfactory analysis { 1 ·CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY 69 man purveyors of facts rather than colleagues in the formation of policies Vilson has generally been anxious to receive facts which might help bo to bud his policy, as will be attested by those sho worked with him at Pans? But he was less interested in the opinions of his advisers especially when it came to principles and not details for he decides principles for barself in this sense his Cabinet was composed of subordinates rather than counselors Such an atbtude 15 of murse characteristic of most modern - np finlh vor ennditions 11 Clemenceau treated the other French delegates General consuction of Wilson s autocratic nature bas bern intensified » his choice of assistants who have not as a rule (noved mblic confidence He debatred share his point of view It is more epigrammatic than ctact to say that he was the sole put in the Govern ment giving value to a row of ciphers for his Cabinet, as a whole was not composed of weak men But the fact that the members of his Cabinet accepted anplic 10 hus fimm corect that the Cabinet ought to be ad executive and pt a political council, that it depended upon the Presidents policy and that its main function should be merels to catty that policy into effect gave to the public scmp plistificatson for its behet that wil SOTIS * "no man" Cosemment The belief was furthim intified by the Presidents extremne sensitive nas en honil citiem which more than anything plap liner frank interchange of opinion between humarll and strmo posonalities on more than one "taslon ve seemed to tread onprisition as tantamount Inputs hostility an attitude which at tunes was Henturels sinnustified lo the matter of minor sp pointments Wilson failed generally of success because he consistently refused to take a personal interest, leav.

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·CHARACTER AND PERSOYALITY got be has never been able to apstalize such personal advantages ia hes pobties relations Apart from his antiates he shy and resened The apothesis of Roosen elt, who loved to meet new individualities, Wilson tas the college professor s shrinking from socul contacts, and is not at ease m the presence of those wita hom he is not farnijas \aturally, there fore, he lacks completely Roosevelts capacity to make foruds, and there is in hums no trace of this predecessors poner to find cxactly the not compiment for the night person Under Rooseselt the White Hoxuse opressed its doors to every one who could bring b hesident anything of interest whether in the Beld of science bferatuse policies or sport and the Chers Magistrate no matter who his guest instantly found a common ground for discussion That capacity Wilsou did not possess furthermore tus health was penonut and he was physicaliv mcapable of carry ing the burden of the constant interviews that charac terized the We of his immediate predecessors in the presidential office He ined the life of a reduse and rarely recered any one but friends of the family at the Wut Mouse dinner table Wule hn thus saxel homself from the social inter curse wluch Sot Roosevelt was a relaxation but which for hunts would have proved a rieryous and påysical drain Wilson deyred burself of the political advantages that might have been derived from more exten sive hospitality He was unable to influence Cosgresimen etapt by reason of hus zuthority as head of the party or nation He lost many a chance of remov. y political apposition through the personal appeal which is sy Bartenng and effective le seeras to have through that if his policy was night in itself, Congressmen ought to vote for it, without the satisfaction of Total arguments, a singular misappreciation of human nature that saisie was true of his relations with the lashingtos correspondents he was deve able to establish a man ta man basis of intercerSE This incapacity in the ystal matter of kissas contacts was pertups his greatest political weaboress 15 he

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·ſ practically a muut CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITY w kami, 1917, the country entered the struggle Bet at k obnous that, however souch political Strength was assured the President by bus instinctive appreciation of popular feeling this words largelv atset by the gauchene ng hus politica) tactics He had a Sem for alienating persons who should have sug- 1. confundasth the band Lanty resulted fross munderstanding from the feel inz Waar he was a diferent sort perhaps a "highblow, the degree of dislike felt for him becomes almost incalable in the case of a President who from all the evidence was viline ta sácnfice everything for what tye encaclered to be the benefit of the common taan lle might almost preat Robespierres final butter and puszzleed plurave "To die for the pepple and to be abhorrect by the So keen *3s the station aroused by Wikon methods and personality that Min * cuizen statuti frankly that he preferred to see Wilsonn acies luich he aypoxed meet deleat, rather than see them curred in success by Wilson This exmcyw failing of the President pas destined to jeopardize tys gerilist of his polimes and to Te WE in the thesiDal gedy of Wilson himself Certain large literal principles stand cut in Val SORS *gs and 1967 as Grint and President Of that the nat tyyking perhaps is his convschon that the Presint of the mrd States must be sona thing more thg 777429 X: tap 59perintendent The entire propensitility for the administration of sertinent the trial should sest upon the Presi clete and in * les es mest that responsiblits he most keep the reins n oneni in iis nun hands in his first ses and a hiss lat t writings Hilson expressed hun lot with the system 34 congressional commilties which en muis phary in the hands of responsible profession s politicians and called for a president who would brk that system and

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·72 THE WILSON READER had been able to arouse wum personal devotion in his followers, if he could have inflamed them with enthusiasm such as that inspired by Roosevelt, other than mere admiration, Wilson would have found his political task immersurably ughtened It is not sur. prising that his mistakes sn tactics should have been So numerous His isolation and dependence upon tactical advisers, such as Tumulty and Burleson, lackung broad vision, led him soto serious errors, most of which-such as his apper for a Democratic Congress in 1918, his selection of the personnel of the Perce Commission, his refusal to compromise with the "mild teservationist Senators in the summer of 1919-were committed, significantly, when ho was not in immediate contact with Colonel House The political strength of Wilson did not result primarily from intellectual power His mind is neither profound nor su His senous writings are sound but not characterized by originality, nor in his policies is there anything to indicate crertive genius Fio thinks straight and possesses the ability in trate on a single line of ofta ing an phra ou ussistance to neut strength of the President lay mather in his gift of sensing what the common peoplc wanted and his ability to put it into words for them Few of his speeches are great, many of them are marred by tactless phrases, such as "too proud to fight" and "peace without victory* But nearly all of them express honestly the desires of the masses His strength in New fersey and the extraordinary clfect produced in Europe by his war speeches might be cited as evidence of this pecullar power Ho sought above everything to catch the trend of inarticulato rather than vociferous opinion If one objects that his patience under German outrages was not truly representative, we must remember that opinion was slow in crystallizing, that his policy was endorsed by the election of 1910, and that when he finally advocated ·CHARACTER AVD PERSONALITY said in the coupal chamber His strongest politics? weapon, he belicves, has been the appeal aer the heads of polsticians to puble opinion Ris dislike of cliques and his strong prejudice agarast anything that sayons of special privilege shone clear ia his attack upon the Pnncrion club system and the same ught has not infrequentis dazzled his vision as Presiderit Thus while by no means a radical, he instiac trely turned to the support of labor in its struggles with capital because of the abuse of its privilege by mortal in the past and regardless of more recent - lahor Simlarly at the Peace .- Such tendencies 1 1 the intensits of his religionis convictions There have hora few men kokling high effion in recent times so dreply and constantly affected by Chnstan farch as Woow Wilson The son of a clergymon and subjected during his early sears to the most lively and devout sort of Presbiterianism he presened in his mwa family coscle in later years a similar atmosphere Xor was his conuction of the immanence and spirimual guide of the Dests eser divorced from his profesional anu pahlır life We can discover w his presklentut spectes any indications of his belief that the custics he had undertaken were laid upon tumbes Cox and that he might not denate from what seemed to him the straight and appointed path. There is something reminiscent of Calvin in the stem an usu erving determination not to compromise for the sake of enhonal advantage This aspect of Wilson has inn neht box ? Beskiedy chc Kann who clevetider the President as a Noncon menit minister xhave throught in temperament **Tassentually tulgul ont intellectual with a!? ele rength and weakness of that minner of thought feelsne il mpression. The observation is timmige pwman ente ·74 THE WILSON READER exercise greter directive authonty For a time he seemed under the influence of Bagchot to have be beved in the feasibility of introducing something lilc the parliamentary system to the government of the United States To the last he reg trued the President me Minister at the heel of his party iure ind able to punt absolutely upon Tore thin this but Ixlund that the ile tike large skare of responsibility Ive program ought to push this trough by all in us at lus disposal uppu irid in isse urly writings ind was into operat » during loss administry kan bringing ill possible pressure upon vleuslature in order tı redeem bus gts the nextedi Present he went ong,rts with his massiL astead of * rad 1111ind az, un bir intencned i spussl lesztre interests by direct writings im in luis actions Wilson has ««d government by party Theoretically (lithias been opposed to coalition in his hakef it divides responsibıkty > mins an advocate of the old type ards for purtt stretct seem to him isly auch while insisting that the katlır of hus pirts like I ran Afin se lewerbul him with an purent the kids of the country Because <<nfusest party and people it is easy he Pris it tim s claimed to repre len in itality he was merely repre w Such an attitude is naturally I paniti n mul spluns something o charitten the attacks made ! I sentments trt tinged by a con ! rest in the common min Moro is ? sted that it is snore important 551 by the fireside than what Asana ·CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY NOTE .* Tammt says of the President at Paris I never saw than the Press- 10 le ng all Aare a blind spul usul a's ways ben bis inability to asc men en nability, miod yong, Dot & refusal On the contrary, when any of us volunteered or bo- Isted upon taking responsibility of hus shoulders be was delighted

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·CHARACTER AND PERSOYALTY 19 thould not expect a man to be easy and afable when hc deems himself ashtag in a death grapple with the enemies of his country* Tolerance, he declared in an article written dunng the same period. an adalalle intellectual gift but it is of little winch la politses Policies is a war of fous a forest of praciples Government is too sensout matter do adesit of meaningless courtesíes. Too much in eamest to be an easy companion or an casy combatant, Wilson nevertheless had a power ful need for affection A deep sense of isolation, a cramped capaty for personal communicator, tor tured and stunted his emotional le "When I am with anyone in whom I am specially and sincerely inter ested he once wrote the hardest subject for me to broach is just that which is nearest my heart It Isnt pleasant or consenient to have strong passions he confidel I have the uncomfortable feeling that I am carrying a volcano about with the My sal vation is in being loved There surely never lved A man with whom love was a more cntical matter than it is with mela Selson was aloof he concealed himself with a habitually drawn curtain of reserve, Laert he was not, as many have coocluded, a cold man. xove 10 stard my emotions from painful over Scra he told his first wife and again Sometime in a bit eshamed of myself when I Dhiak low few friends I have amid host of ac annons plenty of people odes na beir Inend alun loc martly Incause I am reserved rod shy said partly because I am fastidious and have a partir Katibus taste ta faleads i styrt the obec in alipost mery case and thea em disayrd to krok alent and love fr persons in the worst stand our me and Inow tse as in fact wise that they can give e sympathy and close stotypon of heart Pertape it to brause when edo xant to get rid my whole Horart, and I let that ro few want it all of would return to the misure Acte lengo you nal, is that lecling? Apd man oge ss deeply covet of fresh to lose bestion as id to act to feeling?

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·CRARACTER AND PERSONALITY 81 larly impersonal public reputation. Although he maran menare haine --- julistune university arcles, a British Liberal in progressive America, a would be dispenser of sanity and . great powers in success ut susduwe, Lue calcular isolation of Woodrow Wilson was always preserved. WOODROW WILSON. THE UNFORGETTABLE FIGURE WHO HLAS RETURNED TO HAUNT US Br GERALD W JOINGOV The following passage is sepriated with the permission of the publishers from the text accompanying the platonal sketch of Wilson's life to the volume entuled Woodrow Wilronn-The Unforgettable Figure Who fas Returned to Itaunt Us, prepared by Mr. fskin it with the collaboration of the Editors of Look Magazine) and published by llarpet & Brothers (copy nghe 1914 by Look froc pp 8-10 to W.. de www.us LOL!yuil wu see wiem, und Doboły who came close to him could avoid them. He W3 urrogant He was besliheaded Ile was puritankarl lle was vengeful. lie could be ity and be could be blustering it is doubtful that be really was, but ·80 THE WILSON READER A strange personality for a politician, it may seem And yet not so strange for with masses of men Wel. son was beautifully articulate, and in public ho often got the sense of communion, if not affection, that he missed in private I have a sense of power in dealing with men col. lectively the wrote in 1884j which I do not feel always in dealing with them singly in the former case the pride of reserve does not stand so much in my way as it does in the latter One feels no sacrifice of pride necessary in courting the favour of an assem. bly of men such as he would have to make la seeking to please one man When he finally went iato politics sigas of public affection pleased him deeply "At last I feel that I have arrived in politics," he told newspapermen in 1912, after making a speech in a small town from the rear platform of his train Pressed for cxplanation, ho replied 'Somebody out there in that crowd waved his arms and yelled 'Hello, Woody' at mel" His personal friends were not given to calling him "Woody". Even in public relations, however, he failed to get the full measure of affection he craved As he wistfully confessed to Tumulty one night in the White House, "I want the people to love me, but I suppose they never will." He could command respect, from some, because they felt in him the embodiment of a cause, ho had devotion But love he could not win, and there was something insubstantial about his rel. ationsłup with the people, something forced, the fact that he strove so consciously to be a democrat is the best cvidence that by instinct he was not all his life he carried with him a burning intensity that found no object other than ideas on which to carend itself, and ideas did not satisfy hun He said that his sal vation was in being loved," but failed to add in loving." How he sought to avoid that "sacrifice of pride! He der oted himself to principles, to human. ity in the abstract, not to men in the flesh--and he left behind him a trail of broken friendships and a sing-

·CHARACTER AND PERSOVALITY
reak No one called him stupid to one sud he
ould be bought or bulled No one accused him of
King (rivolous or lazy let these are the great vices
tulets, flaws that ruin their countries as well as
temsches
Elizabeth of England had every one of Wilson's
aults escept Puntanism and for that she substatuted
hall a dozen others that he never had set nobody
Loubts that she was a very great ruler
12 Woolrow Wilson
it 15 not a picasant idea for vf he was right, then
Il e rest of us were wrong ternbly wrong, and it is
xart of our credo that a hundred and thirty million
Americans cant be wrong Yet that bekef has been
Inoking doubtful since December 7 2911 Dead men
scattered from the Solomon Islands to Italy suggest
that we may have been wrong Fine ships by hun
dress shattered and sunk suggest that we may have
1 wrong Billions upon uncounted billions wrung
Troin our toil mourning in every city and town, in
crane del teniments and lonely farmhouses weeping
**C and prematurely old men blood and tou
and sweat and tears“ suggest that we mav have been
Mann
Wtuen ments seem to prove that a nation has been
wrong that matton ble & mon in similar arcum
starces should examine its conscience

·B2 TRE WILSON READER he appeared to be self nightcous It is doubtful tha he really was, but he appeared to be hypocntica! He had a genus for mobbing men the wrong way He couldmand frequently did-convert fonner Inend and admirers into the bitterest chemics Au Wilson's faults were glaring, and in additio: to them he possessed an unusual sluare of the mon hateful virtues He was frightfully candid He wa utterly truthful in discussing, especially to their faces the faults and flaws of other men He was scrupu lously honest in fnancial affaurs and 11 ould not wave a hairsbreadth to favor tus best friend He was prou! and would not tolerte ribaldry in those around hum He was learned and impatient with gorance He had the unhappy faculty of being right in the mosi untatny way Someone his pointed out that he could malc men so furous that they became down nght maudlo in their hatred For years, many-perhaps mostAmericans have ac cepted the explanation that Wilson fulcd because he made so many enemies that in the end they dngged Inim down Ke was people say, the cause of his own) defcat, and thats all there was to it But that was not all If thrt u cre all, tlich Wilson, being down would stay down But he doesn't For the past two years, especially he has haunted our minds like a bid conscience Americans are thinking and talking of Wilson more than they are of some political lenders who consker themsclics very such alive, wherers Wilson was buried in the crypt of the Episcopal Cathedral at Washington twenty yours ago So men live begun to crimine hum again, as they find an interesting thing His fanits stuck out, they did not drive in Tale the list and cxaming its items, one by one They are bad enough, but none is proof of any interior rottenacss, ercept, perhaps, hypocrisy and it is not certain that Wilson was hypocritical On the other hand, the hidden faults that people do not sce until too late are missing from that list His bittcrest enemy never müed Woodrow Wilson

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·84 Part II WILSON THE STATESMAN IDEAS AND IDEALS Letters The informal and frequently intunate şlumpses af forded by kters have always fumished revealing clues to chariter Unfortunately there is no edition of the isoa letters although he was a prolific letter wsiter Ray Stunnind Biker in fus & volume Woodrow Wilson Life and Letters (Doubledıy, Doran & Com pany iac, 1927 1933) quotes from a great many of the letters and in a number of instances reprints complete letters it is from that source and with the special permission of Mrs Hilson and the publishers that the following are seprinted with the Biler citations indicated The selections which follow cover a wide spia in Wilsons ufr The early letters are beireed to be sigruficant in revealing Tutent truds *hah were to become increasingly conspicuous in later years Wilson who had been at the University of Virginis with Rheith Dibre y later Proft ssor Dabney and Dean of the Department of Graduate Studies at Virguna munted ste dy cortesinde ye with Dabney throughout his life me in 1883 Wilson dis closes in the following letter that he finds it necessary to give up the practice of law in Atlantz to undertale graduate study at Johas llopkins University {This letter appears in Bikes 3, 154 150 lacidentally a minor error has been noted in Daler, 1. 114, where the leamed biographer states that Wilson was in the Law School with Wins Caix! Bruce, R Heath Dabncy. William Echols By Richard E Byrd cloy Percy, and John Basyrit V Mure Mr Baker undoubtedly meant to my that I do was A colleague of these men at the University Of tho group listed besido Wilson, only William Cabell Bruce and Lelloy Percy wero matnculated in the Law School

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·THE STATESMAN 87 The Law is indeed a hard task master, I am strug. plures hopefully but with not ocet much couraga il rough its intricaces, and am swallowing the vast mass of its technicalities with as good a grace and as atraight & fate as an ofended palate will allow. I Lave, of course no idea of abandonlog this study be. cause of its few unpleasant features Anyone would prove himself a fool, to be sincerely p{tied by all wise men, who should expect to find any work that is worth doing easily done, accomplished without prin OTT Worry; who should turn away from hard study to pursue disappointment in some other direction. Sull One may be permited an occasional complaint, if for to other propose than to relime his feelings (Dec ember 31, 1579 Baker, I, 116 ) these inlxtinct plans of which we tused to talk Enw en me duly, until a sort of calm condence of grat thing to be accomplished has come over me which im 1477 ale 731 • HILI IU act up to (May 20, 1580. Palm, 1, 113) . 1 07 SA 2183 61 in many young mot radoste stor det at Irtins Florlin Usbeshy Win Rus con met in erregem listrie Catto Corse te Laird Suates tuleh hal appeared! at worthmal Rezine in dogus 1579 Tits had mi Ebarat med tom rust tensedlal mal amily ni se bomo portal poleks the butt bbwyr 19 F Am on October 30 Wir emplis is onbetaling at the University Malm 1 thuy, renesas parately, hence the try himsch lerton Tie wat ontana is tersely andited with

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·THE STATESKAV The law is inriced a hard task-asuster. I am stug. jog, hopefully but with not otet much courage, hrough its intricacies, and am swallostog the vast mass of its technicalties with as good a grace and as straight a face as an offended palate will allow. I have, of course no idea of abandoning this study because of its few unpleasant features Anyone would prove himself a fool to be siocetel patient by all wise men, who should expect to fast ans work that is worth doing easly done aeromplished without pain Of worth who should fun away frogs hard study to persze disappointment in some other direction Sull toe may be permiter an derasional complaint, if for to other purprise than to relieve by feelings (December 31 1579 Baker ( 116 ) those inducunt plans of which we used to talk grow on me dasht unui a sort of calm confidence of great tungs in be accomplisher has come over me auch am puzzled to analyse the nature of I can't tell whether it is a mare fgment of my own nordate vanity or a deep-incted determination which it wił be within ms power to act up to las 230 1650; Paket 1 119) The professing I chose us polites the profession I entered was the law I potrep thr me because I thought it would lead on the other It was once the sure ront and Congress is still full of lawysers (Octo ber 0 155. Baker | 1091 In 1897 as an amttis stung ist graduate stu deres Inhns Hopkins Itarin me 21 - templung in pansion of fus articla "Cabinet Cry triment in the last states hors not appeared in the Internatural Recipe in Angust 1819 This had sot him on the road towyd 125 most imediat gat *.xly and write aboot pritval polib, in the Intrs bylaw site len pre an October 30 Wilson empleos das undertaking at the Lasversity Bilet quotes by pawagny separately bezce the citatum tolox's each selection - bant is intitately aissezated with ht

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·THE WILSON READER ber of cards found among his papers William Allen White in his blography o 80 quotes Wilson writing sometime after the date of the letter below to his friend Robert Bndges to the effect that he needed a tradern ar to sell his literary wares that Thomas 1 Wilson lits mettung Woodrow Wilson sticks in the mind {The letter to Tilautt ppx ars in Biker ) It ilmington NC July 7th 79 DEAR Chart I expect you thought it ? httle quees that I did not some time during commencement spx 2k to you definitely upon the rulyject which had principally cn grossed our thonghts in the correspondence which followed upon your rh graduation I hic promised myself in ipportunity of Beint so when you should retum-- ind 10 do Wl the long and short of the explanation is embrassment When I am with anyone in who I walk and sincerely interested the harde subject for min broth is just that which is skar st my furt 433 ninfetrinite disposition indeed! I hope ta ke<333 stun y las at least sperk plunk in writing I have not be list upon any clcfintr plans for tłu kork" 1 x sirsales, except that we shoul! I think ks 1 pportunity offered in by Beste m nunts marine purselves in style ind hnouluila snill one in thung undonc to keep ourselves fresh fr »t}premiers and free from foolish in KWESS Seless with whom we will constantly be thrown bs es nettsides of out low practice in order that ulu 73 thu tine (* 11X for us to write and work for all the woman by thk to com. mand a he inng ind mit bx str 1. Sur the struggle which it is to be honed will use as beve the pct. tinesses of our profissi 333 sm dulsoffre at com position and the port pas its w of mi sue for public speaking I try to keep these things is vimy thus able to give such « TOISES Trost signity and a thousand times more intenst Without some such definite aim I could not endurr them Write me what 1 am ·THE STATESBIAN 91 you think I speak thus freely to you because you know me well enough to credit me with sincerity and acqut me of afectations mere talk which amounts to the 530 thing 13 essence Your sarete inen THOS W WILSON 15 is doctors th sis Tental Coreymon! was published in Januar 3395 As Baker says "e frele on that he is reals beginning to carry out the terms of us solutz coueting with Charles Talcott, Bu ret be a strangels of stified" Apparently Elles Aism seeks to know the Teason for sus despair and von wnies to her as Enllest on February 4 (Baker I 27" 230 these x and has long been in 53% mind urlong sense of disappointment and loss as if I had missed from my lifa vometung upon which both my gifts and clinitions Cave me a chum I do feel D very real regret that I have been shut out from ray hearts frst-primar --ambitions and purpose which was, to take an active if possible a leading, part in public life and strike out for myself I had the abusty a statesmans career That is my heart sor, rather my mindsleepest secret But don't mistake the feeling for more than it is Ir 15 nothing more than 3 rallet and th more I study the conditsons of public service in this ituinty the less personal does the segret become Vs disappointment is in the Eact that there's no soom for such a career in this country for anthocu rather than in the fact that there is no chance for me llad Ubud independent means of sup. port pues nf the most modest proportions 1 should dorzbirss have sought an entrance into politics any. hate and tied to fight my way to predominant inilcience mes amist the hourly burh pd heltershelter of Congress I have a strong instance of leader. ship n unmistakably oratoncal temperament, and the Leenest esihle delight ta akaiss and it has re-

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·THE STATESMAN 85 the country stands in such pressing peed of, and I Lu that we should have a haod 10 forming and smdistinctly, and boy ullertu v ut of their ground The power of men kke Henry George seems to me to mean that and why should not men who Lave sade purposes avail themselves of this thirst & enthusiasm for better lugher more hopeful purpose n poliucs than either of the present, morbund parties can give? Your sincere fnend HOODROW WILSON referred to as bus younger brother Joseph 106 High Street Viddletown, Ct. 16 December 1959 MY PRECIOUS FATHER My thoughts are full of you and dear Dode all the time Sennesee seems so far away for a chap as hungry as I am for a sight of the two men whom I love is the Chinstmas recess approaches I realize, as I have so often before the poin there is in a season of holiday and rejoicing away from sou As you know one nt the chief things about which I feel most was intri in reund is that I am your son I realize the benefit if being our sup more and more as my talents and experince grow recognize the strength growing in m us of the nature of our strength I become in at ini mite conscious of the hereditary wealth I possess the capital of principle of literary force and skill of capacity of first hand thought, and I feel als more and more bent toward spabog in my own cluldren that combined respect and tender Hentian Ine thar father that you gave your children ·THE WILSON READER for you Oh, low happy I should be if I could make thein thunk of me as I think of you! You have gyen me a love that grows, tlint is stronger in me now that I am a mun than it was when I was a boy, and słuch 11ill be stronger in me when I am an old man than It is now a love a brief that is rooted and grounded in reason and not in fili al minut menki-a love reste ing upon obeling toxund tons of St ruice, recognizing you as in i cirtistry it stilst the author of all Ihre to In grateful for I blew God for my noble, strong and samtls mother and for my incomparable father Ask Docke if Indors wt suivenbe? And tell lum that I love my brother pasisontely Weinse kid about three months of contiguoush bad weather here nuirt pruļxortion rely under the ucather withi i rious fists and degrees of cold, but fine cold days hast vyme at loss in we are one and all getting on our feat agun Hell get used to this vill inous imate by indby doubtles Ilumio bcea wondering whether the Burmes Blouse is snus and dry in winter I smereh la pre tlu rigors of the Clarks valle weither my hot fit it you it we are expxecting 1 las <*>Sin Vitrs dlost Pravne up from Bryn mr to yund the } batas suth us Ellie joins mc in unhounek dlou te bith Lour skytes son VOORROW The follys og letter was 15318 » ! DAB Jones, of Chi ag 11 listrs 2 107 ist na litson campum for (KKKT leu feren *** griling under was } »« in In unsversity, hoc een one ( frinlenni a lovai furporter and into p 111! Itte Lxe an enensis 1 fleur mufraxis And presidenu ulo I ad of my Bet Ity arde any trone) hurd sent 131 } w#5 Wilson s reply and is jutel in Bar III 155 4sld הריון M2 DEAR FRICNO I have been over helmed with lesurs tat were very encouraging to receive but that did not maties Yours docs matter, and I have

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·99 THE STATESWAN DARLAC JESSIE 14 March, 1915 am ashamed of myself when I think I have been laag askoowledgtog the dear letter from you that Je me so happy, and touched me so deeply You not know, I fear what it meant to me to have you that I had in some sort taken your incomparable thers place wres you were berel Akl low little I ew howl and how impossible it was to do more than 1 let you feel as well as ļ imew how the infinste dercess I felt and the losguag that was at my art to make up for what can never be made up for hex to you try sheet daughter oor ta ne nor to yone who ever had a chance to know how sweet mod lovung dad ikustely rewarding she was I can. styet trust mysed to speak much of her even in Bhag My heart has somehow bees sticker dumb felt so dumb when you were here dear I did not new low to say the things that were in my heart but you and the baby and all the crowding thoughts hat de my brart ache with its fuiness I had to Iust you to see theor and your dear letter makes me Hope that you did I can talk about most things bot I always have been helpless about putting into words the things I feel most deeph the things that mean most to me and just nou my heart ss pasticularly vorceless But I do love you and yours, my dear, more than words air sus and there is added to my love dow the mother tenderness which I know the depths and beauties of in her heast She was beyond commartson the depus trists noblest lover 1 ever knew Se mere irst house who knext the humas heart wish fornit us delights to heut how well even thing goes with you exl bless you lou will have heard of Vacs opet stuun lie hys come out of it finely and it daung as **t 35 any ue cold in the cucumstances hell is hete auto is a course and as steady and brase is usual lothing happens to the rest of us except tails inses in foreign a4 2158 Love the soud 191 sure from us all to you all Yow laying FATHER ·100 THE WILSON READER A famous Wilson communication is the telegram ho addressed on September 29, 1916, to Jererolah O'Leary. During the 1916 presidential campaiga the Democrats had attempted to attract the support of the hyphenates, but Wilson would not encourago them. Whea O'Leary, Presideat of an Irish anu-British organization, the Amestean Truth Society, psodded Wilson to state lus views publicly, Wilsoa sent the message reprnted below, recorded in Baket, VI, 290. was reprinted in The New York Timer on the following day and left no doubt in anyone's mind that Wilson could speak with a sharp tongue The pessage assumed greater significance when it appeared in the press along with the revelation of lughes negotations with the German-Americans aad Inub. Americans and their plot to defeat Wilson. To O'Leary Wilson Wired the following I would feel deeply mortified to have you or any body like you vote for me Since you have access to many disloyal Americans and I have not I will ask you to convey this message to them As the 1918 election approx hed, Wilson felt that Charles Evans Ilughes, the Republican candidate, stood a good chance of winning Realizing the serioustess of the situation whkd would confront the United States should Hughes be successful and saable to assume office until four months later in March, Wilson adusessert the letter repripted below to Secretary of Stite Robert Lansing It was Wilson's suggestion that to overcome the dutculties that would face the United States in a world at was, he would ask Larking to sesign and nune Flughes his sucressor. As soon as Hughes could take over the office, Wilson and Vice President Marshall would sesign, leaving Ilughes free as Secretary of State to succeed to the presidency Robert Lapsing writing in 1933 in his War Sfemotra pp. 165-16, recalls thic ctrolutist incrt cumaunding the decry of the letter to him the day aftri tho election It was marked "lost confidentii," to be opened by Lanslag only Appraising the significance of this communication, Lansing hw this to lay The letter shows very clearly that Woodrow Wilson hard Erst la raind the reliard of the United States and the

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·102 TUE WILSON READER set its new definition would be impossible until March I feel that it would be my duty to relies the com. try of the perils of such a situation at once The course I have in mind is dependent upon the consent and cooperation of the l'iu President but if I could 53' lus consent to the plin I would ask your permission to invite Vir Hughes to becom Secretary of State and would then join thu True President in resignine, and thus open to Vir lluglies the pimedate succes son to the presudi All my bft long I live unted some such responsible government for the limited States as other constitutional systems ition as of course and as such actron mı part would in tutuite 3t k tst by ex ample Responsible Louernment is government by tlost slom the precipke trunt alimut at the time of decision and action The whole country has long poronext without knowing two to senedly, the cro treme cleach antage of having to ina foor (our months after on) action ther parts whose guidance hand been rejected at the polls Flure is the remedy, 10 iny rite vo fir is the Lurcestive is concerned lo ordının times it soukl perhap mot by facessary to apply it But it seem to on this is the existing cir. cumstances it wmild In 193px silovis necessary The choice of pols in sep** vf our foreign relations rests ruth the rescute Vo me nisi circum stances in regard to our fu pale hue micr bo forc criste! It would be mi <lut to the purule so that there would by no skuht m ant Quarter sow that polics is to be directed to sinils ulit rifjects and hy what moins une hy night to risk the peace of the ants by rem immg u ofiu after I had fost my authority I hope and belirit that your en julgment will 017) with mine in this critical matter Cordially and faithfully Yrs WOODROK V1.SOV PS I Iseg that you will read this ne to the ·THE STATESWAN stactest sense confidential until I shall have had az opportunity to discuss it with you in person, should circumstances make st a practical problem of duty WW PRI CETOS FOR THE VATIONS SERVICE The Princeton Inaugural which provides evidence of the ideas and deals of Wilson as educator is toprinted here with the permission of the publishers It appeared in the Penceton Ilumnt Weekly III Novintet 1 1902, 89-18 and it will be found also in Baker, Rady Stannard and liam E Dodd (eds) The Public Papets of Woodrow Wilson (vols Harper & Brothers 1925-1927 College and State 1 413-461 Citations 10 Kelection by Wilsons te printed in this volume est made for the readers convergener wherries poss ble to the Cngresswa Ram ! interest to solt that Amber Alma 41 uuluu thic hi was the wet by debivered on October 23 1902 attracted the attenting of Wales Mines Page editar Pertaling the reservate and the liberal that of World's Work and George Harvey of Harper's Weekly the latter of whom was to help launch V on has polo carees The et tos tegus that due to listuations of only potus of this address ac teprinted here We are but men of a sugle generation in the long life of an institubon which shall soll be young who we are dead but while we live her life is in us

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·THE STATESIAN 105 where they are parts of a muversity and share its =pint and method. They must love learning as well 23 professional success in order to have their perfect selulness Thus is not the verdict of the universities merely but of the professional men themselves, spoken out of hard experience of the facts of business The modern world nowhere shows a closeted profession shut in to a narrow round of technical functions to which no knowledge of the outside world Aced ever penetrate Whatever our calling, our thoughts must often be afield among men of many kods, amidst interests as vanous as the phases of modem life The managing mirds of the world, even the efficient working minds of the world, must be + . their own methods must be shot through with the impulses of the university it is this that makes our age and our task so inter- I den dola ance with the abstract data of science and that the closeted scholar himself should throw his windows open to the four quarters of the world Learning is not divided Its kingdorn and govern ment are centered, unitary, single The processes of instruction which fit a large body of young men to ith powers released and it ·104 THE WILSON READER What we conceive she conceives. In plaaning for Princeton, moreover, we are planning for the country, The service of institutions of learning is not private, but public. It is plain what the pation needs as its affairs grow more and more compler and its interests begin to touch the ends of the earth. It needs efficient and enlightened men. The universities of the country must take part in supplying them. American universitics serve a free nation whose progress, whose power, whose prosperity, whose hap piness, whose integrity depend upon individual initiative and the sound sense and cquupment of the mink and file. Thcir history, morcover, las set them apart to a character and service of their own. They are not mere seminaries of scholars. They never can be. Most of them, the greatest of them and the most dis. tinguished, were first of all great colleges before they became universitics; and their task is two-fold: tho production of a great body of informed and thought, ful men and the production of a small body of trained is onc of their functions s men up to the places of thought and nfinirs is to be viewed; it is another of their functions to take some men, a little more mature, a little more studious, men self-selected by aptitude and industry, Into the quiet libmrics and laboratories where the close con. facts of study are learned which yteld the world new insight into the processes of nature, of reason, and of the human spirit. These tivo functions are not to be performed separately, but side by side, and one to ho informed with one spirit, the spirit of enlightenment, a spirit of leaming which is neither superficial nor pedantic, which values life more than ii values the mere acquisitions of the mind. 1 Though the university may dispenso with profes. sional schools, professional schools may not dispense with the university. Professional schonis hard no. where their right atmosphere and association acept ·TEE STATESBIAN wbere they are parts of a unnersity and share its spunt and method They must love learning as well 23 professional success sa order to have their perfect usefulness This is not the verdict of the universites merely but of the professional men themselves, spoken out of hard experience of the facts of business The modern world now here shows a closeted proression shut in to a NITIDS, sound of technical fune Cons to which no koouldge of the outside world need ever penetrate Whiteses our calling our thoughts must often be held among men of many und amidst at rests as varinis as the phases of crodern lift The miniging mirds of the world, even the eláctent working minds of the world must be equipped for a mast n whose chief characteristic as adaptabilit pian 11: smutitise which transcends the bounds of mere technical training Technical schools whose training is niet horlt up on the foundations of a broad and cenrral discipline cannnt impart this The fact thies work upon must be prepared for them & processes which prsul ar fihre and elasticity and their own methods must be shot through with the impulsrs of th eversih It is this thit mal vrige ani o task so unter esting this corpi inter lisen lence and interrela tion of all the ne Sh prere the mind for Assalom ha neft ists that the ineti hint and the financer le trarlles munds the enginopt a bull of h oks and men the lawer a *de trant nt ff is the phiskon a familiar acquaintannt with th 13 of science and that the closeter <h lur hinself slo ild thrns his windont Open to the i suartets nf the world Laming is not ontled Its kingdom ant giver ment 356 95!instan uncle The processes of frastruction when fit 1 luge body of young men to serve thrie foton with powers released and fi ·THE WILSON READER What we conceive she couecives. In planning for Princeton, moreover, we are planning for the country. The service of institutions of leaming is not privata, but public. It is plain what the nation peeds 25 x affairs grow more and more complex and its interests begin to touch the ends of the earth. It needs efficient and enlightened mer The universities of the country must take part in supplying them Amencan universities sene a free nation whose progress, whose power, whose prospents, whose han piness, whose integrity depend upon individual initiative and the sound sense and equipment of the rank and file Their history, moreover, has set them aput to a character and service of their ow? They are not mere seminaries of scholars They never can be. Most of them, the greatest of them and the most distinguished, were first of all great collega's before they became universities, and their tark is in o-fold. tho production of a great body of informed and thought. ful men and the production of a small body of trained scholars and investigators It is one of their functions to tale large bodies of voung men up to the places of outlook whence the work of thonght and affairs is to be viewed it is anothey of their functions to tako some men, a little more mature, a little more studious, men self-selected by apetuude ind industry, into the quiet libranes and laboratories where the close contacts of study are lemnd which sell the world new Insight into the processes of nature of trason, and of the human spint These two functions are not to be rxrforma sparateli kot skip to subs and are to be informed with one spint the pint of cnlightrament, a spirit of leaming slurk is neither superficial nor pedantic, which alors le more than it lies thic mere acquisitions of the mind Though the university may disperse with profes. sional schools, proirssional schools may not ditpense with the university Prploecinos! crhale have no where their right atmosp ·THE STATESMAN 107 he No task, nghtly done, is truly prvake It is part the world's work The subtle and yet universal moections of things are what the truly educated as, be he man of science man of letters, or statestan, must keep alx ays in his thought if he would this work to the work of the world His adjustheat is as important as hus energy We mean so soon as our generous Enends trave traged these private finances in such a way as to mable there to release for our use enough money for purpose to build a notable graduate college I my bud' berause it will be not only a body of Itachers and students but also a college of residence, where men shall Isve together in the close and whole- O coraradeships of learning We shall build it, not apart, but 25 Beach 15 may be at the ven heart, the Geographical heart of the university and its comradeshap shall be for young men and old for the novice as well as for the graduate It will consttute but a single tem in the scheme of coordinabon which is our ideal. The windows of the gratluate college must open strught upon the walls and quadrangles and lecture halls of the stadium generale And there are other things besides mere material RUCTCSS with which we mast supply our generation It must be supplied with men who care more for Principles thin for money for the ncht adjustments of life than the rose cumulations of profit. The woblerns that call for sobey thoughtfulness and mere destina are as pressing as those which call for prac tical Scien W. are here not merely to release the facultors of my fry their own use but also to quicken their social nderstanding lastruct they consciences, and give them the catholie 135:on of those who know ther fat relations to their fellow men Here to America for mery man touched with nobility, for every mantramed with the spint of axis institutions, ·108 T & WILSON READEX for Beat tasks ought also to serve as the initial pm cesses by which scholars 253 intestigators are midi 2 We must not lost sight of trit fine conception o a general training which led our fathers in the day when men k3c3 het to huski greit states to in great colles ? ? on the in Vomar um knows that worki husiker stepposed that tin} woul coma wlan trening nii saukt ceck a college trining Ila pre not for the injority whic 17 for alt ?!?!? Ilust nf fint work, nos Arun for those wlicy still the skill andrcraft: which multiple th 1 ts }} { } { } { tits đi the couple muk 17 lei It is fastik maonly who plan uks me !! Ils spride! ho merlate betuten Group ml riti niti wys my be ned 18 thus is 1 2 4 s by Irvirrs an CHOS In »sh 1p»ugle 1th is no less mitte? Harrison who plas a mul furt te of genius doplathes to Pili neve's **11n the less 113 als school hex hende o atual Thriller rollent school for the her hus 11"ulf ifiscipline enough (1 ??? purt tiron 115 11 11 iki il 7? ?? the 13345* $uccy of their lives ir tt IMS And rapery ancy It thuis! hring to ls 1551 1 1rn in the Charter PT ·t THE STATESMAN 1 3 No task, rightly done, is truly povate it 2 part of the world's sask The subtle and yet universal connections of things are what the truly educated man, be he man of science man of letters, or statesman, must keep always up his thought, if he would fit his work to the work of the world His adjustment is as important as hiss eNeT) We mean, sa soon as our generous Inends have amanged their pritate Gnances in such a way as to enable them to release for our use enough money for the purpose to build a notable graduate college. I say "buld" because it will be not only a body of teachers and students but also a college of residence, wbere men shall live together in the close and wholesome comradeships of learning We shall build it, not apart, but as nearls as may be at the very heart, the geographscal heart of the unkersity and its comrade. shup shall be for young men and old, fos the novice as well as for the graduate It will constitute but a single term in the scheme of coordination such is our idea The windows of the graduate college must open straight upon the walls and quadrangles and lectue halls of the studium generale And there are other things besides mere material success with which we must supply our generation It must be supplied with men who cuse more for principles than for money for the right adjustments of hic thao for the cross accumulations of profit. The problems that call for sober thoughtfulness and mere derption 24 as presing as those which call for prachal efficient are here not merely to release the faculties of min for their own use but also to quicken their social nek rstanding instruct the consciences, and mne them the catholic vision of those who know thely just nlayns to their fellon men Here in America, for mery man touched with nobilty, for every man touched with the spint of our institutions, ·e 108 THE WILSON READFR social service is the high law of duty, and every American unis ersity must square its standards by that law or Iack its national title It is sering the nation training, :. thorough of crnct . truth fonind from generaton to generation ghe the certain touch of knou ledge to the processes of life. It is true that in order to learn men must for a little * hilo withdraw from action, must send some quict place of remove from the bustlc of affairs, where their thoughts may run clear and tranquil, and the heats of business bc for the timo put off, but that cloistered refuge is no place to dream in it is a place for the first conspectus of the mind, for a thoughtful poring upon the map of life, and the boundaries which should emerge to the mind's cze arc not more the intcllcctun thin the mom} boundaries of monchit and action I do not sco how any unicrsity can afford such an outlook if its teachings be not informed with the spint of religion and that the mligion of Christ, and with the energy of a positive faith The nign. ment for cfficiency in cducation can ho no ximn. sent lidity if the clliciency songht be not mor! as well as intellectunt The ages of strong and definito moral impulse hic been the ages of achievement, and the momi impulses ulich have lifted highest have come from Christian peoples-the moving his. tory of our oun nation nor proof enough of that. com cfficiency is, in the last nnalysis, the fundt. mental argument for liber culture I hnie studied the history of America i hyr seen her grow great in the paths of liberty ani of progress hy following after great ideals. Even concrete thing that she has donc has seemed to rise out of some

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·121 THE STATESMAN ** also be Democratic. The oices of President d Vice-President base been put into the bands of emocrats What does the change mean? That is le question that 23 uppermost is our minds today. hat is the question as going to try to answer, in nder, if I may, to interpret the occasion, It means much more than the mere success of a carty The success of a party means linde except rhea the Nahon is using that pasty os a large and Jefinite purpose. No one can mistake the purpose for each the Nation now seels to use the Demo cratic Party It seeks to tise it to interpret a change in 18 own plans and point of new some old things with which we had grown familiar, and which had begun to creep into the very habit of our thought and of our lives have altered their aspect, as we have latterly looked critically upon them, with fresh, xxukmed eyes have dropped their disguises and show themselves alien and sinister Some new cs, les frankly spon Hemn, *3 to comprehend their real character, have come to as sume the aspect of things long believed in and Familiar, stuff of our own convictions we have been refreshed by a new losight into our own life We see that in many things that life is very great It is incomparably great in its material aspects, in its body of wealth, in the diversity and sweep of its cherry in the edustries wluch have been conceived and built up by the genius of individual mes and the limitless enterprise of groups of men. It is greath also cry great, in its moral force Nowhere else in the world base noble mea and Korn exhibited in more striking forms the beauty and the energy of sympathy and helpfulness and masel in theis efforts to rectifs Wrong, alleviate AL-

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·THE 57 ATESILAN 113 to look out for themselves. We had not forgottes our morals We remembered well enough that we had set up & policy which was meant to serve the bumblest as well as the most powerful, with an eye single to the standards of justice and fair play, and remembered it with onde But we were very beedless and in a hurry to be great We have come now to the sober second thought. The scales at heellessness have fallen from our eyes We have made up our minds to square every process of our nahana} life again with the standards we 50 proudly set up at the beginning and have always med at our hearts Our work is a work of restoratan. Ne fase ate mixed with some degree of particulanty the thing that ought to be altered and here are some of the che items A tana winch cuts us o& from Our proper part in the commerce of the world, vo- Lates the just principles of taxation and makes the Covertiment & facile instrument in the hands of privite interests a banking and currency system based upon the necessite of the Government to sell its bonds Gity srs ago and perfectly adapted to concentrsting cash and restricting credits an indus. trial system which take it on all sts des financial as mesas em tradise holds capital in leading stran nutricts the stores and lumts the opportints if labor and pints without renewing or consening the natural resources of the country, a body of 111culture artistes nflet yet given the finns at business undertalings or served as if shonal? kys through the instrumentality of swence taken direct in the farm or alorded the facilities of trdit ist step in its practical needs water. CMITSE II lry Inped waste places unreclaimed, for. Minite to keep it Isting without plan or pros pyt el renewal Larded waste hears at every Teine Best studu ss perhaps no other dation hus the most fetit means of productson, but we base not studied cost economy as we should eather ·THE WILSON READER life contains enery great thing, and contains it in rid abundance But the ed has come with the good, and mud! line gold has been corroded With nches has com inexcusable kaste le lune squrdered a goal part of what 12 mght be wheat and hu1e zot stopped to constne the creding bounts of nature, without which our gumms fur unte sprint would have been worthly and unplent scornint to be mreful, shamefully prodigal is well is amhlt efficient We hrie buen proud of mir industrial cherements, but we hire not hitherto stopped thoughtfully enough to count the human cost the cost of lincs snuffed out, of energies overtarrat inel loreiken the curful physical and sparitual 20% in the run and women and chiktren lipun u hemm tise kulusinkit ini bunla of it all has filles pale was the very thoongh The groans iad agony of it all hud nt se rrihed our eis the solemn ou un krtost of our hfe coming up out of the 171}} int ters19out of cvery home where the struck hits munate and familiar su af Bath the relatix **** miny deep secret thuis what it loxol 1 klased in look into und rutin with us x le srl is s The greit Government urlore shus tx en lx* maide use of for priv3ft and selfish purj** s and those who used it had forgotten the imple At last x vision has been wuchs zf 19 of our life as a whol He see the buf sath of based and for det muthth an! nl vital With this vision ne pruh s itars dur ality is to cleanse to reconsskt toront ruct the evil without impurin, the woman pork in humanize exery prorms of nur ( 33 lf: with tit si ike ning or sentimentalizing it 114 r bis ten suone thing crude and heartless and 41: 1 lmin fuis fuste to succeed and be great Our tim bu kwent every man look out for kıyf !!!**n Generation jook out for itsell* *file spred s? snl muusiery which made it impossible that any but lose who stood at the lesers of control should have a chance ·THE STATESMAN 118 1 shich we face this new age of night and oppor hunty skeep across our heartstrings like some air out of Gods own presence where justice and mercy are reconciled and the judge and the brother are one. We know ous 1 task hich Whether we Deed of our people whether we be indeed their spokesmets and interpreters whether we have the pure heart to comprehend and the rectified will to choose our high course of action This is not a day of trumph it is a day of dedicatoo Hert muster not the forces of party but the forces of humanits Mas hearts wait upon us, men : Ines Basg in the balance men's hopes cali upon us to say 24 we will do Who shall Ive up to the great trust Who dares fail to try? I summon all bonest men all patriote all forward looking men, to my side Gor helping the I will not fail them, f they will but counsel and sustain mel ISOL 4FPTS HIS RENOVINATION ·THE WILSON READER as organizers of industry, as statestea, or as indi. viduals. Nor hare we studied and perfected the means by goremment may be put at the service of humanity, in saleguarding the health of the Natios, the health of its men and its women and its children as well as their rights in the struggle for cristopce. This is no sentimental duty The firm basis of governsment is Rustice not pits These vre matters of justice. There can be no puliti er opportunity the first essential of juister m the mul stie of men and women and children la auf skulded in their lives ther very valits from the consequences of great industrial and cul primessen win thes con sot alter, control or smeli (1}*• with friends must see to it that it kronot self crush or hetken ny damage its un constituent parts The fint of lair is to keep smine the MOUNT MESIN pure food in lins de termine whitions of labor usch medes nuk po to sletermins for themselves the pi{unt ste prints of the sens bistress of justice and legal etfickens These are se af de t**** 1 to do and not leave the outs 95K+K else call themel neerto-beneclerted fund te flaug of prop crty anet of men nube 1}}s the high intens prise of the field. To lite in the ston 15 at ft{ } 1 \ {{{ } tt tt : sim from the Ize wthfire f 15155 27413* ** term and vision of the right !!! Pells it ** Pk do this as part in tts Hot 1 sosuke do it in the fi! uns bland hasto Be shall er stort wth our cunctisk inste in stas molific wiss! Inicht l of it but the ass sheet of paper is uite upx?? up} male it litt ut skinsk be in this question their mus) uzufrim inst is unwi and kapalodec., not shallou sly! ment of extunions whether thirs cu stell fistice, and only justice, shall always be a 8 ·THE STATESMAN and set them upon the road of hopeful and confident prise. By the Federal Reserve Act the supply of currency the disposal of active business has been rendered astic, taking its volume, not from a fixed body of vestment secunbes, but from the liqud assets of üly trade, and these assets are assessed and acpred not by distant groups of bankers in control wavailable reserves but bv bankers at the many tars of local exchange who are in touch with local onditions everywhere Efecte measures have been taken for the re-creaon of an Amennan merchant manne and the revival & the American carrying trade indispensable to our mancipation from the control which foreigners have o long exercised over the opportunities, the routes, ind the methods of our commerct with other counstes The Interstate Commerce Commission has been retomanized to enable it in perform its great and important functions more promptly and more efficiently. We have createst extended and improved the service of the parcels poust ܬ ܝ For the farmers of the country we have virtually Staled comment credit by means of the Federal Reserve Act and the Rural Credits Act They now have the standing market Wahn In urteurre" in ing of grains B have 101 test to make the standard crops available as neily be for both for systemate marketing and as 1 secure for lains from the banks We have greatly added in the work of neighboshini y the firm itself ant touch the of the Departme tible for the fart: best markets are w in w get at them

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·TRE STATESMAN 117 and set then upon the road of bopehal sad confident elaprise. By the Federal Reserve Act the supply of currency at the disposal of active business has been rendered elastic, talong its volume, not from a fued body of Investment secunhes but from the liquid assets daily trade and these assets are assessed and 80- cepted, not by distant groups of bankers in control o unavailable resen es but by bankers at the many centers of local exchange who are in touch with local conditions everywhere. Effective measures have been taken for the re-creatyra of an American merchant manne and the revival of the American carrying trade indispensable to our emancipation from the control which foreigners have so long exercised over the opportunities the routes, and the methods of our commerce with other counimes The Interstate Commene Commission has been te organized to enable it to perform its great and imtant functions more promptly and more efficiently We have crentru extended and improved the service of the parcels post For the farmers of the country we have virtually Crated commercial stedit by means of the Federal Reserve Act and the Rural Credits Act They aow have the standing of other business men in the money market White sucessfull regulated speculation In "hatures in established standards in the marketa ing of grams As an intelligent Warehouse Act we have assisted in make the standard crops available as never befy both int systematic mukming and as a setting for Inans from the banks We have greatly zuded in the work of neighborhood demonstration on the farm itself of improsed methods of cultivation, anit thrush the intelligent extension of the functions of the Department nt Agnculture have made it possible for th famer to learn systematically where his best markets are and how to get at them

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·THE STATESMAN 119 FOREIGN POLICI THE NEW HOPE Wilson had said in a frend shortly before his rauguration 1 Presideut at the United States It would be the offste v iny dusstratou had to deal Lully with t sa atta Budes Buy S. Woodrotu Hilsen Lite a: 1 Ls 18 vols Double day Down a LO 13. 1333 in his cm fuign air was also su haruly mentioned foreiga ulars and hist tuvy stal had dealt tugether asth domesti prillernelle UDY was that from the futwe kutulos o problemas arve in Wall 13f1 ptits hun with the necessses #th card to Latio Anunca, Wawa fuu ili u kruas and predo Rautang callcge th lungi 11 ulum athly leading the Upit UBYK L n has owu mund Das Lessary to give new dome un citos dere skal bev dus eluquent Citest I wou alte 42452123 people ID U is it urtings and addresses J !* ) se si out 1 Mis onary Splomacy 3) Ilie Atemub of War of fors ula in --

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·E 121 THE STATESLAV baue to seek their share of the loan under the posed agreements only if expressly requested to so by the government The administration has lined to make such request because it did not rose the conditions of the loin or the implications responsibility on its own part which it was plainly I would be involved in the request The conditions of the lo4n seem to us to touch very url the administrative independence of China itself, this administration does not ftel that it ought, en by implication tu be a party to those conditions to responsibility on its part which would be impied requesting the bankers to undertake the lyan might incesvably go to the length in some unhappy con Igency of formble interference in the financial and cn the polstical affairs of that great oriental state, st nou as akening to a consciousness of its power its obligations to its people The conditions in ude not only the pledging of particular taxet some them antgunted and burde asome to secure the Jan Erit also the administration of those taxes by Orer a cents The responsibility on the part of our overnment implied in the encouragement of a loan hus serrure aid administered is plain enough and s obnoxious to the principles upon which the govem ment of our ma pole tests The Gummist of the United States is not only pilling, but punys!)destrozess of arding the great Chinese people in 1+1 #45 tuut is consistent with theus untrariis dus) prient and its own immem oral principles The au aki ning of the people of China to a consciousness of thpis poslusketies under free fonctnment is the most unificant if not the most momentous esent of out #neration With this move mirnt and aspıntion thu American people are in pro formal sympaths This certain) wish to particpate, ant participate regs generously in opening to the Chinese and in the 356 of the wild the almnet touchedning!

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·THE STATESMIAN 123 Which exempts vessels engaged in the coastwise trade of the United States from payment of tolls, and to toge upon you the justice, the wisdom, and the large policy of such repeal with the utmost carnestness of which I am capable la my out judgment, very fully considered and maturek formed that Limption constitutes a mis talen cronomic policy from ever point of view, and », morcos ES plain contrasention of the treaty with Crat Bytm concrming the canal concluded on November 16 1901 But I hule not corne to urge upon sou my personal views I have come to state to you a fact and a situation Whatever may be our own differences of pinion Conneming this much debated measure its meaning is not debated outside the t'nteri State's Everywhere else the language of the treaty 's given hut one mterpretation and that interpretation psccludes thit emption I am asking you to rule consented to the treat its language we accepted if He did nt ongizate it, and ** are to bog for jwerful to sell respecting a nation to interpret with a tvo stramned or refined fading the words of our own promises just because chaic HT toile to give us leave in tlad the He please The farge tiung to do is the only thing en affiti in the volutiry withdrawal from position entrVW tuere qutstioned and misundertoo! We make mi KDEX our action without raus. mig thr question will I NE Hije nght or wtoog. and so (154 133T dlesne out reputation for genes. Osity and for thumptuon of exery obligation Without quuhtele * lusitalo 1 23 this at 1 Part of the foreign policy of the admittiti I Shill riest know how to deal with ollut otte? f 1613 greater delicacy and ticaret cije" 11 if suns dos trot grant it to me la ·19 THE WILSOV READEN trade relationships between this country and the Chinese Republic This is the main materia. interest of its citizens in the desclopment of Chios Our interests are those of the open door me door ol friendship and mutual advantage This is the only door we care to cntcr PANAMA CANAL TOLLS By the Panama Canal ist passed in August 1919 Congress exempted ships engaged in coastu ise trade of the United States Irom payment of canal tolls Great Bntam protested the exemption declarag that was in cifret a volation of the Jay Paupcefore Treaty of 1001 which proclaimed equal rates for a}} tuations In his address to a joint session of Congress dellyered on March 5 1914 (reprinted from 51 Congressional Record 4313 (1914) the Public Paperry The New Democracy 1 92 93) Wilson although he had approved exemption in his 1912 campaign having become convinced that the national honor required * Asked Congress to repeal the Act Congress o ceded Wilsons victory in thus instance received wide acclaim at home and abroad and strengtheved the position of the United States internationally Vilson had made it clear that he stood for bonor and fois dealing GENTLEMEN OF THE CONGRESS I have come to you upos an erraad włuch can be Sery bnclly performed but I beg that you will not meisure its importance by the number of sentences in ithich I state it No communication I have ad dressed to the Congress carned with it graver or more far reaching implications as to the interest of the country, and I come nou to speak upon a matter with regard to which I am charged in a peculiar degree by the Constitution itself, with personal responsi bility 1 kave come to ask you (or the repcal of that pro- Vision of the Panama Canal Act of August 24, 1912,

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·18 ZIŁ WILSON READER military forces is Mexico that could protect our border from hostile attack and our own people from violence, and we have committed there so single Act of hostslity or interference even with the sosereign authonty of the Republc of Mexico herself It was 3 plain case of the violation of our own sovereignty which could not wait to be vindicated by damages und for whuch there was no other remedy. The du thorities of Mexico were pos erless to prevent it Many serious wrongs against the property, many irreparablc utongs against the persons, of Amencas have been committed within the territory of Mexico herself during this confused revolution, wrongs which could not be effectually checked so long as there was no constituted power in Mexico which was in a position to check them We could not act directly in that matter ourselves without denying Medicains the right to any revolution at all which disturbed us and making the emancipation of her own people await our own interest and copycarence For it is their emancipation that they are seekingblindly, it may be, and as set ineffcctually, but with profound and passionate purpose and within thex unquestionable nght, apply what true American pna. ciple you will any prnaple that an Amencan would publicly arow The people of Mexico have not been suffered to own their own country or direct their own institutions Outsiders, men out of other nations and with snterests too often alien to their own, have dictated what their privileges and opportunities should be and who should control the land, therr lives, and their resources-some of them Americans, pressing for things they could never have got in their own country. The Mexican people are entitled to at. tempt their liberty from such influences, and so long as I have anything to do with the action of our great Goiemment I shall do everything in my power to prevent anyone standing in their way I know that This is hard for some persons to understand, but it is not hard for the plain people of the United States to understasd it is hard doctrine only for those who ·THE STATESJAV wish to get something for themselves out of Meno There are men and noble komen too not a few of O ** peopl. thank God! those fortuines are m Sested in great properties in Viex co who yet see the mse with true Vision and assess its issues 701 true Amenos feelng The rest cia be left for the present out of the reckon nu, until the enslaved people has had its la of struggle toxundo de light I have htuid mh one wl us free from s ch slunce pro ose internet the inted States with the Internal Si lleu a Certa nl no friend of the Vex can yopil pepe sedi The guy? La se tes are capable of RM si ?? p! dealing with wohl Ex sman and repre. in it the sp nt they would 12 y pl Vero re striving nt I tolfe and happi erburdessed tal bondage in Plathaustible treasurt As the entron tay ollen 3 5 21 nt a d selfish, But th ble anus night n visht 1or 1 1 wam 5) the 3

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·On 148 THE WILSON READER Administration within three socks after I assumed the presidency I here again row st I am more intar ested in the fortunes of oppressed men and pitafiz) women and children than in ing property rights what CILI Vislatkes Ihre no doubt made so this perplex ing business but not in purpost or object fore is involled thun the indiate destínics of Merico ind the relations of the United States with a distresxd ind distracted people All America looks Test is now being made of us whether we be Siare lo as of 1xmlır libu st; or not and rra indeed to be trusted to respect national SOScreignty among Our weiher neighbours He hne undertaken theso many 3x trs to play lng brother to the republics of this hemisphere 7 lus is the day of our test shether we mean or her me int to play that part for our own fx na fit holly or also for theirs Upon the outcome of that test (its outcome in their minds, not mousta) de prends cher relationship of the United States with Latin Americi whether in politics or in commerer and interprise These are great issues and tie at the heart of the stinest tasks of the future, tasks both economic and polytical and sery intimately 1932 rought with miny of the most val of the new issues of the politics of the world The republic of America furse in the list three years been dmwing together in a murit of krommodation, mutual underst indling cordi cooperidon Much of the politics of the world in the vears to come sall depend upon their relationships with one another It is a brrrcn und provenant state sin unsłup that loses sight of such things The future the unine di ile future will bnag us squarely fun to face with many great and exacting probleins which will se urchi us through and through u hether we be able and ready to play the part in the world that we mean to play It will not bring us into their presence slowly, gently, with cene monious mtroduction, but suddeals and at once, the moment the war in Europe is or er They will be new problems, most of thes, many will be old problemas

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·10 THE WILSON READER These are tho nm foundations the world m build for itself, and we must play our part in t reconstruction, generously and without too mu thought of our sejuarate interests We must make of selves nas to play it mtelligentiv, vigorously ar well One of the untrutus re must make to t world. 77 this I put priten to it that 11 people 1 er usilor su saxons ir treated in the ou lands Haruhi on it them here, and mul the risk of the United States me in the same thur everns 54 - 56 hitre the sime consideratia for the ent1 Mghts of ??R Het vielen antributiik Hr angrudging moral an praeil 1pxit to the asfiblishment of peac through the urla we must retivel and intell enth poor (1315& lto do our full service in th fruk nx indo tri x }}x} * to utain and develo that like it thus in si mi to come 1. bekk treuls ! {Innlent in this grent mat ter ud sale ourses with the insinumentalitie of propt acestment He hise created, in th Fexeral rule (148 I means of anywry 394 of recommandatin in the field of cummerce whic ought but to Tassalsaate the enterprises of ou traders and manufkturers in to remove the barrier of misim.lerstand me of the technim interpre tation of the lans » the air Tand crymission we have added another pistruinentalt of observation and addrement which premises to br immediately serviceable The True Comission substitutes coun. sel and coinmadatron for the harsher processes of Jegr restr 1333 and the Tirff Commisjon ought to substitute facts for prendres and theories Our ex porters hive for some tinte had the advantage of working m the new light thrown ujxon foreign markets and opportunities of trade in the intelligent inquiries and actives of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce which the Democratie Congress so wisely Created in 1912 The Tarli Commission completes thic micluncry by which we shall be enabled to open ·THE STATESMAN 133 excite passion 11U cult Wwway in 1 ry and whose loads to its Gwertiment should them as Ameti ais all bound in lonor and ion to Uul fist of her aud het interests may vided in canps of sne upirun hot against other mollith war itself in impulse and od of sot in action ch divisions amoi 4t us would by fatal to our e of mind id, it scrissly stand u the way € prop P f In 1 ce tour duty as the one :abon at pau ty one people holding itself y to plant a rast of impartial medition and the cour is of peace ul 3 alcom i dati n pot partisar ut us fre enture u fc) stui trymen to speak demo u rd margt og int that deepmost st til breach of neutrality si not of passion Iv takut Is 11 Intel Statsmt tre neutral d ths ds that are irm PMI in tho iglit 15 ll as in all bp n our sentiment ucli nilimt be con 1 early to the struggle My t it I am scaling I feel a lyse of every thought Ancill try of Ors wach Its al o our hearts UUSI ir II of pecuhne thala al 0 ft } to Ibit the fine poise of nd sturlud mitt ty {self-ontrol the Tc1es y of soft acci Ilat on that be the $ 1) it po ot! 35 stu listurbed in her wwn ansils and wlul leeps herself Gt and free to to ma sº 3 act as ved 25 2 fore ait T re th of cs 1

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·135 THE STATESYAN x being constantly renewed from gencration to generation by the same process by #hich it was enginally created It is as x humatuty bad determined to see to it that this great Nation fnunded for the benefit of humanity should not lack for the alle grance of the people of the orld You have just taken an nath sé alle uiince to the United States Of all clief to whom. Of allegiancc ** 10 one, unless it be fou-certainly not of alle 22ce to those wlin timpuranls represent t'as great avenutnent Jou have taken an uath of allegiance ; a meat deal to yrit bour of prmruples to a Icat bope of the human salt 101 have said "We re going to America not onl to earn a 10120g not ply to seek the things which it was more difficult o obtain where we wire txim but to belp forward he great enterpri pt f the human pant-lo let men now that everywhere in the world there are then ho will cross ser in de kleins and austiere 1 sxech is spolen much abos ir them if they can but sausfy their quest for what their prits crane knowwg that whatever the spx+ch there is in one Imaging and utterance of the fiumin lic art and that is for ind lule you bring all counbies with you ou tuine with a prirjuse of leaving all other canintrics behind 100--brinung what is best of their spirit but not lieling over your shouldmes Ad scehing to perpetuate what ou intended to leave befund in them I certain would not be one even to suggest that a mani ct ise to love the home of his buth and thit nati i ot his origin-these tlungs are very sacred anel aucht not to be put out of our hearts--but it is one thin ise the place where you were boom and its ani thyer thing to dedicate yourself to the place to which iu go you cannot dedicate yourself to 4mm uulss og beume in etery respect and with every purpose of your hul thorough Americans fou cannot become thorough Americans if you think of spurst lies in groups Amenca does not consist of group man who thinks of hunself as cular national group in America libetty and justice ·134 THE WILSOV READEN do what is honest and disinterested and truly servis able for the peace of the world. Shall we not resolve to put upon ourselves restraints which will bring to our people the ha piness and the great and lasting influence for pea wo covet for them? TOO PROUD TO FIGHT SPEECH President Wilson delivered this address in Philadelphia on Alay 10, 1915 as a part of the naturalization ceremonies held for several thousand foreign bom Individuals who had applied for citizenship Magufying the sageslicance of the unfortunate phrase by herdlining the speech under this caption, the press thereby ptured the attention of those whose tompers were already emotionally Inlained over the sinking of the Lusitania only three days enthier As a result sharp criticism and sneers were widespread and the cartoonists depictsng 1 President who had to be "Licked into war enjoyed a heyday Actually, Wilson had said as he was ta anaounce even moro emphatically in the future and ferred elsewhere in thus same address that there was something far greater than fighung to be undertaken Ile was still hopeful that was might be avoided This address appears in the Public Papers, The New Democracy, 1, 318 320 he in It warms my heart that you should give me such a recepbon, but it ss sot of myself that I wish to think to-mght, but of those who have just become citizens of the United States This is the only country in the world which experiences this constant and repeated rebirth Other countries depend upon the multiplication of their own native people This country is constantly drinking strength out of new sources by the soluntary association with it of great boches of strong men and forttard-looking somen out or other lands And so by the gift of the free will of Indonndant manula

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·THE STATESMAN 139 Democracy, 1, 381-392), and the other to Congress bea be delivered hus anngal message in Dember (53 Congresmonal Record 95-100 (1915) the public Papers The new Democruy 1 406-128) Congres sional leaders were fearful that the submarine situa tion would lyug war with Germany and introduced the Core-clamore resolubons in both Flouses of through. Would weak in the strength of his position against Germany and his eforts 1 Behait of human nghts flee the liter addressed to foc 11cm the vote in the resolutions was taken the result was clearly a vit tur the Pre lent Sigub antly of Diese 1cseluts n's The teat of the resultums pointed up the strength the Presides i byth as head of his party ind spokescian fr inreton pales It AS wteresting to i te two that when th President Asked Congre v urth in beslate ww he hated thus request on the stub thned us thus letter Frank rep! February 24, 1916 MY DEAR SEAT llen warmlı vypracite your land and frank letter letter of to day ai i ftel that it calls for an equally You are nicht tu sssumirc ibat I shall do everything in my power to keep the wted States out of war i think the country will frei no uneasiness about my course in that propect 1) rough many anxious month's I luse struktura stolject amidst difficulnes more manifold thions n has been apparent upno the sur face and so fillast sulCreded I do pot doubt that I shall contulu to Sikcted the course which the central l nya in lipshule announced the intention of following in the future with regard to underseg warfare stems for the moment to threaten 10- superable obstacles but its apparent meaning 1$ sp

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·135
TUE WILSOY READER
the hertbreaking burden of the struggle of the day
that is common to mankind everywhere, we cannot
erempt you from the loads that
you must
cam
We
can only make them light by the spint in wluch they
are cried That is the spirit of hope, it is the spirit
of liberty, it is the spint of justico
When I ws asked, thercforc, by the Mayor and
the committee that accompanied him to come up
from Washington to meet this great company of
nou ly admitted atzens, I could not decline the iniz
tation I ought not to be away from Washington,
and yet I feel that it has rencued my spint as an
American to be here in Washington men tell you
so many things cicry day that are not so, and I lic
to come and stand in the presence of a great body of
my fellow-citizens, whether they have been my
Sellos-citizens a long time or a short time, and drinh,
as it were, out of the common fountains with them
and go back feekas what you have so generously
given me the sense of your support and of the living
vztalts in your hearts of the great ideals which have
made America the hopo of the world.
THE RIGHT OF AMERICANS TO TRAVEL
In Toucnr 14

·THE STATESH AN 141 of the shlogs that have made America a sovereiga Datian She cannot yield them without conceding her own impotency as & gation and making virtual surrender of her independent position among the nations of the world I am speaking my dear Senator, in decp solemnity, without beat, with a clear consciousness of the hugh responsibilities of may office and as your sincere and devoted friend If we should unhappuy differ, we shall differ as (nends but where nsues so momentowe as these are mvolved we must, just because we are friends, speak our minds without resen ation Faithfully yours WOODROW WILSON HON WILLIAM STOVE Unutrd States Senate THE SUSSEX (FFAIR President Wilson un ths aditress (reprinted here from $3 Congres trnal Rp ord 6-119-843 (1918) the Public Papers The Democracy 1 133 135) de Uveres before faint Ses ve Two flouses of Congres Apr 19 1916 restates largely the coutent of the sum which type incorporated sa bus the preceding day dispatched to the C MITRI 25 a result of their torpedoing 1 $ in se suhn alt ka ed cac of the trust ytle Efisos tat occurred during the penod of African seutate Hall in Wuson de clared 4.74T ·140 THE WILSON READER manifestly inconsistent with explicit assurances rccentgnen us by those porters with regard to their treatment af merchant sessels on the high seas that I must believe that explanations will presently ensuc wluch will put a diferent aspect upon at We have had no resou to question thuif good farth or the fidelity to their promises in the pist and I for ooc, fect con Gdent that we shall have none in the future But in my event our duty is clear No anton, no group of motions has the right while w r 15 in progress to alter or de 3rd the prmciples such all nations base igral up Don of the horrors and sufferings en war and if the cleur rights of America citizens should ict unhappy be bruleed or denied by ny such astron ki slunuld it seems to me have In honor no choice us to wait our own course should be For my own pulcin not consent to inv abrds ment of the rulity of Antrie in tizens in any respect The fxnor and self respect of the Nation is an ohed We cover niet and shall preserve it it any cost but the loss of his thr To turbid osir peopl to exercise ther riubits for muht be called upon to van dicate them would Ix a deep kuntation m<leed It would be in mmplest ill lout in epleit acquescence in the violation of the mults of minkmd yerys here and of bitter nu il or ille man it would be a delsberita abdk iti 11 of mr lusthusto proud jxosition ns spoke371) 1) (1 st the 11151132 of 11 ar for the 1x1 the sight it all the fucrithing this Goernment bis itted in *s3tıny that it has achtered during this tuisblt trucule of antus me in ingless und {utike It is triportant to reflect that »» this mst Net Me allowed pedicure} take the place of principle, the door would sik sztabily In <pried to stall further concessious Dace kept inne istement of tight and many other busstati s umild uirtly follow, and the shok {tetorit of internet mal au might crumble under our hands prece by pece 1 kuse are contending for in tlus matter is of the spre Acer ?

·THE STATESMAN of the things that have made America a sovereign nation she cannot yieid them without concedang ber owa Impotency as a nation and makiag virtual surrender of her independent position among the datons of the world I am spealong my dear Sedator, in deep solemnity, without heat, with a clear consciousness of the high responsibilities of my office and as your sincere and derated friend I we should unhappily differ, we shall differ as (nedds buf bere issues so momentous as these are wvolved we must, just because we are friends, speak our minds without reservation Faithfully yours WOODROW WILSON How WILLIAM STONE United States Senate THE SUSSE AFFAIR ha? President Walsun in this addrest retind bere from 53 congrceste nal Re ord 6419-6119 (2010) the Publır Tapers The Of NOCTACY I 153 159) de lsveseel before a } t 5-55 of the Two llouses of Congres on Apn! 19 1916 zestates largely the coulents of the ultimatm which be incorporated ca dhe psece Barsg day dispatches to the Germ (sernment is a result of thets torpedoing later who wam ng thr married Freach cross rel ferry the Sussct A large number of passer 17 and utem were kled Although a lew Amenny w ten red # was not leamed unul auch I teet t no mercan loses were loss Germany Inst e to keep her promise, after pressus suber di po died one uf the most severe cns sed during the perod of American De os derable deliberata Wilson de clied thor al 19 gote (*hkh appears in the mith ut of international Law Special 13) ter 1916 188-19 and in the Public Part Til Ves Democray, II 137 152) stopping just at té uf sag relations that unless the ter pazed wrestricted umarine wasíase the Unlie Stutes would be forced to wreak dipimatic relations it was the pledge from Ceria y forth. TAILS

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·THE STATESHIAN 143 effion or founded upon merely arbitrary principles up by convention It » based, on the contrary, munfort and impostupa nastrimlor of humanity balants Deeded to carry out the policy it bud announced it expressed the hope that the dangers in ohed at any Tre the dangers to na utral vessels would be reduced to a minimun by the instructions which it had asped to its submitme cominanders and assured the Covernment of the Chicd States that it would take erexy xxssible prestaon both to rt spect the rights of beutrals and to safevird the lives of non-com What has actually happened in the rear which has sitor elwad his shown that those hopes were not frastebied flinse asblushes insusta ptutile of being ful- Bleed in purmance of the policy of submarine warfac acumut the commerce of its adversanes thus Abdoune nd cuted upon by the Imperial Cer: man (xcrunt in de spiti of the solemn protest of the Government the is anders of German underseu vessels have itt chic merchants ships with greater del greater activits not onls upon the lugh sea sur Tound (1 Katun 28 lreland but wherever they could encounter them in a way that has grown core and more ruthits more and more indiscriminate the maths huve 1 by less and less observant of testraints of any kind and have delivered their Sachs without cornpunt in against vessels of every gabonality and housed upon trery sort of errand lesels of neutral outer shop pen wassets of neutral piriership bound {int puittal port to Deutral port, dure herni destroyed along with vessels of belligerent Owner up in constantly increasiss, munbers Some- Days the inercbantinan attachel has been warned 3 Sunni Therl to sufrinder before being fired on or sedorst sometimes passengers or crews have been hsaiki the poor sexunty of being allowed to

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