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·Indian Council of Medical Research
(सत्यमेव
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TECHNICAL REPORT
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
MRS
....W
www fresh
FOR THE YEAR
-
1955
urut per Copy One Rupee
Obtainable from the Secretary
Indian Council of Medical Research, P. O. Box, 494
NEW DELHI (India).

·INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH GOVERNING BODY President : — Thc Hon'blc RAJKUMARI AMRIT Kaur, linister for Health, Government of India, New Delhi. Vice-President : Shri V. K. B. PILLAI, 1.C.S., Sccrctary to the Goveriimcnt of ...dia, Ministry of Health, New Delhi. - Members : Licut. Colonel M. L. ANUJA, M.B., Ch.B., M.D., D.P.II., Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli. Dr. INDERJIT SINGH, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Professor of Physiology, S. N. Medical Collcge, Agra. - Dr. U. P. Basu, D.Sc., P.R.S., F.N.I., Director, Bengal Immunity Research Institutc, Calcutta. Dr. K. V. KRISIINAN, M.Bs., D.B., M.R.G.P., D.SC. F.N.I., . Director, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. B. Licut.-Gencral CHAUDIIURI, M.B., M.R.C.P., T.D.D., F.N.I., Dircctor-General of Armed Forces Medical Services, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi. Licut. Colonel C. K. LAKSHMANAN, 1.M.s., M.R.C.S., D.T.M. & H., D.P.H., Director-General of Health Services, New Delhi, Dr. R. N. CHAUDHURI, M.B., M.R.C.P., T.D.D., F.N.I., Dircctor, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Licut.Colonel T. C. Puri, M.B.B.S., D.P.H., D.T.M. & H., Deputy Director-General of Health Services, New Delhi. . Maharaja SHRI KRISHNA CHANDRA GAJAPATHI NARAYANA Deo, Maharaja of Parlakimedi, District Ganjam. Dr. SATYABAN Roy, M.P., 3 Galstaun Mansions, Park Street, Calcutta. Dr. B. B. DIKSHIT, Ph.D., M.B.B.S., M.R.C.P., F.N.I., Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay, Contractor's Building, Nicol Road, Bombay-l. Major-General Sir SAHIB SINGH SOKHEY, M.P., Co Haffkine Institute, Parel, Bombay-12. Dr. S. A. EBENEZER, M.P., A/10, 388, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad- Dn. Dr. M, S, THACKER, B.Sc. Engg., M.I.E.E. (Lond.), M.I.M. (Lond.), M.Inst.F. (Lond.), etc. Director, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Old Mill Road, New Delhi. Dr. GOVINDA REDDY, M.D., Principal, Andhra Mcdical College, Waltair, Secretary : Dr. C. G. PANDIT, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., D.P.H., D.T.M., P.N.I. Secretary, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.

·CONTENTS PAGE IX I, COMPOSITION OF THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD II. COMPOSITION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEES III. RESEARCHES CARRIED OUT DURING THE YEAR х CHOLERA. 2 ... 1. Inquiry on the mutation of cholera vibrios in fish under Dr. M. N. Lahiri at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 2. Inquiry into the state of anuria and uræmia in cholera with special reference to its treatment under Dr. A. Das at the Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Calcutta 3. Inquiry on the evaluation of the phages acting on vibrios and the application of bacteriophage typing in epidemiological investigations on cholera under Dr. B. Ghosh Ray and Dr. M. N. Lahiri at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta MALARIA. 1. Insecticide and mosquito repellent inquiry under the Director, Malaria Institute of India, Delhi 2. Inquiry on the preparation of water dispersible DDT under Dr. A. B. Biswas at the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona 3. Inquiry on the factors influencing the development of malaria parasite in the mosquito by cytochemical technique under Professor H. N. Ray at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 1 4 5 13 20 .. 22 23 25 5. Inquiry on the study of the life-history, bionomic, toxonomy and disease transmitting capacity of members of family Ceratopogonidä under Dr. B. C. Basu at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta NUTRITION. 1. Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor 2. Nutrition Research Unit under Dr.B.C. Guha at the University College of Science & Technology, Calcutta 3. Nutrition Research Unit under Dr. R. G. Chitre at the Seth G. S. Medical College, Bombay 4. Inquiry on the metabolism of vitamin A under Dr. K. Rajagopal at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 52 77 87 9 ·( i ) PAGE 89 1 93 ... .. 101 5. Inquiry on the metabolism of nicotinic acid under Dr. S. Banerji at the Presidency College, Calcutta 6. Inquiry on human requirements of riboflavin and thiamine undcr Dr. H. N. De at the M. G. M. Medical College, Indore 7. Studies on energy metabolism under Dr. S. Banerji at the Presidency Collcgc, Calcutta 8. Inquiry on the role of folic acid and vitamin B,, in the metabolism of cholinc and methioninc under Dr. A. Sreenivasan at thc Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay 9. Investigation on the influence of cooking on the nutritional valuc of foods under Shri M. L. Pai at the Medical College, Baroda 10. Studies on the intracellular distribution of vit:!mins under Dr. J. Ganguly at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ... 11. Studics on metabolism of starvation and malnutrition under Professor M. L. Chakraborthy at the Medical College, Calcutta 105 ... 110 118 119 LEPROSY. 121 128 1. Leprosy inquiry under Dr. Dharmendra at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 2. Leprosy inquiry under Dr. V. R. Khanolkar at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay 3. Leprosy inquiry under Dr. Paul W. Brand at the Christian Medical College, Vellore ... 4. Leprosy inquiry under Dr. S.D. Desai at the Ackworth Leprosy Home, Bombay 129 139 ... PLAGUE. 146 ... 1. Inquiry on the pullicidal value of pyrethrum under the Director, Haffkine Institute, Bombay 2. Studies in enzymes of Pasteurella pestis under Dr. D. L. Srivastava at the Central Drugs Research Institute, Lucknow 3. Inquiry on the mechanism of the maintenance of plague infection in rats and feas under Dr. B. C. Seal at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 152 155 ... CLINICAL RESEARCH. 160 ... 1. Clinical Research Unit under Dr. V. R. Khanolkar at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay 2. Neuropathological unit under Dr. V. R. Khanolkar at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay 163 ·(iii) PAGE 170 173 186 197 209 213 ... 215 223 ... 3. Inquiry on the rôle of nutritional factors in hepatic cirrhosis under Dr. M. V. Radhakrishna Rao at the Haffkine Institute, Bombay 4. Hæmatological unit under Dr. C. R. Das Gupta at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 5. Clinical Research Unit under Dr. R. N. Chaudhuri at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 6. Liver Diseases research unit under Dr. P. N. Wahi at the S. N. Medical College, Agra 7. Inquiry on electro-retinography in vitamin A deficiency under Dr. R. P. Dhanda at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore 8. Inquiry into endemic focus of schistosomiasis in India under Dr. R. K. Gadgil and Dr. S. N. Shah at the Grant Medical College, Bombay 9. Studies of the Indian piosonous snakes under Dr. P. J. Deoras at the Haffkine Institute, Bombay 10. Inquiry into the changes, clinical and pathological, that are present months or years after apparent recovery from Kwashiorkor' or Nutritional dystrophy, under Dr. S. T. Achar at the Madras Medical College, Madras 11. Inquiry on treponemal agglutination tests for syphilis (TPA Test) under Dr. C. W. Chacko in the Venereal Diseases Laboratory, Upgraded V. D. Department, Government General Hospital, Madras 12. Inquiry on anæmia and toxæmia as a result of amcbic infection under Dr. R. M. Kasliwal at the Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 13. Inquiry into the use of artificial hypothermia (hibernation) in open intracardiac surgery under Dr. P. K. Sen at the Seth G. S. Medical College, Bombay 14. Effect of metaphyseal stimulation of longitudinal bone growth under Dr. B. Mukopadhya at the Prince of Wales Medical College, Patna 15. Scheme for tuberculin re-testing of BCG mass campaign vaccinated persons in India under Dr. P. V. Benjamin, Adviser in Tuberculosis, Directorate-General of Health Services, New Delhi 16. Studies on anti-fatty liver fractions of the pancreas and their role in the prevention and treatment of fatty livers, under Dr. J. C. Sachdev at the M. G. M. Medical College, Indore 17. Experimental study of the effects of increase in' portal vein pressure with reference to the development of ascites and its relation with blood flow in the hepatic artery under Dr. R. M. L. Mehrotra at the K. G. Medical College, Lucknow 18. Studies on the rôle of immunologic mechanisms in the production of aplastic anaemia under Dr. V. S. Mangalik at the King George's Medical College, Lucknow 225 234 243 248 257 + 262 263 268 ·( iv ) PAGE 269 .. 270 271 273 274 ... 19. Study of incidence and rclationship of prenatal and nconatal sypliilis of abortions, still-Hirths, nconatal deaths and congenital syphilis and results of trcatincnt with penicillin at various stages under Dr. B. B. Gokhale at thc Sassoon Hospitals and B. J. Medical Colldogc, Poona 20. Inquiry into the role of tuberculosis in the pathogenesis of pelvic in ſammatory Icsions under Dr. P. K. Malkani at the Lady Hardingc Medical College, New Delhi 21. Inquiry into the virulcncc to guinca-pigs and mice of tubercle bacilli isolated from tuberculous paticnts prior to, during and after treatment with streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid under Dr. Frimodt-Mollar at thc' Union Mission Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Arogyawaram, P.O., Chittoor District 22. Inquiry on the climination of acid-fast saprophytes from routine cultures for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis under the Director, Tuberculosis Centrc, New Delhi. 23. Inquiry on the incidencc of human and bovinc type of infection in cxtra pulmonary tuberculosis with particular reference to abdominal tuberculosis with or without associated pulmonary tuberculosis under Dr. N. L. Chitkara and Dr. M. L. Sur at the Medical College, Amritsar 24. Inquiry into thic antigenic structure of recently isolated strains of 'M. tuberculosis as rcycaled by the hämagglutinin absorption techniquc under Dr. H. I. Jhala at the Grant Medical Collge, Bonibay. 25. Inquiry on thc cſſcct of anti-tubercular drugs on the synthesis of phthioic acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis under Dr. S. Chandrasckhar and Licut.-Colonel A. J. H. de Monte at thc Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institutc, Delhi 26. Inquiry into inter-relationship between tuberculosis and malaria under Dr. (Kumari) H. Patil at the Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 27. Studies on heart in anæmia and malnutrition under Dr. R. P. Malhotra at the Mcdical College, Amritsar 28. Inquiry on the clinical application of electro-retinography in cataract, glaucoma and detachment of retina under Dr. R. P. Dhanda at the M. G. M. Medical College, Indore 29. Biochemical and serological investigation on Eschesichia Klebsiella strains isolated from urinary infections under Dr. S. P. Gupta and Dr. N. P. Gupta at the King George's Medical College, Lucknow 30. Investigation into the role of allergens and various other factors in the production of bronchial asthma in Rajasthan in general and in Jaipur area in particular under Dr. R. M. Kasliwal at the S. M. S. Medical College, Jaipur 31. Inquiry on suprarenal activity in experimental cholera under Dr. S. N. De at the Nilratan Sarkar Medical College, Calcutta 280 284 ... 285 286 ... 288 291 293 ... 297 1 .ܝ ܚ ·PAGE B. 298 300 300 301 305 -.. .. 307 308 32. Electrophoretic studies of normal and pathological human sera under Shri N. C. Datta at the Grant Medical College, Bombay 33. Protective and adrenergic effects of administrered aminoacid methionine, glycine, and glutamic acid under Dr, Shiv Kumar at the Medical College, Amritsar 34. Histo-chemical investigations on neurohumoral transmission under Dr. C. M. Francis at the Medical College, Trivandrum 35. Inquiry on " Higher nervous control over visceral activity under Dr. B. K. Anand at the Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 36. Inquiry on the forination, distribution, structure and development of the splanchnic nerves under Dr. Inder Jit at the Medical College, Amritsar 37. Inquiry on the value of commercial silk grafts to bridge large blood vessel gaps under Dr. Yudhvcer Sachdeva at the Medical Collge, Amritsar 38. Study of renal changes following ureteric ligation and estimation of recovery following release of obstruction by ureteric transplantation under Dr. B. N. Balkrishna Rao at the G. R. Medical College, Gwalior 39. Inquiry into pneumoconiosis in the non-industrial population of Rajasthan with special reference to emphysema under Dr. R. K. Goyal at the Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 40. Inquiry on toxoplamosis-laboraory diagnosis and pilot survey under Professor H. 1. Jhala at the Grant Medical College, Bombay 41. Investigation in the use of certain Ayurvedic preparations in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus under Dr. R. V. Sathe at the J. J. Hospital & Grant Medical College, Bombay 42. Inquiry on the incidence of atherosclerotic in Delhi State and its correlation with blood under Dr. S. Padmavati at the Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 43. Inquiry into the isolation and investigation of Bact. coli strains from (a) new-born babies, (b) children under 12 admitted to the Hospital nursery, and (c) pathological material other than fæces under Dr. S. Bhatia at the Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 44. Experimental teratogenesis with benzyl alcohol under Dr. P. Duraswami at the Orthopædic Research Laboratory, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi MATERNITY AND CHILD WELFARE. 317 . 319 .. ... 324 332 336 337 .. 1. Hæmatological investigations of the new-born babies of anæmic mothers under Dr. R. K. Dutta Chaudhuri at the Chittaranjan Seva Sadan & Cancer Hospital, Calcutta 338 ·(vi) PAGE 352 358 372 . 331 2. Inquiry on the estimation of estrogen content of urine in toxamias of pregnancy with special reference to etiology and prognosis under Dr. S. Mitra, S. Basu ei c at the Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital, Calcutta 3. Study of nutritional status of expectant mothers with particular reference to the incidence of toxemias of pregnancy and ananias in pregnancy in different parts of India under Dr. R. K. E. Tampan at the Government Hospital for Women & Children, Madras 4. Study of the nutritional status of expectant mothers with particular reference to the incidence of toxzmies of pregnancy and anzmias in preganney in Northern Madhya Bharat under Drs. M. K. Lokre and B. &. Aikat at the G. R. Medical College, and K. R. Hospital, Gwalior 5. Nutritional assessment of pregnant women under Dr. B. D. Patwardhan and Shri N. C. Datta at the Grant Medical College, Bombay 6.' Assessment of nutritional status of expectant mothers with special reference to anamias and toszmias of pregnancy under Dr. Chunilal Mukherji at the Medical College, Calcutta 7. Inquiry on the estimation of 17-Eetosteroids content of urine in toxemia of pregnancy with special reference to ztiology and prognosis under Dr. S. Mitra, S. Basu et c at the Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital, Calcutta 8. Study of Rh factor in pregnant mothers and its importance in toxamia of pregnancy and hemolytic disease of the neiv-bori under Dr. Y. G. Bhide at the J.J. Group of Hospitals, Bombay 9. Study of Rh factor in pregnant mothers in Indian States and its importance, if any, in townias, still-births, neo-natal deaths and hæmorrhagic diseases of the new-born under the Principal, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana 10. Inquiry on the birth-weight of babies of mothers from different income groups under Dr. S. T. Achar at the Medical College, Madras Studies on physical development of babies and dietetic consumption of mothers in prenatal periods under Dr. (Mrs.) P. K. Verma, Medical Superintendent, Rafat Maternity Home, Rampur 386 387 391 397 399 .. 400 FILARIASIS. 1. Inquiry on the control of W. Mclcgi filariasis in Travancore Cochin, under the Director, Malaria Institute of India, Delhi 402 VIRUS DISEASES. 1. Virus Research Centre, Poona 2. Rabies inquiry under the Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli 452 ·(vii) PAGE 463 470 472 477 479 480 503 503 3. Polio Research Unit under Dr. P. V. Gharpure at the Grant Medical College, Bombay 4. Inquiry on the incidence, nature and types of coxsackie virus infections in Bombay City under Dr. N. M. Purandare at the Seth G. S. Medical College, Bombay 5. Rabies inquiry under the Director, Pasteur Institute, Coonoor 6. Study of the lymphogranuloma psittacosis group of viruses with special reference to 'Ornithosis' under Dr. J. B. Shrivastava at the Medical College, Nagpur 7. Inquiry on virus encephalitis under Dr. P. N. Tanaja at the Irwin Hospital, New Delhi. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. 1. Industrial Health Research Unit at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 2. Inquiry into the effect of sewage treatment and excreta disposal rnethods on intestinal parasites under Dr. T. R. Bhaskaran at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 3. Industrial wastes disposal and water pollution research unit under Dr. T. R. Bhaskaran at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta 4. Study of the septic tank latrine for the safe disposal of human excreta under Mr. F. K. Erickson at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta PHARMACOLOGY. 1. Indigenous drugs inquiry under Dr. H. Hausler and Dr. M. L. Chatterjee at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 2. Indigenous drugs inquiry under Bt.-Colonel R. N. Chopra at the Drug Research Laboratory, Jammu. 3. Investigation into the study of adrenal cortical hormones under Dr. B. Mukerji at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 4. Inquiry on the biogenesis of alkaloids in tobacco plants under Dr. B. C. Bose at the M. G. M. Medical College, Indore 5. Inquiry on the action of general anæsthetic agents on the automaticity of the atrioventricular node under Dr. R. B. Arora at the Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 6. Inquiry to determine the chemical configuration of cinchona alkaloids responsible for its antiveratrinic action under Dr. R. B. Arora at the Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 7. Inquiry into the antidiabetic properties of some selected indigenous plants under Dr. (Smt.) Ranita Aiman at the B. J. Medical College, Poona 8. Inquiry on the study for anthelmintic action of shell oil of cashewnut (Anscardium occidentale Linn.) under Dr. N. V. Bhaduri at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 509 511 514 520 ... 523 ... 530 535 510 542 ·(viii) PAGE 544 .. 9. Study of the modification by quinine of the hæmolytic response of crythrocytes to various hæmolytic agents under Dr. R. Singh Grewal at the Medical College, Nagpur 10. Action of Herpestis monniera-Bacopa Herb (Brahmi) on the nervous system under Dr. C. L. Malhotra, Professor of Pharmacology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 546 IV. ABSTRACTS FROM REPORTS or I.C.M.R. RESEARCH FELLOWS:- 548 ... 551 . 552 1. Research on histoplasmosis by Dr. B. M. Ghosh at the Medical College, Calcutta ... 2. Genital cytology in gynæcological and obstetrical cases by Dr. (Miss) K, Gupta at the S. N. Medical College, Agra 3. The etiology of Thromboangitis oblitirans by Dr. G. K. Sharma at the K. G. Medical College, Lucknow 4. Cardiac function in anæmia--(A clinical and experimental study) by Dr. M. C. Khorwal at the K. G. Medical College, Lucknow 5. Biological races of Anopheline species with special reference to the salivary gland chromosomes and their bearing on speciation by Shri N. Rishikesh at the University College, Trivandrum ... 6. Studies on the incidence, nature and types of coxsackie virus infections in Bombay City by Miss S. M. Pathak at the Seth G. S. Medical College, Bombay 555 562 562 V. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH AND INDIAN MEDICAL RESEARCH MEMOIRS 564 VI. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MALARIOLOGY 565 VII. MICROFILM AND PHOTOCOPY SERVICE UNITS 566 VIII. PAPERS PUBLISHED BY WORKERS OF THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH DURING THE YEAR 1955 567 IX. LIST OF PAPERS ON WORK DONE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH PUBLISHED DURING 1955 ... 571 ·( ix ) 1. COMPOSITION OF THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD. The Scientific Advisory Board during the year consisted of the following: Chairman, Licut.-Colonel C. K. Lakshmanan, I.M.S., MR.C.S., D.T.M, & H, D.P.H., Director-General of Health Services, New Delhi. Members. Dr. S. T. Achar, M. D., M.R.C.P.(C.), Professor of Pediatrics, Madras Medical College, Madras. Lieut.-Colonel M. L. Ahuja, M.D., Ch.B., M.D., D.P.H., Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli. Lieut.-Colonel V. M. Albuquerque, L.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., Director-General, Employees' State Insurance Corporation, 'P' Block, Raisina Road, New Delhi, Dr. R. N. Chaudhuri, M.B., M.R.C.P., T.D.D., F.N.I., Director, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Dr. B. B. Dikshit, Ph.D., M.B.B.Ş., M.R.C.P., F.N.I., Surgeon-Generale: with the Government of Bombay, Contractor's Building, Nicol Road, Bombay-1. The Hon'ble Dr. Jivraj N. Mehta, M.D., M.R.C.P., Minister for Finance, Prohibition and Industries, Government of Bombay, Bombay. Dr. K. v. Krishnan, M.B.B.S., D.B., M.R.C.P., D.Sc., F.N.I., Director, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. Dr. Subodh Mitra, M.B., Dr. Med (Berlin), F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S., Director, Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital, 148, Russa Road, Calcutta-26. Lieut.-Colonel D. P. Nath, Director of Health Services, Bihar, Patna. Brigadier S. Narain, M.B.B.S., M.R.C.P., D.T.M., D.P.H., Director of Research & Health, Directorate-General of Armed Forces Medical Services, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi. Dr. V. N. Patwardhan, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), A.I.I.Sc., Director, Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor. Surgeon Captain B. L. Taneja, M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., D.T.M. & H., I.N., Staff Medical Officer, I. N. Officer, Vithal House, Mint Road, Fort, Bombay. Dr.'K. S. Viswanathan, B.A., M.B.B.S., BSc., M.P.H., Professor of Public Health Administration, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. Dr. P. M, Wagle, Assistant Director of Public Health, In-Charge, Public Health Laboratory, Bombay, Poona. Dr. K. L. Wig, M.B.B.S., M.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Principal, Medical College, Amritsar, Secretary. Dr. C. G. Pandit, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., D.P.H., D.T.M., F.N.I., Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.

·(x) II. COMPOSITION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE. 1. Clinical Rescarch, Dr. Ib. 1. Yolla, Professor of Medicine, Grant Medical College, 18, Darahslul Roul, Bombay. (Chairman). Dr. A. K. Basil, Director of the Department of Surgcry, Seth Karnani Memorial Hospital, Lower Circular Road, Calcutta. Dr. R. N. Chaudhuri, Director, School of 'Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Dr. C. Gopalan, Deputy Direcoor, Nutrition Rescarch Laboratorics, Coonoor, Dr. V. R. Khanolkar, Director, Indian Cancer Research Centre, Parci, Bombay-12. Dr. R. A. Lewis, l'rofessor of Pharmacology, Scth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M. Ilospital, Bombay. Dr. K. S. Mathur, Professor of Cardiology, S. N. Mcdical College, Agra. Priyaclicr S. Narain, Director of Rescarch and Hсalth, Directoratc-Gcncral, Armed Forces Mcdical Services, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi. Dr. K. L. Wis, Principal, Mcdical College, Amritsar. Pr. P. N. Wahi, Professor of Pathology, S. N. Medical College, Agra. (Secretary). N. Communicablc Discases. Licut.-Colonel D. P. Nath, Director of Health Services, Bihar, Patna. (Chairman). Dr. P. V. Benjamin, Adviscr-in-Tuberculosis to the Government of India, Directorate-General of Health Serviccs, New Delhi. Dr. B. C. Das Gupta, Director of Health Services, West Bengal, Calcutta. Licut.-Colonel Jaswant Singh, Director, Malaria Institute of India, Delhi. Brigadier S. Narain, Director of Rescarch and Health, Directoratc-General of Armed Forces Medical Serviccs, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi. Dr. R. V. Rajam, Director, Upgraded Vencrcal Discascs Department, Government General Hospital, Madras. Dr. K. V. Venkatraman, Scrologist & Chemical Examiner to the Governincnt of India, School of Tropical Medicinc, Calcutta. Dr. B. B. Yodh, Professor of Medicine, Grant Medical College, 18, Darabshah Road, Bombay. Dr. D. K. Viswanathan, Dircctor of Public Hсalth, Bombay, Connaught Housc, Poona. (Secretary).. III. Environmental Hygiene and Sanitation. Dr. B. C. Das Gupta, Director of Health Services, West Bengal, Calcutta. (Chairman). Dr. J. K. Adranwala, Professor of Preventive and Social Medicine, B. J. Medial College, Poona. 1 ·Mr. C: H. Atkins, Adviser in Public Health Engineering,' Ministry of Health, New Delhi. Dr. P. C. Bose, Chief Engineer, Medical and Public Health Department, Government of West Bengal, Calcutta. Shri R. S. Mehta, Superintending Engineer, Health Services, Joint Water and Sewage Board, N7, Scindia House, New Delhi. Dr. K. S. Viswanathan, Professor of Public Health Administration, All- India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. Dr. T. R. Bhaskaran, Assistant Professor of Sanitary Engineering, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. (Secretary). IV. Industrial Health. 1. 1 Dr. A. C. Banerjea, 31, Station Road, Lucknow. (Chairman). Lieut.-Colonel V. M. Albuquerque, Director-General, Employees' State ? Insurance Corporation, New Delhi. Dr. H. P. Dastur, Medical Officer, Department of Industrial Medicine, " Tata Industries, Ltd., Bombay House, Bombay. Mr. F. K. Erickson, Professor of Sanitary Engineering, All-India Institute, of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. Shri N. S. Mankikar, Chief Adviser on Factories, Government of India, Ministry of Labour, New Delhi. Dr. (Kumari) Kamal Chaudhuri, Psychologist, Ahmedabad Textile, Industries Research Association, Ahmedabad. Dr. K. K. Mathur, Medical Officer of Health, Municipal Board, Dehra Dun. Lieut.-Colonel A. N. Roy, Assistant Director of Medical Services, Ordnance Factories, Calcutta. Dr. S. Roy, Chief Sanitary Officer, Mines Board of Health, Asansol. Dr. M. N. Rao, Professor of Physiological and Industrial Hygiene, All- India 'Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. (Secretary). 1. - » V. Maternal and Child Health.. Dr. Subodh Mitra, Director, Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital, 148, Russa Road, Calcutta, 26. (Chairman). Dr. S. T. Achar, Professor of Pediatrics, Madras. Medical College & Government General Hospital, Madras. Dr. (Smt.) S. Bhatia, Adviser in Maternity and Child Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi. Dr. C. R. Das Gupta, In-charge, Department of Hæmatology, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Dr. V. S. Mangalik, Professor and Head of the Department of Pathology and Dean, Faculty of Medicine, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow. Shri K. 'K. Niathen, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta, Dr. T. B. Panse, Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. 3 11 ·( xii) Dr. (Smt.) H. S. Sharma, Assistant Director of Public Health, Madras. Dr. R. K. K. Tampan, Director, Upgraded Department of Obstetrics & Gynæcology, Government Hospital for Women & Children, Egmore, Madras. Dr. (Smt.) Muktha Sen, Professor of Maternity and Child Welfare All- India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health Calcutta. (Secretary) VI. Mental Health. Dr. M. V. Govindaswamy, Director, All-India Institute of Mental Health, Bangalorc-2. (Chairman) Dr. T. K. N. Menon, Dcan, Faculty of Education and Psychology, M. S. University, Baroda. Dr. S. C. Mitra, Head of the Department of Psychology, University College of Science and Technology, 92, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta. Dr. L. D. Sanghvi, Research Officer, Indian Cancer Research Centre, Parel, Bombay-12. Dr. Sohan Lal, Chief Pyschologist, Psychological Research Wing, Defence Science Organization, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi. Dr. N. S. Vahia, Honorary Psychiatrist, Seth G. S. Medical College- & K. E. M. Hospital, Bombay. VII. Nutrition, ! Dr. K. C. Sen, Director of Dairy Research, Government of India, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi. (Chairman) Dr. S. T. Achar, Professor of Pediatrics Madras Medical College & Government General Hospital, Madras. Dr. A. C. Banerjea, 31, Station Road, Lucknow. Dr. B. G. Guha, Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry, University College of Science & Technology, 92, Upper Circular. Road, Calcutta. Dr. K. Mitra, Assistant Director-General of Health Services, New Delhi. Dr. V. N. Patwardhan, Director, Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor. Dr. M. V. Radhakrishna Rao, Assistant Director, In-charge of the Department of Nutrition, Government of Bombay, Haffkine Institute, Parel, Bombay-12. Dr. D. Subba Rao, Director of Public Health Andhra, 10, Sterling Road, Nungambakkam, Madras-6. Dr. V. Subrahmanyan, Director, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. Dr. K. Rajagopal, Professor of Biochemistry and Nutrition, All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. (Secretary) VIII. Physiology and Pharmacology. Dr. B. Mukerji, Director, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. (Chairman) Dr. B. K. Anand, Professor of Physiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi.

·( xiii ) Dr. M. D. Chakravarty, Director, Central Drugs Laboratory, 6, Kyd Street, Calcutta. Dr. B. B. Dikshit, Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay, Contractor's Buildings, Nicol Road, Bombay-l. Dr. Govinda Achari, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical College, Patna. Shri P. M. Nabar, Drugs Controller (India), Directorate-General of Health Services, New Delhi. Dr. J. D. Pathak, Professor of Physiology, Medical College, Baroda. Dr. (Smt.) Ranita Aiman, Professor of Pharmacology, B J. Medical College, Poona. Dr. K. S. Sanjivi, Professor of Medicine and Physician, Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital, Madras. Dr. G. K. Karandıkar, Professor of Pharmacology, Medical College, Baroda. (Secretary) IX. Virus Diseases. Lieut.-Colonel M. L. Ahuja, Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli. (Chairman) Dr. D. D. Banker, Assistant Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, Seth G. S. Medical College, Bombay. Dr. C. G. S. Iyer, Senior Research Officer, Neuropathological Unit, Indian Cancer Research Centre, Parel, Bombay-12. Lieut.-Colonel S. L. Kalra, Assistant Professor of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Poona. Dr. J. A Kerr, Director, Virus Research Centre, Wellesley Road, Poona. Dr. I. G. K. Menon, Observer, Government of India Influenza Centre, Pasteur Institute of Southern India, Coonoor. Dr. T. Ramachandra Rao, Assistant Director of Public Health (Malaria) Bombay, Connaught House, Poona. Dr. J. B. Srivastava, Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, Medical College, Nagpur. Dr. R. Sanjiva Rao, Director, Lymph Vaccine Institute, Belgaum. (Secretary)

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·II. TECHNICAL REPORT OF THE RESEARCHES CARRIED OUT DURING THE YEAR 1955. The researches carried out during the year under report were recommended by the Scientific Advisory Board at its meetings held in Baroda on the 21st and 22nd December, 1954 and were approved by the Governing Body of the Indian Council of Medical Research at its meeting held in New Delhi on the 28th March, 1955. The views expressed by the individual workers are not necessarily the views of the Council. CHOLERA 1. Inquiry on the mutation of cholera vibrios in fish under Dr. M. N. Lahiri at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. The objects of the inquiry were to study the possibility of mutation of cholera vibrios in the guts of fishes and to determine the serology of NAG suspected to be mutants, as also the phage typing of the original V. cholere cultures and NAG. Artificial infection experiments.—During the year under report ten series of artificial infection experiments were conducted with four species of hardy fishes, viz., the climbing perch (Anabus testudineus), the cat fishes (Heteropneustes fossils) and (Claras magur) and the murrel (Ophicephalus punctatus). Specimens obtained from their natural habitats were kept under observation in the laboratory till they ceased to excrete vibrios. It was found that these species of fish continued to excrete vibrios for a period of 4 to 5 months. This corroborates the observations reported last year regarding the natural excretion of NAG vibrios by the fish. In artificial infection experiments, specimens rendered vibrio-free for a period of about 5 months were infected with both Ogawa and Inaba sub-types of V. cholere. All the specimens excreted agglutinating vibrios for a period of three to four days subsequent to the tion. In each case, they excreted NAG vibrios for varying periods of time, within a maximum of 15 days after infection. The NĂG excreted in the initial stages invariably belonged to Heiberg's group VI. In a few cases NAG of groups I and II were excreted after a few days but it is interesting to note that in every case the NAG excreted vibrios of this group only. With a view to ascertain whether artificial infection with cholera vibrios would stimulate the excretion of NAG vibrios which may be retained in the guts of fishes presumed to be vibrio-free in the experiments, artificial infection was tried with other pathogenic oragnisms, viz., Salmonella Ophi and Sh. Nlexneri. But none of the infected fish excreted any NAG vibrios. These experiments lend further support to the surmise that Vibrio cholera may actually be undergoing some change in the guts of fishes. Serological studies of NAG vibrios of group VI isolated after artificial infection were conducted. It was observed that the group VI vibrios obtained from the same species of fishes were serologically identical. But the same group isolated from different species showed serological differences. Similar studies of groups I and II vibrios are now in progress. Further work will be required to understand the significance of this," ·2 Modification of the technique of isolation.--It was reported last year that comparative studies of culture techniques have indicated that the cultures should be incubated for 48 to 72 hours to obtain satisfactory results. Further studies were made during the year under report using cholera stools from cases admitted in the N. R. Sarkar Medical College Hospital as also water and gut content samples from fish. Cultures which were negative after 24 hours' incubation showed good growth of vibrios after 48 and 72 hours' incubation. A pH of 8.4 was found to be most suitable for the growth and survival of vibrios. In view of these findings it will now be necessary to re-examine the data collected during previous years regarding the absence of cholera vibrios in different sources. Phage studies. The phage typing of the vibrios is under progress and when a sufficient number of pure line phages have been obtained these will be utilized to study whether there is any relationship between the parent agglutination strains and the NAG strains obtained after artificial infection. 2. Inquiry into the state of anuria and uræmia in cholera with special reference to its treatment under Dr. A. Das at the Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Calcutta, A series of 20 normal controls (healthy medical students) were investigated with a view to determine the normal values of sodium, potassium and chloride in plasma. The results are as follows:- In meqL In meql In meql Highest Lowest Average Na 140.8 137 139.1 K 5:1 4.6 4.9 CI 94.6 88.7 90.1 The cases of uræmia selected for this investigation were from the following groups: (A) Cases of cholera admitted with a degree of dehydration and collapse (radial pulse imperceptible) which suggested the possibility of development of uræmia. They had no clinical manifestations of uræmia at the time of admission-60 cases. (i) Those that did not develop uræmia subsequently—42 cases. (ii) Those that developed uræmia~-18 cases (10 deaths). (B) Similar cases but admitted with persistent anuria for at least 25 hours—5 cases (1 death). (i) Admitted with clinical manifestations of uræmia-l case. (ii) Developed uræmia subsequently 4 cases. (C) Those who developed obvious clinical manifestations of uræmia during treatment-22 cases (18 cases from group A and 4 cases from group B).

·3 Thus, the total number of uræmia cases investigated was 23 including the case admitted with clinical manifestations of uræmia. All the cases had the usual clinical manifestations of uræmia in varying degrees. One feature of interest was the presence of extra-cellular over-hydration developing during the course of treatment in 14 cases of this series. This was clinically manifested in six cases by engorgement of the veins of the neck (rise of venous pressure was confirmed by manometric measurements), puffiness on the eye-lids, sacral cedema and rise of bodyweight. Over-hydration in each of these six cases was confirmed by fall of plasma specific gravity and hæmatocrit values. In eight other cases "the presence of extra-cellular over-hydration was evident from the reduction of the plasma specific gravity and hæmatocrit values although the clinical manifestations of over-hydration had not yet appeared. Biochemical findings in cases which were clinically diagnosed to be in a state of, uremia: Sodium and potassium content of plasma.—Taking normal sodium of plasma to be between 130 and 143 meqL and normal potassium content to be between 4.1 and 5.6 meqL (Hawk et al., 1947, 'Practical Physiological Chemistry'). 1. Normal sodium with Cases. (1) Normal potassium in plasma 7 (ii) Low potassium in plasma 2. High sodium with (0) Normal potassium in plasma 4 (ii) High potassium in plasma 3 Low sodium with (1) Normal potassium in plasma (1) High potassium in plasma 2 Blood urea Below 70 mg. per cent ... 4 (12) Between 71 and 120 mg. per cent 14 (in) Above 120 mg. per cent 5 Plasma bicarbonate content Between 224 c.c. and 43:68 c.c. of C0./100 c.c. of plasma in all cases (normal bicarbonate content of plasma, 53 c.c. to 75 c.c. of CO2/100 c.c. of plasma). Blood inorganic phosphate content Between 4-5 and 17.6 mg, per cent (normal inorganic phosphate content of blood 3.7 mg. per cent). - the plasma of 20 tases of uramia in ring the course of The study showed 1 8 . of rations in I thc 23 cascs dicd.

·4 3. Inquiry on the evaluation of the phages acting on vibrios and the application of bacteriophage typing in epidemiological investigations on cholera under Dr. B. Ghosh Ray and Dr. M. N. Lahiri at the All-India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Calcutta. A Objeci.To isolate different phages from cholera stool and study their lytic effect on V. cholere and non-agglutinable (NAG) vibrios. This is essential to evolve a phage typing method which may be helpful in cpidemiological investigations of cholera. The use of phages will also be made to elucidate the interrelationship between the y. cholera and other NAG vibrios usually excreted by cholera cases. Synopsis of work done. Preliminary work was done on the standardization of media for isolating V. cholere including the phage-carrying strains and NAG vibrios from cholera cases. In order to find a simple way to handle large number of fæcal specimens. either in hospital or in field practice, rectal swabs obtained either directly from patients or dipped in catheter specimens of the liquid stool, were cmployed for inoculating media. It was observed that even during the acute stage of the disease, simultaneous use of the bile-salt agar plates (pH 8.4) and the Wilson and Blair's liquid medium increased the chance of positive isolations. Two hundred and sixty samples of stool were examined. By direct plating method positive isolations were obtained from only 45 per cent of the samples. On the other hand, the combined method gave 58-8 per cent positive isolations. The effects of pHI in Wilson and Blair's liquid medium, the period of incubation and the volumes of the media and of the inoculum are being studied further. The technique will be tricd during the next recrudescence of the disease. Swabs dipped in catheter specimen yielded positive isolations in 61 per cent cases, whereas the rectal swabs obtained directly were positive in 55 per cent cases. With further improvement in the technique, it is possible that employment of rectal swabs alone will be of great help. The strains of V. cholere isolated during the last epidemic have been found to be of Inaba sub-type only. These and other NAG vibrios are being maintained for future investigations. Fifteen phage strains have been obtained from cholera stools. Strains of V. cholere including those carrying phages are being studied for further isolations. Experiments are in progress to obtain pure' line phages and determine their nature. So far, all the phages from stool filtrates are being propagated in association with the corresponding strain of V. cholera isolated from the same samples of stool. A start has been made to find out a convenient method to lyophilise the large number of vibrio strains already isolated as well as the phage preparations.

·on 10 2 ! . MALARIA 'T! " Insecticide and mosquito repellent inquiry under the Director, Malaria Institute of India, Delhi. A. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. During the period under review, investigations on the following problems were carried out: will! Solubility of DDT crystals in the cuticular wax of houseflies and mosquitoes (Continued).,: 2. Investigations on the development of resistance in house-flies and mosquitoes to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (continued). 3. Development of sporogony cycle of malaria parasites in resistant and non-resistant strains of mosquitoes after exposure to DDT (continued). 4. Prevention of sorption of insecticides into mud surfaces (continued). 5. Efficacy, of newer insecticides such as Malathion and Diazinon, B:' FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. Comparative effectiveness of DDT, BHC, Dieldrin and Malathion, {residual sprays against mosquitoes. C. SAMPLES OF; INSECTICIDES AND SPRAYING EQUIPMENT TESTED. D. PUBLICATIONS. E. PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK 1956-57. A. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. 1. Solubility of DDT, crystals in the cuticular wax of house-flies and mosquitoes. Physical properties of cuticular lipoids. It was observed that the dissolution of DDT crystals in the cuticular wax of M. nebulo and A. Stephenst started almost immediately and the majority of the crystals disappeared in three and six hours, respectively. non chromat intart even after 24 hours. the body (without wings) and from the legs were tested for their physical properties. The colour of the waxes from the legs was dark and that from ihc body dark brown. The various physical properties were as follows:- MUSCA CULEY Physical properties Body Legs Body Legs ( Slipping point...' Melting point Solidification Refractive index 42°C. . 45°C. 40°C. 1.3852 55°C. 60°C. 53°C. 1.4121 51°C. 52°C. 50°C. 1.4512 60°C. 65°C. 58°C. 1.4623 ·6 It was evident from data obtained that the waxes from the legs of both flics and mosquitocs melted at higher temperatures than the waxes from the body and those extracted from Culex had a higher melting point than the one cxtracted from ſlics. It is possible that this physical property is responsible for the natural biological resistance of Culex to DDT. - 2. Investigations on the development of resistance in house-flies and mosquitoes to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Reports from some parts of the world allege that in certain areas where DÓT has been in usc for a number of years, some species of mosquitoes have developed resistance to DDT and other allied insecticides. This has drawn the attention of all public health workers to the possibility of such a phenomenon interfering with the nation-wide programmes for the control of malaria by DDT used as a residual insecticide. · From the reports of successful malaria control obtained in various parts of India by DDT residual spray, it is concluded that so far anophclines vectors of malaria in India have not developed any appreciable degree of resistance although DDT has been in use in certain areas for over eight years. In order to study whether or not even a small amount of resistance has so far developed in some of the species, specific investigations were carried out in Northern 'India (States of Delhi and U.P.). A. culicifacies collected from an area sprayed with DDT for over seven years was subjected to tests in accordance with the procedure laid down by the World Health Organization (Technical Report Series No. 80). These mosquitoes were found to be as susceptible to DDT as those from an unsprayed area. From the complete absence of A. fluviatilis and the absence of malaria transmission in sprayed areas in which investigations were carried out it is safe to conclude that no resistance has so far developed in U.P. Terai. ' Similar investigations are being carried out on other vector species in other parts of the country. In order to get as much information as possible within a very short time details of this technique and a testing kit" has been forwarded to various workers for detecting if any resistance has developed in areas where DDT or other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have been in use for a number of years. Unlike anophelines, Culex fatigans have been found to have developed a certain degree of resistance in some parts (Delhi, U.P., and Madras). Studies on this problem are being continued. The susceptibility of normal A. culicifacies, A. subpictus, Culex fatigans and house-flies to DDT has been determined so as to get a base line data which may be useful for purposes of comparison with similar data obtained from areas sprayed with DDT. The results are tabulated as under :- Per cent mortality after one hour exposure*. Concentration of DDT 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 ! 1 Species per cent per cent per cent per cent + A. culicifacies 45.0 65.9 97.4 100 A. subpictus 46.6 61.1 94.8 100 House-flies 73.7 75.7 89.4 95.4 Per cent mortality after 24 hours exposure. C. fatigans ... 116.5 | 23-6 | 74.2 91-4 * The Probit-log and MLC50 will be worked out when the observations are complete. 1 u ·7 Laboratory investigations on the development of DDT sesistanin Culex fatigans and A. Auviatilis have been continued in the Coonoc laboratories. C. fatigans. Signs of resistance first became apparent in the 14th generation. There was progressive increase of resistance in the subsequent progeny. The resistant strain has so far gone through 45 generations and the level of resistance has become very high. While the normal strain of C. faligans evidenced 100 per cent mortality on being exposed to 200 mg. of DDT per sq. ft. for one hour, the resistant strain showed butle or no mortality on being subjected to similar treatment under identical condivions. Adults of the resistant strain were resistant not only to mortality but also to the paralysing effect of DDr. The resistant strain showed striking variations in its tolerance for or resistance to DDT. With the dosage remaining the same, some individuals in a given batch of the females of the same generation, died after six hours of exposure, others after 12 hours and still a few others required even more than 18 hours of exposure to die, A. fluviatilis.-Resistance as already reported was very late in appearing and very slow in building up. Feeble resistance was first evidenced in the 29th generation. The strain has so far progressed through 48 generations. There has been a slight increase in resistance but it still remains low. Degree of quantitative resistance in A. Auviatilis will be communicated at the time of the Indian Council of Medical Research meeting Similar studies have been carried out on the 4th instar larva of Edes egypti and Culex faligans. The larvz were exposed to DDT con. centrations of 001 to 5:0 parts per million and BHC gamma isomer concentrations of 0.1 to 1 part per million. The results with Ædes esplı are fairly consistent and the M.L.D. 50 for DDT and BHC appear to be about 0.02 ppm. The results with Culer fatigars are variable and need further confirmation. Besides the above, it is also being investigated as to whether (I) the houscflies and mosquitoes exposed to DDT and BHC separately and to DDT and in BHC combination would develop resistance to DDT and BHC simultancously; and (2) wliether the development of resistance will be hastened if the same insecticide is used both as a larvicide and as an adulticide? Selection of Culex fatigans and Afusca nebulo to DDT, to BHC and DDT and BHC in combination has progressed to 28th and 33rd generations, sespectively. It appears that when insects are exposed to combination of Ensecticides, the insects develop resistance not only to both the insecticides ut also to individual insecticides simultaneously. Similarly, insects «posed to DDT or BHC separately also seem to develop certain degree of ass resistance. . Development of sporogony czele of malaria parasites resistant and non-resistant strains of mosquitoes after etposure to DDT. Very little is known as to what happens to oocysts or to sporozoites e body of resistant and normal strains of mosquitoes after exposure PT. Studies were undertaken at Coonoor on this problem and a few ·6 It was evident from data obtained that the waxes from the legs both flics and mosquitoes melted at higher temperatures than the wax from the body and those, extracted from Culex had a higher melting poi than the one extracted from flies. It is possible that this physical proper is responsiblc for the natural biological resistance of Culex to DDT. *- 2. Investigations on the development of resistance in house-flies and mosquitoes chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Reports from some parts of the world allege that in certain are: where DĪT has been in use for'a number of years, some species of mosquito have developed resistance to DDT and other allied insecticides. This h: drawn thic attention of all public health workers to the possibility of suc a phenomenon interfering with the nation-wide programmes for th control of malaria by DDT used as a residual insecticide. · From the reports of successful malaria control obtained in vario parts of India by DDT residual spray, it is concluded that so far anophelin vectors of malaria in India have not developed any appreciable degree resistance although DDT has been in use in certain areas for over eig) years. In order to study whether or not even a small amount of resistanc has so far developed in some of the species, specific investigations wer carried out in Northern ‘India (States of Delhi and U.P.). A. culicifacies collected from an area sprayed with DDT for ove seven years was subjected to tests in accordance with the procedure lai down by the World Health Organization (Technical Report Series No. 80 These mosquitoes were found to be as susceptible to DDT as those from a unsprayed area. From the complete absence of A. fluviatilis and the absenc of malaria transmission in sprayed areas in which investigations wer carried out it is safe to conclude that no resistance has so far develope in U.P. Terai.' Similar investigations are being carried out on other vecto species in other parts of the country. In order to get as much informatio as possible within a very short time details of this technique and a testin kit" has been forwarded to various workers for detecting if any resistanc has developed in areas where DDT or other chlorinated hydrocarbo insecticides have been in use for a number of years. Unlike anophelines, Culex fatigans have been found to have develope a certain degree of resistance in some parts (Delhi, U.P., and Madras) Studies on this problem are being continued. The susceptibility of normal A. culicifacies, A. subpictus, Culex fatigan and house-flies to DDT has been determined so as to get a base line dat which may be useful for purposes of comparison with similar data obtaine from areas sprayed with DDT. The results are tabulated as under:- Per cent mortality after one hour exposure*. Concentration of DDT Species 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 7 per cent per cent per cent per cen A. culicifacies 45.0 65.9 97.4 100 A. subpictus 46.6 61.1 94.8 100 House-flies 73.7 75.7 89.4 95.4 Per cent mortality after 24 hours exposure. C. fatigans | 16.5 1 23.6 174.2 *The Probit-log and MLC5o will be worked out when the observations are complete 1 91.4 ·7 Laboratory investigations on the development of DDT resistance in Culex fatigans and A. fluviallis have been continued in the Coonoor laboratories. C. fatigans.--Signs of resistance first became apparent in the 14th generation. There was progressive increase of resistance in the subsequent progeny: The resistant strain has so far gone through 45 generations and the level of resistance has become very high. While the normal strain of C. fatigans evidenced 100 per cent mortality on being exposed to 200 mg. of DDT per sq. ft. for one hour, the resistant strain showed little or no mortality on being subjected to similar treatment under identical condicions. Adults of the resistant strain were resistant not only to mortality but also to the paralysing effect of DDT. The resistant strain showed striking variations in its tolerance for or resistance to DDT. With the dosage remaining the same, some individuals in a given batch of the females of the same generation, died after six hours of exposure, others after 12 hours and still a few others required even more than 18 hours of exposure to die. A. fluviatilis._Resistance as already reported was very late in appearing and very slow in building up. Feeble resistance was first evidenced in the 29th generation. The strain has so far progressed through 48 generations. There has been a slight increase in resistance but it still remains low. Degree of quantitative resistance in A. fluviatilis will be communicated at the time of the Indian Council of Medical Research meeting. Similar studies have been carried out on the 4th instar larvt of Ædes ægypti and Culex faligans. The larvæ, were exposed to DDT concentrations of 0:01 to 5-0 parts per million and BHC gamma isomer concentrations of 0.1 to part per million. The results with Ædes ægypti are fairly consistent and the M.L.D. 50 for DDT and BHC appear to be about 0:02 ppm. The results with Culex fatigans are variable and need further confirmation. Besides the above, it is also being investigated as to whether (1) che houseflies and mosquitoes exposed to DDT and BHC separately and to DDT and in BHC combination would develop resistance to DDT and BHC simultaneously; and (2) whether the development of resistance wall be hastened if the same insecticide is used both as a larvicide and as an adulticide? Selection of Culer fatigans and Afusca nebulo to DDT, 10 BHC and DDT and BHC in combination has progressed to 28th and 33rd generations, respectively. It appears that when insects are exposed to cominnation of insecticides, the insects develop resistance not only to both the insecticides but also to individual insecticides simultaneously. Similarly, insects exposed to DDT or DHC separately also seem to des clop certain degree of cross resistance. Development of sporogony cycle of malaria parasites in resistant and non-resistant strains of mosquitoes after exposure to DDT. Very little is known as to what happens to oocysts or to sporozoites the body of resistant and normal strains of mosquitoes after exposure DDT. Studies were undertaken at Coonoor on this problem and a few ·6 It was cvident from data obtained that the waxes from the legs both flies and mosquitos melted at higher temptatures than the wax from the body and three extrastod from Culez had a higher melting pois than the one extracted from flies. It is possible that this physical proper iz responsilic for the natural biological resistance of Culex' to DDT. 2. Investigations on the development of resistance in house-flies and mosquitoes chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.. Reports from some parts of the world allége that in certain are where DIYT has lecti in use for a number of years, some species of mosquito have developed resistance to DDT and other allied insecticides. This ha drawn the attention of all public health workers to the possihility of su a phenomenon interfering with the nation-wide programmes for th control of malaria by DDT used as a residual insecticide. From the rcports of successful malaria control obtained in vario parts of India by DDT residual spray, it is concluded that so far anophelin vectors of malaria in India have not developed any appreciable degree resistance although DDT has been in usc in certain arcas for over eig! years. In order to study whcther or not even a small amount of resistant has so far developed in some of the species, specific investigations wer carried out in Northern `India (States of Delhi and U.P.). 1. culicifacies collected from an arca sprayed with DDT for ove seven ycars was subjected to tests in accordance with the procedure lai down by the World Hсalth Organization (Technical Report Series No. 80 These mosquitocs were found to be as susceptible to DDT as those from a unspraycd arca. From the complete absence of A. fluviatilis and the absenc of malaria transmission in sprayed arcas in which investigations wer carricd out it is safe to conclude that no resistance has so far develope in U.P. Tcrai.' Similar investigations arc being carried out on other vecto spccics in other parts of the country. In order to get as much informatio as possible within a very short time dctails of this technique and a testin kit' has liccn forwarded to various workers for detecting if any resistanc has developed in arcas whcrc DDT or other chlorinated hydrocarbo insccticides have been in usc for a number of years. · Unlike anophclincs, Culex fatigans have been found to have develope a certain degree of resistance in some parts (Delhi, U.P., and Madras) Studies on this problem arc being continued. Thc susceptibility of normal 1. culicifacies, A. subpictus, Culex fatigan and housc-flies to DDT has been determined so as to get a base line dat which may be useful for purposcs of comparison with similar data obtaine from arcas sprayed with DDT. The results are tabulated as under :- Per cent mortality after one hour cxposurc*. Concentration of DDT Spccics 0.25 0.5 1:0 2.0 per cen 1. culicifacies 45.0 65.9 97.4 100 1. subpiclus 46.6 61:1 94.8 100 Housc-ſies 73.7 75.7 89.4 95.4 Per cent mortality after 24 hours exposure. C. Saligans | 16.5 | 23:6 174.2 "..gi:4 *Ilic Probit-log and MLCso will be worked out when the observations are complete pcr ccnt per cent per cent 1 ·7 Laboratory investigations on the development of DDT resistance in Culex fatigans and A. fluviatilis have been continued in the Coonoor laboratories, C. faligans.-Signs of resistance first became apparent in the '14th generation. There was progressive increase of resistance in the subsequent progeny. The resistant strain has so far gone through 45 generations and the level of resistance has become very high. While the normal strain of C. fatigans evidenced 100 per cent moitality on being exposed to 200 mg. of DDT per sq. ft, for one hour, the resistant strain showed little or no mortality on being subjected to similar treatment under identical conditions. Adults of the resistant strain were resistant not only to mortality but also to the paralysing effect of DDT. The resistant strain showed striking variations in its tolerance for or resistance to DDT, With the dosage remaining the same, some individuals in a given batch of the females of the same generation, died after six hours of exposure, others after 12 hours and still a few others required even more than 18 hours of exposure to die. A. fluviatilis.--Resistance as already reported was very late in appearing and very slow in building up Feeble resistance was first evidenced in the 29th generation. The strain has so far progressed through 48 generations. There has been a slight increase in resistance but it still remains low. Degree of quantitative resistance in A. fluviatilis will be communicated at the time of the Indian Council of Medical Research meeting. Similar studies have been carried out on the 4th instar larvă of Ædes ægypti and Culer fatigans. The larvz were exposed to DDT concentrations of 0 01 to 50 parts per million and BHC gamma isomer concentrations of 0-1 to 1 part per million. The results with Ædes ægypti are fairly consistent and the M.L.D. 50 for DDT and BHC appear to be about 0.02 ppm. The results with Culer fatigans are variable and need further confirmation. Besides the above, it is also being investigated as to whether (1) the houseflies and mosquitoes exposed to DDT and BHC separately and to DDT and in BHC combination would develop resistance to DDT and BHC simultaneously; and (2) whether the development of resistance will be hastened if the same insecticide is used both as a larvicide and as an adulticide? Selection of Culex fatigans and Afusca nebulo to DDT, to BHC and DDT and BHC in combination has progressed to 28th and 33rd generations, respectively. It appears that when insects are exposed to combination of insecticides, the insects develop resistance not only to both the insecticides but also to individual insecticides simultaneously. Similarly, insects exposed to DDT or BHC separately also seem to develop certain degree of cross resistance. 3. Development of sporogony cycle of malaria parasites in resistant and non-resistant strains of mosquitoes after exposure to DDT. Very little is known as to what happens to oocysts or v prsrozoites in the body of resistant and normal strains of mosquitong after cxpyssure to DDT. Studies were undertaken at Coonoor on this profilen and a for ·himin,,!icant1895 this valiti s prstiju i na prossdt; Ofillimus,itti..ililo m?r. 120ml Altri 31 tismal strain ( C. fatigar: SP. Teitur í: I fou, i lilli.gore-15:11! ! ammal rain of 1. fiuistilik s. Buton madanie pil uy 30 rains of Pi (Sergencia, come . l' allinurram in omsic tons .30; 17:14). fton ther data will,l., is orci that one cicchinett Ineseirinl. 13:11 miili m high is C.. farizan: 21.1 or in Africilie, tint liv! rsrite isHy 16,118,tant change date and the susrial capacito the-y 1914 prins 1111111: Pal Nitrfi aldurſ? a: 90 diatasublethal LE nitost din 18 arrding, infrie er sical hard to effect on the 194lli'at, 111. gr. 2.): 1. pollinaresm or on the site, - food in inconvives Nr5pi wrte de rendered non-infratire bi sesside that 11:30! with Di, 11 were irrriro antigenically wheti **P101/00 plurinatini why ind, 1.7 forsing with fun indicate that in a smal frsul pisno top til, slim fit muliplines and produced viallo games which o bring in a drilliy irrjes se ut in the productia spraunites will, in 1111)Wer porn lyr infecti90:10 17:al forts, 1. l'rurlinn af sniplin of ineruliide: inln must surfart. 191) (selacius lacing the amount o insecticide, srbed into nelonen, to thr: jiacity of the surfara? va tudied. Panels with Vagyis alty rriphy, linin 32 ! 192 cent were prepared by mizing litieseni amiiting of sand with mud and were dried in shade for it wird die intentie and conditions Dried prancks were prayed with 75 W! DIT Wario1"::3 ilyle: growder at the rate of 109 Tag: DDT Erille bejmowls were allowed 19 they for 24 Jours after which scrapings docon 2 en 1916, sou diere; w:r: removed and in arsiount of DDT present in term viririnin boy ring, á spectrupstintomirter. The results are Inilly :mimine loodusvis per Porority Roilual D'I' in scraping DIT mg./sg. ſt. A. 2.41 2.28 2.22 - 11:20) 10.65 12.319 14.15 17.4 189) 1920) . 87.34 81.88 79.92 613.04 64.80 64.08 63.37 I. BU 1.18 1.76 Birou the above table it would appear that absorption of DDT into inno berres with the increase in procity. Further work is in progress on puwes will the same chemical composition but of different porosity. (!) Studies on unul bloclis received from Afiphanistan.--The World Health Organization om sommer of road blocks from Afghanistan for detailed ·9 study regarding the sorption of insecticide in these blocks and the physical and chemical properties of the mud are as follows: Physical properties Chemical properties .. 96 1 Per cent Per cent 1. Specific gravity 2.56 Calcium carbonate 7.25 2. Porosity Bicarbonate 0.0127 3. Permeability Total quantity of iron, 4. Sedimentation* phosphorus and alu- Time, Per cent sediminium oxides 13 22 minutes mentation Iron oxide (Fe,O3) 7 79 10 17 Phosphorus pentoxide 20 30 (P,0) 0.60 30 52 Aluminium oxide 60 66 (Al, 03). 4.83 120 74 Insoluble silica 210 80 (SIO2) 38.87 300 83 *The sedimentation was determined of the ground mud which was passed through a 16 mesh (ASTM) sieve, Thirteen per cent coarse material remained on 16 mesh sieve The mud blocks were sprayed with DDT suspension at the rate of 100 mg./sq. ft. and scrapings from 25 cm. area were removed 24 hours after spraying and once every week from the same block. The biological effectiveness of the deposits was also determined simultaneously The quantity of DDT estimated from the scrapings and percentage mortality figures are given below:- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST C. FATIGANS 30 minutes Exposure 60 minutes Exposure Age of deposit DDT/mg. sq ft. after: per cent per cent mortality after 24 hours 48 hours mortality after 24 hours after 48 hours 24 hours week 64.4 2 3 53.28 30 5 4.5 28.44 4.5 16.92 15.12 10 8 10.6 8.58 0.294 82-5 79.5 65 0 48.7 25.0 12.5 7.5 2.5 0 100 93.7 86 7 67.5 35.0 22.5 17.5 92-5 196.5 93-7 77.5 38.75 100 100 1 95.0 85.0 62.0 40.0 25.0,1 8 9 10 11 12.5 0 ·10 There appears to be a close .correlation between the amount of DDT present on the surface and the biological effectiveness of the deposit. Due to the presence of high iron-oxides content deposit of DDT 200 mg/sq. ft. was effective only for about eight weeks. Micro-photographs from the same spot of the block were also taken every week. These definitely show the gradual disappearance. of crystals after two weeks of application, but subsequently dust particles interfered with the results. (c) Measures to prevent sorption of insecticides into mud surfaces.-As reported last year, glue and potassium dichromate mixture, glue and soap mixture and 'Ripolin clear coatings were tried to prevent. sorption of insecticides into mud surfaces but none of these materials had been found satisfactory. In the light of further discussion with Technical Development Establishment Laboratory (who made the suggestion for the use of glue and potassium dichromate mixture) tests were repeated with slight modifications. The modificd formulæ used were as follows:- 1. Glue pot dichromate solụtion: Glue 6:0 parts. Potassium dichromate: 0:5 parts. Water: 93.5 parts. 2. Glue and soap solution: Glue 1 lb. Sunlight soap cake. Water 1 gallon. Uniform mud blocks (6" X 6'' XL") were treated with dichromate glue solution at the rate of 12.5 (750 mg.) and 25 c.c. (1,500 mg.) per sq. ft., and glue soap solution at the rate of 2 c.c. (250 mg.) and 4 c.c. (500 mg.). per sq. ft. The panels were dried for 48 hours and one set was then sprayed with DDT suspension at the rate of 50 mg./sq. ft., and another set with DDT emulsion supplied by the T.D.E.L. at the same rate. The test insects, Culex fatigans and Musca nebulo, were exposed to the treated surfaces for 15 minutes and were then kept for 24 hours under observation in clean cages. A new set of panels was used after every four weeks. These experiments are being continued as it was pointed out that mosquitoes, at certain times of the year are more susceptible than at others. The data so far collected showed a slight increase in the duration of residual effectiveness but only by about a week or so. .. 5. Efficacy of newer insecticides such as Malathion and Diazinon, etc. During the period under review the following newer insecticides of the phosphate series were tested for their biological effectiveness against houseflies and mosquitoes: (a) Malathion.-C10H,906 PS2, is the name given to the insecticidal chemical 0–0-dimethyl - (1,2— dicarboxy ethyl) dithiophosphate, belonging to phosphate series of compounds. It has been reported that unlike other compounds of the phosphate series it can be safely handled and is less hazardous.

·A sample of Malathion in the form of 50 per cent emulsifiable concentrate was tested against houseffies M. nebulo and mosquitoes C. fatigans for its residual toxicity at dosages of 25, 50 and 100 mg. (Malathion) per sq. ft. on glass panels The test insects were exposed to the treated surfaces for 15 minutes and then kept in separate cages under observation for twenty-four hours after which the percentage mortality was recorded Malathion was found to be effective for 13 to 14 weeks against mosquitoes and Il to 13 weeks against flies at the above dosages. Increase in dosage did not proportionately increase the duration of its effectiveness. DDT at 50 mg./sq. ft., when siunilarly tested, was effective for only five to seven weeks. The formulation, however, has a pungent odour which is rather unpleasant when used in a room. (6) Diazinon.--Diazinon is an organic ester of thiophospheric acid (2-isopropyl-4-methyl-pyrimidyl-(6 diethyl ester). It has been reported to be effective against houseflies and mosquitoes, which have developed resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. A sample of Diazinon, 40 per cent wettable powder, was tested for its residual toxicity at a dosage of 36 mg. Diazinon/sq. ft. (as advised by the firm) applied on glass panels in the same manner as described under Malathion. Diazinon was found to be effective for six weeks against mosquitoes and seven weeks against house-flies. DDT at 50 mg./sq. ft. tested similarly, was also effective for five and seven weeks, respectively. Diazinon has been reported to be comparatively more effective than chlorinated hydrocarbons as a larvicide. Further tests are in progress. B. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. Comparative effectweness of DDT, BHC,, Dreldrın and Malathton residual sprays against mosquitoes. The comparative effectiveness of the first three insecticides was studied in a number of villages in Madlıya Bharat and Vindhya Pradesh in 1954 and preliminary results were reported last year at the Indian Council of Medical Research mectings. The final analysis of the data is briefly summarized below: The results showed that out of the three types of DDT application (namely, uniform spray of houses with DDT 100 mg./sq. ft., spray of DDT (100 mg./sq. ft.) in the form of bands or strips (1} ft. wide bands of Lintreated surfaces were left untreated between successive swaths) and spray of DDT 100 mg-/sq. ft., to selective resting place of the vector species (the vall with the entrance door and opposite were left 'unsprayed). : Best esults, were obtained with uniform application. DDT applied to the Jective resting places was found to be more efficacious than that applied in <form of bands. Results on the effect of lime on DDT applications d the comparative efficacy of PDT and dieldrin were inconclusive. Largescale trials with these four insecticides are being carried out year in three different States, viz., Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh ·12 and Madhya Pradesh in collaboration with the malaria organizations in thc respective Statcs. In cach Statc, six arcas have been selected and in cach of the five arcas one particular insecticide has been sprayed. The sixth area has been left untreated for purposes of comparison. Each area consists of a number of villages having a population varying from 3,000 to 10,000. The following data are being collected from cach of the six areas: A. Epidemiological : 1. Prc- and post-spraying spleen and parasitc rates in children (2-10 years old). 2. Infant parasitc ratc every month. B. Entomological: 1. Comparative density of mosquitoes, anopheline and culicines and the survival rate of those caught in the sprayed arcas every week. 2. Behaviour of vector specics (a) daytime resting places, (b) time of entry into human dwellings for feeding and resting and the normal duration of cach stay, (c) time and frequency of feeding. Final assessment of the efficacy of cach insecticide will be made after the malaria scason sometime in December, 1955. C. SAMPLES OF INSECTICIDES AND SPRAYING EQUIPMENT TESTED. Insecticides Received from 1. Strobane (Technical) 2. Pyrethrum extract 3. 50 per cent BHC water dispersible powder World Health Organization. Messrs. Aikay & Co., Dehradun. 4. 10 per cent shark liver oil 5. Resitox Malaria Organization Coalfield supplied to them (Messrs. Bharat Pulverising Mills Ltd.). Government Shark Liver Oil Factory, Trivandrum, Dr. L. Kant, A.D.P.H., Malaria Control, Patna. Antimalaria Officer, Ganga Khadar, P.O. Hastinapur, Meerut. Messrs."Salvi Medical Hall, Karnal. 6. Hexamar BHC 50 per cent 7. DDT 50 per cent 8. Salvi mosquito repellent 9. BHC 50 per cent water dispersible powder 10. Dialdrex 11. DDT (Technical) 12. Shalimar Insecticide Lacquer Messrs. Bharat Pulverising Mills Ltd. Messrs. Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Co. of India Ltd. Hindustan Insecticides Ltd. Shalimar Paint Colour & Varnish Co., Delhi. Hardcastle Waud & Co. Ltd., Bombay. 13. Thanite