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·THE WINTER'S TALE

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·THE
WORKS
OF
SHAKESPEARE
THE WINTER'S TALE
EDITED BY
F. W. MOORMAN
R
ESTILO
METHUEN AND CO. LTD.
86 ESSEX STREET: STRAND
LONDON

·First Published in 1912 ·ma PREFACE THIS edition of The Winter's Tale follows, in the main, the model set by previous editors of plays in the “Arden Shakespeare" series. In dealing with the question of sources, I have devoted some space to the consideration of that littleknown Elizabethan poem, Francis Sabie's Fisherman's Tale, which furnishes us with a curious rendering of the story of jealousy lying mid-way between Greene's Pandosto and Shakespeare's play. My endeavour to associate certain elements in the plot of Pandosto and The Winter's Tale with some of the Greek romances has received, since the Introduction was written, no little support from the recently published work of Dr. S. L. Wolff, entitled The Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction. But whereas I was not able to do more than lightly touch upon some of the more salient features that seemed to be common to Greek and Elizabethan romance, Dr. Wolff, with his wider knowledge and exacter study of the subject, has been able to establish the precise relationship in which the Elizabethan disciples stand to their Greek masters. In the textual criticism I acknowledge with gratitude my indebtedness to those who have traversed the same path before me; my debt to the late Dr. Howard Furness for his monumental edition of The Winter's Tale in the “New Vartorum Shakespeare" is very great indeed. Finally, I should like to place on record the invaluable assistance which I have received from the General Editor of this series, Professor R. H. Case, whose scholarship and erudition are as large as his courtesy. F. W. MOORMAN THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS September, 1912 Columbia University Studies in Comparative Literature, New York, 1912.

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·PAOL
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
ix
THE WINTER'S TALE.
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·INTRODUCTION In spite of the great popularity in the early seventeenth century of Robert Greene's Pandosto, the prose romance on which The Winter's Tale is founded, there is no clear evidence of an early Quarto edition of the play. It first appeared in print in the Folio of 1623, where it occupies the last place among the Comedies. Although, owing to the involved character of the diction and the frequent occurrence of elliptical passages in some of the speeches, the play offers considerable textual difficulties, it must be allowed that the work of the printers was, on the whole, well done. In the present edition, therefore, the first Folio has been followed wherever possible, even in matters of punctuation. The later Folios do not differ widely from that of 1623 ; such differences as occur are recorded in the textual notes of this edition. The date of composition can probably be determined with [Date of fair exactitude. All critics are now agreed that The Winter's composition.] Tale belongs to the closing period of Shakespeare's dramatic career. The chief external points of evidence as to date are as follows: Dr. Simon Forman records in his MS. “ Book of Plaies and Notes thereof” (Ashmole MSS. 208) a visit to the Globe Theatre on May 15, 1611, to see a performance of The Winter's! Igle. The whole passage reads thus :- “ In the Winters Talle at the glob 1611 the 15 of Maye g1 Obserue ther howe Lyontes the Kinge of Cicillia was overcom wt Jelosy of his wife with the Kinge of Bohemia his frind that came to se him. And howe he contriued his death and wold haue had his cup berer to haue poisoned. Who gaue the King of bohemia warning therof & fled with him to bohemia / Remēber also howe he sent to the Orakell of 1 Halliwell explains g as Wednesday. ix یه ·THE WINTER'S TALE appollo & the Aunswer of appollo, that she was giltless the king was Ielouse &c. and howe Except the child wil Agane that was loste the Kinge should die without yssa the child was caried into bohemia & ther laid in a forrestre brought vp by a sheppard. And the Kinge of bohemia his sonn maried that wentch & howe they fled into Cicillia to, Leontes and the sheppard hauing showed the letter of the nobleman by whom Leontes sent a [sic] was that child and the lewells found about her. She was knowen to bee Leontes daughter and was then 16 yers old. Remember also the Rog that cam in all tottered like coll pixci / and howe he feyned him sicke & to haue bin robbed of all that he had and howe he cosoned the por man of all his money, and after cam to the shep sher with a pedlers packe & ther cosoned them Again of all their money. And howe he changed apparrell wt the Kinge of bomia his sonn. and then howe he turned Courtiar &c. / beware of the trustinge feined beggars or fawninge fellouse." A second piece of evidence is the record in Peter Cunningham's Extracts from the Revels Accounts of a performance of “A play called ye winters nighte Tayle” on November 5, 1611. The original MS, from which Cunningham drew this information has been pronounced a forgery, but it is the opinion of Sir Sidney Lee and others that, though the entries are fictitious, the facts which they record may be more or less true. The most interesting piece of evidence, and that which defines the date of composition most exactly, is that furnished by Professor Thorndike in his monograph, The Influence of Beaumont and Fletcher upon Shakespeare. The writer argues that the introduction of the dance of satyrs in Act iv. Scene iv. was directly suggested by Ben Jonson's Masque of Oberon, acted at Court on January 1, 1611, in which a dance of ten (or twelve) satyrs occupies a prominent position in the masque, and was of the nature of an innovation in stage-craft. Professor Thorndike considers either that “Jonson must have borrowed from the public stage [i.e, from The Winter's Tale] the idea of an antic dance of satyrs for the court masque, or Shakespeare must have borrowed from the court masque this wwwv ## 1 See Sir S. Lee's Life of Shakespeare, p. 254 n. » Pp. 32-34.

·INTRODUCTION xi popular stage device for his Winter's Tale." « The alternative," continues the writer, “is far more prom because of the great importance of the court masques the desire for novelty in them, and because the public may naturally be supposed to have been anxious to see al reproduction of a popular anti-masque. It gains additional probability from the fact that actors from the theatres performed in these anti-masques, and from the reference to the three who had already danced before the king. It is still more probable because an anti-masque in Beaumont's Masque of the Inner Temple is obviously made use of in a similar way in the Two Noble Kinsmen. Finally, we may note that the dance is an integral part of the Masque of Oberon, while it is a pure addition to the play." Professor Thorndike's argument seems to be fairly convincing. It is true that Jonson had introduced the satyr as a leading character into his “Entertainment" entitled The Satyri as early as 1603, but the appearance there of a single satyr in company with Queen Mab and her attendant fairies is undoubtedly a different thing from an anti-masque dance of ten or twelve satyrs such as we meet with in The Masque of Oberon and The Winter's Tale. If, therefore, we accept Professory Thorndike's views, we are entitled to draw the conclusion that our play was composed between January 1, 1611, when The Masque of Oberon was performed at Court, and May 15, 1611, the date on which Simon Forman saw The Winter's Tale acted at the Globe. It may be added that the evidence of diction and verse is. in harmony with this date The involved and elliptical structure of many of the speeches, and the complete absence of rhyming verses, (except in the speech of Time as Chorus at the beginning of Act Iv. are sure indications that The Winter's Tale is one of Shakespeare's latest plays; while the high percentage of light and weak endings, and of speeches which begin and end in the middle of a verse, tell the same tale.S Servant. One three of them, by their own report, sir, bath danced before the king; and not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier (Winter's Tale, iv. iv. 336-40). * Estimated by Professor Ingram at 5'48 per cent. (Cymboline, 4-83, Tempest, 4'59 per cent.). This is König's so-called "speech-ending test"; he gives 87-6 as the per·xii THE WINTER'S TALE In connection with the date of composition and et history of the play, one or two more facts may be mere On the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Elizabetin the Elector Palatine in 1613, The Winter's Tale was one the plays acted at Court Fourteen plays were acted in all, and of these no less than five were by Shakespeare. Again, in the Induction to Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair (1614), the author declares that “he is loth to make nature afraid in his plays, like those that beget tales, tempests, and such like drolleries, to mix his head with other men's heels," and the probability is that, in this contemptuous reference to "tales, tempests, and such like drolleries," Ben Jonson had The Winter's Tale and The Tempest in mind. The play was reacted at Court in 1623 and 1633, and the fun which is made by Jonson in his "Conversations with Drummond," and by Taylor the Water-poet in his Travels to Prague and Bohemia (1630), over the sea-coast of Bohemia is an indication that the play occupied men's thoughts long after its first performance. It was known already to Rowe and Gildon at the beginning of the eighteenth century that Shakespeare had founded the plote his Winter Tale upon Robert Greene's prose romance, Pandosto : The Triumph et Timana "This romance, which was hrst published in 1588, was re-published in 1607 under the title Dorastus and Fawnia, and continued to be widely read throughout the seventeenth century. Indeed, at a time when The Winter's Tale was scarcely known out of England, Greene's story was winning for itself a continental reputation. It was translated into French in 1615, and again in 1626—the latter version being by Du Bail. About the same time the French dramatist Alexandre Hardy dramatised the story, and in 1631 Puget de la Serre published his Pandoste, ou La Princesse Malheureuse : tragédie en prose"; six years later a Dutch dramatic version of the story appeared, entitled Dorastus en (Greene's Pandosto.] centage of speeches ending with an incomplete line in Winter's Talı, 84.5 per cent. in The Tempest, 85 per cent. in Cymbeline (Der Vers in Shakespeare's Dramen). 1 Soe New Shakespeare Society Transactions, 1875, p. 419. * Re-edited, with modernised spelling, by P. G. Thomas in the " Shakespeare Library," 1907. 8 This play has been lost. * Republished as an Appendix to P. G. Thomas's edition of Greene's Pandosto, 1907.

·INTRODUCTION xiii has, the author of which was Voskuyl. Greene's romis in many ways a remarkable piece of work, and it is terefore worth our while to follow the outline of its plot, if only in order that Shakespeare's indebtedness to, and deviations from, the older story may be more easily recognised. Pandosto king of Bahemia, marries Bellaria, and to them is born a son Garinter. Egistus, king of Sicily, who in his youth had been brought up with Pandosto, pays a visit to the Bohemian court and is royally entertained by Pandosto and his queen. Bellaria, in her desire to show how deep is her love for her husband, treats her husband's friend with great courtesy and familiarity, walking with him in the garden, and “oftentimes coming herself into his bed-chamber to see that nothing should be amiss to mislike him." In course of time Pandosto begins to grow suspicious of his wife's intimacy with Egistus, till at last "a flaming jealousy" torments him : then, with the help of his cup-bearer, Franion, he plots Egistus's murder by means of poison, and resolves to get rid of his faithless queen in the same way. Franion, loath to poison Egistus, informs him of the plot, and both escape secretly from Bohemia and make their way to Sicily. Meanwhile Pandosto gives orders to his guard to fling Bellaria into prison, and proclaims throughout the realm that she has committed adultery with Egistus and conspired her husband's death ; while in prison awaiting her trial, she gives birth to a daughter, Fawnia. Pandosto declares that the child is a bastard, and issues orders that it shall be put into an open boat alone, " having neither sail nor rudder to guide it, and so to be carried into the midst of the sea, and there left to the wind and wave as the destinies please to appoint." The cruel order is reluctantly carried out by the king's servants and Fawnia is cast adrift. The trial of Bellaria follows, in which she pleads her innocence against her accuser. The jury find her guiltless, but Pandosto declares that he will dispense with law and take matters into his own hands. As a last request Bellaria begs that the king shall send six trusty noblemen to the " Isle of Delphos" to inquire of the oracle of Apollo whether she is innocent or guilty. Bellaria obtains her request, and the 1 See Bolte, Shakespeare Fahrbuch, xxvi. 90.

·χιν THE WINTER'S TALE verdict of the oracle is as follows: “Suspicion is no jealousy is an unequal judge: Bellaria is chaste: Eg. blameless: Franion a true subject : Pandosto treacherous : babe an innocent; and the King shall live without an heir, it that which is lost be not found." The innocence of Bellaria being established, Pandosto, ashamed of his suspicions, entreats her forgiveness and promises to reconcile himself with Egistus and Franion. Then news is suddenly brought of the death of the prince Garinter; Bellaria dies of the shock caused by these mournful tidings and the King falls into a swoon. Recovering after the space of three days, he then attempts suicide but is restrained by his nobles. Full of contrition, he erects "a rich and famous sepulchre" for his wife and son, and causes an epitaph to be engraved upon the tomb which shall declare the innocence of Bellaria and invoke curses upon himselt. We next follow the adventures of the princess Fawnia. The boat in which she is cast adrift is borne by favourable winds to the coast of Sicily and is there found by a poor shepherd called Porrus, who tenderly carries Fawnia," wrapped in a mantle of scarlet richly embroidered with gold, and having a chain about her neck," to his wife Mopsa. Fawnia is brought up in the shepherd's cottage and believes that Porrus and Mopsa are her parents. Sixteen years pass and Fawnia develops into a shepherdess so fair that "she seemed to be the goddess Flora herself for beauty." One day she presides as mistress of the feast at a meeting of all the farmers' daughters in Sicily and is there seen by Dorastus the son of Egistus, who is returning from a hunting expedition. Dorastus straightway falls in love with her and the love is requited. To further his love-suit, Dorastus disguises himself as a shepherd, and, realising that his father will never consent to his marriage with a shepherdess, he devises a plan of carrying her off to Italy. With the help of his servant Capnio, he furnishes a ship and embarks with Fawnia. Meanwhile Porrus, uneasy in his mind at the course of affairs, determines to make matters known to the king Egistus, and sets off for the palace, bearing with him the scarlet mantle and gold chain which he had found upon Fawnia when he first discovered her as an infant. On the way he encounters Capnio, who, realising ·INTRODUCTION XV purpose, forcibly carries him off to the boat in which stus and Fawnia are contriving their escape. After three! sys of tempest the fugitives reach "the coast of Bohemia," and, disembarking, make their way to the court of Pandosto, to whom they declare that they are Trapolonians on their way from Padua to Trapolonia. Pandosto, suspecting that Doras tus has stolen Fawnia from her parents, commits him to prison, and then, becoming enamoured of Fawnia's beauty, vainly endeavours to win her love. Meanwhile tidings reach Egistus that his son has fled with Fawnia to the court of Pandosto, and he sends certain of his nobles in pursuit Pandosto, hearing their story, and learning that Fawnia is only a shepherd's daughter, gives order that Dorastus shall be set free, and that Fawnia and Porrus shall be put to death. Thereupon Porrus, in self-defence, tells all that he knows of Fawnia and displays the scarlet mantle and gold chain. Her true origin is at once recognised, and the people of Bohemia celebrate the discovery of the long-lost daughter with shows and bonfires. Dorastus and Fawnia are ; married, Porrus is knighted, but Pandosto, reflecting first of all on his insensate jealousy, and then upon his unnatural love for his daughter Fawnia, ends his life by suicide It will at once be recognised that at many points, and es- (Francis pecially in the later stages of the story, Shakespeare has de- Sabie's Fisherman's parted very widely from the romance of Greene. But before Tale) considering his points of departure in detail, let us turn our thoughts to yet another version of the story which appeared in Elizabethan England between the publication of Pandosto and the dramatisation of the story by Shakespeare. In the year 1595 the Lichfield schoolmaster, Francis Sabie, published a poem written chiefly in blank verse and entitled The Fisherman's Tale : Of the famous Actes, Life and love of Cassander a Grecian Knight. The poem is in two parts, and the second part bears the separate title, Flora's Fortune, the second parte and finishing of the Fisherman's Tale. It is fairly certain that Sabie's poem is, to a certain extent at any rate, based upon Greene's romance, but it differs from it in so many important respects that a summary of its contents may with advantage be given here : Palemon, King of Greece, has married Julina, the daughter phone ·хуі THE WINTER'S TALE of Tuiston, King of Germany. During his absence, one of his nobles and a man of advanced age, makes deste upon Julina's honour, and being scornfully repulsed, spreads rumour abroad that Julina has committed adultery with a certain lord, Alpinor. He secures the imprisonment of Alpinor and suborns the gaoler Pandion to murder him in prison. The murder is carried out and the report spread that Alpinor has committed suicide. Meanwhile Palemon, believing in the guilt of his wife, casts her into prison; while in prison she gives birth to the princess Flora, who is cast adrift upon the sea. The trial of Julina follows, in which she pleads her innocence; this is confirmed by the oracular message brought by two of Palemon's nobles from the oracle of the goddess Themis. It reads thus : Let reason rule in Princes, and not rage, What greater vice than lust in senile age: Julina chast, Alpinor guiltlesse was: Calingo false, Eristo treacherous, Pandion wicked, and if Destinie Helpe not, Palemon issulesse shall die. Julina's honour is thus cleared, but she dies of a broken heart. Eristo and his accomplices are straightway put to death. Meanwhile the boat in which lies the infant Flora is driven about by the waves, until- At length in Humber streames it forced was, Which mildly runs by sweet Arcadian downes ; Long saild it here, and at the length it staid Among bul-rushes on the reedy banks, Here it is discovered by the shepherd Thirsis, who carries the child and the accompanying gold home to his cottage and his wife Mepsa. Flora grows up in the cottage, and, reaching nlarriageable years, has many suitors, all of whom she rejects. But one day she is seen by Cassander, “Menalchus sonne, a famous Grecian Earle," who straightway falls in love with her. This Cassander has already done deeds of prowess at the Court of Philip of Macedon and among the barbarous Getes"; after leaving the Getes (the Getæ or Goths] he has come to "Boheme land" and has joined the Emperor Mathias in his wars against the Sultan Amurah, who has captured Mathias' daughter, Lucina, and intends to make her his paramour. Thanks to the help ·INTRODUCTION xvii Carsander, Mathias routs the Turkish forces and re-captures his daughter, whom he offers to Cassander in marriage. Cassander, however, politely declines the offer and returns to Arcadia. The story of the wooing of Flora by Cassander follows. Disguised as a shepherd, he wins her love, but is repulsed by the shepherd Thirsis. Then, adopting a new disguise that of a crippled beggar-he comes to Flora and announces his plan of carrying her off from Arcadia to Greece in a boat. The plot succeeds, but the lovers are pursued by Thirsis; whereupon Cassander forcibly lifts him into the boat and carries him off with them. A storm arises, the boat is wrecked and the lovers: separated; Flora and Thirsis are cast ashore on “Delos land, Apollos isle," while Cassander is thrown upon another island, where he is forced to earn his living as a fisherman. Flora and Thirsis make their way to “wise Apollo's church” and the heroine utters her prayer to the god. In a.iswer to her prayer a voice pronounces the following words in tones of thunder : Take what you see, Arcadians, shun delay; And where this ship sets you on land, there stay. The words, “Take what you see," refer to a scroll which falls at the suppliants' feet and which bears upon it these words Old Thirsis, wise Apollo pittieth thee, One of his prophets henceforth thou shalt be: Live Flora with thy Sire, end not thy dayes; Cassander lives, not drowned is he in seas. Thirsis and Flora are then brought in a ship to Greece, where Dryano, the son of the Eristo who had brought the false charge against Julina, falls in love with Flora and seeks to make her his mistress. She repels his suit, whereupon he flings her and Thirsis into prison on a charge of treason and both are condemned to death by Palemon. Thirsis, in self-defence, declares that he is not the father of Flora, and, in Palemon's hearing, tells how he had discovered her and produces the articles of dress found on her. Reconciliation follows; Dryano is put to death, Palemon is full of joy at the discovery of his daughter, and, to complete the happiness, Cassander appears at Palemon's court. The poem ends with the marriage of hero and heroine.

·xviii THE WINTER'S TALE The above summary of The Fisherman's Tale will to show that Sabie modified Greene's version of the quite as drastically as Shakespeare. The names and localitat are changed, new characters and incidents are added; as in The Winter's Tale, the repellent incident of a father making love to his daughter is removed, and no cloud of tragedy, such as that produced by Pandosto's self-inflicted death, is allowed to obscure the serenity of the closing scene. It is possible that Shakespeare was acquainted with Sabie's version of the story, but, if so, he went his own way. In spite of noteworthy deviations from Pandosto, the indebtedness of Shakespeare to Greene is unmistakable, whereas the attempt to prove indebtedness to Sabie is beset with grave difficulties. [Possible The question which arises next is whether Greene's story is sources of the a pure invention on his part, or whether he had access to still story.] older materials. More than one attempt has been made to discover the supposed source of Pandosto, but none of them has placed the matter beyond dispute. J. Caro, in an article contributed to the second volume of Englische Studien (1878), and entitled "Die historischen Elemente in Shakespeare's 'Sturm und Wintermärchen,'" endeavours to show that the story of Pandosto's jealousy and cruelty towards Bellaria" is founded upon an actual incident in the fourteenth century annals of Poland. The story is that Ziemowit, Duke of Masovia, had married a lady at the Court of King Charles of Bohemia; but, giving ear to the rumours of her adultery, he had imprisoned her in one of his castles and finally put her to death. While in prison, his wife had given birth to a son, who was brought up by a poor woman in the neighbourhood of the castle and eventually restored to his father. The story adds that Ziemowit, repenting of his cruelty towards his wife, put to a violent death the man who had spread the slander of her adultery. The resemblance of this historic incident to the opening scenes of Pandosto and The Fisherman's Tale is fairly obvious, and Caro's theory is that the story may have been brought to England by oral tradition, probably at the time of Richard II.'s marriage to Anne of Bohemia. (The Oracle But neither this episode of Polish-Bohemian history, nor motive.] M. Jusserand's attempt to discover a source for Pandosto in the ·INTRODUCTION xix . mous Spanish romance, Amadis de Gaule," takes count of what is, in Greene, in Sabie, and in Shakespeare, the central incident on which the whole plot of the story hinges the oracular message sent from the temple of Apollo or Themis. A moment's consideration will show how vital is the part which the oracle plays in The Winter's Tale: not only does it establish Hermione's innocence and convert Leontes from a jealous tyrant into a humble suppliant for forgiveness, but it also governs the whole issue of the play. In the fifth act Leontes' counsellors endeavour to persuade him to marry again, in order that the kingdom may not be left without an heir but Paulina has only to remind the king of the oracular message in order to secure his full obedience to the commands of Apollo :- For has not the divine Apollo said, Is 't not the tenor of his oracle, That King Leontes shall not have an heir Till his lost child be found. By what means, then, did Greene hit upon this idea of the [The Greek oracle? The intervention of the oracular message in the romances.] affairs of men is, of course, a classical motive. It occupies an? important place in Greek epic and drama, and from the first beginnmgs of Greek romance down to its final decline in the Byzantine period it plays a conspicuous part. We meet with it already in the brief erotic legends which Parthenios, the grammarian of Nicaea, compiled in the reign of Tiberius under the title Περί ερωτικών παθημάτων, and which mark the first faint beginnings of the Greek prose romance. In the lost romance, The Wonders beyond Thule, written by Antonius Diogenes in the first century of the Christian era, of which there has been preserved an abridgement by Photius, an oracular message is communicated to the two heroes at a certain point in the story, bidding them journey beyond Thule and promising them a safe return after encountering many hardships. Subsequently, the oracle motive is introduced with telling effect into the Ephesiaca, or the Loves of Anthia and 1" An Introduction to The Winter's Tale," Cambridge (Mass.), 1907. Sv. i. 37-40. 3 See the Didot edition of the Erotici Scriptores, p. 22 (Parthenii Erotica, cap. XXXV., Nepl Enmérns). * See Rohde, Der griechische Roman, second edition, p. 286.

·XX THE WINTER'S TALE Abrocomas of Xenophon of Ephesus, the Theagenes Chanclea of Heliodorus and the Clitophon and Leucippe Achilles Tatius. From these early masters the motive handed down to the romance-writers of the Byzantine period, Eustathius and Theodorus Prodromus, who drew their inspiration from Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius, and carried on the tradition of the Greek romance to the close of the twelfth century. The oracle introduced into the works of these writers is usually that of the Pythian Apollo at Delphi, but in the Ephesiaca of Xenophon it is that of the Egyptian god Apis. The effect produced by the oracular message is that of giving a new impetus to the story, and, at the same time, of investing it with a certain element of religious awe; but nowhere does it play so important a part as in Pandosto and The I Vinter's Tale. With the Revival of Learning, and the translation of certain of the Greek romances into the languages of Western Europe, the oracle motive entered upon a new lease of liſe. We meet with it in the eleventh and twelfth books of the famous Amadis de Gaule, where the story is of the adventures of Agesilan of Colchos The fortunes of the hero closely resemble those of the heroes of Greek romances in prose and verse, and the introduction of the oracle of the god Tervagant is associated with an episode which vividly recalls the classical myth of Perseus and Andromeda. With the composition of Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (circ. 1580) the oracle enters English literature. In this work, as in Pandosto and The Winter's Tale, it plays an all-important part in the development of the story. The departure of Basilius with his wife and daughters from the Arcadian Court to the forests is the direct result of an oracular message delivered to him in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and every step in the development of the plot is a fulfilment of that message. Finally, it is but a short step from Sidney to Greene, and the influence of the Arcadia is manifest in more than one of the latter's prose The oracle-motive, apart from Pandosto, also plays a part in Menaphon, which appeared in the year 1589, and it is obvious that in introducing it into both these romances Greene's aim was to give to his prose fiction a certain classical atmos. phere. romances.

·INTRODUCTION xxi Moreover, the resemblance which Greene's Pandosto bears to the Greek romances extends far beyond the employment of the Delphic oracle as an integral element in the story. Greene scems, indeed, to owe not a little to two more or less distinct types of Greek romance. The pastoral element in his work, which is handled with such infinite charm by Shakespeare, offers some striking points of resemblance to the famous Daphnis and Chloe of Longus. The discovery of Fawnia by the shepherd Porrus is closely analogous to the discovery of the infant Daphnis by the shepherd Lamon, and of Chloe by the shepherd Dryas; in either case, too, ornaments and sumptuous articles of dress are found upon the persons of the children and eventually lead to the discovery of their true rank and parentage. In his account of the pastoral wooing of Fawnia by Dorastus, Greene had many exemplars of more recent date at his command; yet even here it is possible that Daphnis and Chloe, the true fountain-head of pastoral romance, directed the progress of his story, and suggested the rhetorical tropes with which it is adorned. The diction of Pandosto is, of course, euphuistic, but it must not be forgotten that much of the rhetoric and sophistry of euphuism find their prototype in the Greek romances. In the adventures of the two lovers after their escape in the boat, the model of Greene, and still more that of Sabie in The Fisherman's Tale, would seern to bc, not the pastoral romance of still life as fashioned by Longus, but the more popular romance of adventure by land and sea of which the Theugenes and Chariclea of Heliodorus and the Clitophon and Leucippe of Achilles Tatius arc the most conspicuous examples. The shipwreck and scparation of the lovers in The Fisherman's Tale, the attempt made by Dryano to rob Flora of her honour during her lover's absence, the hair-breadth escapes from violent death, the discovery of Flora's identity, and the final reunion of the lovers, are precisely the elements in which the Greek masters of the romance of adventure delighted. Doubtless, many of these incidents also find a place in the medieval romances of chivalry, but the total absence of all that pertains to the spirit and panoply of chivalry in Pandosto and The Fisherman's Tale separates these works from the main body ·xxii THE WINTER'S TALE of chivalric romance and brings them near to the earlier Greek models. In his employment of the motives of Greek romance Greene had undoubtedly direct recourse to those romances themselves. There is, however, no need to suppose that he read them in the original. Daphnis and Chloe had been translated into French by Bishop Amyot in 1559, and Amyot's version had been turned into English by Angell Daye in 1587; the great French scholar had also translated the Theagenes and Chariclea of Heliodorus as early as 1547, and an English version of this romance, the work of Thomas Underdowne, had been licensed for publication in 1569. A second edition of this work appeared in 1587, and it is possible that it was thc publication in the same year of English versions of both Theagenes and Chariclea and Daphnis and Chloe that led the versatile Greene to essay a form of romance which should incorporate some of the most noticeable features of the Greek pastoral romance on the one hand, and of the romance of adventure on the other. [The Greek We arrive at last at The Winter's Tale, and our first task atmosphere of is to determine the relation in which it stands to Pandusto. In The Winter's Tale.] the preceding pages I have tried to show how close is the affinity of Greene's work to certain Greek romances, and the question which we have now to ask is whether Shakespeare was himself conscious of that affinity and took pains to reproduce something of a Greek atmosphere in his handling of the story. The play is, of course, notorious for its anachronisms. If there is reference in it to the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, so also is there to "that rare Italian master, Julio Romano," to the emperor of Russia, and to puritans that sing songs to hornpipes. Yet such was the tolerance of the Renascence world toward incongruities of this sort that only pedants were at all disconcerted by them. One may discover equally flagrant anachronisms in the masterpieces of the great Italian painters and in the whole range of Elizabethan literature. Shakespeare himself was throughout his life regardless of such matters, and never more so than in that final period of dramatic activity to which The Winter's Tale belongs. At the same time he took pains to set the action of his dramas in an appropriate atmosphere, above all, an appropriate religious ·INTRODUCTION xxiii atmosphere. By innumerable subtle touches he makes us reálise the primitive paganism of the age of King Lear; the Stoic and Epicurean philosophies of classical Rome are summoned to give colour to the words and deeds of Brutus and Cassius; medieval Catholicism invests the “misadventured piteous overthrows" of Romeo and Juliet as with a garment, and a moment's consideration will show that Shakespeare has gathered about the action of The Winter's Tale something of the religious atmosphere of classical Greece. No Christian sentiment is permitted to fall from the lips of any of the characters in the stress of the conflict to which they are subjected. It is Jove and the "good goddess Nature" that Paulina invokes in order that Hermione's child may be saved from the yellow taint of jealousy, and the trust of the wronged queen is ever in the “divine Apollo." Perdita at the shepherds' feast makes poetic allusion to Jupiter, bright Phoebus, lady Fortune, Proserpina, Juno's eyes, Cytherea's breath and Dis's waggon, in a way that would seem grossly unnatural in a simple shepherdess, were we not to understand that she is a shepherdess brought up at a time when these deities were the objects of daily worship. Again, in the last act, when Leontes welcomes Florizel and Perdita to his court, his exclamation is- The blessed gods Purge all infection from our air whilst you Do climate here ! and the first words which Hermione utters, as she descends from her pedestal, is a pagan prayer to the gods for her longlost daughter's welfare :- You gods, look down, And from your sacred vials pour your graces Upon my daughter's head. That Shakespeare recognised the essentially Greek character of the story which he was dramatising is also apparent from the pains which he took to give Greek names to most of the characters which he added or re-named. Leontes, Antigonus, Cleomenes, Archidamus and Mopsa are all Greek names, and are taken from Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia; while Autolycus is the Aůtódurós the very wolf-of Greek legend, ·Xxiv THE WINTER'S TALE and traces his descent, through Ovid's Metamorphoses, food Homer's Odyssey." In spite of its anachronisms, therefore, we are invited by Shakespeare to look upon his Winter's Tale as Greek in spirit and atmosphere. In this connection, too, it is well to remember that he came to the composition of it very soon after the completion of Pericles, the theme of which not only belongs to the Greek world, but is actually based on a Greek romance. Moreover, very soon after the appearance of The Winter's Tale, he seems to have turned his thoughts to yet another highly romantic story the action of which takes place upon Greek soil. Our reference is, of course, to The Two Noble Kinsmen, which most critics are agreed in regarding as the joint work of Shakespeare and Fletcher. In that play, moreover, following the guidance of Chaucer, and through Chaucer of Boccaccio, he introduces, in the incident of the visit paid by Palamon, Arcite and Emilia to the temples of Venus, Mars, and Diana, a dramatic motive which bears a striking resemblance to the oracle motive in The Winter's Tale. In this instance there is no oracular message, but in answer to the prayers of the three suppliants, the deities vouchsafe certain signs, the symbolic meaning of which is readily grasped by them. It would seem, therefore, that at the close of Shakespeare's career, and at the time when he was engaged upon his "romances," he took special delight in stories the action of which is laid upon, Greek soil, and in which a certain appeal is made to the miraculous. He may, or may not, have read the Elizabethan versions of the Greek romances, but he seems at any rate to have felt the charm of their stories of divine intervention and of marvellous adventures by land and sea, and to have discerned, as through a glass darkly, their glowing portraiture 1 Book xix. I. 394. It is interesting to notice that both Shakespeare and Greene pay homage to Amadis de Gaule by borrowing therefrom a single name. Shakespeare derives that of Florizel from the hero of the ninth book of that romance, Floriscl de Niquea; Greene, that of Garinter ( = Mamillius) from the first book. See The Two Noble Kinsmen, Act v. Scs. i. ii. ii. The incident of the visit to the three temples may be traced back to the Tescide of Boccaccio; but Boccaccio's source, apart from the Thebaid of Statius, is as little known as that of Greene's Pandosto. Here again a lost Greek romance has been looked upon as a possible origin of the romantic love-story.

·INTRODUCTION XXV of a love which overrides all obstacles and is faithful even unto death. The changes which Shakespeare introduced into Greene's [The title of story are many in number, and though some of them do not the play.) add to the probability of an already fabulous theme, they furnish the reader with an abundance of sudden surprises and intensify its essentially romantic character. Shakespeare meets at the outset his precise critics whose desire is to ridicule his geography and pick holes in the tissue of his plot. He puts them once for all out of court by the title which he gives to the play. This story of his is not to be looked upon as a sober record of history; it is "a winter's tale," and every spectator in the Globe Theatre must have been aware what the title signified. "A winter's tale," writes M. Jusserand, "meant a fancy story, an old woman's tale, its very unlikelihood being one of its charms"; and, in support of this definition of the phrase, he aptly quotes the following passages from Marlowe's Jew of Malta and Peele's Old Wives' Tale:- Now I remember those old women's words Who in my wealth would tell me winter's tales And speak of spirits and ghosts . . . (Jew of Malta, Act 11.). This sport does well; but methinks, gammer, a winter's tale Would drive away the time trimly (oud Wives Tale).' Shakespeare's "winter tale" is not of spirits and ghosts, but of oracles and animated statues ; yet he places almost the identical words of Marlowe's Barabas on the lips of his boy, Mamillius A sad tale's best for winter: I have one Of sprites and goblins. It is needless to enumerate here all the changes which Shakespeare has introduced into his version of the story of jealousy which he had taken from Greene. The summary of the plot(Shakespeare and Grecne.) of Pandosto which has already been given will serve to show that he departs very far from his model in the latter part of the play, and, in his restoration of Hermione to her husband, converts tragedy into comedy. It was inevitable that, if Greene's "Cf. Campion, Worka, ed. Vivian, p. 127:- Well can they judge of nappy Ale, And tell at large a Winter tale. * 11. i. 25-26. 9 ·xxvi THE WINTER'S TALE romance was to be dramatised at all, the classical unities of action, time and place, must be set at boldest defiance : but Shakespeare would no more have winced at this than he would have prided himself upon his close observance of those unities in The Tempest—the play which seems to stand nearest to The Winter's Tale in point of time. In preserving Hermione alive to the end of the story, he succeeds in giving to the play a certain unity of theme, but it can scarcely be denied that there are not one but two centres of interest in the story, and that the Bohemian pastoral of Act iv. is a delightful intermesso rather than an integral part of the main action. Shakespeare is least happy in his explanation of Lcontes' disastrous fit of jealousy. Greene, as we have seen, furnishes us with substantial grounds for that jealousy; the suspicions of Pandosto may be cruel and false, but they are at least intelligible: and Greene is careful to add that they were not due to a sudden spasm of frenzy, but the result of slow meditation. Sabie, like Shakespeare, was apparently not content with Greene's diagnosis of the cause of the disease ; but, unlike Shakespeare, he puts himself to infinite pains to explain his hero's course of action, and creates villains enough to poison his mind and convince him of his wife's adultery. But the jealousy of Leontes is as sudden in its onslaught as it is disastrous in its consequences; it is grossly capricious, and in our attempts to explain it, we can only fall back on the words of Banquo and declare that Leontes has eaten on the insane root That takes the reason prisoner. It is not easy to say why Shakespeare, in his treatment of Greene's Pandosto, should have reversed the localities in which the action takes place. Thanks to Theocritus, Sicily has come to be regarded as the hallowed ground of pastoral; but in The Winter's Tale the exquisite idyll of Florizel's wooing of the shepherdess Perdita is removed from Sicily to Bohemia. Nor is it, again, easy to say why Shakespeare should have seen fit to alter Greene's account of the way in which the infant Fawnia is placed alone in an open boat and left to the mercy of the winds and waves. This is a popular incident in romance all the world over, but Shakespeare has set it aside, and, placing his heroine under the escort of the courtier Antigonus, has had ·INTRODUCTION XXV summon to his aid the services of a Bohemian bear to remove him out of the way when his services as escort are over, and his presence is threatening to cumber the subsequent progress of the story It is in the fourth and fifth acts that Shakespeare departs (Shakemost widely from his source and takes the conduct of the story attitude most completely into his own hands. For the rococo Arcad- towards ianism and strained Euphuism of Greene's story of the wooing Pastoralism.] of the supposed shepherdess by the royal prince he substitutes that homely and yet infinitely gracious picture of the shepherd's feast at which Perdita, a radiant queen of curds and cream, presides as hostess of the meeting and scatters her largesse of springtide flowers upon old and young. The pastoral convention, to which Sidney and Spenser had in their day rendered full and frequent obeisance, and to which even such robust intellects as those of Ben Jonson and Cervantes paid loyal homage, had always seemed an unreal and artificial thing in the eyes of Shakespeare. Once before, in As You Like It, he had fashioned a play out of a euphuistic pastoral romance, and then as now the sanity of his genius had saved him from falling a prey to its seductive spell. He had boldly ridiculed, in the persons of his Silvius and Phoebe, the amorous swains and disdainfül nymphs in whom the pastoralists delighted; he had set over against them the realistic figures of William and Audrey, and had created a Touchstone with the deliberate purpose of pricking the bubble of Arcadianism. If Shakespeare had been robust enough to resist the wiles of this Duessa at the time when he wrote As You Like It, he was hardly likely to give way to the temptation at the close of his career, and at a time when the real life of the countryside was all about him in the Stratford home to which he had returned. The wit and wisdom of the old shepherd in The Winter's Tale savour, therefore, not of an Arcadian dreamland, but of the farmstead and the byre; for the stately dances of the pastoral masque we find the gallimaufry of gambols" of the carters and swineherds; and instead of the amorous dalliance and madrigalstrains of a Corydon or a Thestylis, we are regaled with the homespun humour of Mopsa and her clownish lover, with ballads of monstrous fishes that rise above the water to descant ·xxviii THE WINTER'S TALE on the hard hearts of maids, and with ale-house ditties sung to the chorus of " Jump her and thump her." (Autolycus.] Amid all this rustic merriment there moves the agile figure of Autolycus, who, "littered under Mercury," resembles that light-fingered god in being a snapper up of unconsidered trifles. Like Touchstone, he has seen service at court, but finds the free life of a gipsy pedlar more to his taste. He has something of the wit of Touchstone, and much of the tunefulness of Feste; and for him as for Falstaff the folly of other men is both meat and drink. It may seem strange to compare this limber youth with the tun of flesh that reclined at ease in the Eastcheap tavern; but never since that master of wit had reluctantly exchanged Dame Quickly's ale-house for" Arthur's bosom had Shakespeare created a rogue of such captivating presence and unfailing resourcefulness. Life is for him a festival of gay adventures; neither the whipping-post nor the gallows can abate his mercurial ardour, and, as he himself declares, " for the life to come, I sleep out the thought of it." I (Florizel aad But the humour of Autolycus and the realism of Mopsa Perdita.] and the Clown are not Shakespeare's only substitutes for the Euphuism and Arcadianism of Greene's romance. They furnish only the background to the picture; the foreground is occupied by Florizel and Perdita, who win their way to our hearts by the youthful charm of their presence and by the virginal purity and ardour of their love. How well can we spare the rhetorical tirades of Dorastus and Fawnia as we listen to the simple yet radiantly poetic words of courtship which these Shakespearean lovers exchange with one another! This courtship is a different thing from that which Rosalind and Orlando, or Beatrice and Benedick, pursued some ten years previously; it is rather of the nature of the courtship of Miranda and Ferdinand on Prospero's magic isle. We miss the thrust and parry of the 1 One of the miracles of Shakespeare's art consists in the way in which he places the same idea on the lips of absolutely different cbaracters and thereby produces opposite effects. This expression of indifference towards the life here- ; after, which is pure comedy in Autolycus, becomes intensely tragic when uttered : by Macbeth in one of his seasons of spiritual anguish :- " That but this blow Might be the be-all, and the end-all here, But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, We'ld jump the life to come " (Macbeth, 1. vü. 4-7).

·INTRODUCTION xxix wit combats in which those earlier pairs of lovers engaged. The character of Autolycus, which is entirely Shakespeare's own creation, shows that the great dramatist preserved to the very end of his career the gifts of gaiety and humour, and had proved the truth of the words which fall from the lips of that pedlar-philosopher :- Jog on, jog on, the foot-path way, And merrily hent the stile-a; A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a mile-a. But the merriment and gaiety of the romances are chiefly confined to the professed comedians; his lovers, without being in any way grave or sedate, are deficient in wit, and make no attempt to conceal the ardour of their youthful love beneath a mask of pleasantry. The love-making of Rosalind and Orlando, or of Beatrice and Benedick, is chiefly in prose; that of Perdita and Florizel, or Miranda and Ferdinand, is almost entirely in verse; and, in place of gay repartee and fusillades of wit, Shakespeare introduces into these love-scenes a note of tenderness, a spirit of chivalrous devotion and an atmosphere of idyllic beauty With the change of scene from Bohemia to Sicily in Act V., [The closing Shakespeare's divergence from the Pandosto story becomes scenes.] complete. In this final period of his dramatic career his deter-, mination was to secure at all costs a happy ending to his plays. Forgiveness of enemies, reconciliation between the injured and the injurer, restoration of wife to husband or of children to their parents--this is the message of benediction which Shakespeare utters, as With peace and consolation, And calm of mind, all passion spenthe bids farewell to the stage. In such a mood, not only was the suicide of the repentant king impossible for him, but the great-hearted queen must be spared too. Sabie, as we have seen, had departed from the example of Greene in sparing the life of the king, but Shakespeare is content with a single victim - the boy Mamillius. The problem which he had to face in keeping Hermione alive and in concealment for the space of sixteen years was no easy one, and the difficulty was not ·XXX THE WINTER'S TALE lightened by his desire to end the play with a great spectacular tableau, in which the queen should be the central figure. [The statue But having set his heart upon this, he refused to let any motive.] regard for strict verisimilitude stay his hand. The restoration of Perdita to Leontes, which, in the words of the "Second Gentleman," is "so like an old tale, that the verity of it is in strong suspicion," is hurriedly related on second-hand evidence, in order that the even more miraculous restoration of Hermione to Leontes and Perdita, so far from coming as an anti-climax, may be the crowning scene of the whole play. The method by which this restoration is effected is one of the most daring pieces of stage-craft in the whole range of Elizabethan drama; and, knowing how ready Shakespeare was to draw suggestions from others in the shaping of his plots, we naturally ask whether this bold device of the descent of the supposed statue from the pedestal is the work of his own unaided imagination, or is derived from some source with which he may have been acquainted. Without in any way denying the originality of Shakespeare's craftsmanship, it may be pointed out that the famous Pygmalion and Galatea legend presents a certain parallel. The story was, of course, well known in Elizabethan England, and as recently as 1598 it had been made the theme of a narrative poem by Marston, entitled The Metamorphosis of Pygmalion's Image. The chastened beauty of the final scene of The Winter's Tale is poles apart from the gross sensuality of Marston's work, but neither this, nor the fact that in the one case the statue is real, and in the other an ingenious pretence, is sufficient to dispel the belief that Shakespeare may have had Marston and the Pygmalion and Galatea legend in mind. Moreover, long before the appearance of Marston's poem. Shakespeare's old master, Lyly, had introduced a somewhat similar motive into his comedy, The Woman in the Moon. In the first act of that play the simple Utopian shepherds come to the goddess Nature and implore her to create a woman. Whereupon Nature's attendant virgins, Concord and Discord, "draw the curtains from before Nature's shop" and disclose a "clothed image." Into this image Nature breathes "life and soul," and imparts motion to every limb. The animated image begins to "walk about fearfully," then speaks, and finally "plays the vixen with everything about her." Upon her Nature ·INTRODUCTION xxxi 4V ATUN bestows the name Pandora, and she becomes the central figure of the play. Finally, in the idea of the restoration of Hermione to [The Winter's Tale and Leontes, there is, as more than one critic has pointed out, a Alcestis. certain resemblance to the Alcestis of Euripides. We need not, of course, suppose that Shakespeare had read that drama in the original, or even in the Latin version of Stephens. The story is alluded to by Chaucer in his Legend of Good Women, and is told at some length by Pettie in his Petite Palace of Pleasure (1576). The points of analogy between the two plays are fairly obvious, and need only be lightly touched on here. In either case we are confronted with a king who has inflicted a great wrong upon, and demanded a supreme sacrifice from, his queen; and in either case we see how the wrong-doer, through contrition and bitter repentance, has been made more worthy to win back the wife that he has lost. The work of restoration, which in the Alcestis falls to the lot of the genial Heracles, is performed in The Winter's Tale by the faithful Paulina. Like Heracles, she effects a magnificent dénouement, and, like him, she is forced to- Procrastinate the truth, Until the wife, who had made proof and found The husband wanting, might essay, once more, Hear, see, and feel him renovated now- Able to do, now, all herself had done, Risen to the height of her: so, hand in hand, The two might go together, live and die.? Strange as it may seem, the character of Hermione has [Hermione.] been subjected more than once to adverse criticism. Her sixteen years of self-enforced seclusion have been looked upon as the morbid brooding over a wrong of which the author had for long bitterly repented. Not content with this charge, Professor Thorndike, in his eagerness to establish a particular line of argument, bids us look upon her as a mere creature of situations." He declares that “the archness and wit of her repartee in the first act, her noble declamation in the trial scene, and the unforgiving chastity of her sixteen years' wait, do not convince one that they belong to the same woman. They belong to the plot." To this charge of inconsistency 1 Verses 510-534. 9 Browning, Balaxstion's Adventure. * The Influence of Beaumont and Fletcher on Shakespeare, p. 138. 40 ·xxxii THE WINTER'S TALE the obvious reply is that there was nothing on which Shake speare set greater store than the development of character under the influence of the moulding circumstances of life. Undoubtedly the Hermione of the first act is a different woman from the Hermione of the third or fifth. But is it not also the case that the Juliet, who to her mother's question at the opening of the play-"How stands your disposition to be married ?" -answers" It is an honour that I dream not of"-is a very different woman from the Juliet who, in Act III., gives utterance to that most rapturous of bridal songs~"Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds"-or, in Act Iv., endures the horrors of a charnel-house for the sake of the man she has wedded ? And what is true of Juliet, or, in different ways, of Macbeth or Lear, is true also of Hermione. Her character is moulded by the experiences of life, and the chastisement of a great sorrow. The "archness and wit" of an untroubled mind give place, when the cruel accusation is brought against her, to the measured and dignified defence of the trial scene; and the strength of character which enables her to refute her husband's charges without bitterness, and to endure his insults without recrimination, enables her also to bear with fortitude those sixteen long years of immured seclusion. To look upon Hermione's withdrawal of herself from her husband's 'society as the result of “unforgiving chastity," or as the resentful nursing of an injury, is altogether perverse. In reality it is an act of heroic submission to the will of the gods. Reference has already been made to the deeply religious spirit of this play, which, be it added, loses nothing of its intensity from the fact that the religion is Greek and not Christian. In the great trial-scene, when all else fails her, Hermione's trust in the gods remains unshaken, and it is with a fervent appeal to Apollo to right her cause that her great defence ends :- Your honours all, I do refer me to the oracle ; Apollo be my judge ! Her trust, as we know, is not misplaced. The oracle pronounces her chaste, and Polixenes blameless, and it is with a heart overflowing with gratitude that she joins with Leontes' lords in that great cry of relief-"Now blessed be the great ·INTRODUCTION xxxiii Apollo !” But the oracle, in pronouncing her chaste, has also uttered words which she interprets as a solemn charge laid upon herself: "And the King shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not found." With a woman's swift intuition, she recognises in these words a divine command to separate herself from her husband. She must give birth to no more children till Perdita is restored ; and, having learnt by sad experience the impulsiveness and obstinacy of Leontes' character, she realises that only by feigning death can she render cohabitation with him impossible. So, with heroic selfcommand, she resigns herself to her sequestered, sunless life. We can well imagine how, as she learnt from Paulina's lips of her husband's deep contrition and "saint-like sorrow," her generous heart must have yearned for reconciliation with him. But the impulses of the heart must be curbed by submission to the divine will, Sixteen years she remains in self-enforced retirement, and then deliverance comes. Paulina brings to her the glad tidings of the discovery of the long-lost Perdita, and she realises that the divinely appointed hour of reconciliation has arrived. The statue scene which she and Paulina plan is a clever stage device; but it is also something infinitely greater. For the animation of the statue is in truth a gracious symbol of the re-awakening of Hermione. Bereft of child and husband and a nation's loyal homage, she lias for the space of sixteen years lived a pallid life-in-death ; but now at last all this is over, and she enters once again into that plenitude of life which belongs to her who is at once queen and wife and mother, At this supreme moment of reconciliation her heart is too charged with emotion to utter many words, Silently she throws her arms about her husband's neck and then invokes the blessing of the gods upon her long-lost daughter : You gods, look down, And from your sacred vials pour your graces Upon my daughter's head.

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·THE WINTER'S TALE ·DRAMATIS PERSONA: LEONTES, King of Sicilia. MAMILLIUS," young Prince of Sicilia. CAMILLO, ANTIGONUS, CLEOMENES, Four Lords of Sicilia. Dion, POLIXENES, King of Bohemia. FLORIZEL, Prince of Bohemia. ARCHIDAMUS, "a Lord of Bohemia. OLD SHEPHERD, reputed father of Perdita. CLOWN, his son. AUTOLYCUS, a rogue. A Mariner. A Gaoler, } Shepherdesses. HERMIONE, Queen to Leontes. PERDITA, daughter to Leontes and Hermione. PAULINA, wife to Antigonus. EMILIA, a lady attending on Hermione. MOPSA, DORCAS, Other Lords and Gentlemen, Ladies, Officers, and Servants, Shepherds, and Shephendesses. Time, as Choc SCENE: Partly in Sicilia, and partly in Bohemia. First compiled by Rowe; given imperfectly as “The Names of the Actors" in Ff. * Rowe 1 etc. ; Mamillus Ff 1, 2, Rowe 2, Pope, Hanmer; Mamilius Ff 3, 4. * Warburton, Capell, etc.; Cleomines Ff.

·THE WINTER'S TALE ACT I SCENE I.-Antechamber in Leontes' Palace, Enter CAMILLO and ARCHIDAMUS. IO Arch. If you shall chance, Camillo, to visit Bohemia, on the like occasion whereon my .services are now on foot, you shall see, as I have said, great difference betwixt our Bohemia and your Sicilia. Cam. I think, this coming summer, the King of Sicilia 5 means to pay Bohemia the visitation which he justly owes him. Arch. Wherein our entertainment shall shame us: we will be justified in our loves; for indeed Cam. Beseech you, - Arch. Verily, I speak it in the freedom of my knowledge: wecannot with such magnificence-in so rare I know not what to say. We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses, unintelligent of our insufficience, may, though they cannot praise us, as little accuse 15 us. Cam. You pay a great deal too dear for what's given freely. Arch. Believe me, I speak as my understanding instructs me, and as mine honesty puts it to utterance. 20 Cam. Sicilia cannot show himself over-kind to Bohemia. Antechamber .] Theobald; A Palace, Rowe. I. Bohemia] Bithynia Hanmer (and throughout). 5. coming] common Ff 2, 3, 4. 8. us :] , Theobald; us Camb. Edd. 8-9. Wherein ... loves] I follow the occasion of your visit our entertainthe Folios in placing a colon after ment of you, when compared with your shame 13. The Camb. Edd. omit a entertainment of us, may put us to mark of punctuation here. Accepting shame; but the cordiality of our wel the colon, the meaning would be: On come shall make amends. 3 ·THE WINTER'S TALE [AÇTI They were trained together in their childhoods; and there rooted betwixt them then such an affection, which cannot choose but branch now. Since their more mature dignities and royal necessities made 25 separation of their society, their encounters, though not personal, have been royally attorneyed with interchange of gifts, letters, Toving embassies; that they have seemed to be together, though absent; shook hands, as over a vast; and embraced, as it 30 were, from the ends of opposed winds. The heavens continue their loves! Arch. I think there is not in the world either malice or matter to alter it. You have an unspeakable comfort of your young prince Mamillius: it is a gentleman 35 of the greatest promise that ever came into my note. Cam. I very well agree with you in the hopes of him: it is a gallant child; one that indeed physics the subject, makes old hearts fresh: they that went on crutches 40 ere he was born desire yet their life to see him a man. Arch. Would they else be content to die? Cam. Yes; if there were no other excuse why they should desire to live. Arch. If the king had no son, they would desire to live 45 on crutches till he had one. [Exeunt. 27. have) Ff 2, 3, 4; hath FL 27. royally) so royally Collier MS. 28. gifts] Ff 1, 3, 4; gift F 2. 30. vast] F 1; vasi seo Ff 2, 3, 4; also Rowe, Pope, Hanmer. 35. Mamillius] Mamillus Rowe (ed. 2). . 27. attorneyed) An attorney is primar- when judged in the light of the subseily a substitute or deputy; compare "1 quent development of the plot, is in. will have no attorney but myself" tensely ironic. Equally ironic are the (Comedy of Errors, v. i. 100). Johnson hopes expressed in the following interprets the passage: "nobiy sup- speeches that Mamillius may grow to plied by substitution of embassies," etc. man's estate and succeed his father on 30. å vast) a waste, a wide expanse. the throne. So marked an employment This use of a vast as a substantive is of dramatic irony in the opening scene common in Elizabethan English, and of a play is unusual in Shakespeare. survives to-day in dialect; compare " In 39. Rhysics. the bigct; acts as a the dead vast and middle of the night cordial to the nation. With this use of (Hamlat, 1. ii. 198); * The God of this subject "ak *** the subjects of a State, great vast (i.e. the ocean). Pericles, compare King Lear, Iv. vi. IIO: "See III. i. 1). how the subject quakes," and Measure 33-34. I think there ... alter it] for Measure, 111. ii. 149: This speech of Archidamus, and to a file of the subject." less degree, the whole of this first scene, 99 11 "the greater 1 ·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 5 Spe SCENE II.A room of state in the same. Enter LEONTES, HERMIONE, MAMILLIUS, POLIXENES, CAMILLO, and Attendants. Pol. Nine changes of the watery star hath been The shepherd's note since we have left our throne Without a burthen : time as long again Would be fill'd up, my brother, with our thanks: And yet we should, for perpetuity, 5 Go hence in debt: and therefore, like a cipher, Yet standing in rich place, I multiply With one “We thank you" many thousands moe That go before it. Leon. Stay your thanks a while; And pay them when you part. Pol. Sir, that's to-morrow. 10 I am question'd by my fears, of what may chance Or breed upon our absence that may blow No sncaping winds at home, to make us say “This is put forth too truly:" besides, I have stay'd To tire your royalty. Lern. We are tougher, brother, terythi Than you can put us to 't. Pol. No longer stay. SCENE 11. A roomi .) Capell. and Attendants] Theobald. I. hath] have Capell. 12-13. that may blow No] there may blow Some Hanmer; may there blow No Warburton. 14. truly) carly Hanmer; tardily Capell. SCANE 11. which has called forth a great variety. of interpretations. If we regard the 1-2. Nine changes of the watery star second part of the sentence as a wish, note since] The shepherd has seen we may interpret somewhat as follows: nine moons wax and wane since. Fears of what may happen during my With this reference to the moon as absence are tormenting me. Oh, that " the watery star," compare Hamlet, 1. no nipping winds may blow at home to i. 118: "the moist star upon whose make me say that my fears have been influence Neptune's empire stands." expressed only too truly! Hanmer In Midsummer Night's Dream, II. i. proposed the substitution of early" 103, we read : "the moon, the gover. for a truly," and, having regard to the ness of flodds.' words "sneaping winds," thought that! 8. moe] more. Properly spcaking, the reference was to the putting forth moe is the neuter form of the compara- of buds on the trees. tive, more the masculine and feminine. 13. sncaping] nipping. Compare But in Elizabethan English more is Love's Labour's Lost, 1. i. 100: sneapcommonly sed before a singular noun ing frost. and moc before a plural. 16. Than you can put us to 't) Than 11-14. I am question'd truly] any extremities to which you can drive This is a difficult and elliptical passage, miner . 25 .

·8 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT 1. Leon. One seven-night longer. Pol. Very sooth, to-morrow. Leon. We 'll part the time between 's, then: and in that I'll no gainsaying, Pol. Press me not, beseech you, so. There is no tongue that moves, none, none i' the world, 20 So soon as yours could win me: so it should now, Were there necessity in your request, although 'Twere needful I denied it. My affairs Do even drag me homeward: which to hinder Were in your love a whip to me; my stay 25 To you a charge and trouble: to save both, Farewell, our brother. Leon. Tongue-tied our queen? speak you. Her. I had thought, sir, to have held my peace until You had drawn oaths from him not to stay. You, sir, Charge him too coldly. Tell him, you are sure 30 il and theny All in Bohemia 's well; this satisfaction Alkony The by-gone day proclaim'd: say this to him, 6. He's beat from his best ward. Leon. Well said, Hermione. Her. To tell, he longs to see his son, were strong: But let him say so then, and let him go; 35 But let him swear so, and he shall not stay, We 'll thwack him hence with distaffs. Yet of your royal presence I 'll adventure The borrow of a week. When at Bohemia You take my lord, I'll give him my commission 40 To let him there a month bebind the gest 20. world) Ff 1,3 4; would F 2. 28. to have] to've Pope. 29. You had) You 'ad Theobald. 38. [To Polixones) Rowe. 40. give him) give you Hanmer. 41. behind) beyond Heath. 41. gest] Ff 1, 2; guest Ff 3, 4; inst Theobald; list Heath. 19. I'll no] I will bave no. “Those Alights upon the banks of 24-25. which to hinder ... whip to Thames me] Farness interprets this as follows: That so did take Eliza, and our "To hinder which would be a punish James." ment to mo, although you indicted it 41. To let ... month] The exact out of love." force of these words is uncertain; it 40. dake] It is probable that this word may be the verb to let in the sense of to I is used bere in the sense of " charm," allow (O.E. lætan) or the verb to let in delight." Such a use we find in the the sense of hinder, delay (O.E. lettan). familiar reference to the daffodils that We have therefore to choose between "take the winds of March with beauty, (1) to allow him to remain there a month, in rv. iv. 320, and in Jonson's The and (2) to tarry there a month; with Memory of Shakespeare:--- the latter reading, we must look upon him 28 a reflexive pronoon. P 1 ·SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 7 Voy Prefix'd for 's parting: yet, good deed, Leontes, with I love thee not a jar o' the clock behind What lady she her lord. You'll stay? Pol. No, madam.imh Her. Nay, but you will? Pol. I may not, verily. 45 Her. Verily! You put me off with limber vows; but I, Though you would seek to unsphere the stars with oaths, Should yet say "Sir, no going." Verily, You shall not go: a lady's “Verily" 's 50 As potent as a lord's. Will you go yet? Force me to keep you as a prisoner, Not like a guest, so you shall pay your fees When you depart, and save your thanks. How say you? My prisoner? or my guest? by your dread "Verily," 55 One of them you shall be. Pol. Your guest, then, madam: To be your prisoner should import offending; 42. good deed], (good-deed) F 1; (good-heed) F2; (good heed) ff 44. lady she) lady should Collier ; lady-she Staunton. 50.** Verily* '5j Staunton and Grant White; Verely 'is Pf 1, 2; Verily is FY 3, 4. 53. guest,] guest : Ff; guest! Rowe, Pope, Theobald, Hanmer ; guest; Camb. Edd. 41. gest] The editors of the New probable that the phrase lady she is Eng. Dict. give " the time allotted for equivalent to our modern phrase "lady a halt or stay" as the meaning of gest wife," or possibly, as c. T. Onions in this passage. They record no other suggests, in his Shakespeare Glossary, occurrence of the word in this sense, but to "titled lady"; compare Lafeu's give several instances of the use of the reference to Helena as "doctor she" in word in the plural to denote "the All's Well that Ends Well, 11. i. 77, various stages of a journey, especially a Collier's alteration to "should " is unroyal progress," e.g. Edward VI.'s Four- necessary, and the view that the word nal, p. 275: “The gestis of my pro- she is merely redundant, like the he in gres wer set fourth, wbicb were the phrases, "For God he knows" (Rich. these "; and Speed, Hist. of Gt. ard III. n. vii. 236), "The skipping Brit. vij. 42: "The like custome vsed king ke ambled up and down" (1 Henry hee in the winter season in his jeysts IV. nu. ï. 60), seems hardly tenable. and circuits throughout his country." 47. limber) flexible, pliant. Compare The word seems to be a variant of the Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 476: "Those equally obsolete gist=a stopping-place, wav'd their limber fans, for wings." from O.F. giste (Mod. F. gite). 52. Force me) If we place a corama, 42. good deed] in very deed, indeed. and not a colon or note of interrogation, 43. jar o' the clock] tick of the clock. after" guest" in the next line, the mean- Compare Spanish Tragedy: "The owls ing of force me" is "If you can force sbrieking, the toads croaking, the me." miautes jarring, and the clocke striking 53. your fees]The fees which prisoners twelve." fairta arrested on a criminal charge had to pay 43-4. behind ... Lord] less than any on their liberation whether found guilty lady wife whatever loves her lord. or innocent. 44. lady she) “She" is often used 57. insport offending] imply an offence as à noan in Shakespeare, and it is on my part.

·8 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT L. 3 65 Which is for me less easy to commit Than you to punish. Her. Not your gaoler, then, But your kind hostess. Come, I'll question you 60 Of my lord's tricks and yours when you were boys: You were pretty lordings then? Pol. We were, fair queen, Two lads that thought there was no more behind, But such a day to-morrow as to-day, And to be boy eternal. Her. Was not my lord The verier wag o' the two? Pol. We were as twinn'd lambs that did frisk i' the sun, And bleat the one at the other : what we changed y no topo Was innocence for innocence; we knew not The doctrine of ill-doing, nor dream'd 70 * That any did. did. Had we pursued that life, . And our weak spirits ne'er been higher rear'd with to With stronger blood, we should have answer'd heayen of big Boldly "not guilty ;" the imposition clear'd the imposition cleard original Hereditary ours, bating the mail Her. By this we gather from the off You have tripp'd since. Pol. O my most sacred lady's huddle Mae Temptations have since then been born to 's: for h! In those unfledg'd days was my wife a girl ; thom Your precious self had then not cross'd the eyes of my young play-fellow. Her. * Grace to boot! Joo spessores y Of this make no conclusion, lest you say . ina 65-6. Was not .. the two] Hanmer reads as one line. 70. nor dream'd] FI; no, nor dream'd Ff2, 3, 4; neither dream'd Spedding. 77. to 's) to us Capell. 80. Grace] Ok / Grace Hanmer; God's Grace Walker. 8. boot) fungth Heath itkintos changed] exchanged. original sin is excepted, but that even 70. nor dream'd] The later Folios read inherited as it was, it was swept clean no, nor dream'd"; this undoubtedly away. It must be allowed that this makes the verse more regular, but the second interpretation keeps nearer to pause after " ill-doing" may be looked the force of the word "clear'd"" than upon as having metrical value. that of Theobald. 74-5. the imposition ours) Theo- 8o. Grace to boot /] Grace to my *** kald's interpretation of the passage“ iš help! The esclamation is a rare one, as follows : Bating the imposition from but Sir James Murray (New. Eng. Dict. the offence of our first parents, we might s.v. “Grace") aptly illustrates it by have protested our innocence to Heaven. 'means of the phrase "St. George to toa Farness thinks this wrong, and main. boot." "the meaning is not that . that ·THE WINTER'S TALE clab handles to ty that he do we 1 6- Your queen and I are devils: yet go on; The offences we have made you 'll answer, If you first sinn'd with us, and that with us You did continue fault, and that you slipp'd not 85 With any but with us. Leon. Is he won yet? Her. He 'll stay, my lord. Leon. At my request he would not. Hermione, my dearest, thou never spokest To better purpose. Her. Never? Leon, Never, but once. Her. What! have I twice said well? when was 't before? 90 I prithee tell me; cram's with praise, and make's As fat as tame things: one good deed dying tongueless Slaughters a thousand waiting upon that. Our praises are our wages : you may ride 's With one soft kiss a thousand furlongs ere 95 With spur we heat an acre. But to the goal : My last good deed was to entreat his stay: What was my first? it has an elder sister, daryl Gill- ili Or 1 mistake you : 0, would her name were Grace! (van But once before I spoke to the purpose? When? 100 ML Nay, let me have't; I long. Why, that was when histup Three crabbed months had sour'd themselves to death, Ere I could make thee open thy white hand, And clap thyself my love: then didst thou utter Silikon "I am yours for ever." tikin i Her, 'Tis Grace indeed. chent like gościmy Why, lo you now, I have spoke to the purpose, twice : times of "Ir dar uhabi 91. crom 's .. make 's] cram us make us Capell. 96. heat an acre. They com But goal] clear an acre. But to the good Collier MS. 100. spoke] Ff1, ; spake Ff 3, 4. 100. purpuse?'] Ff; purpose : Capell, Camb. edd. 1804. And clap) Ff 2, 3, 4; A clap F 1; And clepe Rowe (2). This is Hanmer; It is Capell. 106. I have] I've Pope. tion of hand 96. hegt] traverse at full speed. can anything be said for the alteration Compare the phrases "foot-hot," at of heat to clear and of goal to good full speed, and" a dead heat." recorded in the marginal notes to 36. Bul to the goal] But let us bring Collier's copy of the second Folio. bis discussion to an end. Eighteenth 104. clap] The metaphor is that of century editors, from Warburton on two persons shaking hands to conclude -wards, played havoc with this line by a bargain. Compare Henry, V. v. ü. deleting the full stop after “ and 133: "And so clap hands, and a connecting the words " but to the bargain," tulis mg.mtve in immunitaires goal " with those which precede; nor I hur . Leon. this, Mente Welpen WWW.FI 1 105. Tis) acre ·THE WINTER'S TALE dad [ACT 1. bio sindro - from the The one for ever earn'd a royal husband; The other for some while a friend. Leon. [Aside] Too hot, too hot! To mingle friendship far is mingling bloods. I have tremor cordis on me: my heart dances; IIO But not for joy; not joy. This entertainment May a free face put on, derive a liberty From heartiness, from bounty, fertile bosom, 9 uppe And well become the agent; t may, I grant; But to be paddling palms and pinching fingers, om te 1.As now they are, and making practised smiles, As in a looking-glass, and then to sigh, as 'twere jeho The morto the deer; O, that is entertainment My bosom likes not, nor my brows! Mamillius, Art thou my boy? Mam. Ay, my good lord. Leon. l' fecks! Why, that's my bawcock. What, hast smutch'd thy nose? They say it is a copy out of mine. Come, captain, We must be neat; not neat, but cleanly, captain : And yet the steer, the heifer and the calf Are all call'd neat-Still virginalling 125 • Upon his palm !-How now, you wanton calf! > 120 114. become] m 1 108. [Giving her hand to Pol.] Capell. 112. derive] F I; derives Ff 2, 3.4. 113. bounty, fertile bosom] bounty's fartile bosom, Hanmer; bounty :--fertile become, Jackson. 114. well] F 1; we'l Ff 2, 4; wse'l F 3. becomes Rowe. 114. 't may) it may Steevens. 117. Looking-glass) glass Walker. 121. hast] Capell; has't Ff. 112. free) open, courteous, unreserved. Humour, 1. iii. : "By my facking ;" 113. fertile bosom) large generosity. Middleton, A Quiet Life, ii. ii.; " By There is no need to read, with Hanmer, my facks, Sir.' bounty's fertile bosom." We are to 121. baucock] finc fellow. French understand the omission of the word beau coq. ** from " before " fertile bosom.' 123. neat] Johnson adds the follow-; II5. paddling) amorously fingering. ing ingenious comment on Leontes' Compare Hamlet, ill. iv. 185: "Or use of this word: “Lcontes, seeing paddling in your neck with his damn'd his son's nose smatch'd, cries, We fingers; see also Othello, il i. 261. must be neat ;' then recollecting that 118. The mort of the deer] A banting 'neat is the ancient term for horned. phrase used when the bantsman's horn cattle,' he says, 'not neat but cleanly..." announced that the deer bad sighed 125. virginalling] playing with her forth his last breath. Compare Greene, fingers upon his band like a musician Card of Fencie (1584): "He that upon the virginals. "The virginals bloweth the mort before the fall of the (probably so called because chiefly.. buck may verie well misse of his fees." played upon by young girls) resembled a 120. I fecks !] in faith. Bradley in shape the square pianoforte of the (n.2.D.) regards fecks, facks, or feg's present day, as the harpsichord did the as corrupted forms of fay and faith. grand (Chappell's Popular Music, Compare Jonson, Bvery Man in his i. 103). . J.

·psille Telangana 130 3 FO ne byt Perumtu. THE WINTER'S TALE tenere tot lange kein, Art thou my calf?' and the main the there Mam. Yes, if you will, my lord: Leon. Thou want'st a rough pash and the shoots that I have, To be tull like me: yet they say we are Almost as like as eggs; women say so, That will say any thing : but were they false As o'er-dyed blacks, as wind, as waters, false viny As dice, are to be wish'd by one that fixes No bourd twixthis and mine, yet were it true the town Το say this boy were like me. Come, sir page, 135 Look on me with your welkin eye: sweet villain ! ! Most dear'st! my cellop? Can thy dam 7-may't bepke Affection thy intention stabs the centre: Thou dost make possible, things not so beld, Communicatest with dreams ;-how can this be? 140 With what's unreal thou coactive art, And fellow'st nothing: then 'tis very credent Thou mayest co-join with something; and thou dost, 128. pash) bush Becket. 129. full like) full, like Ff. 132. o'er-dyed] o're-dy'd Ff1, 2, 3; o're did F 4. 132. wind) winds Rowe. 134, bourn] 'Capell; borne Ff 1, 2; born Ff 3, 4. 135. were) is Hanmer. 137. dam - Camb. Edd.; dam, Ff; dam > Rowe. 137-8. may 't be Affection ! centre) may 't be Affection.. centre Ff. 139. not so] F 1; not be so Ff 2, 8, 4. 140. dreams ;-how can this be Dreams (how can this, be :) FF. 141. With what's unreal] Rann; With what's unreal : Ff 1, 2; With what's anreal, Ff 3, 4; With what's unreal ? Pope. 128. rough pash) shaggy head. The in the sense of sexual love, and that word survives to-day in Scotland and intension has the force of "intensity." Cheshire. Ray in his North Country We may accordingly interpret the line Words (1674-91) cites "a mad pash as follows: Love the intensity of thy = a mad-brain. ardous penetrates to the inmost recesses 128. shoots) horns. of the heart. With this use of intention 132. oer-dyed blacks] black garments for intensity, compare Merry Wives the texture of which is weakened by of Windsor, I. iï. 72: ** She did so excessive dyeing. In other words, the course o'er my exteriors, with such a adjective "false" refers, not to the greedy intention, that the appetite of colourz bat to the texture of the gar the eye did seem to scorch me up like a burning glass." 134. bourn} boundary. 140. how can this be?) This paren- 136. welkin eye) an eye as blue as thetical question must be taken with the azure sky; those which go before"Can thy dam ? 137. collob] a collop is properly a slice of meat cut off from a joint. The 141•3. With what's ... something] curious application of the word to a The meaning seems to be tha: love is child is well illustrated by ) Henry VI. so powerful that it may associate itself v. iv. 18: "God knows thou art a with unrealities and pursue its course collop of my fesb." without having a definite object in 138. Affection contro] This is view; and if such is possible, it is all a difficult me and many attempts to the more natural to believe that its explain it have been made. It is pro- power will not be lessened when it bas bable that the word affection is used such a definite object in view. here, as so frequently by Shakespeare, 11 c ments, may 't be ?" + ·w Hulu 1 . -17.0> Will you take eggs for money?" }*'? ha 12 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT 1. And that beyond commission, and I find it, And that to the infection of my brains 145 And hardening of my brows. Pol. What means Sicilia ? Her. He something seems unsettled. Pol. How, my lord! When the more What cheer? how is 't with you, best brother? Her. You look As if you held a brow of much distraction: wy hand turbandos Are you moved, my lord? Ottelto () Leon. No, in good earnest. 150 How sometimes nature will betray its folly, Its tenderness, and make itself a pastime To harder bosoms! Looking on the lines Of my boy's face, methoughts I did recoil Twenty-three years, and saw myself unbreech'd, 155 In my green velvet coat, my dagger muzzled his ny Lest it should bite its master, and so prove, As ornaments oft do, too dangerous : How like, methought, I then was to this kernel, This squash, this gentleman. Mine honest friend, 160; may taken in dira 147-8. How, my lord ! . . . brother ?] Rann; How? my Lord"?' Leo. What brother Ff; Now my lord? What ... brother ? Capell; How is 't, my lord ? What . brother Long MS.; How now, my lord? Leo. What brother ? Singer MS.; Ho, my lord ! What ... brother ? Dyce. 148. is 't] is it Rowe (2) best) my best Rowe (2). 150. Are you] Avd not you Theobald; Are you not Hanmer, 150. earnest) earnest, no. Capell. 154. mcthoughts] F 4; me thoughts Ff 1, 2, 3; my thoughts Collier ; methought Staunton. 154. recoil) recall Grey, 158, ornaments do] Rowe; ornaments . do's FC (does F 4); Ornament ... does Capell. 161. eggs) ayes Becket, 144. beyond commission] beyond what 160. squash) literally, an unripe pea. is authorised and lawful. compare Twelfth Night, 1. v. 148. What cheer ... brother) It is 167: “Not yet old enough for a man, probable that Hanmer was right in nor young enough for a boy;" as ami transferring this line from Leonies to squash is before 'tis a pearcod. Polixenes. The words seem out of 161. Will you take. money) AJ place on the lips of the King of Sicily, proverbiar expression of unknown origin, unless we accept the somewhat strained the meaning of which is, will you take view of Halliwell that they imply an promises for payment, will you let yourattempt on his part to "bide the agony self be imposed upon. We meet with of his thoughi by an assumption of the phrase in Campion's History of cheerfulness." But Hermione's words Ireland (1633): "My brother of Osbory, which follow to imply that who, notwithstanding his high promises Leontes, so far from attempting to is glad to take eggs for his money."; assume cheerfulness, is pacing the stage compare Rowley, A Match at Midin a mood of deep perplexity. night (1633): "I shall have eggs for 154. methoughtsj An Élizabethan my money; I must hang myself." See variant of methought, a pparently formed aloo Lean's Collectanea, iii. 323. on analogy with methinks. f . . seem ·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 18 Mam. No, my lord, I 'll fight. magte date an share in life! Leon. You will! why, happy man be's dolem My brother, Are you so fond of your young prince, as we Do seem to be of ours? The olmu un Poi. If at home, sir, 1765 (32 He's all my exercise, my mirth, my matter : Now my sworn friend, and then mine enemy; My parasite, my soldier, statesman, all : He makes a July's day short as December; And with his varying childness cures in me 170 Thoughts that would thick my blood. Leon. So stands this squire Officed with me: we too will walk, my lord, And leave you to your graver steps. Hermione, How thou lovest us, show in our brother's welcome; Let what is dear in Sicily be cheap: 175 Next to thyself and my young rover, he's - Apparent to my heart. Her. If you would seek us, We are yours i' the garden : shall's attend you there? Leon. To your own bents dispose you: you'll be found, Be you beneath the sky. (A side] I am angling now, 180 Though you perceive me not how I give line. Go to, go to! How she holds up the neb, the bill to him! And arms her with the boldness of a wiſe licin 162. my lord] ornit Hanmer. Fi; should Ff 2, 3, 4. Theobald. 163. will /] Rowe; will: Ff. 171. would] 171. thick] think F 177. would) will 3 91 ness. 163. happy man be 's dole) This is 171-2. So stands . with me) Such another proverbial expression, the is the function of this youth towards me. meaning of which is, may good fortune 177. Apparent to my heart] heir apbe his lot. Compare i Henry IV. 1. ii. parent to my heart's affections. 84: " Now, my masters, happy man be 178. shall's) shall us, for “shall we." his dole, say I, every man to his busi 183. ncb] The original meaning of See also ferry Wives of this word seems to have been the beak Windsor, ni. iv. 68, Taming of the of a bird; thence, already in Old Eng. Shrew, 1. i. 143. lish, it came to be used for the nose and 170. childnoss] childishness. the whole face. In this passage it 171, thick my blood] Furness quotes seems as though Shakespeare used the a passage from Batman uppon Bartho- word in the sense of nose, and recognis. lome, lib. iv. cap. II, page 33, in which ing that the word was somewhat unreference is made to a "kindly melan familiar, explains its meaning by adding choly " that "needeth that it be med. the words, "the bill." It does not doled with bloude to make the bloude occur elsewhere in Shakespeare, but is apte and covenable to feede the melan- found in Painter's Palace of Pleasure cholye members; for it thickeneth the (1566) and in Two Maids of Moreclacke bloude, that it feete not from digestion, (1609). It is a common dialect word at by cleernesse and thinnease." the present time.

·185 yen THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 1. in toata tan foto memeli To her allowing husband ! Abbywing (4) [Exeunt Polixenes, Hermione, and Attendants. Gone already! Inch-thick, knee-deep, o'er head and ears a fork'd one!ic Go, play, boy, play: thy mother plays, and I Play too; but so disgraced a part, whose issue A cut he Will hiss me to my grave: contempt and clamour Will be my knell. Go, play, boy, play. There have been, Or I am much deceived, cuckolds ere now; 191 And many a man there is, even at this present, i. Now, while I speak this, holds his wife by the arm, That little thinks she has been sluiced in 's absence And this pond fish'd by his next neighbour, by 195 Sir Smile, his neighbour: nay, there's comfort in't, Whiles other men have gates and those gates open'd, As mine, against their will. Should all despair That have revolted wives, the tenth of mankind Would hang themselves. Physic for 't there is none; 200 It is a bawdy planet, that will strike Where 'tis predominant; and 'tis powerful, think it, From east, west, north and south: be it concluded, No barricado for a belly; know 't; It will let in and out the enemy 205 With bag and baggage: many thousand on's Have the disease, and feel 't not. How now, boy! Mam. I am like you, they say. 'Leon. Why, that's some comfort. What, Camillo there? Cam. Ay, my good lord. ZIO Leon, Go play, Mamillius; thou 'rt an honest man. [Erit Mamillius. 185. [Excunt. .] Rowe. 202-6. and 'tis powerful ... baggage) Regarded as spurious by Hanmer. 202-3. powerful, think it, From south] This is Capell's punctuation. The Ff read: powrefull: thinke it: From south. 203-6, From east ... baggage] Omitted as spurious by Warburton, 206. many thousand on 's) Pf 1, 2, 3; many a thousand one's 4; many a thousand of 's Rowe. 208. they) Ff 2, 3, 4; omit F 1. 209. What) What is Hanmer. 211. Mamillius) Mamillus, Rowe. 211. Exit M.] Rowe. 188. whose issue) the outcome of 201. striko] blast, spread ruin; comwhich. pare Hamlet, 1. i. 162: “The nights 189. clamour] the derisive outcries of are wholesome, then no planets strike." Leontes' subjects. 202. predominant) in the ascendant ; 196. Sir Smile]" Possibly suggested compare All's Well that Ends Well, by a smile on the face of Polixenes, I. i. 214: "Born under Mars, when he whom Leontes is furtively watching was predominant." (Furness) 20 ·Leon. s a 215) wala But, so it is, it is not. SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 15 Camillo, this great sir will yet stay longer. Cam. You had much ado to make his anchor hold: When you cast out, it still came home, ob Didst note it? Cam. He would not stay at your petitions; made . His business more material. Lagen Didst perceive it? Aside] They're here with me already; whispering, rounding "Sicilia is, a so-forth :" 'tis far gone, When I shall gust it last.--How came't, Camillo, That he did stay? Cam. At the good queen's entreaty. 220 Leon. At the queen's be't : "good" should be pertinent; Was this taken By any understanding pate but thine? For thy conceit is soaking, will draw in More than the common blocks: not noted, is 't, 225 But of the finer natures ? by some severals Of head-piece extraordinary lower messes ** Perchance are to this business purblind 2 say. 1. . " + . cin $ 213. his] the Hanmer. 217. (A side) Hanmer. 215. petitions ; made] petitions made; Pope, 214. still] ever, always. whispering"; it may be rendered, 214. came home] failed to hold. "whispering with an air of mystery,' 216. material] urgent. thus preserving the idea of mystery 217. They're here with me already] which was early associated with the The significance of this phrase was first word "rane," from which the verb "to indicated by Staunton, who explained round" (properly roun, rown, from O.E. that, in using these words, the king rūnian) is derived. meant-"The people are already mock 218. so-forth] Used, like the words ing me with this opprobrious gesture et cetera in Romeo and Yuliet, 11. i. 38, the cuckold's emblem-with their to avoid using an opprobrious word. fingers." Farness, in support of Staun 219. gøst] taste. ton's interpretation, aptly quotes the 222. so it is as it happens. words of Faunio to his master at the 222. taken) perceived. end of the fourth Act of Chapman's 224. For thy conceit is soaking] Your May Day : “As often as he turnes his intelligence is receptive, and takes in * backe to me, I shall be here V with more than average brains. hiin, that's certaine," where the symbol 225. common blocks] Leontes' lan. V represents the actor's fingers in mak. guage is highly metaphorical, and the ing the symbol of the two horns of the allusion in "soaking, "" draw in' and , cuckold. Furness also observes that common blocks" is to the absorbent in Hogarth's picture, “ The Idle Ap- quality of the wooden hat-blocks on prentice," there is a representation of which the crown of a hat is formed. this gesture. 226. sover als] individuals. 217. rounding] The meaning of this 227. "Lower Messes] 'those who sit on now obsolete word is almost identical the lower seats at table; compare the in with that of the preceding word, phrase, "to sit below the salt-cellar." .

·16 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT L. Cam. Business; my lord? I think most understand Bohemia stays here longer. Leon. Ha! Cam. Stays here longer. 230 Leon. Ay, but why? Cam. To satisfy your highness, and the entreaties Of our most gracious mistress. Leon. Satisfy! The entreaties of your mistress ! satisfy ! Let that suffice. I have trusted thee, Camillo, 235 With all the nearest things to my heart, as well My chamber-councils, wherein, priest-like, thou Hast cleansed my bosom: I from thee departed Thy penitent reform'd: but we have been Deceived in thy integrity, deceived 240 In that which seems so. Cam. Be it forbid, my lord ! Leon. To bide upon 't, thou art not honest; or, If thou inclinest that way, thou art a coward, Which hoxes honesty behind, restraining From course required; or else thou must be counted 245 1* A servant grafted in my serious trust And therein negligent; or else a fool That seest a game play'd home, the rich stake drawn, And takest it all for jest. Cam. My gracious lord, I may be negligent, foolish and fearful ; 250 In every one of these no man is free, But that his negligence, his folly, fear, Among the infinite doings of the world, 230-1. Leon. Ha! Cam. Stays here longer. Leon. Ay) Leon. Ha ? stays here longer. Ay Hanmer. 230. Stays] Bohemia stays, Capell. 236. nearest things to] Ff; things nearest to, Pope. as well] with all Hanmer ; as well as, Capell. 238. I from the departed] 1, from the departed, Ff. See note infra. 244. hoxes) hockles, Hanmer. 253. Among] F I; Amongst Ff 2, 3, 4. doings) F1; doing Ff 2, 3, 4. 237-8. I have restored the punctua- pare Beaumont and Fletcher's A King tion of the Folios in placing a comma and No King, iv. iii. :- after "councils" and a colon after Captain, thou art a valiart gentle- "bosom," but not in placing a comma man; after “1." Most modern editors place To abide upon 't, a very valiant a semicolon after "councils" and a man." comma after “bosom." Furness keeps 244, hoxes] hocks, cuts the ham. the comma after “I," and regards this strings. Compare Wyclif's Bible (Josh. word as equivalent to "ay"-the in. xi. 6, 9): “Thou schalt hoxe the horsis tensive afirmation. of hem." 242. bide upon) insist upon. Com.

·. 260 11.1". My wife's a hobby-horse; deserves a name SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE. 17 Sometime puts forth. In your affairs, my lord, If ever I were wilful-negligent, 255 It was my folly ; if industriously I play'd the fool, it was my negligence, Not weighing well the end ; if ever fearful To do a thing, where I the issue doubted, Whereof the execution did cry out Against the non-performance, 'twas a fear Which oft infects the wisest: these, my lord, Are such allow'd infirmities that honesty Is never free of. But, beseech your Grace, Be plainer with me; let me know my trespass By its own visage: if I then deny it, 'Tis none of mine. Leon. Ha' not you seen, Camillo, -in But that's past doubt, you have, or your eye-glass Is thicker than a cuckold's horn-or heard, - For to a vision so apparent rumour Cannot be mute-or thought--for cogitation Resides not in that man that does not think,- My wife is slippery? If thou wilt confess, Or else be impudently negative, To have nor eyes, nor ears, nor thought, then say 275 268 + rul Suspense 270.1:.. As rank as any fax-wench that puts to Before her troth-plight : say't and justify 't. Cam. I would not be a stander-by to hear My sovereign mistress clouded so, without 280 My present vengeance taken: 'shrew my heart, You never spoke what did become you less Than this, which to reiterate were sin As deep as that, though true. Saint Lousbecessais Leon, Is whispering nothing?' 254. forth. In] Theobald; forth in F. my lord] Theobald ; (my lord) Fr 261. non-performance) now-performance, Heath. 272. think] think it Theo bald, etc. 276. hobby-horse] Rowe (2); holy-horse Ff. 254. puts forth] appears. It was 273. slippery) upstable. Compare Theobald'who first placed a full-stop “Al women are slippery (Burton, after " forth.” The Bf carry the sense Anatomy of Melancholy, 6th ed. p. on to the end of the line. 598). 256. industriously) deliberately. 277. flax-wench] female flax-worker. 268. eye-glass] the crystalline lens of 281, present) instant. 284. that] 1.6. the sin of which she is 270. For to apparent] For in accused. cascs which are open to everybody to 2 the eye. sce.

·18 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 1. A har hy aande meting Is leaning cheek to cheek? is meeting noses? 285. Kissing with inside lip7 stopping the career Of laughter with a sigh ?-a note infallible Of breaking honesty-horsing foot on foot? Skulking in corners ? wishing clocks more swift? Hours, minutes ? noon, midnight?, and all 29p Blind with the pin and web but theirs theirs only, That would unseen be wicked ? is this nothing? Why, then the world and all that's in 't is nothing; The covering sky is nothing; Bohemia nothing ; My wife is nothing; nor nothing have these nothings, 295 If this be nothing. Cam. Good my lord, be cured Of this diseased opinion, and betimes; For 'tis most dangerous. Leon. Say it be, 'tis true. Cam. No, no, my lord. Leon. It is; you lie, you lie: I say thou liest, Camillo, and I hate thee, 300 Pronounce thee a gross lout, a mindless slave, Or else a hovering temporizer, that Canst with thine eyes at once see good and evil, Inclining to them both: were my wife's liver Infected as her life, she would not live 305 The running of one glass. Cam. Who does infect her? Leon. Why, he that wears her like her medal, hanging About his neck, Bohemia; who, ifT Had servants true about' me, that bare eyes To see alike mine honour as their profits 310 ik Their own particular thrifts, they would do that Which should undo more doing : ay, and thou, pa '385. (meeting] F 4; meating Ff 1-3; meting Thurlby. 290. noon] Fr; the noon Ff 2, 3, 4. 304. wife's) Rowe; wives Ff. 307, medal] Rowe; medull Ff 1, 2, 3; medul F 4; a medal Collier MS. 309. bare) Ff 1, 2, 3 bcar F 4. 312. ay] Capell; I Ff. 286. carecr] free course properly 306. glass) hour-glass. an equestrian metaphor a short gallop 307. hei medalj a medal of her. at full speed. Compare Henry VIIT. 11. ij: 32: 288. horsing foot on foot] setting one "A loss of her foot on another. That like a jewel has hung twenty 291. pin and web] the disease of years cataract. * Compare Ring Dream, II. iv. About his neck." 120: "He gives the web and the pin, 311. thrifts) gains. Compare M6 equints the eye, and makes the haro- chant of Vonice, I. iil. 51: my welllip, won thrift." 302. hovering) wavering. . 1 ·ef. Choom 3 . master 1 4.] cum fangTHE WINTER'S TALE-19 onbject of del cate or discussion, igo rekli wast hont et His cupbearer,—whom I from meanet form such as tre with Have bench'd and rear'd to worship, who mayst see myst se on line Plainly as heaven sees earth and earth sees heaven. 315 How I am galld.--mightst bespice a cup, Twf To give mine enemy a lasting wink; Which draught to me were cordial. Cam. JustSir, my lorder I could do this, and that with no tash potion, But with a lingering dram, that should not work 320 Maiciously, like poison : but I cannot Believe this crack to be in my dread mistress, mindi So sovereignly being honourable. I have loved thee, meininos Leon. ismy Make that thy question, and go rot! as Dost think I am so muddy, so unsettled, 325 To appoint myself in this vexation; sully The purity and whiteness of my sheets, Which to preserve is sleep, which being spotted k goads, thorns, nettles, tails of wasps; Give scandal to the blood o' the prince my son, 330, Who I do think is mine and love as mine, 2: Without ripe moving to 't? Would I do this? tilstan Could man so blench? ... som 316. mightst] F 1; thou mighist Ff 2, 3, 4. 318. $ir) Sure Collier MS. 321. Maliciously, like) Maliciously, like a F 4. 324. I have loved thec] Theo bald, Warburton and Johnson assign these words to Leontes, and make them a' part of the speech which follows. In the Long MS. it stands: Lean. Have I lov'd thee? Make that rot/ 324. go rot] go do't Heath. 326. vexation ; sully) vexation sully Pf. 329. thorns .. tails and thorns and tails Hanmer. 329. wasps ;] wasps ? or would I Capell. 314. bench'd] given a seat, a sure such a state of confusion as to make up place, to. my mind about this vexatious matter 317. To give , wink] to close without sufficient reason? With this my enemy's eyes in death. Compare reflexive use of the verb "to appoint." The Tempest, II, i. 285: "To the per in the sense of "to resolve to make up petual wink for aye might put this one's mind," compare More, Richard ancient morsel." iii.: "If you appoint your selfe to tary honourable) who is so here," and Crowley's Wait to Wealth : supremely honourable. Apointe thy selle therefore to beare 324. Make that question] The it." words are somewhat obscure, but it is 333. blench] It is possible that this probable that the word " that” refers word is used in the sense of " to start. back to this crack in my dread mis- aside,"' WETYS "; compare Measure for tress." Measure, iv. v. 5 : “Though sometimes 326. To appoint myself] To under- you do blanch from this to that." But stand the meaning of these words, we the New Eng. Dict. quotes uses of the must bear in mind that the wards word down to 1400 in the sense of " de " without rire moving to't" (v. 332) ceive," "cheat," and it may be that most be taken with them. I think Leontes means, "Could man so deceive Leontos means, Do you think I am in himself? + . . . - - 323. So, ·20 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT L. Cam. I must believe you, sir : I do; and will fetch off Bohemia for 't; Provided that, when he's removed, your highness 335 Will take again your queen as yours at first, Even for your son's sake; and thereby for sealing The injury of tongues in courts and kingdoms Known and allied to yours. Leon. Thou dost advise me Even so as I mine own course have set down : 340 I'll give no blemish to her honour, none. Cam. My lord, Go then; and with a countenance as clear As friendship wears at feasts, keep with Bohemia And with your queen. I am his cupbearer: 345 If from me he have wholesome beverage, Account me not your servant. Leon. This is all : Do't, and thou hast the one half of my heart; Do't not, thou splitt'st thine own. Cam, I'll do't, my lord. Leon. I will seem friendly, as thou hast advised me. [Exit. Cam. O miserable lady! But, for me, 351 What case stand I in? I must be the poisoner Of good Polixenes: and my ground to do 't Is the obedience to a master, one Who, in rebellion with himself, will have 355 All that are his so too. To do this deed, Promotion follows. If I could find example Of thousands that had struck anointed kings And flourish'd after, I'ld not do't; but since Nor brass nor stone nor parchment bears not one, th:300. Let villany itself forswear't. I must Forsake the court: to do 't, or no, is certain To me a break-neck. Happy star reign now ! 0 A V . 334. fetch of] Used here as an Blackstone found in this reference to euphemiam for " kill." the slaying of anointed kings evidence 337-8. for sealing tongues) in that the play could not have been order to silence injurious tongues. written during the reign of Elizabeth, 348. Do't. heart] In Pandosto inasmuch as the passage would have Franion the capbearer is promised been intolerable in the cars of one who thousand crowns of yearly revenue " if had put Mary Queen of Scots to death. he will poison Egistus. But the evidence for a date of composi- 352. case) position. tion after 1603 rests on surer ground 356. so] in rebellion. than this. 358. anointed kings] Sir William 363. break-neck] Used figuratively for a ·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 21 Here comes Bohemia. Re-enter POLIXENES, Pol. This is strange: methinks My favour here begins to warp. Not speak? 365 Good day, Camillo. Cam. Hail, most royal sir ! Pol. What is the news i' the court ? Cam. None rare, my lord. Pol. The king hath on him such a countenance As he had lost some province, and a region Loved as he loves himself: even now I met him 370 With customary compliment; when he, Wafting his eyes to the contrary, and falling; A lip of much contempt, speeds from me and So leaves me, to consider what is breeding That changes thus his manners. Cam. I dare not know, my lord. Pol. How ! dare not I do not. Do you know, and dare not? Be intelligent to me: 'tis thereabouts; is. For, to yourself, what you do know, you must, And cannot say, you dare not. Good Camillo, 380 Your changed complexions are to me a mirror Which shows me mine changed too; for I must be A party in this alteration, finding Myself thus alter'd with 't. Cam. There is a sickness Which puts some of us in distemper ; but 385. I cannot name the disease; and it is caught Of you that yet are well. Pol. How ! caught of me! 335 366. C 11364. Re-enter Polizenes) Enter Polixenos Ff. 365. My] Me F 2. Hail] Hoyte F 2. 376. my lord] om. Hanmer. 377. do not] dare not Hanmer. 379. you do] Ff1, 2; do you Ff 3, 4. destruction, ruin; compare W. Dell, 372. Wafting contrary] Turn- The Way of Peace, 115 (1649): "The ing his glance in the opposite direction. very breakneck of the Churches peace 372. falling) letting fall. and unity." 378. Be intelligent thereabouts] 363. Happy now] Good for- Furness paraphrases thus : "Be intellitune attend me. The reference is to gible--it must be something of this the entrance of Polixenes. nature: that you know and dare not 365. warp] become distorted. Com- tell." Compare Antony and Cleopatra, pare the transitive use of the word in II. X. 29: “Ay, are you thereabouts" All's Well that Ends Well, v. iii. 49: 379. you must) you must know, “ His scornful perspective *381. Your changed complexions] the Which warped the line of every pale faces of you and Leontes. other favour," . .

·22 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 1 Make me not sighted like the basilisk: I have look'd on thousands, who have sped the better By my regard, but kill'd none so. Camillo, 390 As you are certainly a gentleman ; thereto Clerk-like experienc'd, which no less adorns Our gentry than our parents' noble names, In whose success we are gentle. I beseech you, If you know aught which does behove my knowledge 395 Thereof to be inform'd, imprison 't not In' ignorant concealment. Çam. I may not answer. Pol. sickness caught of me, and yet I well ! Friend I must be answer'd. Dost thou hear, Camillo ? I conjure thee, by all the parts of man 400 Which honour does acknowledge, whereof the least Is not this suit of mine, that thou declare What incidency thou dost guess of harm Is creeping toward me; how far off, how near; Which way to be prevented, if to be; 405 If not, how best to bear it. Cam. Sir, I will tell you; Since I am charged in honour and by him That I think honourable: therefore mark my counsel, Which must be ev'n as swiftly follow'd as I mean to utter it, or both yourself and me 410 Cry lost, and so good night! Poli« Qui the borden alle partitions to Pin, good Camı.lo. Cam. I am appointed him to murder you. juni Pol. By whom, Camillo? Cam. By the king Pol. For what? 389. I have) Ff 1, 4; I Ff 2, 3;. I 've Pope. 392. experime d F 1; pedienc'd Ff 2, 3, 4. 405. if to be] if it bé Theobald. 410. me) I Collier MS. 412. I am appointed him] F !; I appointed him Pf 2, 3, 4; I am appointed by him Long MS.; I am appointed, sis, Hanmer. 388. basilisk) Halliwell illustrated duties imposed by honour on man the allasion by the following quotation (Furness). from Holland's Plinie, xxix. cap. 4: 412. I am appointed him to murder “ Yea, and (by report) if heſthe basilisk} you) I am appointed as the person who do but set his eie on a man, it is enough is to murder you. There is no need to to take away his life." We may also amend the reading of the first Folio. compare Cymbeline, 11. iv. 107: Shakespeare's use of personal pronouns It is a basilisk unto mine eye, where nouns are now needed is very Kills me to look on it." common; compare Twelfth Night, L v. 394. In whasa.. SHALGAL) in..succession 259: “Lady, you are the cruel'st she from whom. vlive." on pop. all the parts of man) "all the x ·SC. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 28 1 w Cam. He thinks, nay, with all confidence he swears, As he had seen't, or been an instrument 415 To vice you to', that you have touch'd his queen Forbiddenly y Pol. O then, my best blood turn To an infected jelly, and my name Be yoked with his that did betray the Best ! Turn then my freshest reputation to her. 1970 a savour that may strike the dullest nostril Where I arrive, and my approach be shunn'd, -tieram fi Nay, hated too, worse than the great'st infection in the That e'er was heard or read ! Fam. Swear his thought over By, each particular star in heaven and 425 By all their influences, you may as well Forbid the sea for to obey the moon, en As or by oath remove or counsel shake ni The fabric of his folly, whose foundation Is piled upon his faith, and will continue 430 The standing of his body. to be something Pol. How should this grow? Eam. I know not: but I am sure 'tis safer to Avoid what's grown than question how 'tis born. If therefore you dare trust my honesty, Taat lies enclosed in this trunk, which you 435 Shill bear along impawn'd, away to-night! Your followers I will whisper to the business; And will by twos and threes at several posterns, 7446. To vice] To'rtice Heath. 424. his thought] this though Thcobald ; this thought Theobald conj. by 416. vice] Heath and others have "And all those sayings I will overproposed to read 'ntice or 'tice for vice. swear," where the meaning of german This is nordless, and the word “vice" is "swear Oyr again." If we read is used here in the sense of to screw In this thought" for his thought" in tight as in a vice. In Twelfth Night, our passage, it would be possible to in. v. i. 116-7, there is a very similar figure terpret swaar over, in the same way. of speech, with the word “screw " for But if we keep to the Ff, we must ex- "vice":- plain swear over as outswear. "I partly know the instrument 425. By . . . heaven, stc.] By call- That screws me from my truc place ing every star in heaven to witness. in your favour." 430-I. continue body) last as The use of the word " instrument" in long as his body lasts. both passages makes the figure quite 431. How should this grow] How clear. could this suspicion have arisen and de- Bast) The reference is veloped. to Judas's betrayal of Jesus. 435. trunk] body. 424. Swear his thought over . 136. impawn'd) as a pledge of good In Twelfth Night, v. i. 261, Viola says faith. moeten honetan 419,- . . ) ·24 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 1. 450, Clear them o' the city. For myself, I 'll put My fortunes to your service, which are here 440 By this discovery lost. Be not uncertain; For, by the honour of my parents, I Have utter'd truth: which if you seek to prove, I dare not stand by ; nor shall you be safer Than one condemned by the king's own mouth : 445 Thereon his execution swom. Pol. I do believe thee : I saw his heart in 's face. Give me thy hand: Be pilot to me and thy places shall Still neighbour mine. My ships are ready, and My people did expect my hence departure Two days ago. This jealousy Is for a precious creature: as she's rare, Must it be great; and, as his person 's mighty, Must it be violent; and, as he does conceive He is dishonour'd by a man which ever 455 Professid to him, why, his revenges must In that be made more bitter. Fear o'ershades me: Good expedition be my friend, and comfort The gracious queen, part of his theme, but nothing Of his ill-ta'en suspicion! Come, Camillo; 4601 444. by] by ' Hanmer. 445. condemned] Ff 2, 3, 4; condemnd F 1. 445-6. mouth : Thereon his] F; month, thereon His Capell, etc.; see note infra. 448. places) paces Malone. 451. jealousy) jealousy of his Walker. 458. and] Heav'n Hanmer. 458-9. comfort. theme] consort throne Jack- 459. queen) queen's; Warburton, 459. theme] dream Collier MS. ,441. discovery) disclosure. That I profess myselt in banquet- 444. I dare not stand by] Deighton ting paraphrases, “I dare not stay to sec To all the rout, then hold me the result." Hanmer's substitution of dangerous." Aby 't for by is unnecessary. 458-60. Good cxpedition . Suspic- 446. Thereon sworni I follow ion] This passage has been pronounced the Folios in regarding "Thereon" as corrupt by many editorb, and various the first word in line 446. Most editors emendations have been suggested, some " from Capell onwards have removed it of which will be found in the textual to the position of the final word in line notes above. Furness, however, stoutly 445. The meaning of the clause is, as declares that the text needs no emenda- Deighton points out, “whose death, as tion and interprets the general situaa sequel to his conviction, has been pre- tion, as well as the actual passage in determined." the text, in the following way: "It is 448. places) There is no need what necessary that we should retain our reetter to read is paces. By “places spect for Polixenes, and it is a dramatic * is meant either places of abode," or necessity that he should be removed "positions in life.' from the scene. There can be no 456. Profess'd] made great professions friendly leave-taking from Leontes, still of love. With this use of the verb, less can there be a hostile one. Polixcompare Julius Cæsar, 1. ii. 77: ence must go away by stealth, there is "If you know no other course. Bat, to save himself son. 1 17 ·SC. II.] THE WINTER'S TALE 25 I will respect thee as a father if Thou bear'st my life off hence : let us avoid. Cam. It is in mine authority to command The keys of all the posterns: please your highness To take the urgent hour. Come, sir, away. 465 [Exeunt. 465. hour. Come) hour. Pol. Come Long MS. by flight, and purposely to leave behind pears in the light of a self-sacrifice, and the queen to bear the full brant of instead of tarnishing our admiration for Leontes revenge, would be contempt. bim, serves but to brighten it. Taking ible, and forfeit every atom of our re this view of the dramatic situation, the spect for him. He mast be represented lines before as seem to me intelligible as entirely ignorant that Hermione is as they stand, without emendation. included in the worst suspicion of the May my basty departure,' says Polix. king, and likewise as faliy impressed enes in effect, prove my best coarse, with the idea that this fight of his is all and bring what comfort it may to the that is needed eventually to restore sun- gracious queen, whose name cannot shine to the court. Through his venera but be linked with mine in the king's tion almost for Hermione, be knew that thoughts, but who is not yet the fatal her gentle heart must suffer some pang object of his ill-founded suspicion.' over such an unhappy ending of a visit Furness's explanation of the passage, which had been throughout anclouded, though it may at first seem like special and prolonged at her earnest entreaty, pleading, is undoubtedly a possible ex- Some comfort she will therefore need, planation of the passage; and it has the and this she will find in his safe depar. inestimable advantage of representing ture. His stealthy flight, abborrent as Polixenes' conduct at this point in the it is to him, when tbas incited by a story in an altogether favourable light. chivalrous devotion to Hermione, ap 462. avoid] depart.

·Who taught' this! ACT II SCENE I. A room in Leontes Palace. Enter HERMIONE, MAMILLIUS, and Ladies. Her. Take the boy to you: he so troubles me, 'Tis past enduring. First Lady. Come, my gracious lord, Shall I be your playfellow? Mam. No, I'll none of you. First Lady. Why, my sweet lord? Mam. You 'll kiss me hard, and speak to me as if I were a baby still. I love I love you better, Sec. Lady. And why so, my lord? Mam. Not for because Your brows are blacker ; yet black brows, they say, Become some women best, so that there be not Too much hair there, but in a semicircle, Or a half-moon made with a pen. Sec. Lady. Mam. I leam'd it out of women's faces. Pray now ofer, What colour are your eyebrows ? First Lady Blue, my lord. (A room .) The Palace Theobald. Enter .] Enter Hermiono, Mamillius, Ladles : Leontas, Antigonus, Lords, Ff (Lord, Ff 2, 3, 4). my lord] pray, my lord Hanmer ; my good lord Steevens. 1o, "semicircle] cemicircle FI. 11. taught' this] F 1; taught this Ff 2, 3, 4; taught you this, Rowe, etc. 13. are] Fi; be Ff 2, 3, 4. ACT 17. SCENE 1. the word you or ye is, for metrical reasons, to be elided in pronunciation. 1. Take the boy .] The conversa- Rowe and later editors have restored tion between Hermione, Mamillius and the "you" in full, but bave thereby the court ladies has been developed by weakened the scansion of the line Shakespeare out of the following Fumess illustrates from King Lear: simple words in Pandosto: “Comming "This' a good block" (for This is to the queenes lodging, they found her a good block"), from The Tempest: playing with her yong sonne Garinter." Let's all sink with 'king" (for “ with IL. Who taught this] This is the the king "), and also from the present reading of the first Follo, and indi. play. cates by means of its apostrophe that 28 #curve A. APTEN ·SC. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 27 Mam. Nay, that's a mock: I have seen a lady's nose That has been blue, but not her eyebrows. First Lady. Hark ye; 15 The queen your mother rounds apace: we shall Present our services to a fine new prince One of these days; and then you 'ld wanton with us, If we would have you. Sec. Lady. She is spread of late Into a goodly bulk : good time encounter her! 20 Her. What wisdom stirs amongst you? Come, sir, now I am for you again: pray you, sit by us, And tell 's a tale. Mam. Merry or sad shall 't be? Her. As merry as you will. Mam. A sad tale's best for winter: I have one 25 of sprites and goblins. Hertogeny Let's have that, good sir. lizzCome on; sit down : come on, and do your best To fright me with your sprites; you're powerful at it. Mam. There was a man- Nay, come, sit down; then on. Mam. Dwelt by a churchyard : I will tell it softly; 30 Yond crickets shall not hear it. Her. Come on, then, And give't me in mine ear. Enter LEONTES, with ANTIGONUS, Lords, and others. Leon. Was he met there? his train ? Camillo with him? First Lord. Behind the tuft of pines I met them; never Saw I men scour so on their way: I eyed them 35 Even to their ships. Leon. How blest am STAWY ** 18. you 'ld] you 'l F 4; you 'll Rowe, 25-26. I have one ... : goblins) 'This is Dyce's arrangement of the lines; the Ff read as one line, ending the preceding line at winter. 31-32. Come on ear] This is Capell's arrangement of the lines ; the Ff read as one line. 32. Entor Leontos ...) Capell; F I omits; Enter L. Ff 2, 3, 4. 34. First Lord] Capell (and throughout the scene); Lord, Ff. 25. A sad winter] Halliwell will refresh your wits in a gloomy illustrates this thought by a passage day and case your weariness of the from the Dedicatory Epistle to the old lowering night. play, Tancred and Gismund : " And 31. crickets] The reference, as Furnow that weary winter is come upon ness points out, iş to the ladies " with if it be true that the motions their tittering, and chirping laughter." of our mind follow the temperature of The proverbial phrase, "As merry as the air wherein we live, then I think crickets," occurs in Shakespeare, I the porosing of some mournful matter Henry IV. 11. iv. 100.

·159 28 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. judgment, tiniin In my just tenstre, in my true opinion ! Alack, for lesser knowledge ! how accursed In being so blest! There may be in the cup A spider steep'd, and one'may drink, depart, 401 And yet partake no venom; for his knowledge Is not infected : but if one present The abhorrd ingredient to his eye, make known How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides, With violent hefts. I have drunk, and seen the spider. 45 Camillo was his help in this, his pander: There is a plot against my life, my crown; All's true that is mistrusted: that false villain Whom I employ'd was pre-employ'd by him : He has discover'd my design, and I Remain a pinch'd thing; yea, a very trick For them to play at will. How came the posterns So easily open ? First Lord. By his great authority; Which often hath no less prevail'd than so On your command. Leon. I know't too well. 55 Give me the boy: I am glad you did not nurse Though he does bear some signs of me, yet you Have too much blood in him. Her. What is this? sport? Leon. Bear the boy hence ; he shall not come about her ; Away with him! and let her sport herself With that she's big with; for 'tis Polixenes Has made thee swell thus. Her. But I'ld say he had not, And I'll be sworn you would believe my saying, Howe'er you lean to the nayward. Leon. You, my lords, 40. drink, depart) drink; depart Ff; drink a part Collier MS. 51. pinch'd perch'd Jackson conj. 62. But I'ldj I'd but Hanmer. 37. censure] judgment. speare himself explains in Troilus and 38. Alack knowledge 1] Johnson Cressida, in. ii. 210, is derived from the paraphrases, “O that my knowledge character of Pandarus in Chaucer's were less." Troilms and Criseyde. 40. A spider steep'd Compare Middle 51. pinch'd] contracted. Leontes ton's No Wit like a Woman's, II. i.: means that his power of free action is "Even when iny lip touch'd the contracted. contracting cup, 62. But I'ld say) I need only say. Even then to see the spidor." 64. to the nayward] towards denial. 45. heftal heavings. This is the only use of the word re- 46. pander) This word, as Shake- corded by the New Eng. Dict.

·WWW sc. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 29 Ay*w AP Look on her, mark her well: be but about 65 To say " she is a goodly lady," and The justice of your hearts will thereto add “'Tis pity she's not honest, honourable : Praise her but for this her without-door form, Which on my faith deserves high speech, and straight 70 The shrug, the hum or ha, these petty brands That calumny doth use; O, I am out, That mercy does, for calumny will sear Virtye itself: these shrugs, these hums and ha's, When you have said "she's goodly," come between, 75 Ere you can say "she's honest : but be't known, From him that has most cause to grieve it should be, She's an adulteress. Her. Should a villain say so, The most replenish'd villain in the world, He were as much more villain : you, my lord, 80 Do but mistake. Leon. You have mistook, my lady, Polixenes for Leontes: 0 thou thing! Which I'll not call a creature of thy place, Lest barbarism, making me the precedent, Should a like language use to all degrees, 85 And mannerly distinguishment leave out Betwixt the prince and beggar: I have said She's an adulteress; I have said with whom: More, she's a traitor, and Camillo is A federary with her; and one that knows, What she should shame to know herself But with her most vile principal, that she's A bed-swerver, even as bad as those 68. honest, honourable] honest : honourable Ff; honest-honourable Walker,.' Dyce. 73. sear] fear Rowe (2). 84. Lest) Leasi Ff. 90. federary) fcodary Collier. 92. vile] vild Ff. 93. bed-swerver) bed-swaruer Ff. 69. her without-door form] Walker cupying your lofty position" (Deigh-.- compares Cymbeline, I. vi. 15: “ All ton). of her, that is out of door, most rich." 86. mannerly distinguishment] polite 71. brands] signs of infamy. Com distinctions. pare Prynne, Cens. Cosens, 98: go. federary). confederate, accom. they not a public brand and blemish plice. Malone and Collier proposed to our Church ? " to read “ feodary," which has the same 72. O, I am out] I am wrong. significance. There is no other record 73. That mercy does) I should say, of " ſederary in Shakespeare or elsethese petty brands that mercy, not where, but the word fedario or fædarie calumny, uses occurs in Measure for Moasure and 83. a creature of thy place] “one oc- Cymboline. “Art thou a fædaric for this act " (Cymbeline, tii. ii. 21). 1984 " Are ·80 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. 1 1 ww 7 That vulgars give bold'st titles; ay, and privy To this their late escape. Her. No, by my life, 95 olan yere Privy to none of this. How will this grieve you, When you shall come to clearer knowledge, that You thus have publish'd me! Gentle my lord, You scarce can right me throughly then to say You did mistake. krund Wiren. Commal No; if I mistake 1oo In those foundations which I build upon, The centre is not big enough to bear A school-boy's top. Away with her, to prison ! He who shall speak for her is afar off guilty But that he speaksi, Her. There's some ill planet reigns: 105 I must be patient till the heavens look With an aspect more favourable. Good my lords, > I am not prone to weeping, as our sex Commonly are; the want of which vain dew Perchance shall dry your pities: but I have * Tror That honourable grief lodged here which burns Worse than tears drown: beseech you all, my lords, With thoughts so qualified as your charities Shall best instruct you, measure me; and so The king's will be perform'd ! Leon. Shall I be heard ? Her. Who is 't that goes with me? Beseech your highness, My women may be with me; for you see My plight requires it. Do not weep, good fools; There is no cause: when you shall know your mistress Has deserved prison, then abound in tears I 20 As I come out: this action I now go on Is for my better grace. Adieu, my lord : 94. That vulgars] That vulgar F 4. Rowe; The vulgar Hanmer. 99. then to] than to Rowe. 104. afar of) a farre-off Ff 1, 2; afar off F3; afar-off F4; far off Pope; far of Theobald. 105. But] In Hanmer. 94. vulgurs) vulgar people. of tender, made afar off (i.6. indirectly] 102, centre) the centre of the earth. by Sir Hugh here." 104. afar of guilty] Johnson renders 115. hcard) obeyed. guilty in a remote degree.' The 118. fools] Uscd here, as in the famous meaning seems to be that the man who passage from King Lear, v. ni. 307, speaks for Hermione, shall, by the mere "And my poor fool is hang'd," as a act of speaking on her behalf, be con- term of endearment. sidered as in some degree, or indirectly, 131. gadiem. The word is used in a sharer in her guilt; compare Merry legal sense-indictment, accusation, herg Wives of Windsor, 2. i. 215 : “A kind 115 $6 ·sc. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 81 If it prove I never wish'd to see you sorry; now I trust I shall. My women, come; you have leave. Leon. Go, do our bidding; hence! 125 [Erit Queen, guarded; with Ladies. First Lord. Beseech your highness, call the queen again. Ant. Be certain what you do, sir, lest your justice Prove violence; in the which three great ones suffer, Yourself, your queen, your son. First Lord. For her, my lord, I dare my life lay down and will do't, sir, 130 Please you to accept it, that the queen is spotless l' the eyes of heaven and to you; I mean, In this which you accuse her. Ant. She's otherwise, I'll keep my stables where I lodge my wife; I 'll go in couples with her; 135 Than when I feel and see her no farther trust her; y For every inch of woman in the world, Ay, every dram of woman's flesh is false, If she be. Leon, Hold your peaces. First Lord. Good my lord, Ant. It is for you we speak, not for ourselves 140 You are abused, and by some puttet-on That will be damn'd for 't; would I knew the villain, I would land damn him. Be she honour-flaw'd, 125. [Exit Quren . .] Theobald, omit Ff. 127 lest] Ff 3, 4; least Ff I, 134. stables] stable F 4; my stable-stand Hanmer, me stables Collier MS., my stable, or stablors Camb. Edd. 136. Than) Pope, Then Ff. 136. farther] F1 ; further Ff 2, 3, 4, 141 abusid, and by] F1; abus'd, by Ff 2, 3, 4; abused by Rouc. 143. land damn) F 4, Land-damne Ff 1, 2, 3; land-damm Hanmer, lamback Collier, laudanum Farmer, live-damn Walker ; half-damn Heath. 134-5. I'll keep couples with “Stables" or " stable," however, her] This is a difficult passage, and may mean station-stabılıs station and almost every editor has an interpreta. two distinct propositions may be intion of his own That of Malone is one tended “I'll keep my station in the of the most reasonable, and it reads as same place where my wife is lodged follows "IT Hermione prove untaithful, I'll run everywhere with her, like dogs I'll never trust my wife out of my sight; that are coupled together." I'll always go in couples with her; and 141. putta-02) lostgator. in that respect my house shall resemble 143. landdonar] Much discussion a stable, where dogs are kept in pairs has arisen with regard to this word, and, In detence on this interpretation, Malone as the textual note shows, Various adds. " Though a konnel is a place emendations have been suggested, none where a paik of hounds is kept, every om very satisfactory. It may be that one, I suppose, as well as our author, the word 73 misprint, and those who has occasionally seen dogs tied up in hold this view suggest that the occur. couples under the manger of a stable rence of the word damn'd in the preced- ..... 2. 11 ·82 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. L 'I have three daughters; the eldest is eleven; The second and the third, nine, and some five; 145 If this prove true, they 'll pay for ': by mine honour, I'll geld 'em all; fourteen they shall not see, - To bring false generations: they are co-heirs, And I had rather glib myself than they Should not produce fair issue. Leon. Cease; no more. 150 You smell this business with a sense as cold As is a dead man's nose : but I do see 't and feel': As you feel doing thys; and see withal : The instruments that feel. Ant. If it be so, We need no grave to bury honesty: There's not a grain of it the face to sweeten Of the whole dungy earth." Leon. What! lack I credit ? First Lord. I had rather you did lack than I, my lord, Upon this ground; and more it would content me To have her honour true than your suspicion, 60 Be blamed for 't how you inight. Leon. Why, what need we Commune with you of this, but rather follow 6 1 145 nine, and some fuc] nine and sonnes five, Ff 2, 3, 4. 160. hor] JOHT Rowe (2) 162. of] F i; for Ff 2, 3, 4. ing line may account for the printer's 153. As you feul doing thus) The repetition of the word in the form land meaning of this and of the followdamn in line 143 But much may be said ing words 18 obscure. Henley 8 sug for the view that Shakespeare 18 here gestion 18 that Leontes makes with his making use of an obsolete dialect word, nngers the sign or cuckoldry on Antiand a correspondent to Notes and gonus' forehead; see i. u 217, and Queries (7th ser. XII. 160) asserts that note. E. M. Dey, on the other hand, Dear balf a century ago the word argues that doing thus plainly refers land-dann was not unknown in the to Antigonus, and not to Leontes, and folk-speech of the West Riding of York- interprets the words as you (Anti- Dr. Joseph Wright records the gonus) fuel (in) doing thus," 1.1. in forms landam and landan, as well as making it impossible for your daughters the compounds landam-lantan and lan- to bring false generations. tan-rantan as obsolete words of Glou 153-4. and sce The instruments cestershire speech, the meaning of that feel] If Henlcy's interpretation be which 18 "10. abuse with rancour." accepted, we must understand that the This meaning would suit well with the reference here is to the fingers. On present pasbage. See English Dialect the other hand, Dey interprets the line Dictionary and Huntley's Glossary of as follows “And, what is more, I see the Cotswold Dialect. those things in present conditions 148. false generations] bastard chil- which are instrumental in making me dren. feel." 149. glib] geld. 159. Upon this ground] in this matter. shire, ·sc 1] THE WINTER'S TALE 88 Our forceful instigation? Our prerogative Calls not your counsels, but our natural goodness Imparts this; which if you, or stupified, 165 Or seeming so, in skill, cannot or will not Relish a truth like us, inform yourselves We need no more of your advice : the matter, The loss, the gain, the ordering on 't, is all Properly ours. Ant. And I wish, my liege, You had only in your silent judgement tried it, Without more overture, Leon. How could that be? Either thou art most ignorant by age, Or thou wert born a fool. Camillo's flight, Added to their familiarity, 175 Which was as gross as ever touch'd conjecture, That lack'd sight only, nought for approbation But only seeing, all other circumstances Made up to the deed,--doth push on this proceeding : Yet, for a greater confirmation, 180 For in an act of this importance 'twere Most piteous to be wild, I have dispatch'd in post To sacred Delphos, to Apollo's temple, Cleomenes and Dion, whom you know Of stuffd sufficiency: now from the oracle 185 They will bring all; whose spiritual counsel had, Shall stop or spur me. Have I done well? First Lord. Well done, my lord. Leon. Though I am satisfied and need no more Than what I know, yet shall the oracle 190 169-70. On 'l, is all Properly) Theobald; on 't, Is all properly Ff; on 't Is properly all Pope. 182. I have] I hane F I. 184. Cleomenes] The Ff read Cleonines here and througbout: Dion] F 1; Deon Ff 2, 3, 4. 187. me] me on Hanmer. 164. Calls) calls for. Wherein I mean to touch your love 166. skill] The word is used here in indeed.” its original sense of discernment. 177. apprebation) proof. (guterman 172. overture) publicity, discovery. 182-3. Thave dispatcha ... temple) Compare King Lear, III. vii. 89: In Pandosto messengers are sent to " It was he "the Isle of Delphos," not at the sug- That made the overture of thy gestion of the jealous husband, but at treasons to us." that of the wrongly accused wife. 176. as sver touch'd conjecture) as 185. stuff d sufficiency)... abundant conjecture ever put to the test, Com- ability pare Othello, iv. ij. 81: 186. had] when received. “I have a suit, 3 - POLA ·34 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT II. Give rest to the minds of others, such as he Whose ignorant credulity will not Come up to the truth. So have we thought it good From our free person she should be confined, Lest that the treachery of the two fled hence 195 Be left her to perform. Come, follow us; We are to speak in public; for this business Will raise us all. Ant. [Aside] To laughter, as I take it, If the good truth were known. [Exeunt. $ SCENE II.-A prison. Enter PAULINA, a Gentleman, and Attendants. Paul. The keeper of the prison, call to him; Let him have knowledge who I am, [Exit Gent. Good lady, No court in Europe is too good for thee; What dost thou then in prison? Re-enter Gentleman, with the Gaoler. Now, good sir, You know me, do you not? Gaol. For a worthy lady 5 And one who much I honour. Paul. Pray you, then, Conduct me to the queen. Gaol. I may not, madam: To the contrary I have express commandment. Paul. Here's ado, To lock up honesty and honour from 10 193. have we] Ff 1, 2; we have Ff 3, 4. 198. (Aside] Hanmer. SCENE II. A prison] Pope; Outer room of a prison Capell. Enter Paulina ..-) Hanmer ; Enter Paulina, a Gentleman, Gaolor, Emilia Ff. 2. who] F 1; whom Ff 2, 3, 4. 4. Re-enter .) Rowe; om. Ff. 6. who] Ff 1; whom Ff 2, 3, 4. 9-10. Here's ... · from] arranged as in Hanmer; one line in Ff. 191. he] The reference may be, as 1. ii. 19: “Those are the raised father Furness thinks, to Antigonus, but and his friends." Shakespeare also used the pronoun in SCENE II. an indefinite sense-any man.: 194. free) accessible to everybody. 2. who] "The change by F 2 of this 195-6. treachery perform] who'to whom' seems to show that Leontes implies that Hermione is a not until nine years after I was conspirer with Polixenes and Camillas printed, were compositors fully aware in the plot against his crown and life. that in certain cases the relative pro. 198. raiso) rouse. Compare Othello, noun must be inflected" (Furness).

·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 85 The access of gentle visitors! Is 't lawful, pray you, To see her women ? any of them? Emilia ? Gaol. So please you, madam, To put apart these your attendants, I Shall bring Emilia forth. Paul. I pray now, call her. 15 Withdraw yourselves. [Exeunt Gentleman and Attendants. Gaol. And, madam, I must be present at your conference. Paul. Well, be 't so, prithee. [Exit Gaoler. Here's such ado to make no stain a stain As passes colouring. Re-enter Gaoler, with EMILIA. Dear gentlewoman, 20 How fares our gracious lady? Emil. As well as one so great and so forlorn May hold together : on her frights and griefs, Which never tender lady hath borne greater, She is something before her time deliver'd. 25 Paul. A boy? Emil. A daughter; and a goodly babe, Lusty and like to live: the queen receives Much comfort in 't; says, “My poor prisoner, I am innocent as you." Paul. I dare be sworn : These dangerous unsafe lunes i' the king, beshrew them! 30 He must be told on 't, and he shall: the office Becomes a woman best ; I'll take 't upon me: If I prove honey-mouth'd, let my tongue blister, And never to my red-look'd anger be The trumpet any more. Pray you, Emilia, 35. Cammend my best obedience to the queen: If she dares trust me with her little babe, 5 . . 11-13. Hanmer ends the lines lawful... them? madam. 14. aparl] a-part Ff 1, 2, 3; a part F 4. 15. pray now] Fi; pray you now Ff 2, 3, 4. 16. (Exeunt .] om. Ff. 20. Re-enter .] Capell; om. F I; Enter Emilia Ff 2, 3, 4. 21. Our) one F 2. 30. unsafe) unsane Collier MS. 31. on 't) of it Pope. 20. passes colouring] " outdoes all " And underwrite in an observing the arts of painting" (Herford). kind 23. on] following on. His humorous predominance ; yea, 30. lunes) fits of lunacy. Compare watch Troilus and Cressida, 11. lii. 140:- His pettisb lunes," etc. The person referred to here is Achilles.

·86 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. I'll show 't the king and undertake to be Her advocate to the loud'st. We do not know How he may soften at the sight o' the child: 40 The silence often of pure innocence - Persuades when speaking fails. Emil. Most worthy madam, Your honour and your goodness is so evident, That your free undertaking cannot miss A thriving issue: there is no lady living 45 So meet for this great errand. Please your ladyship To visit the next room, I'll presently Acquaint the queen of your most noble offer ; Who but to-day hammer'd of this design, But durst not tempt a minister of honour, 50 Lest she should be denied. Paul. Tell her, Emilia, I'll use that tongue I have: if wit flow from 't As boldness from my bosom, let 't not be doubted I shall do good. Emil. Now be you blest for it! I 'll to the queen : please you, come something nearer. 55 Gaol. Madam, if 't please the queen to send the babe, I know not what I shall incur to pass it, Having no warrant Paul. You need not fear it, sir : This child was prisoner to the womb, and is By law and process of great nature thence 60 Freed and enfranchised; not a party to The anger of the king, nor guilty of, If any be, the trespass of the queen. Gaol, I do believe it. Paul. Do not you fear: upon mine honour, I 65 Will stand betwixt you and danger. (Exeunt. 49. hammer'd or] hammer'd on Hanmer. 51. Lest) Rowe; Least Ff. 53. Let't] Ff 3, 4; la 't Ff 1, 2. 59. This child] The child Rowe. 66. betwixt] 'twixt Pope. 44. freo] generous. this sentence is that. Paulina is not 47. presently) immediately. actually inside the prison, but stands 49. hammer'd of ] hammered on, kept without at the gate or entrance, and on urging. Compare Two Gentlemon Emilia asks her to enter or come further of Verona, I. iii. 18: "That whereon within it" (Furness). this month I have been hammering." 57. 'what I shall pass it] what 50. tempt] solicit. penalty I shall incur by letting the $5. come something nearer) “The babe pass. only explanation which I can find for 63. If any be] if there be any guilt. .

·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 87 My lord! SCENE III.A room in Leontes' Palace. Enter LEONTES, ANTIGONUS, Lords, and Servants. Leon. Nor night nor day no rest: it is but weakness To bear the matter thus; mere weakness. If The cause were not in being,--part o' the cause, She the adulteress; for the harlot king Is quite beyond mine arm, out of the blank And level of my brain, plot-proof; büt she I can hook to me: say that she were gone, Given to the fire, a moiety of my rest Might come to me again. Who's there? First Seru. Leon. How does the boy? First Seru. He took good rest to-night; IO 'Tis hoped his sickness is discharged. Leon. To see his nobleness ! Conceiving the dishonour of his mother, He straight declined, droop'd, took it deeply, Fasten'd and fix'd the shame on 't in himself, 15 Threw off his spirit, his appetite, his sleep, And downright languish'd. Leave me solely: go, See how he fares. [Exit Serv.] Fie, fie! no thought of him: The very thought of my revenges that way SCENE III. .] Scene changes to the Palace. Theob. and Servants) om. Ff. 2. weakness. If] Collier. The Ff read weakness, if. 3. being ---] being : Ff. 5. arm] aim Field. 10-11. rest to-night; 'Tis hoped his] rest to-night: 'tis hop'd His Ff; rost To-night, 'tis hop'd his Hanmer. 18. [Exit . ] Theobald. SCENE III. naval encounter by means of grappling. hooks. 4. harlot king] The word "harlot," 5-6. blank and level] These are terms the ultimate etymology of which is un of gunnery. The blank" is the white certain, is first used in the sense of spot in the centre of the target, the vagabond, low knave. The earliest bull's-eye, and the level is the missile's record of its use in the sense of an range. In Hamlet, IV. i. 42: unchaste woman dates from the fifteenth level as the cannon to his blank," the century. In the sense of a vagabond it two words reappear, but here level is an occurs in the Ancien Riwle (circ. 1225). adverb, meaning with straight aim, 5. arm) Field in the Shak. Soc. Papers, directly. With level in the sense of ii. 136, declares that arm is a misprint range, compare All's Well that Ends for aim, apparently because of the allu- Well, 11. sion to the practice of aiming in gunnery. " That proclaim which is implied in the words • blank Myself against the level of mine and "level" which follow. But it is aim," the custom of Shakespeare to pass and Sonnet cxvii. : "Within the level of lightly from one metaphorical expression your frown "; see also III, ii. 81 of this to another; he does this in fact in this play. very speech, passing from the levelling 18. him] Polixenes. of a gun to the grappling of ships in a A room ... " As 159:- ·Bo's THE WINTER'S TALE, 1.1461 . > Recoil upon me: in himself too mighty, 20 And in his parties, his alliance; let him be Until a time may serve. For present vengeance, Take it on her. Camillo and Polixenes Laugh at me, make their pastime at my sorrow : They should not laugh if I could reach them, nor 25 Shall she within my power. Enter PAULINA, with a child. First Lord. You must not enter. Paul. Nay, rather, good my lords, be second to me: Fear you his tyrannous passion more, alas, Than the queen's life ? a gracious innocent soul, More free than he is jealous. Ant. That's enough. 30 Sec. Serv. Madam, he hath not slept to-night; commanded None should come at him. Paul. Not so hot, good sir : I come to bring him sleep. 'Tis such as you, That creep like shadows by him, and do sigh At each his needless heavings, such as you 35 Nourish the cause of his awaking : I Do come with words as medicinal as true, Honest as either, to purge him of that humour That presses him from sleep. Leon. What noise there, ho? Paul. No noise, my lord; but needful conference 40 About some gossips for your highness. Leon. How ! Away with that audacious lady! Antigonus, I charged thee that she should not come about me. I knew she would. Ant. I told her so, my lord, 20. Recoil] Recoils Hanmer. 21. allianie ,] alliances, - Capell. This line is omitted in Ff 2-4. 26. Enter P... child] Rowe; Enter Paulina Ff. 26. First Lord) Malone; Lord Ff. 31. Sec. Sero.] Sar. Pf. 37. medicinal] med'cinal Capell. 39. What) Ff 2, 3, 4; Who F 1. 20. Recoin) For this use of a plural Compare Henry VIII. v. v. 13, where verb after a subject which is properly the sponsors of the Princess Elizabeth singular, set Abbott, $ 412. are addressed as “My noble gossips." 23. Take st] let me exercise it. The line from Midsummer Night's 27. be second to) assiet. Dream, II, i. 47: “And sometime lark 30. free) innocent. Compare Hamlet, I in a gossip's bowi," shows that al- 11. ii. 537 "make mad the guilty and ready in Shakespeare's time the word appal the free." had advanced to its modern meaning. 41. gossips] sponsors at baptism.

·SC. 111.) THE WINTER'S TALE 89 On your displeasure's peril and on mine, 45 She should not visit you. Leon. What, canst not rule her? Paul. From all dishonesty he can: in this, Unless he take the course that you have done, Commit me for committing honour, trust it, He shall not rule me. Ant. La you now, you hear : 50 When she will take the rein I let her run; But she'll not stumble. Paul. Good my liege, I come, And, I beseech you, hear me, who professes Myself your loyal servant, your physician, Your most obedient counsellor, yet that dares 55 Less appear so in comforting your eyils, - Masked Than such as most seem yours ; ;-I say, I come From your good queen. Leon, Good queen! Paul. Good queen, my lord, Good queen; I say good queen; And would by combat make her good, so were I 60 А man, the you. to Forcc her hence. Paul. Let him that makes but trifles of his eyes First hand me ; on mine own accord I 'll off; But first I'll do my errand. The good queen, For she is good, hath brought you forth a daughter ; 651 Here 'tis; commends it to your blessing. [Laying down the child. Leon. Out! A inankind witch! Hence with her, out o' door: Leon. he worst about dhe k with I say: 49. trust it] trust me Hanmer. 50. La jou] La-you Ff. 51. roin] Rowe; 1! raine Ff. 53. professes) profess Rowe (2), Capell, Rann, Steevens, Dyce, Hudson. 57. sena) seems Pope. 58-9. The Ff arrange these lines thus: Good Qucone (my Lord) good Queene, I say good Queene, the second line beginning 60. good, so] Theobald; good so, FL 61. the worst] Ok th' worst Warburton. 66. [Laying .] Rowe; om. Ff. 49. Commit] commit me to prison. Becket, to the which he swore that he 53-5. professes : : . dares] Bearing in was neither ayding nor comfortyng. mind the irregularities of Shakespearean 57. Than yours) than those grammar, we inay keep the reading of persons who seem to be your most the Folios, loyal servants. 56. contorting) encouraging, leading 61. wyrs) teeblesto support to countenancing. Compare 67. mankind) masculine, violent. Graiton's Chronicle, ii. 74 (1568): * As Thcobald quotes in illustration of this touching the death of the aforesaid use of the word mankind Beaumont ·40 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT II. 70 A most intelligencing bawd ! Paul. Not so: I am as ignorant in that as you In so entitling me, and no less honest Than you are mad; which is enough, I'll warrant, As this world goes, to pass for honest. Leon, Traitors! Will you not push her out? Give her the bastard. Thou dotard ! thou art woman-tired, unroosted By thy dame Partlet here. Take up the bastard; 75 Take 't up, I say, give't to thy crone. Paul. For ever Unvenerable be thy hands, if thou. Takest up the princess by that foreed baseness Which he has put upon Ceon. He dreads his wife. Paul. So I would you did ; then 'twere past all doubt 80 You 'ld call your children yours. Leon. A nest of traitors! Ant. I am none, by this good light. Paul. Nor I ; nor any But one that's here, and that's himself; for he The sacred honour of himself, his,queon's, His hopeful son's, his babe's, betrays to stander, Whose sting is sharper than the sword's, and will not, - For, as the case now stands, it is a curse 74. thou art] that art Capell. 76. thy crone) thy croane 1 : the croane Ff 2, 3; the croar F 4. 78. forceu] falsed Collier. 85. his babe's] this babe's Capell. and 'Fletcher's Monsicur Thomas (14. 75. Partlet] Dame Partlet (Pertelote): vi.) : " 'Twas a sound knock she gave is the name of the fien in the old beast me, the mankind girl"; and Johnson epico Reynard the Flex, and also in states that the phrase, "a mankind Chaucer's Fable of the Cock and the woman, is yet used in the Midland Fox in the Nonnc Preestes Tale. In and mischievous." y lo hitz ******** dresses the hostess as “Dame Partlett 68. intelligancing] playing the spy, the hen." acting as secret agent. Compare 78. forced baseness] The words refer Chapman's Byron's Conspiracy : "You to the appellation " bastard" used by much wrong me to think me an in- Leontes. Forced is used in the sense telligencing instrument." of strained, distorted, and the meaning 74. woman-tired) benpecked. The of“ that forced baseness" is accordingly phrase is taken from falconry, to tire that distorted application of the word (French tirer), meaning to pull, tear; bastardy. compare 3 Henry VI. I. i. 269: “ Tire 85-6. slander sword's) Almost on the flesh of me and of my son." the same pbraße occurs in Cymbelina, 74. unroosted] driven from your III. iv. 35: “slander, Whose edge is roosting perch. sharper than the sword."; 85 19 ·SC. II.] THE WINTER'S TALE 41 90 He cannot be compellid to't-once remove The root of his opinion, which is rotten As ever oak or stone was sound. Leon. A callat Of boundless tongue, who late hath beat' her husband And now baits me! This brat is none of mine; It is the issue of Polixenes : Hence with it, and together with the dam Commit them to the fire ! Paul. It is yours; 95 And, might we lay the old proverb to your charge, So like you, 'tis the worse. Behold, my lords, Although the print be little, the whole matter And copy of the father, eye, nose, lip; The trick of's frown; his forehead; nay, the valley, 100 The pretty dimples of his chin and cheek; his smiles ; The very mould and frame of hand, nail, finger: And thou, good goddess Nature, which hast made it... So like to him that got it, if thou hast The ordering of the mind too, 'mongst all colours 105, No yellow_in 't, lest she suspect, as he does, Her Children not her husband's ! Leon. A gross hag! son And, lozel, thou art worthy to be hang'd, -- it for le go.' sound] F1; found Ff 2, 3, 4. 95. them] it Capell. 100. valley) valleys Hanmer. 101. pretty) om. Hanmer. his smiles] om. Capell. 90. rallatja lewd woman, strumpet. deuill calls him his white Sonnc; he is Shakespeare uses the word in Othello so like him, that hee is the worse for (iv, ii. 121): "A beggar in his drink it, and hee lookes (takes] after his Could not have laid such terms upon father.'” his callet." The etymology of the 100. trick] characteristic expression; word is uncertain : its earliest record in compare All's Well that Ends Woll, 1. English literature is about the beginning i. 108 : "every line and trick of his of the sixteenth century. Professor sweet favour." Furness describes Manly regards the word as another " trick a term of beraldry and form of the personal naine Kalote quotes from the Glossary of Ternis used found in Piers Plowman (see Camb. in British Heraldry : " In Trick: an Hist. of Eng. Lit. ii. 34). expression used to denote a method of baits] It is by no taking down arms by sketching them." means certain that there is any play on had 106. yellow] the hue of jealousy: words here. The vowel sounds in 108. Tozelj scoundrer. The word is beat and bad were nearer to one an a derivative from the verb "to lose," other in Shakespeare's time than they and the etymological meaning is, thereare now, but not identical; sce Vietor, fore, "one who is lost." The earliest Shakespeare's Pronunciation, &$ 24, 28. record of the word in the New Eng. 96. the old proverb) Staunton says, Dict, is in Piers Plowman (A Text, "Overbury quotes this old proverb Prol. 74): « Losels that Techerie in his character of A Sargeant'; 'The haunten." as 91-2. bcat ܟ 19 ·THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. That wilt not stay her tongue. Ant. Hang all the husbands That cannot do that feat, you 'll leave yourself 110 Hardly one subject. Leon. Once more, take her hence. Paul. A most unworthy and unnatural lord Can do no more. Leon. I'll ha' thee burnt. Paul, I care not: It is an heretic that makes the fire, Not she which burns in 't. I'll not call you tyrant ; 115 But this most cruel usage of your queen- Not able to produce more accusation Than your own weak-hinged fancy-something savours Of tyranny, and will ignoble make you, Yea, scandalous to the world. Leon. On your allegiance, 120 Out of the chamber with her! Were I a tyrant, Where were her life ? she durst not call me so, If she did know me one. Away with her! Paul. I pray you, do not push me; I'll be gone. Look to your babe, my lord; 'tis yours: Jove send her 125 A better guiding spirit ! What needs these hands? You, that are thus so tender o'er his follies, Will never do him good, not one of you. So, so: farewell; we are gone. [Exit. Leon. Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this. I30 My child ? away with 't! Even thou, that hast A heart so tender o'er it, take it hence And see it instantly consumed with fire; Even thou and none but thou. Take it up straight: Within this hour bring me word 'tis done, 135 And by good testimony, or I'll seize thy life, With what thou else call'st thine. If thou refuse And wilt encounter with my wrath, say so; The bastard brains with these my proper hands Shall I dash out. Go, take it to the fire; 140 For thou set'st on thy wife. $ rog. That) Thou Rowe. 118. something) sometimes Rowe. 126. better guiding) better-guiding Walker, 126. needs) Fr; neede F 2; need Ff 3, 4. 139. bastard brains) Bastard-braynes, Ff; bastard's brains Heath, Walker, Hudson. 109. Harg) if you hang. See line 124 : “I pray you, do 126. What needs these hands] Anti- not push me." gonds is thrusting his wife from the 139. proper) own. room.

·SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 43 Ant. I did not, şir : These lords, my noble fellows, if they please, Can clear me in 't. Lords. We can: my royal liege, He is not guilty of her coming hither. Leon. You're liars all. 145 First Lord. Beseech your highness, give us better credit : We have always truly served you; and beseech you So to esteem of us : and on our knees we beg, As recompense of our dear services Past and to come, that you do change this purpose, 150 Which being so horrible, so bloody, must Lead on to some foul issue: we all kneel. Leon. I am a feather for each wind that blows : Shall I live on to see this bastard kneel And call me father? better burn it now 155 Than curse it then. But be it; let it live. It shall not neither. You, sir, come you hither; You that have been so tenderly officious With Lady Margery, your midwife there, To save this bastard's life--for 'tis a bastard, 160 So sure as this beard's grey,what will you adventure To save this brat's life? Ant. Any thing, my lord, That my ability may undergo, And nobleness impose: at least thus much. " I'll pawn the little blood which I have left 165 To save the innocent: any thing possible. Lcon. It shall be possible. Swear by this sword Thou wilt perform my bidding. Ant. I will, my lord. La Leon, Mark and perform it: seest thou ? for the fail Fem 146. First Lord] Capell; Lord Ft. 147. bescech you] Rowe; beseech' FI; beseech Ff 2, 3, 4. 153. feather] Ff 1, 2, 3; father F 4. 159. midwife) mild wife Capell. 161. this) his Theobald; thy Collier (Egerton MS.). 164. at least) at last Ff. 2, 3, 4. 166. any thing] what's Ilanmer. 159. Lady Margery] It seems as could be but thirty-one." Collier adda, though somcthing of contempt were " the old MS. corrector of Lord Ellesimplied in the use of the homely name mere's F 1 altered this to thy, which Margery. probably was the true reading. I61. this) Theobald would have us 163. undergo) undertake. read his. He says: " It is plain from 169. fail] The word failure for the 1. i. that the prince was a very young older farl first occurs, according to boy; and the king says that, looking the New Eng. Dict., in the seventeenth upon the child, he was moved to throw century. It is a more or less corrupt of off twenty-three years : 80 that allowing form of the Anglo-French failer, Mod. the child to be ciglat years old, the father Fr. faillir. Shakespeare uses the noun 1 .

·THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT 11. Of any point in 't shall not only be 170 Death to thyself, but to thy lewd-tongued wife, Whom for this time we pardon. We enjoin thee, As thou art liege-man to us, that thou carry. This female bastard hence, and that thou bear it To some remote and desert place, quite out 175 Of our dominions; and that there thou leave it, Without more mercy, to it own protection And favour of the climate. As by strange fortune It came to us, I do in justice charge thee, On thy soul's peril and thy body's torture, 180 'That thou commend it strangely to some place Where chance may nurse or end it. Take it up, Ant. I swear to do this, though a present death Had been more merciful. Come on, poor babe : Some powerful spirit instruct the kites and ravens 185 To be thy nurses ! Wolves and bears, they say, Casting their savageness aside have done Like offices of pity. Sir, be prosperous In more than this deed docs require! And blessing Against this cruelty fight on thy side, 190 Puor thing, condemn'd to loss! Erit with the child Leon. No, I'll not rear Another's issue. Enter a Servant. Serv. Please your highness, posts . FS 2-4. . Poor... - 171. lewd tongucd] loud-tongued Anon. apud Cam. 177. miorc] Fr; much 177. 36) Fil, 2; its Ff 3, 4, 181. strangely to some) to some strangar Hanmer. 182. chance) Ff 1, 2, change Ff 3. 4. 189-91. required Floss ?) require; and . side (Poore losse) Ff; require; and side 1 loss.-Theobald. 191. [Exit . child] Rowe; Exit Ff. I91. rear] rare F 2. fail again in v. i. 27 his highness' 181. commend) entrust, commit. fail of issue." 181. strangely as though it were of 177. it own} As is well known, its alien birth. W. s. Walker has coldid not come into general use until the lected a number of instances in which seventeenth century, and is never found “strange" has the sense of foreign, in the Authorised Version of the Bible alien (see Critical Examination of (1611). Shakespeare uses it for its the Text of Shakespeare, ii, 288). very commonly, but the true Old Eng 188. Like) similar. lish form was his. Its occure three 188-89. be prosperous require] times in Act 1. scene ii. of this play (see May prosperity attend you greater than lines 151, 152, 266), and the probability would naturally follow upon such a 18 that Shakespeare used it, its or it's, deed as this. together with the older form his, in 190. Against] to counteract. differently. See Abbott, Shakespearean 191. loss) perdition. Grammar, 88 217, 228. .

·SC. 111.]
THE WINTER'S TALE
45
From those you sent to the oracle are come
An hour since: Cleomenes and Dion,
Being well arrived from Delphos, are both landed, 195
Hasting to the court.
First Lord.
So please you, sir, their speed
Hath been beyond account.
Leon.
Twenty three days
They have been absent: 'tis.good speed; foretells
The great Apollo suddenly will have
The truth of this appear. Prepare you, lords; 200
Summon a session, that we may arraign
Our most disloyal lady; for, as she hath
Been publicly accused, so shall she have
A just and open trial. While she lives
My heart will be a burthen to me.
205
And think upon my bidding.
(Exeunt.
197. account] F 4; accompt, Ff 1, 2, 3. 198. 'tis good speed; foretells) this
good speed foretells Pope.
Leave me,
Vlanini
P. We
197. account] calculation.

·ACT III SCENE 1.-A Seaport in Sicilia. - AWS- Enter CLEOMENES and DION. Cleo. The climate's delicate, the air most sweet, Fertile the isle, the temple much surpassing The common praise it bears. Dion. I shall report, the For most it caught me, the celestial habits, *** ) Methinks I so should term them, and the reverence Of the grave wearers. O, the sacrifice ! How ceremonious, solemn and unearthly It was i' the offering! Cleo. But of all, the burst And the ear-deafening voice o' the oracle, Kin to Jove's thunder, so surprised my sense, That I was nothing. 5 10 Act 111. SCENE 1. A Seaport in Sicilia] Cam. Edd.; Delphi, near the temple of Apollo Halliwell. 2. isle) soil Warburton. 3. I shall] It shames Warburton. 4. For most] Foremost Warburton. it] they Hanmer, ACT III. SCBNB 1. Delphos". The confusion is between the island of Delos, one of the Cyclades A Seaport in Sicilia] There is some in the Aegean Sea, where Apollo was uncertainty as to the spot at which this born and worshipped, and the town of scene takes place. From the last scene Delphi in Phocis, where was bis oracle. we learn that Cleomenes and Dion are In Sabie's Fisherman's Tale, we read near the Court of Leontes. It seems first of all that a ship picked up the probable, as Köppel suggests (Sh. wrecked Thirsis and Flora, Fahrbuch, ix. 289), that they have "And carried them (half drownd) to reached some stage on their journey Delphos Ile between the port and the Court. See Where wise Apollo gives out the call for "fresh horses" to take them Oracles" ; the rest of their journey in line 21. but a little later we are informed that Halliwell was of the opinion that they "Flora and Thirsis, cleaving on a had not yet left Grecian soil. bulke, 2. the isle) There is no need to ac At Delos land, Apollos Ile did stay." cept Wat Burton's reading of soil for So much for Elizabethan geography. isle. In imagining that Delphi was 3. common] general. situated on an island, Shakespeare was 8. the burst) the breaking out into merely following Greene's Pandosto, speech, where mention is made of the “isle of 46 we RAW ·SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 47 Dion. If the event o' the journey Prove as successful to the queen - be 't so! As it hath been to us rare, pleasant, speedy, The time is worth the use on 't. Cleo, Great Apollo Turn all to the best! These proclamations, So forcing faults upon Hermione, I little like. Dion. The violent carriage of it Will clear or end the business : when the oracle, Thus by Apollo's great divine seal'd up, Shall the contents discover, something rare 20 Even then will rush to knowledge. Go: fresh horses ! And gracious be the issue. [Exeunt. * SCENE II.--A Court of Justice. Enter LEONTES, Lords, and Officers. Leon 'This sessions, to our great grief we pronounce, Even pushes 'gainst our heart : the party tried The daughter of a king, our wife, and one Of us too much beloved. Let us be clear'd Of being tyrannous, since we so openly 5 Proceed in justice, which shall have due course, Even to the guilt or the purgation. Produce the prisoner. Off. It is his highness' pleasure that the queen Appear in person here in court. Silence! 10 Enter HERMIONE guarded ; PAULINA and Ladies attending. Leon. Read the indictment. Of. [reads] Hermione, queen to the worthy Leontes, 14. time . . . #se] use . time Hanmer. SCBNB II. I. sessions] session Theobald. pronounce) pronounce it Keightley. Silence l] F 1 prints "silence" in italics as though it were a stage-direction; Ff 2, 3, 4 read “Silence, Enter ." also in italics. It was Rowe who first allotted it to the officer's speech. 14. The time ...on's the time has 19. divino] priest. been well spent. Singer quotes from SCENB 11. Florio's Montaigne : "The time we live is worth the money we pay 7. purgation] Fumegsis of the 17. carriage) carrying into effect, exc opinion that the sentence which ends cution; compare Troilus and Crossida, in the word "purgation” is left un- IL ii. 141: "The whole carriage of this finished; but there seems to be no action.' sufficient reason for accepting this vicw. . . . 1 10, for it."

·48 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT II. P king of Sicilia, thou art here accused and arraigned of high treason, in committing adultery with Polixenes, king of Bohemia, and conspiring with Camillo to take 15 away the life of our sovereign lord the king, thy royal husband : the pretençę whereof being by circumstances partly laid open, thou, Hermione, contrary to the faith and allegiance of a true subject, didst counsel and aid them, for their better safety, 20 to fly away by night. Her. Since what I am to say must be but that Which contradicts my accusation, and The testimony on my part no other But what comes from myself, it shall scarce boot me 25 To say "not guilty." mine integrity, Being counted falsehood, shall, as I express it, Be so received. But thus, if powers divine Behold our human actions, as they do, I doubt not then but innocence shall make 30 False accusation blush, and tyranny Tremble at patience. You, my lord, best know, Who least will seem to do so, my past life Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true, As I am now unhappy; which is more ihli 35 Than history can pattern, though devised And play'd to take spectators. For behold me A fellow of the royal bed, which owe A moiety of the throne, a great king's daughter, The mother to a hopeful prince, here standing 40 To prate and talk for life and honour 'fore Who please to come and hear. For life, I prize it As I weigh grief, which I would spare for honour, 'Tis a derivative from me to mine, Y 17. pretence] practice Walker, 18. circumstances} circumstance Ff 2, 3, 4:6, 121. Ay] Ace Ff3, 4. 31. accusation] Fi, accusations Ff 2-4. 33. Who] Rowe, etc.; Whom Ff. 41. prate] pload Keightley. breath Daniel. 43; sneft speech of" 17. kretence] design. There is no 38. owe) own. This is the original need to alter to practice, as Walker meaning of the verb owe and 16 still suggests. Shakespeare found the preserved in the adjective own, once word "pretence," meaning design, in the past participle of owe. Greene's Pandosto " then pretence be 42 3. Korlife . . . spare] It has been ing partly spyed," and used it with the argued by Staunton and others that the same meaning in other plays, eg. Two word "grief" 18 an error, and various Gentlemen of Verona, III. i. 47. " Fot emendations have been suggested. love of you. hath made me pub. But Johnson's explanation of the 1,lisher of this pretenge." passage Life is to me now only ) 1 < ·SC. II.] THE WINTER'S TALE 49 I appeal 45 lu 10.21 And only that I stand for. To your own conscience, sir, before Polixenes Came to your court, how I was in your grace, How merited to be so; since he came, With what encounter so uncurrent I Have strain d, to appear thus: if one jot beyond 50 'The bound of honour, or in act or will That way inclining, harden'd be the hearts Of all that hear me, and my near'st of kin Cry fie upon my grave! Leon. I ne'er heard yet That any of these bolder vices wanted 55 Less impudence to gainsay what they did Than to perform it first. Her. That's true enough; Though 'tis a saying, sir, not due to me. Leon. You will not own it. Her. More than mistress of Which comes to me in name of fault, I must not At all acknowledge. For Polixenes, With whom I am accused, I do confess I loved him as in honour he required, With such a kind of love as might become A lady like me, with a love even such, 65,1 So and no other, as yourself commanded: +9 50. I Have strain'd) have I Been strain'd Johnson; 1 Have stray'd Mason, 55. these] those 1 4. 59. mistress of] I'm mistress of Hanner ; misreport or misprision Anon conj. ; a line omitted, Anon conj. 6. Which) What Rowe; That Seymour. grief, and as such only is considered by of the Shrow, IV. V. 24: " That with me: I would therefore, willingly dis- your strange encounter much amazed miss it"-makes the meaning quite me "), and that strain'd has the meanintelligible without any alteration of ing of " exceeded the due bounds of prothe text. Throughout this passage priety." We may accordingly interpret Shakespeare har Greene's Pandosto as follows: I would ask, in what way clearly in his mind. We read there: have I exceeded the bounds of propriety • But Bellaria, whose life then hung in my behaviour towards Polixenes in the ballaunce, fearing more perpetrali that I should appear thus in a court of infamie than momentaric death, tolde justice ? the king 55. wanted] lacked. 49-50. With what encounter 58. due] applicable, pear thus] The passage sounds obscure, 59-61. More than ... acknow ledge] and, as usual, commentators have The word fault here is to be regarded brought forward various emendations, as standing in opposition to the words particularly with reference to the word holder vices used by Leontes in line 55. at strain'd." Everything turns upon Hermione acknowledges that she is the significance of the words "en answerable for (mistress of) shortcounter" and "strain'd." It is probable comings to which the name of " faults" that the former is used in the sense of may be given, but not for the crime of manner of address" (compare Taming adultery of which she is accused. . . ap- ·50 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IIT. Which not to have done I think had been in me Both disobedience and ingratitude To you and toward your friend; whose love had spoke Even since it could speak, from an infant, freely 70 That it was yours. Now, for conspiracy, I know not how it tastes; though it be dish'd For me to try how: all I know of it Is that Camillo was an honest man; And why he left your court, the gods themselves, 75 Wotting no more than I, are ignorant. Leon. You knew of his departure, as you know What you have underta'en to do in 's absence. Her. Sir, You speak a language that I understand not: 80 My life stands in the level of your dreams, Which I 'll lay down. Leon, Your actions are my dreams; id. You had a bastard by Polixenes, And I but dream'd it. As you were past all shame, — Those of your fact are so,-50 past all truth: 85 Which to deny concerns more than avails; for as Thy brat hath been cast out, like to itself, No father owning it --which is, indeed, More criminal in thce than it,- Shalt feel our justice, in whose easiest passage 90 Look for no less than death. Her. Sir, spare your threats : The bug which you would fright me with I seek. so thou 6 69. toward] Ff 1, 2; towards Ff 3, 4. 69. friend) Fr; friends Ff 2, 3, 4. 70. Even] Ever Furness conj. 85. fact] pack Johnson; sect Farmer; pact Anon. conj. 85. so past] so you 're past Hanmer. 87. like) left Keightley 81. in the level of] within the range the fact was committed." " Those of of, and so, at the mercy of. Hermione your fact" means, therefore, those means that she is called upon to sacri- guilty of your crime. fice her life to her husband's wild de. 86. Which to deny avails] to Nusions. On the metaphorical use of the deny this puts you to more trouble than word level, Bee More To 11. TIT. 5:5. the matter is worth. 84. And I but dream'd it and this, 87. like to itself] Furness explains you say, was but a dream of mine. these words," as a brat should be cast 85. fact] There is no need to alter out." The temptation to substitute fact to pact or pack. The use of the left for like is very great. word “fact" for evil deed, crime, in 92. bug.) bogey, imaginary terror. the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Compare Taming of the Shrew, I. ii. was very common; see New Eng. Dict. 214: "fear boys with bugs.' The and compare Harrison, England, 17. xi.: word, which is possibly from the Welsh "He is hanged neere the place where bwg, a ghost, survives in "bugbear."

·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 51 L 100 To me can life be no commodity : The crown and comfort of my life, your favour, I do give lost; for I do feel it gone, But know not how it went. My second joy And first-fruits of my body, from his presence I am barr'd, like one infectious. My third comfort, Starr'd most unluckily, is from my breast, The innocent milk in it most innocent mouth,- Haled out to murder: myself on every post Proclaim'd a strumpet: with immodest hatred The child-bed privilege denied, which 'longs To women of all fashion; lastly, hurried Here to this place, i' the open air, before I have got strength of limit. Now, my liege, Tell me what blessings I have here alive, That I should fear to die? Therefore proceed. di But yet hear this; mistake me not; no life, I prize it not a straw, but for mine honour, Which I would free, if I shall be condemn'd Upon surmises, all proofs sleeping else But what your jealousies awake, I tell you 'Tis rigour and not law. Your honours all, I do refer me to the oracle : 105 You " 1041 109. Ioo. it] Ff; its Rowe. 106. limit] Ff 1, 2; limbs Ff 3, 4, Rowe. no life) no I life Hanmer; No: life Collier; my lifc White, Hudson; for life Dyce. 93. commodity) convenience, profit. in this special sense, but Shakespeare 99. Starr'd] fated ; compare Her- employs the word with the meaning mione's words in II. i. 105: “There 's "a prescribed period" in Measure for some ill planet reigns." Measure, idi. 1. 224: “Between which 100. it] On this use of it for its, see time of the contract, and limit of the note to 11. iii. 178. solemnity." IOI. post] On the use of the post for 109. no life] There seems no need to affixing notices, compare Act 32 alter either the reading or the punctua- Henry VIII, cap. 4: "[They) shall tion of the Folios, unless indeed we affix the same writing unto some post substitute a note of exclamation for the or other open place . in Lumberd comma after “life." Hermione ex- Strete." claims “No life " i.e. I do not ask for 102. immodest] immoderate. life--but only for the clearing of my 104. women of all fashion] Walker honout. With this reference to the would have us believe that by this is contempt which she has for life and the meant all women of high rank. But high esteem in which she holds her the probability is that here, as in the honour, compare her words in lines phrase "gentlemen of all fashions 42-45. (Pericles, iv. il. 71), the meaning is, of 114. 'Tis rigour and matlam] Comall sorts irrespective of rank. parc Greene's Pandosto, where at her 106. limit the prescribed period of trial Bellaria says, "Therefore, if she rest after confinement. There is no were condemned without any further other recorded use of the word limit proofe, it was rigour, and not Law."

·52 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT III. I 20 + Apollo be my judge ! First Lord. This your request Is altogether just: therefore bring forth, And in Apollo's name, his oracle. [Exeunt certain Officers. Her. The Emperor of Russia was my father : O that he were alive, and here beholding His daughter's trial i that he did but see The flatness of my misery, yet with eyes Of pity, not revenge! Re-enter Officers, with CLEOMENES and DION. Of. You here shall swear upon this sword of justice, That you, Cleomenes and Dion, have 125 Been both at Delphos, and from thence have brought This seal'd-up oracle, by the hand deliver'd Of great Apollo's priest, and that since then You have not dared to break the holy seal Nor read the secrets in 't. Cleo. Dion. All this we swear. 130 Leon. Break up the seals and read. Off [reads] Hermione is chaste; Polixenes blameless; Camillo a true subject; Leontes a jealous tyrant; his innocent babe truly begotten; and the king shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not 135 found. Lords. Now blessed be the great Apollo! Hers Praised! Leon, Hast thou read truth? Off Ay, my lord; even so As it is here set down. Leon. There is no truth at all i' the oracle : 140 The sessions shall proceed: this is mere falsehood, Enter Servant. Serv. My lord the king, the king! 12 . . 118. [Exeunt , .] Capell, om. Ff. 124. this] F; the Ff 2, 4. 132. chaste] cast F 2. 138, truth] FI 1, 2; the truth Ff 3, 4. 138-9. Ay down] Arranged as in Capell ; as one line in Ff. If1. SCSSIONS) session Theobald. 119. The Emperor father] words of the oracle in the 1588 edition Shakespeare has here made a curious of Pandostó are," and the king ghal live use of his source. In Giecne's romance without an heire, but in the later the Emperor of Russia is not the father attions of 1607. 1614, etc, live us of Bellaria (= Hermione) but of the changed to die, from this it is natural wife of Egistus (= Polixenes). to suppose that Shakespeare used the 122. Actress) abjectness. first edition of 1588. 134-5. the king shall hair] The ·SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 53 WYK? Leon Leon. What is the business? Seru. O sir, I shall be hated to report it! The prince your son, with mere conceit and fear Of the queen's speed, is gone. Leon. How! gone! Serv. Is dead. 145 Leon, Apollo 's angry; and the heavens themselves Do strike at my injustice. (Hermiana feintsal... How now there! Paul. This news is mortal to the queen: look down And see what death is doing. Take her hence: Her heart is but o'ercharged; she will recover : 150 I have too much believed mine, aw suspicion: Beseech you, tenderly apply to her Some remedies for life. [Exeunt Paulina and Ladies, with Hermione. Apollo, pardon My great profaneness 'gainst thine oracle ! I'll reconcile me to Polixenes ; 155 New woo my queen; recall the good Camillo, Whom I proclaim a man of truth, of mercy; For, being transported by my jealousies To bloody thoughts and to revenge, I chose Camillo for the minister to poison 160 My friend Polixenes: which had been done, But that the good mind of Camillo tardied My swift command, though I with death and with Reward did threaten and encourage him, Not doing it and being done : he, most humane 165 And fill'd with honour, to my kingly guest Unclasp'd my practice, quit his fortunes here, 99 147. How now there !] How now there? Ff; How now ? there! Johnson. 153. [Exeunt .) Malone; om. Ff. 143. to report] for reporting. 162. tardied] delayed to execute. 144. conceit] Here, as SO often in 165. Not doing it and being done] Shakespeare and other Elizabethan The phrase refers to death and writers, conceit is used in the literal " reward respectively; death will be sense of that which is conceived, or Camillo's lot for not slaying Polixenes, imagined. Compare Leontes' reference reward if he slays him. to Mamillius in 11. iii. 13 as “conceiving 167. Onclasp'd my practice) disclosed the dishonour of his mother." my trçacherous design; for this use of Le 145. spoed.. . fortune; compare the word * practice, "compare Twelfth happy be thy speed" (Taming of the Night (v. i. 364): " This practice hath Shrew, ii. I. 139) most shrewdly pass'd upon thee," ·54 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT III. 175 $ 1 ? Which you knew great, and to the hazard Of all incertainties himself commerlied, No richer than his honour: how he glisters .670 Thorough my rust, and how his piety. Does my deeds make the blackeri Re-enter PAULINA. Paul, Woe the while le O, cut my lace, lest my heart, cracking it, Break too! First Lord. What fit is this, good lady? Paul. What studied torments, tyrant, hast for me? What wheels? racks ? fires ? what flaying? boiling? In leads or oils? what old or newer torture Must I receive, whose every word deserves To taste of thy most worst? Thy tyranny, Together working with thy jealousies, my histo Fancies too weak for boys, too green and idle For girls of nine, O, think what they have done, And then run mad indeed, stark mad! for all Thy by-gone fooleries were but spices of it. That thou betray'dst Polixencs, 'twas nothing; 1859 That did but show thee, of a fool, inconstant 168. hasard] F 1; certain hazard I'f 30 30,4; doubtful hasard Malong; feat. ful hazard Rann, 171. Thorough my] Malonc; through my F1; Through my dark Ff 2, 3, 4. 176. racks fires what racks, what fires » Keightley. 176. Alaying boiling ] F1, flaying, boyling, burning Ff 2, 3, 4. 177: newer) 1 1; new Ff 2, 3, 4. 178. every) F 1; very Fi 2, 3. 4. 184. of it] for it Ff 2, 3, 4. 186. show ther, of a fool] Ff; show thee of a soul Theobald, Hanmer ; show thee off, a fool Warburton. 168. hazard] The verse is metrically pare Abbott, SS 477-8. Ff 2-4 read incomplete, and it may well be that Through my dark rust. the reading of the later Folios---certain 176. borling) The addition of burning hazard-18 correct. The jingle of after boiling in the later Folios seems in certain uncertainties" 16 superfluous. It may have been added quite Shakespearean ; compare Lucrecer for the sake of the metre, but the pauses clxxxvII. uncertainly." make it long enough. 170. No richer I onour] with 184. spices) samples; comparc Corioonly his honour for riches. lanus, 1v. vii. 46. "As he hath spices of 171. Thorough my rust] This is the them all." Spice is etymologically the reading of Malone and has been ac same word as species. cepted by most modern editors. The 186. of a fool] Various emendations first Folio reads through, which was have been suggested for this phrase; pronounced as a dissyllable, as though see textual notce. It is probable, howit were thorough. Similarly in Corio- ever, that the text is correct, for we find lanus, v. ill. 115, the Ft road " With a similar idiom in Dryden's Virgil (Life, manacles through our streets or else," 46). "Cæsar ... the greatest traveller, and modern editors from Johnson on- of a prince, that had ever been." The wards substitute thorough for through. force of the preposition of” is ac- For further illustration of the same cordingly the same as that of for, i.e. thing, sec note to iv, iv. 76, and com- in the capacity of, in respect of being. and 12 ·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 55 And damnable ingrateful : nor was 't much, Thou wouldst have poison'd good Camillo's honour, To have him kill a king; poor trespasses, More monstrous standing by: whereof I reckon 190 The casting forth to crows thy baby-daughter To be or none or little; though a devil Would have shed water out of fire ere done 't: Nor is 't directly laid to thee, the death Of the young prince, whose honourable thoughts, 195 Thoughts high for one so tender, cleft the heart That could conceive a gross and foolish sire Blemish'd his gracious dam: this is not, no, Laid to thy answer : but the last, lords, When I have said, cry"woe!"-the queen, the queen, 200 The sweet'st, dear'st creature's dead, and vengeance for 't Not dropp'd down yet. First Lord. The higher powers forbid ! Paul. I say she's dead, I 'll swear 't. If word nor oath Prevail not, go and see: if you can bring Tincture or lustre in her lip, her eye, 205 Heat outwardly or breath within, I'll serve you As I would do the gods. But, O thou tyrant! Do not repent these things, for they are heavier Than all thy woes can stir: therefore betake thee To nothing but despair. A thousand knees Ten thousand years together, naked, fasting, Upon a barren mountain, and still winter In storm perpetual, could not move the gods To look that way thou wert. Leon. Go on, go on : Thou canst not speak too much ; I have deserved 215 All tongues to talk their bitterest. First Lord. Say no more : Howe'er the business goes, you have made fault l' the boldness of your speech. Paul. I am sorry for 't; All faults I make, when I shall come to know them, I do repent. Alas! I show'd too much 191. to crows] of crows F 4. 191, thy] F x; the Ff 2-4. 208. Do] FI; Dot F 2; Dost Ff 3, 4. 208-9. Do. stir :) Dost stir ? Pope. 209. WOES] vows Hanmer. 187. damnable] damnably. With As he is subtle." this use of an adjective as an adverb, 209. stir] remove. compare Henry VIII. 1. I. 159:- 212. still always, continuously. For he is equal ravenous 210 220 .

·+ L 56 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT III. you, The rashness of a woman : he is touch'd Should be past grief: do not receive affliction At my petition; I beseech rather Let me be punish'd, that have minded you 225 Of what you should forget. Now, good my liege, Sir, royal sir, forgive a foolish woman: The love I bore your queen, lo, fool again! I'll speak of her no more, nor of your children; I'll not remember you of my own lord, 230 Who is lost too: take your patience to you, And I'll say nothing. Leon. Thou didst speak but well When most the truth, which I receive much better Than to be pitied of thee. Prithee, bring me To the dead bodies of my queen and son: 235 One grave shall be for both; upon them shall The causes of their death appear, unto Our shame perpetual. Once a day I'll visit The chapel where they lie, and tears shed there Shall be my recreation : so long as nature 240 Will bear up with this'exercise, so long I daily vow to use it. Come and lead me To these sorrows. [Exeunt. SCENE III.--Bohemia. A desert country near the sea. Enter ANTIGONUS with a Child, and a Mariner. Ant. Thou art perfect, then, our ship hath touch'd upon The deserts or Bohemia ? 223. receive] revive Staunton, 224. At my petition) Al my relation Singer; At repetition Collier ; At my monition Cartwright. 231. take your] take you your Rowe. 243. Surrows] my sorrows Hanmer. SCENE 11. Bohemia ...] Malone, om. Ff. 222-3. What's gone past grief] the jealous king. The attempts to Compare Richard 11. 11. iii. 171: amend the text (sce textual notes) are " Things past redress are now with me needless. past çarç. 230. remember) remind. 223-4. do not receive 240. Tecreation] means of restoration. petition] The words At my petition SCENE III. probably refer back, as Delius points out, to the petition which Paulina makes I. perfect) certain; compare Macbeth, in lines 209-10 that Leontes should be- 1. v. 2: The perfectest report: take himself to despair. Her wish is I-2. our ship Bohemial In pronow to revoke words which almost viding Bohemia with sca-coast, amounted to a curse pronounced on Shakespeare is simply following the lead At my 56 a ·Sc. in.] THE WINTER'S TALE 57 Mar. Ay, my lord; and fear We have landed in ill time : the skies look grimly And threaten present blusters. In my conscience, The heavens with that we have in hand are angry 5 And frown upon 's. Ant. Their sacred wills be done! Go, get aboard; Look to thy bark : I'll not be long before I call upon thee. Mar. Make your best haste, and go not 1ο Too far il the land : 'tis like to be loud weather ; Besides, this place is famous for the creatures Of prey that keep upon 't. Ant. Go thou away : I'll follow instantly. Mar. I am glad at heart To be so rid o' the business. [Exit. Ant. Come, poor babe: 15 I have heard, but not believed, the spirits of the dead May walk again : if such thing be, thy mother Appear'd to me last night, for ne'er was dream So like a waking. To me comes a creature, Sometimes her head on one side, some another ; 20 I never saw a vessel of like sorrow, So fill'd, and so becoming : in pure white robes, Like very sanctity, she did approach 22. ner 5 2. my lord) om. Hanmer. 7. Go, get] go get F1; get Ff 2, 3, 4; get thee Rowe. 20. on] F 1; is on Ff 2, 3, 4. 22. Alld] still, Cartwright. becoming] o'er-running Collier ; oes-brimming Daniel; become it Kinnear ; beteeming Ed. conj. of Greene who deliberately mentions rative use of the word, compare Fulius “the sea-coast of Bobemia ". Similar Cæsar, v, v. 13 :- geographical errors are to be found in “Now is that noble vessel full of Shakespeare's Italian plays, and M. grief." Jusserand wittily remarks that Shake 22. becoming] The association of the speare's "one general rule was that all adjective "becoming " with the preceddistant towns are by the seaside; and ing "fill'd" scems out of place. The if they are not, they should be and sense appears to demand some word shall. The Rome, the Mantua, the conveying the idea of overflowing ; o'er- Padaa, the Verona, the Milan, the brimming and o'er-running have been Florence of his stage are all washed by suggested, but it seems to me more the sea" (Introduction to W.T., p. xiii.). likely that the word was the obsolete Sabie's geography in the Fisherman's betesming, for which the compositor, Tale is even more wonderful. When not understanding the word, substituted the infant Julina is cast adrift on the becoming. The New Eng. Dict. gives waves, her boat is carried by the tide “to pour all about " as the meaning of to the banks of the Humber. Bat the betrem, and quotes T. Adams' Gener. Humber is one of the rivers of the Serp. (1618) “ These beteem their Peloponnesus! poison to the overthrow of all.". It may 4. present) immediate. also be pointed out that Shakespeare 21. vessel].creature. With this figu. himself uses the verb beteam in this ·58 THE WINTER'S TALE ACT III. My cabin where I lay; thrice bow'd before me, And, gasping to begin some speech, her eyes 25 Became two spouts: the fury spent, anon Did this break from her: "Good Antigonus, Since fate, against thy better disposition, Hath made thy person for the thrower-out Of my poor babe, according to thine oath, 30 Places remote enough are in Bohemia, There weep and leave it crying; and, for the babe Is counted lost for ever, Perdita, I prithee, call't. For this ungentle business, Put on thee by my lord, thou ne'er shalt see 35 Thy wife Paulina more." And so, with shrieks, She melted into air. Affrighted much, I did in time collect myself, and thought This was so, and no slumber. Dreams are toys: Yet for this once, yea, superstitiously, 40 I will be squared by this. I do believe Hermione hath 'suffer'd death; and that Apollo would, this being indeed the issue Of King Polixenes, it should here be laid, Either for life or death, upon the earth Of its right father. Blossom, speed thee well! There lie, and there thy character: there these; Which may, if fortune please, both breed thee, pretty, 4 ( 29. thrower-ont] thower-out F 1. 32. weep) wend Collier MS. 39. $0] sooth Warburton. 44. Polixenes) Polixenus F 2. 46. its] it's Ff. 48. please pretty) please, both breed thee (pretty) Ff. sense in Midsummer Night's Dream, I. emendation is plausible enough, but, as i. 131:- Grant White pointed out, the words "Belike for want of rain, which I Weep I cannot" in line 51 lend supcould well port to the original reading. Beteem them from the tempest of 41. squared) regulated, .directed in mine eyes." my course. Compare v. i. 52, and also Professor Case, on the strength of the all's Well that Ends Well, i. i. 153: comma after fill'd, would dissociate be " As 'tis with us that square our guess coming from fill'd, and interpret so bea by shows.' coming as one to which it was 80 47. thy character] the written account becoming." of thee; the reference is to the writing 32. weep! In Collier's copy of the which afterwards discloses Perdita's second Folio, which contained on its identity. margin nanuscript annotations by an 47. these] the reference is to the ornaunknown hand, wend is substituted for ments, etc., which the shepberd afterweep. Collier himself adds that "the wards finds upon Perdita. word crying' probably misled the 48. breed theo) serve for thy upbringcompositor and he fancied that wend ing. weep,' and so printed." The 48. pretty] pretty one. $ 6 was ·SC., III.) THE WINTERS TALE 59 1 .. And still rest thine. The storm begins: poor wretch, That for thy mother's fault art thus exposed 50 To loss and what may follow! Weep I cannot, But heart bleeds; and most accursed am I To be by oath enjoin'd to this. Farewell! The day frowns more and more: thou 'rt like to have A lullaby too rough: I never saw 55 The heavens so dim by day. A savage clamour ! Well may I get aboard! This is the chase: I am gone for ever. [Exit, pursued by a bear. Enter a Shepherd Shep. I would there were no age between ten and threcand-twenty, or that youth would sleep out the rest; de for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches with child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting -Hark you now! Would any but these boiledbrains of nineteen and two-and-twenty hunt this weather? They have scared away two of my best 65 sheep, which I fear the wolf will sooner find than the master: if any where I have them, 'tis by the sca- Iside, browzing of ivy. Good luck, an't be thy will! $ 54. thou 'rt] thou art F 4. 59 ten thirtien Hinmcr ; sixteen Camb. Edd. 65. scared] scared rf. 69. an 't] Pope and'. I'f. 68. thy will] F 1; the w211 Ff 2, 3, 4. 19. And still rst thine] Staunton denly catches a glimpse of the pursing paraphrase's lines 40-49 as follows bear. “ Poor Blossom, good speed to thee! 58. Exit, pursued by a bear] Sir which miv happen, despite thy present Walter Raleigh (Shakespeare, pp. 137-8) desolate condition, if fortune please to makes merry over the most unprinadopt thee (thou pretty one') and remain cipled and reckless fashion " in which thy constant friend", in other words he Antigonus is disposed of. “Surely the regards the line, " There he . these aged nobleman," he says, "inight have as a purenthesis. But there is a close been allowed to retire in peace." connection between the these of line 47 62. nniicntry) elders, old folks. and the Whuh of line 48, and the mean 63-4. boiled-brains) hot headed fel. ing may well be somewhat as follows lows. Compare 7 empest, v. i. fo. May this gold not only serve for your "A solemn air, and the best comupbringing, but a portion of it remain forter unspent for your subsequent use.' To an unsettled fancy, cure thy 51 loss) In Ji. si. 191 the phrase brains, "condemn'd to loss occurs, where Now useless, boiled within thy loss has apparently the meaning of per. skull." dition, desti uction. The words "and -68. brotusing of u1] Shakespeare what may follow" seem to require an 18 here following Gicene's Pandosto other meaning for the word in this casc. very closely. In the romance we read Malone interprets loss as exposure, but that the shepherd " fearing either that offers no parallel usage.--It may be that the wolves oi eagles had undone him Antigonus uses the word hele iu the (for hee was so poore, as a sheepe was sense of loss of parents and home. halfe his substaunce) wandered downe 57. This is the chase] Antigonus sud- toward the sea clifles, to see if perchance ·boring the moon with her main-mast, and anon 60 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT III. what have we here? Mercy on's, a barne; very pretty barne! A boy or a child, I wonder? A pretty one; 70 a very pretty one: sure, some scape: though I am not bookish, yet I can read waiting-gentlewoman in the scape. This has been some stair-work, some trunk-work, some behind-door work: they were warmer that got this than the poor thing is here. 75 I'll take it up for pity: yet I'll tarry till my son come; he hallooed but even now. Whoa, ho, hoa ! Enter Clown. Clo. Hilloa, loa ! Shep. What, art so near? If thou 'lt see a thing to talk on when thou art dead and rotten, come hither. What 80 ailest thou, man? Clo. I have seen two such sights, by sea and by land ! but I am not to say it is a sea, for it is now the sky: betwixt the firmament and it you cannot thrust a bodkin's point. Shep. Why, boy, how is it? Clo. I would you did but see how it chafes, how it rages, how it takes up the shore! but that's not to the point. O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls! sometimes to see 'em, and not to see 'em; now the ship 90 swallowed with yest and froth, you 'ld thrust a cork into a hogs-head. And then for the landservice, to see how the bear tore out his shoulder- 85 as 77. hal. go, and 70. boy) god Grant White. 70. child] maid-child Keightley. looed) hallow'd Ff 1-3; hollow'd F 88. takes] rakes Hanmer. not) and then not Capell. the sheepe was browzing on the sea in the sense of a female infant. A writer ivy, whereon they doe feede." to Note's" and Queries ** (April 22, 70. barne) An obsolete word for a 1876) quotes the saying of a Shropshire çhila (O.E. bearn, barn) which survives woman with regard to an infant : "18, in the Scottish baim and in the barn or it a lad or a child ?". The New Eng. bayn of the northern and north-midland Dict. points out that Shakespeare never counties of England. uses the phrase "my child” when the 70. A boy. child) White would reference is to a son, but frequently have us read "A god or a child" and when it is to a daughter. On the other adduces the following passage from hand, Mamillids is declared by Camillo Pandosto in support of this : " The to be a "gallant child" (1. i. 39). sheepeheard thought that assuredly it 88. takes up) swallows up. was some little god. . . . The babe 92. yest) foam. began to cry a freshe, whereby the 93-4. tand:service) A military exprespoor man knew it was a childe." In sion humorously applied : military serdefence of the reading of the text. it has vice on land as opposed to the naval been pointed out that there is evidence affairs of which he has been telling. of a dialectical use of the word "child" .

·SC. 111.] THE WINTER'S TALE 61 1 bone; how he cried to me for help and said his name 95 was Antigonus, a nobleman. But to make an end of the ship, to see how the sea flap-dragoned it: but, first, how the poor souls roared, and the sea mocked them; and how the poor gentleman roared and the bear mocked him, both roaring louder than the sea 100 or weather. Shep. Name of mercy, when was this, boy? Clo. Now, now: I have not winked since I saw these sights: the men are not yet cold under water, nor the bear half dined on the gentleman: he's at it now. 105 Shej. Would I had been by, to have helped the old man! Clo. I would you had been by the ship side, to have helped her : there your charity would have lacked footing. Shep. Heavy matters! heavy matters! but look thee 110 here, boy. Now bless thyself: thou mettest with things dying, I with things new-born. Here's a sight for thee; look thee, a bearing-cloth for a squire's child! look thee here; take up, take up, boy; open't. So, let's see: it was told me I should be rich by the 115 fairies. This is some changeling: open't. What's within, boy? Clor. You 're a made old mah: if the sins of your youth "are forgiven you, you 're well to live. Gold! all gold ! Shep. This is fairy gold, boy, and 'twill prove so ; up with 't, keep it close : home, home, the next way. We are ky, boy; and to be so still requires nothing but recy. Let my sheep go: come, good boy, the next way home. 125 Clo. Go you the next way with your findings. I'll go 120 13 106 7. the old man] the nobleman Theobald. tog. would] would not Theobald. 111. mettrst] hic st HY 1, 2, 3; mect'st F 4. 118. made] Theobald; mad Ff, Rowe, Pope. 121. 'twell] will Theobald. 97. flap-dragoned] swallowed ; com 118. made) Theobald's emendation pare Love's Labour's Lost, v. 1. 40: of made for the mad of the Ff carries "Thou art easier swallowed than a conviction with it; compare Pandosto: Aap-dragon. Johnson defined a flap "The good old man desired his wife to dragon as a small combustible body, be quiet; if she would hold her peace, fired at one end, and put afloat in a they were made for ever." glass of liquor.' 119. well to live] well to do; com- 113. bearing-cloth] " This is the pare Merchant of Venice, II. ii. 46 fine mantic or cloth with which a child is this father is an honest exceeding poor is usually covered, when it is carried to man, and, God be thanked, well to live. the church to be baptized " (Percy). 123. still] always, for the future.

·62
THE WINTER'S TALE
[ACT III.
see if the bear be gone from the gentleman and how
much he hath eaten : they are never curst but when
they are hungry: if there be any of him left, I'll
þury it.
130
Shep. That's a good deed. If thou mayest discern by
that which is left of him what he is, fetch me to the
sight of him.
Clo. Marry, will I; and you shall help to put him i' the
ground.
135
Shep. 'Tis a lucky day, boy, and we'll do good deeds
[E.reunt.
133. sight) fight F (not in all copies of F 1).
on 't.
128. curst] fierce.
Lars
PUBLIC
ESTABLISHED.)
UTTENPZÁS

·ACT IV SCENE 1.-Enter TIME, the Chorus. Time. I, that please some, try all, both joy and terror Of good and bad, that makes and unfolds error, Now take upon me, in the name of Time, To use my wings. Impute it not a crime To me or my swift passage, that I slide O'er sixteen exears and leave the growth untried Of that wide de gap, since it is in my power To o'erthrow law and in one self-born hour To plant and perwhelm custom. Let me pass The same T an, ere ancient'st order was Or what is now received : I witness to The times that brought them in; so shall I do "To the freshest things now reigning, and make stale The glistering of this present, as my tale Now seems to it. Your patience this allowing, 15 I turn my glass and give my scene such growing As you had slept between : Leontes leaving, The effects of his fond jealousies so grieving Act Iv. SCENE 1. 2. makes and unfolds] make and unfold Rowe; mask and unfold Theobald. 6. growth] gulf Warburton. II. witness) witness' Capell. 17-19. Leontes leaving jealousies himself, imagine] This is the punctuation of Staunton and most modern editors. F I reads Lcontos leaving jealousies, hintself. Imagine Ff 2. 3. 4 , read Leontes leaving jealousies, himself, imagine ACT 1V. SCBNB 1. some and test all people, who am the joy of good men and the terror of evil Enter Time, the Chorus] "This de- men, I who am both the cause of misvice was probably suggested by the title understandings and then the remover of Greene's romance, Pandosto, or the of these misunderstandings. Triumph of Time" (Herford). 8. self-born] “self-begotten, i.e. the 2. that makes and unfolds] The ante- issue of Time" (Herford). cedent is Time, and strict grammar 9-11. Let me pass received] requires therefore “make and unfold." Johnson explains as follows: “Time But irregularities of pronominal con entreats that he may pass as of old, struction are common with Shakespeare. before any order or succession of ob- There is no need to substitute mask or jects, ancient or modern, distinguished masks for makes, as Theobald suggested, his periods." and the probable meaning of the lines I4. glistering] glossy freshness. is somewhat as follows: " I who please 15. seems] seems stale. 63 . + 6 .

·64 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT tv. That he shuts up himself ;-imagine me, Gentle spectators, that I now may be In fair Bohemia ; and remember well, I mentioned a son o' the king's, which Florizel is I now name to you; and with speed so pace To speak of Perdita, now grown in grace Equal with wondering: what of her ensues 25 I list not prophesy; but let Time's news Be known when 'tis brought forth. A shepherd's daughter, And what to her adheres, which follows after, Is the argument of Timę. Of this allow, If ever you have spent time worse ere now; 30 If never, yet that Time himself doth say He wishes earnestly you never may. [Exit. SCENE II.-Bohemia. The Palace of Polirenes. Enter POLIXENES and CAMILLO. Pol. I pray thee, good Camillo, be no more importunate: 'tis a sickness denying thee anything; a death to grant this. Cam. It is fifteen years since I saw my country: though I have for the most part been aired abroad, I desire to lay my bones there. Besides, the penitent king, my master, hath sent for me; to whose feeling sorrows I might be some allay, or I o'erween to think So, which is another spur to my departure. SP 22. 19-20. imagine me . . . that) imaging ye.. that you Johnson. I mentioned) F1; I mention here Pi 2-4. SCENE U. 4. fifteen) sixteen Hanmer. 24-25. now grown wondering) 29. Of this allow] approve of my whose increase in grace equals the in- conduct. crease of your sense of wonder. 31. If never.. .) If you have never 27-28. daughter after] The spent time so unprofitably, then at least Thyme requires either the pronunciation approve of this, that Time himself, etc. dafter for daughter, or the pronunciation SCENE JI. auter for after. The pronunciation dafter occurs in modern dialectical 5. been aired abroad breathed foreign lived in foreign lands. hereafter rhyming with water in Sylvester's Du Bertas. See Vietor, Shake. word "allayment "occurs in Cymbeline, speare's Pronunciation, 8 67. Professor L V. 22. Case draws my attention to the spell 8. I d'erween] I am presumptuous iaga dafter and grand-dafter in Isaac enough. Walton's will, 1683.

·SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 65 Pol. As thou lovest me, Camillo, wipe not out the rest of 10 thy services by leaving me now: the need I have of thee, thine own goodness hath made; better not to have had thee than thus to want thee: thou, having made me businesses, which none without thee can sufficiently manage, must either stay to execute them 15 thyself, or take away with thee the very services thou hast done; which if I have not enough considered, as too much I cannot, to be more thankful to thee shall be my study; and my profit therein, the heaping friendships. Of that fatal country, 20 Sicilia, prithee speak no more; whose very naming punishes me with the remembrance of that penitent, as thou callest him, and reconciled king, my brother ; whose loss of his most precious queen and children are even now to be afresh lamented. Say to me, 25 when sawest thou the Prince Florizel, my son? Kings are no less unhappy, their issue not being gracious, than they are in losing them when they have approved their virtues. Cam. Sir, it is three days since I saw the prince. his happier affairs may be, are to me unknown: but I have missingly noted, he is of late much retired from court and is less frequent to his princely exercises than formerly he hath appeared. Pol. I have considered so much, Camillo, and with some 35 care; so far, that I have eyes under my service which look upon his removedness, from whom I have this intelligence, that he is seldom from the house of a most homely shepherd; a man, they say, that from very nothing, and beyond the imagination of his 40 neighbours, is grown into an unspeakable estate, Cam. I have heard, sir, of such a man, who hath a daughter of most rare note: the report of hex is extended What 30 14. businesses] business F 4, Rowe. 20. -heaping] reaping Warburton. 32. missingly] missing him Warb.; musingly Hanmer, Collier MS. 36. care ; so far, j Capell; care, so farre, Ff 1, 2, 3 ; care so far F 4. 20. the heaping friendships] the 28. approved] proved. heaping up of friendships, the growth 32. missingly noted] noticed with a of friendly feelings. There is no need sense of loss. The emendations "missto follow Warburton in the substitution ing him" and "musingly" are quite of reaping for heaping. unnecessary 25. are] agrees with " 36-7. I have cyes . . . removednes"] children," instead of with the true I have servants in my employ who are subject “ lose." watching his absences from court. 5 queen and ·66 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. more than can be thought to begin from such a cottage. 45 Pol. That's likewise part of my intelligence; but, I fear, the angle that plucks our son thither. Thou shalt accompany us to the place; where we will, not appearing what we are, have some question with the shepherd; from whose simplicity I think it not un 50 easy to get the cause of my son's resort thither. Prithee, be my present partner in this business, and lay aside the thoughts of Sicilia. Cam. I willingly obey your command. Pol. My best Camillo! We must disguise ourselves. 55 Exeunt. SCENE III.-- A road near the Shepherd's Cottage. Enter AUTOLYCUS, singing. When daffodils begin to peer, With heigh! the doxy over the dale, Why, then comes in the sweet of the year; For the red blood reigns in the winter's pale. The white sheet bleaching on the hedge, 5 With heigh ! the sweet birds, O, how they sing! Doth set my pugging tooth on edge; For a quart of ale is a dish for a king. 46. but] and Hanmer, Capell, etc. 47. angle) angel Garrick. 51. thither] thether F I. 55. [Exeunt) Rowe; Exit Ff. SCENE III. A road near .) Malone; omit. Ff; The country Pope; Fields near the Shepherd's Capell, 1. daffodils] dajadils Ff. 4. rcigus in] reigns o'er Hanmer ; reins in Warburton; runs in Thirlby. 6. heigh] hey Ff. 7. pugging] progging Hanmer ; prigging Collier Ms. 7. on) Theobald; an Ff. 47. the angle) the fishing rod with its certain whether pale means (1) paleness, baited hook. With this figurative use, or (2) fenced area, enclosure, as in such compare Hamlet, v, ï. 66: He hath phrases as "the Irish pale.”. Acceptthrown out his angle for my pro- ing the former meaning, we may interpret: “The red blood of spring SCENE II). reigns in the place of winter's pallor.' Accepting the latter, we may para- 2. doxy] Cotgrave: “Gueuse ; f. A phrase: "The red blood of spring has woman beggar, a she rogue, a great dominion over what was once the conlazie and louzie queene; a Doxic or fines of winter." Mort." According to the Dialect 7. bugging] In Middleton's Roaring Dictionary the word is still in use in Girl Tvat occurs the word muggards, various parts of England, sometimes in apparently in the sense of thieves: the sense of "a young girl, a sweet Cheats, lifters, nips, foists, puggards, heart, sometimes as a contemptuous curbers." It is possible, therefore, that term for an old woman." the meaning of pugging is thievish. 4. For the red . pala] It is un But in the Devonshire dialect the word 36 per lite.

·sc. tu.] THE WINTER'S TALE 67 5 The lark, that tirra-lyra chants, With heigh! with heigh! the thrush and the jay, IO Are summer songs for me and my aunts, While we lie tumbling in the hay. I have served Prince Florizel and in my time wore three-pile; but now I am out of service: But shall I go mourn for that, my dear? The pale moon shines by night: And when I wander here and there, I then do most go right. If tinkers may have leave to live, And bear the sow-skin budget, 20 Then my account I well may give, And in the stocks avouch it. My traffic is sheets; when the kite builds, look to lesser linen. My father named me Autolycus; who being, as I am, littered under Mercury, was likewise 25 a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles. With die and drab I purchased this caparison, and my revenue is the silly cheat. Gallows and knock are too power- 9. tirra.lyra) tirra-Lyra Ff 1, 2; tirra Lycra F.4. 10. With heigh ! with heigh?] With heigh, F1; With heigh, with heigh Ff 2, 3, 4. skin) show-skin F 4. budget] Rowe; bowget Ff. 27. this] F1; om. Ff 2, 3, 4. 28. silly] sly Hanmer. pug-tooth occurs in the sense of eye. a kite's nest in Huntingdonshire which tooth, and pugging tooth may be an throws interesting light upon the words other form of this (Wright's Dialect of Autolycus : "The outside of the nest Dict.). was composed of strong sticks; the 9. tirra-lyra] Malone adduces a poem lining consisted of small pieces of linen, entitled The Silk Worms and their part of a saddle-girth, a bit of a harvest- Flies (1599) in which the following glove, part of a straw bonnet, pieces of lines occur : "Let Philomela sing, let paper and a worsted garter.' Progne chide, let Tyry-tyry-leerers up 24. Autolycus) The mythical Autolyward flie." Compare also Du Bartas, cus was the son of Hermes or Mercury La Semaine, bk. v.: "La gentille al- and Chione. louette avec son tire-lire." , 26-7. die and drab) dice and women. 14. three-pile] costly velvet of great 28. silly cheat) silly person, fool. substance: the pile is the nap or outer The New Eng. Dict. points out that surface of the velvet. Shakespeare in thieves' cant the word cheat was used uses the adjective three-pil'd meta in the sixteenth century in the general phorically with the meaning "super sense of "thing, article," usually with fine," in Love's Labour's Lost, v. ii. some descriptive word before it. In Har. Thrce-piled hyperboles," Com- man's Caveat (1567) we find "a smeling pare also Measure for Measure, t. ii. chete," a nose, a pratlynge chete," a 34 : “Thou art good velvet; thou art a tounge, etc. three-piled piece. 28. Gallows and knock] According 20. budget) wallet, scrip. to Johnson, knock implies the resist- 23-4. when the kite linen] ance which a highwayman encounters Harting, Ornithology of Shakespeare, in the fact," and gallows the punishp. 46, has a passage on the contents of ment which he suffers on detection." 20. SOW- 408; " ·68 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT iv. ful on the highway: beating and hanging are terrors to me: for the life to come, I sleep out the thought 30 of it. A prizel a prize! Enter CLOWN. Clo, Let me see: every 'leven wether tods; every tod yields pound and odd shilling; fifteen hundred shorn, what comes the wool to? Aut. (Aside] If the springe hold, the cock 's mine. 35 Clo. I cannot do't without counters. Let me see; what am I to buy for our sheep-shearing feast? Three pound of sugar; five pound of currants; ricewhat will this sister of mine do with rice? But my father hath made her mistress of the feast, and she lays it 40 on. She hath made me four and twenty nosegays for the shearers, three-man song-men all, and very good ones; but they are most of them means and bases; but one puritan amongst them, and he sings psalms to hornpipes. I must have saffron to colour 45 the warden pies; mace; dates, none; that's out of my note; nutmegs, seven ; a race or two of ginger, 32. 'leven wether) Malone et seq. ; Leaven-weather Ff. 32. tod] F 1; told 35. [Aside) Rowe. 36. counters] Capell; compters Ff. currants) Rowe; currence Ff. 32. tods] yields a tod, 1.6. 28 lbs. of 44-5. but one puritan . . . hornpipes] wool. We learn from Stafford's Breefe Douce explains this as an allusion to a Conceipte of English Pollicye (1581) practice, common at the time among that the value of a tod of wool was from the paritans, of burlesquing the plain 20 to 22 shillings, which bears out the chant of the papists, by adapting vulgar following statement of the clown. and ludicrous music to psalms and 35. cock) woodcock, which was pious compositions. Thc probable supposed to be a foolish bird, easily meaning of " he sings psalms to borntrapped. pipes " is he sings psalms to the lively 36. counters) imitation coins used for tunes suitable for hornpipe dances. reckoning. 46. warden pies] pies made of warden 42. three-man song-men) singers of pears. According to Ellacombe, the catches or rounds. The word three. warden pear took its name from Warden man is apparently a corruption of free. Abbey in Berkshire, where these warden man, due to the fact that the songs were pears found a place in the armorial frequently sung in three parts. Cot. bearings of the monastic house. grave renders Virelay as “a round, 46-7. that's out of my note] It is highly freeman's song "; compare J. Hooker's improbable that the illiterate flown had Life of Carew, 39 (1575): "The King a written list of articles. Dyce's rewould very often use him to sing with mark, "I believe that the Clown is him certain songs then called fremen trusting to mernory alone," commands songs, as namely . By the bank as I respect, and we may accept the paralay"; also T. Ravenscroft's Deutero- phrase of R. G. White, that's not mélia (1609): “Of pleasant Round. among the matters of which I am to elaies, K. H. mirth or Freemen's songs, take note." and such delightful catches." 47. race) root. "Race" is from O.F. 43. means] tenors. rats, Lat. radicem. Ff 2, 3, 4, 38.

·SC. III.] THE WINTER'S TALE 69 65 but that I may beg; four pound of prunes, and as many of raisins o' the sun. Aut. O that ever I was born! [Grovelling on the ground. 50 Clo. I' the name of me Aut. O, help me, help me! pluck but off these rags; and then, death, death! Clo. Alack, poor soul! thou hast need of more rags to lay on thee, rather than have these off. 55 Aut. O sir, the loathsomeness of them offends me more than the stripes I have received, which are mighty ones and millions. Clo. Alas, poor man! a million of beating may come to a great matter. 60 Aut. I am robbed, sir, and beaten ; my money and apparel ta'en from me, and these detestable things put upon me. Clo. What, by a horseman, or a footman? Aut. A footman, sweet sir, a footman. Clo. Indeed, he should be a footman by the garments he has left with thee: if this be a horseman's coat, it hath seen very hot service. Lend me thy hand, I'll help thee: come, lend me thy hand. (Helping him up. Aut. O, good sir, tenderly, O! 70 Clo. Alas, poor soul ! Aut. O, good sir, softly, good sir! I fear, sir, my shoulder-blade is out. Clo. How now! canst stand? Aut. Softly, dear sir (picks his pocketli good sir, softly. 75 You ha' done mea charitable office. Clo. Dost lack any money? I have a little money for thee. Aut. No, good sweet sir; no, I beseech you, sir: I have a kinsman not past three-quarters of a mile hence, 80 48. prunes] Pope; Prewyns Ff. 49. raisins) Pope; reysons Ff 1, 2; reasons Ff3. 4. 50. (Grovelling ...] Rowe. 51. maj Rowe; me. Ft; them. Theobald. 56. offends] Ff 2, 3, 4; off and FI. 62. dotestable] derestablo F I. 69. (Helping ..] Rowe; om, Ff. 75. [picks his pocket) Capell; omit Ff. 49. raisins of the sun) Raisios which stands for mercy. Compare the exgrew, ripened, and were dried in the clamation of the Clown's father open, as distinguished from artificially “ Name of mercy, where was this, dried raisins. Compare Holland's boy?" (1, iü. 105). Thcobald would Pliny, xiv. 3: "Scripula, the grapes read," l' th' name of the" in the whereof seem as if thoy were raisins of belief that the Clown was invoking the the sun, dried already. Trinity. Herford looks upon me as the 51. I' the name of mom] It is probable pronoun, and compares the phrase, that “me" is an incomplete word and Body o' me."

·70 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. unto whom I was going ; I shall there have money or any thing I want : offer me no money, I pray you; that kills my heart. Clo. What manner of fellow was he that robbed you? Aut. A fellow, sir, that I have known to go about with 85 troll-my-dames: I knew him once a servant of the prince: I cannot tell, good sir, for which of his virtues it was, but he was certainly whipped out of the court. Clo. His vices, you would say; there's no virtue whipped 90 out of the court; they cherish it to make it stay there; and yet it will no more but abide. Aut. Vices I would say, sir. I know this man well : he hath been since an ape-bearer; then a process-server, a bailiff; then he compassed a motion of the Prodigal 95 Son, and married a tinker's wife within a mile where my land and living lies; and, having flown over many knavish professions, he settled only in rogue : some call him Autolycus. Clo. Out upon him! prig, for my life, prig: he haunts 100 wakes, fairs, and bear-baitings. Aut. Very true, sir ; he, sir, he; that's the rogue that put me into this apparel. Clo. Not a more cowardly rogue in all Bohemia : if you had but looked big and spit at him, he'ld have run. 105 Aut. I must confess to you, sir, I am no fighter: I am false of heart that way; and that he knew, I warrant him. Cla. How do you now? 86. troll-my dames) troll-niadams Hanmer, 86. him) him him F 2. bailiff] to a bailiff Camb. Edd. conj. 95. compassed) composed Long MS. 1og. do you) do you do F 4. 86. trolk-nay-dames] This word is a 94. ape-bearer) one who leads moncorruption of the French trou-madame, keys about for show. and was the name of a game, somewhat 95. compassed a motion) acquired a resembling bagatelle, in which the aim puppet-show. Knight illustrates by was " to croll balls through arches set reference to the puppet-show professor on a board” (Onions, Shakespiare Glos. in Bartholomew Fair (v. i.) who exsary). According to Steevens, the old claims, "O the motions that I, Lanthorn English word for the game was pigeon- Leatherhead, have given light to in my holes, as the arches resembled the holes time"; compare also Two Gentlemen in a dove-cote. of Verona, 11. i. 104: "O excellent 92. abide] This has been explained as motion ! O exceeding puppet.' The sojourn, stay for a short time, but it is reference to the Prodigal Son is interestmore likely that the clown is misusing ing as showing how biblical themes, words after the manner of Bottom or once the subject of mystery playe, Dogberry. survived in the puppet-showe. 100. prig) a slang word for thief, 95. a ·SC IV.] THE WINTER'S TALE 71 . Aut. Sweet sir, much better than I was; I can stand and I10 walk : I will even take my leave of you, and pace softly towards my kinsman. Clo. Shall I bring thee on the way? Aut. No, good-faced sir; no, sweet sir. Clo. Then fare thee well : I must go buy spices for our 115 sheep-shearing Aut. Prosper you, sweet sir ! [Exit Clown.] Your purse is not hot enough to purchase your spice. I'll be with you at your sheep-shearing too: if I make not this cheat bring out another, and the shearers prove 120 sheep, let me be unrolled and my name put in the book of virtue! Song Jog on, jog on, the foot-path way And merrily hent the stile-a : A merry heart goes all the day, 125 Your sad tires in a mile-a. [Exit. SCENE IV.--The Shepherd's Cottage. Enter FLORIZEL and PERDITA. Flo. These your unusual weeds to each part of you Do give a life: no shepherdess, but Flora Peering in April's front. This your sheep-shearing Is as a meeting of the petty gods, And you the Per. Sir, my gracious lord, To chide at your extremes it not becomes me: O, pardon, that I name them! Your high self, The gracious mark o' the land, you have obscured queen on't. 5 4 113. the) thy F 115. fare thee well) fartherwell F 1; farewell Ff 2, 3, 4. 121. unrolled) enrolled Collier; unrogued Lettsom. 124. hent] hend Hanmer. SCENE IV. 2. Do] Thcobald, etc.; Do's Ff; Does Rowe, Pope. 3. April's] April F 4. 4. meeting] F 1; merry meeting Ff 2-4, Rowe. 5. Sir] Sure Collier MS. 120. cheat] rogue's trick. pear in the Antidote against Melan- 121. unrolled removed from the choly (1661), corporate body of begging gipsies. 124. hent] take hold of. 123. Fog on, jog on] A tune with this SCENE IY. title is preserved in the 1650 edition of the Dancing Master. The same 2-3. but Flora . front] Compare appears in the Fitzwilliam Greene's Pandosto: “Shee seemed to Virginal Book and in Pills to Purge bee the goddesse Flora herselfe for Melancholy (1707). There is no beauty." doubt that the song is an old folk 6. extremes] extravagances. song: two additional stanzas of it ap 8. mark] "The object of all men's notice and expectation" (Johnson). . tune ·* 72 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT iv. IO 15 With a swain's wearing, and me, poor lowly maid, Most goddess-like prank'd up: but that our feasts In every mess have folly and the feeders Digest it with a custom, I should blush To see you so attired, sworn, I think, To show myself a glass. Flo. I bless the time When my good falcon made her flight across Thy father's ground. Per. Now Jove afford you cause! To me the difference forges dread; your greatness Hath not been used to fear. Even now I tremble To think your father, by some accident, Should pass this way as you did : 0, the Fates ! How would he look, to see his work, so noble, Vilely bound up? What would he say? Or how Should I, in these my borrow'd flaunts, behold The sternness of his presence ? Apprehend Nothing but jollity. The gods themselves, Humbling their deities to love, have taken The shapes of beasts upon them: Jupiter Became a bull, and bellow'd; the green Neptune A ram, and bleated; and the fire-robed god, Golden Apollo, a poor humble swain, As I seem now. Their transformations 20 Flo. 25 30 22. 12. Digest it] F 4, Rowe et seq. ; Digest F 1; Disgest it, Fi 2, 3. 13. sworn] swoon Hanmer, Capell, Dyce, etc.; so worn Collier ; scorn Mitford. Vilely] Vildely Ff 1, 2, 3; vildly F 4. 12. with a custom] from babit. word sworn as referring to Florizel, and 13-14. sworn, glass] In a letter interprets as follows: as though you to Warburton, Theobald suggested that were sworn, I think, to show me, as in the true reading should be swoon, I a mirror, my real station. think, to see myself i' th' glass.” With 15. my good falcon ] In out insisting on the alteration of shoz Pandosto we read as follows: to see, and of a to i' th', one may look fortuned that Dorastus (who all that with favour on the emendation swoon daye bad bene hawking, and kilde store -spelt swowne--for the Folio reading of game) incountred by the way these It has been objected that two mayds, and casting his eye sqdenly Perdita was not the person to swoon on Fawnia, he was halfe afraid, fearing under such, or indeed under any, circum- that with Acteon he had seene Diana; stances, but, even if this be so, it is un. for he thought such exquisite perfection necessary to take her words too literally. could not be founde in any mortall The other emendations, so worn (Collier) creature." and scorn (Mitford) seem much less 17. difference] difference of rank. bappy. The phrase " to show myself a 22. bound up) a metaphor from the glass means simply " to look in a art of book-binding: mirror." Professor Casc regards the 23. Aaunts) finery Swornc. 7 ·SC. iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 78 3 40 Or not my Were never for a piece of beauty rarer, Nor in a way so chaste, since my desires Run not before mine honour, nor my lusts Burn hotter than my faith. Per. O, but, sir, 35 Your resolution cannot hold, when 'tis Opposed, as it must be, by the power of the king: One of these two must be necessities, Which then will speak, that you must change this purpose, Or I my life. Flo. Thou dearest Perdita, With these forc'd thoughts, I prithee, darken not The mirth o' the feast. Or I'll be thine, my fair, father's. For I cannot be Mine own, nor any thing to any, if I be not thine. To this I am most constant, 45 Though destiny say no. Be merry, gentle; Strangle such thoughts as these with any thing That you behold the while. Your guests are coming : Lift up your countenance, as it were the day Of celebration of that nuptial which 50 We two have sworn shall come. Per. O lady Fortune, Stand you auspicious! Flo. See, your guests approach: Address yourself to entertain them sprightly, And let's be red with mirth. Enter SHEPHERD, CLOWN, MOPSA, DORCAS, and others, with POLIXENES and CAMILLO disguised. Shep. Fie, daughter! when my old wife lived, upon 55 Ff 3, 4. 32. beauty rarer) Rowe; beauty, raror Ff. 35. sir] deere sir F 2; dear sir 38. must boj most be F 4. 46. gentle) gentlest Hanmer; girl Collier MS. 49. your] you F 4. 54. Enter ...] Rowe et seq.; Entor all Ff 2, 3, 4 ; om. FI. 33. Nor in a way] Ritson suggests her words to Florizel when the disthe reading " Nor any way." Herford covery was actually made:- explains nor in chaste as nor with “ I told you what would come of 80 pure an aim." this 40. Or ! my life] The mcaning is not I'll qucen it no inch further, that Perdita must forfeit her life, but But milk my ewes and weep.' that she must change her present life 41. forc'd] far-fetched, unnatural. of courtship with a prince. Furness, 54. Mopsa, Dorcas] The latter name in support of this view, aptly quotes is, of course, biblical; the former comes from Sidney's Arcadia. 95 ·74 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. This day she was both pantler, butler, cook, Both dame and servant; welcomed all, served all; Would sing her song and dance her turn; now here, At upper end o' the table, now i' the middle; On his shoulder, and his; her face o' fire бо With labour, and the thing she took to quench it She would to each one sip. You are retired, As if you were a feasted one and not The hostess of the meeting: pray you, bid These unknown friends to 's welcome; for it is 65 A way to make us better friends, more known. Come, quench your blushes and present yourself That which you are, mistress o' the feast: come on And bid us welcome to your sheep-shearing, As your good fiock shall prosper. Per. [To Pol.] Sir, welcome : 70 It is my father's will I should take on me The hostess-ship o' the day. [To Cam.] You're welcome, sir. Give me those flowers there, Dorcas. Reverend sirs, For you there's rosemary and rue; these keep Seeming and savour all the winter long: 75 Grace and remembrance be to you both, And welcome to our shearing! Pol Shepherdess, A fair one are you, well you fit our ages With flowers of winter. Per. Sir, the year growing ancient, Not yet on summer's death, nor on the birth 80 Of trembling winter, the fairest flowers o' the season Are our carnations and streaked gillyvors, she 60. and) and on Keightley. 61. thing] things F 4. 70. Sir) Sirs Rowe. 72. [To Cam.] Malone. sir] sirs Rowe. 76. to you) unto you Pope. 82. gillyvorsj Gilly-vors Ff; gillyflowers Rowe. 56. pantler) a servant who looked the fatal entrance (cnterance) of Dun. after the pantry. can.' With the Aoral association of 65. to 's welcome) to us welcome, i.e. rosemary and rue with remembrance offer a welcome to these friends who and grace respectively, compare the are unknown to us. On this transposi- analogous scene in Hamlet (1v. v. 180), tion of adjectival phrases, see Abbott's where Ophelia is distributing flowers Shakespearean Grammar, $ 419 a. and says : 75. Seeming] outward form, come “There's rosemary, that 's for re- C88. membrance. 76. remembrance] Probably to be There's rue for you; we may call pronounced as a four-syllabled word, it Herb of Grace." as though spelt rememberance ; com 82. gillyvors] This word, which is pare Macbeth (1. V. 40): "That croaks the Chaucerian gilofre, the old French ·SC. IV.] THE WINTER'S TALE 75 20 Which some call nature's bastards: of that kind Our rustic garden 's barren; and I care not To get slips of them. Pol. Wherefore, gentle maiden, 85 Do you neglect them 2 Per. For. I have heard it said There is an art which, in their piedness, shares With great creating nature. Poi. Say there be ; Yet nature is made better by no mean, But nature makes that mean: so, over that art 90 Which you say. adds to nature, is an art That nature makes." You see, sweet maid, we marry A gentler scion to the wildest stock, And make conceive a bark of baser kind By bud of nobler race: this is an art 95 Which does mend nature, change it rather, but The art itself is nature. Per. So it is. Pol. Then make your garden rich in gillyvors, And do not call them bastards. I'll not put ido The dibble in earth to set one slip of them ; No more than, were I painted, I would wish This youth should say 'twere well, and only therefore NI Per. 83. call) cail F 2. 84. garden's] Ff 2, 3, 4; gardens F 1. 90. over) o'er Capell; cuon Craik. 93. scion] Steevens ; sien Ff. 98. your) you F i. 98. gillyvors] Gilly 'vors Fi; gilly flowers Rowe. art. . . . girofle and the Low Latin caryophyllum artificial breeding as of the creative (Greek kapubovalov) has been corrupted force of Nature. See note to line 83. into the modern gilly Aower. The 89. mcan] means, agency. name has at different times been 90. over that art] 'over-ruling that applied to pinks, carnations, sweet. The change of over to even is williams, waliflowers and stocks. The quite needless. true gillyflower is probably the clove 92-5. Yori se race] These carnation words, and indeed the whole of Polix- 183. nature's bastards] All kinds of enes' speech, constitute one of the most subtle allusions have been traced in this famous passages in the play. The phrase, but it is probable from what is depth and beauty of the thought is said by Perdita in lines 87-8, that she universally recognized, but many overlooks upon the gillyvor as a bastard look the undertone of irony. Before because it is produced by the artificial the scene is over, we witness the uncrossing of different species of dianthus, governable fury of Polixenes that the instead of being the direct creation of “gentler scion” that has sprung from Nature. his own loins should marry the “wildest } 87-8. There is an art nature] stock" that has grown up in the home The meaning is that the streaked of the shepherd. "gillyvor" is as much the result of .

·76 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT NU. Desire to breed by me. Here's flowers for you ; Hot lavender, mints, savory, marjoram; The marigold, that goes to bed wi' the sun 105 And with him rises weeping: these are flowers Of middle summer, and I think they are given To men of middle age. You're very welcome. Cam. I should leave grazing, were I of your flock, And only live by gazing. Per. Out, alas! IIO You ’ld be so lean, that blasts of January Would blow you through and through. Now, my fair'st friend, I would I had some flowers o' the spring that might Become your time of day; and yours, and yours, That wear upon your virgin branches yet I15 Your maidenheads growing: 0 Proserpina, For the flowers now, that frighted thou let'st fall From Dis's waggon. daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty; violets dim, I20 But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes Or Cytherea's breath ; pale pritoroses, That die unmarried, ere they can behold 105. wi' tho] Capell; with' Ft. 108. You're) Capell; Y' are ff. 108. very welcome) welcome F 4. 112. my fair'st friend) Ff; my fairest friends Rowe. 118. Dis's] Dysses F 1; Disses Ff 2, 3, 4. daffodils] golden dafrodils Coleridge. 104. Hot] aromatic. Dis spide her : londe bir · caught 104. mints] The plural, which was much in use in Shakespeare's time, The Ladie with a wailing voyce probably implies different kinds of mint. afright did often call ... Thus at the present day we cultivate And as she from the vpper part hit spearmint and peppermint in our berb. garment would have rent, gardens. In Batman upon Bartholo By chance she let hir lap slip me, p. 305, we are informed that there downe, and out her flowers are six kinds of mints. 105. marigold] The lower referred TI8. Dis's waggon] Pluto's chariot. to is probably not the sunflower, but 119. take) charm, fascinate; compare what botanists have named calendula Hamlet, 1. i. 163 : "No fairy takes or officinalis, wbich is still commonly witch hath power to charm. known as the marigold. 120. dim] The meaning may be 116. Proserpina] Shakespeare prob- " dimly soen," or it may be thai the ably had in mind his old favourite, white violet is referred to. Golding's translation of Ovid's Meta 121. Saster) more delightful to the morphoses (lib. v.), which tells the story sight or smell. of Proserpina as follows: 123. unmarried] The exact force of " While in this garden Proserpins this word is as hard to determine as was taking her pastime, that of forsaken which Milton applies In gathering eyther Violets blew, or to the primrose in Lycidas: "The Lillies white as Lime, rathe primrouc that forsaken dies." ber Vp went."

·SC. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 77 Bright Phoebus in his strength, a malady Most incident to maids ; bold oxlips and 125 The crown imperial, lilies of all kinds, The flower-de-luce being one! O, these I lack, To make you garlands of; and my sweet friend, To strew him o'er and o'er ! Flo. What, like a corse? Per. No, like a bank for love to lie and play on; 130 Not like a corse; or if, not to be buried, But quick and in mine arms. Come, take your flowers : Methinks I play as I have seen them do In Whitsun pastorals: sure this robe of mine Does change my disposition. Flo. What you do 135 Still betters what is done. When you speak, sweet, I'ld have you do it ever: when you sing, I'ld have you buy and sell so, so give alms, Pray so; and, for the ordering your affairs, To sing them too: when you do dance, I wish you 140 A wave o' the sea, that you might ever do Nothing but that; move still, still so, 125. bold) gold Hanmer. 127: Power-de-luce) fower-do-lis Rowe. 137, 138. I'ld) Ff 1, 2, 3; I'le F4; I'll Rowe. 142-3. still so, And own no) still so, and own No Malone. 126. crown imperial] This is the French pastoral play, Le Feu de Robin tall yellow fritillary (Fritillaria Imperi- et Marian by Adam de la Halle, and alis). compare E. K. Chambers, The Medieval 127. flower-de-luce] Although the Stage, vol. i. pp. 175-6. word is from the French fleur-de-lis, the 136. When you speak . .] C. B. true flower-de-luce was not a lily, but Mount (Notes and Queries, 1893, VIIT. an iris. Spenser uses the word in bis iii. 305) draws attention to the following Faerie Queene, ii. 6: passage in Sidney's Arcadia in which “ The lilly, lady of the flowring field, a similar idea to that conveyed in Flori- The foure-de-luce, her lovely para- zel's speech is expressed : « The force moure, of love doth so enchaine the lovers and so distinguishes the flower-de-luce judgement upon her that holdes the from the lily. raines of his mind, that whatsoever she 132. quick] alive. doth is ever in his eyes best If she 134. Whitsun pastorals] The refer- sit still, that is best; if she walke, ence is probably to the English morris no doubt that is best ; if she be silent, dances which were frequently performed that without comparison is best. at Whitsuntide. In these dances the But if she speake, he will take it upon chief characters were Robin Hood and his death that is best, the quintessence Maid Marian ; and although the former of each word being distilled doune into is properly the outlaw-hero of balladry, his affected soule” (p. 368, ed. 1598). his association with Maid Marian is due Mount adds that "it can scarcely be to the influence of the old French pas. doubted that Shakespeare borrowed the tourolle, in which Robin and Marian thought from Sidney." were the chief characters. See the old ·78 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT. IV. And own no other function : each your doing, So singular in each particular, Crowns what you are doing in the present deeds, 145 That all your acts are queens. Per. O Doricles, Your praises are too large: but that your youth, And the true blood which peeps fairly through 't, Do plainly give you out an unstain'd shepherd, With wisdom I might fear, my Doricles, 150 You woo'd me the false way. Flo. I think you have As little skill to fear as I have purpose To put you to 't. But come ; our dance, I pray: Your hand, my Perdita : so turtles pair, That never mean to part. Per. I'll swear for 'em. 155 Pol. This is the prettiest low-born lass that ever Ran on the green-sward: nothing she does or seems But smacks of something greater than herself, Too noble for this place. Cam. He tells her something That makes her blood look out : good sooth, she is 160 The queen of curds and cream. Clo. Come on, strike up! Dor. Mopsa must be your mistress : marry, garlic, To mend her kissing with! Mop. Now, in good time! Clo. Not a word, a word; we stand upon our manners. Come, strike up! 165 [Music. Here a dance of Shepherds and Shepherdesses. 146. queens) queen's Singer. 148. peeps through't] Ff 3, 4: peepes . through 't Ff 1, 2; peeps forth. through it Rowe. 157. greon-sward) greenesord Ff. seems] says Collier MS. 160. look out) Theobald; look on 't Ff. 162-3. Arranged as in Capell; as prose in Ff. 165. [Music] Malone; om. Ff. 143-6. each your doing .. qucens] Capell and the Collier MS. insert so be- Furness paraphrases : "Your way of fore fairly, in order to help out the doing everything (80 peculiarly your rhythm; Staunton would invert the own in every particular) crowns what order-"which through it fairly peeps." you are at present doing, so that all 152. skill] reason. your acts are queens." 160. look out] Theobald's emendation, 148. And the true blood look out, for the look on 't of the Ff is through 't] Malone quotes Chapman's probably correct. The idea conveyed continuation of Marlowe's Hero and in the words look out is similar to that Leander (Third Sestiad, lines 39, 40) : in “peeps fairly through't" in line 148. • Through whose white skin, softer Dyce and Staunton supply several than woundest sleep, instances from Elizabethan dramals in With damask eyes the ruby blood which ont is misprinted on 'z. 13 1) doth peep."

·sc. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 79 Pol. Pray, good shepherd, what fair swain is this Which dances with your daughter ? Shep. They call him Doricles; and boasts himself To have a worthy feeding : but I have it Upon his own report and I believe it; 170 He looks like sooth. He says he loves my daughter : I think so too; for never gazed the moon Upon the water, as he 'll stand and read As 'twere my daughter's eyes : and, to be plain, I think there is not half a kiss to choose 175 Who loves another best. Pol. She dances featly. Shep. So she does any thing; though I report it, That should be silent: if young Doricles Do light upon her, she shall bring him that Which he not dreams af. 180 Enter Servant, had Serv. O master, if you did but hear the pedlar at the door, you would never dance again after a tabor and pipe; no, the bagpipe could not move you: he sings several tunes faster than you'll tell money; he utters them as he had eaten ballads and all men's ears grew 185 to his tunes. Clo. He could never come better; he shall come in. love a ballad but even too well, if it be doleful matter merrily set down, or a very pleasant thing indeed and sung lamentably. 190 Sery. He hath songs for man or woman, of all sizes ; no milliner can so fit his customers with gloves : he has the prettiest love-songs for maids ; so without bawdry, which is strange; with such delicate burthens of dildos and fadings, "jump her and thump 195 268. boasts] he boasts Rowe. 169. feeding] breeding Hanmer. but I have it] I have it but Hunter; I but have it, Walker, Dyce. 185. grew] grow Rowe. 195. fadings] fapings Rowe. 169. feeding) feeding-ground, pastur- down] Compare Midsummer Night's age; compare Drayton's Polyolbion Dream, v. i. 64: "very tragical mirth.' (Song vii.) : “So much they do rely 192. milliner) properly, a dealer in upon their feedings, flocks, and their goods "from Milan; here, a haberfertility." dasher. 176. featly gracefully. 195. dildos) A word of obscure origin 184. tell] count, used in the refrains of ballads. Compare 187. better) more opportunely. Roxburgh Ballads, ii. 455 (circ. 1650): 188-9. doloful matter merrily set "She prov'd herself a Duke's daughter, ·80 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV 28 her; and where some stretch-mouthed rascal would, as it were, mean mischief and break a foul gap into the matter, he makes the maid to answer Whoop, do me no harm, good man;" puts him off, slights him, with “Whoop, do me no harm, good 200 man. Pol. This is a brave fellow. Clo. Believe me, thou talkest of an admirable conceited fellow. Has he any unbraided wares ? Seru. He hath ribbons of all the colours i' the rainbow; 205 points more than all the lawyers in Bohemia can learnedly handle, though they come to him by the gross: inkles, caddisses, cambrics, lawns: why, he sings 'em over as they were gods or goddesses; you would think a smock were a she-angel, he so chants 210 to the sleeve-hand and the work about the square on't. 198. gap] jape Coll. MS., Singer, Dyce. 203. admirable conceited) ad mirable-conceited Theobald. 204. unbraided] braided Johnson; embroided Collier. 209. or) and Pope, 211. sleepb-kand] sleeve-band Hanmer; Silesia or sleasie holland Peck conj. i. 551. " with a 11 and he but a Squire's son. Sing, trang Fancies chaste and noble” (printed dildo lee." See also Bagford Ballads, 1638). 203. admirable conceited) wonderfully 195. fadings] A word of obscure ingenious. origin, occurring, like dildo, as a refrain 204. unbraided wares] The New Eng. in popular songs; also the name of a Dict. gives, as an obsolete meaning of dance. Compare Kt. of Birn. Pest. III. braided wares, "goods that have v.: "I will have him dance Fading; changed colour, tarnished, faded." Ac- Fading is a fine jig." In Matthew cepting this meaning, it is easy to see White's "The Courtier scorns the the significance of the Clown's phrase ; country clowns," a round of about the compare Bailey in his Dictionary (1721): year 16oo, the last line runs, “ Braided : faded, that hatb lost its fading, fading, fading, fading.' colour," and Marston's Scourge of Vil- 198. gap] Staunton explains a foul lainic, 1. ii. 185: "To yield his braided gap as a gross parenthesis," and quotes ware a quicker sale." Puttenham's Arte of Possie, iii. 113, 206. points] Used in the double sense where a parenthesis is defined as an in- of (i) metal-tagged laces, (ii) points in sertion which makes " a great gappe in an argument. the tale." Other editors would follow 208. inkles] linen tapes; compare the lead of the Collier MS. and read Love's Labour's Lost, 1. iii. 146: jape (= jest) for gap. “What's the price of this inkle!" 200. Whoop, do me no harm)". A song 208. caddisses). According to the with this borden is to be found in Fry's New Eng. Dict. this is an abbreviated Ancient Poetry" (Furness); see also form of caddis ribbon which Sir James Chappell's Popular Music, pp. 208, 774. Murray defines as a worsted tape or In The Famous History of Friar Bacon binding, uscd for garters"; compare the there is a ballad to the tune of "Oh doe word caddis-garter (1 Henry IV. 11. iv. me no harm, good man," while the line, 80). Whoop, do me no harm, good 211. sleeve-hand] wrist-band, cuff. woman, occurs in Ford's play, "The Cotgrave interprets poignet de la chem- $ 13 ·SC. iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 81 lasses cry: Clo. Prithee bring him in; and let him approach singing. Per. Forewarn him that he use no scurrilous words in 's tunes. [Exit Servant. 215 Clo. You have of these pedlars, that have more in them than you 'ld think, sister. Per. Ay, good brother, or go about to think. Enter AUTOLYCUS, singing. Lawn as white as driven snow; Cypress black as e'er was crow; 220 Gloves as sweet as damask roses ; Masks for faces and for noses ; Bugle bracelet, necklace amber, Perfume for a lady's chamber; Golden quoifs and stomachers, 225 For my lads to give their dears; Pins and poking-sticks of steel, What maids lack from head to heel : Come buy of me, come; come buy, come buy ; Buy, lads, or else your 230 Come buy. Clo. If I were not in love with Mopsa, thou shouldst take no money of me; but being enthralled as I am, it will also be the bondage of certain ribbons and gloves. 235 Mop. I was promised them against the feast; but they come not too late now. Dor. He hath promised you more than that, or there be liars. Mop. He hath paid you all he promised you: may be, he 240 has paid you more, which will shame you to give him again. Clo. Is there no manners left among maids ? will they wear 220. Cypress] Cyprus Rowe. 223. Bugle bracelet] Bugle-bracelets F 4. 230-1. Buy, lads come buy) Printed as one line in Ff. ise as "the wrist-band, or gathering at 220. Cypress] crape; compare Milthe sleeve-hand of a shirt." ton's Il Penseroso, line 35: “Sable stole 211. square) the front of a garment; of Cypress lawn." The word is from compare Fairfax's T'asso, xii. 64: the island of Cyprus, from which certain "Between her breasts the cruel wea- textile fabrics were originally imported. 223, Bugle bracelet] a bracelet of Her curious square, embossed black beads; compare "bugle eyeballs," with swelling gold." As You Like It, III. V. 47. 216. You rave of . .] Wi 225. quoifs] coifs. genetival construction, compare Ham 227. poking-sticks) metal rods which, Ict, 117. ii. 37: “There be of them that when heated in the fire, were used for will themselves laugh. stiffening the plaits of ruffs (Steevens). pon rives, 6 ·82 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. their plackets where they should bear their faces ? Is there not milking-time, when you are going to 245 bed, or kiln-hole, to whistle off these secrets, but you must be tittle-tattling before all our guests? 'tis well they are whispering : clamour your tongues; and not a word more. Mop. I have done. Come, you promised me a tawdry- 250 lace and a pair of sweet gloves. Clo. Have I not told thee how I was cozened by the way and lost all my money? Aut. And indeed, sir, there are cozeners abroad; therefore it behoves men to be wary, 255 Clo. Fear not thou, man, thou shalt lose nothing here. Aut. I hope so, sir; for I have about me many parcels of charge. Clo. What hast here? ballads? Mop. Pray now, buy some: I love a ballad in print, a life, 260 for then we are sure they are true. Aut. Here's one to a very doleful tune, how a usurer's wife was brought to bed of twenty money-bags at a burthen, and how she longed to eat adders' heads and toads carbonadoed. 265 Mop. Is it true, think you? 244. bear) wear Warburton. 246. kiln-hole] Malone; kill-hole Ff. 246. whistle off] Hanmer; whistle of Ff; whisper off Collier MS. 248. clamour] charm Hanmer; clammer Keightley. 260. ballad] Ff 3, 4; ballet Ff 260. a life] Ff; o life, Collier, White, Camb. Edd. 263. of ] Ff 1, 2; with Ff 3, 4. 244. plackets) According to Dyce, a 250. tawdry-lace] A silken neckerplacket signified "a petticoat, an under- chief, deriving its name from St. Audrey, petticoat, a pocket attached to a petti- or Etheldreda, the patron saint of Ely coat, the slit or opening in a petticoat, Cathedral. These faces were first sold a stomacher; and it certainly was oc at the fair held at Ely on the day of the casionally used to signify a female." Saint, October 17. 246. kiln-hole) “Kiln-hole is pro 251. sweet] perfumed; compare nounced Kill hole (which is the spelling “Gloves as sweet as damask roses" (line of the Folios] in the Midland counties, 221). and generally means the fire-place used 258. charge) value. in making malt; and is still a noted 260. print, a life] This is the reading gossiping-place" (Harris). of the Ff. Many modern editors delete 248. clamour]silence. This word, as the comma after print, and substitute Sir James Murray suggests in the New of life for a life. Accepting the Ff Eng. Dict., would be better spelt clam. reading, we may explain a life as "on mer. It is derived, not from the Latin my life. "by my life." clamor, but from the native word clam 365. carbonadora trashed, hacked in or clom, meaning silence; .compare Dan pieces ; compare Your carbonadoed Michel's Sermon on Matthew xxiv. 43: face" (All's Well that Ends Well, iv. " He ansnerch he ne may nagt zigge, v. 108), and Coriolanus, 1v. v. 199: bote yef þer by hezliche clom" (He an. « scotched him and notched him like a swers that he cannot speak, unless there carbonado." be angust silence). I, 2.

·SC. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 88 Aut. Very true, and but a month old. Dor. Bless me from marrying a usurer ! Aut. Here's the midwife's name to 't, one Mistress Taleporter, and five or six honest wives that were present, 270 Why should I carry lies abroad? Mop. Pray you now, buy it. Clo. Come on, lay it by: and let's first see more ballads ; we'll buy the other things anon. Aut. Here's another ballad of a fish, that appeared upon 275 the coast, on Wednesday the fourscore of April, forty thousand fathom above water, and sung this ballad against the hard hearts of maids : it was thought she was a woman, and was turned into a cold fish for she would not exchange flesh with one that loved her : 280 the ballad is very pitiful and as true. Dor. Is it true too, think you ? Aut. Five justices' hands at it, and witnesses more than my pack will hold. Clo. Lay it by too: another. 285 Aut. This is a merry ballad, but a very pretty one. Mop. Let's have some merry ones. Aut. Why, this is a passing merry one and goes to the tune of “Two maids wooing a man:" there's scarce a maid westward but she sings it ; 'tis in request, I can 290 tell you. Mop. We can both sing it: if thou 'lt bear a part, thou shalt hear; 'tis in three parts. Dor. We had the tune on 't a month ago. Aut. I can bear my part; you must know 'tis my occupa- 295 tion: have at it with you. SONG. A. Get you hence, for I must go Where it fits not you to know. D. Whither? M. O, whither? D. Whither? 269. midwife's] Rowe; midwives Ff. 275. ballad of? ballad, Of Cappil. 276. Wednesday] Wansday Ff 1, 2. 277. fathom] Johnson ; fadom Ff. 299, 308. whither] F 4; whether Ff 1, 2, 3. 275. a Ash, etc.) Malone drew atten- this title appeared, set to music by Dr. tion to the following entry in the Boyce, in 1759. Stationers' Register, anno 1604: "The 299-302. Whither thither) The most true and strange report of A mon- forms whether and thether, which apstruous fishe that appeared in the forme pear in the early Folios, for our whither of A woman from the wast upward and thither, are exceedingly common Seene in the Sea." in Elizabethan texta. 289. Two maids .] A song with .

·84 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. M. It becomes thy oath full well, 300 Thou to me thy secrets tell: D. Me too, let me go thither. M. Or thou goest to the grange or mill: D If to either, thou dost ill. A. Neither. D. What, neither? D. What, neither? A. Neither. 305 D. Thou hast sworn my love to be ; M. Thou hast sworn it more to me: Then whither goest ? say, whither? Clo. We'll have this song out anon by ourselves : my father and the gentlemen are in sad talk, and we'll 310 not trouble them. Come, bring away thy pack after me. Wenches, I'll buy for you both. Pedlar, let's have the first choice. Follow me, girls. [Exit with Dorcas and Mopsa, Aut. And you shall pay well for 'em, [Follows singing Will you buy any tape, 315 Or lace for your cape, My dainty duck, my dear-a? Any silk, any thread, Any toys for your head, Of the new'st, and finest, finest wear-a? 320 Come to the pedlar; Money 's a meddler, That doth utter all men's ware-a. [Exit. Re-enter Servant. Ser. Master, there is three carters, three shepherds, three neat-herds, three swine-herds, that have made them- 325 selves all men of hair, they call themselves Saltiers, and they have a dance which the wenches say is a gallimaufry of gambols, because they are not in 't; 302. thither] Ff 3, 4; thether Ff 1, 2. 310. gentlemen) Rowe; Gent. Ff. 313. [Exit ...) Dyce; om. Ff. 314. (Follows singing) Camb. Edd.; Song Ff. 315-323. Printed as six lines in Ff. 316. cape] crpe F 1. 324. Master] Mayster P 1. 324. carters) goatherds Theobald. 3ro. sad] serious. 326. men of hair) men dressed in 322. meddler) usually spelt in modern skins to resemble Satyrs. editions with a single d; the meaning 326. Saltiarsli.e. Satyrs. Professor is "a sharer in whatever is going on. Skeet 15 or the opinion (Notes and 323. utter) put on the market. Com Queries, roth ser. x. 344) that in using pare Romeo and Yulict, v. i. 67: the word Saltiers the shepherd had in “Such mortal drugs have; but mind the French word saultowy (Mod. Mantua's law F. sauteur), which had the double Is death to any be that utters meaning of dancer" and of the them." heraldic “saltire." 328. gallimaufry) medley, ·sc. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 85 but they themselves are o' the mind, if it be not too rough for some that know little but bowling, it will 330 please plentifully Shep. Away! we'll none on 't: here has been too much homely foolery already. I know, sir, we weary you. Pol. You weary those that refresh us: pray, let's see these four threes of herdsmen. 335 Serv. One three of them, by their own report, sir, hath danced before the king; and not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier. Shep. Leave your prating: since these good men are pleased, let them come in; but quickly now. 340 Serv. Why, they stay at door, sir. (Exit. Here a dance of twelve Satyrs. Pol. O, father, you 'll know more of that hereafter, [To Cam.] Is it not too far gone? 'Tis time to part them. He's simple and tells much. How now, fair shepherd ! Your heart is full of something that does take 345 Your mind from feasting. Sooth, when I was young And handed love as you do, I was wont To load my she with knacks: I would have ransack'd The pedlar's silken treasury and have pour'd it To her acceptance ; you have let him go 350 And nothing marted with him. If your lass Interpretation should abuse and call this Your lack of love or bounty, you were straited For a reply, at least if you make a care Of happy holding her. 338. squier] Camb. Edd.; squire Ff; square Rowe. 343. (To Cam.] Camb. Edd. 347. handed] handled Collier Ms. 354. reply, at least] reply at least Ff. 330. bow ling] The reference is to this line of Polixenes, attered as be ad. the game of bowla, which at this time, vances to the front of the stage, is the and also during the Stuart period, was conclusion. We find the same sort of the sport of the aristocracy. thing at line 618. 338. squier) foot rule; also spelt 347. handed) handled, engaged in. squire." "Esgutente: f. A Rule or There is absolutely no need to change Squire: an Instrument vsed by Masons, handed to handled. There is a similar Carpenters, loyners, etc., also an In- use of the verb to hand in 11. üi. 63. strament wberewith Surveyors measure 348. knacks] knick-knacks, widing land" (Cotgrave). 342.0, father, etc.] These words, 351. marted] marketed, trafficked. addressed to the shepherd, are seem 352. Interpretation abuse) in ingly unintelligible. We are, perhaps, terpret the matter wrongly. to suppose that, during the entrance of 353. straited) reduced to straits. the Satyrs, Polixencs has drawn the 354-5. if you make . . . hor) if you shepherd apart and entered into a care for the joyfal porsession of her. private conversation with him, of which gifts. . .

·86 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. 360 WP Flo. Old sir, I know 355 She prizes not such trifles as these are: The gifts she laoks from me are pack'd and lock'd Úp in my heart; which I have given already, But not deliver'd. O, hear me breathe my life Before this ancient sir, who, it should seem, Hath sometime loved ! I take thy hand, this hand, Set As soft as dove's down and as white as it, Or Ethiopian's tooth, or the fann'd snow that's bolted By the northern blasts twice o'er. Pol. What follows this? How prettily the young swain seems to wash 365 The hand was fair before! I have put you out: But to your protestation ; let me hear What you profess. Flo. Do, and be witness to 't. Pol. And this my neighbour too? Flo. And he, and more Than he, and men, the earth, the heavens, and all : 370 That, were I crown'd the most imperial monarch, Thereof most worthy, were I the fairest youth That ever made eye swerve, had force and knowledge More than was ever man's, I would not prize them Without her love ; for her employ them all; 375 Commend them and condemn them to her service Or to their own perdition. Pol. Fairly offer'd. Cam. This shows a sound affection. Shep. But, my daughter, Say you the like to him? Per. I cannot speak So well, nothing so well; no, nor mean better : 380 By the pattern of mine own thoughts I cut out The purity of his. Shep. Take hands, a bargain! 360. who] whom F 1. 363-4. Arranged as in F 1. In Ff 2, 3, 4, linc 363 ends at snow. 364. blasts] F 3; blast Ff 2, 4. 370. the heavens] and heavens F 4. 373. force) sense Collier MS. 379. him ) Rowe; him. Ff. 1357. Looka) look for, claims : Poor I am stale, a garment 363. bolted) sifted. out of fashion; And, for I am richer 366. was fair] For the omission of than to hang to by tbe walls, I must the relative pronoun, see Abbott, $ 244. be ripp'd-to pieces with mel' (Cymba- 381, BX Peter j "A line, III. iv. 33)" (Furness). woman's simile just 25 Imogen ex- . .

·sc. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 87 And, friends unknown, you shall bear witness to 't: I give my daughter to him, and will make Her portion equal his. Flo. O, that must be 385 I' the virtue of your daughter : one being dead, I shall have more than you can dream of yet ; Enough then for your wonder. But, come on, Contract us 'fore these witnesses. Shep. Come, your hand; And, daughter, yours, Pol. Soft, swain, awhile, beseech you; 390 Have you a father ? Flo. I have: but what of him? Pol. Knows he of this ? Flo. He neither does nor shall. Pol. Methinks a father Is at the nuptial of his son a guest That best becomes the table. Pray you once more, 395 ; Is not your father grown incapable Of reasonable affairs? is he not stupid With age and altering rheums? can he speak? hear? Know man from man? dispute his own estate? Lies he not bed-rid? and again does nothing But what he did being childish? Flo. No, good sir; He has his health and ampler strength indeed Than most have of his age. Pol, By my white beard, You offer him, if this be so, a wrong Something unfilial : reason my son 405 Should choose himself a wife, but as good reason The father, all whose joy is nothing else But fair posterity, should hold some counsel In such a business. Flo. I yield all this; 400 . 388. your] you F 4. 390. awhile, beseech you ;) Capell; a-while, beseech you, F I; Q-while : 'beseeck you, Ff 2, 3, 4. 399. dispute] compute Johnson ; dispose Collier MS.; dispensé Anon. conj. 405. my) the Anon. conj. apud Camb. Edd. 398. altering) weakening; compare m. iii. 62: “Let me dispute with thee the French altérer. of thine estate." 399. dispute] The emendations of 405. reason my son ) it is reason- Johnson and the Collier MS. are need- able that my son etc. With this less; the meaning is " discuss, reason ellipsis, compare King Fohn, v. ii. 120: about ; compare Romeo and Juliet, "And reason, too, he should." 1 ·88 THE WINTER'S TALE [Act rv. But for some other reasons, my grave sir, 410 Which 'tis not fit you know, I not acquaint My father of this business. Pol. Let him know 't. Flo. He shall not. Pol. Prithee, let him. Flo. No, he must not. Shep. Let him, my son: he shall not need to grieve At knowing of thy choice. Flo. Come, come, he must not. 415 Mark our contract. Pol. Mark your divorce, young sir, [Discovering himself. Whom son I dare not call; thou art too base To be acknowledged: thou a sceptre's heir, That thus affects a sheep-hook! Thou old traitor, I am sorry that by hanging thee I can 420 But shorten thy life one week. And thou, fresh piece Of excellent witchcraft, who of force must know The royal fool thou copest with, Shep. O, my heart! Pol. I'll have thy beauty scratch'd with briers, and made More homely than thy state. For thee, fond boy, 425 If I may ever know thou dost but sigh That thou no more shalt see this knack, as never I mean thou shalt, we'll bar thee from succession ; Not hold thee of our blood, no, not our kin, Farre than Deucalion off: mark thou my words: 430 Follow us to the court. Thou churl, for this time, Though full of our displeasure, yet we free thee From the dead blow of it. And you, enchantment, 418. acknowledged] acknowledge F 1. 419. affects] Ff; affect'st Pope. 420-1. can But shorten] can but Shorten Warburton. 422. who] whom F1. 425. fond] found F 4. 427. shalt] Rowe; shalt never Ff. 430. Farre than] Farre then F 1; Farre than Ff 2, 3; Far than F *; Parther than Heath conj. 433. dead] dread Anon. apud Camb. 433. you) your Ff 3, 4. 419. affects] Probably used here for store the reading of the first three Folios, affect'st, because of the harshness of farre, which is an Elizabethan spelling the three consonants. Furness adduces, of Mid. Eng. ferre, which is the comas another instance of the same thing, parative Hamlet, 1, iv. 53: “That thou . Re: Chaucer, Prologue por dentroury Tales, visits thus the glimpses of the moon." 47: " And thereto hadde he riden, no 423. copest with) bast to deal with. man forre.” The far of F 4 appears in 427. knack] knick-knack, trifle. most modern editions, but such a form Polixenes has made use of the same fails to disclose the comparative force word in line 348. of the adjective. 430. Farre than] It seems right to re 433. dead] The substitution of dread ·sc. iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 89 Worthy enough a herdsman; yea, him too, That makes himself, but for our honour therein, 435 Unworthy thee---if ever henceforth thou These rural latches to his entrance open, Or hoop his body more with thy embraces, I will devise a death as cruel for thee As thou art tender to 't. [Exit. Per. Even here undone! 440 I was not much a feard; for once or twice I was about to speak and tell him plainly, The selfsame sun that shines upon his court Hides not his visage from our cottage, but Look's on alike. Will 't please you, sir, be gone? 445 I told you what would come of this : beseech you, Of your own state take care: this dream of mine- Being now awake, I'll queen it no inch farther, But milk my ewes and weep. Cam. Why, how now, father! Speak ere thou diest. Shep. I cannot speak, nor think, 450 Nor dare to know that which I know. O sir ! You have undone a man of fourscore three, That thought to fill his grave in quiet ; yea, To die upon the bed my father died, To lie close by his honest bones : but now 455 Some hangman must put on my shroud and lay me Where no priest shovels in dust. O cursed wretch, That knew'st this was the prince, and wouldst adventure To mingle faith with him! Undone! undone! 436. thee,-if] Capell; thee. If Ff. 438. hoop] hope Ff. 445. on) on all Malone; on it Keightley; on's Anon. apud Camb. 447. this dream of mine-) Johnson; this dream of mine Ff. for dead by an anonymous critic is looks on, as Malone and others have plausible but not convincing. suggested; but it is also possible that 433. enchantment] Compare the the word alike is here used in the sense phrase, “fresh piece of excellent witch- of "indifferently," " without distinccraft,'' which Polixenes applies to Per- tion." dita in his preceding speech. 454. died] For the omission of the 434-6. yea, him too ... thee] Deighton preposition-died on—8ce Abbott, $ paraphrases, “Yea, worthy too of him 394. who (if the honour of my family were 457. no priest shovels in dust] Comnot concerned) shows himself anworthy pare the rubric of the Liturgy of Ed. of you." ward VI. (1549) : " And then the priest, 445. Looks on alike) It may be that casting carth upon the corps, shall say, the word all has dropped out after I commend thy soul,' etc."

·90 THE WINTER'S TALE [Act iv . If I might die within this hour, I have lived 460 To die when I desire. [Exit. Flo. Why look you so upon me? I am but sorry, not afeard; delay'd, But nothing alter'd: what I was, I am; More straining on for plucking back, not following My leash unwillingly, Cam. Gracious my lord, 465 You know your father's temper: at this time He will allow no speech, which I do guess You do not purpose to him; and as hardly Will he endure your sight as yet, I fear : Then, till the fury of his highness settle, 470 Come not before him. Flo. I not purpose it. I think, Camillo? Cam. Even he, my lord. Per. How often have I told you 'twould be thus ! How often said, my dignity would last But till 'twere known? Flo. It cannot fail but by 475 The violation of my faith ; and then Let nature crush the sides o' the earth together And mar the seeds within ! Lift up thy looks: From my succession wipe me, father; I Am heir to my affection. Сат. Be advised. Flo. I am, and by my fancy: if my reason Will thereto be obedient, I have reason; If not, my senses, better pleased with madness, Do bid it welcome. Cam. This is desperate, sir. Flo. So call it : but it does fulfil my vow; 485 I needs must think it honesty. Camillo, 466. your] my F 1. 469. sighi as yet] Hanmer; sight, as yet Ff. Camillo >] Johnson ; Camillo. Ft; CamilloTheobald. 475. fail] fall Anon. conj. 479. my) thy Capell. 483. better pleased with madness) Fr; better (pleas'd with madness) Ff 2, 3, 4. 464. straining on] The metaphor is the tragedics : “Though the treasure drawn from coursing. Compare Henry Of Nature's garmens tumble all to- V. m. i. 31: "I see you stand like gether" (Machetk, iv. i. 59), and " Crack greyhounds in the slips, Straining upon mature's moulds, all gemens spill at the start, once" (King Lear, m. fl. 8). 478. mar the seeds within] Forncas 481. fancy) love. draws attention to similar metaphors in 484. it) madness. 180 472.

·SC. IV.] THE WINTER'S TALE 91 Not for Bohemia, nor the pomp that may Be thereat glean'd; for all the sun sees, or The close earth wombs, or the profound seas hide In unknown fathoms, will I break my oath 490 To this my fair beloved : therefore, I pray you, As you have ever been my father's honour'd friend, When he shall miss me,--as, in faith, I mean not To see him any more,-cast your good counsels Upon his passion: let myself and fortune 495 Tug for the time to come. This you may know And so deliver, I am put to sea With her whom here I cannot hold on shore; And most opportune to our need I have A vessel rides fast by, but not prepared 500 For this design. What course I mean to hold Shall nothing benefit your knowledge, nor Concern me the reporting. Cam, O my lord! I would your spirit were easier for advice, Or stronger for your need. Flo. Hark, Perdita. [Drawing her aside. 505 I'll hear you by and by, Cam, He's irremoveable, Resolved for flight. Now were I happy, if His going I could frame to serve my turn, Save him from danger, do him love and honour, Purchase the sight again of dear Sicilia 510 And that unhappy king, my master, whom I so much thirst to see. Now, good Camillo; I an so fraught with curious business that I leave out ceremony. Cam. Sir, I think You have heard of my poor services, i' the love 515 4.38. thercat] thereout Hanmer. all] F 1; all that Ff 2, 3, 4. 489. sras hide] Ff 2, 3, 4 i seas, hides F1; sea hides Capell. 490. fathoms] Johnson ; fadomes lit. 492. honour'd) F 1; om. Ff 2, 3, 4. 498. whom) Ff 2, 3, 4 who F 1. 499. our] Theobald; her Ff; the Capell. 505. [Drawing.. Capell. 507, Resolord] Resolv'd F 2. 513. curious] serious Collier MS. 499. opportunc) The accent is on the 510. Purchase) obtain. penultimate. 513. curious business] Either, business 502. benefit your knowledge] pro: 1 requiring anxious care, or, particular you to know business. 504. easier for) more willing to roceive, ·92 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. + That I have borne your father ? Flo. Very nobly Have you deserved : it is my father's music To speak your deeds, not little of his care To have them recompensed, as thought on. Cam. Well, my lord, If you may please to think I love the king, 520 And through him what is nearest to him, which is Your gracious self, embrace but my direction, If your more ponderous and settled project May suffer alteration. On mine honour I'll point you where you shall have such receiving 525 As shall become your highness; where you may Enjoy your mistress ; from the whom, I sce, There's no disjunction to be made, but by As heavens forefend !-your ruin ; marry her, And—with my best endeavours in your absence 530 Your discontenting father strive to qualify. And bring him up to liking. Flo. How, Camillo, May this, almost a miracle, be done? That I may call thee something more than man And after that trust to thee. Cam. Have you thought on 535 A place whereto you 'll go? Not any yet: But as the unthought-on accident is guilty To what we wildly do, so we profess Ourselves to be the slaves of chance, and flies Of every wind that blows. Cam. Then list to me: 540 This follows, if you will not change your purpose, But undergo this flight; make for Sicilia, And there present yourself and your fair princess, Flo. 524. alteration. On) Fr; alteration : On Ff 2, 3, 4; alteration, on Camb. Edd. 531. strive] I'll strive Rowe, Capell, Rann, etc. 538. To] Of Rowe; Towards Hanmer. 519. as thought on) as soon as he out that the words “ with my best... has remembered them. absence" are to be looked upon as a 523. ponderous] weighty, import- parenthesis. ant. 531. qualify) 499gag.com 531. strive] Most eighteenth century 537." unthought-on accident] Mason editors, from Rowe onwards, substi interprets, "the unsuspected discovery tuted I'll strive for strive. Malone made by Polixencs." restored the original reading and pointed $38. To) of.

·sc. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 98 to the one For so I see she must be, 'fore Leontes : She shall be habited as it becomes 545 The partner of your bed. Methinks I see Leontes opening his free arms and weeping His welcomes forth; asks thee, the son, forgiveness, As 'twere i' the father's person; kisses the hands Of your fresh princess ; o'er and o'er divides him 550 'Twixt his unkindness and his kindness; the one He chides to hell and bids the other grow Faster than thought or time. Flo. Worthy Camillo, What colour for my visitation shall I Hold up before him? Cam. Sent by the king your father 555 To greet him and to give him comforts. Sir, The manner of your bearing towards him, with What you as from your father shall deliver, Things known betwixt us three, I'll write you down: The which shall point you forth at every sitting 560 What you must say; that he shall not perceive But that you have your father's bosom there And speak his very heart. Flo. I am bound to you: There is some sap in this. Cam. A course more promising Than a wild dedication of yourselves 565 To unpath'd waters, undream'd shores, most certain To miseries enough: no hope to help you, But as you shake off one to take another : Nothing so certain as your anchors, who Do their best office, if they can but stay you 570 Where you 'll be loath to be: besides, you know Prosperity 's the very bond of love, Whose fresh complexion and whose heart together 548. thee, the son] Ff 3, 4; thee there Sonne Ff 1, 2, 560. sitting) fitting Theobald. 568-9. another : Nothing] another Nothing Hanmer. 547. free) gracious, willing. the colour of defending him " (TWO 550-1. o'ct and o'er kindness] Gentlemen of Verona, iv. ii. 3). Deighton paraphrases : “ His talk is 560. point you forth] indicate to divided between two subjects, his un- you. kindness formerly shown to your father, 569. who) For further examples of and the kindness he now feels towards the use of who for which see Abbott, 3 him and you." 264. Who was just coming into use as 554. colour] pretext; compare "Under a relative pronoun at this time.

·94 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT v. Affliction alters. Per. One of these is true: I think affliction may subdue the cheek, 575 But not take in the mind. Cam. Yea, say you so? There shall not at your father's house these seven years Be born another such. Flo. My good Camillo, She is as forward of her breeding as She is the rear o' her birth. Can. I cannot say 'tis pity 580 She lacks instructions, for she seems a mistress To most that teach. Per. Your pardon, sir; for this I'll blush you thanks. Flo. My prettiest Perdita! But O, the thorns we stand upon! Camillo, Preserver of my father, now of me, 585 The medicine of our house, how shall we do? We are not furnish'd like Bohemia's son, Nor shall appear in Sicilia. Cam. My lord, Fear none of this: I think you fortunes Do all lie there: it shall be so my care 590 To have you royally appointed as if The scene you play were mine. For instance, sir, shall not want, one word. [They talk aside. Re-enter AUTOLYCUS. Aut. Ha, ha! what a fool Honesty is! and Trust, his sworn brother, a very simple gentleman! I have sold all 595 my trumpery: not a counterfeit stone, not a ribbon, 579. She is] She's Ff. 580. She is i' the rear o' her birth) Rowe; She is i' th' reare 'our birth, Fí 1, 2, 3; She is t'th' rear 'our birth F 4. 588. appear in Sicilia] appeare in Sicilia Fr; appeare in Sicily P 2; appear in Sicily 593. [They talk aside) Rowe. 574. alters] changes for the worse. sage from Macbeth (v. ü. 27) makes it 576. take in) conquer, overcome; fairly certain that medicine here means compare Coriolanus, 1. ii. 24: "To take physician :- in many towns." « Meet we the medicine of the 580. She is i' the rear o' har birth] sickly weal, Rowe's emendation of the readings of And with him pour we, in our the Folios is almost certainly correct. country's purge, 586. medicine) Capell notes, "mede. Each drop of us. cir,' in the sense of physician, being 588. appear) appear as such. unknown to those printers, they have 592. For instance) as a proof. spelt it medicine." The following pagknow my know you That you may Ff 3, 4.

·SC. iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 95 glass, pomander, brooch, table-book, ballad, knife, tape, glove, shoe-tie, bracelet, horn-ring, to keep my pack from fasting: they throng who should buy first, as if my trinkets had been hallowed and brought a 600 benediction to the buyer : by which means I saw whose purse was best in picture; and what I saw, to my good use I remembered. My clown, who wants but something to be a reasonable man, grew so in love with the wenches' song, that he would not stir his pettitoes 605 till he had both tune and words; which so drew the rest of the herd to me, that all their other senses stuck in ears: you might have pinched a placket, it was senseless; 'twas nothing to geld a codpiece of a purse; I would have filed keys off that hung in chains: no 610 hearing, no.feeling, but my sir's song, and admiring the nothing of it. So that in this time of lethargy I picked and cut most of their festival purses; and had not the old man come in with a whoo-bub against his daughter and the king's son and scared my 615 choughs from the chaff, I had not left a purse alive in the whole army. Camillo, Florizel, and Perdita come forward. Cam. Nay, but my letters, by this means being there So soon as you arrive, shall clear that doubt. Flo. And those that you 'll procure from King Leontes 620 Cam. Shall satisfy your father. 597. brooch) Steevens ; browch Ff. 599. fasting) F1; fastning Ff 2, 3, 4. 602. picture] pasture Anon, apud Cam. 605. wenches'] Johnson; Wenches Ff. 610. filed keys of] Ff 3, 4; fill'd keyes of Ff 1, 2. 620. Leontes-] Rowe; Leontes Ff. + 27 y 597. pomandar] scent-ball worn about their cars; compare the phrase " I was the neck. all ears. 597. table-book) memorandum-book ; -608: pinched a placket] stolen a petti. compare Hamlet, II. ii. 136: “If I had coat: for placket, see note to iv. iv. play'd the desk or table-book." 244; pinched, a slang word for stolen. 600. hallowed] "This alludes to compare Head's Canting Academy, 191 beads often sold by the Romanists, as (1673): made particularly efficacious by the “ The fifth is a glasier, who when he touch of some relic" (Johnson). 602..best in picture) best to look at, To pinch all the lurry, he thinks it most portly. 605. pettitoes] Properly the feet of a 60g. geld ... purse) rob a purse pig, thence applied to those of a child. from a trouser pocket. Compare Lyly's Midas, III. iii. : "And 611. my sir's) i.e. the clown's. you, Caelia, that would fain trip on your 614. whoo-bub] the older form of petitoes." “hubbub." Compare Monsieur Thomas, 607-8. stuck in ears) were fixed on to iv. ii.: "And all the chambermaids in such a whobub." creeps in no sin."

·96 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. , Per. Happy be you! All that you speak shows fair. Cam. Who have we here? [Seeing Autolycus. We'll make an instrument of this; omit Nothing may give us aid. Aut. If they have overheard me now, why, hanging: 625 Cam. How now, good fellow l why shakest thou so ? Fear not, man; here's no harm intended to thee. Aut. I am a poor fellow, sir. Cam. Why, be so still; here's nobody will steal that from thee : yet for the outside of thy poverty we must make 630 an exchange; therefore discąse thee instantly,--thou must think there's a necessity in't,--and change garments with this gentleman : though the pennyworth on his side be the worst, yet hold thee, there's some boot. 635 Aut. I am a poor fellow, sir. (Aside] I know ye well enough. Cam. Nay, prithee, dispatch: the gentleman is half flayed already Aut. Are you in earnest, sir? (Aside] I smell the trick 640 Flo. Dispatch, I prithee. Aut. Indeed, I have had earnest; but I cannot with conscience take it. Cam. Unbuckle, unbuckle. (Florisel and Arstolycus exchange garments Fortunate mistress, let my prophecy 645 Come home to yel-you must retire yourself Into some covert : take your sweetheart's hat And pluck it o'er your brows, muffle your face, 622. Who] Whom Collier. [Seeing Autolycus] Theobald. 626-7. Printed as three lines of verse in Ff, ending follow . thee; as prose first in Malone. 637. fayed] Med Ff; Head Rowe. 644. (Florixcl ...) Capell. 622. Whol,whom; sec Abbott, $ 274. 637. fayed] undressed. 623. this] this fellow. 642. carnest) a first instalment to- 631. discase] undress; compare wards a purchase, earnest-money. The The Tempest, v. i. 85: "I will discase allusion is not quite clear: it may be The noun case, cases, meaning that Florizel offers him money with the clothes, also occurs in Shakespeare, e.g words, "Dispatch, I prithee," or it may "Cases of buckram" (1 Henry IV.1. ii. be that he has already received some- 200). thing from Camillo. 635. boot] advantage, amends; com 645. let my prophcey ...] May pare" It is no boot" (Taming of the the prophecy I have just uttered, vix. Shrew, v. ii. 177). Under the form fortunate mistress, prove a true one bot, the word was commonly used in (Deighton). Old English, on't. man . me." 66 1 ·.sc. iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 97 Dismantle you, and, as you can, disliken The truth of your own seeming; that you may 650 For I do fear eyes--over to shipboard Get undescried. Per. I see the play so lies That I must bear a part. Cam. No remedy. Have you done there? Flo. Should I now meet my father He would not call me son. Cam. Nay, you shall have no hat. 655 [Giving it to Perdita. Come, lady, come. Farewell, my friend. Aut. Adieu, sir. Flo. O Perdita, what have we twain forgot! Pray you, a word, Cam. [Aside] What I do next, shall be to tell the king Of this escape and whither they are bound; 660 Wherein my hope is I shall so prevail To force him after: in whose company I shall review Sicilia, for whose sight I have a woman's longing. Flo. Fortune speed us! Thus we set on, Camillo, to the sea-side. 665 Cam. The swifter speed the better. [Exeunt Florisel, Perdita, and Camillo. Aut. I understand the business, I hear it: to have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is necessary for a cut-purse; a good nose is requisite also, to smell out work for the other senses. I see this is 670 the time that the unjust man doth thrive. What an exchange had this been without boot! What a boot 651. over] over you Rowe; ever Collier ; overt Jervis conj. See below. 655. [Giving .) Capell. 659. [Asida) Rowe. 666. [Excunt Florisel .] Capell; Exit Ff. 667. hear] heard Hanmer, 649. disliken) disguise. once of all real difficulties. The inter- 650. seeming] outward appearance. pretation of eyes over as " overseeing 651. For I. shipboard] The read- eyes," which is adopted by R. G. White, ing of the Ff is “ (For I doe feare eyes Singer and Hunter, is not supported by ouer) to Ship-boord," which presents similar uses of the word over and seems great difficulties and has given rise to highly fanciful. various emendations, as the textual 657. O Perdita ... forgot] “This notes indicare. I have followed the is one of our author's dramatic expedisuggestion of Schmidt in his Shake ents to introduce a conversation apart, spearean Lexicon and made the paren- account for a sudden cxit, etc." thesis end with the word eyes. This is (Steevens), a very slight change, but it disposes at 672, boot] advantage. See line 635. 7 .

·98 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. none of is here with this exchange ! Sure the gods do this year connive at us, and we may do any thing extempore. The prince himself is about a piece of iniquity, 675 stealing away from his father with his clog at his heels : if I thought it were a piece of honesty to acquaint the king withal, I would not do't: I hold it the more knavery to conceal it; and therein am I constant to my profession. 680 Re-enter Clown and Shepherd. Aside, aside; here is more matter for a hot brain : every lane's end, every shop, church, session, hanging, yields a careful man work. Clo. See, see; what a man you are now! There is no other way but to tell the king she's a changeling and 685 your flesh and blood. Shep. Nay, but hear me. Clo. Nay, but hear me. Shep. Go to, then. Clo. She being none of your flesh and blood, your flesh 690 and blood has not offended the king; and so your flesh and blood is not to be punished by him. Show those things you found about her, those secret things, all but what she has with her: this being done, let the law go whistle : I warrant you. 695 Shep. I will tell the king all, every word, yea, and his son's pranks too; who, I may say, is no honest man, neither to his father nor to me, to go about to make me the king's brother-in-law. Clo. Indeed, brother-in-law was the farthest off you could 700 have been to him and then your blood had been the dearer by I know how much an ounce. Aut. (Aside] Very wisely, puppies ! Shep. Well, let us to the king : there is that in this fardel will make him scratch his beard. 705 . Ff 3, 4. 677-8. thought it were .. would not do 't] thought it were not would do't Hanmer; thought not it were . would do't Capell. 680. Re-enter Clown .] Dyce; Enter Clown . Ff. 681, here is] Ff I, 2. here's 693, those] these Theobald. 702. know] know not Hanmer. 703. (A side] Rowe. 704. fardel] Steevens; Farthell, Ff 1, 2, 3; Farthel F 4. 676. his clog] literally, his encum 685. changeling) Compare "This is brance. Compare All's Well that some changeling" (111. iii. 112). End's Well, II. v. 58: “Here comes 702. know) Hanmer's insertion of not my clog"; and Bullinger's Decades after know is unnecessary. (1592), p. 227: A grievous clog to her 704. fardell bundle. The Ff spellhusband." ings, farther, farthed are repeated in ·. SC. Iv.) THE WINTER'S TALE 99 Aut. (Aside] I know not what impediment this complaint may be to the flight of my master. Clo. Pray heartily he be at 'palace. Aut. (Aside] Though I am not naturally honest, I am so sometimes by chance : let me pocket up my pedlar's 710 excrement. [Takes off his false beard.] How now, rustics ! whither are you bound? Shep. To the palace, an it like your worship. Aut. Your affairs there, what, with whom, the condition of that fardel, the place of your dwelling, your 715 names, your ages, of what having, breeding, and any thing that is fitting to be known, discover. Clo. We are but plain fellows, sir. Aut. A lie; you are rough and hairy. Let me have no lying: it becomes none but tradesmen, and they 720 often give us soldiers the lie : but we pay them for it with stamped coin, not stabbing steel; therefore they do not give us the lie. Clo. Your worship had like to have given us one, if you had not taken yourself with the manner. 725 Shep. Are you a courtier, an 't like you, sir? Aut. Whether it like me or no, I am a courtier. Seest thou not the air of the court in these enfoldings ? hath not my gait in it the measure of the court ? receives not thy nose court-odour from me? reflect I 730 . 0 706, 709. [Asidr) Capell. 708. at 'palacc] at 'Pallace F 1; at Palace Ff 2, 3, 4; at the palace Rowe. 711. [Takes off . ..] Steevens, 713. ani) Hanmer; and Ff. 716. ages] agc Rowe. 717. to be] for to be Řowe. 722. not stabbing] note-stabbing Theobald. 723. not give] give Hanmer. 726. an *t] Hanmer; and 't l'f 1, 2, 3; and' F 4; and Rowe. lines 752, 754 ; in Hamlet the form is The meaning of this phrase is obscure ; fardle (111. i. 76), from O.F. fardel. Rushton offers the following explana- 708. at palacc] The apostrophe, re tion : «Manner' is mainour, Old produced fiom the first Folio, denotes French manoevre, meinor, Latin the omission of the definite article. manu, from the hand, or, in the work. See note to 11. i. II. The old law phrase, to be taken as a 771. excremcnt] The word means thief with the mainour, signifies to be literally "outgrowth," and is used here taken in the very act of killing venison, of his pedlar's beard. or stealing wood, or preparing to do so; 714..condition] quality. or it denotes the being taken with the 716. having] estate, wealth. Com- thing stolen in his hands or possession pare Merry Wives of Windsor, 11. (Shakespeare A Lawyer, p. 39). It is ii. 76: “The gentleman is of no doubtful, however, whether this exhaving." planation brings us to a clear under. 721. but wc pay .] "The mean- standing of the Clown's word. C. T. ing is, they are paid for lying, there. Onions explains the phrase as "kept fore they do not give us the lie, they what you were going to give us," but sell it to us " (Johnson). it is not easy to see how he gets this 724-5. if you had not manner] idea out of the words.

·100 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. not on thy baseness court contempt? Thinkest thou, for that I insinuate, or toaze from thee thy business, I am therefore no courtier ? I am courtier cap-a-pe; and one that will either push on or pluck back thy business there: whereupon I command thee to open 735 thy affair. Shep. My business, sir, is to the king. Aut. What advocate hast thou to him? Shep. I know not, an 't like you. Clo. Advocate's the court-word for a present : say you 740 have none. Shep. None, sir ; I have no pheasant, cock nor hen. Aut. How blessed are we that are not simple men ! Yet nature might have made me as these are. Therefore I will not disdain. 745 Clo. This cannot be but a great courtier. Shep. His garments are rich, but he wears them not handsomely. Clo. He seems to be the more noble in being fantastical : a great man, I 'll warrant; I know by the picking 750 on's teeth. Aut. The fardel there? what's i the fardel? Wherefore that box ? Shep. Sir, there lies such secrets in this fardel and box, which none must know but the king; and which he 755 shall know within this hour, if I may come to the speech of him. 10 732. or] Ff 2, 3, 4; at F 1; to Capell; and Malone. 734. pluck] push Rowe. 739. an'l] Hanmer; and 't, Ff. 740. present] Kenrick ; Pheasant, Ff. 742. pheasant, cock] Capell; Pheasant Cock, Ff. 746. be bul) but be Hanmer. 751. on 's) of 's, Capell. 752. fardelj Steevens; Farthell Ff 1, 2; Farthel, Ff 3, 4. 732. foaze) tear; probably a variant simple men"-is a direct allusion to of touse, which is used in Measure for the Shepherd's simple-minded con- Measure, v. i. 309: " touse you joint fusion of the words "present and from joint." Compare Gower's Con. “pheasant." fessio Amantis, i. 17 :- 747. His garments are rich] It has "And what sheep that is full of been pointed out that Florizel's clothes, wulle, which Autolycus has on, are not those Upon his backe they toose and of a courtier, but "a swain's wearing. pulle." 750-1. picking on 's teeth] Compare The reading of Fi is at toase, which King John, I. i. 190:- conveys no meaning. "Now your traveller, 740. present) I adopt Kenrick's emen He and his toothpick at my wordation of present for the Pheasant of ship's mess, Ff. It seems to me that the force of And when my knightly stomach is the words of Autolycus in line 743 Kufficed, " How blessed are we that are not Why then I suck my teeth," etc.

·SC. Iv.] THE WINTER'S TALE 101 Aut. Age, thou hast lost thy labour. Shep. Why, sir? Aut. The king is not at the palace; he is gone aboard a 760 new ship to purge melancholy and air himself: for, if thou' beest capable of things serious, thou must know the king is full of grief. Shep. So 'tis said, sir ; about his son, that should have married a shepherd's daughter. 765 Aut. If that shepherd be not in hand-fast, let him fly: the curses he shall have, the tortures he shall feel, will break the back of man, the heart of monster. Clo. Think you so, sir? Aut. Not he alone shall suffer what wit can make heavy 770 and vengeance bitter ; but those that are germane to him, though removed fifty times, shall all come under the hangman: which though it be great pity, yet it is necessary. An old sheep-whistling rogue, a ramtender, to offer to have his daughter come into grace! 775 Some say he shall be stoned; but that death is too soft for him, say I: draw our throne into a sheepcote! all deaths are too few, the sharpest too easy. Clo. Has the old man e'er a son, sir, do you hear, an 't like 780 Aut. He has a son who shall be flayed alive; then 'nointed over with honey, set on the head of a wasp's nest; then stand till he be three quarters and a dram dead; then recovered again with aqua-vitæ or some other hot infusion; then, raw as he is, and in the hottest day 785 prognostication proclaims, shall he be set against a brick-wall, the sun looking with a southward eye upon him, where he is to behold him with flies blown to death. But what talk we of these traitorly rasyou, sir? 766. hand-fast] band, fast, Grant White. 771. germane) lermaine, Ff 1, 2; Fermain, Ff 3, 4. 783. then) there Capell. 766. in hand-fast) at large only on brogiuolo, the lachimo of the immediate security. The word is a translation of source of Cymbeline, Boccaccio's Dethe French mainprise and had a tech- cameron, ii. 9" (Herford). nical legal significance. 786. prognostication) the forecast for 777. draw our throne ...] Autolycus the year published in almanac form. pretends to be quoting the very words "Almanacs were published in Shake. of the king. speare's time under this title: 'An Al- 781 f. He has a son .] “This de- manack and Prognostication made scription is a somewhat heightened for the year of our Lord, 1595 version of the death inflicted on Am. (Malone).

·102 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT IV. cals, whose miseries are to be smiled at, their offences 790 being so capital? Tell me, for you seem to be honest plain men, what you have to the king : being something gently considered, I'll bring you where he is aboard, tender your persons to his presence, whisper him in your behalfs : and if it be in man, 795 besides the king, to effect your suits, here is man shall do it. Clo. He seems to be of great authority: close with him, give him gold; and though authority be a stubborn bear, yet he is oft led by the nose with gold: show 800 the inside of your purse to the outside of his hand, and no more ado. Remember stoned," and "flayed alive." Shep. An't please you, sir, to undertake the business for us, here is that gold I have : I'll make it as 805 much more and leave this young man in pawn till I bring it you. Aut. After I have done what I promised ? Shep. Ay, sir. Aut. Well, give me the moiety. Are you a party in this 810 business? Clo. In some sort, sir: but though my case be a pitiful one, I hope I shall not be flayed out of it. Aut. O, that's the case of the shepherd's son: hang him, he 'll be made an example. 815 Clo. Comfort, good comfort! We must to the king and show our strange sights: he must know 'tis none of your daughter nor my sister; we are gone else. Sir, I will give you as much as this old man does when the business is performed, and remain, as he says, 820 your pawn till it be brought you. Aut. I will trust you. Walk before toward the sea-side ; 795. behalfs) behalf F 4. 796. man] Ff 1, 2; a man Ff 3, 4; the man Long Ms. 792-3. being something con- modern editors. I have restored them sidered) if I am handsomely remuner. and interpret besides the king as "to ated or bribed; compare the colloquial say nothing of the fact that it is the phrase "He will do it for a considera- king." tion"; and compare Three Ladies of 810. moiety) This word is often London (ed. Hazlitt, Dodsley, p. 279): used loosely by Shakespeare with the “What, consider me? does thou think meaning "a portion." Here it is ased that I am a bribe-taker ?" in its literal sense of " a half." 796. besides the king) The commas 812. case] The word is used pun. within which these words are placed ningly in its double meaning of (i) conin the Ff are usually removed by dition, circumstances, (ii) skin. 1) ·SC 1v.] THE WINTER'S TALE 108 go on the right hand: I will but look upon the hedge and follow you. Clo. We are blest in this man, as I may say, even blest. 825 Shep. Let's before as he bids us: he was provided to do us good. [Exeunt Shepherd and Clown. Aut. If I had a mind to be honest, I see fortune would not suffer me: she drops booties in my mouth. I am courted now with a double occasion, gold and a 830 means to do the prince my master good; which who knows how that may turn back to my advancement? I will bring these two moles, these blind ones, aboard him : if he think it fit to shore them again and that the complaint they have to the king concerns him 835 nothing, let him call me rogue for being so far officious; for I am proof against that title and what shame elge belongs to 't. To him will I present them: there may be matter in it. [Exit. 827. (Exeunt Sheplucrd .) Rowe; Exeunt Ff 2,3,4; om. I I. 832. back] luck Collier. 839. [Exit] Rowe; Excunt Ff, Capell. 830. occasion] The meaning of this Folio copy, would have us read luck for word here is almost equivalent to back. There scems, however, no need "motive," which is one of the meanings to make any change; turn back is used, ol the La:in occasio. as Furness points out, in the sense of 832. turn back] Collier, following "recoil." the lead of the marginal notes in his .

·ACT V 10 SCENE I.-A room in Leontes' Palace. Enter LEONTES, CLEOMENES, DION, PAULINA, and Servants. Cleo. Sir, you have done enough, and have perform'd A saint-like sorrow : no fault could you make, Which you have not redeem'd ; indeed, paid down More penitence than done trespass : at the last, Do as the heavens have done, forget your evil; 5 With them forgive yourself. Leon. Whilst I remember Her and her virtues, I cannot forget My blemishes in them, and so still think of The wrong I did myself: which was so much, That heirless it hath made my kingdom; and Destroy'd the sweet'st companion that e'er man Bred his hopes out of Paul. True, too true, my lord: If, one by one, you wedded all the world, Or from the all that are took something good, To make a perfect woman, she you kill'd 15 Would be unparallel'd. Leon. I think so. Kill'd! She I kill'd! I did so: but thou strikest me Sorely, to say I did; it is as bitter Upon thy tongue as in my thought: now, good now, Act v. SCBNE 1. A room. .] Capell. 12. oui of. Paul. True, too true) Theobald ; out of, true. Paul. Too true Ff. 17. She I kill'd] Killid / she I killed Theobald, Warburton, Johns, Walker, Dyce. ACT v, SCENB 1. however, was against the change, and argued that "the word true, printed as it 12. True, too true] Theobald's emen- is without a capital in F 1, could hardly dation of the Ff, which make the first have found its way into the preceding "true" the concluding word of Lcontes' line by a mere error of the press.' speech, seems an improvement and has 19. now, good now] In favour of the met with general acceptance. Collier, punctuation "now, good, now » which 104 .

·sc. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 105 30 Say so but seldom. Cleo. Not at all, good lady: 20 You might have spoken a thousand things that would Have done the time more benefit and graced Your kindness better. Paul. You are one of those Would have him wed again. Didn. If you would not so, You pity not the state, nor the remembrance 25 Of his most sovereign name; consider little What dangers, by his highness' fail of issue, May drop upon his kingdom and devour Incertain lookers on. What were more holy Than to rejoice the former queen is well ? What holier than, for royalty's repair, For present comfort and for future good, To bless the bed of majesty again With a sweet fellow to 't? Paul. There is none worthy, Respecting her that's gone. Besides, the gods 35 Will have fulfill'd their secret purposes ; For has not the divine Apollo said, Is 't not the tenor of his oracle, That King Leontes shall not have an heir Till his lost child be found? which, that it shall, 40 Is all as monstrous to our human reason As my Antigonus to break his grave And come again to me; who, on my life, Did perish with the infant. 'Tis My lord should to the heavens be contrary, 45 your counsel 24. So] om. Hanmer. 30. queen is well?] queen? This will Hanmer. 36. fulfill'd] fulfillin F 2. 37. said,] F 4; said ? Ff1, 2, 3. 42. Antigonus) Antigomus F 2. 45. contrary) contray F 2. would make "good" equivalent to "good 29. Incerlain) "not knowing what friend," compare "Nay, good, be to think or do” (Schmidt). patient” (Romeo and Juliet, 1. v. 3). 30. queen is well] Malone adduces On the other hand, the use of the the following passage from Antony phrase "good now as an exclamation and Cleopatra, II. v. 33: “We use to denoting expostulation or entreaty is say the dead are well." common in Shakespeare ; compare 35. Respecting] in comparison with. Hamlet (1. i. 70): "Good now, sit 40. which, that it shall] I restore down, and tell me, he that knows." the comma after which ; it appears in According to the New Eng. Dict. the the Ff, but has dropped out of most phrase survives in the south-western modern editions. The words that it dialect to this day. shall stand as a parenthesis. 27. fail] See note to 11. iii. 169.

·106 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. 50 Oppose against their wills. [To Leontes Care not for issue; The crown will find an heir : great Alexander Left his to the worthiest ; so his successor Was like to be the best. Leon. Good Paulina, Who hast the memory of Hermione, I know, in honour, O, that ever I Had squared me to thy counsel then, even now, I might hāve look'd upon my queen's full eyes; Have taken treasure from her lips, Paul. And left them More rich for what they yielded. Leon. Thou spcak'st truth. 55 No more such wives ; therefore, no wife: one worse, And better used, would make her sainted-spirit Again possess her corpse, and on this stage, Where we offenders move, appear soul-vex'd, And begin, "Why to me?" Paul. Had she such power, 60 She had just cause. Leon. She had ; and would incense ine To murder her 1 inarried. Paul. I should so. Were I the ghost that walk'd, I'ld bid you mark Her eye, and tell me for what dull part in 't You chose her; then I'ld shriek, that even your ears 65 Should rift to hear me, and the words that follow'd Should be "Remember mine." Leon. Stars, stars, 49. Good] Ah! good Hanmer; Thou good Capell; My gond Keightley. 54. lips,-) Capell; lippes. F1; lips ! Pope. 58-59. stage appearl Delius; stage (Where we offendors now appeare) Ff; stage (Where we of ind her now) appear Theobald, Warburton, Johnson, Dyce; stage, (Where we offenders now,) appear Knight, White, Camb. Edd., etc. 60. And begin, "Why to me ?") And begin, why to me? F1 And begin, why to me; Fi 2, 3; And begin, why to me. F 4 61. Lause] Ff 3, 4; such cuuse Ff 1, 2. 67. Stars, stars] Stars, very stars Hanmer. 52. squared] adjusted. bald's « (Where we offend her. now) 59. Where we offenders . . . soul appear," which found favour with ver'd] The textual notes give the Warburton, Johnson and others, or reading of the Ff and the emendations the "(Where we offenders now,) apof editors. I have adopted the sugges- pear" of Knight and the Cambridge tion of Delius and substituted move for editors. The two words could easily be 80. " Why to me? "] sc. this humiliamistaken in the MS., and the change tion. seems to make better sense than Theo. 66. rift] split. now.

·SC. 1.) THE WINTER'S TALE 107 And all eyes else dead coals! Fear thou no wife; I'll have no wife, Paulina. Paul. Will you swear Never to marry but by my free leave? 70 Leon. Never, Paulina ; so be blest my spirit! Paul. Then, good my lords, bear witness to his oath. Clgo. You tempt him over-much. Paul. Unless another, As like Hermione as is her picture, Affront his eye. Cleo. Good madam, Paul. I have done. 75 Yet, if my lord will marry,-if you will, sir, No remedy, but you will.-give me the office To choose you a queen: she shall not be so young As was your former; but she shall be such As, walk'd your first queen's ghost, it should take joy 80 To see her in your arms. Leon. My true Paulina, We shall not marry till thou bid'st us. Paul. That Shall be when your first queen's again in breath; Never till then. Enter a Gentleman. Gent. One that gives out himself Prince Florizel, Son of Polixenes, with his princess, she The fairest I have yet beheld, desires access To your high presence. Leon. What with him? he comes not Like to his father's greatness: his approach, So out of circumstance and sudden, tells us 90 'Tis not a visitation framed, but forced 75. Cleo. Good madam,- Paul. I have done] Capell; Cleo. Good madan, I have done Fi; Cleo. Good madam, pray have done Rowe. 84. Enter a Gentle. man] Theobald; Enter a Servani ff. 85. Gent.] Scr. Ff (and throughout the scene). 75. Affront] confront; compare factory, and modern editors Hamlet, 111. i. 31: " That he ... follow the reading of Capell. may here affront Ophelia." 84. Enter a Gentlenian] Theobald's 75. Good madam ... I have done] substitution of “gentleman" for " The emendation of Capell, which makes vant" is a distinct improvement, when Paulina, and not Cleomenes, utter the regard is paid to what follows. In the words "I have done" is a distinct Collier MS. occurs the curious phrase, improvement on the reading of the Ff. "Enter a Servant-poet." Rowe's emendation is far less satis go.,out of circumstance] without farmalities, unceremoniously. 85 most ser- ·108 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. } By need and accident. What train ? Gent. But few, And those but mean. Leon. His princess, say you, with him? Gent. Ay, the most peerless piece of earth, I think, That e'er the sun shone bright on. Paul. Oh Hermione, 5 As every present time doth boast itself Above a better gone, so must thy grave Give way to what's seen now! Sir, you yourself Have said and writ so, but your writing now Is colder than that theme, "She had not been, IOO Nor was not to be equall'd; -thus your verse Flow'd with her beauty once: 'tis shrewdly ebb'd, To say you have seen a better. Gent. Pardon, madam : The one I have almost forgot, -your pardon,- The other, when she has obtain'd your eye, 105 Will have your tongue too. This is a creature, Would she begin a sect, might quench the zeal Of all professors else; make proselytes Of who she but bid follow. Paul. How ! not women? Gent. Women will love her, that she is a woman I10 More worth than any man; men, that she is The rarest of all women. Leon. Go, Cleomenes; Yourself, assisted with your honour'd friends, Bring them to our embracement. (Exeunt Cleomenes and others. Still, 'tis strange He thus should steal upon us. Paul. Had our prince, 115 Jewel of children, seen this hour, he had pair'd Well with this lord: there was not full a month Between their births. Leon. Prithee, no more; cease ; thou know'st 94. Ay) 1: Ff; Yes; Rowe. 97. grave) grace Collier (Egerton MS.). 109. who] whom Hanmer. 109. bid] did Collier (ed. 1). Cleomenes. .] Exit Fl. 117. full a) Ff 1, 2; a full Ff 3, 4. 119. cease] om. Hanmer. 100. She had not .] It was Han. 109. who) those whom. mer who first pointed out that these 113. assisted with] accompanied words should be placed within quotation by. marks. 114. (Exeunt ·SC. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 109 He dies to me again when talk'd of: sure, I 20 When I shall see this gentleman, thy speeches Will bring me to consider that which may Unfurnish me of reason. They are come. Re-enter CLEOMENES and others, with FLORIZEL and PERDITA Your mother was most true to wedlock, prince; For she did print your royal father off, 125 Conceiving you: were I but twenty-one, Your father's image is so hit in you, His very air, that I should call you brother, As I did him, and speak of something wildly By us perform'd before. Most dearly welcome! 130 And your fair princess --goddess ! -0, alas ! I lost a couple, that 'twixt heaven and earth Might thus have stood begetting wonder, as You, gracious couple, do: and then I lost- All mine own folly-the society, 135 Amity too, of your brave father, whom, Though bearing misery, I desire my life Once more to look on him. Flo. By his command Have I here touch'd Sicilia, and from him Give you all greetings, that a king, at friend, 140 Can send his brother: and, but infirmity, Which waits upon wom times, hath something seized His wish'd ability, he had himself The lands and waters 'twixt your throne and his .Measured to look upon you; whom he loves, 145 He bade me say so, more than all the sceptres And those that bear them living. Leon. O my brother, 123. Re-enter Cleomenes .] Capell; Enter Florixell, Perdita, Cleomines and others Fl. 131. princess.-goddess) princesse (goddese) Ff 1, 2; princess (goddess) Ff 3, 4: princess-goddess Walker. 140. at friend] F1; as friend Ff 2, 3, 4; at friends Seymour. 127. is so hit in you] is so exactly 140. at friend] The reading of F 1 is reproduced in you. to be preferred to the as friend of the 131. princess,--goddess /] Note the later Ff. Compare “The wind at reading of the Folios, Furness rightly help" (Hamlet, iv. iii. 46), and see dissents from Walker's compound word, Abbott, $ 143, princess-goddess, and bids us look upon 141-2. but infirmity times ] goddess as a climax to what precedes. but that infirmity, which attends old 137. my life) an adverbial phrascm age. fwhile i live, before I die.

·110 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. Good gentleman! the wrongs I have done thee stir Afresh within me ; and these thy offices, So rarely kind, are as interpreters 150 Of my behind-hand slackness! Welcome hither, As is the spring to the earth. And hath he too Exposed this paragon to the fearful usage, At least ungentle, of the dreadful Neptune, To greet a man not worth her pains, much less 155 The adventure of her person? Flo. Good my lord, She came from Libya. Leon. Where the warlike Smalus, That noble honour'd lord, is fear'd and loved ? Flo. Most royal sir, from thence; from him, whose daughter His tears proclaim'd his, parting with her: thence, 160 A prosperous south-wind friendly, we have cross'd, To execute the charge my father gave me, For visiting your highness: my best train I have from your Sicilian shores dismiss'd; Who for Bohemia bend, to signify 165 Not only my success in Libya, sir, But my arrival, and my wife's, in safety Here, where we are. Leon. The blessed gods Purge all infection from our air whilst you Do climate here! You have a holy father, 170 A graceful gentleman ; against whose person, So sacred as it is, I have done sin : For which the heavens, taking angry note, Have left me issueless; and your father's blest, As he from heaven merits it, with you, 175 159. Most royal ... daughter) Hanmer ; as two lines in Ff ending Sir daughter. 160. his, parting] Hanmer; his parting Ff; at parting Heath. 168. we are) we happily are Hanmer. 168. The blessed] And may the blessed Mitford. 174. blest] bless'd Ff. 149. offices] words of good-will. 168. Here, where we are] Hanmer, 156. adventure] the hazard, the risk. thinking the verse metrically defective, ing. proposed to insert happily between we 160. proclaim'd his, parting] Han- and are. mer's addition of a comma after his 170. climate) A good example of makes the meaning quite clear. John- Shakespeare's high-handed of son, following the reading of the Folios words. Compare " the close earth as to punctuation, proposed to substitute wombs" (1v. iv. 489), and see Abbott, $ her for his. 290, for other instances of the use of 161. A prosperous . friendly) A nouns as verbs. bold use of an adjective for a participle; 171. graceful] full of grace, gracisee Abbott, $ 380. use OU..

·SC. 1.] THE WINTER'S TALE 111 3 your court Worthy his goodness. What might I have been, Might I a son and daughter now have look'd on, Such goodly things as you ! Enter a Lord, Lord. Most noble sir, That which I shall report will bear no credit, Were not the proof so nigh. Please you, great sir, 180 Bohemia greets you from himself by me; Desires you to attach his son, who has- His dignity and duty both cast off- Fled from his father, from his hopes, and with A shepherd's daughter. Leon. Where's Bohemia ? speak. 185 Lord. Here in your city; I now came from him: I speak amazedly; and it becomes My marvel and my message. To Whiles he was hastening, in the chase, it seems, Of this fair couple, meets he on the way 190 The father of this seeming lady and Her brother, having both their country quitted With this young prince. Flo. Camillo has betray'd me; Whose honour and whose honesty till now Endured all weathers. Lord. Lay't so to his charge: 195 He's with the king your father. Leon. Who? Camillo? Lord. Camillo, sir ; I spake with him; who now Has these poor men in question. Never saw I Wretches so quake: they kneel, they kiss the earth; Forswear themselves as often as they speak: Bohemia stops his ears, and threatens them With divers deaths in death. Per. O my poor father! The heaven sets spies upon us, will not have Our contract celebrated. Leon. You are married ? Flo. We are not, sir, nor are we like to be ; 205 200 203. sets spies upon] which sets spics on Hanmer. 182. attach] arrest. 188. marvel) sense of wonder. 187. amasedly) confusediy. 202. deaths in death] tortures, each 187. it] my excited manner of speak. one of which is able to cause death. ing.

·112 THE WINTER'S TALE (ACT v.* 24 WAN The stars, I see, will kiss the valleys first: The odds for high and low's alike. Leon. My lord, Is this the daughter of a king? Flo. She is, When once she is my wife. Leon. That" once," I see by your good father's speed, 110 Will come on very slowly. I am sorry, Most sorry, you have broken from his liking, Where you were tied in duty; and as sorry Your choice is not so rich in worth as beauty, That you might well enjoy her. Flo. Dear, look up: 215 Though Fortune, visible an enemy, Should chase us with my father, power no jot Hath she to change our loves. Beseech you, sir, Remember since you owed no more to time Than I do now: with thought of such affections, 220 Step forth mine advocate; at your request My father will grant precious things as trifles. Leon. Would he do so, I'ld beg your precious mistress, Which he counts but a trifle. Paul. Sir, my liege, Your eye hath too much youth in 't; not a month 225 'Fore your queen died, she was more worth such gazes Than what you look on now. Leon. I thought of her, Even in these looks I made. [To Florisel] But your petition Is yet unanswer'd. I will to your father : Your honour not o'erthrown by your desires, 230 I am friend to them and you : upon which errand I now go toward him ; therefore follow me And mark what way I make : come, good my lord. Exeunt. 214. worth) birth Warburton, Hanmer. 216. Fortune, visible) Fortune visible, Hanmer. 228. [To Florizel] Theobald. 207. The odds alike] The pro- Johnson says, "* Worth ' signifies any bable mcaning of the line is, Fortune's kind of worthiness, and among others chances are the same for the high-born that of high descent." as the low-born-Fortune will not show 219. since) when. special favour to princes. 230. Your honour ) The clause 214. worth) Warburton's substitution is hypothetical—"If your honour be not of birth for worth is quite needless ; as overthrown by your desires."

·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 118 5 SCENE II.--Before Leontes' Palace. Enter Autolycus and a Gentleman. Aut. Beseech you, sir, were you present at this relation? First Gent. I was by at the opening of the fardel, heard the old shepherd deliver the manner how he found it: whereupon, after a little amazedness, we were all commanded out of the chamber; only this methought I heard the shepherd say, he found the child. Aut. I would most gladly know the issue of it. First Gent. I make a broken delivery of the business ; but the changes I perceived in the king and Camillo were very notes of admiration : they seemed almost, with staring on one another, to tear the cases of their eyes; there was speech in their dumbness, language. in their very gesture; they looked as they had heard of a world ransomed, or one destroyed : a notable passion of wonder appeared in them; but the wisest beholder, that knew no more but seeing, could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow; but in the extremity of the one, it must needs be. IO 15 SCRNE II. 2. First Gent.] Gent 1, Ff. SCENE 11. Hermione." One has, indeed, the feel ing that, if the scene of the daughter's I, this relation] Shakespeare saw fit restoration to her father had been reto inforın his readers of the discovery presented directly, the later restoration of Perdita's true rank and of her resto. of the wife would have been somewhat ration to her father by means of a of the nature of an anticlimax. Shaker Bimple narrative between Autolycus and speare decided, therefore, to pass lightly certain " gentlemen," instead of by the over the former scene, in order that the direct method of dramatic representa- full force of the latter might be felt, tion. Various explanations of this and in order that the dramatic tension method of procedure have been given. might culminate in the final scene of Thus, Johnson is of the opinion that it the play. kwas to save time and spare labour, 4. after a little amasedness) when the while Furness asks the question, "Is it King and Camillo had recovered from not allowable to suppose that Shake their first shock of amazement. speare was afraid of his actors ? He II. notos of admiration] exclamations knew, pone so well, how easily deep of wonder; literally, notes of exclamaand tragic emotion may be converted tion (I). by a single false expression into not 12-3. cases of their eyes] eyelids; merely comedy, but even farce." Har- compare Pericles, III. ii. 99:- ness seems to get nearer to the true “ Behold motive when be says, Probably this Her eyelids, cases to those heavenly scene is given in narrative that the parajewels." mount interest of the play may rest, as 17. but seeing)than what he could sce. it ought to do, with the restoration of 18. importance) import, meaning. 8 ·114 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. 25 Enter another Gentleman, Here comes a gentleman that haply knows more. 20 The news, Rogero ? Sec. Gent. Nothing but bonfires: the oracle is fulfilled ; the king's daughter is found : such a deal of wonder is broken out within this hour, that ballad-makers cannot be able to express it. Enter a third Gentleman. Here comes the Lady Paulina's steward: he can deliver you more. How goes it now, sir? this news which is called true is so like an old tale, that the verity of it is in strong suspicion: has the king found his heir ? 30 Third Gent. Most true, if ever truth were pregnant by circumstance: that which you hear you 'R swear you see, there is such unity in the proofs. The mantle of Queen Hermione's, her jewel about the neck of it, the letters of Antigonus found with it, which they 35 know to be his character, the majesty of the creature in resemblance of the mother, the affection of nobleness which nature shows above her breeding, and many other evidences proclaim her with all certainty to be the king's daughter. Did you see the meeting 40 of the two kings? Sec. Gent. No. Third Gent. Then have you lost a sight, which was to be seen, cannot be spoken of. There might you have beheld one joy crown another, so and in such manner, 45 that it seemed sorrow wept to tako leave of them, for their joy waded in tears. There was casting up of eyes, holding up of hands, with countenance of 20. haply] Collier; happily, Ff. 22. Sec. Gent.) Gent 2, Ff (and throughout). 31. Third Gent.] Gent 3. Ff (and throughout). 34. Hermione's] Capell; Herniones Ff; Hormione Rowe. 24. ballad-makers] Notable events, cogent by circumstantial evidence; at a time when newspapers did not compare the use of the adverb pregexist, were frequently related in ballad nantly in Timon, 1. i. 93 :- form, and carried through the country "A thousand moral paintings I can by ballad-mongers; compare 2 Henry show, IV. iv. iii. 46: “I beseech your grace, That shall demonstrate these quick let it be booked with the rest of this blows of Fortune's day's deeds; or, by the Lord, I will More pregnantly than words." have it in a particular ballad elec, with 36. character handwriting. mine own picture on the top on 't, Colem 37. affection) quality, natural disposivile kissing my foot." tion. 31. pregnant by circumstance) made 48. countenance] As frequently in ·sc. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 115 such distraction, that they were to be known by garment, not by favour. Our king, being ready to 50 Jeap out of himself for joy of his found daughter, as if that joy were now become a loss, cries “0, thy mother, thy mother!" then asks Bohemia forgiveness ; then embraces his son-in-law; then again worries he his daughter with clipping her; now he thanks the 55 old shepherd, which stands by like a weather-bitten conduit of many kings' reigns. I never heard of such another encounter, which lames report to follow it, and undoes description to do it. Sec. Gent. What, pray you, became of Antigonus, that 60 carried hence the child ? Third Gent. Like an old tale still, which will have matter to rehearse, though credit be asleep and not an ear open. He was torn to pieces with a bear: this avouches the shepherd's son; who has not only his 65 innocence, which seems much, to justify him, but a handkerchief and rings of his that Paulina knows. First Gent. What became of his bark and his followers ? Third Gent. Wrecked the same instant of their master's death and in the view of the shepherd: so that all 70 the instruments which aided to expose the child were even then lost when it was found. But O, the noble combat that 'twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina! She had one eye declined for the loss of her husband, another elevated that the oracle was 75 fulfilled: she lifted the princess from the earth, and so locks her in embracing, as if she would pin her to her heart that she might no more be in danger of losing. First Gent. The dignity of this act was worth the audi- 80 ence of kings and princes ; for by such was it acted. 56. weather-bitten) Ff 1, 2; weather-beaten Ff 3, 4. 59. do] draw Hanmer ; show Collier MS. 62. matter) matters F 4. 69. Wrecked] Wrackt Ff. 77. locks] lock'd Hanmer, 79. losing) losing her Collier MS. Shakespeare, this word has not the 56. weather-bitten) corroded by the concrete meaning, but the weather. The reading of the first two original abstract meaning, “demean- Folios is preferable to the weather heater ; compare As You Like It, II. vii. of F 3 and F 4. Ritson points out that 108: "the countenance of stern com- the phrase "winter-bitten epitaph mandment." occurs in the Preface to Gerilcon of 50. ſavour] features. England, Part ii. (1592). 55. clipping) embracing ; compare 59. do] There is no need to substitute King Fohn, v. ii. 34: Neptune's either draw or show for do; do is here arms, who clippeth thee about." used in the sense of "express.' " face," our 2 ·116 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. go, marble as Third Gent. One of the prettiest touches of all, and that which angled for mine eyes, caught the water though not the fish, was when, at the relation of the queen's death, with the manner how she came to 't bravely 85 confessed and lamented by the king, how attentiveness wounded his daughter; till, from one sign of dolour to another, she did, with an " Alas," I would fain say, bleed tears, for I am sure my heart wept blood. Who was most marble there changed colour, some 90 swooned, all sorrowed: if all the world could have seen 't, the woe had been universal. First Gent. Are they returned to the court? Third Gent. No: the princess hearing of her mother's statue, which is in the keeping of Paulina,--a piece 95 many years in doing and now newly performed by that rare Italian master, Julio Romano, who, had 83-4. caught fish) om. by Warburton and Hanmer. there] F 3; marble, there Ff 1, 2; marble there, F 4. 91. swooned] Pope swownded Ff 1, 2; swounded Ff 3, 4. 83-4. caught the water though not the as a master in the three arts of paintfish] Warburton regarded these words ing, sculpture and architecture; in the a most stupid interpolation of some second of these we read : “Videbat player that angled for a witticism." Jupiter corpora sculpta pictaque spirare, But Warburton forgot that Shakespeare aedes mortalium aequarier coelo Julii liked nothing better than to make virtute Romani." It is not easy to gentlemen of the court indulge in af. determine exactly how Shakespeare fected, euphuistic language. He dis- gained his knowledge of the Italian cards the stilted utterance of Greene's artist. Elze, who is of the opinion that Pandosto except where, as in this scene, Shakespeare had travelled in Italy, the speakers are courtiers. compares the phrase vidcbat Yupiter 90. most marble] Compare Antony and corpora sculpta spirare with the Cleopatra, v. ii. 240: "Now from head words " and could put breath into his to foot I am marble constant." work" in lines 98-9, and thinks that 96. per formed] completed; compare Shakespeare nad either read Vasari's Caxton, Mirror of the World, 1. XX: work-which was not translated into “The sonne hath perfourmed his cours English until 1850-or, more probably, round aboute tharthe. had read the inscription at Mantua in 97. Julio Romano] This reference which the above words appear, H. to the Tearjan painter of the sixteenth Grecn (Shakespeare and the Emblem century, who was the disciple of Raphael Writers, p. 211), on the other hand, is and died in 1546, has been subjected to of the opinion that he may have scen much criticism and some censure. It something of Julio Romano's works in may at once be confessed that Shake. London: " Whether any of Julio speare was guilty of a daring anachron- Romano's works were in England during ism, but that was a matter which con. the reign of Elizabeth we cannot affirm cerned him very little. Warburton's positively; but as there were sixteen charge that he represents Julio Romano by Julio Romano' in the fine collection as a sculptor, instead of a painter, seems at Whitehall, made or rather increased however to fall to the ground: for by Charles I., of which Henry VIII. had Elze in his Essays on Shakespeare (trans. formed the nucleus, it is very probable Dora Schmitz, p. 284) aptly quotes from there were in England some by that Vasari's life of Julio Romano two Latin master as early as the writing of the epitaphs in which Romano is represented Winter's Tale, or even before."

·SC. 11.] THE WINTER'S TALE 117 . he himself eternity and could put breath into his : work, would beguile Nature of her custom, so perfectly he is her ape: he so near to Hermione hath done 100 Hermione, that they say one would speak to her and stand in hope of answer :-thither with all greediness of affection are they gone, and there they intend to sup. Sec. Gent. I thought she had some great matter there in 105 hand; for she hath privately twice or thrice a day, ever since the death of Hermione, visited that removed house. Shall we thither and with our company piece the rejoicing ? First Gent, Who would be thence that has the benefit of i10 access ? Every wink of an eye, some new grace will be born : our absence makes us unthrifty to our knowledge. Let's along. [Exeunt Gentlemen. Aut. Now, had I not the dash of my former life in me, would preferment drop on my head. I brought the 115 old man and his son aboard the prince; told him I heard them talk of a fardel and I know not what: but he at that time overfond of the shepherd's daughter, so he then took her to be, who began to be much sea-sick, and himself little better, extremity of 120 weather continuing, this mystery remained undiscovered. But 'tis all one to me ; for had I been the finder out of this secret, it would not have relished among my other discredits. Enter Shepherd and Clown. Here come those I have done good to against my 125 will, and already appearing in the blossoms of their fortune. Shep. Come, boy; I am past moe children, but thy sons and daughters will be all gentlemen born, Clo. You are well met, sir. You denied to fight with me 130 this other day, because I was no gentleman born. 113. (Exeunt Gentlemen] Capell; Exit Ff; Exeunt Rowe. 128. moe] Fi; mure Ff 2, 3, 4. 131. this other] the other Hanmer. 99. custom] trade. 112. unthrifty to our knowledge] not 102-3. grccdiness of affection] eager eager to increase our knowledge. desire. 119. so] as. rog. piece) piece out, augment; com 123. relishod] found acceptance. pare the use of the form pioce up in v. 130. denied] refused. 131. gentleman born] Douce quotes the following passage from The Booke iii. 56.

·118 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. See you these clothes ? say you see them not and think me still no gentleman born: you were best say these robes are not gentleman born: give me the lie, do, and try whether I am not now a gentleman born. 135 Aut. I know you are now, sir, a gentleman born. Clo. Ay, and have been so any time these four hours. Shep. And so have I, boy. Clo. So you have: but I was a gentleman born before my father; for the king's son took me by the hand, and 140 called me brother; and then the two kings called my father brother; and then the prince my brother and the princess my sister called my father father; and so we wept, and there was the first gentleman-like tears that ever we shed. 145 Shep. We may live, son, to shed many more. Clo. Ay; or else 'twere hard luck, being in so preposterous estate as we are. Aut. I humbly besecch you, sir, to pardon me all the faults I have committed to your worship, and to give 150 me your good report to the prince my master. Shep. Prithee, son, do; for we must be gentle, now we are gentlemen. Clo. Thou wilt amend thy life? Aut. Ay, an it like your good worship. 155 Clo. Give me thy hand : I will swear to the prince thou art as honest a true fellow as any is in Bohemia, Shep. You may say it, but not swear it. Clo. Not swear it, now I am a gentleman? Let boors and franklins say it, I'll swear it. 160 Shep. How if it be false, son ? Clo. If it be ne'er so false, a true gentleman may swear it in the behalf of his friend : and I'll swear to the prince thou art a tall fellow of thy hands and that thou wilt not be drunk ; but I know thou art no tall 165 fellow of thy hands and that thou wilt be drunk : but 155. an] Hanmer; and Ff, of Honor and Armes (1590): "In saying the Prologue to the Canterbury, Fales a gentleman borne, we meane he must and Overbury's character-sketch, "A be descended from three degrees of Franklin," in his Characters (1614). gentry, both on the mother's and 164. tolli doughty, valiant ; comfather's side." pare Richard 111. (1. iv. 157): "Spoke 147. preposterous] He probably like a tall fellow." With the phrase, prosperous. "fellow of thy hands," compare Cot- 160. franklins) yeomen-farmers, 28 grave: "Homme à la main, a man of exin Chaucer's portrait of the Franklin in ecution, or valour; a man of his hands." means ·:sc. SC. 11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 119 I'll swear it, and I would thou wouldst be a tall fellow of thy hands. Aut. I will prove so, sir, to my power. Clo. Ay, by any means prove a tall fellow: if I do not 170 wonder how thou darest venture to be drunk, not being a tall fellow, trust me not. Hark! the kings and the princes, our kindred, are going to see the queen's picture. Come, follow us: we'll be thy good masters. [Exeunt. 175 SCENE III.-A chapel in Paulina's house, Enter LEONTES, POLIXENES, FLORIZEL, PERDITA, CAMILLO, PAULINA, Lords, and Attendants. Leon. O grave and good Paulina, the great comfort That I have had of thee ! Paul. What, sovereign sir, I did not well, I meant well. All my services You have paid home: but that you have vouchsafed, With your crown'd brother and these your contracted 5 Heirs of your kingdoms, my poor house to visit, It is a surplus of your grace, which never My life may last to answer. Leon. O Paulina, We honour you with trouble: but we came To see the statue of our queen : your gallery IO Have we pass'd through, not without much content In many singularities; but we saw not That which my daughter came to look upon, The statue of her mother. Paul. As she lived peerless, So her dead likeness, I do well believe, 15 Excels whatever yet you look'd upon, . 175. masters] F I; master Ff 2, 3, 4. SCENE 111. Enter Lcontes Attendants] Rowe; Enter Leontes ... Paulina : Hermione (like a Statue) : Lords, etc. Ff. SCENE III. from Macbeth to illustrate the use of the word "trouble" 5. With your contracted] Staun- • Herein I teach you ton, regarding the line as over-weighted, How you shall bid God 'ild you would delete the second "your.' for your pains, 7. surplus) overplus. And thank us for your trouble" 9. We honour you with trouble] (1. vi, 12-14). Furness adduces the following passage 12. singularities] rarities, rare works of art. . . .

·120 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT Or hand of man hath done; therefore I keep it Lonely, apart. But here it is: prepare To see the life as lively mock'd as ever Still sleep mock'd death: behold, and say 'tis well. 20 [Paulina draws a curtain, and discovers Hermione standing like a statue. I like your silence, it the more shows off Your wonder : but yet speak; first, you, my liege. Comes it not something near ? Leon. Her natural posture! Chide me, dear stone, that I may say indeed Thou art Hermione ; or rather, thou art she 25 In thy not chiding, for she was as tender As infancy and grace. But yet, Paulina, Hermione was not so much wrinkled, nothing So aged as this seems. Pol. O, not by much. Paul. So much the more our carver's excellence; 30 Which lets go by some sixteen years and makes her As she lived now. Leon. As now she might have done, So much to my good comfort, as it is Now piercing to my soul. O, thus she stood, Even with such life of majesty, warm life, 35 As now it coldly stands, when first I woo'd her! I am ashamed: does not the stone rebuke me For being more stone than it? O royal piece, There's magic in thy majesty, which has My evils conjured to remembrance, and From thy admiring daughter took the spirits, Standing like stone with thee. Per. And give me leave, And do not say 'tis superstition, that I kneel and then implore her blessing. Lady, Dear queen, that ended when I but began, 45 40 . 18. Lonely] Hanmer ; Louely F 1; Lovely Ff 2, 3, 4. 20. [Paulina Rowe. 41. thy) my Theobald. 44. then] thus Collier. 18. Lonely) This is Hanmer's emen 32. As] as if. dation for the Lovely of the Ff. 41. admiring] wondering, rapt with 28.9. nothing so aged] with this ad amazement. verbial use of " nothing," compare the 44. then) Collier's substitution of use of something " for "somewhat, thus for then is absolutely unwar. as in " I prattle something too wildly' ranted. (The Tempest, III. i. 58).

·SC. III.] THE WINTER'S TALE 121 Give me that hand of yours to kiss. Paul. O, patience! The statue is but newly fix'd, the colour's Not dry. Cam. My lord, your sorrow was too sore laid on, Which sixteen winters cannot blow away, 50 So many summers dry : scarce any joy Did ever so long live; no sorrow But kill'd itself much sooner. Pol. Dear my brother, Let him that was the cause of this have power To take off so much grief from you as he 55 Will piece up in himself. Paul. Indeed, my lord, If I had thought the sight of my poor image Would thus have wrought you-for the stone is mine- I'ld not have show'd it. Leon. Do not draw the curtain. Paul. No longer shall you gaze on 't, lest your fancy 60 May think anon it moves. Leon. Let be, let be. Would I were dead, but that, methinks, already- What was he that did make it ?--See, my lord, Would you not deem it breathed ? and that those veins Did verily bear blood Pol. Masterly done: 65 The very life seems warm upon her lip. 47. colour 's] colours Walker. 52. sorrow) sorrow, sir, Capell; sorrow ever Keightley. 58. is minr] i' th' mine Tyrwhitt. 62. already-) Rowe; alreadie. Fr; already. Ff 2, 3, 4; already I am but dead, stone looking upon stone Collier MS.; alrcady I'm in header, and looking on an angel Anon, apud Singer. 52. The line is metrically imperfect; recording uncompleted, and then turns hence Capell's proposal to add the his mind to something else. Various word sir after sorrow, and that of attempts have been made to complete Keightley to add cver. An anonymous the sentence, and in the Collier MS. conjecture, recorded in the Cambridge we find the following: Ed., runs " nor ever sorrow." " Would that I were dead, but that, 56. piece up] augment; compare methinks, already the use of the verb piece--without the I am but dead, stone looking upon up'-in v. ii. 109. The meaning of the whole phrase "will piece up in To this Staunton objected that the himself” is therefore “ will add to his words “Would I were dead own burden of sorrow." imprecation, and equivalent to“ Would 62. Would I were . .] In the Ff I may die "; his view was that the there is a full-stop at the end of this thought which Leontes wished to conline, for which Rowe substituted a dash vey was, "May I die, if I do not think in order to imply that Leontes deliber- it moves already." ately leaves the thought that he is 1) stone. are an ·122 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT V. 79 Leon. 80 Leon. The fixure of her eye has motion in 't, As we are mock'd with art. Paul. I'll draw the curtain: My lord 's almost so far transported that He'll think anon it lives. Leon. O sweet Paulina, Make me to think so twenty years together! No settled senses of the world can match The pleasure of that madness. Let't alone. Paul. I am sorry, sir, I have thus far stirr'd you: but I could afflict you farther. Do, Paulina; 75 For this affljction has a taste as sweet As any cordial comfort. Still, methinks, There is an air comes from her. What fine chisel Could ever yet cut breath? Let nö man mock me, For I will kiss her. Paul. Good my lord, forbear : The ruddiness upon her lip is wet ; You 'll mar it if you kiss it, stain your own With oily painting. Shall I draw the curtain ? Leon. No, not these twenty years. Per. So long could I Stand by, a looker on. Paul. Either forbear, Quit presently the chapel, or resolve you For more amazement. If you can behold it, I'll make the statue move indeed, descend And take you by the hand: but then you 'll think, Which I protest against, I am assisted 90 By wicked powers. Leon. What you can make her do, I am content to look on: what to speak, I am content to hear; for 'tis as easy To make her speak as move. Paul. It is required 67. Axure) fixture F 4. 68. As] And Capell; So Mason. 68. are] were Rowe. 73. Let'd) Ff. 1, 2; Let's Ff 3, 4. 75. farther] Ft 1, 2; further Ff 3. 4. 8o. my) me F 2. 67. The Axure. motion in 't] " This dreadful Commet Deighton paraphrases: " Though the Whose glorious Axure in so faire eye, as the eye of a statue, is necessarily fixed, yet it seems to have motion." 68. As we are mock'd) for so we are The carliest recorded use of the word mocked. Axuperancalier, form of fixture. mis 86. presently) immediately. K Drayton's Barons Wars, i. 33 :- 85 a sky."

·..SC. TIL.] THE WINTER'S TALE 128 . You do awake your faith. Then all stand still ; 95 On: those that think it is unlawful business I am about, let them depart. Leon. Proceed: No foot shall stir. Paul. Music, awake her; strike! [Music. 'Tis time; descend; be stone no more; approach; Strike all that look upon with marvet. Come, 100 I'll fill your grave up: stir, nay, come away, Bequeath to death your numbness, for from him Dear life redeems you. You perceive she stirs : [Hermione comes down. Start not; her actions shall be holy as You hear my spell is lawful: do not shun her 105 Until you see her die again; for then You kill her double. Nay, present your hand : When she was young you woo'd her; now in age Is she become the suitor? Leon. O, she's warm! If this be magic, let it be an art IIO Lawful as eating. Pol. She embraces him. Cam. She hangs about his neck: If she pertain to life let her speak too. Pol. Ay, and make 't manifest where she has lived, Or how stolen from the dead. Paul. That she is living, 115 Were it but told you, should be hooted at Like an old tale: but it appears she lives, Though yet she speak not. Mark a little while. •Please you to interpose, fair madam : kneel And pray your mother's blessing. Turn, good lady; 120 Our Perdita is found, Her, You gods, look down, And from your sacred vials pour your graces 26. On: those] Ff; And those, Pope; Or those, Hanmer. 98. [Music] Rowe. 100. upon) on you Hanmer. 103. (Hermione. .) Rowe. 109. suitor ] Ff; suitor. Rowe. 114. make 't] Capell; make it Ff. 122. vials) Pope; viols Ft. 96. On: thosc] The fact that in the word 01 as “ Forward." * Let us go Ff on is followed by a colon makes it forward with our work." impossible to agree with Hanmer that 100. look upon) look on. For this it is a misprint for Or. Various other adverbial use of upon, see Abbott, 8 192. emendations have been suggested, but 107. double) twice over. it seems quite natural to interpret the ·124 THE WINTER'S TALE [ACT. Paul. Upon my daughter's head! Tell me, mine own, Where hast thou been preserved? where lived ? how found Thy father's court? for thou shalt hear that I, 125 Knowing by Paulina that the oracle Gave hope thou wast in being, have preserved Myself to see the issue. There's time enough for that; Lest they desire upon this push to trouble Your joys with like relation. Go together, 1 30 You precious winners all; your exultation Partake to every one. I, an old turtle, Will wing me to some wither'd bough, and there My mate, that's never to be found again, Lament till ! am lost. Leon. O, peace, Paulina! 1 35 Thou shouldst a husband take by my consent, As I by thine a wife: this is a match, And made between 's by vows. Thou hast found mine ; But how, is to be question'd; for I saw her, As I thought, dead; and have in vain said many 140 A prayer upon her grave. I'll not seek far,-. For him, I partly know his mind, -to find thee An honourable husband. Come, Camillo, And take her by the hand, whose worth and honesty Is richly noted and here justified 145 31 71 129. Løst] Ff 3, 4; Least Ff 1, 2. 144. by the] omit Collier MS. 129. upon this push] at this emer "A turtle sate upon a leaveless tree, gency; compare Macbeth, v. ii. 20: Mourning her absent pheare, * This push will cheer me ever, or dis With sad and sorrie chcare Beat me now; also Foxe's Acts and 135. lust) Furness is of the opinion Monuments, 729 : “He closely kept that the word lost "albcit used in a himselfe between botbe, till the pushe different sense, was probably suggested came, that his belpe might serve at a by the fate of Antigonus referred to in pinch." the preceding line. 130. with like relation] with a simi. 144. fake her by the hand) Collier, lar narrative. agreeing with the marginal emenda- 132. Partake to] share with; com tions in his copy of the second Folio, pare Pericles, 1. i. 153 : “Our mind would omit the words b;' the, and adds partakes her private actions to your that " we may be confident that they secrecy.' had been foisted into the text." Those 132. 1, an old turtle] In writing these who are acquainted with the way in lines Shakespeare may have had in which unemphatic words are slurred mind the following passage from over in Shakespearean blank verse will Lodge's Rosalynde, the work upon be content to let them stand. which he had based his As You Like 144. whose worth ...) M. Mason suggests that these words refer, not to Paulina, but to Camillo. 145. richly noted in high reputation, It :- ·11.) THE WINTER'S TALE 125 By us, a pair of kings. Let 's from this place. What I look upon my brother: both your pardons, That e'er I put between your holy looks My ill suspicion. This your son-in-law, And son unto the king, whom heavens directing, 150 Is troth-plight to your daughter. Good Paulina, Lead us from hence, where we may leisurely Each one demand, and answer to his part Perform'd in this wide gap of time, since first We were dissever'd: hastily lead away. 155 [Exeunt. 149. This) This is Keightley, Hudson, etc. ; This' Walker. heavens directing,) from heav'n's directing, Hanmer; who, heavens directing, 150. whom Capell; (whom heavens directing,) Malone. 155. W were Ft 1, 2; Were Ff 3, 4. 13 147. look upon my brother] These under the guidance of heaven he is words are, of course, addressed to pledged to marry your daughter. With Hermione, the irregular construction, " whom 149-51. This yout daughter] heavens directing, Is troth-plight: The construction is involved, but the cf. Tempest, III. ii. 92–"Young meaning is fairly clear: this is your Ferdinand whom they suppose son-in-law and the son of Polixenes; drowned"; and see Abbott, $ 410. 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