·सम्पादक: (Editor) :
Ferraar: (VISHVA BANDHU),
शास्त्री (Shastri), M.A., M.O.L. (पंजाब Pb.),
"O.d'A. (फ्रांस Fr.), Kt.C.T. (इटली It.)
भारते होश्यारपुरे
वि. वै. शो. संस्थानके मुद्रणालये मुद्राप्य
विश्वेश्वरानन्दवैदिकशोधसंस्थान-कृते
विद्याभास्करण शास्त्रिणा देवदत्तेन प्राकाशि
Prirted at
The V. V. R. INSTITUTE PRESS
ard Published for
The Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute
By DEVA DATTA, Shastri, V. B.,
at Hoshiarpur (India).

·वि. भा. ग्रन्थमाला-४
V.I. Series-4
गगिका-वृत्त-संग्रहः
Or
Texts on Courtezans in Classical Sanskrit
Compiled and Presented
By
Ludwik Sternbach, LL. D.
होश्यारपुरे
(HOSHIARPUR)
विश्वेश्वरानन्दसंस्थान-प्रकाशनमण्डलम्
(Vishveshvaranand Institute Publications)

·सर्वेऽधिकाराः सुरक्षिताः
प्रकाशक-संकेतः,
विश्वेश्वरानन्द-चैदिक-शोध-संस्थानम्
साधु-आश्रमः, होश्यारपुरं (भारते)
प्रथमं संस्करणम् , १६५३
B
All Rights' Reserved
Publishers:
VISHVESHVARANAND VEDIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
Sadhu Ashram, HOSHIARPUR (India)
First Edition, 1953

·EDITOR'S PREFACE During the past many years, Dr. Ludwik Sternbach has taken a keen and sustained interest in studying certain special sociological aspects of the Sanskrit literature. As a fruit of this great interest, his prolific pen has produced a large number of serial papers, entitled, 'Juridical Studies in Ancient Indian Law,' which have been published in different Oriental research journals. One on the subject of "Legal Position of Women whose Husbands live on their Earnings" being No. 18 of the said serial of his papers appeared in the Part II (pages 295-303) of our Institute publication, "Siddha-Bhārati''or "The Rosary of Indology" (November, 1950). Towards the end of March, 1951, he requested the present writer that a compilation of some 700 original texts which he had made from Classical Sanskrit literature towards a comprehensive survey of the life and social position of courtezans and arranged with preambles and foot-notes thereto might be included in our Institute publications. That wish of his is now being fulfilled by the issue of the present volume as one of our Institute publications. The editorial treatment accorded at the Institute to this work included (1) transliteration of the said texts into Devanāgari character, (2) revision of the text-script by comparing it with the relevant originals, (3) pruning down of the Critical Apparatus through removal of all pseudo-variants, born of usual clerical mistakes, (4) minor re-arrangement of text-groups, and (5) retouching of bibliographical entries. "Additions, Alterations and Corrections" at the end represent mainly, the post-print suggestions of the author. It is regretted that an additional supply by the author of some 300 texts from Sanskrit works not utilised before, was received when it had. become too late for the purpose of incorporation of the same in the present edition of this work. And, in sending out this volume, it is my pleasant duty to express my gratitude to the author for having managed to return from distant New York his final corrections regularly and without much loss of time. Likewise, I very much appreciate the hard work that my immediate assistant, Prof. Bhim Dev and other colleagues, namely, Syts. Amar Nath, Madan Mohan, Shrikanth and Durga Datt had to do in connection with the final preparation and publication of this book. The Printing Department of the Institute has also done full justice to the printing and hinding of this volume which, it is to be hoped, will meet with general satisfaction. VISHVA BANDHU V. V. R. Institute, Hoshiarpur, June 24, 1953.

·No text on this page.

·CONTENTS Page V .. 3 0. 9 15 ... 19 u. 35 44 10. 99 58 ... OU. 64 Editor's Preface Introduction Texts :- Chap. I. On the Company of Courtezans 1-32 II. On General Characteristics of Courtezans 33-47 III. On Courtezans' Passion for Money 48-132 IV. On Courtezans' Habit of Exploiting Men 133-179 V. On Courtezans' Ensnaring Tricks 180-267 VI. On Qualities of Courtezans : Beauty and Youth 268-302 . VII. On Courtezans' Obligation to Many and Any 303-358 VIII. On Other Bad Qualities of Courtezans : (a) Instability and Fickleness 359-450 (6) Heartlessness and Lack of Affection 451-469 (c) Deceitfulness, Slyness and Untruthfulness 470-513... (d) Faithlessness 514-538 (e) Miscellaneous 539-550 IX. On Courtezans and Their Houses being Dangerous 551-566 X. On Intercourse with Courtezans being Perilous 567-605 XI. On Warnings to avoid Courtezans 606-680 XII. On Paramours Suitable for Courtezans 681-692 XIII. On Procuresses, Barbers and Vitas 693.706 XIV. On Courtezans in Love 707-734 Appendix-Similes and Metaphors Abbreviations 1-Index of Texts and Quotations II_Index of Subjects Additions, Alterations and Corrections 73 88 92 100 104 ... DO 107 ... .. 110 119 10. 133 135 137 143 152 165 173 ... 175 .. ..

·No text on this page.

·गणिका-वृत्त-संग्रहः (Texts on Courtezans in Classical Sanskrit)

·No text on this page.

·INTRODUCTION 1. The Sanskrit literature has reached its apogee in its didactic poetry, with its polished reflective stanzas of elevated śatakas, or highly finished subhāṣitas which are pithy aphorisms of proverbial philosophy and are like miniature word-paintings. Dzep thoughts are masterfully incorporated in the two-verse measures-slokas. We find hundreds of such stanzas not only in the Mahabharata but throughout the whole range of Sanskrit literature. They are not only collected in special compendia (subhāşitasasngraha, subhāșitasaindoha ctc.) but are scattered throughout the entire Sanskrit literature. The poets, it seems, used to weave into their masterworks such didactic stanzas. 2. The subject and practice of courtezanship has often been not only touched upon but also accurately and precisely described in the classical Sanskrit literature. In consequence, we find hundreds of stanzas dealing with this topic. The following Chapters are comprised of aphorisms, maxims, or thoughts found by the writer worthy of quoting. 3. Aphorisms, like proverbs, however quaintly expressed contain the essence of some moral truth or practical lesson, They are drawn from real life and are generally the fruit of philosophy grafted on the stem of experience. They furnish an index to the spirit of a nation and are the result of its civilization. Maxims, being the condensed good sense of nations and men, reveal peculiar traits of their character), while the wisdom of the wise and the experience of the ages is preserved by quotations, Every aphorism, maxim or quotation, contributes something to the stability or enlargement of a languages. Though Sanskrit is one of the richest languages in the world it still seems that a collection, however incomplete, of its aphorisms, maxims and quotations on one subject, cannot fail to throw some further side-light on the genius, wit and spirit of the Indian people. 1. Comparc J. Christian ; Behar Proverbs. 2. Compare Sir James Makintosh quoted in Broom : Legal Maxims. 3. Compare Vauvenergues : Reflections. 4. Compare Isaac'd Israeli : Curiosities of Literature, 5. Compare S. Johnson : Dictionary (Preface).

·INTRODUCTION 4. This collection, from classical Sanskrit, of aphorisms, maximns and quotations on courtezanship is certainly incomplete, although it presents more than seven hundred sayings. It is practically impossible to make a complete collection of sayings worth quoting from Sanskrit literature because of its richness and because many texts have not yet been edited; the greatest handicap, however, for persons not living in India, is the inaccessibility of many Sanskrit texts, even if they have already been published. 5. In this paper the author does not intend to cdit the text of the sayings critically or provide their English translation; the purpose of this edi. tion is to collect the aphorisms in one set, and subsequently group them in accordance with the topic treated in each individual saying. The process of grouping is attestedly a most difficult task and an arrangement of this type can never be quite satisfactory, since the same aphorism may be viewed from various angles and accordingly classified under various headings. Indeed, sometimes, the same text would have to be included in two or more chapters, or one sloka divided in two or more parts; but an effort has been made to quote a particular text once only, choosing its most important topic and giving cross-references in footnotes, It is also felt that the short preamble to each quotation is incomplete, since it does not give the translation of the stanza but merely indicates its principal thought. It is, however, to be pointed out that this paper is primarily meant for Sanskrit scholars and not for popular use. The author gives in Latin the necessary preamble to some stanzas which might seem objectionable to a contemporary reader, although they were completely harmless to the people among and for whom they were composed. 6. Since the texts have been taken from different sources and were written in various epochs by different authors, they are very often contradictory. Different points of view, for instance, have been expressed in connection with some main topics by the hyper-critical, severe and castigating Jaina monk Amitagati and the benign Vātsyāyana, the author of the Kamasutra who is ready to praise any kind of love. 7. It should also be noted that not all the texts quoted in this paper refer explicitly to courtezans as such. They, sometimes, refer to women in general or to unchaste women, but per analogiam refer also to courtezans. Sometimes, texts of this type have been quoted because they help in the 1. The texts are reproduced as they have been published in thc various editions given in the ‘Abbreviations' and give, in some cases, different readings and variants. 2. In principle, when an aphorism or saying is found in many texts, one of them has been quoted as the main source and the rest have been mentioned in the footnotes.

·INTRODUCTION 5 clearer understanding of some other texts directly connected with the subject. 8. In this short introduction the author wishes to express his gratitude to the Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute for accepting his paper for publication and, in particular, its Honorary Director and Editor, Professor Dr. Vish va Bandhu Shastri, with whom he had the honour and pleasure of discussing his manuscript during his stay in Amritsar in September 1951. The author wishes also to record his indebtedness to the assistant Editor Professor Bhima Deva Shastri and other members of the editorial staff of the Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute who undertook the arduous task of revising his entire manuscript and transcribing the ślokas in devanāgari. The excellent form of presentation of the booklet is wholly due to the work done by them. With the exception of the final correction, all corrections of this very difficult manuscript were also done by them with great care and deep knowledge of the subject, for which the author expresses his most profound thanks. 1. In 1945, in the "Supplement to Bhāratiya Vidyā Miscellany" (pp. 1-19), the last instalment of the author's “Ves'yā ; Synonyms and Aphorisms" containing some one hundered aphorisms appeared. In the "Second Supplement to Ves'yı ; Synonyms and Aphorisms" (Bhāratiya Vidya, Vol. XI, Nos. 1-2), the author stated that the number of aphorisms collected by him in the meantime necessitated editing them anew,

·No text on this page.

·TEXTS

·No text on this page.

·CHAPTER I On the Company of Courtezans (i) According to the teachings of the Kamasutras, the acts of kama are of the samc importance as eating, since success in life depends on boch of them; they are the fruit of dharma and artha : 1. शरीरस्थितिहेतुत्वादाहारसधर्माणो हि कामाः, फलभूताश्च धर्मार्थयोः ॥ VKS. XXV. 2-3. For, not to deprive the sense-organs of their natural functioning is held to be the highest dutyl : 2. भूतेन्द्रियानभिद्रोहो धर्मों हि परमो मतः । अतो जातिस्मरा पुत्रि जाताऽहमिह जन्मनि ॥ SKSS. II. 13. 134 Though sexual intercourse with one's own wife is held nccessary for the perpctuation of the family, sexual intercourse with courtezans is suggesteel for avoiding sickness (i. c. excessive sexual desire): 3. दाररतिः संततये व्याधिप्रशमाय चेटिकाश्लेषः। DK. 789a Certainly, nothing is to be said against an ordinary fellow if he falls a victim, under the charm of a courtezan, to an extreme desire for her, when we find that even the cognition of reality as acquired by adepts in meditation can hardly withstand the spell of her cnchanting glance: 4. का गणना विषयवशे पुंसि वराके वराङ्गनास्पृहया । व्याजेन वीक्षमाणा ध्यानधियां स्पृशति सज्ज्ञानम् ॥ DK. 835. 1. "The ascetic said, "My daughter, in a former birth I and that bitch were the two wives of a certain Brahman who frequently went about to other countries on embassies by order of the king. Now, while he was away from home, I lived with other men at my plcasure, and so did not defraud my sense-organs (lit. media of lifeexpression) of their natural enjoyment. For, considerate functioning of the sense-organs is held to be the highest duty......" (HK. XIII. 130-4), 2. Compare कण्डप्रशमाय KM. UI.99 TC.2 ·10 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT It may be good for one who after keeping sexual excitement under check resorts to a courtezan and, thereby, attains at night, may be as a reward of his penance, bliss without a second : 5. स्तम्भितमनोभवमदो धन्यो भजते सनर्मदारोधः। नित्यं तपस्यतो निशि किं नाऽऽनन्दादयानुभूतिः स्यात् ? RR. 82 (ii) Every man finds pleasure in intercourse with courtcgans whose life is devoted to giving such pleasure to their paramours : 6. जात्यैव कामिजनरञ्जनजीवितासु, वेशोपचारनिरतासु ससौरभासु। कामप्रमोदम(?भ)म(?व)कासु सविभ्रमासु, वेश्यासु कस्य न रतिः सततस्मितासु ॥ KS. VIII. 94 Though lode-stones and courtezans' hearts are hard, they attract iron and men when they are in their neighbourhood : 7. परमार्थकठोरा अपि विषयगतं लोहकं मनुष्यं च। चुम्बकपाषाणशिला रूपाजीवाश्च कर्षन्ति ॥ DK. 319 Women are likened to a pot of butter whild men arc likened to live-coal. When the coal and the pot are brought togсther, the butter melts; such is the nature of women and men' : 8. "भो राजन् ! अहं तस्य तपोविघ्नं करिष्यामि, मया वश्यं कर्तुं किमद्भुतं वर्तते ? सौन्दर्यलावण्येन मुनि मोहयिष्यामि । अस्मिन्नगरे ये मां पश्यन्ति, ते मोहिता भवन्ति । उकं च-घृतकुम्भसमा नारी, तप्ताङ्गारसमः पुमान् । संश्लेषाद् द्रवते कुम्भः, तद्वत् स्त्रीपुंस-भाविता ॥ S'V. p. 1 : 22-27%3B and III. 10 and, therefore, according to NH., wise men should not keep togcthcr these two: 9. घृतकुम्भसमा नारी तप्ताङ्गारसमः पुमान् । तस्माद् घृतं च वह्निं च नैकत्र स्थापयेद् वुधः ॥ NH. I. 120 1. लोहमिव पुरुषं KM. III. 60. 2. Courtezans know that they befool men. Compare also the story of Rși Marici and of Kāmamañjarı in DD. ( Apahāravarman's Adventure ). 3. पुरुषश्चाऽग्निवर्चसः 'V. III. 10. 4. Compare BhP. VII. 12, 9 and SB. 228 [62] reading : अग्निकुण्डसमा नारी घृतकुम्भसमो नरः । संगमेन परस्त्रीणां कस्य न चलते मनः ॥

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER I 11 But men needing attachment to women look for sexual intercourse and seck after courtezans; not the contrary. In the same way, bees scek mango flowers, not the mango flowers bees : 10. येषां श्लाघ्यं यौवनमभिमुखतामुपगतो विधिर्येषाम् । फलितं येषां 'सुकृतैर्जीवितसुखितार्थिता येषाम् ॥ DK. 279 II. तेऽवश्यं स्वयमेव त्वामनुवघ्नन्ति मदनसा(?श)रभिन्नाः। नहि मधुलिहः कृशोदरि मृग्यन्ते चूतमार्या ॥ Ibid, 280 12. नर्मदामनु तपस्यशान्तहृद्धृष्टधीरसिकतामये क्वचित् । संसृताविह परात्मयोगकृत् किं तदन्यदपि कर्म शर्मणे ? RR.9 Men enjoy the passion of love to a particular degree with courtezans, since they are full of passion, and men's pleasure depends on the amount of passion given to them: 13. गुणवती ललिताऽपि न शोभते तनुतरार्थकदर्थनयान्विता । सुकविसूक्तिरिवार्थवती परं ब्रजति वेशवधूः स्पृहणीयताम् ॥ KS. IV. 132 14. 'तस्मादात्माभिगमनविविधनिमित्तं विधार्यते केन । निजपरपण्यस्त्रीणां रागाधीनं तु हृदयनिर्वहणम् ॥ DK. 499 Courtezans create in their paramours a unique emotion, that is, of deception and bewilderment: 15. स्पृशति स्वरूपमुग्धं शश्वदसत्यद्वितीयभावेन । भ्रमयति विकलयतीदं दृश्यञ्जनमात्ममायया कलितम् || RR. 28 16. which also gives to them unlimited pleasure : अप्युद्दामव्यसनसरणेः संगमे कामुकानां, भद्रं भद्रे भुवनजयिनस्त्वत्कलाकौशलस्य । अप्युत्साहप्रचुरसुहृदः कामकेलीनिवासाः, प्रौढोत्साहास्तव सुवदने स्वस्तिमन्तो विलासाः॥ KS. I.24 which causes them to forget other women: 17. किंतु तासां कलाकेलिकुशलानां मनोरमम् । विस्मारितापरस्त्रीक' सुरतं जायते यथा ॥ RST. I. 126 2. Compare मदनशर DKB. 1. सुकृतं DKB. 3. V. 1. मधुलेहाः सुन्दरि 5. निवार्य ,DKB. 7. V.1. विस्मितानां पर 4. तस्मादस्वाभिगमनं DKB. V. 1. °केलिः 6.

·12 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT This pleasure given by them to men became so proverbial that we find many aphorisms which say that the necessary quality of good wives is to behave in bed like courtezans : 18. कोपे दासी, रतौ वेश्या, भोजने जननीसमा । मन्त्रिणी विपदः काले, सा भार्या प्राणवल्लभा ॥ CS. 87 19. कार्येषु मंत्री, करणेषु दासी, स्नेहेषु माता, शयनेषु वेश्या । धर्माऽनुकूला, क्षमया धरित्री, षण्मङ्गला पुण्यवधूरिहैव ॥ SB. 5. [1680] 20. कार्येषु दासी, करणेषु मंत्री, रूपे च रम्भा, क्षमया धरित्री। भोज्येषु माता, शयने तु वेश्या षट्कर्मयुक्ता खलु धर्मपत्नी ।। (CTP. 117 21. भृत्यो मन्त्री विपत्ती, भवति रतिविधौ यात्र वेश्या विदग्धा, लजालुर्या विनीता', गुरुजनविनता, गेहिनी गेहकृत्ये । भक्ता पत्यौ, सखी या स्वजनपरिजने, धर्मकमकदक्षा, साऽल्पक्रोधाऽल्पपुण्यैः सकलगुणनिधिः प्राप्यते स्त्री न मत्यैः ॥ A. VI. 12 although, occasionally, courtezans in bed mock in sharp and biting words at their paramours: 22. प्रसीदति किलाजितः, श्रितमनोजवन्ध्यायते क्षरन्मदनवारणप्रतिकृतौ प्रयत्नं कुरु । यतः श्रुतिशिरःशतप्रकटितप्रमोदाद्वय- स्वरूपविषया भवेत्तव पराऽनुभूतिश्चिरात् ॥ RR. 21 Courtezans ravish men just as swect spceches of poets ravish people (since courtezans speak beautifully). They are attractive creatures, possess excellent qualities, are carefully annointed, are exciting and well disposed; they give men, through their arts, the highest pleasurc and satisfaction and offer ever new enjoyments : 23. सालंकारतया विभक्तिरुचिरच्छाया, विशेषाश्रया वक्रा, सादरचर्वणा' रसवती, मुग्धार्थलब्धा परम् । आश्चर्योचितवर्णना नवनवाऽऽस्वादप्रमोदाऽर्चिता वेश्या सत्कविभारतीव हरति प्रौढा कलाशालिनी ॥ KS. Epiloguc 1 2. V... यत्र 1. षटांगना पुण्यवधूरहेव BIS. 3. V.1. विगीता +. V.I. गेहनी 5. V.I. भक्तया can also be differently understood. 6. This stanza has a double micaning and 7. Better चर्चना ·THE TEXTS: CHAPTER I 13 -- (iii) Courtezans are as agile, as are horses, flags, drapery, boys and vidr.sakas : 24. अश्वानां(च) पताकानां वालानां पण्ययोषिताम् । विदूषकपटानां च 'चापल्यमतिमण्डनम् ॥ SB. 228 (736) (iv) Thc wholc substance of courtezans is love", and, therefore, a courtezan's look revives Kāma who was killcd by Siva : 25. कुप्यत्पिनाकिनेत्राग्निज्वालाभस्मीकृतः पुरा । उज्जीवितः पुनः कामो मन्ये वेश्याविलोकितैः ॥ RST. 1. 129 Consequently, they use their whole charm to attract min. In particular, they charm and excite their paramours with garments which magnify and bring out their beauty : 26. नवोन्नतपयोधरस्फुटतराऽम्बराऽभ्यन्तर- श्रिया हृदयहारितां वहति नीलिमोत्कर्पतः । स्मराहितगलप्रभातिशयशालिनि श्रीधरे, मनो मम किरीटिनः कपटमानवेश्यालके ॥ RR. 85 27. श्रुता गीता लोकैर्जगति बहुशोभारतकथा, यदीया लीलास्ते मम हृदि महोरूपचयभृत् । नरे सारथ्यादावुदितपरमार्थव्यवहृतिः(?ति-), समानात्मा साक्षात्कृतिविषयतामेप्यति कदा || Ibid, 65 (v) The pleasures given by courtezans are considered far higher than thosc given by a wife whose youth is spoiled by bringing forth children, who does not know thc courteous behaviour of courtczans and to whom passion etc. is unknown: 28. नित्यप्रसूतिहतसुस्थिरयौवनेषु, वेशोपचाररहितेपु मदोज्झितेषु । गोष्ठीविलासरसकेलिनिरादरेषु, दारेषु का स्मररुचिः कलहाकुरेषु ॥ Ks. VIII. 93 1. चापल्यमिति° BIS. 2. Comparc RST. 1. 128 (Aphorism 208). 3. V.I. यजी 4. V. 1. पुनर्मारो 5. V.I. 'वलोकनः, विलोकितेः, "विलोकन: 6. Comparc aphorisms 631-47 and different vicws in aphorisms 595-600.

·14 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT (vi) Though pleasure of sexual intercourse with courtczans is great, ani causes delight, esteemed persons, who are personally acquainted with the gist of the matter, have to decide whether they should visit mountain-valleys or the affectionately smiling courtezans : 29. मात्सर्यमुत्सार्य विचार्य कार्यमार्याः समर्यादमिदं वदन्तु । सेव्या नितम्वाः किमु भूधराणामुत स्मरस्मेर-विलासिनीनाम् ।। BhS. 84 since courtezans, in spite of their charms, arc full of faults; the love of the same is as deadly as poison: 30. स्त्रीति प्रीतिकरं पुरः परिणतौ हालाहलं केवलम् , सर्वस्य व्यसनं किलेतदधिकं तत्रापि वेश्येति च । प्राधान्येन ततस्तदेव कथितं यत्तत्प्रसङ्गेन च, व्याख्यातं गुणदोपजातमुचितं चिन्त्यं तदप्यादरात् ।। JM. 54 and since courtezans are unsteadys: 31. चेतःश्वापदवागुरा दशगुणस्फारस्मरोड्डामरा, वार्त(?)व्या(?क्या)वधयःसमुद्रलहरीपूरैरिवोत्पादिताः। नापि स्वाम्य-समर्पणेन न सखे सख्यावि(?ऽव)रोधेन वा, गूढान्तर्मुखसाहस-व्यतिकरा रक्ष्याः परं योपितः ।। Ibid..55 and it is known that men who pursue the right path arc lords of their own senses and are modest as long as women, particularly, courtezans, do not conquer their hearts : 32. सन्मार्गे तावदास्ते प्रभवति पुरुपस्तावदेवेन्द्रियाणाम् , लज्जा तावद्विधत्ते विनयमपि समालम्बते तावदेव । भ्रूचापाकृष्टमुक्ताः श्रवणपथजुषो नीलपक्ष्माण एते', यावल्लीलावतीनां न हृदि धृतिमुषो दृष्टिवाणाः पतन्ति ॥° Sts (6. 4-7 1. °उदाहरन्तु KP. 2. किल BIS. 3. नितम्विनीनाम् BIS. 4. Also, in KP. 60; SRBh. 251. 36; sV. 2229; NA. 278; Dasrar npavaloka 162. For different readings in Bhs'. sec Bhs'. p. 33. 5. Compare Chapters 9-11. 6. V. 1. °पथपूजो 7. V.1. नीलब्रह्माल यते 8. V.I. धतिमुखो, धृतिमुखो, धृतमुषो, सपदि धृतिमुखा 9. Also quoted as aphorism 138 and in NHJ. 1. 207; NHS, ad 39. 20; Bhs' 95; SD. 293; SP 3300; SRBh. 260. 112; SV. 22463; SKM. 53. 12; SRK. 276. 3. For different readings in these sources see aphorism 138.

·CHAPTER II On General Characteristics of Courtezans (i) Falseness, impetuousness, deceit, envy, extreme avariciousness, want of good principles and impurity arc considered as inbred faults of women : 33. असत्यं साहसं माया मात्सर्य चातिलुब्धता । निर्गुणत्वमशौचत्वं स्त्रीणां दोषाः स्वभावजाः ॥ NHJ. 1. 208 These characteristics of women, often repeated in various literary works, apply also to courtexans who are described by Samsthānaka in SM. in the following words : "This whip of robber Love, this dancing-girl, Eater of fish, destroyer of her kin, This snubnose, stubborn, lovc-box, courtezan, This clothes-line, wanton creature, maid of sin--?: 34. एषा नाणकमोषिकाम-कशिका, मत्स्याशिका, लासिका, निर्नाश(?स) कुलनाशिका, अवशिका, कामस्य मञ्जूषिका । एषा वेशवधूः' सुवेशनिलया वेशाङ्गना वेशिका...|| RS. to SM. 1.23 1. अनृतम् or अनृतं PP., Pts., Sto., S'V.,CND. 2. मूर्खत्वम् PP., Pts., Sto., SV., CND. 3. अतिलोभता PP., Pts., SV.; अतिलोभिता CND.; चलचित्तता Sto.; मात्सर्यं चाति- GETAT BIS. 4. अशौचं निर्दयत्वं च PP., Pts., SV., sto.; अशौचत्वं निर्दयत्वं CND.; निर्दयत्वमहंकारं BIS. 5. Also, in PP. 1.143, Pts. 1. 195, Sto. 327. 20-1, S/V. 3.6, CND. 2.1, SB. 219 [328]. Also, in माहाराष्ट्री in AEM. (HA. 140) where we read : माया अलियं लोहो मूढत्तं साहसं असोयत्तम् । निसंसया तहच्चिय महिलण सहयया दोसा ।। 6. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS. 9. 11. 7. In the text वेशवधूः 8. एशा णाणकमूशिकामकशिका मच्छाशिका लाशिका, णिण्णाशा कुलणाशिका अवशिका कामाहमञ्जूशिका । एशा वेशवहू शुवेशणिला वेशाङ्गणा वेशिआ......||SM. 1. 23 ·16 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT on are In JM., S'ts. and many other sources, we find general statements of defaults of courtezans. Thus, according to JM., they are avaricious and are like thieves who deprive their paramours of their wcalth before their very eyes, or like blood-eagles who suck out blood (wealth) from their paramours; they are unstable, likc the colour of the turmeric which rests the tongue and is not pure and lasting ; they untruthful and devoid of attachment to thcir paramours; they pretend only that they love their paramours, sluice in that way they gain their livelihood. There is no truc passion or truc affection in thein; they delude men with great skill, describing them, inter ality as handsome, while they are ugly and are shameless; in short, thcir wholc behaviour is untrue and full of false pretenccs : 35. हारिद्रद्रवसोदराय रसनामंडो(मात्रो)परिस्थायिने, सत्यादन्यतमाय वित्तहरणप्रत्यक्षचौराय च। चित्रं दुर्भगरूपवर्णनमहापाण्डित्यविद्याय ते, व्याजानां प्रथमाय गर्भगणिकारागाय तुभ्यं नमः ॥ JM. 2 36. ध्यानं यत्परमेश्वरं प्रति सदा यद्वीतरागं मनो, यत्कर्मातिकठोरघोरगहनं भूत्यै यदत्यादरः। आश्चर्य च शरीरदानमपि यत्कार्य विकारं विना, तद्वेश्यैव तपस्विनी कलियुगे लोकोऽपि तद्भावितः ।। Ibid, 3 37. श्रीमन्तं शिरसा विभर्ति कुरुते विश्वभ्रमं हेलया, धत्ते पाटक(?न)पक्षपातमनिशं नैवामिपैस्तृप्यति । रक्तं पातुमपीहते च सकलं ताय॑स्य मूर्तिर्यथा, वेश्या किं तु भुजंगभक्षणविधौ नाद्यापि विश्राम्यति । Ibid, 4 38. आजीवः कपटाऽनुरागकलया दोषो न दुःशीलता, वैधव्यं न च बाधते सदसतोः संभावना व्यत्ययात् । यत्किचित्करणे परस्वहरणे वीडा न पीडाकरी, नो वा राजभयं च ही बत सुखं जीवन्ति वारस्त्रियः॥ Ibid, 53 According to S'ts., deceitfulness, untrue specch, scolding, crookedness, hypocrisy, deceptive weeping, hypocritical laughter, groundless jubilation or lamentation, adulatory begging, amorous disposition and indifference, identical behaviour in case of good and bad luck, or towards what is right and wrong are considered as common to courtczans, sincc lips, hands, cheeks, breasts, navels, backsides are common to all women, but cach of them has her own heart : -- 1. जीविका KM. 8.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER 11 17 । 39. वैशिकी कृत्रिमा वाणीं व्यलीकान् शपथांस्तथा । कौटिल्यं कृत्रिमं भावं कृत्रिमं रुदितं तथा ।। Sts.80:8-9 40. हास्यं च कृत्रिमं दुःखं सुखं चैवमपार्थकम् । याचनं विनयोपेतं स्नेहभावो' निरीहता॥ Ibid. 805 : 10; 81 : 1 41. समत्वं सुखदुःखेषु धर्माधर्मसमक्रिया । भुजंगपुरतश्चैव कौटिल्यक्रमदर्शनम् ।। Ibrd, 81 ::-3 42. अहरं कर कवोल थणजुअलं णाहिमण्डलं रमणं । "इत्थिअजरणसामराणं हिम जं जस्स तं तस्स ॥ Ibad,81:4-5 (ii) Old procuresses are ministers of courtezans and teach them the behaviour suitable to them; particularly, they teach them that the whole purpose of their lifc is gaining money and to such dry their jaramours through coquetry and different tricks : 43. साम्राज्यं मधुमांसमत्स्यगिलनं मन्त्री जरत्कुट्टनी दण्ड्यः सार्थकिराटसूनुरधनाः शृङ्गारिणः किंकराः । आचारो बहुगालिदानमधमो मित्रं धनं जीवितं वेश्यानां पुर-चार(?-चौर-पतितो)थ(१र्थ-)भग्नः प्रियः॥ JM. 30 44. प्रत्यङ्गार्पणचारुचाटुकरणप्रेमोचितप्रार्थना श्रीवातायनदर्शन(?ना)दि गणिकालोकस्य धर्मः परः । कुट्टन्याः पुनरुत्कटोत्कटमिदं तत्रास्त्यगस्त्यव्रतं, यत्प्राणाहुतिरेककैव सकलै रत्नाकरैः कामिभिः ॥ Ibid, 33 1. V. L. तं तस्स, वैशिकं, वैशिकनि, वैशिकः 2. V.1. अलीकान्, अलीकपथकसव्या 3. V.I. कोटील्यं, कोटिल्यं V. 1. कृत्रिमो भावः(भवो), कृत्रिमोद्भावः, कृत्रिमाभाव 5. V. 1. कृत्रिमं दुखं चैवमपार्थकम् , चैवमुपाधिकम् 6. V.I. पातनं विनयोपितं 7. V.1. स्नेहो' 8. V.I. धर्माधर्मेषु सत्क्रिया, समक्रिया: 9. V... भुजंगमित्रसंबंधि व्यवहारप्रवीणता 10. V.I. छरं(चरं) करं करं कवोल 11. V. 1. इति 32. V | सामन्त्र 13. "Text corrupt ind broken.

·18
THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT
Courtezans use all tricks known to them in order to get motncy, site:
incir only aim is to make business:
45. या धनहार्या नार्यों निर्मर्यादाः स्वकार्यतात्पर्याः ।
सह ताभिरपीहन्ते बत मन्दाः संगतमजयम् । DK.620
Courtezans, through their harshness, crookedness and black) character
carry out their occupation as they have carried it out by cvoking passion
anong men through the hardness of their breasts, curved line of their
eyebrows and blackness of their eyes :
46. कुचयोः कठिनत्वेन कुटिलत्वेन या भ्रुवोः।
नेत्रयोः श्यामलत्वेन वेश्यावृत्तमदर्शयत् ॥ KS. I.7
since :
47. ते दृष्टिमात्रपतिता अपि कस्य नात्र
क्षोभाय पदमलदृशामलकाः
खलाश्चा
नीचाः सदैव सविलासमलीकलग्ना
ये कालतां कुटिलतामिव न त्यजन्ति ॥ KP. VI.2107
(iii)
These characteristics of courtezans give only a general picture of
their faults. Further aphorisms or quotations, cited in the following pages.
give a further detailed view of their position and behaviour as described
in Classical Sanskrit literature.

·48. CHAPTER III On Courtezans' Passion for Money (i) Courtezans are considered to be greedy persons : धिक् खलु गणिकाभावम्, लुब्धेति मां तुलयति । यदि न प्रतीच्छामि, स एव दोषो भविष्यति ॥ Comm. to BhC. IV. 5:75-6 and men should not forget that they may disregard their own cleverness, skill and good character and other good qualities, since courtezans are plcased only with money. Because of the avarice of courtezans only rich ner: have a chance to become their paramours : 49. वैदग्धीमवधीरय व्यवहितं कार्य कलाकौशलं सौजन्येन गतं किमन्यदफलो राशिर्गुणानामपि । यस्मान प्रणयेन, न प्रणतिभिः, प्रेम्णा न न प्रीणने- ने प्राणैरपि ते भुजंग गणिका वित्तं विना तुष्यति ॥ JM. 44 It is hard to find courtezans without avarice as it is hard to find a lotus plant without a root, or a merchant who has never cheated or 2 goldsmith who has never stolen, or a village gathering without a fight: 50. सुष्टु बलूच्यते :-अकन्दसमुत्थिता पद्मिनी, अवञ्चको पणिक्, अचौरः सुवर्णकारः, अकलहो ग्रामसमागमः, अलुब्धा गणिकेति॥ SA. toSM.V.:35-7 Therefore, it is most surprising when courtezans Icavc rich inen for poor men, or when they spend their money on their paramours (kings). Since it is known that their usual aim is to gain money and that thcy 1. धिक् खु गणिआभावं, लुद्धत्ति मां तुळअदि, जै ण पडिच्छे, सो एव्व दोसो भविस्सदि।। BhC. IV.5:73-4 2. सुछ क्खु वुञ्चदि:-अकरदसमुत्थिदा पउमिणी, अवंचओ वाणिो, अचोरो सुवण्णारो, अकलहो गामसमागमो, अलुद्धा गणिया त्ति । (दुक्करं एदे संभाविअन्ति । ता पिअवअस्स गटुअ इमादो गणिआपसंगदो णिवत्तावेमि) SM. V. : 35-9 ·20 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT show only hypocritical affection for that purpose, it inight hc assumcu that in those cases they are really in love : 51. चित्रमियं बहु वित्तं क्षपयति वेश्याऽपि मत्कृत तृणवत् । प्रीतिपदवीविसृष्टो वेश्यानां धननिवन्धनो रागः॥ KK. IV. 10 52. मिथ्या धनलवलोभादनुरागं दर्शयन्ति बन्धक्यः । तदपि धनं विसृजति या कस्तस्याः प्रेम्णि संदेहः ॥ Ibid, IV.20 ( ii) As a general rule courtezans are known to have relationship with men only at the price of payment of money. "If wealth is thine, the maid is thinc, For maids arc won by yold", thus says Caruciatta : 53. यस्यार्थास्तस्य सा कान्ता धनहा- हासौ जनः ॥ SM. V.a Kulalas are women who have connection with inany men ; sünnipus, however, are courtezans who arc and can be for all because of their avarice and wish to gain moncy: 54. कुलटा बहुपुंरागा वेश्यादेश्या प्रकाशतः । लोभेन सर्वपुंरागा सामान्या कथिता दुधैः ।। STR.27 The houscs of courtczans are open only to wcalthy pcoplc : 55. गृहमेतदीश्वराणां कान्तारं दुष्प्रवेशमन्येषाम् । फूत्कृतमिदं सभुजया न मालती कामसत्रदानपरा ॥ DK.636 Men cannot enjoy courtczans, if they do not give thein monicy immediately*, because courtcrans, who are always surrounded by men, shun any contact with those who have no inoney: 56. मेरुमहीधरभुव इव किंपुरुषसहस्रसेवितनितम्वाः । नीतय इव भूमिभृतां सुपरिहृतानर्थसंयोगाः॥ DK.315 Men who have no money for the fare cannot board ships ; similariy men without money cannot visit a house of pleasure: 57. क्लीवस्य यस्यास्ति न भोगसंपत् स किं भुजिष्याभवने करोति । न.यस्य हस्ते तरमूल्यमस्ति स किं समारोहति नावमने ॥ KS. V. 85 Courtezans frequently address hundreds of flattering words to inen who spend money on them, even though these men come from low families, 1. The story shows, however, that cven then thcy are not really in love. We find in Sanskrit literature some, though rarc, examples, when courtcans lrave their rich paramours for poor men whom they love. Compare note 1 to Chapter XIX, 2. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS. IX, p. 77. 3. Compare aphorisms 39-42.

·THE TEXTS ; CHPATER III 21 but they will not go to have any relationship at all with men without money, even if they love them: 58. या करोति 'बहुचाटुशतानि द्रव्यदातरि जनेऽप्यकुलीने । निर्धनं त्यजति काममपि स्त्री, तां विशुद्धधिषणा न भजन्ति ॥ AS.XXIV.7 Therefore courtezans, like torches which give no light if not fed with oil, will have nothing to do with men who do not feed them with money : 59. भोः! ताः खल्वस्माकं प्रदीपिका अवमानितनिर्धनकामुका इव गणिका निःस्नेहा इदानीं संवृत्ताः ॥ SA. to SM. I. 651-3 In BhC. this idea. is expressed in a. rather different way. There viduşaka says that as there is no there is no oil in a lantern, there is no affection in courtezans since they both need oil (money): 60. भोः ! दीपिका गणिकेव निःस्नेहा संवृत्ता ।। Comm. to BhC. I. 28-35 Courtezans can only be won by wealthy people?. Every man is appraised by courtezans by the amount of money he possesses : 61. धनेन पूज्यते पुत्रि सर्वो, agent fagea: 1 SKSS. X. 57, 6la Since they always want to have paramours, they are eager to have friendship with rich pcoplc: 62. निर्जनत्वं मधुरभुग् जारश्चोरः सदेच्छति । साहाय्यं तु बलिद्विष्टो वेश्या धनिकमित्रताम् ॥ SS'. II. 266 63. कुनृपश्च छलं नित्यं स्वामिद्रव्यं कुसेवकः । तत्त्वं तु ज्ञानवान् दम्भं तपोऽग्निं देवजीवकः॥ Ibid, 267 64. योग्या कान्तं च कुलटा जारं वैद्यं च व्याधितः । धृतपण्यो महार्घत्वं दानशीलं तु याचकः।। Ibid, 268 1. V.1. वहुधादु AS. 2. V.1. कुलेने AS. 3. V.I. स्त्री As. 4. भो ताओ क्खु अम्हाणं पदीविश्राो अवमाणिदनिधणकामुमा वित्र गणिमा पिस्सिणेहाओ दाणी संवुत्ता ।। SM. I. 651-3 5. In SM Vasantasena. takes a walk with Carudatta in darkness. Since they have no cindle-sticks, Maitreya quoted this aphorism using the word snpha which means ou or greese as well as love. 6. भोः दीवित्रा गणिका वित्र णिस्सिणेहा संवुत्ता Bhc. 1. 28, 34 Compare aphorism 588 (465) ·22. THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANY IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Courtemans have connection with those men only who spend moncy freely: 65. सामान्यवनिता वेश्या भवेत्कपटपण्डिता। न हि कश्चित्प्रियस्तस्या दातारं नायकं विना ॥3 VA. V.15 They are satisfied with those men who are rich from their childhood, just as Brahmans are satisfied with gifts, servants with festivals, farmers when seeing clouds in the sky, bad ministers with vice of their sovereigns, hunters with decr, etc. : 66. विप्रो दक्षिणया, महैः परिजनो, मेघोदयैः कार्षिको, दुमंत्री व्यसनेन ?, साहमशतैः शूरो, मृगैर्लुब्धकः । बन्दी त्यागिभिर् , अक्षरैर्जनयिता लाभातिरेकैर्वणिग्, रोगातैर्भिग्गर्भकैश्च, गणिका गर्भेश्वरैस्तुष्यति ।। JM. 14 or, they are satisfied with new young, rich persons, just as ignorant persons are satisfied with quarrelling, creditors with debtors, gamblers with dice, rogues with villagers, masters with servants, children with balls ctc. : 67. अज्ञातः कलहैः, सुभाषितपदैः सभ्यो,ऽधमणैर्धनी, जीवैः शाकुनिको, दुरोदरकरः शारैर्, यमः प्राणिभिः । ग्रामीणैर्विटपेटकः', परिजनैः स्वामी, शिशुः कन्दुकैः श्रीपुत्रस्तरुणैस्तथा नवनवैराङ्गना क्रीडति | JM. 15 They choose rather those men who give them a penny more than others and leave men even with good qualities for those who give theni more money : 68. उचितगुणोक्षिता अपि पुरतोऽपि निवेशिते सुवर्णलवे। झगिति पतन्ति मुखेन प्रकटप्रमदा यथा च तुलाः ॥ DK.321 Procuresses advise their daughters that they should rather touch aidead body than a poor man: (किमयं निर्धनः पुत्रि ! सेव्यते पुरुषस्त्वया ?)। शवं स्पृशन्ति सुजना गणिका न तु निर्धनम् ॥ SKSS. II. 12.92 . 69. 1. पुरुषम् KA. 2. Also in KA.XX.5. 3. Compare aphorisms 648 sqq. 4. उत्सवैः KM.8. 5. ज्ञानरहितः पुरुषः KM. 8 6. द्यूतकारः KM. 8. 7. विटंसमूहः M. 8. 8. Compare : त्रासुनु, पदिसेलंजयु भसुर गथिने, क्वरूपु परिकिं पंगा। विसम्बिधि कम्बथै ननु, वासर मुन नोक्क वंक वालुर वेमा । VT. II. 197. 9. V.1. सुवर्णचये 10. V.I. कलाधिकाश्च ·THE TEXTS :CHPATER III 23 and, if two men, one poor and one rich, make them an offer, they should choose always the rich one, since two swords do not find room in one scabbard. Their nature does not allow them to be attached to poor people; they can only be attached to rich men: 70. (मा तु संभावयामास दरिद्रं न दृशापि तम् )। गणिकानां स्वभावोऽयं रागो धनिनि नाधने || HPP. III. 136 They should, therefore, according to the advice of procuresses, despisk those who have no money, since their beauty is given to them for their own prosperity: 71. अवधीरय धनविकलं कुरु गौरवमकृशसंपदः पुंसः। अस्मादृशां हि मुग्धे! धनसिद्धयै रूपनिर्माणम् ।। DK.277 and they are ridiculed by other courtezans if they do not aim at gaining inoney but look for nice-looking paramours : 72. अभिरामेऽभिनिवेशं विदधाना विविधलाभनिरपेक्षा । उपहस्यसे सुमध्ये ! विदग्धवाराङ्गनावारैः ।। DK.278 (iii) Life is motivated by three principal impulses (trivarga), namely, dharma, artha and kāma. For courtezans, as for kings, however, it is inotivated by artha and not by dharma or kāma : 73. अर्थश्च राज्ञः तन्मूलत्वाल्लोकयात्रायाः, धेश्यायाश्चेति त्रिवर्गप्रतिपत्तिः। VKS. XV. 15-6. Money is the first consideration with them, just as it is with kings. They both depend on capturing meno: 74. धनप्रधानं जनजीवभूतं लोकेषु तत्रापि विशेषयोगात् । जनाभिसारप्रतिपत्तिभाजां महीभुजां वेशमृगीदृशां च ॥ KS. IV. 80 but courtezans, particularly, depend on the virtuous satisfaction of meer belonging to noble families, as Vasantasenā says to Sakāra : 75. आर्य ! कुलपुत्रजनस्य शीलपरितोषोपजीविनी गणिका खल्वहम् ॥ Comm, to BhC.I. 15.2-3 1. न एकम्मि पडियारे दोनि करवालाई मायन्ति । न य अलोणियं सिल कोइ चट्टेइ ॥ AEM. 58. 31-2. 2. Compare Chapter XIX. 3. or v.1. विनिवेशम् 4. V.1. वेश्यायाः कामश्चेति 5. This is found in a long tirade in KS. IV. 80-93.

·24 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Therefore intercourse with courtezans has to be costly; the youth and the riches of paramours have to be sacrificed for them, since they are considered to be the love-flame of god in whose fuel-beauty riches are sacrificed: 76. वेश्यासौ मदनज्वाला रूपेन्धनसमेधिता। कामिभिर्यत्र हूयन्ते यौवनानि धनानि च ॥1 BhS. 110 Therefore, it is true that "Love is a fire, whose flame is lust, Whose fuel is gallantry, wherein our youth and riches must Thus sacrificed be.2' 77. अयं च सुरतज्वालः कामाग्निः प्रणयेन्धनः । नराणां यत्रं हूयन्ते यौवनानि धनानि च ॥ SM. IV. 11 ( iv ) It is known that courtezans are created to steal the wealth and life of rich young men: 78. रूपिणी कुसृतिः (ष्टिः) सृष्टा धनप्राणापहारिणी। आढ्यानां यौवनान्धानां वेश्या नामेह वेधसा॥ SKSS. X.57.57 and, therefore, when they make love to men it is for the sole purpose of getting money, for, the feeling of intense delight arises through intoxication, love is awakened through the feeling of delight and senses are awakened through eating, and everything is awakened through money: 79. ताः खलु कामिभिर्यथेष्टवितरणेन सुरततर्पणेन च वर्तमानभविष्यतोः कालयोः सफलतां कुर्वन्तितराम् । वेश्यानां धनार्जनमेव हि पुरुषार्थः ॥ PT. 136:11-3 80. मदादिव महासौख्यं सुखादिव मनोभवः । अशनादिन्द्रियाणीव सर्वमर्थात्प्रवर्तते ॥ Ibid, 14-5 81. अर्थेभ्यो हि प्रवृद्धेभ्यः संभृतेभ्यो यतस्ततः। क्रियाः सर्वाः प्रवर्तन्ते केसरेभ्यो यथा मधु ।। Ibid, 16-7 1. Also in SRBh 355. 1; SRK 104. 1. For different readings in Bhs. sec Bhs. p. 44. 2. Translated by A. W.Ryder in HOS. p.61. 3. .v.i. कामोऽग्निः प्रणये धनः 4. Also in ND.45. 5. The only thought of courtezans is to gain money and, therefore, it is of no importance to them who their paramour is (cf. VKN 63).

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER III 25 (v) Because money is to some the most important thing in the world, there. fore, those who have attained riches are considered delightful persons, heroes, belonging to good families, virtuous, highly esteemed, etc. Since the number of good qualities depends on money, money has to be glorified ; it is money which brings success and good luck: 82. विद्वद्भिः परिवारिताः सगुणतामायान्ति वित्तैनराः शूरत्वं सुभटैः कुलोन्नततरैः प्रख्यातसद्वंशताम् । तस्माद्वित्तसमाश्रये गुणगणे वित्त च नाऽन्याश्रये वित्तं वित्तमनन्यचित्तनियताः संपनिमित्तं नुमः ।। KS 4. 90 83. अम्लानमाल्याभरणाम्वरस्य वराङ्गनानन्दनमन्दिरस्य । नित्यप्रकाशोत्सवसेवितस्य स्वर्गस्य वित्तस्य च को विशेषः॥ Ibid, 91 84. अशेषदोषापगमप्रकाश-मित्रागमोत्साहमहोत्सवाहम् । विकासशोभां जनयत्यजस्रं धनं जनानां दिनमम्वुजानाम् ।। Ibid, 92 85. वित्तेनाभिजनी गुणी परिजनी मानी प्रमाणीकृतः सद्भिर्जन्तुरुपैति साधुपदवीं किं वा बहु बमहे । वित्तेन व्रत-तीर्थ-सार्थसरणलेशाभियोगं विना तीर्यन्ते ततपातकव्यतिकरास्ते ब्रह्महत्यादयः॥ Ibid, 93 Riches are generally considered necessary for the attainment of success; rich people have to be revered, praised and considered the repository of all virtues: 86. धनी पूज्यो, धनी श्लाघ्यो, धनी सर्वगुणाग्रणीः ॥ Sto 325. 32 Rich people, who have much money and at the same time are old, are considered young, while youngsters without money are considered old men: 87. गतवयसामपि पुंसां येषामर्था भवन्ति ते तरुणाः । अर्थेन तु हीना ये वृद्धास्ते यौवनेऽपि स्युः ॥ PP 2. 105 Those who have money, have friends, have relatives ; they are held to be men of good family, intelligent and learned persons of good character, heroic; they are powerful, become learned, etc., since all the good qualities depend on money or gold: 1. Compare text 86. 3. ये हीना Pts, PtsK. 2. Compare texts 94-100. 4. Also in Pts 1. 10, PraK 1.11.

·26 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 88. यस्यास्तस्य मित्राणि यस्यास्तस्य बान्धवाः। यस्यार्थाः स पुमान् लोके यस्यार्थाः स च पण्डितः ॥ Mish 12. 8. 19-20 [219b-220a]. 89. यस्यार्थाः स च विक्रान्तो यस्यार्थाः स च वुद्धिमान् । यस्यार्थाः स महाबाहुर्यस्यार्थाः स गुणाधिकः॥ RB6.83.36 90. यस्यार्थाः स कुलश्रेष्ठो यस्यार्थाः स गुणान्वितः। यस्यार्थाः स च विक्रान्तो यस्यार्थाः स च बुद्धिमान् ।। RG 6.62.33 91. यस्यास्ति वित्तं स नरः कुलीनः स पण्डितः स श्रुतवान् गुणज्ञः । स एव वक्ता स च दर्शनीयः सर्वे गुणाः काञ्चनमाश्रयन्ति ॥॥ Bhs 51 92. अर्थेन बलवान् सर्वः अर्थाद्भवति पण्डितः। पश्येम मूषिकं पापं स्वजातिसमता" गतम् ॥18 NHJ 1. 13 1 Wealthy men, although not generous, have thousands of retainers as long as they keep their position; but if they losc thcir wcalth, cyen blood relations would leave them and only show their faces : 93. 1°अव्ययवतोऽपि धनिनः स्वजनसहनं भवत्पदस्थस्य । , 1. अर्थः NHJ. and °अर्थस् ( four times) vc. 2. पुमाँल्लोके PRE, Pts, PtsK, CND 6. 5, NH, SV. 3. हि, NH; तु NHJ. 4. जीवति PtsK, CND 7. 15. 5. Also in RB6.83, 35, PRE 2. 31, Pts 1. 3, PtsK 1.3, CND 6. 5, 7. 15, VCsr 12. 15, SB 185, to 325. 34-5, sts 25. 11-28, NH, 1, 127, NHP 1, 95, NHS 1. 118, NHJ 1. 133, SV 2816. Compare texts 94--100, 6. श्रुतिमान् BIS. 7. V.I. विधिज्ञः, अभिज्ञः VC. 8. वेत्ता BIS. 9. V... जना: VC, Sto. 10. "श्व(१)यन्ते Sto. 11. Also in VCsr 12.7, Sto 326.1-2, SB 32, CTP 452, SP 333, VV 306,PW 12, SRK 44. 6, SRBh 64. 9. For different readings sce in Bhs' p. 22. 12. Hal PP, f'ts, PtsK; Hout BIS; palsu PRE. 13. अर्थयुक्तश्च PP; अर्थयुक्तः स Pts; ह्यर्थयुक्तः स PtsK: ऽप्यर्थयुक्तः स ह्याद्भवति NHP; धनेन बलवाँलोको धनाद्भवति BIS. 14. पश्यैनम् PP, Pts, PtsK, NHP. 15. मूषकम् PP, Pts, PtsK, PRE, NHP. 16. व्यर्थ PP, Pts, PtsK. 17. स्वजाते: Pts. 18. Also in PP 2.69, Pts 2.83, PtsK 2.90, NHP 1,93, PRE 2.3. 19. v.1. अपनयतो vc. 20. V.1. हि, ऽपि हि VC. 21. V.I. धनेन, निधनम् vc. 22. V.1. स्वजन:, बन्धु, ने VC. 23. V.I. धनस्थस्य, वदस्तस्य, स्वधस्ताच, अस्य VC.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER III 27 भ्रष्टधनस्य हि सततं बन्धुरपि मुखं न दर्शयति ।। IVCsr 12.8 Through riches knowledge is gained, and through knowledge riches. are gained. A rich man is taken to be puruşottama. Whoever has no money is Rāhu, Sanaiścara and Vakra. Towards rich men other persons are kindhearted, and consider them a road to sky: 94. धनेन लभ्यते प्रज्ञा प्रज्ञया लभ्यते धनम् । प्रज्ञार्थों जीवलोकेऽस्मिन् परस्परनिवन्धनौ ॥ KS 4. 81 95. ईश्वरः स जगत्पूज्यः स वाग्मी चतुराननः । यस्यास्ति द्रविणं लोके स एव पुरुषोत्तमः॥ Ibid, 82 96. स एवाहृदयो राहुरलसः स शनैश्चरः। वक्रः कुजन्मा सततं वित्तं यस्य न विद्यते ॥ Ibid. 83 67. सुजातस्य प्रयातस्य माङ्गल्यस्पृहणीयताम् । धनिकस्य विकारोऽपि क्षीवस्येव जनप्रियः॥ Ibid, 84 98. धनिनश्चन्दनस्येव सच्छायस्य मनोमुषः। निष्फलस्यापि लोकोऽयं संपर्क बहु मन्यते ॥ Ibid, 85 99. निस्त्रिशा अपि सस्नेहा भवन्ति श्रीमतः परम् । स्वकेशा अपि निःस्वानां निःस्नेहा यान्ति रूक्षताम् ।। Ibid, 86 100. सेव्यः कविवुधादीनां गुरुः शूरकलावताम् । गतिप्रदोऽर्थवानेव व्योममार्ग इवोन्नतः॥ Ibid. 87 This world docs not rotate around grammar, or sounds of musical strings, or the Vedas, but around money : 101. अकारणं व्याकरणं तन्त्रीशब्दोऽप्यकारणम् । अकारणं त्रयो वेदास्तण्डुलास्तत्र कारणम् ॥ Sto 326.3-4 (vi) On the other hand poor men are not considered as men in this world, but as inodorous kiinsuka-flowers or as dead: 102. धनहीना न शोभन्ते निर्गन्धा इव किंशुकाः । Sto 325.33 103: जीवन्तोऽपि मृताः पञ्च श्रूयन्ते किल भारत । दरिद्रो व्याधितो मूर्खः प्रवासी नित्यसेवकः॥ Sts 26. 3-4 1. V.I. 'जनस्य Vc. 2. V.I. °धनस्याऽपि vc. 3. V.1. दर्शयत्येव ve. 4. V.I. श्रूयते, ब्रूयन्ते, श्रूयताम् , and व्यास(? से)न SP. 5. V.1. भारते; परिकीर्तिताः P. 6. V.1. दरिद्री; transf. द जी' ·28 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 8 Poverty is the source of all calamities; it causes shame and then loss of spirit. Poor men sink into melancholy : 104. दारिद्याद्भियमेति', ह्रीपरिगतः सत्त्वात् परिभ्रश्यते', निःसत्त्वः परिभूयते, परिभवानिर्वेदमापद्यते । निर्विरणः शुचमेति, शोकविकलो' बुद्धया परित्यज्यते, निर्बुद्धिः क्षयमेत्यहो निधनता सर्वापदामास्पदम् ॥" NHJ 1, 143 Poverty also causes total emptiness : 105. शून्यमपुत्रस्य गृहं, चिरशून्यं नास्ति यस्य सन्मित्रम् । मूर्खस्य दिशः शून्याः सर्व शून्यं दरिद्रस्य ॥ दरिद्रस्य ॥ SM 1.8 106. अपुत्रस्य गृह" शून्यं सन्मित्ररहितस्य च । मूर्खस्य च दिशः शून्याः सर्वशून्या दरिद्रता ॥ NHJ 1. 134 107. अविद्यं जीवनं शून्यं दिक् शून्या "चेदवान्धवा । पुत्रहीनं गृहं शून्यं सर्वशून्या दरिद्रता ।।18,10_CNS 6 Poverty does not attract friends: the forest conflagration finds a friend in the wind, but not so a tiny lamp : 1. V.1. दारिद्रा 2. तत्परिगतः प्रभ्रश्यते तेजसो SM, सत्त्वात्परिदृश्यते BIS. परिनाम्यते BIS. 3. निस्तेजाः SM. 4. परिभ्रू° coirupt. 5. मागच्छति NHP. 6. निर्विन: BIS. 7. निहतो NHP, विहतो SM, विहितो SM, °पिहितो SM, घिहितो BIS, º treat BIS. 8. परिभ्रश्यते SM, न संयुज्यते BIS. 9. विधनता BIS. 10. Also in NHP 1. 103, SM 1.14. 11. गृहे BIS. 12. दिशः शून्यास्त्वबान्धवाः CND; देशः शून्यो ह्यबान्धवः VC sr, VC mr; शून्यदेशो हा vc sr: °प्य् VCsr; दिक्शून्यावान्धवस्य च CV; दिशिः ? शून्यमबान्धवा BIS. 13. हृदयम् NHP, CND,VCsr, VC mr. 14. शून्यं CND, VCsr, VC mr. 15. Also in NHP 1. 93, CND 4. 14, CV 4.14, VC sr 21. 1, VC mr 21. 19-20, SB 102. 16. हतबा CW. 17. अपुत्रस्य BIS. 18. Also in C47 in HKS,CW6. 19. Compare: पुंसांच द्विगुणः कामो वास्तवीनां च योषिताम् । लजा चाष्टगुणा चापि धैर्य्यता च चतर्गणा ॥ (NP I. 14. 1121 ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER III 29 11 108. वनानि दहतो वह्नः सखा भवति मारुतः। स एव दीपनाशाय, कशें कस्यास्ति सौहृदम् ॥ VCsr 12.9 Poor men are like serpents without teeth, like elephants without passion, like biind men, like corpses, like enemies; everybody, therefore, has to try to gain money : 109. दंष्ट्राविरहितः सर्पो मदहीनो यथा गजः । तथाऽर्थेन विहीनोऽत्र पुरुषो नामधारकः ॥' PP 2. 70 110. विना धनं पुमानन्धो विना धनं नरः शवः । विना धनं नरः क्लीवः अतो धनमुपार्जयेत् ॥ SB 32 (6137) Even if they are brave, handsome, well-favoured, eloquent, well-versed in military arts and in sciences, they are not considered and shall not be considered as possessing these arts : 111. शूरः' सुरूपः सुभगस्तु वाग्मी, शस्त्राणि शास्त्राणि विदां वरिष्ठः ।। अर्थ विना नैव कलाकलापम्, प्राप्नोति मोऽत्र मनुष्यलोके ॥ VCsr 21.7 Even death is better than poverty, since death is attended with transient pain and poverty is past endurance : 112. ....."दारियान्मरणमेव वरम् ।। VCsr 12.9,1 1. V... तस्येव 2. v.1. क्षीणे Vc, sV, कृते VC; कृशो BIS. 3. गौरवम् PP, Pts ; सौहृदि BIS. 4. Also in CW 99, PP 3, 49, Pts 3. 57, PtsK 3. 56, SV 2682, SP/228, 273, CTP 487, VC.sr 1.2.9, SP. 488. 5. नागो° Pts 1. 232; v.1. यथार्थेन PP. 6. सर्वेषां जायते वश्यो दुर्गहीनस्तथा नृपः । Pts 1, 232; 23 12. स्थानहीनस्तथा राजा गम्यः स्यात्सर्वजन्तुषु ॥ Pts 3, 49. 7. Also Pts 2.84. (1. 232, 2. 12, 3. 49), PtsK 2.91. Compare texts 94-100. 8. Compare texts 94-100 9. V... सूरः, गुरु: VC. 10. v.1. सु, स VC; °गश्च° PP Pts; PtsK. 11. V.I. हक्च VC; चानी PP. 12. V.I. tr. श° श° VC. 13. V.I. सर्वाणि PP; चास्त्राणि BIS; शास्ता च शास्त्रार्थम् vc. 14. V.I. वरिष्णुः, वरस्तु VC; विदा वरस्तुं BIS; करोतु PP, Pts, PtsK. 15. V.I. यशश्च मानं Pts. 16. V... हि VC; °F BIS; प्राप्नोत्य्यमयॊ; प्राप्नोति मृत्यों PP. A1... DDR 17 Dear D.KR.2 ·30 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 113. 'दारिद्रान्मरणाद्वाऽपि दारिद्रमवरं स्मृतम् । अल्पक्लेशेन भरणं दारिद्रमतिदुःसहम् ॥ NHJ 1. 135 In fact a poor man is dead, in the sensc that conjugal intercourse that leads not to children, or a gift to one who is not Icarned in the sacred words, or a sacrifice without a sacrificial deed, are acts devoid of life: 114. मृतो दरिद्रः पुरुषो, मृतं मैथुनमप्रजम् । मृतमश्रोत्रिये दानं, मृतो यागस्त्वदक्षिणः ।। VC sr 12. 12 Men suffer particularly if they lose money. Then women and other relatives no longer behave towards them as they did before. The parasites who had been attached to them, because of their wealth, quickly go their own way; their friends become fickle; even their own wives have not as much regard for them as before: 115. पुंसि क्षीणधने न बान्धवजनः पूर्व यथा वर्तते, स्थित्या केवलया स्थितः परिजनः स्वछन्दतां गच्छति । लोलत्वं सुहृदः प्रयान्ति बहुशः किं "वा' ऽपरैर्भाषणे भयोया अपि निश्चितं' 10गतधने 20 आनेवादरस्तादृशः ॥ VC sr 12.6 212 16. Even though power may properly be attributed to them, their lords hate them; good kinsmen desert them; their virtues cease to shine; their sons forsake them; their misfortunes multiply; their wives no longer love them; and their friends disappear : .. 1. Better दारिया 2. Better दारिद्य 3. °च वरं BIS. 4. 7.1. अश्रोत्रियं Pts, PtsK, vc. 5. श्राद्धम् Pts, PtsK, Vc. 6. यज्ञस् Pts, PesK. 7. Also in Pts. 2.94, PtsK2. 101. 8. V.I. पुंसा VC. 9. v.1. केवलमस्थि , अश्रितः vc. 10. I.1. स्विदत्तताम् ; सो दत्तवान् VC. 11. V.1. 'छन्दमाग vc. 12. V.1. लोकत्वम् , लोके त्वम् (तम् ) VC. 13. V.I. च यान्ति vc. 14. V.1. चा VC. 15. .V1. ऽपरम् VC. 16. v.1. भाषितैः vc. 17. V.1. ह्यपि VC. 18. V.1. भार्या याति विपक्षताम् ; भूतले VC. 19. V.1. निज; स्फुटम् VC. 20. V.1. जनैर् : अहो; धनैर् VC. 21. V.1. नष्टेन वै VC. 22. V.l. नीतं मतिस्तादृशा; वादो मुहुः स्याद् भृशम् VC.

·THE TEXT : CHAPTER III 31 116. स्वामी 'देष्टि सुसेवितोऽपि बहुशः, प्रोज्झन्ति सद्वान्धवा', द्योतन्ते न गुणास्त्यजन्ति तनुजा", स्फारीभवन्त्यापदः । भार्या साधु सुवंशजाऽपि' भजते नो, यान्ति मित्राणि च, न्यायारोपितविक्रमानपि नरान् येषां नहि स्याद्धनम् ॥ VCsr 21.6 ( vii) It is known that the prosperity of courtezans is impermanent, since it is gained by deceiving paramours, just as the prosperity of merchants if acquired by misappropriation of deposits or that of the kings if acquired by treason: 117. न्यासापहाराद्वणिजां वेश्यानां कामिवञ्चनात् । द्रोहाञ्चोपनता राज्ञामस्थिरा एव संपदः॥" KR4.480 If courtezans lose their money, nobody looks at them : 118. विक्रीय स्वगुणं निःस्वः स्वयं मांसमिव द्विजः । सद्यः पतति निःसत्त्वः पतितः केन पूज्यते ॥ KS 4. 88 119. गुणिनां "चित्तवैकल्याद् गुणा निर्गुणवाञ्छया। हृदयेष्वेव सीदन्ति विधवानामिव स्तनाः॥ Ibid, 89 It is a marvel, as VC states, that when •men are deprived of the glowing warmth of wealth, they suddenly change, although they have the same faculties unimpaired, the same names, the same minds uninjured. the same voices: 120. "तानीन्द्रियाण्यविकलानि, तदेव नाम", सा बुद्धिरप्रतिहता, वचनं तदेव । 2. 1. वेश VC. सहसा PP, Pts, PtsK. 3. प्रोक्तो ति; प्रोक्ताति vc. 4. V.I. °बान्धवः VC. 'बोधवा PP. 5. V.1. राजन्ते PTs; द्योतन्तम् VC. 6. V... स VC. 7. V.1. मनुजा, °जं VC, °जाः BIS. 8. नोत्तम PP. 9. V.1. न VC. 10. V.1. भोजतो BIS; भजति PP. 11. V.1. मित्राण्यपि PP. 12. V.I. . माण्यपि Pts. 13. V. 1. नृणाम् Pts, नरानरान् PP. 14. V.I. आप न चाऽन्येषाम् vc. 15. Also in PP. 5. 16, Pts 5. 24, Ptsk 5. 22. 16. V. 1. द्रोहाचोपहृता KR. .17. Or KR 4.481. Also see text 455. 18. Better वित्त. 19. V.1. तदेकधाम vc. 20. "णि सकलानि Bhs'; योऽन्यः BIS; वान्य BIS; बाह्यः BIS; अन्यः BIS. 21. कर्म Bhs. 22. V.1. सद् VC. 23. v.1. सत्पौरुषेण रहितः vc.

·32 THE. TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT अर्थोष्मणा विरहितः पुरुषः स एव', सोऽप्यन्य एव भवतीति किमत्र चित्रम् ॥ VCsr 21,8 11 Therefore, it is better to live in a forcst infested with tigers and elephants; to have a shelter of trecs; a diet of leaves, fruit and water and a bed of grass; better to have worthless old basts for garments than to live among men who have no wealth : 121. वरं वनं व्याघ्रगजेन्द्रसेवितम्, द्रुमालयः 'पत्रफलाम्बुभोजनम् । तृणैश्च शय्या "वरजीर्णवल्कलम्, न बन्धुमध्ये धनहीनजीवितम् ॥13 VC jr 12,7 ( viii ) From the time of crcation of the world women's nature is such that they are attached to men who are happy and rich, and leave those who are unlucky and poor: 122. एषा हि प्रकृतिः स्त्रीणामासृष्टे रघुनन्दन । समस्थमनुरज्यन्ते विषमस्थं त्यजन्ति च ॥ RB 3. 13,5 किश्चान्यैन' कुलाचारैः सेव्यतामेति पूरुषः। धनहीनः स्वपल्याऽपि त्यज्यते किं पुनः परैः॥" NH 2. 92 ब .. 1. V... क्षणेन vc. 2. V... त्वन्यः क्षणेन भवतीति विचित्रमेतत् Bhs', NHJ; अन्यः NHP: अज्या NHP; वाह्यः क्ष° Pts; चान्यः क्षणेन भवतीन्य (भवतीत्य PRE) अतिचित्रमेतत् PP. अपि for °अति° PP, PRE; शेते हकार इव सङ्कुचिताखिलाङ्गः Pt; विचित्रमेतत् VC. 3. Also in Bhs 512, PP 2.81, PRE 2. 35, Fts 5. 26, PT 2. 61, NHJ 1. 136, NHP 1.97%3; BBh 7, SRBh 65. 16, SKM 125. 6. SRK 45. 21. For different readings in Bhs see Bhs' p. 159 4. V.1. वने VC, HKS, BIS. 5. v.1. गजादिसे Pts; गजैः समन्वितम् PesK; °सेविते VC, NR. 6. v.1. °आलये Vc, आलयं Bhs. CND, NR. 7. V.I. पक्व CND, पुष्पफ, मूलफ VC. 8. जलेन हीनं बहुकण्टकावृतं Pts; जनेन ही° PtsK; °म्बुसेवनम् CND. 9. V.I. तृणानि Pts, PtsK, CND; तृणेषु Bhs', VC; तृणानि, तृणे च Vc. 10. V.1. शत CND; जन', परि vc. 11. परिधान Pts; वसनश्च व NR, BIS. 12. जीवनम् BhS.CND; NR, BIS. 13. Also in Bhs. 737, Pts 5. 23, PtsK 5. 217 CND 10. 12, SB 164, NR 14 in HKSH KKKS 14, SRBh 66.46. 14. धनैर्न च BIS; धन्योऽन्यैर् NHS 2. 89. 15. NHS2.89, NHJ2.92.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER III 33 124. पुत्रदारादिसंवन्धः पुंसां धननिवन्धनः । क्षीणात्पुत्राः पलायन्ते दारा गच्छन्ति चान्यतः ।। KD 2.29 Bees settle on mango trees when in blossom : 125. उद्धृतपुष्पं सहकारं मधुकरा उपासते ॥ Comm. to BhC 2. 51 A slave girl hurts one's sense of honour, a courtezan strikes at a fayourite of fortune, a widow shortens age, and a strange woman puts everything at stake: 126. दासी मानधनं हन्ति हन्ति वेश्या धनाधिकम् । आयुष्यं विधवा हन्ति सर्व हन्ति पराङ्गना ।। NS32 Therefore, paramours of courtezans are warned that they will become impoverished if they remain under the influence of courtezans : 127. कन्दर्पप्रतिभूनिवेशितवलीरेखावलीशोभिते, लीलोदञ्चितबाहुपाशयुगलापातैश्च भोः कामुकाः । वेश्यानां विपुले नितम्वफलके शारैः कटाक्षरितो, यद्वः क्रीडितमत्र दास्यति पुरो दारिद्यमेवोत्तरम् ।। JM 34 since it is known that courtezans create the greatest peril to the wealth of men who are in love with them, just as a swarm of locust create the greatest peril to the fields, or ghuna-insects to bamboos, or a tornado to flower-gardens, etc. : 128. शालीनां शलभवजो, घुणगणो वंशप्रतानोन्नतेः, मत्तेभः कमलाकरस्य, कुसुमोद्यानस्य दुर्मारुतः। स्वर्भानुर्विधुमण्डलस्य, वडवावक्त्रो निधेरम्भसा- मासां कामुकसंपदाञ्च गणिकाक्षुद्रः किलोपद्रवः ।। JM 17 Women have to show affection to rich men only, such is the advice of Kāmasūtras and some Kävyas; how then is it possible for courtezans to be attached to those who lose money ? 129. अपरोक्षधनो गम्यः श्रीमानपि नान्यथेति निर्दिष्टम् । कन्दर्पशास्त्रकारैः कुतः कथा लुप्तविमवस्य । DK 627 Courtezans feel the same aversion from impoverished men, as cats from mice, or ichneumons from snakes, or buffaloes from horses : 1. V.1. क्षीणा: DK. 3. उद्धृतपुफ्फं सहस्रारं महुअरा उवासन्ति (BhC 2. 50) 5. वाडवाग्निः KM 8. 2. T... पल्य: DK. 4. 'यूषि corrupt. 5. अक्षदो महान KM8 ·34 THE TEXTS UN COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 130. अश्वीये यमवाहनस्य', नकुलस्याशीविषाणां कुले, मार्जारस्य च मूषकेषु घटते या प्रीतिरात्यन्तिकी। क्षीणेऽथै विधुरेषु बन्धुषु दृढे लोकापवादे शनै- ज्ञेया कामिजनेषु सैव गणिकावर्गस्य नैसर्गिकी|| JM 10 When men lose their money courtezans, like kings, are alarmed because their support is destroyed : 131. उच्छिन्नाश्रयकातरेव कुलटा गोत्रान्तरं श्रीर्गता, तामेवाऽनुगता गताऽनुगतिकास्त्यकानुरागाः प्रजाः। आप्तरप्यनवाप्तपौरुषफलैः कार्यस्य धूरुज्झिता, किं कुर्वन्त्वथवोत्तमाङ्गरहितैरङ्गैरिव स्थीयते ॥ VM 6.5 Therefore in BhС the maid expresses fear in the presence of Vasantasenā that the loss of Cārudatta's wealth may keep him from frequenting her house: 132. किम्, विभवमन्दतया वेशवासप्रसङ्गकातरो दुःखमिति यदि नागच्छेत् ॥ Comm, to BhC2.55-6 1 अश्वसमूह KM 8. 2. महिषस्य KM 8. 3. रहितैर्णाङ्गैश्चिरं VM 175. 4. किं, विहवमन्ददाए वेसवासप्पसंगकादरो दुक्खं त्ति जैण आअच्छे BhC2. 54-5 ·CHAPTER IV On Courtezans' Habit of Draining Men Dry (i) Courtezans, having in mind that money is the most important thing in this world, are always prepared to drain men dry, just as bees are always prepared to sip flowers till they have faded : 133. सादरमाकृष्य चिरं कुसुमस्तवकं च नरविशेषं च । रिक्नीकर्तुं निपुणाः क्षुद्राः क्षुद्राश्च' चुम्बन्ति ॥ DK 318 Loss of wealth by thc paramour is the limit of love for courtezans, just as, for instance, the birth of a bad son is the end for a family: 134. वाक्शूरस्य रणोऽवधिः, कुतनयोत्पत्तिः कुलस्यावधि- बन्धिव्यस्य विवादभूमिरवधिः, सौख्यं श्रुतस्यावधिः । वाचाटस्य विदग्धपर्षदवधिौल्यं व्रतस्यावधिर्, बन्धो विद्धि धनावसानमवधिर्वेश्यानुरागस्य च ॥ JM 12 Courtezans regard a poor person useless as a blade of grass, just, as for instance, a proud man from a respectable family regards as worthless a son of a female slave: 135. स्वामी क्रूरमिवाश्रितं, परिणतो योगीव संसारिणं, शुद्धो विप्र इवान्त्यज, जनपदः श्रीमानिव श्वित्रिणम् । दासीपुत्रमिवोद्धतः कुलधरो, नीचो धनीवार्थिनम् , पर्यन्ते तुणतुल्यमेव गणिका निःस्वं जनं पश्यति ॥ JM 13 Therefore, courtezans strip men of every farthing. Particularly, as long as the paramours are under their influence and feel passion for them, they take away from them their money, because if passion dies away it is more difficult for the former to deprive the latter of their money: 1. V. 1. माश्लिष्य DK. 3, वेश्या इत्यर्थः KM 3. 2. मधुमक्षिका इत्यर्थः KM 3. 4. कुलुकु गुब्ब जूपि, गोब्बुन गरगिंचि, चेति कासु लेला चेर दीसु, नतन् चेति कत्तल मरंग काम्तलु VT 3. 254.

·36 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 136. तावञ्च तूर्ण धनमाहरेत यावत्स रागेण विनष्टसंज्ञः। प्रशान्तरागानलशीतलस्तु स लोहपिण्डीकठिनत्वमेति ॥ KS5.75 They should not forget that the more men behave childishly towards them, the more they come under their control, and the morc humble they become : 137. यथा यथा सान्त्वयिता वश्यः स्त्रीणां तथा तथा । यथा यथा प्रियं वक्ता परिभूतस्तथा तथा ॥ RB 5. 22, 2 S because as long as the beauty of women does not conquer the hearts of men, they are masters of their passions, observe modesty and maintain decorum: 138. सन्मार्गे तावदास्ते, प्रभवति 'पुरुषस्तावदेवेन्द्रियाणाम् , लजां तावद्विधत्ते, विनयमपि समालम्बते तावदेव । भ्रूचापाकृष्टमुक्ताः श्रवणपथगता नीलपक्ष्माण एते, यावल्लीलावतीनां न हृदि धृतिमुषो दृष्टिवाणाः पतन्ति ॥ NHJ 1, 207 Courtezans, though like servants to rich men, become more and more unattainable to those who are deprived of money® : 139. दासी दासी तावद्यावत्पुरुषस्य किञ्चिदस्ति करे। क्षीणधनपुण्यराशेर्दुष्प्रापा स्वर्गनगरीव ॥ Ks 8. 115 140. किञ्चित्पाहु(घु)णकागमेन किमपि प्रस्तारविस्तारवद्, यात्राचैत्रतिथिक्रमैः किमपि च क्रोधप्रसादोदयः । किञ्चित्काञ्चनरत्नवस्त्रविषयैर्नानाविधैर्दोहदैर, द्वाराण्यर्थविनिर्गमस्य गणिकाः कुर्वन्ति शृङ्गारिणाम् ॥ JM 42 Whatever courtezans do in the beginning of sexual enjoyment, in order to excite love of their paramours, they also do afterwards, but in a humiliating 1. i. e, men. Also used in the meaning of paramours of courtezans. 2. सन्मार्गस्ता° BIS. 3. हि नरस् Bhs'; V.1. च नरस् HKS. 4. लज्जा BIS. 5. गा BIS; जुषो SP; फलजुषो BIS ; पूजो BIS. 6. सपदि BIS; tr. ह. नSP. 7. परिणता BIS. 8. Also quoted before as aphorism 32 and in NHS ad 39, 20, Bhs' 95, SB 293; SP 3300, Sts 66. 4-7, SRBh 260. 112, SV 2246, SKM 53. 12. SRK 276. 3. For different readings in Bhs' see Bhs' p. 38 and in s'ts see aphorism 32. 9. वार कांतलेल्ल वलचि येतेंतुरा ? पोंड जेसि ढनमु पुच्चु कोरकु, मारकम्म बोच्चि मरि इल्लु वेळूळना VT 2. 176.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER IV 37 manner, when they want to get rid of passionate lovers deprived of moneyl: 141, वाग्भिर्भर्त्सनमंशुकादिहरणं संताडनं मुष्टिभिः, किं चान्यद्विपरीतदर्शनमधःकारोऽथ पादाहतिः। इत्यादि प्रथमं यदेव सुरतप्रौढोपचारक्रमे, वेश्या पश्यत तत्तदेव कुरुते निर्वासने कामिनाम् ॥ JM 39 Then, they are not ashamed to abuse those paramours, calling them 'brutes', 'shameless', etc., though, some time before, they addressed them with such words as 'great', 'preserver of life', 'beloved', 'liberal', etc.: 142. प्रौढ, प्राणद, कान्त, नाथ, सुभगोदार, प्रिय, त्वां विना किं वित्तेन, गृहेण किं, किमसुभियोऽपीति यो भाषितः । तस्यैवाद्य निराश, दुर्भग, पशो, निर्लज गच्छाधुना धिक्त्वां निर्धनचङ्गमित्यपवदन हीतो न वेश्याजनः॥ JM 50 Therefore paramours are warned to be prepared that, if they have lost money, they will hear, from courtezans whom they love, some excuses for not having intercourse with them, such as that they are suffering from headache, etc: 143. शूलेनाध मृताऽहमध सरजाः कर्तव्यमद्य व्रतम् , त्यागी नास्ति ततोऽधिकोऽपर इति श्लाघा विपक्षस्य च । कंचिन्नोत्सहते स राजतनयो जानाति माता ममे- त्येवं मुग्धभुजंग रूक्षगणिकावाचोऽचिराच्छोष्यसि ॥ JM 35 Paramours without money also hear reproaches from courtezans that some other men promise them more money, etc.; finally impoverished paramours are prevented by courtezans' scrvants from entering their homes : 144. वक्रोक्त्या प्रथमं निरादरतया पश्चात्ततः केनचिद् दातव्यं बहु तत्र यामि, भवताद् भूयोऽपि नौ सङ्गमः । इत्युक्तोऽपि न बुध्यते खलु यदा रागी दरिद्रो जड- चेटीभिर्वहुभाषितरपि तदा हस्तार्गलैर्वार्यते ॥ JM 48 According to the advice of procuresses, courtezans have to deprive their paramours of money (which was considered as the only means of collecting a fortune) and then, like serpents which leave their old skins 1. Cf. VKS chapter 55 and other Kamasutras on the methods used by womep (courtezans) to get rid of unwanted paramourse ·38 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT behind, they have to leave them as soon as their moncy is spent and have to look for other rich men: 145. प्राप्ते कान्ते कथमपि धनादानपात्रे च वित्ते, त्वं मे सर्व त्वमसि हृदयं जीवितं च त्वमेव । इत्युक्त्वा तं क्षपितविभवं कञ्चुकाभं भुजंगी, त्यक्त्वा गच्छेत्सधनमपरं वैशिकोऽयं समासः॥ KS 5. 89 Courtezans have to keep their paramours as long as they have a whit of money and their fortune has not been consumed like a lamp-wick, the end of which only gives light as long as it is moistened with some drops of oil (money): 146. संधारयेत्तं च विशेषवित्तं यावन्न निशेषधनत्वमेति । पुनः पुनः स्नेहलवावक्ता दीपं यथा दीपकदीपवर्तिः ॥ K65.77 In HK. a merchant declaims: what a. pitiable thing money is; its lack diminishes love even of a noble woman for her husband. He has, then, composed the following sloka in Prakrit : 147. क्युरे वेश्या बापडी, जूठो कङ्कण ठाय । द्रव्यविना कुलवन्तीए हेथें मेल्यो पाय ॥ HK 117.1 (ii) Courtezans abandon those bereft of fortune, as birds desert barren trees, or ministers forsake kings when they become unfortunate, or as cranes do not approach dried-up ponds, or as bees do not regale themselves with withered flowers, or as deer abhor the sight of a burnt wood, since everyone pursues his own designs : 148. वृक्षं क्षीणफलं त्यजन्ति विहगाःशुष्कं सर: सारि(र)वाः पुष्पं पर्युषितं त्यजन्ति मधुपा दग्धं बनान्तं मृगाः । निद्रव्यं पुरुषं त्यजन्ति गणिका भ्रष्ट नृपं सेवकाः' सर्वः स्वार्थवशाजजनो हि रमते" न कस्य को वल्लभः ॥ PtsK2. 102 1. सरं BIS. 2. सारसाः VaN, SR, Bhs. SP. ३. निर्दग्धं कुसुमं BIS; मधुपा: BIS. 4. वनान्तरं metrically impossible. 5. or second and third verse transferred AEM, S'P. 6. भ्रष्टश्रियं VaN, SR. 7. मन्त्रिण: Bhs, VaN, SR, SP. 8. सर्व BIS. सर्वे SR. 9. कार्यव' SP, VaN; कार्यवशां गतो Bhs'; कार्यवसो BIS; °जने BIS; र्थवचा corrupt 10. नु AEM, SP. 11. ऽभिरमते Bhs, VaN, SR; हि भजते BIS. 12. कस्यास्ति को Bhs'VaN; तत्कस्य को SP. 13. Also in Bhs 753, SB 156, AEM 57. 31-4, SR 4, VaH 8, VaN 8, SRBh 178. 1013, NSK 40, S'P 1543, HK, kavyaKalapaz Kavyasamagraha (not quoted in PP and Pts), ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER IV 39 This aphorism, very well-known in the Sanskrit literature, is often repeated with some modifications. According to other versions, courtezans Icave inen who have no more money, subjects a fallen king, birds a barren tree and guests the house after dinner : 149. निर्धनं पुरुषं वेश्या, प्रजा भग्ननृपं त्यजेत् । खगा वीतफलं वृक्षं भुक्त्वा चाभ्यागतो' गृहम् ।। CND2.17 or, courtezans leave men who become poor, as subjects leave a fallen king, as accomplished students Icave their teachers, as sacrificers leave those who offer sacrifices as soon as they have paid their tributes, as birds leave barren trees, as guests leave the house after having finished their meals, as deer leave a burnt wood, and as paramours leave women after sexual intercourse : 150. निःस्वं त्यजन्ति गणिका अकल्पं नृपति प्रजाः। अधीतविद्या आचार्यमृत्विजो दत्तदक्षिणम् ।। BhP 10. 47,7 151. खगा वीतफलं वृक्षं भुक्त्वा चातिथयो गृहम् । दग्धं मृगास्तथाऽरण्यं जारो भुक्त्वा रतां स्त्रियम् ॥ BhP 10. 47, ४ 152. फलहीनं नृपं भृत्याः कुलीनमथवोन्नतम् । सन्त्यज्यान्यत्र गच्छन्ति शुष्कं वृक्षमिवाएडजाः ॥ PP 1. 114 or, as servants leave their masters if they cannot pay, as bees a flowerless tree, and as ducks a lake without water : 153. अवृत्तिकं प्रभुं भृत्या अपुष्पं भ्रमरास्तरुम् । अंजलं च सरो हंसा मुञ्चन्त्यपि चिरोषिताः ।। SKSS 10.61, 118 or as calves leave their mothers if they lose their milk ; yet everybody would approach fire in order to get money. Attachment exists only as long as gifts are presented : 154. अर्थार्थी जीवलोकोऽयं ज्वलन्तमुपसर्पति । क्षीणक्षीरां निराजीव्यां वत्सस्त्यजति मातरम् ॥ KN5.63 155. तावत् प्रीतिर्भवेल्लोके यावद्दानं प्रदीयते । वत्सः क्षीरक्षयं दृष्ट्वा स्वयं' त्यजति मातरम् ।। PP 2.41 1. चाभ्यागता CV. 2. Also in CV 2.17. v.1. अथ चोन्नतं PP; °अपि चोन्नतम् Pts; कुलीनमथ वोन्नमत् BIS. 4. Also in Pts1.152, PtsK 1.168. 5. के SKSSD. 6. 'तम् SKSSD 7. Om. BIS. 8. परित्यजति Pts, PtsK. 9. Also in Pts 2.47, PtsK 2.51.

·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 156. Procuresses go further in their advice and teach their daughters that they should drain their paramours dry and when they have become exhausted and thus ceased to be of service, they should throw them away, as one throws away a crushed piece of sugar-cane : निष्पीतसारं विरतोपकारं क्षुण्णेतुशल्कप्रतिमं त्यजेत् तम्। लब्धाधिवासक्षयकारि शुष्कं पुष्पं त्यजत्येव हि केशपाशः॥ KS 5.78 because men of noble family are dear to courtezans only as long as they have much money; after that they have to be thrown away like a crushed sugar-cane from which juice has been pressed : 157. तावदेव दयितः कुलजोऽपि यावदर्पयति भूरिधनानि । येशुवत् त्यजति निर्गतसारं तत्र ही किमु सुखं गणिकायाम् ॥ AS 24. 12 Particularly courtezans, using their arms, have to press thcir paramours to their breasts, bite them, and use all tricks and wits to drain them dry, and then throw them away like a crushed sugar-cane from which the juice has been pressed : 158. योऽयं निर्दयदन्तखण्डनकरो वुद्धिप्रयोगैर्हठा- नीरन्ध्रो भुजयन्त्रपीडनविधिः सोल्लासमुत्पादितः। तेनेक्षोरिव कामुकस्य सरसस्यादाय सारं परम् , वेश्याभिः क्रियते वहिर्यदि परं निष्कासनं शल्कवत् ॥ JM 38 Courtezans first allure men, showing them untrue passion and, when they become their paramours and are really in love with them, they drain them dry and, finally, throw them out: 159. गम्यं निरूप्य सा स्फुटमनुरक्तवाभियुज्य रञ्जयति । आकृष्टसकलसारं क्रमेण निष्कासयत्येनम् ।। RK 12.40 Mālatī, the procuress, gives more detailed and shrewd advice to her daughter, showing how she has to gain favour of her paramours and then drain them dry and throw them away. She has to force them to serve her and then takes them as one takes fish from the water, toss them on the ground so that they cannot hear and see, then takс them away, eat up the best of them and throw away the rest: 160. इति नेत्रादिविकारैर्वशमुपनीतं प्रलीनधैर्यस्य । सारग्रहाभिभूतं परिमृष्टप्रानिराकृतिस्मरणम् ।। DK 709 161. प्रादुर्भूतरिरंस' क्षणे क्षणे जघनदेशगतदृष्टिम् । पक्काम्रमिव विमोक्ष्यसि पूर्ववदाचूष्य सुझु निःशेषम् ॥ Ibid. 710 1. V.1. हो AS. 2. Better og er ang 3. V. 1. प्रादुर्भूतं नितरां DK. 4. वूष्य corrupts. Si Cf. DKB.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER IV 41 162. 'स्वशरीरामिषदिग्धं वक्रस्मितदृष्टिपातवाग्वडिशम् । प्रक्षिप्याकृष्य जडं स्फुरणेन विवर्जितं सुपरिपुटम् ॥ DKB 734 163. हस्तद्वयान्तरागतमुपचारपरिव्ययेन संस्कृत्य । भुक्त्वा यावन्मांसं त्यक्ष्यति चर्मास्थिशेषितं मत्स्यम् ॥ Ibrd, 735 According to DhD, procuresses are used by courtezans to throw out their paramours. Courtezans, as if in love gratify those that conceal their amours, those that obtain wealth easily, the foolish, the self-willed, the haughty and the impotent, as long as they have money; when they are without funds, courtezans have them turned out of doors by their mothers : 164. छन्नकामसुखार्थाज्ञस्वतन्त्राहंयुपण्डकान् । रक्लेव रञ्जयेद् आढ्यान् निःस्वान् मात्रा विवासयेत् ॥ DD 2.34 After having taken from them their whole fortune, they leave them bare and even take their last garment: 165. अपि प्रदत्तसर्वस्वान् कामुकान् क्षीणसंपदः । वासोऽप्याच्छेत्तुमिच्छन्ति गच्छतः पण्ययोषितः ॥ HK 220.5 They also desire to take the garments from their paramours who give them many presents after they have drained them of their entire fortuna: 166. उपचरिताप्यतिमात्रं पण्यवधूः क्षीणसंपदः पुंसः । पातयति दृशं व्रजतः स्पृहया परिधानमात्रेऽपि ।। DK 93 More beautiful verses, from the poetical point of view, about courtezans who abandon away their paramours, can be found in MS': 167. अनुरागवन्तमपि लोचनयोर्दधतं वपुः सुखमतापकरम् । निरकासयद्रविमपेतवसुं वियदालयादपरदिग्गणिका ॥' MS 9. 10 168. स्वगुणैराफलप्राप्तेराकृष्य गणिका इव । कामुकानिव नालीकांस्त्रिणताः सहसामुचन् । Ibid, 19.61 Also appropriate verses on the same subject are to be found in SM, where we read : "A noble youth is like a goodly tree%3B His wealth, the fruit so fair; The courtezan is like a bird; for she Pecks him and leaves him bare." 1. प्रशo DK. 2. चंक्रमित° DK. 3. 'तमस्खलितम् DK. 4. V... क्षिप्रतरं DK. 5. °चारय येन सत्कृत्य (2) DK. 6. V.1. संकृत्या DK. 7. Also in s/P 3585, SV 1923. 8. Translated by A. W. Ryder, HOS 9, p. 61.

·42 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 169. इह सर्वस्वफलिनः कुलपुत्रमहाद्रुमाः। निष्फलत्वमलं यान्ति वेश्याविहगभक्षिताः॥ SM 4.10 Women exploit men in love like red lac, and then violently throw to the ground, both lac and men : 170. अलकको यथा रक्लो निष्पीड्य पुरुषस्तथा । अवालाभिर्वलाद्रतः पादमूले निपात्यते ॥ VCsr 6. 1, 14 What else could courtezans do with men without money than to throw them away: cows which do not bear calves are also useless : 171. प्रक्षीणवित्तेन निरुद्यमेन किं रूपयुक्तेन करोति वेश्या । विच्छिन्नदुग्धा न पुनः सगर्भा सा कस्य गौश्वारुतयोपयुक्ता ॥ KS 5.86 Of no use then are the paramours' nice words : wet-nurses cannot feed children and bring them up if they lose their milk : 172. मिथ्यैव रिक्तः कुरुते जडानामावर्जनैः प्रेममयैर्वचोभिः। क्षीरक्षये चुम्बनलालनेन बालस्य वृद्धिं विदधाति धात्री ॥ Ibid, 87 (ii) But tot all prostitutes forsake paramours without money : harlots (ksudrās) do so, but not courtezans (ganikas) who consider their future advantages as well : 173. व्यपगतकोषे रागिणि याति लयं पानमात्रलाभहता'। क्षुद्रा मधुकरिकाऽब्जे न तु गणिका चिन्तितस्वार्थाः ॥ चिन्तितस्वार्था || DKB 655 Paramours, abandoned by courtezans, are not always completely penniless. They also hope to return to them and in the meantime act as pimps and try to gain affection from courtezans, who have drained them dry, by bringing them rich men, especially those boasting of their riches: 174. कश्चित् पण्यस्त्रीणां विभवोपचितान्यपुरुषयोजनया । विदधाति स्माराधनमधनत्वमुपागतः कामी । DK 339 As stated before, courtezans throw away their paramours as soon as they lose their fortune. But they always have in mind that these men can regain money and will try to regain their affection. They leave paramours who have lost their money but return to those who regain their fortunes: .. 1, फलिताः ND. V.I. °फलिनाः 3. ड्यः PtsK., V. 1. निपीज्य, 5.7.1. निपद्यते; प्रणीयते. 7. V.1. कृते DK. 2. Also in ND45. CE. texts 407-9. 4. V.I. पदमूलो. 6. Also in Pts 1. 145, PtsK 1.161. 8. स्वार्थे DK.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V 175. त्यजन्ति मित्राणि धनैर्विहीनं दाराश्च भृत्याश्च सुहृज्जनाश्च । 'तं 'चार्थवन्तं पुनराश्रयन्ते' ह्यर्थो हि लोके पुरुषस्य वन्धुः ॥" CND 15.5 177. Men once abandoned by courtezans know it quite well what their sudden confessions in the following words mean: I am your slave, my whole wealth belongs to you, do not leave me', etc. They realize that the courtezans are aware of the recovery of their wealth : 176. दासी नाथ तवाहमेव विभवः सर्वस्त्वदीयः स्थितो मा मां निर्दय मुश्च शून्यमखिलं मन्ये जगत् त्वां विना । इत्युक्त्वा सहसा भुजङ्गपुरतो यद्वेश्यया रुद्यते भुक्तोच्छिष्टदरिद्रकामिविभवास्ते केवलं तद्विदुः ॥ JM 45 Courtezans return to those from whom they have first taken all their money, and pretend that they formerly deserted them only because of their mothers : भुक्नोज्झितानामन्यासु पुनः प्राप्तार्थसंपदाम् । जननी दुर्जनीकृत्य कुर्वाणासु प्रसादनम् ॥ KS 3. 18 and address their mothers, as if they were quarrelling with them : 'he was my lover, but you have thrown him out, and he is angry at me (without reason) : 178. भूयः कालवशात् तमर्जितधनं दृष्ट्वाथ मद्वल्लभः स क्रुद्धो गमितस्त्वयेति कलहो मात्रा समं जायते । कृत्वा तं प्रति च व्रतादि विरहं स्वं नाटयित्वा तत- स्तस्मिन् मित्रमुखेन संधिरपरो वेश्याभिरुत्पाद्यते ॥ JM 49 With the sole consideration of money courtezans express fondness outwardly, make their mothers turn out their impoverished paramoursthough agreeably acceptable to them if their pockets jingle-keeping in mind that they may meet again, when they regain wealth: 179. वित्तमात्रं समालोक्य सा रागं दर्शयेद् वहिः, काममङ्गीकृतमपि परिक्षीणधनं नरम् । मात्रा निष्कामयेदेषा पुनःसंधानकाङ्क्षया ॥ VS 111. cde 1. धनेन हीनं PP; PRE. 3. दाराश्च PP, PRE. 5. ते cv. 7. पुनरेव यान्ति PP, PRE. 9. ऽत्र PP, PRE, V.1. त्रिलोके PP. 2. पुत्राश्च PP, PRE. 4. सहोदराश्च PP. PRE. 6. अर्थ° PP, PRE. 8. V.I. अर्थे; अर्थों BIS; ह्यर्थे PP. 10. Also in PP 2.106. PRE 2,33, CV 15. 5.

·CHAPTER V On Courtezans' Ensnaring Tricks (i) Courtezans are instructed by procurcsses to use diffcrent tricks to ensnare men and to extract money. Though they somctimes feel passion for some men, yet being solely motivated by pccuniary interests they first bewilder them with false affection and later abandon them as if they had never known them before. In this way courtezans torment the ignorant : 180. तस्मात्तासामपि क्वापि रागः स्यात् किन्तु सर्वदा। धनार्थ कृत्रिमै वाम्यान् व्यामोहयन्ति ताः॥ RST 1.123 181. लिङ्गी प्रच्छन्नकामश्च नरंमन्यश्च षण्ढकः' । सुखप्राप्तधनो मूर्खः पितृवित्तेन गर्वितः ॥ lbid, 124 182. इत्यादीन् प्रथमं ग्राम्याञ् ज्ञात्वाकृष्य च तद्धनम् । अपूर्वा इव मुञ्चन्ति मुञ्चन्ति तानेतास्तापयन्ति च ।। Ibid, 125 Their desire is directed to capturing men by showing secret devotion to them, as followers of an old king show secret devotion to youthful princes to gain their favours when the old king is dead : 183. अग्रे भोगेच्छवश्छन्नाः कुमाराननुगान् पितुः। स्नेहं प्रदर्य स्वीकुर्युर्वेश्याः कामिसखीरिव ।। KR 7.619 Therefore courtezans bave to study with the greatest care and attention the means by which they can gain the hearts of men whom they wish to attract: 1. V...न 2. V... सर्वथा 3. V.1. ग्राम्यं भाव 4. V.I. संमोह 5. V.I. °भावश्च 6. V.1. नरम 7. V... शएटकः; खण्डकः; खण्डकः 8. V... मूर्षः 9. V.I. दर्पितः, पितृवत्ते. 10. V.I. ग्राम्यं ज्ञात्वा कृतस्य च; ग्राम्या ज्ञात्वाकृ' 11. v.1. इत्यादि प्रथमं ज्ञात्वा सम्यकर्षन्ति तद्धनम् ; 'म ग्राम्यन् त्रुत्काकृष्य च 12. v.1. अपूर्वमिव; अपूर्वानिव ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V 45 184. यौवनसौन्दर्यमदं दूरेणापास्य वारवनिताभिः । यत्नेन वेदितव्याः कामुकहृदयार्जनोपायाः॥ DK 23 otherwise their youth will be lost and their lives made useless : 185. गतं तद्यौवनं भीरु जीवितं च निरर्थकम् । या न वेत्ति सदा पुंसां चतुराणां रतिक्रमम् ।। SV 3.3 ( i ) According to the advice oi procuresses, courtezans can learn their art by practising it constantly : 186. श्रूयतां प्रथमं पुत्रि भूत्यै यत् कथयाम्यहम् । कलाकोषं तु कालेन नित्याभ्यासादवाप्स्यसि ॥ KS 4. 18 Money is the paramount thing in a courtezan's life ; by cleverness only, and not by descent or good conduct or education can it be gained : 187. न कुलेन न शीलेन न रूपेण न विद्यया । जीविताभ्यधिकं वुद्धिलभ्यं धनमवाप्यते ।। Ibid, 19 It can be gained by courtezans quite easily since all men are completely void of intelligence. The world is full of fools : 188. प्रायेण जगति प्रज्ञा नाना(र्था नास्ति' कस्यचित् । इयती जगतीं वेझि वेझि पूर्णामूर्णायुभिर्जः ॥ Ibid, 20 189. अज्ञातकालोचितकर्मयोगा रोगा इवाहर्निशपच्यमानाः । जगत्त्रये देवमनुष्यनागाः प्रज्ञादरिद्राः खलु सर्व एव ॥ Ibid, 21 But each courtezan has to be aware of other courtezans or friends, since they can be their rivals: 190. सखीजनसपत्नीको गणिकाजनो नाम || Comm. to BhC4.21 Having finished their studies courtezans are taught first to examine carefully their paramours' emotions; as soon as they are familiar with their lovers' particular passions, they should decide whether to cling to them or leave them : 191. पूर्व भावपरीक्षेत्र कार्या यत्नेन कामिनाम् । ज्ञातरागविभागानां कर्तव्यो त्यागसंग्रहौ। KS5.3 Being full of charm and unsteady, they have to be acquainted with the sixty-four arts which dwell in their hearts like rivers in the ocean: 192. हारिण्यश्चटुलतरा वहुलतरङ्गाश्च निम्नगामिन्यः। नध इव जलधिमध्ये वेश्याहृदये कलाश्चतुःषष्टिः ॥ KK4.2 : 1. The words in brackets are supplied. 3. सहीजणसपत्तिो गणिआजणो णाम (BAC4. 20) 2.1. जनैः ·46 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT restrain The arts of courtezans to entrap men are as following: the arts of prostitution, dancing, singing, coquetry, familiarity with love, catching (paramours), deluding through friends : 193. वेशकला नृत्यकला गीतकला वक्रवीक्षणकला च । कामपरिज्ञानकला ग्रहणकला मित्रवञ्चनकला च ॥ KK 4.3 drinking, amusement, sporting, embracing, kissing, shamcless outburst of zeal: 194. पानकला केलिकला सुरतकलालिङ्गनान्तरकला च । चुम्बनकला परकला निर्लज्जावेगसंभ्रमकला च॥ Ibid, 4.4 playing with jealousy and discord, weeping, ending associations which are troublesome, becoming dizzy, shivering, accomodating others : 196. ईर्ष्याकलिकलिकला रुदितकला मानसंक्षयकला च । स्वेदभ्रमकम्पकला पुनरेकान्तप्रसाधनकला च ॥ Ibrd, 4.5 closing eyes, (pretending) not being able to bear something, lying motionless, playing dead, showing passion because of separation, rage, firm opinion : 196. नेत्रनिमीलन-निःसहनिस्पन्दकला मृतोपमकला च । विरहासहरागकला कोपप्रतिषेधनिश्चयकला च ॥ Ibid, 4.6 quarrelling with their own mothers, visiting the houses of excellent men, going to festivals, alluring, recognition of one's character, flirting, being like a thief as well as a king : 197. निजजननीकलहकला सद्गृहगमनोत्सवेक्षणकला च। हरणकला जातिकला केलिकला चौरपार्थिवकला च॥ Ibid. 4.7 showing pride, being humble, not being truthful about defects (of their paramours), pretending to have terrible pains, using ointments, showing sleepy eyes, monstrandum vestes sanguine suffusas : 198. गौरवशैथिल्यकला निष्कारणदोषभाषणकला च। शूलकलाऽभ्यङ्गकला निद्राक्षिरजस्वलाम्वरकला च ॥ Ibid, 4.8 roughness, harshness, seizing men by their throats, locking doors against those who wish to enter, taking back the paramour whom they had first thrown out of their houses, taking part in processions, worship: 199. रूक्षकला तीक्ष्णकला गलहस्त-गृहांगलापणकला च । संत्यक्तकामुकाहृति दर्शनयात्रास्तुतिकला च ॥ Ibid, 49 1. If we read वेशकला. 'Dressing themselves, if we read वेषकला.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V : visiting and enjoying tirthas (places of pilgrimage), groves and temples, decorating and furnishing houses, charming with herbs and charms, gardening, dying hair : 200. तीर्थोपवनसुरालयविहरणहेलाकला गृहकला च । वश्यौषधमन्त्रकला वृक्षकला केशरञ्जनकला च ।। KK 4. 10 knowing the merits of bhikṣus and ascetics, wishing to visit foreign lands and, finally pandering if they are tired of the sixty three arts : 201. भिक्षुक-तापसवहुविधपुण्यकला द्वीपदर्शनकला च । खिन्ना कलात्रिषष्ट्या पर्यन्ते कुट्टनीकला वेश्या ।। Ibid, 4. 11 ( ii ) Depending on circumstances courtezansa laugh with those who laugh, weep with those who weep, and win with nice words those whom they really dislike: 202. हसन्तं प्रहसन्त्येता रुदन्तं प्ररुदन्त्यपि । अप्रिय प्रियवाक्यैश्च गृह्णन्ति कालयोगतः ॥ Pts 1. 184 If they see a man whom they want to win, they first deciare that they have no time, because the nature of men is such that they disdain women who can be easily won: 203. प्रथम प्रार्थिता वेश्या न क्षणोऽस्तीत्युदाहरेत् । जनस्यायं स्वभावो हि सुलभामवमन्यते ॥ KS5.68 As regards courtezans, charming coquetry, passion, affection, desire and love-woe, - all are concomitant with the increase or decrcase of the paramours' riches : 204. वारस्त्रीणां विभ्रमरागप्रेमाभिलाषमदनरुजः । सह वृद्धिक्षयभाजःप्रख्याताः संपदः सुहृदः॥ DK 302 Women generally and courtezans particularly attract men by their side-long pretextful glances : 205. अम्भोजपत्रायतलोचनानामम्भोधिदीर्धास्विह दीर्घिकासु। समागतानां कुटिलैरपाङ्गैरनङ्गबाणैः प्रहता युवानः ॥ BBh 278 206. अपाङ्गपातैरपदेशपूर्वरेणीदृशामेकशिलानगर्याम् । वीथीषु वीथीषु विनापराधं पदे पदे शृङ्खलिता युवानः ॥ Ibid, 277 1. i. e. women, refers also to courtezans. 2. "न्ति च MBh. 3. गृहते MBh. 4. Also in MBh 13,39. 7. 5. Ascribed to Kalidasa, when describing Ekasila (Dvaravatrpura l.

·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 207. पदव्यक्किन्यक्तीकृतसहृदयावन्धललिते कवीनां मार्गेऽस्मिन् स्फुरति वुधमात्रस्य धिषणा । न च क्रीडालेशव्यसनपिशुनोऽयं कुलवधू- कटाक्षाणां पन्थाः स खलु गणिकानामविषयः।। BBh 122 Courtezans use also untrue jealousy in order to win over men : 208. ईर्ष्या कुलस्त्रीषु न नायकस्य निःशङ्ककेलिन पराङ्गनासु । वेश्यासु चैतद् द्वितयं प्ररूढं सर्वस्वमेतास्तदहो स्मरस्य ॥ RST 1. 128 They also pretend to be bashful although they would be lost through bashfulness: 209. असती भवति सलजा क्षारं नीरं च शीतलं भवति । दम्भो" भवति विवेकी प्रियवक्ता भवति धूर्तजनः ।। Pts 1.418 Courtezans attract men by using the four theatrical means of presentations, that is, paying respect, praising, stretching their bodies, and their movements : 210. क्लेशाय दुर्भगानां मानस्तुतिगात्रभङ्गविन्यासः । गणिकाभिनयचतुष्टयमाकृष्ट्यै स्वापतेयपुष्टानाम् ।। DK 634 These are inborn arts of courtezans just as the beautiful colour is natural to water-roses around which bees swarm : 211. लीलावतीनां सहजा विलासास्त एव' मूढस्य हृदि स्फुरन्ति । रागो नलिन्या हि निसर्गसिद्धस्तत्र भ्रमत्येव मुधा षडद्धिः ॥ BhS' 82 Passion is on their lips, but not in their hearts; straightness is in their arms, but not in their nature; their breasts are sublime but not so their conduct: 212. रागोऽधरे न चेतसि सरलत्वं भुजलतासु न प्रकृतौ । कुचभारेषु समुन्नतिराचरणे नाभिनन्दिते सद्भिः॥ DK 307 They use flattering speech to creep into the hearts of ordinary men as do scoundrels, or servants, or lovers vis à vis married women : 213. स्वचित्तसंवादि वचो वदन्तो धूर्ता वितन्वन्ति मनःप्रवेशम् । पृथग्जनानां गणिकावधूनां विटाः प्रभूणामपि गर्भचेटाः ॥ KR 6. 235 1. Vararuci. Ascribed to Harihara in Saktimuktavalt. 2. V... इच्छा 3. V.1.नु 4. V.I. प्रसिद्धम् 5. Also in s's2.111. 6. दम्भी Pts; cf. BIS. 7. Cf. Bharatiyanatyasastra 6.23. 8. स्वभावास् Bis. 9. तवैव Bls. 10. Also in SB.212 [5857], SRK 271, 10. For different readings in Bhs. see Bhs p. 23.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V Being deceitful, covetous of the every last penny, given to momentary pleasures, honey-sweet in speech they penetrate into the hearts of those whom prudence has abandoned : 214. एताः सत्यविहीना धनलवलीनाः सुखक्षणाधीनाः। वेश्या विशन्ति हृदयं मुखमधुरा निर्विचाराणाम् ।। KK 4.22 For the same reason they also display false passion, temper, love, as well as acting, as if greatly distressed by separation : 215. चाटुक्रममनुराग' प्रणयरुषौ विरहजनितशोकार्तिम् । प्रकटयति' वाररमणी नटीव शिक्षाभियोगेन ॥ DK 91 Courtezans excite lust among their paramours by caressing them, by appropriate use of eye-brows', by pulling lovers' hair, smiling, and whispering in the ears, etc: 216. किं तत्कर्म यदस्तशर्म, रसना किं सा न (च) यारुन्तुदा, किं तत् प्रेम यदस्थिरं स च पुमान् किंनाम यो निर्गुणः । सा किं श्रीरुपभोगमर्हति न या, सेव्यः स किं योऽन्तरं, नो जानाति, तदस्ति किं विलसितं वेश्यासु यत् कृत्रिमम् ॥ JM 22 217. भ्रूभङ्गैरतिभङ्गुरैः कुटिलितप्रान्तैस्तथा कुन्तलैः सोपेक्षैरिव चक्षुषोः सरलितापाङ्गैश्च भङ्गयन्तरैः। आत्मीयां चलचित्तवृत्तिरचनां वेश्या वराकी सदा यदि परं मूढा न तज्जानते ॥ Ibid, 47 218. केशाकर्षणकर्मणि व्यवसिता वीर्य हरन्ती परं ग्लानि कामपि तन्वती स्मितमुखी लग्ना च कर्णान्तिके ॥ उत्कम्पं मतिविभ्रमं विदधती यूनां शनैर्निन्दिता तारुण्यस्य जनापवाद.." ..'वेश्या च संदृश्यते ॥ Ibid; 37 They inspire confidence with such words as 'O dear, I saw you in my dreams and you thought of other women, or you are disloyal to me and, therefore, I cannot sleep all night, waiting for you': 219. स्वप्ने कामपि संस्मरन् प्रिय मया दृष्टोऽसि तत्ते बलाद् एवं मां प्रति सांप्रतं किमुचिता निष्कारणं वञ्चना। तज्जागर्मि वरं निशासु यदसौ निद्राऽपि मे द्रोहिणी- त्यालापैर्गणिकागणेन न च को विश्वास्यते कामुकः ॥ Ibid, 46 1. V.I. चाटूक्ति सानुरागम् 2. V.1. विदधाति 3. Cl. text250.- .. 4. Better च यूनां दर्शयतीव ·30 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Such and other tricks help the courtezans win the affection of their paramours deceive them and extract money from them : 220. अर्थोष्मा पितृलालनं विटघटामेलः प्रियंमन्यता तारुण्यं नगरे स्थितिस्तरलता धीः कामशास्त्रं प्रति । सङ्गीतं रजनी विधुर्मधुमदः स्पर्धा सपत्नैस्तथा, वेश्यानामनुरक्तवित्तहरणे कुर्वन्ति साहायकम् ॥ JM 43 Courtezans display false affection towards their paramours; they are compared with the flame of a lamp at night, which blinds the minds of the paramours, and makes them fall in the hot flame of the lamp and burn to death : 221. मालिन्यं प्रकटीकरोति निबिडं नैर्गुण्यमातन्वते(ती) जीर्णस्नेहपरंपरा विदधते पात्रेऽप्यहो दूषणम् । वेश्या दीपशिखेव भाति रजनी रूपभ्रमान्धीकृतो यत्रायं कुरुते पतङ्गपतनं हाहा भुजङ्गबजः॥ Ibid, 36 ( iv ) If courtezans show any feelings towards their paramours, then these feelings are untrue; that is acting : 222. चेतोऽन्तरा न सत्त्वं सत्त्वे सति चारुता प्रयोगस्य । न भवति सा वेश्यानां मद्यामिषपुरुषनिहितहृदयानाम् ॥ DKB 799 Properly trained courtezans exhibit love without sincerity like well trained actresses. In that way they gain their paramours' affection. They. like hermits, act in the same way towords young men as towards those deformed; they act thus in order to gain their principal objective money : 223. मिथ्यैव दर्शयेद्वेश्या तं नटीव सुशिक्षिता ।। SKSS 10.57,62 224. रज्जयेत्तेन सा पूर्व दुह्याद्रक्तं ततो धनम् । दुग्धार्थ च त्यजेदन्ते प्राप्तार्थ पुनराहरेत् ॥ Ibid, 10. 57, 63 225. 'नटीव कृत्रिमं प्रेम गणिकाऽर्थाय दर्शयेत् ॥ Ibid, 2. 12, 94 Vasantasenā, the classical personification of a courtezan, is also compared to an actress, or rather stage-manager, supervising the rehearsal of a new play by Samsthānaka who requests Maitreya to repeat to Cāruda. tta the following message: 'This wench with golden Ornaments and golden jewels, this female stage-manager looking after the rehearsal of a new play, 1. "नामल्पापि पुरुषहतह DK. 2. Cf. texts 347-50, 355-65.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V 51 this Vasantasena-she has been in love with you...... 1: 226. एषा ससुवर्णा सहिरण्या नवनाटकदर्शनेषिता(?नोत्थिता) सूत्रधारीव वसन्त- सेना नाम(नानी) गणिकादारिका-SA to SM 1. 530-3 and 1. 597-600 Owing to their introduction onto the stage, courtezans are trained in the arts and are clever at changing their voices : 227. एषा रङ्गप्रवेशेन कलानां चैव शिक्षया । स्वरान्तरेण दक्षा हि व्याहतु तन्न मुच्यताम् ।। BhC1.24 In general, they behave like actresses. And so, if they have shown, even for five days, some love to a paramour, it is not done because of their true love for him, but they feel that he still has some money left: 228. यदि नाम पञ्च दिवसांस्त्वयि कुरुते प्रेम धनलवं दृष्ट्वा । तदपि न रागवती सा कन्दर्पक किं वृथा गर्वः ।। DK 346 Using their knowledge of acting, they perspire all over their bodies, but their hearts do not become moist (amorous); they tremble but remain as hard as diamonds : 229. स्वेदाम्वुकणोपचिता न चार्द्रता- निजनिवासमनसश्च । आविष्कृतवेपथवो वज्रोपलसारकठिनाश्च ।। Ibid. 311 (v) They dress up like fools, or coat themselves with magic powder to gain money, or to bring under control even sober men and make them subservient to others : 230. अबुधैरर्थलाभाय पण्यस्त्रीभिरिव स्वयम् । आत्मा संस्कृत्य संस्कृत्य परोपकरणीकृतः॥' NH 2. 24 231. लक्ष्मीः कार्मणचूर्णाङ्का वेश्येव वशवर्तिनः। धीरानपि विधायेयं करोत्युन्मार्गवर्तिनः॥ KR8. 189 Expensive golden ornaments and expensive silken garments are the ornaments and splendour of courtezans, just as valour and generosity are the ornaments of the sons of kings : .. 1. Translated by A. W. Ryder, HOS 9pp. 24 and 21 2. एशा शशुवरणा शहिलण्णा पत्रणाडअदंशणुटिदा शुत्तधालिव्व वशन्तशेणिआ णाम गणिश्रादालिया कामदेवापदणुजाणादो पहुदि तुम अणुलत्ता अम्हेहिं बलकालाणुणीप्रमाणा तुह गेहं पविदटा (SM. 1. 530-3, and 1. 597-600) 3. V.I. रङ्गवती 4. V... अनार्द्रता 5. लुब्धैरप्यर्थ BIS ; अबुधैरर्थलोभेन sv. 6. Also insV3213.

·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT यौवनं बलम्। 232. सुवर्णैः पट्टचैलैश्च शोभा स्याद्वारयोपिताम् । पराक्रमेण दानेन राजन्ते राजनन्दनाः॥ BBh 126 Since their power lies in their dresses, similarly as the power of women lies in their youth, the power of princes in their majesty and the power of children in weeping: 233. वलं वेषश्च वेश्यानां योषितां बलं प्रतापो भूपानां वालानां रुदितं वलम् ॥ (Br Pin BIS4389) Courtezans wear beautiful garments in order to attract paramours, but not because of morality; meretrices pudenda contegunt, ut virorum cupidinem Excitent; nec hoc pudoris causa faciunt : 234. यासां जघनावरणं परकौतुकवृद्धये न तु त्रपया । उज्ज्वलवेषा रचना कामिजनाकृष्टये न तु स्थितये ॥ DK 305 They also display their beauty for the same reason. Therefore the aphorism : 'Ornaments that nobody may see and a courtezan, the two things do not hang together', quoted by Madanikā in S'M, is clear: 235. ... अप्रकाशोऽलङ्कारः, अयं च जन इति द्वयमपि न युज्यते ... SA toSM4.118-20 If they show some passion for painting it is not for the purpose of recreation, but for cheating their paramours : 236. मांसरसाभ्यवहार: पुरुषाहतिपीडया न तु स्पृहया । आलेख्यादौ व्यसनं वैदग्ध्यख्यातये न तु विनोदाय' ।। DK 306 For the same reason they paint; but although they use shrewd tricks and cheat men they themselves can also be cheated; this is evident from the following question : 237. यासां कार्यापेक्षा सकटाक्षनिरीक्षणेऽपि वेश्यानाम् । दर्शनमात्रक्षुभितैर्वञ्च्यन्ते ताः कथं पुरुषैः॥ Ibid, 633 ( vi) Courtezans first show red-hot passion, then they are less passionate and finally completely deprived of any passion : 1. V.I. वेषावरणं, वेषाचरणं 2. Better उज्ज्वलवेषारचना 3. . 'अप्पकासो अलङ्कारो; अनं च जणोत्ति दुवेवि ण जुजदि; ता उवणेहि दाव; (पेक्खामि दाव) एदं अलंकारअम् (SM4. 118-20). 4. V.I. विनोदः ·स THE TEXTS: CHAPTER V 238. वेश्यालताः सरागं पूर्व तदनु प्रलीनतनुरागम् । पश्चादपगतरागं पल्लवमिव दर्शयन्ति निजचरितम् ॥ KS 8. 126 They are like alcohol (surā) to those who are attracted by them, or like the goddess of beauty and good fortune to those who are rich, or like poison to those who lose their money, ctc : 239. संसक्तेषु सुरामयी धनगुणाधानेषु लक्ष्मीमयी स्फीतार्थेषु सुधामयी विषमयी निष्क्रान्तवित्तेषु च। वेश्या शङ्खमयी नितान्तकुटिला सद्भावलीनेषु या देवानामपि सुभ्र मोहजननी क्षीरोदवेलेव सा॥ KS 4. 133 ( vii ) Using their tricks, courtezans catch paramours as herons catch fish : 240. तत्र बन्धुरसाराख्यमश्वारोहं महाधनम् । तीर्थस्थिता सा जग्राह मत्स्यं वकवधूरिव ॥ KS2.30 As a fisherman casts an angle into the ocean and pulls by it a fish to cook it on the fire, so casts god of love a woman onto the earth to bait men by her lips : 241. विस्तारितं मकरकेतनधीवरेण स्त्रीसंज्ञितं वडिशमत्र भवाम्बुराशै! येनाचिरात् तदधरामिषलोलमर्त्य- मत्स्यान् विकृष्य स 'पचत्यनुरागवह्नौ ।' BhS 114 Women are kind to men as long as they see that they are attracted by them; if they see that a man is in love with them, they pull him out like a fish which has swallowed the bait: 242. कुर्वन्ति तावत् प्रथमं प्रियाणि यावन्न जानन्ति नरं प्रसक्तम् । ज्ञात्वा च तं मन्मथपाशवद्धं प्रस्तामिषं मीनमिवोद्धरन्ति ॥ Sts 200. 1-2 1. In Nrtisastra we also find the following aphorism : The favours of a courtezan appear like nectar at first, but they soon become poison', (quoted in, B. Brown, : The Wisdom of the Hindus, New York, 210). 2. पचतीत्यनु, पचती ह्यनु° BIS. 3. Also in VS' 74. For different readings in Bbs' see Bhs' pp. 45-6. 4. V.1. योषेन्न, योषिन्न 5. अथ Pts. 6. Also in Pts 1. 193, PtsK 1.208.

·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Courtezans, like all women, live on men who are in love with them : 243. षडिमे षट्सु जीवन्ति सप्तमो नोपलभ्यते । चौराः प्रमत्ते जीवन्ति व्याधितेषु चिकित्सकाः॥ MBh 5.32,92 244. प्रमदाः कामयानेषु यजमानेषु याजकाः । राजा विवदमानेषु नित्यं मूर्खेषु पण्डिताः॥ Ibid, 5. 32, 94 They live on men like a fish on fish and, therefore, have to be on the watch for them day and night, as physicians have for patients, merchants for customers, wise men for fools, thieves for careless persons, beggars for landlords, kings for lands, and workmen for the whole world : 245. देशानामुपरि क्षमापा आतुराणां चिकित्सकाः। वणिजो' ग्राहकाणां च मूढानामपि' पण्डिताः॥ PP 1. 117 246. प्रमादिनां तथा चौरा भिक्षुका गृहमेधिनाम् । गणिकाः कामिनां चैव सर्वलोकस्य शिल्पिनः ॥ Ibid, 118 247. सामायैः' सज्जितैः पाशैः प्रतीक्षन्ते दिवानिशम् । उपजीवन्ति शक्त्या हि जलजा जलजानिव ॥1 Ibid, 119 and prepare their nets into which young men fall like game and, thus, are caught: 248. इति बहुभिरुपायैः कुट्टनी कामुकानां कृतसुकृतविहीना वञ्चनां सा कृतघ्ना' (१) वनभुवि मृगबन्धं हन्त पश्यन्ति नित्यं तदपि हरिणशावाः कूटपाशं विशन्ति ॥ KS8. 128 They do it by waiting and giving certain signs and holding betel in their hands : 249. स्मराङ्गनाकेलिशुकायमान-करस्य रस्थताम्बूलविलासपूर्णा । समातृका नापितदत्तहस्ता कान्तां तनुं पण्यदशां नयन्ती ॥ Ibid 6.5 250. सलीलमाक्रान्तिविलोलकाञ्चीरवेण पारावतदत्तसंज्ञा। अर्थार्थिनी राजपथप्रकारं हh प्रियोत्सङ्गमिवारुरोह ।। Ibid, 6.6 1. Cf. NHS 3.34. 3. बणिजो PtsK. 5. I.1. गहे(?गेह)मेधिनाम् 7. सामादि Pts, PtsK. 2. मामृद् Itsk; V.I. भूपा 4. मूर्खाणाम् Pts; V. 1. शुद्धानाम् , शुद्राणां 6. कामुकानां च Pts. 8. भुञ्जते च यथाशक्ति Pts. 9. जलजाअलजा Pts. 10. यथा Pts. 11. Also in Pts 1.155-7, PtsK 1.171-3. 12. Better चकार .

·THE TEXT : CHAPTER V 55 They tempt men by coquettish eyes and wait for paramours on the streets: 251. बालमार्जारिकाह्वानव्याजे नान्या वर्त्मनि । कटाक्षः कलयन्तीषु दूरात् कामुकमामिषम् ॥ Ibid3.23 in order to drain them dry : 252. बहुमित्रकरविदारणलब्धाभ्युदयाः सरोरुहिण्य इव । डाकिन्य इव च रक्तव्याकर्षणकौशलोपेताः॥ DK 316 253. They do it in fact for money? and not for love: वित्तेन वेत्ति वेश्या स्मरसदृशं कुष्ठिनं जराजीर्णम् । वित्तं विनापि वेत्ति स्मरसदृशं कुष्ठिनं जराजीर्णम् ॥ BhS'N, Ksemendra ad 1. 89 ( viii) In order to win over men they try to catch as paramours their friends as well, since their prosperity depends on friends : 254. सुहृज्जनार्जनं कुर्यात् पूर्व वारविलासिनी। वेश्यानां पभिनीनां च मित्रायत्ता विभूतयः ।। KS 5.60 Through friends courtezans can find out the wealth of the men they want to involve, the means by which to deceive their hearts, their characters, and when they are passionate or cold : 255. सुहृद्भिरेव जानाति कामुकानां धनं गुणम् । हृदयग्रहणोपायं शीलं रक्तापरकताम् ।। Ibid, 5.61 They have to gain permanent attachments even through secret connections with their friends : 256. महाधनस्य सुहृदां कामिनां प्रेमशालिनाम् । प्रच्छन्नसुरतेनापि कुर्याद्वाराधनं Ibid, 5.62 (ix) सदा॥ Courtezans, like goddesses of victory, lure men by displaying a pretended yearninig for them, but do not fulfil their wishes : 257. धीरेव पुंश्चली व्याजौत्सुक्यसंदर्शनेन तम् । जयश्री लोभयन्त्यासीन तु भेजे समुत्सुकम् ॥ KR 8. 1215 Courtezans, taught by their procuresses their art,know what love means and in order to gain their aim show to men more often untrue 2. Also insV2369. 1. Not always. Cf. SM and BhC. 3. Cf. texts186-201.

·56 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT and false love and try, to be completely deprived of real attachment and love: 258. न कुलसमुत्पन्ना अपि 'भुजङ्गदर्शनसुवेदनाभिज्ञाः। कन्दर्पदीपिका अपि रहिताः स्नेहप्रसङ्गेन ॥ DK 313 Having the knowledge of what love means, they make use of it in order to allure paramours. Like men destroying pests, courtezans are considered as being sent on earth by fate : 259. सर्वसौख्यदतपोधनचौरी सर्वदुःखनिपुणा जनमारी। मर्त्यमत्तकरिबन्धनवारी निर्मितात्र विधिनापणनारी ॥ AS24.21 ( x ) Despite the well-known trickish behaviour of courtczans their coquetry and amour are considered their proper ornament, in the same way as the speed that of horses, splendour of jewels, mercy of kings, sweet voice of singers, charity of rich men, prowess of soldiers, abundance oi milk in cows, restraint of ascetics, eloquence of learned men, impartiality of councillors, of witnesses, devotion of servants, good counsels of ministers, silence of truthfulness fools, faithfulness of wives: 260. अश्वे जवो वृषे धौर्य मणौ कान्तिः क्षमा नृपे। हावभावौ च वेश्यायां गायके मधुरस्वरः॥ S'S 3.235 261. दातृत्वं धनिके, शौर्य सैनिक, बहुदुग्धता । गोषु दमस्तपस्विषु विद्वत्सु वावदूकता ॥ Ibid, 3.236 262. सभ्येष्वपक्षपातस्तु तथा साक्षिपु सत्यवाक् । अनन्यभक्तिभृत्येषु सहितोतिश्च मन्त्रिषु ।। Ibid, 3.237 263. मौनं मूर्खेषु च स्त्रीषु पातिव्रत्यं सुभूपणम् । महादुर्भूषणं चैतद् विपरीतममीषु च ॥ Ibid, 3. 238 (i) Courtezans in India, as well as all other women who secretly have intercourse with men, go to their homes in the evening. It is immaterial to them, whether it is thundering or lightening, hot or cold, ---- they hurry to their paramours: 264. मेघा वर्षन्तु गर्जन्तु मुञ्चन्त्वशनिमेव वा। गणयन्ति न शीतोष्णं रमणाभिमुखाः स्त्रियः ॥ SM 5.16 1. V.1. भुजङ्गदशनकृत° 3. V.I. °पननारी; परनारी (see AS p. 304). 5. V.1.च 2. V.I. °चोरी 4. V... गर्जन्तु वर्षन्तु 6. V... दयिताभि ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER V 57 वेश्या इव Although they try not to be seen and are confined in the clouds like a lightning flash, yet the perfume wafted by the breeze ani the jingling ornaments betray them: 265. कामं प्रदोषतिमिरेण न दृश्यसे त्वं सौदामनीव जलदोदरसंनिरुद्धा। त्वां सूचयिष्यति हि वायुवशोपनीतो गन्धश्च शब्दमुखराणि च भूषणानि ॥ BhC 1.18 These jingling and glittering ornaments of courtezans are so proverbial that in a poetical description of spring, forests are compared with glittering courtezans : 266. प्रस्खलत्कोकिलालापा गायन्त्यो भृङ्गशिक्षितैः। मधुक्षीवा विरेजुर्वनराजयः ।। KS 7.5 ( xii ) It may be pointed out that the characteristic behaviour of courtezans is well-known that we find in DKD as an example of the nibhịtā puzzle (3. 102), the question in which the author asks : which are the females that leave the males after having robbed them and gone to others; and which attract ( gather) people (things ) by all thinkable tricks and are not courtezans: 267. हतद्रव्यं नरं त्यक्त्वा धनवन्तं व्रजन्ति काः। नानाभङ्गिसमाकृष्टलोका वेश्या न दुर्धराः ॥ DKD 3.117 The answer is rivers (nadyah) which leave mountains, rob them of wood and stream to the sea; they gather together other wave-rich waters (nānabhangin) and cannot be stopped.

·CHAPTER VI On Qualities of Courtezans : Beauty and Youth (i) Courtezans should possess good qualities to be able to attract people and gain money. The first and most important good quality of courtezans, which is also their ornament, is-beauty and youth, for these are considered the roots of lovel: 268. अर्थस्य मूलं निकृतिः क्षमा च कामस्य मूलं च वपुर्वयश्च । धर्मस्य मूलं च दया दमश्च मोक्षस्य मूलं परमाः क्रियास्तु । SB 105 [594] ( i ) Courtezans charm men by their beauty. The burden of their breasts yields before the burden of their haic ; the burden of their hair, the burden of their breasts; and the burden of their hips the burden of their hair and breasts': 269. कचभारात् कुचभारः कुचभाराभीतिमेति कचभारः । कचकुचमाराजघनं कोऽयं चन्द्रानने चमत्कारः।। BBh 290 The pair of their feet yields before their faces; their lips and row of teeth before their voices; the pair of their breasts before their hair and the pair of their eyes before their waists: 270. वदनात् पदयुगलीयं वचनादधरश्च दन्तपतिश्च । कचतः कुचयुगलीयं लोचनयुगलं च मध्यतस्त्रसति ॥ Ibid, 291 The beauty of courtezans is inter alia, described also in HP (when they prepare pleasure-baths in the harem of the king)* : 271. लीलामज्जनमङ्गलो(?ले)पकरणस्नानीयसंपादिनः सर्वान्तःपुरवारविभ्रमवतीलोकस्य ते संप्रति । 1. Beauty and youth are also the condition for young girls to become ganikas. Cf. L. Sternbach : Legal Position of Prostitutes according to Kautilya's Arthasastra, JAUS 71.1. 2. Ascribed to Kalidasi. 3. Reply of Bhoja. 4. According to KAr rupajīvas, and not dasīs, are allowed to enter the harem of the king and prepare the bath (KAI 41. 18-20). Cf. L. Sternbach : Legal Position of Prostitutes according to Kautilya's Arthasastra, 6, JAOS 7). 1.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VI 59 आयासस्खलदंशुकाव्यवहितच्छायावदातैः स्तनै- रुक्षिप्तापरशातकुम्भकलशेवाऽलंकृता स्नानभूः॥ HP 1.11 üii ) Ugly courtezans are the object of mockery in the world in the same way as stupid Brat mans, or aged persons confined to homc-life, or poor men in love, or rich penitents, or avaricious kings, or bhiksus fond of pleasure, or old vitas, etc : 272. मूखो द्विजातिः स्थविरो गृहस्थो गृही' दरिद्रो धनवांस्तपस्वी'। वेश्या कुरूपा' नृपतिः कुधर्मो लोके पडेतानि विडम्बितानि ॥ VaH 5 273. भिक्षुर्विलासी विधनश्च' कामी वृद्धो विटः प्रवजितश्च मूर्खः । वेश्याऽङ्गना रूपविलासहीना महीतले दुश्चरितानि पञ्च॥ SB 161 [4587] Ugly courtezanse do not deserve consideration, like physicians addicted to drunkenness, unskilful actors, Brahmans without knowledge, cowards in war, slow horses, dull recluses, kings who have bad counsellors, countries full of turbulence, or a young unfaithful wife10 : 274. वैद्यं पानरतं नटं कुपठितं स्वाध्यायहीनं द्विजं युद्धे कापुरुषं हयं गतरयं मूर्ख परिव्राजकम् । राजानं च कुमन्त्रिभिः परिवृतं देशं च सोपद्रवं भार्यां यौवनगर्वितां पररतां मुञ्चन्ति" शीघ्रं बुधाः ॥ VaH 6 ( iv ) Youth of courtezans charms men and is like nectar, just as some poetry : 275. सुधामयानीव सुधां गलन्ति विदग्धसंयोजनमन्तरेण । काव्यानि निर्व्याजमनोहराणि वागङ्गनानामिव यौवनानि ।। BBh 119 1. कामी SR 2. धनवान् तपस्वी SR. 3. वेस्या SR, 4. कदर्यः Bis. 5. कदर्य: SR; 'यो BIS. 6. Also in ŞR 3 in HKS Kavyakalapa 5 (92), Karyasangraha 3 (21), VaN 5. 7. निध° BIS. 8. जनश्च BIS. 9. Women inclined to wantonness. 10. Compare a Russian aphorism : "Beauty of chaste is virtue, that of a courtezan a quality" (S. G. Champion : Rucial Proverbs. London) and a Hindustani aphorism : 'बने फिरे बेस्वा खोले फिरे केस्वा: a woman with her hair dowa is a courtezan (Fallon : Dictionary of Hindustani Proverbs ). 11. मुश्चन्तु Bls. 12. Also in VaN 6, NPH 3, Kavyakalapa and Kavyasaringraha, ·60 THE. TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT However, courtezans should not forget that as their youth passes away, so does their beauty : 276. रूपं क्षणस्वीकृतरकमांसग्रासप्रसक्लाकृतकामदोषा। केशग्रहणैव जरा जनानां वेश्येव वित्तं कवलीकरोति ॥ KD4.5 This maxim is more important for courtezans, since they live on their youth : 277. वेश्याश्च यौवनाजीवा जीववद्रक्ष यौवनम् । HPP 2.3226 Age can adorn kings, ministers, physicians, ascetics, but is detrimental to courtezans, athletes, singers and servants : 278. अलङ्करोति हि जरा राजामात्यभिषग्यतीन् । विडम्बयति' पण्यस्त्री-मल्ल-गायक-सेवकान् ॥ HK 52.7 We find very often in the Sanskrit literature warnings of procuresses that youth passes quickly and with it good luck and happiness : 279. अयं मुखसरोरुहभ्रमरविभ्रमः सुध्रुवां कुचस्थलकुरङ्गकः पृथुनितम्बलीलाशिखी। न यौवनमदोदयश्चरति चारुकान्तिच्छटा- कुलत्रिवलिकूलिनीपुलिनराजहंसश्विरम् ॥ KS4.119 280. प्रथम 'नां पुष्पवतीनां लतानां च || Ibid, 1.48 And so we read that the splendour of youthful breasts of courtezans wilt quickly; it is of short duration like lightning: 281. ज्येष्ठेन तावत् परमेष्ठिनैव विचारशून्येन कृतं किमेतत् । यत्कामिनीपीनपयोधराणां विधुद्विलोला किल यौवनश्रीः॥ Ibid, 4.22 Their youth passes even quicker than that of men: 'Yesterday she was a young girl, today she is a woman, and tomorrow she will be an old woman': 282. आसन्नयौवनस्त्वं दुहितुर्मे यौवनं त्वया प्रायः । क्षपितमलक्ष्यं स्त्रीणां गलति हि सहसैव तारुण्यम् ॥ Ibid, 8.98 283. स्थिरयौवनाः प्रकृत्या पुरुषाः किल तालसालसंकाशाः । ह्यः कन्यकाध तरुणी प्रातर्वृद्धा भवत्येव ।। Ibid,8.99 ...... 1. V.1. भोग 3. विनम्बयति BIS. 2. भिषग्वरान् BIS. 4. पण्यश्री मन्त्रगायकसेवकान् BIS. 5. Also in SB 93,288 [628].

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VI 61 after spring comes the rainy season and then the autumn. 284. तनुवल्लीवसन्तश्रीवंदनेन्दुशरन्निशा। पयोधरोद्गमप्रावृट् चपला यौवनधुतिः ॥ KS 4. 117 285. तारुण्ये तरले 'सुभ्रूभ्रमद्धृभङ्गविभ्रमे । स्त्रीणां पीनस्तनाभोगा भोगा द्वित्रिदिनोत्सवः ॥ Ibid, 4. 118 () With the perishing youth the crowd of courtezans' paramours also perishes: 286. आलानमुन्मूल्य सुखाभिधानं तारुण्यनागे गमनोद्यतेऽस्मिन् । पलायते कामिगणेऽङ्गनानां विमर्दभीत्येव कुचाः पतन्ति ॥ KS4. 120 Therefore courtezans prosper as long as youth lasts : अनेन यावद्यौवनं तावद्दिनानुदिनं धनार्जनं क्रियते ॥ PT 136.9 They lose their source of income when they grow old, and are advised by procuresses not to lose time as long as they are young, because if once youth passes it does not return; 288. अयं पीनस्तनाभोगसौभाग्यविभवोचितः। द्रविणोपार्जनस्यैव काल: कुवलयेक्षणे ॥ KS1.46 289. खला इवातिचपलाः कृतालिङ्गनसंगमाः। न गताः पुनरायान्ति बाले यौवनवासराः॥ Ibid, 1.47 कुरु चित्तार्जनं तूर्ण (नित्यो) भवति योषिता। 'न यौवनसहायोऽयं तनये कायविक्रमः॥ Ibid, 4. 116 Then they have to abandon their pride, although sometimes they gain happiness but not simply through youth, because if an aged woman of hastini type is at hand, let a damsel of hariņi type rot in wilderness : 291. रूपवत्यद्भुतास्मीति कान्ते त्याज्यस्त्वया मदः । वने मयूराः शुष्यन्ति वलिमश्नन्ति वायसाः ॥ Ibid, 4. 124 292. न तु यौवनमात्रेण लभन्ते ललनाः श्रियम् । भोगार्हा वृद्धकरिणी तरुणी हरिणी वने ॥ Ibid, 4. 123 Old courtezans, like cold halls in wintertime, or rows of lamps in daytime, or garlands of faded flowers, are not worth anything to anybody : 293. शीतशालेव शिशिरे दीपमालेव वासरे। जीर्णा निर्माल्यमालेव वेश्या कस्योपयुज्यते ॥ Ibid, 2.56 1290. : M 1. Better °सुभ्रूभ्रमद् 2. Better वित्तार्जनम् 3. The text broken, word in brackete ie erinnlind ·62 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Women who grow old give up adultery and become faithful : 294. अशक्तस्तु भवेत् साधुर्ब्रह्मचारी च निर्धनः । व्याधिष्ठो देवभक्तश्च वृद्धा नारी पतिव्रता ॥ CND 17.6 When they grow old, bad luck a waits them : 295. क्रोडावल्लीकुसुमसमये रागपद्माकरा दर्पोद्याने वदनशशभृत्कौमुदी कार्तिकेऽस्मिन् । याते मुग्धद्गविणतुलया यौवने कामिमित्रे पण्यस्त्रीणां व्रजति सहसा दुर्दशाशेषतां श्रीः॥ KS 4. 122 Shame is brought upon them, particularly if they feel passion for young men': 296. वाल्ये तावदयोग्या पश्चादपि वृद्धभावपरिभूता । तारुण्ये रागहता यदि गणिका भ्रमतु तद्भिक्षाम् ॥ DK 532 They are then unable to sell anything : 297. प्रसवहृतयौवनानामधोमुखे लज्जयेव कुचयुगले । भवति न पण्यवधूनां विक्रयचर्चा तृणेनापि ॥ KS8 102 and are in a worse position than men, who can live on their knowledge and experiencc; old courtezans can live only on charity : 298. स्थविरत्वे पुरुषाणां भवन्ति सुखजीविकाः परिज्ञानैः। यौवननाशे वेश्या यदि परमटति स्फुटं भिक्षाम् ॥ Ibd, 8. 103 particularly those who have neglected to gain and collect money. They per force become nuns or female devotees : 299. याभिविनसमये रागेण धनार्जनं परित्यक्त्रम् । ता एताः पर्यन्ते भस्माङ्गयश्चीवरिण्यश्च ।। Ibid, 8. 112 just as thieves who lose their vigour become good men, or as ill-looking wives become faithful to their husbands, or as sick persons become pious : 300. अशक्तस्तस्करः साधुः कुरूपा चेत् पतिव्रता। रोगी च देवताभक्तो वृद्धा वेश्या तपस्विनी ॥ CTP 398 1. व्याधितो BIS. 2. They have then to live on charity. Cf. texts 299-302. 3. Cf. text 296. 4. Cf. the Konkani proverb : चेडि मंथारी जाल्लारी पतिव्रता जत्ता? चेडी म्हातारी जाल्यार पतिव्रता जाता? (Can a courtezan be called a chaste women when she becomes aged ? Chavan, V.P. : The Konkani Proverbs, Bombay). चेडीस् are people living in Cochin and Travancore speaking Konkani , they are sometimes called a gret: since their women are connected with dancing in temples, ·THE TEXT : CHAPTER VI 63 It is known that courtezans are first servants, then courtezans, afterwards old procuresses, and in the end, when they are completely without funds, female devoteest: 301. पूर्व चेटो पूर्व चेटो ततो बेटी पश्चाद् भवति कुट्टनी। सर्वोपायपरिक्षीणा वृद्धा वेश्या तपस्विनी ।। SP 4052 or, shortly, that old courtezans are female devotees : वृद्धा वेश्या तपस्विनी CTP 398 302. 1. we find in classical Sanskrit many examples of old courtezans who became procuresses. Cf. L. Sternbach, : Legal Position of Prostitutes according to Kautilya's Arthasastra, JAOS 71.1. 2. Also in ZDMG 27.22. .

·CHAPTER VII On Courtezans' Obligation to Many and Any (i) Because of the known avarice of courtezans and their everlasting thirst for gaining more and more money they are advised by procuresses to have intercourse with as many men as possible, particularly as long as they are young? They are advised that their beauty should not be enjoyed by one man alone: 303. कुचकाञ्चनकलशवती नितम्बसिंहासना स्मितच्छत्रा। एकपुरुषोपसेव्या नूनं त्वं रतिरमणराज्यश्रीः ॥ KS8.113 and, therefore, being young they sport with men day and night : 304. भूरिभाग्यभरैः सक्ला सा कामिकुसुमोञ्चये । लेभे संभोगविश्रान्ति न रजन्यां न वासरे ॥ Ibid, 2.14 The procuress Mohaní advises in PT. the courtezan Dohani that her youth should not be wasted by embracing one man only, since to courtezans, amorous sport with many men is proper : 305. पुत्रि किमेतद् यदेकमेवालिङ्गय यौवनं विफलीकरोषि । वेश्यानामनेकैः सह रमणक्रीडोचिता॥ PT 136.6-7 There is one man leaving as another enters, whilst a third is waiting at the door: 306. निर्यात्येको विशत्यन्यः परो द्वारि प्रतीक्षते ॥ PT 136.8 Therefore courtezans lead an independent life. Although they take others' money, they do not become slaves. On the contrary, they are clever enough to overpower men. They have the whole world under their control and are, therefore, proverbial as persons who do not suffer under anybody's authority, an aim which has to be achieved by all : 307. तदर्थ (सा) गृहीत्वापि तदधीना न जायते । वेश्या तथाविधा वापि वशीकर्तुं नरं क्षमा। नेयात् कस्य वशं तद्वत् स्वाधीन कारयेजगत् ।। S'S3. 136 1. Ct. texts 275-285.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VII 65 They enjoy unlimited freedom and unbounded pleasure of intercourse with any man they like. Because of that they are envied by some women who think, sighing, that fortunate are courtezans who enjoy life without limitation with many young men: 308. बहुविधतरुणनिरर्गलसंभोगसुखार्थभोगिनी वेश्या । धन्येति वदन्ति सदा सोच्छ्वासा निर्जने नार्यः ॥ KK3. 16 1 Women generally, as do courtezans, like to have one man in their heart, another on their lips and have enjuyment with still another. The same idea is beautifully expressed in SM, where we read : "One man perhaps may hold her heart in trust, She lures another with coquettish eyes, Sports with another in unseemly lust, Another yer her body satisfics4." 309. अन्यं मनुष्यं हृदयेन कृत्वा अन्यं ततो दृष्टिभिराह्वयन्ति । अन्यत्र मुञ्चन्ति मदप्रसेकमन्यं शरीरेण च कामयन्ते ॥ SM 4. 16 The same verse is often repeated in other versions: 310. जल्पन्ति सार्धमन्येन पश्यन्त्यन्यं सविभ्रमाः । हृद्तं चिन्तयन्त्यन्यं प्रियः को नाम योषिताम् ॥" PP 1. 105 or almost identically: 311. जल्पन्ति "सार्धमन्येन पश्यन्त्यन्यं सविभ्रमाः । हृदये चिन्तयन्त्यन्यं न स्त्रीणामेकतो रतिः ॥5 CND 16.2 1. Cf. text 349, where mention is made of the unlimited freedom of courtezans. 2. Satrakartariga 1.24, Jaina-sutras, SBE 3. The text refers to women in general, but applies also to courtezans. 4. Translated by A. W. Ryder, HOS 9, p. 62. 5. V.1.°हयन्त्यः 6. जल्पन्त्यन्येन वै सार्धम् BIS; समम् BIS; V. 1. जल्पति सार्धम् 7. सविभ्रमम् BIS, अन्यविभ्रमयैः 8. हृदये Bhs. 9. °एकतो रतिः योषिताम् BIS. 10. Also in Pts 1.135, PtsK 1.151, SV 3.13, SB 23, SRBh 348. 5, SV 2771, SRH 54.2, SRK 115. 13. For different readings in Bhs' see Bhs p. 97. 11. V... समम् VC.. 12. V... भ्रमम् SP. 13. हृद्गतम् VC. 14. स्त्रीणां गतिरनेकधा BSI; प्रियः को नाम योषिताम् VC. 15. Also in VCsr VI. 1-9, SP 1497.

·66 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 312. नयनविकारैरन्यं वचनैरन्यं विचेष्टितैरन्यम् । रमयति सुरतेनान्यं स्त्री बहुरूपा स्वभावेन ॥ KK 3.14 or in a more elaborate way: 313. एकेन स्मितपाटलाधररुचो जल्पन्त्यनल्पाक्षरं वीक्षन्तेऽन्यमितः स्फुटत्कुमुदिनीफुल्लोल्लसल्लोचनाः । दूरोदारचरित्रचित्रविभवं ध्यायन्ति ध्यायन्ति चान्यं धिया केनेत्थं परमार्थतोऽर्थवदिव प्रेमास्ति वामभ्रुवाम् ॥ Pts 1. 136 or in Prakrit in HK: 314. अन्नं रम्मइ निरस्कइ अन्नं चिन्तेइ भासए अन्नम् । अन्नस्स देह दोसं कवडकुडी कामिणी विडा ॥ HK9.4 Referring particularly to courtezans, Amitagati characterizes them in a similar way saying that they take one into their heart, invite another with coquettish eyes, while they make love to a third who possesses money; and he, therefore, asks why one can love a courtezan: 315. संदधाति हृदयेऽन्यमनुष्यं यान्यमाह्वयति दृष्टिविशेषैः । अन्यमर्थिनमतो भजते तां को वुधः श्रयति 'पण्यपुरन्ध्रीम् ॥ AS24.5 (iv) According to the advice of procuresses courtezans should not discontinue their profession after having gained money, because what one eats today does not still his hunger of tomorrow: 316. भुक्तं मयास्य वित्तं दाक्षिण्यमिति प्रनष्टविभवेऽपि । मा त्वं कृथाः सुमध्ये ह्यो भुक्तं नाद्य तृप्तिकरम् ॥ KS8. 114 (v) They should not love any man, because courtezans who fall in love do not obtain wealth: 317. तञ्च नास्त्यनुरागिण्या रागं वेश्या त्यजेदतः॥ SKSS 10. 57.61b 'for rosy red, love's proper hue, is the harbinger of eclipse to the courtezans as to the evening twilight's : 318. दोषाग्रदूतो रागो हि वेश्यापश्चिमसन्ध्ययोः ॥ Ibid, 57.62a Procuresses ask with indignation what busines courtezans can have with affection and admonish them not to forget this principle : 319. कानुरागः क्व वेश्या त्वमिति ते विस्मृतं कथम् ? Ibid, 12.93a 1. Also in PtsK 1.152. 2. V... पुण्य 3. Translated by C. H. Tawney 2.4. 4. They should rather touch a dead body than a poor man. Cf. text 69.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VII . Courtezans should abandon love because such feeling is not proper for them: 320. अयि हारलते संहर हरहुंकृतिदग्धदेहसंक्षोभम् । सद्भावजानुरक्तिर्नहि रम्या पण्यनारीणाम् ।। DK 276 They must never show devotion to their paramours and, if they fall in love, they should not disobey their mothers or grandmothers : 321. गणिकायाश्च गम्यं प्रति सजतैव न सङ्गः । सत्यामपि प्रीतो न मातुर्मातकाया वा शासनातिवृत्तिः॥ DD84.2-4 If they were in love with one man, they would be derided : 322 कामोद्वेगगृहीत धूतैरुपहस्यमानश्पृङ्गारम् । दारिद्रयहतं यौवनमबुधानां केवलं विपदे ॥ DK651 in the same way as are courtezans who are attached to one man, because courtezans pride themselves of having intercourse with many men: 323. त्वां त्वधैकासक्तामन्या अनेकपुरुषसङ्गाहंकृता रहस्युपहसन्ति ॥ PT 136. 10 (vi) This kind of pride on the part of courtezans themselves or their procuresses is very often found in Sanskrit literature where the lives of courtezans in their quarters are described. And so, procuresses gain time by saying to vițas who come to visit courtezans, that the night is long and that new paramours have come to visit their daughters who are still young: 324. निशा दीर्घा नवः कामी तनयेयं कनीयसी। व्यत्येति कालहाराय वृद्धावर्ग कथोद्यते ॥ KS 3.25 Sometimes courtezans themselves complain to their clients and ask why they have come too late since they cannot receive anybody as long as other men, whom they have already received, are still with them: 325. गृहीतस्योपरि कथं गृह्यते ग्रहणं पुनः । पूर्व किं नागतोऽस्तीति वदन्तीष्वपरासु च ॥ Ibid, 3. 14 or say that they have many paramours who like dogs are lying in their home. or have just left it, or wait outside : 326. निर्गच्छतां प्रविशतां प्रतिपालयतां बहिः । बभूव तद्गृहे संख्या न शुनामिव कामिनाम् ।। Ibid, 2. 15 DK mentions that one courtezan is taken by a strong man, while another does not want to let out her handsome paramour, and a third one 1. V.1. कामोद्वेगि 2. V.I. व्यग्रेति।

·68 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT spends her time in drinking with another : 327. काचिदलिना क्रान्ता काचिन्न जहाति कामिनं रुचिरम् । अन्या पानकगोष्ठयां नयति दिनं प्रीतकैः सार्धम् ॥ DK 772 or that one courtezan waits at the door of her house in cxpectation of men who might come to visit her, while the procurer after having received a bribe would say that she cannot accept anybody since she is menstruating : 328. नोत्सृजति सततमेका पुरुषागमनाशया गृहद्वारम् । शूलापालः कथयति लब्धोत्कोचो रजस्वलामपराम् ॥ Ibid, 773 Sometimes courtezans complain that one man is inside the house, another has just arrived, whilst the third has caught a persistent cramp: 329. एक स्थितोऽन्तः प्राप्तोऽन्यः परस्याद्यैव दुर्ग्रहः । किं करोमीति जननीं पृच्छन्तीष्वपरासु च ॥ KS 3.24 But courtezans try to gain as much money as possible, and, therefore, receive their paramours everywhere : at wells, in water-shelters, in parks, in houses of cooks or flower merchants, or in the homes of their friends: 330. कूपे प्रपायामुद्याने सूदपौष्पिकवेश्मसु । सखीगृहे च तुल्याप्तान सा सिषेवेऽह्नि कामुकान् ॥ Ibid, 2. 16 and even leave other occupation (on the stage) in order to serve men who come to visit them : 331. रङ्गगतापि क्षुद्रा शृणोति यत् परिचितं गृहायातम् । उद्दिश्य चापि कार्य व्रजति ततः प्रकृतमुत्सृज्य ।। DK 774 In the course of a night courtezans sleep with many ; first with a drunkard and, if he lies on the bed like a child, she goes to another, and, if he falls asleep, to a third, and then to a fourth under the pretext of visiting a sick friend : 332. क्षपारम्भे क्षीवं शिशुकमिव निक्षिप्य शयने जगामान्य तस्मिन् सुरतघननिद्रापरमपि। निशाशेष शूलाकुलनिजसखीवेश्मगमना- पदेशेनान्यं सा सततमगमत् स्वक्रयभरे ॥ KS2.17 but they accept men also during the day and prepare their home for the night: 333. दिनकामुकनिर्माल्यमाल्यताम्बूलिनी भुवम् । संमृज्य सजशय्यासु वेश्यास्वन्यप्रतीक्षया । KS3. 12 1. Better. सुरतघननिद्रेऽपरम् ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VII 50 because their paramours come to them in the evening and leave them the next morning with the coming of the sun, as lamps die out with the coming of light: 334. आसन्नमित्रागम मुच्यमानसमागमे वासरवल्लभस्य । निर्यान्ति दीपा इव रात्रिभोग्या पश्य प्रभाते गणिकागृहेभ्यः॥ Ks 6.8 Courtezans after the departure of their paramours in the morning are compared by procuresses to night-lotus flowers which, with the arrival of the morning are deprived of the moon : 335. चक्राह्ववधू प्रियतमसंघट्टनसमयसंप्राप्त्या । शशिना वियुज्यमाना कुमुदिनि किं क्षीणपुण्यासि ॥ DK 504 (vii) Courtezans serve well anyone who pays them; 336. वेतनलाभाबहवः सेव्यन्ते सौष्ठवेन पञ्चजनाः । विश्राम्यति यत्र मनः स तु दुष्प्रापः सहस्त्रेषु ।। DK 695 337. वित्तमात्रोपाधिकसकलपुरुषानुरागा सामान्यवनिता । BhR 31 even if he were a murderer of a Brahman ; 338. ब्रह्महापि नरः पूज्यो यस्यास्ति विपुलं धनम् । शशिनस्तुल्यवंशोऽपि निर्धनः परिभूयते ।' NHJ 2. 3 therefore, nobody can expect them to behave naturally; 339. अज्ञातनामवर्णेष्वात्मापि ययाप्यते धनांशेन । तस्या अपि सद्भावं मृगयन्ते मोघसंकल्पाः ।। KK4.12 since no one is worth of being loved, or hated by courtezans ; 340. सर्वाङ्गना तु वेश्या सम्यगसौ लिप्सते धनं कामात् । निर्गुणगुणिनोस्तस्या न द्वेष्यो न प्रियः कश्चित् ॥ RK 12. 39 they do not discriminate among men who pay their fee; 341. उज्झितवृषयोगा अपि रतिसमये नरविशेषनिरपेक्षाः। कृष्णकाभिरता अपि हिरण्यकशिपुप्रियाः सततम् ॥ DK 314 and can be taken by anyone, even passers-by; 342. किं तया क्रियते लक्ष्म्या या वधूरिव केवला । या तु वेश्येव सामान्या पथिकैरपि' भुज्यते ॥ CND 16. 12 1. Better °मसूच्यमान 2. V.1.°वधूः 3. However, courtezans despise poor men. 4. Also in CNS 68, SKD (निर्धन). 5. न Pts 2 and 5, Pts, SV. 6. सामान्य BIS. 7. उप Pts 2 and 5, PtsK. 8. Also in Pts2.134.5.37. PtsK 2.141.SV 507 ·70 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT They have no right to choose men. Therefore, men do not need to court them; they conquer courtezans. This conception can be found in a verse of Pts, where it is said that ninnies court fortune and difficult women in reveries only, while bold men conquer fortune as well as courtezans, paying courage as the only price: 343. दुर्लभा स्त्रीव चित्तेन लक्ष्मीः संसेव्यतेऽलसैः। पण्यस्त्रीवोधतैश्चैव युद्धे वीर्यधनप्रदैः॥ Pts 3.149 Courtezans, after having taken their fee, have to serve anybody, irrespective of their love or hate for him. In S'M and BhC vita cxpresses this thought in the following beautiful manner : "Remember, you are common as the flower That grows beside the road ; in bitter truth, Your body has its price ; your beauty's dower Is his, who pays the market's current rate : Then serve the man you love, and him you hate'y 344. तरुणजनसहायश्चिन्त्यतां वेशवासो विगणय गणिका त्वं मार्गजाता लतेव । वहसि हि धनहार्य पण्यभूतं शरीरं सममुपचर भद्रे! सुप्रियं वाप्रियं वा ॥ SM 1.31 Then vita repeats his words to Vasantasenā that she will serve those she loves or hates: 345. ननूक्तमेव मया भवतीं प्रति “सममुपचर भद्रे सुप्रियं चाप्रियं च ।। Ibid, 8. 234 Vita also states :- "The wisest Brahman and the meanest fool Bathe in the selfsame pool ; Beneath the peacock, flowering plants bend low, No less beneath the crow; The Brahman, warrior, merchant, sail along With all the vulgar throng. You are the pool, the flowering plant, the boat ; And on your beauty every man may dote."6 1. Translated by A. W. Ryder, in HOS 9, p. 13. 2. V.I. चापि इ(१)यं 4. Also in BhC1,7. 6. Translated by A.W. Ruder, in HOS 9. n 13 3. V.I.च BhC. 5. V.I. वा प्रियं वा ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VII 71 346. वाप्यां स्नाति विचक्षणो द्विजवरो मूर्योऽपि वर्णाधमः फुल्लां नाम्यति वायसोऽपि हि लतां या नामिता बर्हिणा । ब्रह्मक्षत्रविशस्तरन्ति च यया नावा तथैवेतरे त्वं वापीव लतेव नौरिव जनं वेश्यासि सर्व भज ।। SM 1.32 (viii) Courtezans whose only aim is to gain money, never hate men deprived of good qualities, but do not love thosc endowed with them : 347. सामान्यवनिता वेश्या सा वित्तं परमिच्छति । निर्गुणेऽपि न विद्वेषों न रागः स्याद् गुणिन्यपि ॥ RST 1. 120 348. निर्गुणानपि न द्वेष्टि न रज्यति गुणिष्वपि ।। VS III b They are equal to those whom they love or not : 349. तस्माद्विदेशं गच्छामि नेच्छाम्युच्छृङ्खलां स्थितिम् । कथं रक्तविरक्तानां तुल्या स्वायत्ततां सहे ।। KS 1.34 (ix) Courtezans are destined to serve travellers and not to show exhaustion to anybody as a procuress says in S'to to Ganadhya : 350. तथैवमस्मदीया तनया रथ्यापण्याङ्गना भास्वत्कर्पदकं गृहीत्वा पानीयं पायय ताइक्लमभावोद्भाविनी न भवति ॥ Sts 354.5.6 (x) In Sanskrit literature we find different texts stating that courtezans have to treat every man equally, irrespective as to whether he is young or old; sick or strong ; of noble family or a vulgar person ; handsome or ugly; delicate or rough. A man can be foolish, self-willed, nasty, deformed, or blind, or even a leper; he pays his fee and is 'a man' and, therefore, is good for courtezans as well as for women. Courtczans, after having checked other paramours, serye even stable men, elephant keepers or the lowest people, such as workmen (silpa) : 361. प्रवयसि यौवनशालिनि हीनकुले सत्कुलप्रसूते च । रोगवति दृढशरीरे समचित्ता योगिनश्च गणिकाश्च ।। DK 92 2. 1. V... यथा V.1. पि न च द्वेषो; विद्वेष्यो 3. नानुरागो (or गुणि) 4. V... गुणेष्वपि; न दोषः स्यान्चानुरागो गुणिन्यपि 5. Compare text 223-5, 354-64. 6. Better Jaafar Tai ·72 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT DK 310 352. समो यूनि शिशौ वृद्ध विरूपे रूपवत्यपि ! वेश्याजनोऽयं 'मुनिवत् लदार्थ परमश्नुते ॥ SKSS 10. 57,64 353. या बालेऽपि सरागा वृद्धष्वपि विहितमन्मथावेगा। क्लीवेष्वपि कान्तदृशः साकाङ्क्षा दीर्घरोगेऽपि ॥ जात्यन्धाय च दुर्मुखाय च जराजीर्णाखिलाङ्गाय च ग्रामीणाय च दुःकुलाय च गलत्कुष्ठाभिभूताय च । यच्छन्तीषु मनोहरं निजवपुर्लक्ष्मीलवश्रद्धया 'पण्यस्त्रीषु विवेककल्पलतिकाशस्त्रीषु रज्येत कः ।। 354. Bhs 109 DhD2.34 DK 304 355. छन्नकामसुखार्थाज्ञस्वतन्त्रायुपण्डकान् । रक्लेव रञ्जयेदाढ्यान् निःस्वान् मात्रा विवासयेत् ॥ 356. प्रद्युम्नः प्रद्युम्नो विरूपकः खलु विरूपकः सततम् । सुस्निग्धः सुस्निग्धो रूक्षो रूक्षस्तु गणिकानाम् ।। 357. रत्येवासमसायकः पशुपतिः पुत्र्येव भूमिभृतः । शच्येवाप्सरसां पतिर्मुररिपुः पुत्र्येव पाथोनिधेः॥ रोहिण्येव सुधामरीचिरवनेः पुत्र्येव पौलस्त्यजिद् । बाहुभ्यां परिरभ्यते गणिकया वित्तेहया कुष्ठयपि । 358. नीचस्तुरगारोहो हस्तिपकः खलतरोऽथवा शिल्पी । वञ्चितसकलजनानां तासामपि वल्लभो भवति । HK 135.4-5 KK 4.14 1. Pat at SKSSD. 2. °स चार्थ SKSSD 3. v.1. °गेषु 4. दुष्कुलाय BIS. 5. गच्छंतीषु BIS. 6. श्रद्धया स्पर्द्धया Bls. 7. पुण्य BIS. 8 Also in SRBh 335.9, SRK 105, 4. For different readings in Bhs' see Bhs' pp. 43-4.

·CHAPTER VIII On other bad Qualities of Courtezans (a) Instability and Fickleness (i) Women are proverbially unstabic and fickle : 359. संभाव्यं गोपु संपन्न संभाव्यं ब्राह्मणे तपः । संभाव्यं स्त्रीषु चापल्यं संभाव्यं ज्ञातितो भयम् ।। PP 4.64 360. विद्यते गोषु संपन्नं विद्यते शातितो भयम् । विद्यते स्त्रीषु चापल्यं विद्यते वालणे तपः ।। RB6. 16.9 361. विद्यते शिशुचापल्यं विद्यते ब्राह्मणे तपः। पारुष्यं विद्यते नीचे दया लावुधु विद्यते ।। CW 54 362. स्त्रीषु चापलं दूरत्वं ज्ञातिपु सौहृदं पनजलविन्दुवत्॥ BS5. 14 363. शतहदानां लोलत्वं शस्त्राणां तीक्ष्णतां तथा । गरुडानिल्योः' शैघ्रयसनुगच्छन्ति योपितः ।। RB 3.13,6 364. अपि कुञ्जरकान्तादपि अपि विद्युद्विलसिताद् विलोले ललनामनः ।। SB 93 [421] 365. स्त्रियो हि चपला नित्यं देवानामपि विश्रुतम् । ताश्चापि रक्षिता येषां ते नराः सुखमागिनः॥1 NHƯ 1, 124 366. धातापि न प्रभुः प्रायश्चपलानां तु रक्षणे । मत्ता नदी च नारी च नियन्तुं केन पार्यते ॥ SKSS 7.36,8 9 दिप्पलपल्लवात् । o 1. जातितो PtsK; ज्ञातिनो PP. 2. Also in Pts 4. 115, PtsK 4.81; MBh 5. 1317, RG 5.88,9. 3. स्त्रीषु Bis. 4. ख्यं Bls. 5. V.1. पद्मपत्र 6. चापि तीक्ष्णतां RG. 7. दहनानिलयो: RG. 8. अनुकुर्वन्ति RG. 9. Also in RG 19397. 10. Also in SV 2770. 11. Also in NHK 1. 118, NHP 1. 89, NHS 1. 111. Cf. text 441, ·74 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Those who expect faithfulness of women, may expect paradise on earth: 367. वनितासु सतीत्वं चेत् स्थिरता कमलासु च । नृपेषु नृपमार्गश्च स्वर्गस्तदिह भूरपि ॥ SB 93 [5928] Only if the fire be cold, if the moon be burning hot, if a bad man be good, only then would faithfulness be found in women: 368. यदि स्यात् पावकः शीतः प्रोष्णो वा शशलाञ्छनः। स्त्रीणां च तत् सतीत्वस्यायदि स्याद् दुर्जनो हितः॥ PP 3. 175 They can never be made faithful, either by gifts, or by honours, or by rightness, or by punishment, or by precept, since they are altogether dishonest: 369. न दानेन न मानेन नार्जवेन न सेवया। न शस्त्रेण न शास्त्रेण विषमाः सर्वथा स्त्रियः॥ NH] 2, 114 There is nothing else that is more sinful than women, Pañcacūda (Rambha) said to Narada in MBh, since women are the root of all evils : 370. न स्त्रीभ्यः किञ्चिदन्यद् वै पापीयस्तरमस्ति वै। स्त्रियो मूलं च दोषाणां तथा स्वमपि वेत्थ ह ॥ MBh 13. 38. 12. When the world was created, love for bed and ornaments, impure desires, wrath, dishonesty, malice and love for sexual intercourse were allotted to women : 371. शय्यासनमलंकारं काम क्रोधमनार्यताम् । द्रोहभावं कुचर्यां च स्त्रीभ्यो मनुरकल्पयत् ।। MS 9.17 372. दुर्वाग्भावं रतिं चैव ददौ स्त्रीभ्यः प्रजापतिः । न तासां रक्षणं कर्तुं शक्यं पुंसा कथञ्चन ।। MBh 13.40.12 373. ताः कामलुब्धाः प्रमदाः प्राबाधन्त नरान् सदा। क्रोधं कामस्य देवेशः सहायं चासृजत् प्रभुः ।। MBh 13.40.9 Yama, the deity of wind, death, the nether regions in the sea, the equine mouth that roves through the ocean vomiting ceaseless flames of fire, the sharpness of the razor, virulent poison, the snake, and fire-- all these exist in the state of union in women?: 1. वा Ptsk. 2. Also in Pts 4.51, PtsK 3.204. 3. गृह्यन्ते विषमः sv. 4. Also in NHS 2.112,NHP 2. 104,SV 2773. 5. V.I. हि 6. V... 'नार्जवम् । 7. According to P. C. Roy's translation.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIT 374. अन्तकः पवनो मृत्युः पातालं वडवामुखम् ! तुरधारा विषं सो वह्निरित्येकतः स्त्रियः।। MBh 13.38.29 Women even when they have husbands who are famous, wealthy, handsome and obedient, are prepared to disregard them if they find opportunity to do so : 375. समाज्ञातानृद्धिमतः प्रतिरूपान् वशे स्थितान् । पतीनन्तरमासाद्य नालं नार्यः प्रतीक्षितुम् ।। MBh 13.38. 13 Through their passion to men, temper, natural heartlessness, they become disloyal towards their husbands, however carefully they may be guarded in this world 376. पौंश्चल्याञ्चलचित्तत्वान्नःस्नेह्याच्च' स्वभावतः। रक्षिता यत्नतोऽपीह भर्तृष्वेता विकुर्वते ।। MS 9.15 Among thousand women, or perhaps among hundreds of thousands. sometimes no more than one can be found that is devoted to her husband : 377. सहस्त्रे किल नारीणां प्राप्येतैका कदाचन ।' तथा शतसहस्रेषु यदि काचित् पतिव्रता॥ MBh 13.19.92 Women have never shown sufficient regard for even those husbands who fulfil all their wishes, always do what is agreeable to them and protect them from want and danger : 378. कामानामपि दातारं कर्तारं मनसां प्रियम् । रक्षितारं न मृष्यन्ति स्वभरिमल स्त्रियः॥ MBh 13.38.27 Owing to their sinful disposition. they like company of any man, 1. V.I. °लचित्ताच नैस्नेह्याच 2. V.1. एका रतिशीलेति शेषः (Nrlakantha to MBh). 3. v.1. ललं corrupt. 4. Against this sinful disposition women have to be guarded, for if they are not guarded they bring sorrow on two families : सूक्ष्मेभ्योऽपि प्रसङ्गेभ्यः स्त्रियो रक्ष्या विशेषतः। द्वयोर्हि कुलयोः शोकमावहेयुररक्षिताः ॥ MS9.5 Knowing their bad disposition every man should most strenuously exert himself to guard them: एवं स्वभावं ज्ञात्वासां प्रजापतिनिसर्गजम् । परमं यत्नमातिष्ठेत् पुरुषो रक्षणं प्रति ॥ MS 9.16 but no man can completely guard women by force : न कश्चिद्योषितः शक्तः प्रसह्य परिरक्षितुम् । MS 9.10a It has to be borne in mind that women because of their bad disposition cannot be ·76 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SENSK RIT even if he bc of bad character : 379. असद्धर्मस्त्वयं स्त्रीणामस्माकं भवति प्रभो। पापीयसो नरान् यद् वै लजां त्यक्त्वा भजामहे ।। MBh 13.38. 14 Women-as is very common-forsake men common-forsake men endowed with good qualities, renowned, handsome, adepts in the art of love and young, and give themselves to men destitute of amiability, merit and the like: 380. गुणाश्रय कीर्तियुतं च कान्तं पति रतिशं धनं युवानम् । 'विहाय शीघ्रं वनिता ब्रजन्ति नरान्सिक शीलगुणादिहीनम् ॥ NHJ 2. 10ó 381. कुलजातिपरिभ्रष्टं निकृष्ट दुश्चेष्टितम् । अस्पृश्यमधर्म प्रायो "मन्ये स्त्रीणां प्रियं वरम् ।। VCsr II. 15 382. महाभिजनजातानामपि हा घि निसर्गतः । सरितामिव नारीणां वृत्तिनिम्नानुसारिणी ॥ KR 6.316 383. दुर्जनगम्या नार्यः प्रायेणापात्रभृद्भवति" राजा । कृपणानुसारि च धनं" देवो' गिरिजलधिवर्षी च ॥ PP 1. 172 well guarded even by trustworthy and obedient servants. Only those women who of their own accord keep guard over themselves are well guarded: अरक्षिता गृहे रुद्धाः पुरुषैराप्तकारिभिः । आत्मानमात्मना यास्तु रक्षेयुस्ताः सुरक्षिताः ॥ MS 9.12 1. गुणाशयं BIS. 2. कीर्तिमन्ततं ad NHS, कीर्तिमयं NHJ. 3. Om. ad NHS. 4. स्वकान्तं रत्नं NHJ, रत्नं ad NHS. 5. विधेयं NHJ, ad NHS ; om. SRBh. 6. रतिज्ञं NHS, SRBh. 7. वनितापरं नरं प्रयाति हीनं गुणजातिरूपैः BIS. 8. नरान्तरं SRBh. 9. Also ad NHS 2. 112, SRBh. 114.9. 10. V.2. निष्कृष्टं ; नोत्कृष्टं 11. V. 1. °मरणप्राप्तं (or °ते); अप्येव भदनप्रायो; मरणे B's. 12. प्राप्त BS. 13. V. 1. आचर्यः; दुर्जनगामी 14. प्रायेनास्नेहवान् Pts, PtsK, or प्रायेण° BIS. 15. V... राज्ञा 16. Om. NHP (A). 17. V.I. फलं 18. मघो Pts, PtsK. 19. Or better °वर्षी गिर्युदधिवर्षों (or better °वर्षी ) PRE, NHP, NHS ; V... गिर्युपरिवर्पो (or better वर्षी) PP; गिरिदुर्गवर्षी Pts; गिरिजलधिवर्षी PtsK. 20. Om, NHJ. 21. Also in PRE 1. 91 ; Pts 1. 278; PtsK 1. 310; NHJ 2. 155; NHK 2. 1:4; NHP 2. 143; NHS2.147.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VUI 384. हा 'धिग् निन्नाभियायिन्यो लोला दूरान्मनोरमाः। सुक्षोभ्या न स्त्रियः शक्याः पातुं श्वभ्रापगा इव ॥ SKSS-10.64. 149b-150a . Women show liking to any man who courts them, who approaches them, or is gallant towards them, be it even on a very small scale : 385. स्त्रियं हि यः प्रार्थयते संनिकर्ष च गच्छति । ईषञ्च कुरुते सेवां तमेवेच्छन्ति योषितः ॥ MBh 13.38. 15 They are able to admit to their favours any person if he is only of opposite sex; in that case there is no difference for them whether he is old, or young, or ugly, or handsome : 386. नासां कश्चिदगम्योऽस्ति नासां वयसि निश्चयः। विरूपं रूपवन्तं वा · पुमानित्येव भुञ्जते । MBh 13.38 17 387. नेता रूपं परीक्षन्ते नासां वयसि संस्थितिः । रूपं वा विरूपं वा "पुमानित्येव भुञ्जते ।। MS 9.14 They do not regard so highly even articles of enjoyment or ornaments or other agreeable possessions as they do the companionship of a person of opposite sex : 388. न कामभोगान् विपुलान् नालंकारान्न संश्रयान् । तथैव बहु मन्यन्ते यथा रत्यामनुग्रहम् ॥ MBh 13.38.28 Even those women who are loved and respected by their husbands admit to their favours men that are hump-backed, blind, idiots, dwarfs, or lame: 389. याश्च शश्वद् बहुमता रक्ष्यन्ते दयिताः स्त्रियः। अपि ताः संप्रसजन्ते कुब्जान्धजडवामनैः॥ MBh.13..38. 20 390. पङ्गुष्वपि च देवर्षे ये चान्ये कुत्सिता नराः। स्त्रीणामगम्यो लोकेऽस्मिन् नास्ति कश्चिन्महामुने ॥ MBh 13. 38. 21 1. धिनिम्नाभिपातिन्यो 2. Also SKSSD 10.64. 149b-150a. 3. V.I. च Pts, PtsK. 4. Also quoted in Pts 1. 141 and PtsK 1. 157. 5. V.I. च व्य(? वय)सि स्थितिः Pts. 6. Also quoted in Pts 1. 143 and PtsK 1.159. 7. V. 1. निश्चयः, नैतावत् समवेक्षन्ते न चावयनिश्चयं 8. . V.1. सुरूपं 9. कुरूपं BIS. 10. V.I. विरूपं रूपवन्तं वा; रूपवन्तं कुरूपं वा 11. Also quoted in NHS ad 110, 18. 12. V... अथ Brs.

·78 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT And if, despite all endeavours, women cannot find a man altera alteri stuprum facit, maritum diutius expectare nolens : 391. यदि यदि पुंसां गतिर्ब्रह्मन् कथञ्चिन्नोपपद्यते । अप्यन्योऽन्यं प्रवर्तन्ते न हि तिष्ठन्ति भर्तृषु ॥ MBh 13.38. 22 They remain chaste only for fear of relatives, of death, or imprisonment, or for lack of appropriate place, or favourable moment, or of a person of an opposite sex but not because of shame, or decency, or piety, or fearfulness : 392. अलाभात् पुरुषाणां हि भयात् परिजनस्य हि। वधबन्धमयाञ्चापि स्वयं गुप्ता भवन्ति ताः॥ MBh 13.38.23 393. स्थानं नास्ति क्षणो नास्ति नास्ति प्रार्थयिता नरः। तेन नारद नारीणां सतीत्वमुपजायते ॥ NHỊ 1. 122 394. न लजा न विनीतत्वं न दाक्षिण्यं न भीरुता। प्रार्थकाभाव एवेति सतीत्वे कारणं स्त्रियाः॥" NHI 1. 125 395. पञ्च मे पतयः सन्ति मह्यं षष्ठोऽपि रोचते । पुरुषाणमभावेन सर्वा नार्यः पतिव्रताः॥ NS 9 They are always looking for new paramours and cannot be kept in obedience. Their disposition is such that they are incapable of being restrained. They are as unseizable and unintelligible as words: 396. चलस्वभावा दुःसेव्या दुर्भाह्या भावतस्तथा । प्रामस्य पुरुषस्येह यथा वाचस्तथा स्त्रियः॥ MBh 13. 38,24 They are exceedingly fond of sexual intercourse. Agni, Varuna, or other celestials are not so agreeable to women as the deity of desire:13 397. नानिलोऽग्निर्न वरुणो न चान्ये त्रिदशा द्विज प्रियाः स्त्रीणां यथा कामोरतिशीला हि योषितः॥ MBh 13. 19,91 .. 1. V...च BIS. 2. रहो PP, Pts, PtsK, VC; v.1. अहो; अहर्; पक्षो 3. TU NHP; V.I. ETUT VC: PU BIS. 4. जनः VC. 5. इत्थं VC, NP. 6. पातिवयं(?त्यं) vc. 7. उपज्ञायते IP; T... प्रकल्प्यते; हि कल्पते; कल्पयेत् कल्पते vc. 8. Also in NHP 1. 88, NHS 1. 109, NK. 1.27, PP 1. 107, Pts 1. 138, PtsK 1.154, VC BỊ V 11, NP1, 14, 16, Ps 80. 9. प्रार्थनाभाव NHL. 10. एवैकं NHL ; एवैक: NHP. 11. Also quoted in B manuscript to NHP after 1.87 and in NHS (NHLad 1. 111). 12. Cf.MBh. 13. 19,20 sqq.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 79 When they are under the influence of desire they do not care for their family, or father, or mother, or brothers, or husband, or sons, or husband's brother. In pursuit of that what they consider happiness they destroy their families. They also become most capricious and do not feel any pain even if they walk over a desert of burning sand : 398. नैता जानन्ति पितरं न कुलं न च मातरम् । न भ्रातृन्न च भर्तारं न च पुत्रान देवरान् ॥ MBh 13. 19,93 399. लीलायन्त्यः कुलं नन्ति कूलानीव सरिद्वराः। दोषान् सर्वांश्च मत्वाशु प्रजापतिरभाषत ॥ MBh 13. 19.94 400. आत्मच्छन्देन वर्तन्ते नार्यों मन्मथचोदिताः । न च दह्यन्ति गच्छन्त्यः सुतप्तैरपि पांशुभिः ॥ MBh 13. 19.87 There is no pleasure more agreeable to women than sexual intercourse with persons belonging to opposite sex, since such intercourse is considered as the most delicious fruit of joy that they can reap: 401. नातः परं हि नारीणां विद्यते च कदाचन । यथा पुरुषसंसर्गः परमेतद्धि नः फलम् ॥ MBh 13. 19.86 As fire is never satiated with fuel, as an ocean can never be filled with waters of rivers, as the god of death is never satiated with slaying even all living creatures, so are women never satiated with men : 402. नाग्निस्तृप्यति काष्ठानां नापगानां महोदधिः। नान्तकः सर्वभूतानां न पुंसां वामलोचनाः ॥ NH) 2. 113 Therfore femin arum virum pulchrum vel bene vestitum. sive patrem, sive fratrem, sive filium ntuitarum corpus medescit : 403. सुरूपं पुरुषं दृष्ट्वा पितरं भ्रातरं सुतम् । 1. V.1. काष्ठौधैर् VC. 2. 1.1. पगाभिर् VC. 3. V.1. भूतैश्च vc. 4. पुंभिर् VC. 5. तानां नाशा तृप्यति संपदाम् NP. 6. Also quoted in PP 1. 106, Pts 1. 137, PtsK 1. 153, Bhs 571, MBh 5. 1538b-1539a, 13. 2226, VCsr VL. 10, NP 1. 14,99, SB 218, Ps. 1498, Garudamahapurana 109. 40, SRBh, 154.60, SPH 54.7, SP 1498. 7. सुन्दरं NS'; सुवेषं SB 273, V.I. NHP: सुवेशं NP; सुस्नातं SV, स्वरूपं V.I. NHP. 8. कामुकं NP 9. भ्र पि° tr. NS'; भ्रतरं यदि वा SB 273, NHP 10. सुगन्धं मलवर्जितम् 'V: कामिनी मदनातुरा NP ·80 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT देह क्लियति- नारीणां पश्य कामस्य चेष्टितम् ।। SB [BIS 7128] Women suffer from fever, rising from their passionate feelings ; for their lovers' sake, they leave their sons, husbands, houses, wealth and everything else : 404. विचेतनता भवेत् सा च कामज्वरप्रपीडिता । सर्व त्यजति तद्धेतोः पुत्रं कान्तं गृहं धनम् ।। NP 1. 14,78 If women find a young man they are ready to leave their country, and when a better one is availabic, they are ready to leave the first one: 405. लब्ध्वा युवानं पुरुषं देशत्यागं करोति सा। तदुत्तमं पुनर्लब्ध्वा तं त्यजेत् सा क्षणेन च ।। NP 1. 14,79 If they find young men exceptionally strong in sexual intercourse, they leave their families, fear, shame, dharma, friends, fame, wealth, etc : 406. त्यजेत् कुलभयं लज्जां धर्म बन्धुं यशः श्रियम् । संप्राप्य रतिशूरं च युवानं सुरतोन्मुखम् ॥ NP 1. 14,81 They can leave everything and can even poison their very good husbands: 407... विषं दातुं समर्था सा स्वामिनं गुणिनां वरम् । म्लेच्छं युवानं संप्राप्य सर्वस्वं दातुमुत्सुका ॥ NP 1. 14,80 To women no one is agreeable or disagreeable ; just, as cattle seek for fresh grass so they seek for new men : 408. न स्त्रीणामप्रियः कश्चित् प्रियो वापि न विद्यते । पुरातनं निवर्तन्ते प्रार्थयन्ति नवं नवम्॥ CS55 409. न चासां मुच्यते कश्चित् पुरुषो हस्तमागतः । भावो नवतृणानीवं गृह्णन्त्येता नवं नवम् ॥ MBh 13.39.5 1. योनि SB 273, NHP 2. क्लिन्दति BIS; क्लीदति V... NHP; योनिद्भवति NSS 3. सत्यं सत्यं जनार्दन NS'; सत्यं सत्यं हि नारद SB 273, V.L. NHP; मामपालमिवाम्भसा NHP; आपत्रे यथापयः BIS; तदात्रं च पुलकितं योनौ कण्डूयनं परं NP 4. Also in SB 273, [BIS 7134 , NHP 1.87,SV 3.9,NS8 .[BIS 7107] :NP. 1. 14:77 and similarly in MBh. 13. 38. 26 where we read: इदमन्यच्च देवर्षे रहस्य सर्वयोषिताम् दृष्ट्वैव पुरुष हृद्य योनिः प्रक्तियते स्त्रियाः ॥ 5. नारी NHP4.7. 6. गावस्तृणमिवारण्ये NH, NHP. 7. Also in NH 2,1244. 7, NHP I 155, 4. 7.

·THE TEXTS ; CHAPTER VII 81 and hang at the necks of all men, just as creepers growing in a thick forest hang themselves on all trees : 410. नैवाङ्गनानां दयितो नापि द्वेष्योऽस्ति कश्चन । सर्वमेवावलम्बन्ते लता गहनजा इव।। RV 414. 15-6 411. लता पार्श्वे स्थितं वृक्ष भृत्याः पार्श्व स्थितं नृपम् । पार्श्वस्थं पुरुषं योषिद्वेष्टयन्ति न संशयः ॥ CV 179 412 आसन्नम् एव नृपतिर् भजते मनुष्य विद्याविहीनम् अकुलीनम् असंस्तुतं वा । प्रायेण भूमिपतयः प्रमदा लताश् च यत् पार्श्वतो भवति तत् परिवेष्टयन्तिः ॥ PP 1.27 and, therefore, are compared to great highways, while widows are compared to uneven ways, another person's wives to hollow ways and one's own wives to even ways; one should not tread along the former three, but have recourse to the last one: 413. विधवा विषमः पन्थाः परस्त्री संकटो यथा । वेश्या महापथः प्रोक्ता निजनारी समो यथा ॥ SB 256, [BIS 6119] 414. संकटे हि न गन्तव्यं गन्तव्यं विषमे न च । महापथे न गन्तव्यं गन्तव्यं स्यात् समे पथि ॥ SB 256, [BIS 6662] Even though they have just enjoyed a man like the god-of-love, they desire another man immediately : 415. "स्मरोपममपि प्राप्य वाञ्छन्ति पुरुषान्तरम् । नार्यः सर्वाः स्वभावेन वदन्तीत्यमलाशयाः।। VC sr II, 13 It is easier to imagine royal glory adorning the son of a barren woman, or floral beauty adorning the sky than to imagine even the least sign of purity in the hearts of women : 1. V... वृक्षा BIS. 2. V... नृपः BIS. 3. Om. in s'ts (CC, AG). 4. असंस्कुत Pts, असझतं NHJ, NHK, NHP, NHS, असंपंडितं sts. 5. य: PRE, NHJ, NHK, NHP, NHS, Sts. 6. भसति तं PRE, वसति तं NHJ, NHK, NHP, भवति तं NHS, Sts. 7. V.1. परियेष्टयन्ति 8. Also in PRE 120, Pts 1. 35 PtsK 1. 41, NHJ2.55, NHK 2. 58, NHP 2. 51, NHS 2.55, Sts 21. 11-4. 9. संकटे Brs. 10. V.I. स्मरात्, स्मरं स्वयं, स्मरान्तरं, 'सर्ग ·82 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT *16. 'वन्ध्यापुत्रस्य राज्यश्रीः 'पुष्पश्रीर् गगनस्य च । भवेदेव न तु स्त्रीणां मनःशुद्धिर् मनागपि ॥ VC sr II. 11 (ii) Since, women are generally not considered faithfuls, the more so kulatās. As fire is not satisfied with wood, as ocean is not satisfied with rivers, as Yama is not satisfied with all the beings, as hopes and desires are not satisfied with all the wealth, as the mind is not satisfied even with all that is good, as vādava-fire is not satisfied with all waters of the ocean, as earth is not satisfied with all the dust, so kulațās are not satisfied even with all persons : 417. न श्रेयसां मनस्तृप्तं वाडवाग्निर्न पाथसाम्। वसुंधरा न रजसां न पुंसां कुलटा तथा ॥ NP 1. 14, 100 They are always stricken with passion, they do not feel any pleasure in amusement and amorous sports; their passion increases as flame increases by the pouring of ghee ; even if men co-habit day and night with them they are not satisfied; they want to devour these men : 418. शश्वत्कामा च कुलटा न च तृप्तिश्च क्रीडया । इविषा कृष्णवर्मेव भूय एवाभिवर्धते ॥ Ibid, 1. 14,97 419. दिवानिशं च शृङ्गारं कुरुते तत्पुमान् यदि । न तृप्तिः "कुलटानां च पुमांसं प्रस्तुमिच्छति ॥ Ibid, 1. 14,98 By words and discourses illiterates become friendly, through learning and argumentations men become learned, but kulatās never come under man's influence : 420. मूखों वशः कथायां च विद्वान् विद्याविचारतः। न हि दुष्टा च कुलटा पुंसश्च वशगा भवेत् ।। NP 1. 14,93 . 1. V.1. वन्धा', हीनभागस्य बन 2. V... राज्ञः श्री; राज्यं स्यात् 3. V.1. पुष्पं च 4. V.1. स्याद् 'नारीणां 5. Many other verses on this subject can be found in the Sanskrit literature; these few are quoted as examples only. 6. कुलटा means an unfaithful woman and a courtezan as well. VK. quoting nine kinds of वेश्या mentions कुलटा after कुम्भदासी and परिचारिका and before स्वैरिणी, नटी, शिल्पकारिका, प्रकाशविनष्टा, रूपाजीवा and गणिका, cf. L. Stermbach, वेश्याः Synonyms and Aphorisms, Bombay, 1945. 7. Cf. texts 303-35, 373,380-1,434. 8. Cf. न जातु कामः कामानामुपभोगेन शाम्यति । हविषा कृष्णवर्मेव भूय एवाभिवर्धते ॥ (MS 2.94, SV 3352). 9. 'टायाब BIS. 10. V.1. पुंसां च ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII They are always ready to act selfishly, but come under one's influence only by means of a powerful sexual intercourse : 421. स्वकार्ये तत्परा शश्वत् प्रीतिः कार्यानुरोधतः। न सर्वस्य वशीभूता विना शृङ्गारमुल्वनम् ॥ Ibid, 1. 11,94 Truth, dharma, fear, pity, popular customs, shame, etc. are unknown to kulațās, since their only thought is of a paramour ; they feel affection for him only : 422. कुलटानां न सत्यं च न च धर्मों भयं दया । न लौकिकं न लज्जा स्याज्जारचिन्ता निरन्तरम् ॥ Ibid.1 14,84 423. स्वप्ने जागरणे चैव भोजने शयने सदा। निरन्तरं कामचिन्ता जारे नेहो न चान्यतः॥ Ibid, 1. 14,35 They are more harsh and wicked than murderers : for their lovers' sake they kill their friends and even their sons : 424. कुलटा नरघातिभ्यो निर्दया दुष्टमानसा । जारार्थे च सुतं हन्ति बान्धवस्य च का कथा । NP 1.14,86 The Vedas and other scriptures are unable to understand them; courtezans use their paramours like clarified butter obtained from milk, and if they become old they consider lovers like poison and do not hesitate a moment to leave them. Therefore, men have no other enemy more dreadful than kulatās and vile wives, and should never trust them : 425. न हि वेदा विदन्त्येवं कुलटाहृदयङ्गमम् । कथं देवाश्च मुनयः सन्तो जानन्ति निश्चयम् ॥ Ibid. 1. 14,87 426. रतिशूरं प्रियं दृष्ट्वा क्षीरं घृतमिवाचरेत् । गते वयसि जीर्ण तं विषं दृष्ट्वा त्यजेत् क्षणात्॥ Ibid, 1. 14,88 427. न विश्वसेयुस्तां दुष्टां तस्मात् सन्तो हि सन्ततम् । न रिपुः पुरुषाणां च 'दुष्टस्त्रीभ्यः परो भुवि ।। Ibid, 1. 14,89 (iii) Still worse are courtezans instable and infidel. It is well-known that there is no fidelity or righteousness in them, just as there is no proper opinion in stupid people, no permanence in riches, no intelligence in fools, no destruction of the effect of actions : 428. 'सद्भावो नास्ति वेश्यानां स्थिरता नास्ति संपदाम् । विवेको नास्ति मूर्खाणां विनाशो नास्ति कर्मणाम् ॥ VCsr VII.4 1. दुष्टा corrupt. 3. v.1. वैश्यानां 2. सतीत्वम् SB. 4. Also in SB 101, ·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT It will be a bad conduct of a courtezan to take a vow of continuous faithfulness to any one : honest people do not approve of S'udra's study of the Vedas: 429. दुराचारैव सा वेश्या चिरं यस्याः सतीवतम् । न हि वेदमधीयानः 'शूद्रः सद्भिः प्रशस्यते ॥ BB 18. 103 Therefore: it is true: "The wench cares not a straw to miss The covered couch, the husband's kiss, The pleasant bed; in place of this She ever seeks a stolen blisss": 430. 'पर्यङ्केष्व् आस्तरण पतिम् अनुकूलं मनोहरं शयनम् । तृणम् इव लघु मन्यन्ते कामिन्यश् चौर्यरतलुब्धाः ॥' PP 1. 134 and again : "For stranger men the slut will see The ruin of her family, The world's reproach, the jailer's key Will risk a death she cannot flees :" 431. कुलपतनं जनगहाँ बन्धनम् अपि जीवितव्यसंदेहम् । अङ्गीकरोति परपुरुषसंसक्का" ||" Ibid, 1. 135 We also read in SM : "On mountain-tops no lotuses are grown%3B The horse's yoke no ass will ever bear ; Rice never springs from seeds of barley sown; A courtezan is not an honest fairs:" कुलटा सततं' 1. V.I. सू 2. v.1. °सस्यते 3. Translated by A. W. Ryder in The Panicatantra, University of Chicago Press, p.63. 4. V.I. BIS. 5. V.I. वेऽप्यास्त' BIS : के स्वास्त'; स्यास्त के चास्त PtsK. 6. V... शय्याम् 7. Also in Pts 1.174. Ptsk !.190. 8. Translated by A. W. Ryder in The Panicatantra, The University of Chicago Press, p. 64. 9. हि सततं चणमबला BIS. 10. °संरक्का Pts. 11. Also in Pts 1. 176, Ptsk 1.192. 12 Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS 9, p. 62.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 35 132. न पर्वताने नलिनी प्ररोहति न गर्दा वाजिधुरं वहन्ति । यवाः प्रकीर्णा न भवन्ति शालयोन 'वेशजाताः शुचयस्तथाङ्गनाः ॥ SM4.17 433. Also courtezans are never faithful even if carefully guarded, since they are indifferent in their hearts like the goddess of fortune : आहुत्य रक्ष्यमाणापि यत्नेनान्तर्विरागिणी! असन्मैत्री च वेश्या च श्रीश्च कस्य कदा स्थिरा ॥ SKSS 12.96,25 Courtezans are prone to love one man on the basis of his description, another because of his money, another because he works like a slave, another because he gives them protection and still another for pastime : 434. वर्णनदयितः कश्चिद् धनदयितो दासकर्मदयितोऽन्यः । रक्षादयितश्चान्यो वेश्यानां नर्मदयितोऽन्यः॥ KK 4.40 (v) Courtezan's occupation is to change their place of residence: 435. चेतश्चिन्तय मा रमां सदिमामस्थायिनीमास्थया भूपालभृकुटीकुटीविहरणव्यापारपण्याङ्गनाम्। कन्थाकञ्चुकिनः प्रविश्य भवनद्वाराणि वाराणसी- रथ्यापतिषु पाणिपात्रपतितां भिक्षामपेक्षामहे ॥ Bhs245 and, therefore, their happiness is as unsteady as that of kings : 436. वेश्या इव बलवद्भोग्या राजश्रीरतिचञ्चला। 'बणिजां तु कुलस्त्रीव स्थिरा लक्ष्मीरनन्यगा ।। SKSS 4.21.6 In Sanskrit literature we often find the following verse :- "Kings' policy is fickle, like a woman of the town: For now it hoards its money up, now flings it careless down; 'Tis rough and flattering by turns, 'tis kind, and cruel too ; Exacting much and giving much, at once 'tis false and trues :" - 1. V. 1. वेशयाताः 2. C. न शैलशृङ्गे कमलं प्ररोहति न दुर्जनः क्वापि शुभं प्रयाति च । न साधवो यान्ति कदापि विक्रियां यवाः प्रकीर्णा न भवन्ति शालयः॥ (SB 203)[3466] 3. यत्नेनान्तवि SKSSD. 4. Also in SP 4053. 5. प्रवेश्य BIS. 6. .lso in Vs' 105. For different readings in Bhs' see Bhs' p. 96. 7. वणि° SKSSD. 8. Translated by A. W. Ryder in The Panicatantra, The University of Chicago Press, p. 208 ·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT PP 1.432 437. सत्यानृता च परुषा प्रियवादिनी च हिंस्रा दयालुरपि चार्थपरा वदान्या। *नित्यव्यया प्रचुरवित्तसमागमा च 'वेश्याङ्गनेव नृपनीतिरनेकरूपा ॥ In other verses courtezans are compared with the policy of the kings : 438. सन्धिः सर्वमहीभुजां विजयिनामस्तु प्रमोदः सदा सन्तः सन्तु निरापदः सुकृतिनां कीर्तिश्चिरं वर्धताम् । नीतिर्वारविलासिनीव सततं वक्षःस्थले संस्थिता' वक्त्रं चुम्बतु मन्त्रिणामहरहर्भूयान्महानुत्सवः॥" NH 4, 139 and are considered fickle like royal sovereignty : 439. पतिं त्यक्त्वा देवं भुवनपतिमुच्चैरभिजन गता छिद्रेण श्रीवृषलमविनीतेव वृषली। स्थिरीभूता चास्मिन् किमिह करवाम स्थिरमपि प्रयत्नं नो येषां विफलयति दैवं द्विषदिव| VM 6. 6 440. यत्किञ्चिद्यपदिश्य सन्निधते वेश्याः पुरः कामिनां गायन्त्यः कलमन्तरेव च ततस्तिष्ठन्ति दृग्गोचराः। सव्याजश्लथनच्छलेन च मुहुः संदर्शयन्ति स्तनौ पश्चात् तान् प्रणयस्पृशेव च दृशा दृष्ट्वा वशीकुर्वते ॥ RBh 56 in BhSN (vi) We The character of women is as unsteady as the waves of the sea. read in SM and Pts : 1. V... पुरुष. 2. मृदुवा BIS. 3. भुरिव्यया Pts. 4. V... रनित्यधनागमा Bhs': रत्नधनागमा NH, NHJ; रचित्रधनागमा PRE, PT; रमित्रधनागमा NHP. 5. वाराङ्ग Bhs', NH; NHJ, PW; v.1. वेश्यागतेव 6. Also in PRE 1, 177; PT, 1,185, Pts 1. 425, Bhs 59, NH 2. 181; NHJ2. 182, NHP 2. 166, PW 7, SRBh 152. 404. For different readings in BHS' sce Bhs p. 24-5. 7. °हीभृताम् NHP. 8. विनयिनाम् BIS. 9. Kent NHJ. 10. भूमि रवतीत (better वतीव) वर्द्धिसहिता (better वृद्धिस) भोगाय वस्तिष्ठतु तु BIE. 11. Also in NHJ 4. 136, NHP 4. 137. 12. V... शीघ्रण ·THE TEXTS :CHAPTER VIII As fickle as the billows of the sea, Glowing no longer than the evening sky, A woman takes your goid, then leaves you free; You 're worthless, like cosmetics, when you 're drył: 441. समुद्रवीचीव' चलस्वभावाः सन्ध्याभ्रलेखेव मुहूर्तरागाः। स्त्रियो हतार्था पुरुषं निरर्थ निष्पीडितालककवत् त्यजन्ति ॥ SM 4.15 Like a flash of lighting, like a stroke on the water, is the unsteadiness of women's love: 442. विधुच्छटा जले रेखा चास्थिता' च यथाम्बरे । तथास्थिरा च कुलटाप्रीतिः स्वप्नं च तद्वचः।। NP 1.14,83 Their paramours do not remain in their hearts for long : 443. विद्या प्रमादिनो गुह्य दुर्धियः पायसं शुनः । कामुकः कुलटायाश्च न तिष्ठन्ति चिरं हृदि ।। SB 148 [BIS 6090] Because they are not dependable, therefore, the enjoyment of women is held as unsatisfactory : स्त्रीसुखमविश्वासविरसम् ॥ VCir 27.3.2 More specific verses concerning the instability of courtezans may be found in Sanskrit sources. Their affection is compared with a bubble which can burst at any moment and pass away quickly like the shadow of a cloud, or grass fire, or the friendship of a villain : 445. सन्ध्येव रागिणी वेश्या न चिरं पुत्रि दीप्यते ॥ SKSS 2, 12, 930 446. अभ्रच्छाया तृणादग्निः खलप्रीतिः स्थले जलम् । वेश्यारागः कुमित्रं च षडेते बुबुदोपमाः॥ SB 302 [5161 It is also compared with the charms of the rainbow light, with the pigment of the extract of turmeric, with the sound of a chorus song, however 444. 1. Translated by A, W. Ryder in HOS 9, p. 61. 2. वीथीव sts; 'वीची च PtsK; °वीचीचपल° Sts. 3. रेखेव Pts. 4. स्त्रियः कृतार्थाः Pts, PtsK, sts; वेश्याः कृतार्थाः s's, V.I. हितार्थाः 5. V... निपी; नि:पि. 6. Also in Pts 1. 194, PtsK 1. 209, Sts 70.8 (200. 3-4), SS 2. 17,5. 7. Better चोचता 8. Better सत्यं च ६. प्रसादितो BIS. 10. कम्बुकी कुलटायास्तु BIS. 11. खले BIS.

·THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT वेश्यानुरागस्य attractive it may be: 447. महेन्द्रचापधानो हरिद्वारसरञ्जनस्य । उपाङ्गगीतस्य च हारिणोऽपि सौन्दर्यमस्थैर्यहतप्रकर्षम् ॥ KR 5. 382 or to the morning's red sky: 448. इन्दौ प्रयाते कृतरात्रिभोगे प्रवेशकाले चिरकामुकस्य । वेश्येव सन्ध्या गगनाङ्गनाग्रं निर्दिष्टताराकुसुमं चकार ।। KS 6.2 (vii) Courtezans can be enjoyed for a moment only in the same way as kings hold the earth for a short duration only. 449. प्रियमनुचितं क्षमापण्यस्त्रीक्षणप्रभुरीश्वरो रमयति यतो धिक् तान् भृत्यान् स्ववृत्तिसुखार्थिनः। नृपमपथगं पान्ति प्राणानुपेक्ष्य निजानपि प्रसभमिह ये तैः पूतेयं महात्मभिरुवरी॥ KR 4.321 Women in general bring first to their lovers madness and intoxication, then mock and revile them, and finally drive them into ecstasy and despair : 450. सम्मोहयन्ति मदयन्ति विडम्बयन्ति निर्भसयन्ति रमयन्ति विषादयन्ति । एताः प्रविश्य हृदयं सदयं नराणां किं नाम वामनयना न समाचरन्ति ॥ VC jr II, 11 (6) Heartlessness and Lack of Affection (i) It is known that courtezans are heartless and devoid of affection, although they pretend to love their paramours. And so we read in DD. in Mitragupta's adventure: 'You are the son of Arthadasa, a most respectable merchant, and your elders named you Kosadasa; but because you were so devoted to me, your enemies gave you the nickname Veśadāsa---the gay girl's slave; so if you should die and I should live, I should prove the proverb that gay girls are heartless. Take me today to some nice country'. 1. Or KR 5. 382. 2. Better निर्दिष्टताम्रा 3. V.I. विरमन्ति Vc. 4. tr. स ह Vc. 5. Also insts 70.9(200.5-8). 6. Translated by A. N. Ryder in The Ten Princes, The University of Chicago Press, p.158.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 89 451. "तस्मिंस्त्वय्युपरते यद्यहं जीवेयं 'नृशंसो वेशः' इति समर्थयेयं लोकवादम् DD 209.4-5 (ii) Courtezans long for riches only and, therefore, have no affection for anyone. They neither hate those who are deprived of good qualities nor love those who have thems: 452. सामान्यवनिता वेश्या सा वित्तं परमिच्छति । निर्गुणोऽपि न विद्वेषो न रागः स्याद् गुणिन्यपि ॥ RST I. 120 The main characteristics of courtezans are considered, in addition to their greediness, their false affection and their insincere behaviour towards their paramours : 453. धनाशाकैतवस्नेहो वितथैश्चित्ततोषणम् । एकमप्यस्ति नास्मासु कथं वेश्यासमा वयम् ॥' SRK 105.7 Courtezans are rather like the jaghanacapalā-metre than āryā-metre; the passion in their eyes is artificial; they are adroit in yielding up their bodies, but do not yield their hearts : 454. जघनचपला अनार्याः परभृतयः कृतकनेत्ररागाश्च । सर्वाङ्गार्पणदक्षा असमर्पितहृदयदेशाश्च ॥ DK 312 The subject of their artificial and untrue love and passion is very often the subject of various verses, as for instance: 455. जघनस्थलेषु गौरवमाकृष्टधनेषु नो कुलीनेषु । अलसत्वं गमनविधौ नो मानववञ्चनाभियोगेषु ॥ DK 308 456. वर्णविशेषापेक्षा प्रसाधने नो रतिप्रबन्धेषु । ओष्ठे मदनासङ्गो नो पुरुषविशेषसंभोगे। DK 309 457. पुरुषाक्रान्ताः सततं कृत्रिमशृङ्गाररागरमणीयाः । आहन्यमानजघनाः करणवो वारयोषाश्च ॥ DK 320 They have no real affection for their paramours, and the little they have will not last longe 1. V... वेशजनः 2. Cf. texts 347-8. 3. Quoted also as text 347. 4. Also in SRBh. 19293; 371 4. 5. V.I. °प्रसङ्गेषु Ks 6. Cf. वेलयालि वलन कूरिमि, कलुगदु, मरि, कलिगेनेनि, कडतेरदुरा, पलुगुरु नडिचेडु तेवुन, पुल मोलवदु; मोलिचेनेनि पोलवदु वेमा ॥ VT 2.102 ·JU THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT They are without affection for anybody, since they want to gain money only : 458. एवं भवन्ति वेश्याः स्वार्थंकरता व्यपेतसद्भावाः। अभिलषितविषयसिद्धेः का हानिस्तदपि युष्माकम् ॥ DK 486 There is no affection in them just as there is no virtue in thieves, indulgence in villains, truth in lovers, honour in those who leave their country, happiness in passionate men, faith in women, or friendship in bad men : 459. तस्करस्य कुतो धर्मों दुर्जनस्य कुतः क्षमा। वेश्यानां च कुतः स्नेहः कुतः सत्यं च कामिनाम् ॥ CNS 39 460. प्रेषितस्य कुतो मानः कोपनस्य कुतः सुखम् । स्त्रीणां कुतः सतीत्वं च कुतो मैत्री खलस्य च ॥ CNS 66 It is easier, for instance, to straighten bows, or to soften stones, or to sweetcn the nimba-fruit, or to install steadiness in monkeys, than to find true affection in courtezans : 461. कजले कपिकुलेष्वारोपयाचापलं कोदण्डे जनयार्जवं विरचय ग्राव्णां गणे मार्दवम्। निम्बे साधय माधुरी सुरभितामादौ रसोने कुरु प्रेमाणं गणिकाजनेऽपि चतुरः पश्चात् सखे द्रक्ष्यसि || JM 6 or it is casier to find mercy in the god of death, softness in a sword, satisfaction with snakes, a cool-fire, or kindness in wicked persons, or a healthy poison, than a courtezan truly in love : 462. कालश्चेत् करुणापरः कलियुगं यद्यध धर्मप्रियं निस्त्रिशो यदि पेशलो विषधरः सन्तोषदायी यदि । अग्निश्चेदतिशीतलः खलजनः सर्वोपकारी स चे- दायुष्यं यदि वा भविष्यति विषं वेश्यापि तद्रागिणी ॥ JM 7 because it is known that courtezans are never truly in love, just as fools are never free from vices, or merchants free from deceit, or royal officers चैत्यं कल्पय -- 1. वसुपरासु परासुमिवोज्झतीष्वविकलं विकलशशिप्रभम् । प्रियतमं यतमन्तमनीश्वरं रसिकता सिकतास्विव तासु का ॥ VKAK 4.1ad 2 2. V.I. "नः NSK. 3. Also in C60 in HKS, C58 in HKSC in NSK,CW 59. 4. प्रोषितस्य Bis. 5.' Corrupt, cf. HKS. 977 6. V.1. स्त्रीणां सतीत्वं च कुतः कुतः प्रीतिः खलस्य च NSK 7. Also in C61 in NSK, CW56. .

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII : iree from corruption, or thieves free from greed etc. : 463. मूढो निर्व्यसनो वणिम् विकपटो राजाधिकारी शुचिः स्वाधीनो भृतको जडो गुणरतश्चौरो व्यपेतस्पृहः । नीतः (भीत:) शान्तमतिर्विटः सविनयः कर्णेजपो धार्मिकः किं कुत्रापि कदापि कोऽपि भविता वेश्याजनो रागवान् ।। JMS or just as impotent persons do not long for sexual intercourse, wanton women are not shameful, or there is no water in a mirage, or no steadiness ir. wealth, etc: 464. कामो नास्ति नपुंसकस्य कुलटावर्गस्य नास्ति त्रपा तोयं नास्ति मरीचिकासु सततं नास्ति स्थिरत्वं श्रियः। धर्मो नास्ति च नास्तिकस्य विभवो नास्ति प्रमत्तात्मनः स्नेहानां कणिकापि नास्ति गणिकालोकस्य च प्रायशः ।। JM 9 No one can be considered a true lover of courtezans, just as a crow cannot be considered a bird, the desert a suitable place to live, bamboo-shoots trees, camels vehicles, or mrgas elephants, etc. : 465. किं काकोऽपि विहङ्गमो मरुरपि स्थानं करीरोऽपि किं शाखी राहुरपि प्रहः स च भवेदुष्टोपि किं वाहनम् । किं काचोऽपि मणिर्मूगोऽपि करटिः प्रेष्योऽपि वा मानुषः किं वेश्यापि विलासिनी स च तदासक्नोऽपि कि कामुकः ॥ JM 21 It happens rarely that courtezans really love, and, therefore, men can only very rarely gain their real affection. Their love can hardly be won although they are ready to serve anybody? : 466. प्रतिपुरुषं सन्निहिताः कृत्यपरा विविधकरणकोपचिताः । वहुलार्थग्राहिण्यः प्रकृतय इव दुर्ग्रहा गणिकाः ॥ DK 317 or, although their speech enchants men (since they know their art): 467. सत्यं सन्ति गृहे गृहे सुकवयो येषां वचश्चातुरी स्वे हम्य कुलकन्यकेव लभते जातैर्गुणैर्गौरवम् । दुष्पापः स तु (कोपि) कोविदकविर्यद्वाग्रसग्राहिणां पण्यस्त्रीव' कलाकलापकुशला चेतांसि हर्तुं क्षमा ॥ RST 1. 7 1. Cf, texts 336-7 and sqq. 2. V.I. विविधविकरणोपेताः 3. V... जात्यैर्गुण RST. 4. Om. E in RS'T 5. v.1. कोविदपविर्य', 'दमतिर्य 6. V.1. 'ग्राहिणी, प्रहिणी 7. V... पुण्यस्त्रीव ·92 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Whether they are affectionate or not it is hard to possess them : 468. रक्लायां वा विरक्लायां रतमस्यां सुदुर्लभम् । VS III. 1 Men do not gain real mastery over them even for a moment either through love, or through money, or through respect, or even through offering their own lives : 469. न प्रीत्या न धनेनैव न स्तवान्न च सेवया। न प्राह दानतो वेश्या वशीभूता भवेत् क्षणम् ।। NP 1. 14,95 (c) Deceitfulness, Slyness and Untruthfulness (i) Courtezans are also proverbially untruthful and deceitful. "Deceitful is the behaviour of courtezans" the proverb runs : 470. वञ्चकवृत्ता वेश्या DK 473 quoted in DK. DK states clearly that this characteristic of courtesans is generally accepted by people, and only in a few cases does it fail to apply to them: इत्यपवादो जनेषु यो रूढः। अपनीतोऽसौ निपुणं त्वया प्रिये जीवमोक्षण । DK 473 They are considered deceitful by nature, even more so than a poisoned 471. arrow: 472. निसर्गवञ्चका वेश्याः कायस्थो दिविरो वणिक् । गुरूपदेशोपस्कारैर्विशिष्ठाः सविषादिषोः ॥ KR8. 131 Courtezans live in this world in order to deceive; they are the female vultures addicted to flesh; they deprive their paramours of their wealth, just as bees suck honey out of flowers, or as tigresses or serpents hurt their victims: 473. गृध्री निर्भरमामिषेषु सरघा घोरा मधूनां भरे व्याघ्री तीक्ष्णनखक्षतेषु भुजगी दंशप्रकारेषु च । उत्तानेषु विवर्त्तनेषु शफरी वित्तच्छले मूषिका' वेश्या कामुकवञ्चनाय भुवने रूपैरनेकैः स्थिता ॥ JM 29 1. V.1. farad Bhg'N 3. V.1. मूषकी Bhs/N 5. V.1. भवने BhsN 2. चित्त Bhs/N 4. V.I. वञ्चनासु BhSIN 6. Also in SV 2377 in Bh S'N ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 93 In this connection Kșemnendra in KD asks who can hold back the rushingdown mountain-streams, or women who give their body to men and rob them of their lives? They are cowardly but throw themselves into the fire ; they are cruel but have delicate limbs; they are naive but delude even intelligent people: 474. धनयौवनसञ्जातदर्पकालुष्यविप्लवाः। केनोन्नतपरिभ्रष्टा वार्यन्ते निम्नगाः स्त्रियः ।। KD 1.65 475. देहप्रदाः प्राणहरा नराणां भीरुस्वभावाः प्रविशन्ति वह्निम् । क्रूराः परं पल्लवपेशलाङ्गयो मुग्धा विदग्धानपि वञ्चयन्ति ॥ KD 1. 66 They, like kings, say: "It is a sin to even barbour a thought on 'chat' and they commit'that'" : 476. कुर्मः किल्विषमेतदेव हृदये कृत्वेति कौतूहलात् स्वैरिण्यः क्षितिपाश्च धिक् चपलतां क्रौर्य च कुयुः सकृत् । पापाक्रान्तधियो भवन्त्यथ यथा' नान्त्यान् स्पृशन्त्योऽपि ता दूयन्ते न च ते यथा स्वपितरौ घ्नन्तोऽपि शन्तत्रपाः ।। KR 4.626 Women, in general, are also deceitful, since without muttered charms, or incantations, or knowledge, or education, they are instantly capable of deceiving a man who is rich in knowledge : 477. विना जपेन मन्त्रेण तन्त्रेण विनयेन च। वञ्चयन्ति नरं नार्यः प्रज्ञाधनमपि क्षणात् ।। VCsr II 14 Women are unfaithful throughout the whole world, even if they treat their husbands well: 478. असत्यं सर्वलोकेऽस्मिन् सततं सत्कृताः प्रियैः । भर्तारं नाभिमन्यन्ते विनिपातगतं स्त्रियः।। RB 2.39, 20 It is known that they are common to all, and that any man can take any women: 479. पक्वान्नमिव राजेन्द्र सर्वसाधारणाः स्त्रियः। 'परोक्षे च समक्षं च न तासां विश्वसेत् सुधीः ॥ SP. Rajanfti 62. 55 1. तथा KRed. Stein 2. नान्त्यात् BIS. 3. Ct. नादेमैन चेडेपे नयमेरिगे निरुगु, वितुनि कुस्तरिंचु विवर मेरुगु, बानिसैन तोत्तु पाटिंच रादया । (VT.3.251). 4. V.1. विनाञ्जनेन, जनेन, जलेन, चापेन, जयेन, यन्त्रण 5. V... वा, तु 6. नानुम Rs. 7. तस्मात्तासु न रज्येत नाश्वसेन्न च विश्वसेत् । Vs. 8. समचे BIS, 9. Also in VS 2766:

·91 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Courtezans are held deceivers among women, as ravens are held deceivers among birds, or jackals among animals, or barbers among men : 480. पक्षिणां वायसो धूर्तः श्वापदानां च जम्वुकः । नराणां नापितो धूर्तो नारीणां गणिका मता ।। HK 76.3 Courtezans delude men, as do the Vedas, which are also unfathomablet, and still men believe in the false manifestations of passion shown by girls who live on the art of love : 481. यत्नेन कपटघटिताञ् शृङ्गारोद्दीपनार्थमनुभावान् । रतिशिल्पजीविकाभिर्मूढास्तत्त्वेन गृह्णन्ति ॥ DK 625 and some sources ask : who is not cheated by the good behaviour of new servants, flattering words of guests, tears of courtegans, and the roguish eloquence of the crafty : 482. अभिनवसेवकविनयैः 'प्राधुणकोक्तैर्विलासिनीरुदितैः। धूर्त्तजनवचननिकरैरिह कश्चिदवञ्चितो नास्ति ।। PP 3. 108 or, who is not deceived by friends, villains or side glances of courtezans : 483. वक्राः कपटस्निग्धा मलिनाः कर्णान्तिके प्रसज्जन्तः। के वञ्चयन्ति न सखे खलाश्च गणिकाकटाक्षाश्च ॥ KR 16 (i) Courtezans as well as procuresses, or courtiers, or wandering bards take advantage of stupid men's confidence in them and make their living by deceiving them. Deception is their power : 484. एवं जडेषु लोकेषु स्त्रीषु मुग्धासु का कथा। बुद्धिहीनप्रसादेन जीवामः केवलं वयम् ।। KS4.36 485. पदे पदे जगत्यस्मिन् निधिदेवेन निर्मितः। विटचारणवेश्यानां बुद्धिहीनावलम्बनम् ।। KS 4.43 486. मुग्धः प्रत्ययमायाति प्रत्यक्षेऽप्यन्यथाकृते । मायाप्रपञ्चसारश्च वेश्यानां विभवोद्भवः॥ KS 4.37 and the fact that men are embarrassed in their presence, as in the presence of a king or a scholar : 487. राजनि विदुषां मध्ये वरसुरतानां समागमे स्त्रीणाम् । साध्वसदूषित हृदयो वाक्पटुरपि कातरो भवति ।। NHS2.64 1. Cf. वेद-विद्य लेल वेश्यल वंतिवि, भ्रमल वेहि तेटपडगनियवु, गुप्त-विद्य युकटि कुलकाम्त वैटिदि । (VT 3.187). 2. प्राघूर्णोकैर् Pts. 3. Also in Pts 3. 119, Ptak 3.122 4. वरसुरतसमागम BIS. 5. "दुषित Bus.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII (iii) But courtezans are not only those who deceive others, they are sometimes deceived themselves. They often rob their paramours of their garments, but are also robbed of their fee by another paramour, when he pays, at night, with false money : 488. मुष्णाति सार्थरमणी शाटीमादाय निद्रया मुग्धान् । धूर्तेन कूटरूपं दत्त्वा निशि वञ्च्यते सापि ।। KK9.67 (iv) At times, when their paramours become pessionate, courtezans take away from them their money that is earned by foul means : 489. निखिलजनवञ्चनार्जितमलिनधनं रागदग्धहृदयानाम् । खादति गुणगणभग्नो नग्नो हीनोऽथवा कश्चित् ।। KK 4.13 490. नैष न्यायो वेशकुलस्य यदातुरपदेशः । न ह्यायार्जितैरेव पुरुषा वेशमुपतिष्ठन्ति। DD 116.4-5 (v) Since they deceive their lovers, their prosperity is temporary as that of merchants who acquire deposits by misappropriation, or as that of kings who gain by treason: 491. न्यासापहाराणिजां वेश्यानां कामिवञ्चनात् । द्रोहाच्चोपनता राज्ञामस्थिरा एव संपदः॥ KR 4, 480 (vi) Courtezans are both deceitful and slys. They can make even the god of fortune (Vaisravana) a beggar : 492. तत्रापि वेशयोषाः कुटिलतराः कूटरागहृतलोकाः। कपटचरितेन यासां वैश्रवणः श्रमणतामेति ॥ KK 4.1 They are proverbially sly; as Vasantasenā says in BhC: *. 'Sly are those that live in courtezans' quarters', you fulfill the proverb and are telling fibs", to which the maid replies : "What is that? 'Every servant of a courtezan is sincere'": 1.=forged coin. 2. Quoted also as text 117, 3. They know the 64 arts and are sly and cunning. Cf. VKN 63 (quoted in R. Schmidt's Beitraege sur indischen Erotik p. 205).

·96 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 493. त्वं तावदक्षो वेशवासजन इति जनवादं पूरयन्त्यलोकं भणसि ॥ Comm. to BhC4. 10-1 494. चेटी:-किमेतद् वेशवासजनः सर्वो दक्षिणो भवतीति । पश्यत्वज्जुका चम्पकारामे पिचुमन्दा जायन्ते । अतिसदृश इति मम हृदयमभिरमते; परमार्थत एव प्रशस्यते ननु कामदेवः॥ Comm. to BhC 4. 15-7 (vii) It is difficult to please courtezans and the goddess of fortune; they both are sly with strong people, do not remain with good natured ones, hate stupid people, feel no passion for learned people, fear heroic people and deride cowards : 495. तीक्ष्णादुद्विजते मृदौ परिभवत्रासान्न सन्तिष्ठते मूर्खान द्वेष्टि न गच्छति प्रणयितामत्यन्तविद्वत्स्वपि । शूरेभ्योऽभ्यधिकं बिभेत्युपहसत्येकान्तभीरूनहो' श्रीलब्धप्रसरेव वेशवनिता दुःखोपचर्या भृशम् ॥ VM 3.5 (viii) Courtezans live on their falseness and deceit because they are ruined by truth, as noble women are ruined by spirituous liquors : 496. असत्येनैव जीवन्ति वेश्याः सत्यविवर्जिताः। एताः सत्येन नश्यन्ति मधेनेव कुलाङ्गनाः॥ KS 4.68 They are ruined by truthfulness, as merchants are ruined by openhandedness, or men from the Kāyastha caste are ruined by compassion : 497. दानेन नश्यति वणिग् नश्यति सत्येन सर्वथा वेश्या । नश्यति विनयेन गुरुनश्यति कृपया च कायस्थः॥ KS4.70 They also can have no sense of shame, because they are lost when shameful, in the same way as noble women are lost when not ashamed, or kings when satisfied, or Brahmans when not satisfied : .. 1. तुमं दाव दक्खो वेसवासजणो त्ति जणवादं पूरअन्ती अळि भणासि, (BhC 4.9-10). 2. चेटी : किं एदं वेसवासजणो सव्वो दक्खिणो होइ त्ति; पेक्खदु अज्जुआ, चम्पआरामे पिचुमन्दा जाअन्ति; अदिसरिस त्ति मम हिअअं अहिरमदि; परमत्त्यदो एव्व पसंसीअदि, ण कामदेवो। (BhC4. 12-4). 3. V... नपि 4. Cf. MBh 5.1509, MBh refers to the goddess-of-fortune only.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 97 498. असन्तुष्टा द्विजा नष्टा सन्तुष्टाश्च महीभुजः । सलजा गणिका नष्टा निर्लजाश्च' कुलाङ्गनाः ॥ ND8. 18 (ix) Untruthfulness of courtezans gives them their splendour, just as truth crowns noble women with success; if their nature can be seen through truth, they will look like a hut of poor men not suitable for visitors : 499. सत्यं विनाशाय पराङ्गनानामसत्यसारा गणिकागणश्रीः । सत्येन वेश्या किल दृष्टसारा दरिद्रशाला इव कस्य सेव्याः॥ KS 4. 69 They can gain good fortune by untruthfulness alonc: 500. गणेशानुचरः पूर्वमिति पूर्वमिति मह्यं वरं ददौ। असत्येनैव वेश्यानां भवन्ति धनसंपदः ।। KS4.79 There never dwells in the minds of courtezans even an atom of truth unalloyed with treachery: 501. एवं नरेश वनिताहृदये कदाचित् कूटाद् ऋते वसति सत्यकथालवोऽपि । तत् सार्थसाध्यगमनासु सदैव तासु शून्याटवीष्विव रमेत न भूतिकामः ।। SKSS 10. 57, 176 Therefore, it is easier to count the grains of sand in the ocean, to find the centre of the path of a serpent, or the centre of the road at night or in water, or the circulation of planets, than the unstable mind of courtezans : 502. वारिराशिसिकतापरिमाणं सर्परात्रिजलमध्यगमार्गः । ज्ञायते च निखिलं ग्रहचक्रं नो मनस्तु चपलं गणिकायाः|| AS 24. 15 1. असन्तुष्टो द्विजो नष्ट: BIS. 2. सन्तुष्टाश्चैवपार्ति(?र्थि)वाः CW; महीभृतः CV; सन्तुष्टाः पार्थिवाः सदा NHJ : सन्तुष्टश्च महीपतिः CLT ; सन्तुष्टाः पार्थिवास्तथा CNS, NH; V. 1. सन्तुष्टाः इव पार्थिवाः PHP. 3. °सलञ्जा corrupt. 4. निर्लजाश्च corrupt. ६. निर्लजाः सुकुलस्त्रियः cw; निर्लजा च कुलाङ्गना NHJ; V. 1. कुलस्त्रियः KSH, CNS, CLT, NH, NHP. 6. Also in C 80 in HKS,CW 36, CV 8. 18, CNS 9, Cin NSK, CLT 4. 3: NH 3.64, NHJ:3. 67, NHP 3. 62. 7. न जातु SKSSD. 8. 'One knows but nobody knew'. 9. V.I. °परिपाणां ·98 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Even Hari, Hara and other gods cannot get acquainted with the character of courtezans who often evoke their indignation : 503. अद्यापि हरिहरादिभिरमरैरपि तत्त्वतो न विज्ञाताः । भ्रमविभ्रमबहुमोहा वेश्याः संसारमायाश्च ।। KK 4.24 Their character is so variable that none really knows them : 504. इत्येवं वहुहृदया बहुजिह्वा बहुकराश्च बहुमायाः । तत्त्वेन सत्यरहिताः को जानाति स्फुटं वेश्याः ॥ KK 4.39 Anything can be expected of them, as anything can be expected of any woman: 505. कवयः किं न पश्यन्तिः किं न भक्षन्तिः वायसाः । मद्यपाः किं न जल्पन्ति किं न कुर्वन्ति योषितः ॥ SV 3. 25,45 506. यत् साहसमसत्यं च यदकार्य यदक्रमम् । स्त्रियस्तदेव कुर्वन्ति भयस्थाने कथं रतिः ॥ SV 9. 11 since the deeds of women baffle even those who know truth and can rightly distinguish pain and pleasure, victory and defeat, life and death : 507. सुखदुःखजयपराजयजीवितमरणानि ये विजानन्ति । मुह्यन्ति तेऽपि नूनं "तत्त्वविदश्चेष्टितैः० स्त्रीणाम् ॥ VC sr II 12 (x) They conquer men, but for men it is impossible to conquer them, because the creator has created four ways but has not created the fifth one, that is, the way in which to conquer women: 508. चत्वारो निर्मिताः। पूर्वमुपायास्तेन वेधसा। न सृष्टः पञ्चमः कोऽपि गृह्यन्ते येन योषितः ।। SV9.16 1. VI. कुर्वन्ति; किं न पश्यन्ति योगिनः, वायसा किं न भवन्ति BIS. 2. भक्ष्यन्ति BIS. 3. कुव(?)न्ति योषितः CND. 4. किं न जल्पन्ति मद्यपा: BIS. 5. खादन्ति वायसा: CND. 6. Also in CND 10.4,CV 10.4,SB 153, 186. Cr. VC br II. 19, AKM 8. 123 7. For different readings cf. AKM 8. 143 8. VI. ऽहि, ऽपिहि, ऽपि च 9. V. न विदुश् 10. V... चेष्टितं, 'ते, 'ता 11. V.I. सजिताः ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VII 99 (xi) Vița gives the following characteristics of courtezans in SM : "Pride and tricks and lies fraud Are in your face%3; False playground of the lustful god, Such is your face%3; The wench's stock in trade, in fine, Epitome of joys divine, I mean, your face- For sale! the price is courtesy. I trust you'll find a man to buy Your face"l: 509. साटोपकूटकपटानृतजन्मभूमेः शाठ्यात्मकस्य रतिकेलिकृतालयस्य । वेश्यापणस्य सुरतोत्सवसंग्रहस्य 'दाक्षिण्यपण्यसुखनिष्क्रय सिद्धिरस्तु ।। SM5.36 Courtezans are also known as those who are full of fraud, as gamblers are known for their knavery: 510. वेश्याजनस्य कितवस्येव वञ्चनमायया । अहो वैदग्भ्यमित्युक्त्वा परोऽपि परितुष्यति ।। K8471 They are considered, as are merchants, robbers, gamblers, adulterers, selfish and drowsy persons, as the abode of untruthfulness : 511. वणिक् पण्याङ्गना दस्युघृतकृत् पारदारिकः । स्वार्थसाधकनिद्रालू सप्तासत्यस्य मन्दिरम् ॥ HK 133. 1, 222. 1 They are not concerned over truthfulness, since they are ingenious in conforming to the way of life of their paramours and are skilful in the sixtyfour arts: 512. रमणहृदयानुवर्तनचतुरचतुःषष्टिकर्मकुशलानाम् न स्पृशति तत्त्वचर्चा पण्यवधूनां विदग्धचेतांसि ॥ DK 487 This is due to the fact that they meet many types of men and learn from 1. Translated by A.W. Ryder in HOS 9 p.87 2. VI. वेश्याजनस्य 3. V... दाक्षिण्यपुण्य 4. V... नि:क्रय 5. A similar verse is also found in KR 163. 1 where it is stated that courtezans, just as merchants, robbers etc., are cunning persons.

·1100 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT them false courtesy : 513. हले नानापुरुषसङ्गेन वेश्याजनोऽलीकदक्षिणो भवति । SA to SM 4. 17-8 (d) Faithlessness (i) Women are considered particularly unworthy of faithfulness, because thcy are like gunja-berries, beautiful in the outside but poisonous inside : 514. अन्तर्विषमया होता वहिश्चैव मनोरमाः । गुञ्जाफलसमाकारा योषितः केन निर्मिताः ॥ PP 1. 150 or beautiful on the outside and empty within : 515. बहिरुपपादितशोभा अन्तस्तुच्छाः स्वभावतः कठिनाः। वेश्याः समुद्रिका इव कणन्ति यन्त्रप्रयोगेण ॥ DK 322 What rests in women's hearts does not appear on their lips ; what is on their lips is not expressed openly; and they do not comply with whatever they express openly : 516. यदन्तस्तन्न जिह्वायां यजिह्वायां न तद्वहिः। बदहिस्तन्न कुर्वन्ति विचित्रचरिताः स्त्रियः ।।1० SV9. 14 Their speech is like honey but poison is in their hearts. Men are like becs who are looking for the lotus-flower : 517. सुमुखेन वदन्ति वल्गुना प्रहरन्त्येव शितेन चेतसा । मधु तिष्ठति वाचि योषितां हृदये। हालाहलं महद्विषम् ॥ Pts 1. 188 1. हले णाणापुरिससङ्गेण वसाजणो अलीप्रदक्खिण्णो भोदि SM 4. 17-8 2. कामं BIS. 3. बहिर्वृत्त्या Pts 4.87; बहिरेव Bhs'. 4. मनोहराः Bhs. 5. लनिभाकाराः BIS; गुज° PtsK 1.211. 6. स्वभावादेव योषितः Pts 1. 87, PtsK 4. 59, योषितः परिकीर्तिताः PtsK 1. 211. 7. Also in Pts 1. 196, 4.87, PtsK 1. 211, 4.59, Bhs 369, SB 23.296, SRBh 348. 22. Also in SV 9.12: अन्तर्विषमयाः कामं बहिवृत्त्या मनोरमाः। गुजाफलनिभाः सत्यं स्वभावादेव योषितः । s/V9.12 8. V.1. भणन्ति 9. चरित्रा: PtsK. 10. Also in PP 4.47, Pts +38, PtsK 4.57. For different readings cf. AKM 8. 143. 11. प्रहरन्ते निशितेन PtsK. 12. हृदि PtsK. 13. हालाहलमेव केवलं PtsK.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 101 518. अत एव निपीयतेऽधरो हृदयं मुष्टिभिरेव ताड्यते । पुरुषैः सुखलेशवञ्चितैर्मधुलुब्धैः कमलं यथालिभिः ॥ Pts 1. 189 519. मधु तिष्ठति वाचिः योषितां हृदि हालाहलमेव केवलम् । अत एव निपीयतेऽधरो' हृदयं मुष्टिभिरेव ताड्यते ॥ BhS 298 (ii) Mor over, courtezans are soft in speech but malicious in heart, and depraved: 520. या विचित्रविटकोटिनिवृष्टा मद्यमांसनिरतातिनिकृष्टा । कोमला वचसि चेतति दुष्टा 12 तां भजन्ति गणिकां न विशिष्टाः13 AS24.9 They are false and passionate : 521. कौटिल्य कचनिचये करचरणाधरदलेषु रागस्ते । काठिन्यं कचयुगले तरलत्वं नयनयोर्वसति ।। KP 170 (ii) No faith can be placed in them even when they spend money for their paramours: 522. इति वचनं भूमिपतेः श्रुत्वा मन्त्री विहस्य सासूयः । तमुवाच कस्य राजन् वेश्याचरितेऽस्ति विश्वासः॥ KK 4.21 just as faith cannot be placed in rivers, animals with claws or horns, men carrying swords, kings or women: 523. नदीनां च नखिना च' शृङ्गिणां शस्त्रपाणिनाम्" । 1. मुखं निपीयते PtsK. 2. मधुगृधेः PtsK. 3. Also in PtsK 1.202-3. 4. रसश्च BIS. 5. अमृतंच वदनेषु BIS. 6. हृदये PP Pts. 7. महद्विषम् PIP, Pts; हृदये चापि हलाहलं विषं BIS. 8. निपीड्यते SB. 9. मुखं निपीयते PtsK. 10. This is the same text as the two preceding ones. Also in PP 1. 145, Pts 1. 188b-189a, PtsK 1. 202b-203a, NHS ad 65.8, SB 17, SV 3380, VV 615. For different readings in Bhs sec Bhsp. 117. 11. V.I. कोमलां, कोमलं 12. दुष्टां AS. 13. विशिष्टा AEM 56. Also in AEM (HM) 194 and 56. 18-9. Cf. ADh 20.41-5, YH 2.87-93. 14. च om. M in VCsr. 15. Tr. नख, नद् Q in VC sr, PBGKR in VCjr, PP, CNS. 16. V.I. 'नदीनां नखिनाञ्चैव 17. नदीनां शस्त्रपाणीनां नखिनां शृङ्गिणां तथा । शृङ्गिणां च नदीनां च नखिनां शस्त्रपाणिनाम् । BIS; शास्त्र (BIS; V.I. शस्त्रधारिणाम् PP; शस्त्रियां द्विषाम् । NHJ;

·102 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT विश्वासो नैव कर्तव्यः स्त्रीषु राजकुलेषु च ॥ VCsr VII.8, and VCJr \ II. 1. 524. नदीनारीनरेन्द्राणां नीचगायन योगिनाम् । नखिनां च न विश्वासः कर्त्तव्यः शुभमिच्छता ।। SB 18713293] or in dice, fires, women, etc., because courtezans, like the rest of women, in general, are light-minded: 525. देव न प्रत्ययः स्त्रीषु चपलास्वखिलास्वपि । चिरण्ढीध्वपिन ग्राह्यो वेशस्त्रीष्विव सर्वदा।। SKSS 10. 58,56 and desert paramours who are in love with them without paying any attention to them : 526. यदर्थे स्वकुलं त्यक्तं जीविताधं च हारितम् । सा मां त्यजति निःस्नेहा का स्त्रीणां विश्वसेन्नरः ॥ PP 4.40 It is better to take poison, or to place a serpent around one's neck, or trust an enemy, than to trust women: 527. वरं हालाहलं भुक्तमहिर्बद्धो वरं वरं गले। न पुनः स्त्रीषु विश्वासो मणिमन्त्राद्यगोचरः॥ SKSS 12. 72, 255 528. विश्वसेत् कृष्णसर्पस्य खगहस्तस्य वैरिणः । "आचारचलचित्तस्य स्त्रीचरित्रं न विश्वसेत् ॥ SV 3. 24 16. 1. V.!. आश्वासो 2. कर्तव्यं BIS; नोपगन्तव्यः PP. 3. Also in PP 1. 52, CNS 52, C 27 in HKS, NHJ 1. 18, UU 4. 138, SKD अद् नखिम् and विश्वास 4. नागन BIS. 5. CE. नदीनां च कुलानां च मुनीनां च महात्मनाम् । परीक्षा न प्रकर्तव्या स्त्रीणां दुश्चरितस्य च ॥ Pts 4. 49, and ऋषीणां च नदीनां च कुलानां च महात्मानाम् । प्रभावो नाधिगन्तव्यः स्त्रीणां दुश्चरितस्य च ॥ (MBh 5. 1253 b-1254 a) 6. Cf. KR200.7. 7. चिरण्टीष्व् SKSSD. 8. वेश्यस्त्रीष्व् corrupt, SKSSD. 9. यदर्थं Pts. 10. V.I. स्वकुले PP. 11. V...मा 12. Also in Pts 4. 102, PtsK 4.48. 13. न विश्वसत् BIS. 14. °सर्प BIS. 15. V... हस्तस्थ° VC. 16. V.1. आचार्य, आचार्ये, अचार्य, अनिवार्य BIS. 71. बलवित्तास्य BIS. 18. Also in L in VC br,cf. AKM 8.122-3.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII : 103 529. संध्यावत् क्षणरागिण्यो नदीवत् कुटिलाशयाः। भुजगीवदविश्वास्या विधुद्वच्चपलाः स्त्रियः॥ SKSS 7.37, 143 Under no circumstances must one place confidence in their actions, just as one must not place confidence in crossing a swollen river, a king's favour, the friendship of a serpent, or the love of a merchant : 530. चरित्रे योषितां पूर्णे सरितारे नृपादरें। सर्पमैत्रे वणिस्नेहे विश्वासं नैव कारयेत् ।। VCSr 5.2 or in kings, serpents, recitation of sacred texts in low voice., enemies, duration of life, deceivers, timid or passionate persons, boasters, thieves, ungrateful persons, madmen, drunkards and the like : 53!. स्त्रीषु राजसु सर्पेषु स्वाध्यायप्रभुशत्रुषु । भोगेष्वायुषि विश्वासं कः प्राज्ञः कर्तुमर्हति ।। MBh 5.36,57 53... स्त्रीधूर्त्तकेऽलसे भीरौ चण्डे पुरुषमानिनि । चौरे कृतघ्ने विश्वासो न कार्यों न च नास्तिके॥ MBh 5. 38, 74b-75a 533. उन्मत्तानां भुजङ्गानां मद्यपानां च हस्तिनाम् । स्त्रीणां राजकुलानां च न विश्वसेयुर्गतायुषः ।। KR 5 Dobody can trust their friendship, just as nobody can rely on the friends: 'p of cats, kings, or mendicants (bhikṣus) : 534 का वै प्रीतिस्तु मार्जारैः का प्रीतिरवनीपतौ । गणिकाभिश्च का प्रीतिः प्रीतिः का भिक्षुभिः सह ।। CLT 5.1 535. का प्रीतिः सह मार्जारैः का प्रीतिरवनीपतेः। का प्रीतिर्गणिकासार्धं का प्रीतिर्भिक्षुकैः सह ।। SB 138. [1635] त्रैव 1. CI. MS 2.94 : न जातु कामं कामानामुपभोगेन शाम्यति । हविषा कृष्णवत्व भूय एवाभिवर्धते ॥ MS 2. 94. Also in MBh. 1. 3174,3511, BhP 9. 19, 14, Harivariasa 1636, Brahmadnarma 2. 13, 3. 2. V.I. चारित्र 3. I.1. वापि, वासम, वत्स 4. नदीतीरे 5. V.!. सर्व', सर्वे', त्र्यम् , 'त्र्यां, 'त्री, मन्त्रे, मन्त्र, 6. V. 1. afstath N in VC sr: arah Tin VC sr. 7. V.I. विश्वस्तो हि विनश्यति 8. Also in VCmr5.38-9. 9. Similar is the following Şahpuri aphorism : "So many cannot be true friends - hope, dice, courtezans, robbers, cheats, goldsmiths, physicians and distillers” (S. G. Champion Proverbs). 10. सह गणिकया BIS. ..

·104 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT (iv) Nobody could or should do business with them, or with kings, sons, brothers, widows, etc. : 536. घृणी राजा पुंश्चली राजनृत्यः पुत्रो भ्राता विधवा वालपुत्रा सेनाजीवी चोद्धृतभूतिरेव' व्यवहारेषु वर्जनीयाः स्युरेते ॥ MBh 36. 36. [5 1363] the more so since their pledges are valueless and nobody can collect from them outstanding debts : ह्यो दत्त्वार्थ कथमिव गच्छाम्यघेति निवसते प्रायम् । कः कुरुते वेश्यानां तत्क्षणधनदानभोग्यानाम् ॥ KS8. 116 Therefore: "Those men are fools, (it seems to me), Who trust to woment or to gold, For gold and girls, 't is plain to sec, Are false as virgin snakes and cold: 538. अपण्डितास्ते पुरुषा भता मे ये स्त्रीषु च श्रीषु च विश्वसन्ति । श्रियो हि कुर्वन्ति तथैव नार्यों भुजङ्गकन्यापरिसर्पणानि ॥ SM4.12 537. (e) Miscellaneous (i) Other bad qualities ascribed to courtezans include their habit of tormenting others. The same habit is ascribed also to flies, wind, beggars, mice, village chieftains, and astrologers ; all these persons are held likely to torment others : 539. मक्षिका मारुतो वेश्या याचको मूषकस्तथा । ग्रामणीगणकश्चैव सप्तते परबाधकाः॥ CTP. 308 540. मक्षिका मशका वेश्या याचकाश्चैव मूषकाः । गणका ग्रामणीश्चैव ग्रामणीश्चैव सप्तैते परभक्षकाः॥ SP 68, 18 They are also known be to indifferent towards other people ; like kings, Yama, fire, robbers, children, beggars, or village chieftains, they do not take 1. चिद्धतभूतिरेव BIS. 2. Better निवसने 3. For the explanation of प्राय see J. J. Meyer : Altindische Schelnenbuecher, vol. 1. 102fn. 1. 4. Sarvilaka speaks in this stanza about courtezans. . 5. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS 9 p. 62. 6. Also in ND 45.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER VIII 105 notice of the sufferings of neighbours : 541. राजा वेश्या यमचाग्निस्तस्करो वालयाची । परदुःखं न जानन्ति अष्टमो ग्रामकण्टकः ॥ CND 17. 19 and, therefore, theft and courtezanship are considered alike, as well as courtezans and astrologers, since both display their pañcarga and are zwindlers who deceive ordinary people (in order to gain money): 542. गणिकागणको समानधर्मों निजपञ्चाङ्गनिदर्शकावुभौ । जनमानसमोहकारिणौ तौ विधिना वित्तहरौ विनिर्मितौ ॥ SRK85.1 Courtezans are held devoid of any sense of blood relationship? They are also proverbially impudent. And so, in BB we read that a person goes out to meet someone with impudence like a courtezan': 543. 'रूपाजीवा प्रगल्भया' BB 19. 117 (iii) Courtezans are also always passionate in love, dislike and presumption : 544. रागद्वेषममत्वकार्षितधियो वेश्याः सुरा भिक्षवः । वस्तुं नन्वपि नित्यमित्यहह किं कामार्णवे मजसि ॥ JDh 85. 11-2 (iv) They are also known to bring misfortune to men, since all they desire is their money; and how are men to get money if not through gambling and theft? 545. भिक्षो मांसनिषेवणं प्रकुरुषे किं तेन मद्यं विना मद्यं चापि तव प्रियं प्रियमहो वाराङ्गनाभिः सह । वेश्याप्यर्थरुचिः कुतस्तव धनं द्यूतेन चौर्येण वा चौर्यद्यूतपरिग्रहोऽपि भवतो नष्टस्य कान्या गतिः॥ Vsad 525. 196 12 1. यामो वह्नि (वह्नि SB) प्राहुणो CV; यामो अग्निस्तस्करो BIS. 2. याचकः SB. 3. जानाति SB. 4. ग्रामकूटक: SB. 5. Also in CV 17. 19, SB 158. 6. Also SRBh 1921, 46.2. 7. Cf. वाड वदिनेकेल, वावि वर्तननुलु ? गाडि गानि केल, दाड बुद्धि ? मूड मतुल कील, मुदमतो ग्नानंबु । VT2.246. 8. किमुचितं CTP. 9. वेश्याङ्गनाभिः SP. 10. बेश्या द्रव्यरुचिः SP. 11. श्रमोऽपि CTP. 12. Also in CTP 424, SP 4061.

·106
THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT
Theyl expose to danger even their husbands, sons, brothers, or fathers :
546. नितस्बिन्यः पति पुत्रं पितरं भ्रातरं क्षणात् ।
आरोपयन्त्यकार्येऽपि दुर्वृत्ताः प्राणसंशयम् ।। HK 190.4
They are so dangerous that where they live, or where elephants,
scribes, bhiksus, swindlers, or donkeys live, not even rogues are born :
547. (अपि च, मो वयस्य !) गणिका हस्ती कायस्थो भितुश्चाटो
रासभश्च यत्र एते निवसन्ति तत्र दुष्टा अपि न जायन्ते ॥
SA toSM 5.62-4
(v)
Because of all their bad qualities, even their name is always considered
2 defect:
548. अपैति गुणवत्सङ्गाद् दोषो दोषवतां किल ।
गणिकाशब्ददोषस्तु नैनामद्यापि मुञ्चति ॥ BB 11.86
Therefore, it is clear why Vasantasenā says to Samsthānaka : 'I am only
a. courteran':
549. गणिका खल्वहम् ॥
Comm. to BhC2.82
to which the other replies : "by birth only, but not by character":
550. अभिजनेन, न शीलेन ॥ Comm. to BhC2.83
1. Frafterat, a woman with large and beautiful hips. In this context, probably, in
the meaning of a कुलटा.
2. (अवि अ, भो वअस्स) गणिआ हत्यी काअत्थओ भिकवु चाटो
रासहो अ जहिं एदे निवसन्ति तहिं दुट्टा वि ण जाअन्ति । SM 5.62-4.
3. V.1. अपेति अयेति
4. गणिया खु अहं BhC 2.81.
5 अभिजाणेण ण शीलेण BC 2.83.

·सुत। CHAPTER IX On Courtezans and their Houses being dangerous (6) Courtezans, called unchaste women all over the world, are the object of shame to chaste women: 551. पृथिव्यां कुलटाजातिर्बभूव सर्वतः पतिव्रतानां स्त्रीणां च लज्जावीजस्वरूपिणी ।। NP 1. 14,117 they are also considered? dangerous persons who find delight in the king's misfortune, as do old officials out of employment who make their oblutions in the bathing houses on the rivers, soit-disant sons of kings in the royal palaces, some warriors who are by nature malign and anxious to ride the high horses, some school-masters or merchants who can misappropriate deposits but are ever ready to attend the recitals of the holy books, some Brahmans who are expert in hungerstrikes, Dāmaras from the outskirts of the capital who bear arms but are like tillers of the soil, and those persons who regale themselves and others with sensational news : 552. सरित्स्नानगृहे स्नान्तो वृद्धाः क्षीणनियोगिनः । राजवेश्मन्यगणिता नाममात्रनृपात्मजाः ।। KR8.706 553. स्वभावदुर्जनाः केचिद् योधाश्चोञ्चाश्वकांक्षिणः । कारयन्तोऽप्युपाध्यायाः शिष्यान् स्फिक्कषणं नखैः ।। KR8.707 554. वृद्धाः सुरौकोनर्तक्यो देवप्रासादपालकाः। वणिजो भुक्तनिक्षेपाः पुस्तकश्रुतितत्पराः ।। KR 8.708 555. प्रायोपवेशकुशलाः पारिषद्यद्विजातयः । शस्त्रिणः कार्षकमाया नगरोपान्तडामराः॥ KR 8. 709 सुखयन्तः स्वमन्यांश्च किमप्युत्पिजवार्तया। एते प्रायेण देशेऽस्मिन् पार्थिवोपप्लवप्रियाः ।। KR 8.710 (i) Courtezans, pimps, actors, gamblers, keepers of gambling houses and other persons of this sort create disorder, and, therefore have to be watched 566. 1. Old courtezans (dancing women of the temples who guard sacred shrines).

·108 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT : and checked? They afflict and contaminate the more valuable classes of subjects living in the kingdom : 557. पानागारनिवासाश्च वेश्याः प्रापणिकास्तथा। कुशीलवाः सकितवा ये चान्ये केचिदीडशाः॥ MBh 12. 88, 14 [6615] 558. नियम्याः सर्व एवैते ये राष्ट्रस्योपघातकाः । एते राष्ट्रेऽभितिष्ठन्तो वाधन्ते भद्रिकाः प्रजाः॥ MBh 12.88, 15 [6616] There in the houses of courtezans, gambling houses, stalls of the bakers, taprooms, sheds of parks, huts of ascetics, empty temples, squares, market quadrangles, etc.-thieves, for whom kings are on the outlook, are wandering about: 559. वेसाण मन्दिरेसु पाणागारेसुं जूयठाणेसु । कुल्लूरिय आवणेसु य उजाणनिवाणसालासु॥ AEM 73. 28-9 560. मढसुन्नदेउलेसुं चच्चरचौहट्टहट्टसालासु । तकरगं नियन्तो हिण्डइ एकला कुमरो॥ AEM 73. 30-1 Houses of courtezans are those in which malicious persons exercise debauchery 561. न च द्यूतकलान्यत्र कितवेभ्यः प्रकाश्यते। न हि प्रयुञ्जते प्राशाः 'वेशादन्यत्र वैशिकम् ॥ BB 23.46 while houses of gambling are considered a disgrace, because they are th: abode of thieves and courtezans and the like: 562. 'भवनमिदमकीर्तिश्चोर'वेश्यादिसद्म 'व्यसनपतिरुदनापन्निधिः पापबीजम् । विषम नरकमार्गेष्वग्रयायीति मर्त्यः13 "क इव विशदबुद्धि तकार्य करोति ।। VC Sr 27.9 14 1. Cf. MS 9. 264-6, MBh 12. 140, 40-2, BS (Nrtisastra) 3. 27, VR 335-7, MBb 2.68, 1, MS 9. 259,4-209, 219, 5. 90, YS 1. 191; VSm 51.7, 63. 29, VDh 14. 10, KAr 203. 13, 144. 11, and L. Sternbach : Juridical Studies in Ancient Indian Law; 17. Legal Position of Prostitutes according to Kautilya's Arthasa stru, ch. 21, JAOS 71, 1. 2. वेषाद् BB 398. 3. वैषिकम् BB 398. 4. V. 1. भु 5. V.I. चौर' 6. V.2. °सर्व, कर्म, वेश्याङ्गनानाम् 7. V.1. व्यसननिधिर, मतिर 8. V. 1. उदायापन्', उदारः सन्”, उदग्रं संनिधिः 9. पापभाजी, °भाजाम् 10. विषय 11. V... नगर यायीव 13. v.1. मार्यः, मत्वा, °मार्ग प्रज्ञया ह्यत्र कोऽपि 14. V.1. क च ह, विमल 15. V. 1. °कृत्य (त्यं), कर्मा, 'धर्म 16. V.I. द्यूतमङ्गीकरोति 12. VIL ·THE TEXTS: CHAPTER IX 109 One oil-presser is equal to ten butchers, one vintner is equal to ten oil-pressers, ten oil-pressers are equal to one brothel (or to one courtezan), and ten brothels (or ten courtezans) are equal to one king : 563. दशसूनासमं चक्रं दशचक्रसमो ध्वजः। दशध्वजसमो वेशो दशवशसमो' नृपः ।। MS 4.85 presents should not be accepted from those who live on brothels or on courtezans, just as presents should not be accepted from kings not born in the ksatrivu caste, nor from keepers of slaughter houses, oil presses, or grogshops : 564. न राज्ञः प्रतिगृह्णीयाद् राजन्यप्रसूतितः। सूनाचक्रध्वजवतां 'वेशेनैव च जीवताम् ।। MS484 565. प्रतिग्रहे सूनिचक्रिध्वजिवेश्यानराधिपाः । दुष्टा दशगुणं पूर्वात् पूर्वादेते यथाक्रमम् ॥ YS 1. 141 (iv) However, houses of courtezans are particularly dangerous to passionate men, since hundreds of young men perish daily in houses of courtezans, just as animals which are offered in sacrifice : मांस्पाकोत्कटमद्यगन्धि विहरञ्चेटीनटीसंकुलं यद्वेश्यायतनं भुजङ्ग परया भक्त्या पुरः पश्यसि । अत्रास्ते गृहदेवता विदधती दिग्वट्टनं कुट्टनी यस्याः "प्रत्यहमाढ्यकामुकपशुवातोपहारैवलिः ॥" JM 32 566. 1. °मा MSJ. 2 वेश्या MSJ. 3. वेश्यासमो MS.. MSJ. 4. Cf. with the following aphorism in Urdu, still in use in India : ब्राह्मण सांप रण्डी और अफगान (का) भी एतिबार नहीं करना चाहिए (a Brahman, a snake, a prostitute and an Afghan are all untrustworthy and it is only a matter of degree). Cf. S. G.Champion : Racial Proverbs, (Indian 21), London. 5. That is men or women. पण्यवृत्तिस्तया यो जीवति-स्त्री वा पुमान् वा Medh ad MS 4.8+. 6. There arc some differences between the texts of MS and YS. 7. Err. FTO instead of astº 8. V.I. यथोत्तरम् 9. YSGS 1.140. 10. प्रत्यहमात sv. 11. Also in SV 2376.

·CHAPTER X On Intercourse with Courtezans being perilous (i) Courtezans, when looking at men, rob them of their heart; when touching them, rob them of their strength; and when having sexual intercourse with them, rob them of their virility : 567. दर्शनाञ्चित्तवैकल्यं स्पर्शनात्तु धनक्षयः । संभोगात् किल्विषं पण्यस्त्रीणां प्रत्यक्षरक्षसाम् ॥ NS31 568. दर्शने हरते चित्तं स्पर्शने हरते बलम् । मैथुने हरते वीर्य नारी प्रत्यक्षराक्षसी।। SB 1859 293 [2719] and men whom courtezans rush, perish like dogs or like mice under the wheel of a.cart'. Men perish through contact with courtezans, just as servants perish when serving bad masters, kings by bad conduct, noble men by pride, ascetics by anger, yogins by enjoyment, sick persons by overeating, etc. : 569. भृत्यः कुप्रभुसेवया नरपतिः स्वच्छन्दतादुर्नयै- हेवाकेन कविर्मदेन कुलजः क्रोधाग्निना तापसः। योगी भोगविशेषलम्पटतया रोगः कुपथ्याशनैः रागी चत्वरकामिनीपरिचयैः क्षिप्राधः क्षिप्यते ॥ JM 16 Therefore, courtezans are considered, under any circumstance, contemptuous creatures: 570. ........"यतो वेश्याः सर्वथा निन्द्या: HK 220 Courtezans are contradiction to grace : 571. शौर्यस्यातिविकत्थनं रिपुनतिर्मानस्य दुःशीलता सौन्दर्यस्य समुन्नतेस्तरलता ज्ञानस्य गर्वग्रहः। ऐश्वर्यस्य विकारता मुखरता विद्याप्रकर्षस्य च भ्रातर्विभ्रमनर्मणश्च गणिका सर्वात्मना दूषणम् ।। JM 18 1. प्राणान् BIS. 2. संगमे BS. 3. काया BIS. 4. Cf. बडलु बेंचु लज युब्बसंबुननैन, वेग, वितुनि मेद विरिगेनेनि, पंदिकोक्कु मेद, बंडि कल्पडलु । - VT2101 ·THE TEXTS ; CHAPTER X 111 The same destruction, as gambling brought upon Yudhişthira, the same destruction as Vişnu brought upon Bali, the same destruction as Slukra brought upon Kubera, the same destruction as Kali brought upon Nala, the same destruction as the armies of the gods and demons brought upon the Ocean, are constantly brought with the greatest of ease by courtezans upon their paramours : 572. यद् द्यूतेन युधिष्ठिरस्य विहितं यद्विष्णुना वा बले- र्यच्छुक्रेण धनाधिपस्य कलिना राज्ञो नलस्यापि यत् । संभूयापि च यत् सुरासुरवलैरुन्मथ्य पाथोनिधे- श्या पश्यत लीलयैव कुरुते तत्तद् गृहे कामिनाम् ।। JM 11 It is known that courtezans make gamblers and thieves of their paramours who are blinded with passion for them : 573. केचिद् द्यूतकरा भवन्ति कतिचिद्भिक्षाचराः किङ्कराः केचित् कर्मकराः परे धनवतां श्लाघाकराः केचन | स्कन्धासक्लपटच्चराद्यनुचरा शोकादकिञ्चित्करा- स्तेऽमी कामिवराः पुरा समभवन् वेश्यासु ये गोचराः ॥ Ibid, 51 574. वेश्याभिर्विवशीकृतः कुपुरुषः सजायते दुर्गतो दौर्गत्येन दुरोदरे निपतितः स्वं हारयत्येव सः। रुद्धो द्यूतकरैः करोति विधुरश्चौर्य ततस्तस्करो वध्यः स्यान्नृपतेरहो नु विषयासक्ने?रन्ता गतिः॥ Ibid, 52 Courtezans give pleasure to their paramours, but at the same time kill them like poison : 575. आनन्दयन्ति युक्त्या ताः सेविता घ्नन्ति 'चान्यथा । दुर्विज्ञेयाः प्रकृत्यैव तस्माद्वेश्या विषोपमाः॥ RST 1.130 their repeated kisses, or embraces, coquetry, flattering words, assertions of their sincerity are like prison; this should be taken into consideration by courtezans' paramours before they approach them : 576. यद् भूयः परिचुम्बनं यदसकृत् सर्वाङ्गमालिङ्गनं यत् पर्युत्सुकमीक्षितं सरभसं यश्चाटुकोत्कट्ट (कीर्त) नम् । यत् सद्भावकथानकं रहसि यत् तत्किञ्चिदभ्यर्थनं वेश्यानां विषवत् तदेव निपुणं चिन्त्यं सदा कामुकैः । JM 40 1. I.V. ना ·112 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Courtezans destroy also happiness : 577. रूपं जरा सर्वसुखानि तृष्णा' खलेषु सेवा पुरुषाभिमानम् । याच्मा गुरुत्वं गुणमात्मपूजा चिन्ता वलं हन्त्यदया च लक्ष्मीम् ।। VN 4 Courtezans are accursed like thorns, intent on burning like the flames of fire, like a strong drink bewilder thc mind, ind like a knife cut the body : 578. याऽपतापनपराग्निशिखेव चित्तमोहनकरी मदिरेव । 'देहदारणकटीचरिकेव गर्हिता हि गणिका शलिकेव ॥ AEM 56.20 They, like all women, are worse than leeches, because leeches suck blood only from poor men, while women suck up everythiny – riches, property, mind, strength, flesh, virility and good luck : 579. जलौकयोपमीयन्ते प्रमदा मन्दबुद्धिभिः । मृगीदृशां जलौकानां विचारान्महदन्तरम् ॥ BIS 2368 580. जलौका केवलं रक्तमाददाना तपस्विनाम् । प्रमदा सर्वमादत्ते चित्तं वित्तं वलं सुखम् ॥ BIS 2369 581. जलौकेव स्त्रियः सर्वा भूषणाच्छादनाशनैः । संभृताश्चाहता नित्यमाकर्षन्ति हितं नरम् ॥ DV413.16-7 582. जलौका रक्तमादत्ते केवलं सा तपस्विनी । इतरा तु धनं वित्तं मांसं वीर्य बलं सुखम् ॥ DV 413. 18-9 Courtezans are bred by strangers as the koel is, are rocked by the god of love as a bee is rocked among the flowers, are skilled in drawing their paramours as leeches are skilled in drawing blood, are bent on coition as a sacrificial priest is bent on divinity, have gay paramours as the arm of Siva has the quivering serpent, influence the hearts of their paramours as Garuda causes anguish to the hearts of serpents, are superior to others, as the demon Andha is impaled on the trident: 583. पल्लवपल्लवितरुचिना' कोकिलेनेव परपुष्टेन, भ्रमरेणेव कुसुमेषु लालितेन, जलौकसेव रक्काकृष्टिनिपुणेन, याजकेनेव सुरतार्थिना, 1. "दुष्टा, दुःखं BIS. 2. नीचानु BIS. 3. शंसा BIS. 4. Also in Kavyakalapa 93, Kavyasangraha 19, PW 17, VH 540. 5. दसदारणपटुश्छुरिकेव ता भजन्ति कथमापणयोषाम् AS. 6. V... नवपल्ल 7. V.I. नवपल्लवरुचिना 8. v.1. यायजूकेनेव ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER X 113 महानटवाहुनेव' वल्गद्भुजङ्गेल, गरुडेनेव विलासिहृदय- तापकरण, अन्धासुरेणेव शूलानामुपरि गतेन, वेश्याजनेना- धिष्ठितं' कुसुमपुरं नाम नगरम् ॥ SVD 115. 1-116.2D (iii) Men who have contact with courtezans are like thieves or like house slaves : 584. भोजनमात्रोत्पत्तिर्वहुव्ययो द्यूतमद्यवेश्याभिः । विज्ञेयो गृहचौरो बन्धुजनो वेश्मदासो वा॥ KK 9.27 are considered devoid of purity : 585. जल्पनं च जघनं च यदीयं निन्द्यलोकमलदिग्धमवाच्यम् । पण्ययोषितमनर्थनिमित्तां तां नरस्य भजतः किमु शौचम् ॥ AS 24.4 and are not loved by other women: 586. श्रीकृपामतिधृतियुतिकीर्तिप्रीतिकान्तिसमतापटुताद्याः । योषितः परिहरन्ति रुषेव पण्ययोषिति विषक्तमनस्कान् ॥ AS 24.6 the more so as, because of their passion for courtezans, men lose their love for their mothers, fa.thers, brothers, sons, daughters, sisters, or friends : 587. जननी जनको भ्राता तनयस्तनया स्वसा। न सन्ति वल्लभास्तस्य दारिका" यस्य वल्लभा ॥ SV 21.7 Ment? who visit the houses of courtesans leave outside their sincerity', purity, tranquillty of soul, their morals, self-control and self-restraint: 588. सत्यं शौचं शमं शीलं संयम नियम यमम् । प्रविशन्ति वहिर्मुक्त्वा विटाः पण्याङ्गनागृहे ॥ SV 21.6 and lose their entire wealth and good reputation and become reprehensible and unhappy : 589. यासु सक्तमनसः क्षयमेति द्रव्यमापदुपयाति समृद्धिम् । निन्द्यता भवति नश्यति कीर्तिस्ता भजन्ति गणिकाः किमु मान्याः॥ AS24.2 1. V.1. बाहुबन्धेनव 2. V.I. बद्धवृद्धभुजङ्गेन, वद्धभु 3. V... 'तापकेनान्धकासुरेणेव, णाधासुरेणेव 4. V..l. 'नानुगतं 5. V.I. °दग्धमवाच्यम् 6. V. 1. योषितमर्थनिमित्तां 7. V.I. °शमतापटुताद्याः 8. पुत्रो मित्रं तथैव च CNS'. 9. V.I. नो 10. V.I. नश्यन्ति, नस्यति 11. V.I. प्रमाद 12. The text mentions fac: but applies to men, in general. 13. तथा CNS. 14. Also in CNS 113,Csad 169. 15. V... तां 16. V.1. कां ·114 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Their peace of mind is endangered by the lustful temptations of courtezans, in the same way as birth is endangered by death, youth by senility, contentment by pursuit of wealth, yirtues by jealousy, forestretreats by wild beasts, kings by evil men, and vigour by time: 590. आघ्रात मरणेन जन्म जरया यात्युज्ज्वलं यौवनं सन्तोषो धनलिप्सया शमसुखं प्रौढाङ्गनाविभ्रमैः । लोकैर्मत्सरिभिर्गुणा वनभुवो व्यालेनूपा दुर्जनै- रस्थैर्येण विभूतिरप्यपहृता ग्रस्तं न कि केन वा ॥ BhS 197 They are so confused by them (dārıkās) that they do not care for their wealth or happiness and do not accept the advice of virtuous men : 591. मन्यते न धनसौख्यविनाशं नाभ्युपैति गुरुसजनवाक्यम् । नेक्षते भवसमुद्रमपारं दारिकार्पितमना गतबुद्धिः॥ AS24.14 They fall under the power of courtezans they are respected by people as long as they act in accordance with the rules of law, and as long as they do not fall prey to the power of courtezans : 592. तावदेव पुरुषो जनमान्यस्तावदाश्रयति चारुगुणधीः। तावदामनति धर्मवचांसि यावदेति न वशं गणिकायाः ॥ AS 24. 13 (iv) Men who have intercourse with courtezans are ruined and lose all shame, since one of the things which brings shamc on men is sexual intercourse which has been purchased : 593. खण्डे खण्डे च पाण्डित्यं क्रयक्रीतं च मैथुनम् । भोजनं च पराधीनं तिस्रः पुंसां विडम्वनाः ॥ CLT 1.7 Therefore, men who can resist their charms are held to be unconquerable : 594. आकृष्टामलमण्डलाग्ररुचयः सन्नद्धवक्षःस्थला: सोमाणो व्रणिनो विपक्षहृदयप्रोन्माथिनः कर्कशाः । 1. Often quoted as आक्रांतं (आक्रान्तं) 2. Also in SRBh_373. 183; SRH 181. 56, SRK 92. 2. For different readings in Bhs' see Bhs' p. 79. 3. V. 1. वाच्यं 4. V. 1. गपि बु° 5. Cf.: तोत्तु तोटि पोंदु दोष्यंबु दोष्यबुं, लंस तोटि पोंदु लज्ज चेदुनु, जार तोटि पोंदु चावुकु मूलमौ ॥ VT.2.103. 6. पल्लवग्राहि पाण्डित्यम् NH. 1. 140, NHS. 1. 131, NHJ. 1. 147, NHP. 1. 106 7. V.1. विठम्बना 8. व्रणिता 'VKAK ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER X 115 उद्वृत्ता गुरवश्च यस्य शमिनः श्यामायमानानना योधा वारवधूस्तनाश्च न ददुः क्षोभ स एवाजितः ।। VKAad 4.3, 7, 490 Yet this is not easy because it is almost impossible to find a remedy for the undue passion for courtezans : 595. द्रोहो यस्य पिता कलाः किल चतुःषष्टिस्तथा मातरः प्राणाः सर्वमलीकमर्थहरणं नाम प्रधानवतम् । विक्रेयं निजमङ्गमङ्गमपि चानङ्गः सहायः स्वयं तस्यानर्थशतात्मकस्य गणिकाव्याधेः किमस्त्यौषधम् ॥ JM 28 Men always have intercourse with courtezans and therefore shall know how to behave towards them. This knowledge is considered as one of the five proofs of cleverness of men : 596. देशाटनं पण्डितमित्रता च पणाङ्गनाराजसाप्रवेशः । 'अनेकशास्त्रार्थविचारणं च चातुर्यमूलानि भवन्ति पञ्च ॥ HK 9. 1 (v) In any case, those men who have contact with courtezans cannot behave indecently or brutally towards them, just as they cannot towards women in general, or towards enemies or false friends because if they do so they will not live : 597. स्त्रीणां शत्रोः कुमित्रस्य पण्यस्त्रीणां विशेषतः । यो भवेदेकभावोऽत्र न स जीवति मानवः ॥ PP 3.54 (vi) Association with courtezans is held perilous not only to men; it is also held detrimental to women, as is unrestrained liberty, residence in the father's house (after the consumption of marriage), loose behaviour towards men, dwelling in foreign countries, taking part in festivities in which courtezans take parts, etc. : .. 1. V.1. मार वधू स वोऽव्यज्जिनः 2. Also in VKAK ad 4. 3, 7 p. 65. An example of a Paronomasia (10) 3. V.I. पणाङ्गनाराज HK. 223. 4; पण्यांग; वराङ्गना SB. 4. अनेकशास्त्रस्य विलोकनानि SB. 5. चरन्ति SB ; वदन्ति BIS. 6. Also in HK 223. 4, SB181. 7. Also in Pts 3.64, PtsK3.61. 8. In VM mention is made of preparations for the moon-light festival which has not begun in the city and which is immersed in gloom. Dhartas are not wandering in the streets with courtezans, nor the wealthy citizens seem to enjoy the festive occasion. The rich mansions are not decorated and nobody even seems to know that it is the day of festivities.

·116 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 598. स्वातन्त्र्यं पितृमन्दिरेषु वसतिर्यात्रोत्सवे संगतिः गोष्ठीपूरुषसंनिधावनियमो वासो विदेशे तथा। संसर्गः सह पुंश्चलीभिरसकृवृत्तेर्निजायाः क्षतिः पत्युर्वार्धकमीर्षित प्रवसनं नाशस्य हेतुः स्त्रियाः ॥ Sto 328. 10-3 599. धूतैरन्वीयमानाः स्फुटचतुरकथाकोविदैवेशनार्यो नालकुर्वन्ति रथ्याः पृथुजघनभराक्रान्तिमन्दैः प्रयातैः । अन्योन्यं स्पर्धमाना न च गृहविभवः स्वामिनो मुक्तशङ्काः साकं स्त्रीभिर्भजन्ते विधिमभिलषितं पार्वणं पौरमुख्याः ॥ VM3 10 the more so as prostitutes ( vesyalp ), courtezans (gamkals) and old nuns ( śramaņāh) warder about with idols and rob women of good families of cheir money and reputation : 600. भस्मस्मेरा वेश्या वृद्धाः श्रमणाः सदैवता गणिकाः । एताः कुलनारीणां चरन्ति धनशीलहारिण्यः ॥ KK9.23 Women of good family have to avoid association with courtesans. Since courtezans see in those women higher persons, they hace them, in the same manner as stupid men hate lcarned men, poor men hate rich people, godless men hate pious ones, and ugly men hate handsome persons : 601. मूर्खाणां पण्डिता द्वेष्या निधनानां महाधनाः । वतिनः पापशीलानां दुश्चारिण्याः कुलस्त्रियः ॥" PP1.411 602. मूर्खाणां पण्डिता द्वेष्या अधनानां महाधनाः। "दुर्भगाणां च सुभगाः कुलटानां कुलाङ्गनाः ॥ CND 5.6 1. मन्दिरे च NHJ, NHS, NHP. 2. °मन्दिरे निवसति BIS. 3. सन्निधाननियमो BS. 4. °ध्यिंत० NHS, NHJ, NHP; °कमीक्षितं BIS ; °मीक्षितं BIS ; v.1. मर्थिता मीक्षित 5. V... प्रहसनं NHP; प्रसवनं BIS. 6. Also in NH 1. 114 ; NHS 1, 107; NHJ I. 120 ; NHP 1. 85, SRK 114.5 7. रतिचतु° VM p. 84. 8. V. 1. दुश्चारिण्यः, दुश्वारिण्याम् , दुश्चारित्र्याः 9. V.I. कुलटानाम् , असतीनाम् 10. Also in Pts 1.416, PtsK 1.467. 11. वाराङ्गना: BIS. 12. पराङ्गना(:) कुलस्त्रीणां सुभगानां च दुर्भगा: CV. 13. Also in CV 5.6. CE. MBh 12. 111, 60 reading : लुब्धानां शुचयो द्वेष्याः कातराणां तरखिनः। मूर्खाणां पण्डिता द्वेष्या दरिद्राणां महाधनाः ।। 5 ० १ ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER X 117 (vii) But women who belong to higher society are chaste only as long as they are bashful and modest but once the veil of bashfulness and modesty are taken away courtezans are better than those women who once were bashful and modest: 603. तावत् कुलस्त्रीमर्यादा यावल्लज्जावगुण्ठनम् । हृते तस्मिन् कुलस्त्रीभ्यो वरं वेश्याङ्गनाजनः ॥ SRK 105.6 It is known that women who belong to higher society are not chaste, they are worse than courtezans ; it is better to have empty sheds than to have them filled with beautiful though wild bulls ; life is better in a forest than in a city governed by a stupid king; it is better to die chan to have intercourse with people of low origin : 604. वरं शून्या शाला न च खलु वरं दुष्टवृषभो वरं वेश्या पत्नी न पुनरविनीता कुलवधूः वरं वासोऽरण्ये न पुनरविवेकाधिपपुरे बरं प्राणत्यागो न पुनरधमानामुपगमः ॥ NH 1. 138 (viii) Despite these obscrvations, we find in the Sanskrit literature many examples pointing to courtezans who have contact with kings and live in their palaces. One chapter in KA, entitled ganikadhyaksas, deals, for instance, with the position of garıkās in the administration of the Mauryan kingdom. Some of these garıkās are captured in battles and some are sent as tributes by onc king to another. And so, we find in VC some slokas describing of what the tribute of king Pandya to Vikrama is composed ; there we find mention of "a hundred courtezans skillful in manyfold arts", or "possessing glances diversified by their great store of loveliness" being sent as a tribute : 605. अष्टौ हाटककोटयस्त्रिणवतिर्मुक्ताफलानां तुलाः पञ्चाशन मदगन्धलुब्ध'मधुपा धूरन्धराः सिन्धुराः । 1. Also in SRBh 19233; 366,8. 2. न च NHJ. 3. पुनरुपोढा NHJ; पुनरानीता BIS : पुनरनीता BIS. 4. Also in NHS 1. 129, NHJI. 145. 5. V. 1. मुक्तामणीनां 6. V. 1. मधुगन्ध; BBh; SP 7. V.I. लब्ध, पुष्प, मत्त 8. V. 1. लुब्ध मधुपाः SP, मधुपः, मधुपैर् , मधुप; मत्तमधुपाः BBh , मत्तमधुप MP. 9. क्रोधोद्भुराः MP, SP, क्रोधोद्धताः BBh ; क्रोद्धावहाः, कोदोहोडराः, संशोभिताः, दूर, धारं° , धारा, धौरन्, °धरा ; मत्तगन्धमधुपकोधुराः PPS.

·118 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT अश्वानां त्रिशतं प्रपञ्चचतुरं पण्याङ्गनानां शतं 'श्रीमद्विक्रमभूमिपाल भवतस्तत् पाण्ड्यराट प्रेषितम् ॥ VCsr 30. 16 .. 1. V.1. अयुतं; BBh, MP 2. V... लावण्योपचयप्रपञ्चचतुरं MP, SP; तारुण्योपचयप्रपञ्चित हशां MP, PP3 : लाक्ण्योपचयप्रपञ्चितदृशां, प्रवन्ध , च वै, रथं च, पश्चितवपुर् , पञ्चवतुरा 3. V.1. पुण्याङ्गनानां, वाराङ्गनानां BBh, PPS 4. V.1. ह्येतद् वि 5. V... त्वत् ; श्री 6. V.1. पाण्डुराट् ; पाण्डुना 7. V.I. दण्डे पाण्डुनृपेण ढौकितमिदं वैतालिकस्यापितम् PPS, दण्डे पाण्ड्यनृपेण ढौकित- मिदं वैतालिकायार्पय SP, दत्तं पाड्यनृपेण यौतकमिदं वैतालिकायार्ण्यतम् BBh , वैतालिकास्या MP, "वैतालिकाया, प्यताम् , पाण्डु', 'पान्द्रु , पाण्ड्य, दत्त, दण्ज्ये', दण्डात्, दण्ड्यात्, दराड्यं अर्पितः, पयात् , प्रेषितः 8. Also in VCmr 30.119-22 ; VC br 30. 1, VC jr 30. 3, BBh 231, MP 2. 55, SP 565, PPS 347. .

·2 CHAPTER XI On Warnings to avoid Courtezans (i) Courtezans known as being untruthful, can never hope that anybody will trust any of them. Therefore it is true that: “A courtezan will laugh and cry for gold ; She trusts you not, but waits your trustful hour. If virtue and a name are yours, then hold ! Avoid her as you would a graveyard flowert": 606. एता हसन्ति च रुदन्ति च वित्तहेतो- विश्वासयन्ति पुरुषं न तु विश्वसन्ति । तस्मान्नरेण कुलशीलसमन्वितेन' वेश्याः श्मशानसुमना इव वर्जनीयाः॥ SM4.14 607. या न विश्वसिति जातु नरस्य प्रत्ययं तु कुरुते निकृतिज्ञा। नोपकारमपि वेत्ति कृतघ्नी दूरतस्त्यजत तां खलु वेश्याम् ॥ वेश्याम् ॥ AS 24. 18 Men should not have contact with courtezans and should avoid them and shun them, just as they should shun women generally since : 1. Translated by A.W. Ryder in HOS 9 p. 62. 2. V.1. विश्व० ; च कार्यहेतोर् BhS, PP, Pts, PtsK ; च वित्तहेतोर् SRK. 3. च परं न च Bhs', PP, Pts ; च नरं न च PtsK. 4. कुलशीलवता सदैव Pts, VC; सुशीलसमन्वितेन BhS'. 5. नार्यः Bhs', PP, PtsK, VC. 6. श्मशानघटिका Bhs', PP, Pts, PtsK, SRK, Vc; V... स्मशान; °वटिका VC%3B °वटका ; °पटका ; °मठिका; 'पृथुका ; मधुपा 7. Also in Bhs 439, PP I. 148, Pts 1. 192, PtsK 1. 206, VCsr II. 17, SRBh 355.8 SRK 105. 3. For variants see VC sr II. 17. 8. V... निकृतज्ञा 9. Cf.: अकीर्तेः कारणं योषिद्योषिद्वैरस्य कारणम् । संसारकारणं योषिद्योषितं वर्जयेत्ततः॥ (SB 164, 185 [31]) तस्मात् सर्वप्रयत्नेन नामापि परिवर्जयेत् । स्त्रीणामिह हि सर्वासां य इच्छेत् सुखमात्मनः (PP 4. 46) , ·120 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT "A bosom hard is praised, a forchead low, A fickle glance, a mumbling, speech and slow, Thick hips, a heart that constant tremors move, A natural twist in hair, and twists in love Their virtues are a pack of vices. Then Let beasts adore the fawn-cyed thinys, not ment" 608. कार्कश्यं स्तनयोदशोस्तरलतालीकं मुखे श्लाध्यते कौटिल्यं कवसंचये च वचने मान्यं त्रिके स्थूलता । भीरुत्वं हृदये सदैव कथितं मायाप्रयोगः प्रिये यासां दोषगणो गुणो' मृगदृशां ताः स्युः पशूनां प्रियाः ॥ PP 1. 147 In this connection the following Sarvalika's statement in SM may be quoted: "Love not a women ; if you even do, She mocks at you, and plays the gay deceiver" 10 609. स्त्रीषु न रागः कार्यो रक्तं पुरुपं स्त्रियः परिभवन्ति ।। SM 4. 13a. (ii) Wise men do not love courtczans who have been worn away by scores of paramours, who find delight in liquor and meat and who are vile, soft in speech but wicked in heart : 610. या विचित्रविटकोटिनिघृष्टा मद्यमांसनिरतातिनिकृष्टा । कोमला बचसि चेतसि दुष्टा तां भजन्ति गणिकां न विशिष्टाः ।। AS 24.9 the more so as intercourse with courtezans is considered onc of the seven or four great sins to be avoided by wise men : 611. द्यूत"मांस"सुरावेश्याखेट चौर्य पराङ्गनाः । महापापानि सप्तैव व्यसनानि त्यजेद् वुधः ॥" VCsr 27. 11 1. Translated by A.W. Ryder in The Pañcatantra, The University of Chicago Press p. 68. 2. मुखं Bls. 3. च सुश्लाध्यते PtsK; मुखे दृश्यते Pts. 4 v.1. प्रवचने Pts, PtsK वने 5. V... मायं 6. कविभिः gloss. 7. गुणा Pts, Bhs' ; V. 1. गुणे 8. किं नराणां Pts. 9. Also in Pts 1. 190, PtsK 1. 205, Bhs 449, SRBh 350. 78. 10. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS 9, P. 62. 11. V.I. चूतं Bhs. 12. V.I. मांस 13. खटं Bhs. 14. चौर्य Bhs. 15. V...प्राङ्गणा 17. Also in sB85 (2993), Bhs 536. 16. सप्तैते ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER XI : 121 612. अविनीतो भृत्यजनो नृपतिरदाता शठानि मित्राणि । अविनयवती च भार्या मस्तकशूलानि चत्वारि ॥ SV 4.16 No one can find anybody so contemptible as courtezans, just as one cannot find anybody blind as a fool, or anybody so unhappy as a servant, or anything more fearful than death, etc. : 613. नान्धो मूर्खसमो न सेवकसमो दुःखी म यक्ष्मोपमो व्याधि धिरसत्सुतप्रतिनिधिस्त्रासो न मृत्योः समः । कष्टं नाध्वसमानमिन्द्रयसमो नारिः परस्त्रीसमं नानायुष्यमवश्यनिन्धमथ नो वेश्यासमं दृश्यते ॥ JM 20 Sexual intercourse with courtezans does not give even pleasure to men, just as drinking of bitter juice of the nimba-fruit does not give pleasure to the person who tastes it : 614 क्रुद्धो यस्य मनोभवस्तरुणिमा येनात्मनो वञ्चित- स्तैस्तैर्यश्च कटाक्षितः परिभवैः साक्षादलक्ष्मीमुखैः । युक्तायुक्तविचारणापरिहृतः कामं स कामी क्रिमिः पण्यस्त्रीषु नितम्वनामनि महानिम्वे रति विन्दति ॥ JM 25 615. अस्थानाभिनिवेशिता रतिपतेरौचित्यभङ्गो रते- वैयर्थ्य नवयौवनस्य किमपि प्रेम्णः कलङ्काङ्कुरः । सौभाग्यस्य विमानना विगुणता सौन्दर्यसारश्रियः, शृङ्गारस्य विडम्बना किमपरं वेश्यारताडम्वरः॥ JM 24 Therefore men have to discontinue sexual intercourse with courtezans who always can be had for money : 616. दूरे तानि धनानि येषु मलेनं मानस्य संजायते बन्धुः सोऽस्तु सुखी मुखे मधुमयो योऽन्तश्च मायामयः । ते भोगाः प्रलयं प्रयान्तु कथमप्यौचित्यभङ्गेन ये यायातुर्निधनं (?) वरं निधुवनं वेश्यासु मूल्येन यत् ॥ JM 23 Moreover, it is most imprudent for men to be attached to courtesans since attachment to them causes bad fortune, produces exhaustion and is as deadly as poison : 617. संपर्कोऽप्यतिकर्कशः परिचयाभासोऽप्यसंपत्करो दृक्पातोऽप्यवसादसूरपि सकृत् संभाषणं दूषणम् । छायापि च्छलनात्मिका परिमलोद्वारोऽपि हालाहलं वेश्यानां विषयेषु किं पुनरहो सक्किमहासाहसम् ।। JM 27 2. V... विनयविहीना 1. V. 1. अवनीतो 3. Also in SB 301.

·122 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT -- Only those men are really wise who knowing the great secret of courtezans, that is, that they are indifferent to their paramours, are hypocritical, crooked, avaricious, untruthful, etc.-abandon courtezans and intercourse with them : 618. विवोके बकचेष्टितं बहुविधभूविभ्रमेषु भ्रमं कौटिल्यं नखरक्षतेषु सुरतोगयेषु मायां स्वयम् । सीत्कारान्तरसत्यमर्थहरणं सर्वत्र ये जानते वेश्यानां परमं रहस्यमवनौते केऽपि मेधाविनः ।। JM 41 Wise men do not go to courtezans, since it is known that like bitches, for a gift, they will show hundreds of favours, eat dirt, cause sinful deeds and live by fraud : 619. या शुनीव वहुचाटुशतानि दानतो वितनुते मलभक्षा। पापकर्मजनिता कपटेष्ठा यान्ति पण्यवनितां न बुधास्ताम् ॥ AS 24. 16 These men have to expel from their hearts courtezans who can love for a short time and who deceive them : 620. विमोहयति या चित्तमचिरेणैव सेविता' सा हेया दृरतो वेश्या शीलालङ्कारधारिणा ।। SV 21.5 Men who desire prosperity should not take pleasure in courtezans in whom they cannot find even an atom of truth; their company can only be gained by the wealthy : 621. एवं नरेश वनिताहृदये कदाचित् कूटाद् ऋते वसति सत्यकथालवोऽपि। तत् सार्थसाध्यगमनासु सदैव तासु शून्याटवीष्विव रमेत न भूतिकामः ॥ SKSS 10. 57, 176 They should shun courtezans because they also destroy piety, virtue and good fortune, and instead bring adversity and misfortune and cause sin : .622. धर्ममत्ति तनुते "पुरु पापं या निरस्यति गुणं कुरुतेऽन्यम् । सौख्यमस्यति ददाति च दुःखं तां धिगस्तु गणिकां बहुदोषाम् ॥ AS24.3 They should not only shun them but avoid loving them, since, even 2. V.1, वा 1. V.1. दामतो :. 3, V... मुनिरेव निषेविता 4. Quoted before as Texts 501. 5. V.1. गुरु 674 ·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER XI 123 the best men, from the highest families, become their slaves : 623. उत्तमोऽपि कुलजोऽपि मनुष्यः सर्वलोकमहितोऽपि वुधोऽपि । दासतां भजति यां भजमालस्तां भजन्ति गणिकां किमु सन्तः ॥ AS 24. 8 and repudiate their own families and shamelessly commit foul deeds : 624. यन्निमित्तमुपयाति मनुष्यो दास्यमस्यति कुलं विदधाति । कर्म निन्दितमनेकमलजः सा न पण्यवनिता श्रवणीया ॥ AS24.23 (i) Who can love courtezans, Dāmodargupta askes in DK, since the first man whom they see, is considered by them their own and sole paramour (but of short duration only): 625. ताभिरवदातजन्मा करोति सङ्ग कथं यासाम् । क्षणदृष्टोऽपि प्रणयी रूढप्रणयोऽपि जन्मनोऽपूर्वः ॥ DK 303 and they do not make any distinction between men of high and low family, between respectable and unworthy men", or between virtuous and wicked men ; moreover, they are deceitful" : 626. या कुलीनमकुलीनमान्य मान्यमा धितगुणं गुणहीनम् । वेत्ति नो कपटसंकटचेष्टा' तां व्रजन्ति गणिकां किमु शिष्टाः ।। AS 24. 11 Men cannot and should not forget that a contact with them, although it initially brings pleasure, afterwards causes abandonment of passion and finally misfortune : 627. प्रथमसमागमसुखदा मध्ये व्यसनप्रवासकारिण्यः। पर्यन्ते दुःखफलाः पुंसामाशाश्च वेश्याश्च ।। KK 4.23 Only stupid men can hope to find pleasure in (sexuil) intercourse with courtezans, just as stupid men hope to find shade in a cloud, or gain friendship by chivalry, or happiness by serving, or piety by killing living beings, or wealth from gambling : 628. छायामभ्रदलैः खलैः सुजनतां मानोन्नतिं याच्ञया। कार्पण्येन यशांसि धूर्तकलया मैत्री सुखं सेवया । धर्म प्राणिवधेन वाञ्छति धनं द्यूतप्रसादेन यो वेश्याभिश्च विलासमात्मनि नराकारोऽस्ति गौरव सः॥ JM 19 2. V.I. लज्ज 4. Cf. texts of chapter VIII (a) 1. V.I. धर्म 3. V.I. कुर्वीत समागमम् 5. Cf. texts 33, 39-41,617 6. V... मान्यमन्यमा 7. V... चेष्टाम् ·124 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT Those who believe that they can live happily as paramours of courtezans, live in a fabulous world, in the Gandharva-pura? : 629. ते गन्धर्वपुरे वसन्तु विभवं स्वप्नार्जितं भुञ्जतां कुर्वन्तु क्षणमन्तरिक्षकुसुमैः सग्दामशोभामपि। वेश्यानां शशङ्गभङ्गिसदृशं वाल्लभ्यमासाद्य ये सर्वस्वक्षपणाय केवलमहो मूर्खाः सुखेनासते ।। JM 5 (iv) Those men who have (sexual) intercourse with courtezans feel afterwards (in this world) some disgust: 630. उपभोगैः सपत्नस्य तत्कालनिःसृतस्य सा। अङ्किता मानिनस्तस्य वेश्येवोद्वेगदाभवत् ।। KR 8.958 and are warned that in hell they would be conceived by women of red-hot iron : 631. वेश्यादिपरनारीषु सङ्ग कुर्वन्ति येऽधमाः। श्वभ्रे लोहाग्निरामाभिस्तेषामालिङ्गनं भवेत् ।। SB 267 [6278] This is also a reason why men have to shun courtezans, the more so as they plunge them in the ocean of rebirths : 632.. दोषमेवमवगम्य मनुष्यः शुद्धबोधजलधौतमनस्कः । तत्त्वतस्त्यजति पण्यपुरन्ध्रीं जन्मसागरनिपानदक्षाम् ॥ AS 24. 25 and cause sufferings to men not only in this world but also through painful rebirths : 633. चेन्न पण्यवनिता जगति स्याद् दुःखदाननिपुणा कथमेते। प्राणिनो जननदुःखमपारं प्राप्नुवन्ति पुरु* सोढुमशक्यम् ॥ AS 24. 24 (v) In other sources we find warnings against courtezans phrased in much stronger words. Their hair is described as the abode of lice, their face as a mass of bones tied together by the skin, their breast as a heap of flesh, matula plena merdae, nates instrumentum quod excrementum emittit, 1. JM states here that those dreamers should be free to live in their dreams, however, in other stanzas wams men that they should not believe in courtezans. 2. श्वाने BIS 3. V.1. पुरंध्रीजन्म° दक्षम् , °दक्षीं, दक्षा 4. V. 1. गुरु, पुरुषोद् 5. The Jain version of VC refers this stanza to women in general, but it should be also applied to courtezans.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER XI 125 crura duae pilae quae eas sustinent : 634. कचा यूकावासा' मुखमजिनवद्धास्थिनिचयं कुचौ मांसग्रन्थी जठरमपि विष्ठादिघटिका । मलोत्सर्गे यन्त्रं जघनमवलायाः क्रमयुगम् 'तदाधारस्थूणे' तदिह किमु रागाय महताम् ? | VC jr II. 15 Their bodies are described as being a smelling mass of bones, wrapped in skin and covered with urine, mucus and other impurities which are smelt at by paramours as by dogs : 635. मूत्रश्लेष्मादिसंसक्त' चर्मनद्धास्थिसंचयम् । दुर्गन्धं हि वारस्त्रीणां कामी" जिप्रति तु श्ववत् ॥ SB 265 [4909] and, therefore, men are warned to avoid intercourse with them. Amitagati in AS asks why men have intercourse with courtezans in quarum ora matulasque homines excreta sicut in latrinas iniciebant and who kiss anybody irrespective of whether he is from a low family, or eat meat, or drink liquor : 636. किं सुखं लभते मर्त्यः सेवमानः परस्त्रियम् । केवलं कर्म बध्नाति श्वभ्रभूम्यादिकारणम् ॥ AS 31. 21. 637. वर्चःसदनवद्यस्या- जल्पने जघने तथा । निक्षिपन्ति मलं निन्ध निन्दनीया जनाः सदा ॥ Ibid, 22 638. मद्यमांसादिसक्तस्य या विधाय विडम्बनम् । नीचस्यापि मुखं न्यस्ते दीना द्रव्यस्य लोभतः॥ Ibid, 23 639. तां वेश्यां सेवमानस्य मन्मथाकुलचेतसः। तन्मुखं चुम्बतः पुंसः कथं तस्याप्यणुव्रतम् ।। Ibid, 24 640. ततोऽसौ पण्यरमणी चतुर्थवतपालिना। यावज्जीव परित्याज्या जातनिघणमानसा। Ibid, 25 Also Bharthari asks why respectable men kiss the lips of courtezans 1. V.I. वासो 2. V.I. स्तनौ 3. V... पुटिका, पिटिका 4. V.I. गम् 5. V... क्रिमियुतं 6. V... धारा', धारः 7. V.I. स्थूणो; °स्थाणो ; स्थूतो 8. मुखं BIS 9. ०शकं BIS 10. वरस्त्रीणां BIS 11. कामिनी हन्ति श्वानवत् BIS 12. V.I. °सदन वतस्या, °सदनं यस्यापि, वत्तस्य 13. V.1. निंद्याः. 14. V... जातिनिघणमानसाः ·128 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 653. (vii) Attachment to courtezans is not in kceping with the men's duty of protecting their families : 652. क' वेशवनितासक्तिः क कुटुम्बपरिग्रहः । न हि वानरशावस्य- युक्ता स्यन्दनधुर्यता ।। BB 18. 101 and, therefore, men should not be attached to courtezans, though they can in some cases take an interest in them: तेनोक्तं गणिकासक्तिः प्रतिषिद्धा' कुटुम्बिनाम् । न तु 'शोकोपतप्ताया गणिकायाः सभाजनम् ।। BB 18. 105 but never should associate with them for long, nor with kings, soothsayers, or dependents: 654. सन्न्यासं नृप-वेश्या-मन्त्रवादोपजीविषु चिरं न सेवेत । BS 1.55 If they have done so, they should get rid of courtezans as soon as possible, although like pebbles in the shoes, they hurt before one can get rid of them : 655. गणिका नाम पादुकान्तरप्रविष्टा इव लेष्टुका दुःखेन पुनर्निराक्रियते ।। RS Comm, to SM 5. 61-2 (viii) Although men know that they should shun contact with (courtezans) since their affection is short-lived and leaves a bad taste : 656. विरमत वुधा योषित्सङ्गात् सुखात् क्षणभङ्गुरात् कुरुत करुणामैत्रीप्रज्ञा वधूजनसंगमम् । न खलु नरके हाराकान्तं धनस्तनमण्डल शरणमथवा श्रोणीबिम्वं रणन्मणिमेखलम् ॥4 BhS 326 women 1. V... कुवेश 2. V.1. शक्तिः 3. V.1. कुकुटुम्ब, परिप्रहः 4. V.I. °सावस्य, शावश्य 5. V.1. °आशक्तिः 6. V.1. °सिद्धा 7. V.1. सोको 8. V.1. संन्यास 9. गणिआ णाम पदुअन्तरप्पविद्या विअ लेछुआ दुक्खेण अण णिराकरीअदि । SM 5.61-2 10. V... सङ्गसुखात् BIS. 11. मैत्रीकरुणाप्रज्ञा BIS, प्रज्ञा BIS. 12. v.1. मण्डला BIS. 13. मणि om. BIS. 14. Also in SV 3385. For different readings in Bbs' see Bhs' p. 127-8.

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER XI 129 and that courtezans are degraded, Kịşņa has shown kind feelings towards them : 657. गणिकाजामिलमुख्यानवता भवता वताहमपि । सीदन् भवमरुगतें करुणामूर्ते न सर्वथोपेक्ष्यः ॥ JBh4. 12 and Vasiştha's mother was a courtezan : 658. 'इन्द्र वै षण्ढमाहुर्मलिनमुडुपति माधवं गोपनन्द व्यासं मात्सीतनूजं गतरसमुदधिं पावकं सर्वभक्षम् । वेश्यापुत्रं वसिष्ठं जनपदवचनैः पाण्डवाश्चान्यजाता इत्थं 'संचिन्त्य महां कथय नरपते कस्य दोषा न सन्ति । SB 222 [1110] 659. ख्यातः शक्रो भगाङ्गो विधुरपि मलिनो माधवो गोपजातो वेश्यापुत्रो वसिष्ठः सरुजपदयमः सर्वभन्यो हुताशः। व्यासो मत्स्योदरीयः सलवण उदधिः पाण्डवा जारजाता रुद्रः प्रेतास्थिधारी त्रिभुवनवसतां कस्य दोषो न जातः । KPS 13 though generally, sons of courtezans are held to be of bad character, just as traitors are always fearful, boasters are liars, scribes are of ungrateful mind, those born in the house of an open-handed man are avaricious, envious persons are continuously miserable, men subdued by wives are objects of ridicule, old people are sofc in speech, stepsons despise their fathers, persons in love are shameless, or people of little earning are vicious : 660. नापुंश्चलीयो दुःशीलो नाद्रोहो नित्यशङ्कितः । नावाचालो मृषाभाषी नाकायस्थः कृतघ्नधीः॥ KR 4.90 661. नादातगृहजो लुब्धो नानीयों नित्यदुःखितः। नास्त्रीजितः सर्वहास्यो नावृद्धः स्निग्धभाषितः ॥ Ibid 4. 91 662. नानन्यजः पितृद्वेषी' नारागी निरपत्रपः। नाक्षुद्रविधः पापीयानिति भूतार्थसङ्ग्रहः । Ibid4.92 (ix) Since gods have contact with courtezans, the more so an ordinary man's heart cannot ignore a hazel-eyed girl, even when they know them 1. इन्द्रो वै खण्डम् BIS. 3. पावकः सर्वभक्षी BIS. 5. Better भगाको 7. पितृदोषी BIS.; पितृदोषि KR ed. Steia. TC. 17 2. मछित्तनूज BIS 4. सञ्चिन्त्यमाहुः BIS. 6. लेयो KRed. Stein.

·130 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT to be unsteady and untruthful : 663. अलमतिचपलत्वात् स्वप्नमायोपमत्वात् परिणतिविरसत्वात् सङ्गमेनाङ्गनायाः। इति यदि शतकृत्वस्तत्त्वमालोचयाम- स्तदपि न हरिणाक्षी विस्मरत्यन्तरात्मा॥ KP 6. 359 but the more natural behaviour of country-girls is considered as giving more pleasure, to paramours than the coquetry of women of the town: 664. न तथा नागरस्त्रीणां विलासा रमयन्ति नः । यथा स्वभावमुग्धानि वृत्तानि ग्रामयोषिताम् ।। Skm. 2. 103, Bhk 2. 15 -- no nor - -- As a rule, men should have contact with courtczans, widows, nor other persons' wives, but only with their own wives. They should use even ways (their own wives) and not uncven ways (widows), nor hollow ways (other men's wives), nor large highways (courtezans). Therefore it is considered that to renounce intercourse with courtezans and wives of other mon, as well to attach oneself to his own wife, is good fortune ; to do the contrary, is a misfortune : 665.. परस्त्रीगणिकात्यागः सन्तोषो मन्दरोषता । नाति सक्निश्च दारेषु सुख दुःखं विपर्ययः॥ BB21.16 The, pleasure of the . sidelong. glances of loving .women cannot be compared with the coquetry of courtezans which, like an old blade of grass, is of no use at all : 666. परतरुणीसंभारस्नेहातिनयनभागदृष्टस्य । वेश्यारचितविलासाः कथिताः पुरतः पुराणतणकल्पाः ॥ DK833 In DK we find a series of questions in which Dāmodaragupta asks how one can compare, during 'intercourse, the natural reactions of loving girls with the premeditated and artificial behaviour of courtezans': 667. व कुशविपाटनजन्मा सहसोदितवेदनाचमत्कारः । क च दासीरतसङ्गरनिर्दयनखरक्षतिः प्रीत्यै ॥ Ibid 414 668.. क त्रेतानलधूमक्षोभितनयनाम्बुधौतवदनत्वम् । क च गणिकानिभर्सनशोकभरायातबाष्पसलिलौ घः ॥ Ibid 415 : -- -. । 1. मेन प्रियायाः Bhs. 2. लोकयामि .Bhs. 3. Also in Bhs' 839, S'P 556; s's's' 29, ed. Schoenfeld, Leipzig, 1910 p. 33, SRBh 230:26, SRK 16.4. 43: -T. Aufrecht;: 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss indischer Dichter, ZDMG:56, R. 361 sqq. Also inss 2.21, 3. 5. V.I. रोषताः, रोपता, °रोपताः 6. V.1. °शक्तिश् ।

·THE TEXTS : CHAPTER.XI 131 675. 669. क वषट्कारध्वानः सत्कर्मविभूषणश्रवणपूरः। क्व च साधारणवनितारतिमणिता कर्णनौत्सुक्यम् ॥ DK 416 670. क्वाचार्यप्रतनुलताताडनसोमसम्भवः कम्पः । क्व च कुपितवारललनानिष्ठुरपादप्रहारविषहत्वम् ॥ Ibid, 417 671. क्व हरिणचर्मावरणं स्मृतिशास्त्रनिवेदितव्रतं चरतः । क्व च पण्यस्त्रीगात्रस्पृष्टाम्बरधारणेषु वहुमानः ।। Ibid, 418 672. समिधामेव च्छेदनमभ्यस्तं शैशवात् समारभ्य। शठवनिताधरखण्डन उत्पन्नं कौशल कुतो भवतः ।। Ibid.419 Therefore, Sundara is asked why he chose a courtezan : 673. शुश्रूषणमेव गुरोः परिशीलितमचलचेतसा सततम् । कुटिलमतयो भुजिष्याः कथं त्वयाराधिता निपुणाः ।। Ibid, 420 674. आम्नायपाठ एव स्फुटतरपदसौष्ठवं तव ख्यातम् । प्रकुपितवेश्यानुनये व शिक्षितं वचनचातुर्यम् ।। Ibid. 421 अथवा किं क्रियतेऽस्मिन्नवदातकुलेऽपि लब्धजन्मानः । सदसंस्तुता भवन्ति प्रागुपचितकर्मदोषेण ।। Ibid, 422 676. त्वयि विनिवेश्य कुटुम्ब परलोकहितार्जनकविहितास्थः । स्थास्यामीति समीहितमनुदिवसं तद्विसंवदितम् ।। Ibid, 423 For men who lose their sight because of sensuality the only remedy is-knowledge of oneself : 677. विषयतिमिरावृताणामवटे पततामदृष्टमार्गाणाम् । पुंसां गुरुजनवचनद्रव्यशलाकाअनं शरणम् ॥ bid. 439.. In DK Gunapalita also expresses the conviction that the real house of happiness is one's own wife and the fact that men are fond of courtezans is due to the embodied spirit of the previous life : 678. प्राक्तनकर्मविपाकः सुद्रासु शरीरिणां यदासक्तिः। आयतनं तु सुखानां संसारभुवां कुलोद्गता दाराः॥ Ibid, 439 because, if men have any griefs, their wives have the same griefs; if men are happy, they also are happy; if men are restless, they also are restless; they are like mirrors of their husbands : 679. निर्विरणे निर्विण्णा मुदिते मुदिता समाकुलाकुलिते । प्रतिबिम्बसमा कान्ता संक्रुद्धे केवलं भीता ।। Ibid. 440 -- . 2. V.1. निपुण 1. V.I. रणित 3. V.1. °विहिताशः 4. Also in SV 1263.

·132
THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT
they are the best of friends and know how to behave properly during
sexual intercoursel :
680. यावद्वाञ्छितसुरतव्यायामसहाविरुद्धसंपर्काः।
चित्ताऽनुवृत्तिकुशला पुण्यवतामेव जायते जाया॥ DK 441
1. Hundreds of verses can be found in the Sanskrit literature praising good qualities
of wives (eg. Sita in RB) which are not quoted here.
2. संयोग sv
3. Also in SV 1264.
Cf. अदनेरिगिन मगुव, येनुवेरुसु चनवेरगु,
मुदनु तोड मगनि मोहमेरुगु,
विभुनि श्रिष्ट गुणमु वेश्य ता नेरुगुना VT 2. 193

·CHAPTER XII Paramours Suitable for Courtezans Since courtezans are concerned mostly with obtaining money, they have to choose their paramours among men who spend freely. In particular, the paramours should be men who are proud of their wealth, are pleased to displace other lovers, are on good terms with courtiers, are coddled by their fathers, enjoy life, or are easily made amourous : 681. किंच, यस्य धनदर्पः, सपत्नस्पर्धा, विटमेलः, पितृलालित्यं, भोगित्वं रागित्वं च दृश्यते, तमेव भज ॥ PT 136 18-20 or the only sons of rich men, those who lose their fathers when young, sons of merchants, men who are competent in love affairs, physicians of continuously sick ministers, men who are slaves of their passions, men who would like to silence gossips about their impotence, foolish or licentious sons of kings, men who are on good terms with courtiers, paramours of married women, singers, men who have recently won money, foolish scholars, drunkards, stupid men, etc.: 682. एको वित्तवतः सूनुः पितृहीनः सुयौवने । मुग्धे भूभुजि कायस्थः कामिस्पर्धी वणिक्सुतः ॥ KS5.63 683. नित्यातुरामात्यवैद्यप्रसिद्धस्य गुरोः सुतः। 'प्रच्छन्नकामो जटाधरः ॥ Ibid, 64 684. नपुंसकप्रवादस्य प्रशमार्थी फलाशनः। मत्तो धूर्तसहायश्च राजसूनुर्निरङ्कुशः ॥ Ibid,65 685. ग्राम्यो धातृद्विजसुतः प्राप्तलाभश्च गायनः। सद्यः सार्थपतिः प्राप्तः श्रीमान् देवपरायणः ।। Ibid, 66 686. गतानुगतिको मूर्खः शास्त्रोन्मादश्च पण्डितः । नित्यक्षीवश्च वेश्यानां जङ्गमाः कल्यपादपाः ।। Ibid, 67 In particular, fools from rich houses are tools in the hands of swindlers and are but like precious stones on the bangles worn by courtezans on their ankles : ....... 2. जाड्यधन: corrupt. 1. Cf. texts 64,164 3. Similarly VKN 63 ·134 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT . 687. धूर्तकरकन्दुकानां वारवधूचरणनूपुरमणीनाम् । धनिकगृहोत्पन्नानां मुक्ति स्त्येव मुग्धानाम् ॥ KK 1. 18 Courtezans choose as their paramours passionate and voluptuous rogues addicted to gambling, etc.: 688. रागीति प्रतिपत्तिभूविंट इति प्राप्तोऽतिवन्धं पदं श्लाघा) व्यसनीति हीनकुल इत्यग्रयः कुटुम्वः स्वयम् । मान्यः प्राहत (?) इत्यहो कितव इत्याप्तश्च किं वाधिक सर्वावस्थ इति प्रमाणपुरुषो वेश्याभिरभ्यर्च्यते ॥ JM 31 since women court unworthy men, just as Lakşmi favours base persons and Sarasvati people of low family: 689. . नीचमाश्रयते लक्ष्मीरकुलीनं सरस्वती। अपात्रं भजते नारी गिरौ वर्षति वासवः।। NHJ 2, 155 (ii) Courtezans should not choose as paramours husbands in love with their wives, because husbands are enemies of courtezans as mendicants are enemies of eager men, as teachers are enemies of idiots, and as the moon is the enemy of thieves: 690. लुब्धानां याचकः शत्रुर्मूर्खाणां बोधको रिपुः । जारस्त्रीणां पतिः शत्रुश्चौराणां चन्द्रमा रिपुः ॥ CND 10.6 Courtezans have to shun also those who are not considered appropriate lovers, particularly vițas, who are well characterized in KK. According to KK vițas are men who spend their wealth and then devote themselves entirely to destroying the wealth of others and who highly praise, courtezanship and courtezans ; 691. भक्षितनिजबहुविभवाः परविभवक्षपणदीक्षिताः पश्चात् । अनिशे वेश्यावेशस्तुतिमुखरमुखा विटाश्चिन्त्याः॥ KK9.39 Courtiers are inappropriate paramours for courtezans because they have not sufficient funds to pay for courtezans' services meretrices quae nihil quo profiterunt, habebant praeter pudenda, quae venum dabant et quas fortunam maximam putabant : 692. अस्माकमङ्गमङ्गं पण्योपनतं महाधननिधानम् । दासीसुताः किमेते खादन्ति विटाः प्रसंगेन । KS 8. 18 -- 1. Better STET 4. चोरा' cv 2. अकुलेन BIS 5. Also in CV 10.6 3. 'मुर्खानां ·CHAPTER XIII On Procuresses, Barbers and Vitas Procuresses are considered equal to Brahmā, as far as their advice is concerned ; and equal to Visnu, as far as their versatility is concerned ; and equal to Siva, as far as their destruction of destitute paramours is concerned : 693. वेश्योपदेशविषये चतुराननत्वा- मायाप्रपञ्चनिचयेन जनार्दनत्वात् । रिक्तप्रसक्नकलहैरतिभैरवत्वात् सर्गस्थितिक्षयविधातृगुणा त्वमेव ।। KS4.11 Courtezans, unable to profit from the advice of procuresses, cannot achieve their aims : 694. उद्भिन्नयौवनमनोहररूपशोभा- संभाविताभिनवभोगमनोभवानाम् । एणीदृशां त्वदुपदेशविवर्जितानां मातर्भवन्ति नहि नाम समीहितार्थाः॥ KS 4.12 for, if courtezans are without procuresses, their paramours become insolent and loose like jackals : 695. व्याघ्रीव कुट्टनी यत्र रक्तपानामिषैषिणी । नास्ते तत्र प्रगल्भन्ते जम्वुका इव कामुकाः ।। Ibid, 1.41 and the courtezans have no peace by day or night : 696. यत्र तत्र निमग्नानां वेश्यानां जननी विना । सन्ध्ययोर्दिवसस्यापि मुहूर्त्ताधस्य न क्षणः ।। Ibid, 42 while swindlers (gamblers) refuse to leave their houses and lie like cats near the stove in winter-time: .. 697. न भवत्येव धूर्तस्य वेश्यावश्मन्यमातुके । चुल्लीसुप्तस्य हेमन्ते मार्जारस्येव निर्गमः॥ Ibid, 43 Also vițas occupy courtezans' houses and refuse to pay them even for expenses : 698. प्रविष्टा कुट्टनीहीनगृहं क्षीणपटा विटाः । गाथा पठन्ति गायन्ति व्ययद्रविणमर्थिताः॥ Ibid, 44 ·136 THE TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT It is evident that courtezans without procuresses are exploited by vitas and servants : 699. अकण्टका पुष्पमही वेशयोषिदमातृका। मन्त्रिहीना च राज्यश्रीर्भुज्यते विटचेटकैः ।। KS 1.45 and, therefore, have to find, as soon as possible, procuresses who would take care of them : 700. तस्मान्मानिनि कापि हेमकुसुमारामोच्चयाय त्वया माता तावदनेककूटकुटिला काचित् समन्विष्यताम् । एताः सुभ्र भवन्ति यौवनभरारम्भे विजृम्भाभुवो वेश्यानां हि नियोगिनामिव शरत्काले घनाः संपदः ।। Ibid, 49 Often courtezans ask procuresses to take them under their protection and to declare them their daughters : 701. तस्माद्भजस्व परिकल्पितपुत्रिकां मां भक्तामनन्यशरणां शरणां' प्रपन्नान् । आत्मार्पणप्रणयिनां नवदर्शनेऽपि जात्यैव पेशलधियः सदया भवन्ति ।। Ibid, 4. 13 Procuresses not only give their daughters advice, look after their houses, cash money, maintain order among their paramours, but also stand before their daughters' doors to receive fees : द्वाराग्रदत्तकर्णासु ग्रहणग्रहणेप्सया। कुट्टनीषु तृणपातेऽप्युन्मुखीषु मुहुर्मुहुः ।। Ibid. 3. 11 (ii) They are gurus for their daughters, as also are barbers for all courtezans : 703. सा हर्म्यशिखरारूढा कदाचिद् गणिकागुरुम् । कामिनां नर्मसुहृदं ददर्श पथि नापितम् ।। Ibid,1.8 702. On the other hand, courtiers are important to procuresses, since through them their daughters can find good clients. Therefore, the following Kankali's song is understandable: 704. ततः प्रविश्य कङ्काली गृहीतोच्चतरासना। रञ्जनाय पुरश्चक्रे विटानां कपटस्तुतिम् ।। Ibid, 7. 25 705. धन्योऽयं बालकः श्रीमान् भवद्भिर्यस्य सङ्गतिः। युष्मत्परिचयः पुण्यपरिपाकेन लभ्यते ॥ Ibid, 26 706. शिशुरप्ययमस्माकं कामुकोऽभिमतः परम् । बाल एव सहस्रांशुः कमलिन्या विकासकृत् ॥ Ibid, 27 1. Better शरणम् ·CHAPTER XIV On Courtezans in Love 708. (i) Although courtezans do all in their power to earn money, which is considered their only aim in life, they are also women and, like all women, sometimes feel the need for real love : 707. तत्स्वरूपमिदं प्रोक्तं कैश्चिमो वयं पुनः । 'वलवत्यानया "युक्त्या तासामप्यनुरागिताम् ।। RST I. 1.1 शृङ्गाराभास' एव स्याद् यदि ता रागवर्जिताः । तद्यापारोऽथ वा तासां स्मरः किं भक्षितो "बकैः ।। Ibid 122 They too can fall in love, experience passion, be kind and filled with purity and bashfulness, even though they are wicked : 709. येन स्नेहः क्रोधः शाठ्यं दाक्षिण्यमार्जवं ब्रीडा। एतानि सन्ति तास्वपि जीवद्धर्मोपनीतानि ।। DK 172 When Devadattā's procuress reproaches her for having fallen in love with Müladeva, despite the fact that the rich merchant's son Ayala has tried to gain her favour, she replies in Māhārāştri that she is devoted not exclusively to money but also to the excellent qualities of Müladeva, whom she loves : 710. नाहम्, अम्ब, एगन्तेण घणाणुरागिणी, गुणेसु चेव मे पडिवन्धो॥ AEM 58.33-4 1. We very often find in Sanskrit literature examples of courtezans' who left their rich and powerful paramours (kings) for those with whom they were really in love, (robbers) ag. in KK 4, SV 13, etc. 2. T.I. कश्चि० 3. V... बलवन्त्यानया, वरर्णयंत्यानया ('य्या) 4. V... युक्ता नासा 5. V... तस्यामप्य 6. V.1. रागिता 7. V... शृङ्गारभाव 8. V.1. तां रागवर्जिता, रागवर्जिता 9. V.1. न व्यापारी 10. V... 11. C. RST 1. 123 sqq. वकैः 12. V...यत्र ·138 TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT and Vasantasena in SM and BhC says that a courtezan who sets her heart on a poor man is blameless in the eyes of the world? : 11. अतिदरिद्रपुरुषसक्ला गणिका अवचनीया भवति ॥ Comm. to BhC2.48-9 712. अत एव काम्यते, दरिद्रपुरुषसङ्क्रान्तमनाः खलु गणिका लोकेऽवचनीया भवति ॥ SA to SM2.56-7 and when Samsthānaka offers to Vasantasena her gold saying: "I'll give you gold, I'll call you swcec; My turbaned head adores your feet. Why not love me, my clean-toothed girl ? Why worship such a pauper churl (Carudatta.)?" : 713. सुवर्णकं ददामि, प्रियं वदामि, पतामि शीर्षण सवेष्टनेन । तथापि मां नेच्छसि शुद्धदन्ति ! किं सेवकं कष्टमया मनुष्याः॥ SA to SM 8. 31 she replies : 'Obaseand vile!Owretch ! What more? Why tempt me now with gold and power ? The honey-lcving bees adore The pure and stainless lotus flower. Though poverty may strike a good man low, Peculiar honour waits upon his woe; And't is the glory of a courtezan To set her love upon an honest man ': T14. खलचरित निकृष्ट जातदोषः कथमिह मां परिलोभसे धनेन । सुचरितचरितं विशुद्धदेहं न हि कमलं मधुपाः परित्यजन्ति । SM8.32 715. यत्नेन सेवितव्यः पुरुषः कुलशीलवान् दरिद्रोऽपि । शोभा हि पणस्त्रीणां सदृशजनसमाश्रयः कामः॥ SM8.33 1. That is the very reason why she loves him in SM (ganika in BhC) 2. अदिदरिद्दपुरुससत्ता गणिश अवअणीआ होइ । BhC2.47-8 3. अदो ज्जेव(ज्जेव्व) कामीअदि; दलिद्दपुरिससकन्तमणा क्खु गणिश्रा लोए अवअणिमा भोदि। SM 2.56-7 4. Translated by A.W. Ryder in HOS 9, p. 124 5. शुवरण देमि, पिअं वदेमि, पडेमि शीषण शवेश्टणेण । तधा वि मं णेच्छशि शुद्धदन्ति ! किं शेवश्र कश्टमा मगुश्शा | SM8. 31 6. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS 9, vI गयी p.124 7 ·TEXTS : CHAPTER XIV 139 However, this is unusual, since only women who belong to higher society are happy when they are looked at with long side-glances full of love, while courtezans are happy when they have necklaces, diamonds and golden ornaments: 716. हारहीरकहिरण्यभूषणैस्तोषमेति गणिका धनैषिणी। प्रेमकोमलकटाक्षवीक्षितैरेव जीवति कुलाङ्गनाजनः॥' SRK 105.5 Courtezans who fall in love are honestly enamoured : 717. एषापि मदनायत्ता क्वापि सत्यानुरागिणी । VS1111 and then even the gaining of money is of no importance to them, since taking money from someone with whom they are in love does not make them happy : 718. लो धनलाभो लाभो लाभः खलु वल्लभेन संयोगः । अक्षिगतादर्थीप्तिन भवति मनसः प्रसादाय॥ DK 535 719. गाढानुरागभिन्नं तारुण्यसुखामृतेन संसिक्नम् । न भजति सहृदयहृदयं विभवार्जनसंभवा चिन्ता ॥ Ibid, 536 A courtezan considers it her greatest remuneration when the man whom she loves takes her on his lap and gives her some betel leaves : 720. लाभः स एव परमः पर्याप्तं तेन तृप्तास्मि । विनिवेश्य यदुत्सङ्गे निक्षिपति मुखे स ताम्बूलम् ॥ Ibrd, 537 and consideres that nothing can make her happier than, if after intercourse he wipes sweat from her face and puts his head on her breasts : 721. सुरतश्रमवारिकणान् परिमार्टि निजांशुकेन गात्रेषु । यदुरसि निधाय षञ्जस्तस्य न मूल्यं वसुन्धरा सकला॥ Ibid, 538 If the man is in love with her, has no more passion for his own wife and looks only after her, she feels that she overshadowed all the other courtezans, particularly if she had already had intercourse with many men : 722. शिथिलितनिजदाररतिर्मयि सक्तमना अनन्यकर्तव्यः। यदसौ जितनलरूपस्तिरस्कृतं तेन गाणिक्यम् । Ibid, 539 723. बहुकुसुमरसाखादं कुर्वाणा मधुकरीव विधियोगात्। ईदृक्पुरुषविशेषं लभते खलु येन भवति कृतकृत्या ॥ Ibid, 540 1. Also in SRBh 1929, 371.7; Rasikajivana 873 2. However contrary to this statement we read in s'ts that courtezans, even if they love a man, they deceive him because of their avarice. वेसा वि रमन्ति जणं पिअं पि वञ्चन्ति अत्यलोहेण । ताण णामो वेसाणं अप्पा विण वल्लहो जाण ॥ Sts 83.9-10 3. V... सशस्तस्य, विहसंस्तस्य, better शीर्षस्तस्य । 4. V.I. मधुकरी विधिनियोगात् ·TEXTS ON COURTEZANS IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT If courtezans have to leave the men whom they really love, their whole life scems to them of little value : 724. निर्व्याजसमुत्पन्नप्रबलप्रेमाभिभूतहृदयानाम् । दयितविरहाक्षमाणां गणिकानां तृणसमाः प्राणाः॥ DK 173 because once knowing love, they feel it much more, than if they had never known it. Courtezans are compared with bees passing by beautiful flowers that they had never visited, but find it painful to bypass less beautiful flowers that they had tasted once : 725. विकसितसुरभिमनोहरसंस्थानं कुसुममप्राप्तम् । न करोति तथा पीडामाखादितविच्युतिं यथा भृङ्गः ॥ DK 505 Courtezans in love are particularly unhappy since they understand that their love cannot be compared by their paramours to the love of other women. This thought is expressed in DK, where a loving courtezan bids farewell to her paramour, complaining that she was born of a low family, that she depends on selling up her body and that she lives on her beauty, and says: 726. अविशुद्धकुलोत्पन्ना देहार्पणजीविका शठाचरणा । काहं रूपाजीवा व भवन्तः श्लाघनीयजन्मगुणाः॥ DK 446 Courtezans are also made unhappy by the feeling that, because of their reproachable occupation, it is difficult for them to find men who would fall in love with them : 727. वेतनलाभाद् बहवः सेव्यन्ते सौष्ठवेन पञ्चजनाः। विश्राम्यति यत्र मनः स तु दुष्प्रापः सहस्रेषु ।। DK 695 (iv) They complain about their occupation and consider it despicable, since they have to earn money and not to look after men whom they love : 728. जीव्यत एव कथञ्चिद् घिग्वृत्तिमिमां महद्भिरवगीताम् । विजहाति यन्न गणिका तद्वाञ्छितरमणलाभलोभेन । DK 698 On the other hand other courtezans who do not know what love means also feel unhappy and complain of being unable to attain genuine satisfaction even if they offer their body for sale as a merchandise : ... 729. मातः किं विदधामो हतधातुमिताभियोगेन । नासादयाम दृश्य निजतनुपण्यप्रसारकेणापि ॥ DK 41 For those whose profession is to give pleasure to others, such as astrologers, courtezans, physicians etc., it is like dying every day; they 1. VI. विच्यतं तथा मका: 2. दर्ष DKB ·TEXTS : CHAPTER XIV 141 have a difficult life : 730. कष्टं जीवति गणको गणिका कथकच सेवको वैद्यः । दिवसे दिवले मरण परजनमनोरञ्जनी वृत्तिः॥ SB 33 [159816 the more so as one of their duties is to run errands : 731. न च त्वदीयमेवेदं वचः संभावयत्यसौ। परसंदेशहारी हि प्रतीतो गणिकाजनः॥ BB28.29 But these are not the only reasons for which their occupation is held to be very difficult and dangerous, Girls through whose help ons gains livelihood are lost, in the same way as a burnt offering is lost in a fire that does not glow: 732. अदीप्तेऽनौ हतो होमो हता भुक्तिरसाक्षिका । उपजीव्या हता कन्या स्वार्थे पाकक्रिया हता ॥ CTP 371 In SM Samsthānaka mournfully tells Vasantasenā not to be reborn as a courtezan, but : "When thou, sweet maid art born again, Be not a courtezan reborn, But in a house which sinless men, And virtuous, and good adorn" : 733. अन्यस्यामपि जातौ मा वेश्या भूस्त्वं हि सुन्दरि। चारित्र्यगुणसंपन्ने जायेथा "विमले कुले ॥ SM 8.43 According to the Jainist HK, in their present existence they feel pleasure in rich intercourse with various men, but in their next existence they will be confined to hell : 734. इहास्मिन् जन्मन्यस्या वेश्यायाः स्वेप्सितपुरुषसंभोगसामग्री- जनितं सुखमस्ति । तत्र परस्मिन् जन्मनि नरकगतित्वेन सुखं नास्तीत्येको भङ्गः ॥ HK 212, 1 1. Tr. °गण गणि SRK; ऽपिराज. SRK 2. V... परजमनोरञ्जजनो; परस्य RK. 3. Also quoted in SRK 105.2 (Sabhatraiga). 4. V... अदीप्ताग्नौ Cv 5. Also incV, [BIS 7441] 6. Translated by A. W. Ryder in HOS 9, p. 128 7. V... अन्यमिति जातो त्वं 8. V...चारित्र' 9. V.1. जायेधा

·No text on this page.

·APPENDIX Similes and Metaphors The Sanskrit literature is full of similes and metaphors; this is especially true of Sanskrit aphorisms and maxims, and particularly, of those relating to courtezanship? 1. We have seen from the peru sal of the texts that courtezans are often compared to various persons, objects, conceptions, abstract ideas, etc. :- Kings The most frequently made comparisons of courte zans are those with kings or with the state policy. Both kings and courtezans are considered dangerous persons but kings are considered as being worse than courtezans. Ten courtezans are equal to one king. Both kings and courtezans sin and say : "It is a sin to even harbour a thought on 'that' and they commit 'that'". Both kings and courtezans do not apprehend sufferings of other people. They depend on trapping men and both live on them as fish live on fish. Both kings and courtezans look for advantage and shun connections with poor people. Kings, or the state policy and courtezans are unstable and unsteady;? they are false and true, harsh and pleasant, cruel and merciful, covetous and liberal, prodigal and avaricious; all have manifold appearances. Both kings and courtezans enjoy illicit pleasure, with both one cannot make friends, nor do business'. No one can have confidence in either. Both greedy kings and ugly courtezans are the laughing-stock of everybody, as are stupid Brahmans, poor men in love and others. 1. In VKAK, where the theory of similes is explained, the following example of a "hint" is given : ऐन्द्रं धनुः पाण्डुपयोधरेण शरद्दधानानखक्षताभम् । tarafa 7905 fig ang tatayfa | VKAK ad 4. 3, 27 In explaining this sloka Vāmana states that autumn is like a courtezan, the moon like the favoured lover, and the sun like his rival : अत्र शरद् वेश्या इन्दुः नायकमिव । रवेः प्रतिनायकस्येवेत्युपमानानि Tera fall VKAK ad 4.3, 27 2. Cf. texts 563, 604 3. Cf. text 476 4. Cf. text 541 5. Cf texts 74, 245-7 6. Cf. text 56 7. Cf. text 436 8. Cf. texts 437-43, 473 9. Cf. text 449 10. Cf. texts 534-5 ·144 APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS Village-mayor, Other officials Other aphorisms contain comparisons with village-mayors or other officials. Thus, both courtezans and village-mayors do not take notice of sufferings of neighbours and are tormenting others, while officials and courtezans expect to have gathered great wealth when they become old, since they collect money their whole life and are deceiftul*. Scribes Both courtezans and scribes (members of the Kāyastha caste) cause damage and are dangerous, so that where they dwell, not even rogues are born. Women Courtezans are sometimes compared with women in general; both are considered to be light-minded, unchaste, sinful, dishonest, heartless, roots of all faults; both are to be shunned and cannot be trusted?. On the other hand many aphorisms say the contrary and state that affection given by courtezans cannot be compared with that of other women, being of much greater value. Children, Beggars, Bhikṣus In an analogy between courtezans and children it is stated that neither take notice of the sufferings of their neighbours'. The same is repeated in an analogy between courtezans and beggars (yacaka); beggars also, like courtezans, torment others. As far as bhiksus are concerned, both courtezans and bhikṣus cause damage and are dangerous, so that where they dwell not even rogues are born". With neither can one make friends; both watch the whole night and the whole day with snares for people to give them money, since they subside on people as fish do on other fish13. Ascetics In order to gain money, courtezans and ascetics, as well as hermits, are equally disposed towards old and young, towards people of low or good family, and towards sick and healthy persons. Thieves, Robbers, Swindlers We find many similes drawn between thieves, robbers and swindlers on one side and courtezans on the other, since theft and whoredom are considered '1. Cf. text 541 2. Cf. texts 539, 540 3. Cf. text 700 4. Cf. text 472 5. Cf. text 547 6. Cf. texts 522 sqq. 7. Cf. texts 35-42, 470, 471, 496-538, 618, 621, 646, 647 8. Cf. texts 664-80 9. Cf. text 541 10. Cf. texts 539, 540 11. Cf. text 547 12. Cf, texts 534-5 13. Cf. texts 245-7 14. Cf. texts 351-8 ·APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS to be alike in the worlal; thieves and courtezans are sent to earth by fate, since they are skilled in bringing all sufferings of which they cannot take any notice. Both courtezans and thieves are full of falsehood', cause damage and are dangerous so that where they dwell not even rogues are born; they watch night and day with snares for people to give them money, since they live on people as fish live on other fish. Wise persons, Merchants, Gamblers, Adulterers, Selfish persons, Physicians, Pimps, Astrologers. The same analogy refers also to wise persons and merchants. The latter are considered just as enemies, deceivers, timid or passionate, ungrateful people, boasters, mad persons, thieves, gamblers, adulterers, selfish persons, physicians, and courtezans, as being full of falsehood®, while gamblers, keepers of gambling houses, pimps and courtezans are considered as dangerous persons, since they create disorder and physicians, astrologers and courtezans are considered as having a difficult life. Astrologers and courtezans are also known as tormentors of others'1. Goldsniiths, Owners of horses, Dice, Gambling, Eating of meat, Drinking of alcohol, Theft, Adultery, Hunting. Courtezans, in the same way as goldsmiths, owners of horses, dice, and others are also considered as persons who cannot be trusted12 and intercourse with them is considered as one of the great sins, in the same way as gambling, tating of meat, drinking of alcohol, hunting, theft or adultery13 Intercourse with courtezans is also considered dangerous because courtezans bewilder the minds of men like strong drink and cut the bodies oi men like a knife". Actresses Courtezans behaviour is very often compared with acting, and courtezans are compared with actresses or stage-managers. And so, courtezans, like actresses exhibit affection to gain money26 and pretend affection, love, anger, etc.16, or use theatrical postures??, or, since they have been trained on the stage, change their voices", or act like stage-managers. Both courtezans and actors are also known to cause disorder20. 1. Cf. VT 1. 153a and text 542 3. Cf. text 541 4. Cf. texts 511, 531-3 6. Cf, texts 245-7 7. Cf. texts 245-7 9. Cf, texts 557-8 10. Cf. text 730 12. Cf. HK 200.7 13. Cf. texts 611-2 15. Cf. texts 223-5 16. Cf, text 215 18. Cf. text 227 19. Cf. text 226 2. Cf. text 259 5. Cf. text 547 8. Cf, texts 511, 531-3 11. Cf. texts 539-40, 542 14. Cf. text 578 17. Cf. texts 210 20. Cf. texts 557-8 ·146 APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS Servants, Guests In other analogies the tears of courtezans are compared with the good behaviour of new servants, with the flattering words of guests or with roguish eloquence, since they delude men; the life of servants and courtezans is held difficult 2. In another group of similes courtezans are compared with animals : Cows We find an aphorism in which courtezans are compared with cows which seek fresh grass as they seek new men Elephants In another aphorism they are compared with elephants, cum clephanti meretricesque scanderentur et amborum pudenda ferirentur and are artificial in their love and passion". Those two as well as donkeys, also cause damage and are dangerous and, therefore, where they dwell not even rogues are born". Tigresses, Serpents Courtezans are also compared with tigresses, since both cause wounds with their sharp nails, and with serpents, since both bite mens. Cats that Courtezans who are compared with cats, are held to be dangerous so no one can make friends with them?. Bees Courtezans are also compared with bees. Courtezans kiss their paramours to suck their wealth, as bees kiss flowers to honey. Flies, Mosquitoes, Mice, Birds Courtezans are also compared with flies", mosquitoesło and mice", since all of them torment others, and the latter swindle wealth out of people just as courtezans do"? They are also compared with birds which peck the tree or men and afterwards leave them bare13 and particularly with vultures; both suck out blood from menº4. Herons, Fish Courtezans are known as persons who attract mnen in order to gain money and, therefore, are compared with herons which catch and eat15 fish 1. Cf. text 482 4. Cf, text 457 7. Cf, text 534-5 10. Cf, text 540 13. Cf. text 169 2. Cf. text 730 5. Cf. text 547 8. Cf. texts 133, 473, 725 11. Cf. texts 539-40 14. Cf. text 473 Cf. text 408-9 6. Cf. text 473, 531-3 9. Cf. texts 539-40 12. Cf. text 473 15. Cf. text 240 ·APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS 147 or with fish which live on other fish'. We also find many comparisons between courtezans and nature, or objects of nature : Forests, Flowers Thus, we find aphorisms in which courtezans are compared with forests, since both shine and glitter, or with flowers", or with flowering trees that grow beside the road and can be picked by anybody". We find also comparisons of courtezans with night-lotus flowers which fade when noon sets in, in the same way as courtezans fade when their paramours leave them, while old courtezans' uselessness is compared with faded flowers, or with cold halls in winter time or with rows of lamps during daytime Transitory phenomena The unsteadiness and fickleness of courtezans is compared with the billows of the sea?, morning red sky, glow of the evening sky, flash of lightning, charm of rainbow, 11 strokes on water, water on the ground', shadow of a cloud14, grass fire 5, sound of chorus pigment of the extract of a turmentiz?, friendship of a vilain 78, neatness of garments19. a song, 16 or Fire Courtezans are also compared with fire, as neither takes notice of the sufferings of their neighbours, and both are intent on burning others, Courtezans are also compared with the god's flame supported by the fuel of beauty whereby the paramours sacrifice their youth and riches22 Magnet stories, Stones, Boxes Courtezans are known to be hard, like stones or diamonds, but are also compared with magnet-stones which, though being hard, attract men as magnet-stones attract irona. Courtezans are also known to be hard like small round boxes which are beautiful from the outside but empty 1. Cf. texts 245-6 2. Cf. text 266. Compare also Catullus 41, 34: Ut tenax letaera huc et huc arborem implicat errans. 3. Cf. text 725 4. Cf. text 344 5. Ct, text 335 6. Cf. text 293 7. Cf. text 441 8. Cf. text 448 9. Ct. text 445 10. Cf. text 442 11. Cf. text 447 12. Cf. text 442 13. Cf. text 446 14. Cf. text 446 15. Cf. text 446 16. Cf. text 447 17. Cf. text 447 18. Cf. text 446 19. Cf. text 442 20. Cf.text 541 21. Cf. text 578 22. Cf. texts 76-7 23. Cf. text 229 24. Cf. text 7 ·148 APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS inside. They are also compared with pebbles in shoes, since they hurt before they can be removed. Since everyone can have intercourse with them, they are compared with stones of washers". Merchandise, Chattel, Highway For the same reason, in iwo other similes, they are considered as chattel or merchandise 4. Flane of a lamp Courtezans are also compared with the twinkling flame of a lamp, since their passion also twinkles, intensifies and declines or with a flame of a lamp at night in which paramours, blinded by illusion like moths blinded by the light, fall in and are burnt to death Lamps, Torches Since courtezans are known for their greediness, they are also compared with lamps or torches, that have to be moistened with oil (money) Balance They are compared with a scale, the balance of which drops in the direction of those who place more money of it. Frequently, an overweight of a mite makes the entire difference W Snares, Speech of poets, Poems In order to gain money courtezans use various tricks and, therefore, are compared with spares in which they catch mento, or with the speech of poets which charm men" or with poems 4. Courtezans are sometimes compared with divine agencies :- Goddesses-of-Fortune and of-Victory They are also often compered with fortunes or hope, since first they give pleasure, and finally cause misfortunele and goddesses of fortune or victory. And so, both goddesses of fortune and courtezans are unstable and unsteady,15 and look for other mens, are indifferent??, do not know what friendship meansis, are sly with strong men, hate stupid men, do not have any affection to learned men, fear heroic people. and deride cowards, while 1. Cf, text 515 . 4. Cf. texts 729 7. Cf, texts 59-60, 146, 10. Cf. text 259 13. Cf. text 231 16. Cf.: texts 433, sqq. 2. Cf. text 655 5. Cf. text 221 8. Cf. text 68 11. Cf. text 23' 14. Cf, text 627 3. Cf. texts 642-3 6. Cf. text 221 9. Cf. VT 2. 197 12. Cf. text 275, 396 15. Cf. text 433 लक्ष्मीः पुयोगमाशंसुः कुलटेव कुतूहलात् । panas fue regresar al fatad i Bhattikavya 5. 19. 17. Cf. text 625 18. Cf. text 625 19. Cf. text 495 ·APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS 149 goddesses of victory and shrewd courtezans excite the desire of men by displaying a would-be yearning for them, but do not fulfil their wishes. 1 Уста Courtezans are also compared with Yama Both are renowned for ignoring the sufferings of neighbours. 5. Finally in SM Samsthānaka calls courtezans dancing girls, eaters of fish, destroyers of their kin, love boxes, clothes-line, maids of sin, etc. 5. In the similes presented above the courtezans, on account of their specific qualifications, were compared with various people, objects or conceptions. Sanskrit literature uses also for this purpose similes in which the bearer of these qualifications is shifted to the back-ground and emphasis in comparisons is placed primarily on the selected qualifications themselves. Thus, we find similes depicting their unsteadiness, deceitfulness, lack of love, greediness, behaviour towards paramours, etc. as the high-lighted elements of similes. Unsteadiness, Lack of true love It is known that courtezans are considered fickle and deceitful ; it is impossible to find real love in them for their paramours, just as no one can find theives free from greed, or modest rogues, or pious story-tellers, or imbeciles full of good qualities, or fools free from vices, or merchants free from deceit, or officials of princes free from corruption, or servants free from their masters*. Just as it is unlikely to find whiteness in collyrium, or steadiness in the hearts of monkeys, or straightness in a bow, or softness in a heap of stones, or sweetness in a nimba-fruit, or sweet smell in garlic, so it is unlikely to find true love in courtezans. Just as the god of death is not merciful, a sword is not tender, a snake is not delightful, fire is not cool, wicked persons are not kind-hearted, poison is not healthy, impotents have no desire for sexual intercourse, wanton women have no shame, and just as there is no substance in a vision (dream), wealth is never attached to one person (is not steady), godless men are not pious, just so there is no true love in courtezans for their paramourse. Lack of love towards impoverished paramours The unsteadiness of courtezans and lack of true love on their part towards their paramours can be better in similes describing the courtezans' behaviour towards impoverished paramours. Love rather natural or inborn hate of courtezans towards their impoverished paramours is compared with inborn hate of buffaloes towards horses, or ichneumons towards snakes, or cats towards mice? seen OL 1. Cf. text 257 4. Cf. text 463 7. Cf, text 130 2. Cf. text 541 5. Cf. text 461 3. Cf. text 34 6. Cf. texts 462, 464 ·150 IPPENDIX - SIMILES AND METAPHORS Greediness of couriezaris or The unsteadiness of courtezans is due to their greediness and their aim to gain money. Therefore, courtezans consider impoverished paramours and not worth a straw. In a simile this uselessness of impoverished paramours for courtezans is compared with the uselessness of disobedient servants for their masters, or uselessness of men with worldly interests for Yogis, or uselessness of lepers for healthy persons, uselessness of untouchables for Brahmans, or uselessness of sons of female slaves for proud men of good families, or uselessness of beggars for rich bad men', while in another simile courtezans are considered to be satisfied with rich-born men, just as Brahmans are considered to be satisfied with gifts, or servants with festivals, or farmers with the sight of clouds, or bad ministers with vices of their princes, or brave men with hundreds of ventures, or hunters with deer, or bards with contributors, or fathers with the first prattle of their sons, or merchants with high profits, or physicians with diseases of others. as Wealth of courtezans' paramours, because of the greediness of courtezans, is considered as the most important attribute of paramours and loss of wealth on their part is considered as the end of their love. This can be seen from a simile, which loss of wealth is considered the end of love on the part of courtezans just as the real battle-ground is considered as the end of a boastful person who talks about himself, or the birth of a bad son is considered as the end the of family, or quarrels are considered as the end of brotherly relations, or Vedic studies are considered as the end of happiness, or the attending of learned meetings is considered as the end for persons who like to talk much, or the offering of vows is considered as the end for a greedy person". The aim of courtezans to gain from their paramours as much money as possible is depicted in a simile according to which the acting of courtezans and the depriving of the wealth of their paramours, which ruins wealthy men, is compared with the ruin brought to the paddy-fields by locusts, or with the calamity brought to bamboo-shoots by ghuna-insects, or with the damage brought to lotus-lakes by elephants in rutting time, or with the damage brought to flowergardens by hurricanes or with the damage brought to the orb of the moon by Rāhu, or with the disaster brought to the ocean by the sub-aqueous fire". In order to gain money from their paramours, courtezans sport with rich young men. The satisfaction gained by courtezans from these connections with rich men is compared with the satisfaction gained by ignorant 1. Cf. text 135 3. Cf. text 134 2. Cf. text 66 4. Cf. text 128 ·APPENDIX-SIMILES AND METAPHORS 151 people from quarrelling, or by men of fashion from playing with maxims, or by creditors from draining debtors, or by astrologers from outwitting the mob, or by gamblers from gambling with dice, or by the god of death from the existence of living beings, or by rogues from cheating villagers, or by masters from exploiting servants, or by children from amusing themselves with balls. 1 Courtezans' behaviour 2 Such behaviour of courtezans towards their paramours is considered disastrous just as service to bad master is considered disastrous to servants, or as bad conduct to kings, or pride to notable persons, or anger to ascetics, or enjoyment to Yogis, or heavy food to suffering persons. Since even a person attached to courtezans is not considered a true lover, just as a cror cannot be considered a bird, or a desert - a place suitable for living, or a bamboo-shoot--a tree, or Rāhu-a planet, or a camel a vehicle, or a piece of glass a gem, or a nirga an elephant, or a servant 2 human being It is also held that contact with courtezans, in the long run does not bring pleasure to men, just as one cannot hope to get shade from clouds, or welldoings from wicked people, or growth of self-respect from begging, or fame from misery, or friendship from knavery, or happiness from servitude, or piety from killing living beings, or wealth from gambling. Therefore, courtezans are considerd as the most condemnable creatures just as fools are considered the blindest creatures, or servants the most unhappy ones, or consumption'-the most dangerous bodily suffering, or bad sonthe most dangerous mental suffering, or death the greatest fear, or travelling in foreign lands -- the greatest hardship, or senses - the greatest enemy to men, or intercourse with another's wife the greatest disaster to one's long life". 1. Ct. text 67 3. Cf. text 465 5. Cf. texts 616 999, 2. Cf. text 569 7. Cf, text 628 ·ABBREVIATIONS (Figures quoted aftur the abbreviation show where the source is quoted in the body of the paper. Figures followed by an asterisk show where the source is quoted in the footnole) ADb Amitagati, Dharmaptrikşā. N. Mironow, Die Dherinaparikşit des Amitagati. Diss Leipzig 1903 :- 644* 520*, AEM Ausgew.zehlte Erzaehlılsigen aus Hiinacandris Parisista parvan. Deutsch...... von J. Hertel., Leipzig 1908. Sthavirāvali Carita or Parisiştaparvan, being an appendix of the Trişaştis'alāká Puruşa Carita by Hemacandra. Ed. by H. Jacobi, Calcutta 1893-91. Bibl. Ind. 96:- 33*, 70*, 148*, 505*, 516, 520*, 528*, 559, 560, 569,578, 710. Amitagati's Sublīșitasariidola, Sanskrit und Deutsch, herg. von R. Schmidt, Sonderabdruck aus Band LIX und LXI der 2. D. M. G. 1905 und 1907, Leipzig 1908 : 21, 58, 157, 259, 315, 502, 520, 585, 586, 589, 591, 592, 607, 619, 622-4, 626, 632, 633, 636-40, 644, 646-9. AS BB BBb - BhC Budhasvāmin, Brhat-kathi Slokasarii graha, texte sanskrit publié pour la premiere fois avec des notes critiques et explicative et accompagné d'une traduction française par Félix Lacôte, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale 1908-1929:- 429, 543, 548, 561, 652, 653, 665, 731. The Bhojaprabandha of Ballāla, ed. Kāšīnāth Pandurang Parab, 2d ed., Bombay 1904 ; ed. Vasudeva Lakşmaņa l'anaśīkar, 10:b ed., Bombay, 1932 : 120*, 205-7, 232, 269, 270, 275, 605*. Bhāsanāțakacakre Cūrudattam. A sanskrit drama in four acts attributed to Bhāsa; critically edited with Introduction, Notes and Translation by C. R. Devadhar. Second Edition : Revised, Poona 1943, Poona Oriental Series No. 65: 48, 60, 75, 125, 132, 190, 227, 265, 344*, 493, 194, 549, 550, 711. Le Bhāgavata-Purāna ... ... traduit et publié par M. Eugène Burnouf, Paris 1840-7:- 8*, 150, 151, 529*. ВЪР ·ABBREVIATIONS 153 BER Rasamanjari by by Bhānu Bhatra. With the commentaries Vyatigyärthakaumudi of Ananta Pandit and Prakāśa of Nāgesa Bhația. Edited by Rāma śāstri Tailapga. Benares 1904. BenSs 21 : 337. Bhs The Epigrams attributed to Bhar rhari. Including the thrée centuries. For the first time collected and critically edited, with principal variants and an introduction by D. D. Kosainbi. Bombay 1948. Singhi Jain Series 23 : 29, 76, 91, 120*, 121*, 138*, 178*, 211, 240, 354, 402*, 435, 437", 514* : 519, 590, 506*, 608", 611*, 941, 645, 656, 563*. BhSN The Nitisataka, Sriigūsasačaka and Vairāggas'ataka Bhartrari. Edited with Hirdi and English translation... ..by Purohit Gopi Nath. Bombay 1896 : 253. 440, 473*: BIS ដធថ្មី Otto Böhtlingk, Indische Sprucchi, Zuveite vermehrt verbesserte Auflage, St. Petersburg 1870-3 : 579, 580. Cf. SB and fan. BS C CLT Brhaspati Stitra (Bärhaspatya Arthaśāstram) or the scies of politics according to the school of Brhaspati. Edited rich introduction and English translation by Dr. F. W. Thomas. The Devanagari text prepared from his Edition with introductory remarks and indexes by Pt. Bhagavad Datta, Lahore 1921. PSS 1: 362, 557*. 654. Cāņakya:-107*, 459*, 460*, 498*, 523* : Laghucīīszakyan. Sentenze di Visnuguttc figlio di Cianaco il furbo pubblicate sul codice Galaniano (by E. Teza). Estratto dai tomo XVI degli Annali delle Università Toscane. Pisa 1878 : 498*, 534, 593. Canakyanitidarpanah. Bhāşāļikā-sahitaḥ. Bbārgava Pustakalaya, Gāyaghāļa. Benares: 33*,88*,106*, 121, 149, 175, 294, 311, 342,498, 505, 541, 602, 690. Cūrakay-Niti-Vyavahāra-Sara-Sangraha. ( Practical, ethical and political maxims of everyday use by Cāņakya ). With a Marathi translation by Govind Sakharam Sardesai. Poona 1940, POS 71 : 107, 338*, 459, 460, 498*, 523*, Cāņakya-sitis īstra, in Cāņakya. Recension de cinq receuils de stances morales. Par Eugène Monseur. Paris 1887 ; 588*. CND CNS w CNS ·154 ABBREVIATIONS CS 18, CTP CV CW DD DhD Cā nakya-sloka, in Cāņakya. Recension de cinq receuils de stances morales. Par Eugène Monseur. Paris 1887 : 588*. M. W. Carr, A Collection of Telugu Proverbs together with some Sanskrit proverbs. Madras-London 1868: 20, 91*, 108*, 300, 302*, 539, 545*, 732. Sri Vydhaçānākhya. Prārambhaḥ Mambaīmadhyem jñānadarapaņa Chapakhānyāmta Chāpilem. Samvat 1915 : 149*, 175*, 498*, 505*, 541*, 602*, 690*, 732*, Ueber 100 Sprueche des Cāņakya. A. Weber. Monatsberichte der koen. preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1864, 400-30. (Text, translation, commentary): 107*, 108*, 371, 459*, 460*, 498*, The Dasakumāracarita of Dandin with four commentaries. Edited with various readings by Nārāyaṇa Godbole. 14th edition, Publ. by Pāņdurang Jāvaji. Bombay 1940 : 7*, 321, 451, 490. The Dasarīpa. A treatise on Hindu dramaturgy by Dhanamjaya. Now first translated from Sanskrit with the text and an introduction and notes by George C. O. Haas. New York 1912. Col. Univ. Indo-Iranian Series 7: 164, 355. Damodaragupta's Kuttanimata, in KM 3: 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 45, 55, 56, 68, 71, 72, 129, 133, 160, 161, 166, 174, 184, 204, 210, 212, 215, 228, 229, 234, 236, 237, 252, 258, 296, 320, 322, 327 328, 331,335,336, 341, 356, 454, 455-58, 466, 470, 471, 481, 512, 515, 625, 666-80, 709, 718-29. Ibid. Gujrāti Press. Bombay 1924 : 162, 163, 173, 222, 721, 729. Daņdin's Poetik. Kavyādars'a. Sanskrit und Deutsch, Hersg. von O. Boehtlingk. Leipzig 1890: 267. Dakşa (Dakşa Smrti) quoted in VR: 581, 582. Garudapurāņam. Edited by Jivānanda Vidyāsāgara. Culcutta 1890 History of Agaddatta in AEM. See AEM Hémavijaya. Srikathāratnākaraḥ, by Srihemavijayagani, MS form Jāmnagar, Pandit Srāvak Hīrālāl Hamsarāj. 1911 : 1*, 147, 148, 165, 278, 314, 357, 480, 511, 546, 570, 596, 642, 643, 650, 734. DK DKB DKD DY GP HA HK ·ABBREVIATIONS 135 HRK Kavyakalāpe. A Sanskrit anthology being a collection of the best 37 smaller poems in the Sanskrit language published by Haridas Hirachand. First Edition. Printed at Ganpai Krishnaji's Press. Bombay 1864 : 148*, 272, 274*, 577*. Kāvyasaugraha. A Sanskrit anthology being a collection of the best smaller poems in the Sanskrit languege by Dr. John Heaberlin. Calcutta 1847 : 107*, 121*, 272*, 459*, 460*, 198*, 523*. History of Mūladeva in AEM. See AEM. HKS HM HP Priyadars'ikā. A Sanskrit drama by Harsa. Tracsiatec into Englisn by G. K. Narian, A. V. William Jackson and Charles J. Ogden with an introduction and notes by the two latter together with the text in transliteration. New York 1923. Coi. Univ. Indo-Iranian Series 10: 271. Hemacandra's Parisistaparvar. See AEM. 70, 277, Cf. AEM. Hemacandra's Yogastāstra. Translated into German by E. Windisch in ZDMG 28. Cf. ADh: 520*, 644*. HPP HY JBL JDh Le Bhānini-vilāsa du Pandit Jagannatha. Texte sanscrit avec une traduction et des notes per Abel Bergaigne. Paris 1872. Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences Philologiques et Historiques, 9 : 657 Jyotiris'vara's Dhūrtasamāgana in Anthologia Sanscritica glossario instructa. In usum scholarum edidit Christianus Lassen. Bonnae ad Rhenum, 1838 : 544 Jalhana's Mugdhopadesa in KM 8: 30, 31, 35-8, 43, 44, 49, 66, 67, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 140-44, 158, 176, 178, 216-21, 461-65, 566, 569, 571-4, 576, 595, 613-8, 628, 629, 688. The Alamkārasekhara of Keśavamisra. Edited by Pandit Slivadatta and Käsināth Pāņdurang Parab. Bombay, 1895 KML 65* JM КА KAr Kautilīyam Arthasāstrain. Revised and edited by Dr. R. Shama Sastry. Mysore 1924, Oriental Library Publications. Sanskrit ·ABBREVIATIONS Series No. 37164 : 557*. KD KK KM Kşemendra's Darpadulasu in KM 6: 124, 276, 474, 475. Ksemendra's Kalavili su in KM 1: 51, 52, 192-201, 214, 308, 312, 339, 358, 434. 488, 489, 492.503. 504, 522, 584, 600. 627. Kūryanālā. If followed by an arabic figure: A collection of old rare Sanskrit Kāvyas, Nātakas, Champus, Bhānas, Prahasanas, Chandas, Alaukāras etc. Edited by Pandit Durgāprasād and Kās'inäth Pandurang Parab, Bombay. Parts 1-14. If followed by a Roman figure: Published Pāņdurang Jäwaji, Bombay (general Series). KN Kārnandakiyasītisarah. (The Nītisāra, or the elements of polity by Kāmandaki) with a commentary compiled and edited by Pandita Rāmanārāyana Vidyāratna, Jaganmohana Jaganmohana Tarkālankāra and Kāmākhyānātha Tarkabāgāśa. The text edited by Rājendralāla Mitra. Calcutta 1861-4. Bibl, Ind, 4: 154 Kavyaprakasa. A treatise on poetry and retoric by Mammața Achārya. Edited by Srīnāthúräma Pándita. Calcutta 1922. 29*, 47, 521, 663. Kavibhattakſtala's Padyasa i graha in HKS : 626. КР KPS KR (1) Kalhaņa's Rajalurangini, histoire des rois du Kachmir, tome 1; texte sanscrit des six premiers livers et notes, trad. et commentée per M.A. Troyer. Paris 1840. (2) Kalhaņa's Rajatarangira, or chronicle of the kings of Kashmir. Edited by M.A. Stein. Vol. I. Sanskrit text with critical notes. Bombay-Leipzig 1892: 117, 183, 213, 231, 257, 447, 449, 472, 476: 491, 511*, 552-6, 630, 660-2. KR KS Kavitāmitakupa. A cho'ce collection of Sanskrit couplets. With a translation in Bengalee, Calcutta 1828 : 147. Kşemendra's Samayam ātrkū in KM X: 6, 13, 16, 23, 28, 46, 57, 74, 82-5, 94-100, 118, 119, 136, 139, 145, 146,156, 171, 172, 177, 186-9, 191, 203, 230, 239, 240, 248-51, 254-6, 266, 279-86, 288-93, 295, 297, 299, 303, 304, 316, 324-6, 329, 330, 332-4, 349, 414, 484-6, 496, 497, 499, 500, 510, 537, 682-6, 692-706.

·ABERSVIATIONS MB The Mahabhāraia, Calcutta 1834-39: 38, 202*, 243, 244, 359*, 370, 372-75, 377-9. 495*, 524*, 529*. 335. 5572, 558, 602*, 651. Medb See MS. MP Prabandhacintánari of Meratungācārya. Criticaiiy edited in the original Sanskrit with variants ; supplements similar prabandhas ; corresponding epigraphical records and references in the other works...... by Jipavijava Muni. S'antiniketan 1933. Singhi Jaina Series 1: 605*. MS Manusinti with the Manubhāşye ci Medhātithi (Medh.). Editeå with the help of several manuscripts by Mah. Gangānātha Tha. Calcutta. 1932-9, Bibl. Ind. 256 : 417* ; 529* : 557, 563, 564. MSI MS Mūsuavadharinas'ustre. The Code of Manu. Origidai Sanskrit text critically edited according io standard Sanskrit coramentaries. with critical notes by J. Jolly, London 1887 : 563*. The Sis'upālavadha of Māgha with the commentary of Mailinātha. Edited by Mah. Pandit Durgāprasād and Paiçit Sivadatta. Eleventh edition, Bombay 1940 : 167, 168. The Alankāramahodadhi of Narendraprabhasūri. Ed. by L. B Gandhi, Baroda 1942 Gaekwar's OS. 45 : 29*. NA ND NH Srīnīlaratnaśarman's Dampittīsikşünāmako granthah Sriramapurs- Mudrāyantrālaye Mudrita, Haila. Sana 184? : 77*, 169*, 538*. The Hitopades of Narayana. Edited with a Sanskrit commentary, translation and notes in English by M, R. Kāle. Fifth edition. Bombay 1924 : 9,88*, 123, 230, 437*, 438, 498*, 598*, 604. Hitopadesa. The Sanskrit text, with a grammatical analysis. alphabetically arranged by Francis Johnson. London 1847 : 33, 92, 104, 106, 113, 120*, 138, 338, 569, 402, 437*, 438*, 498*. 523*, 598*, 604*, 689. NHJ NHP Hitopades'a by Nārāyana. Edited by Peter Peterson. Bombay 1887. BSS 33 : 92*, 104*, 106*, 120*, 371*, 437*, 438, 498*. 598*.

·158 ABBREVIATIONS NHS 4 NK w Hitobadesus, id est institutio saiutarisk. Textum codd. mass, collatis recensuerunt, interpretationem latinam et annotationes criticas adiecerunt Augustus Guilelmus a Schlegel et Christianus Lassen. Bonnae and Rhenum 1829: 123*, 138*, 245*, 369*, 451*, 519*, 598*, 604*. Kavyasaigralah. Prācīnapanditakrta-katipaya-tikā-sametah. Ed. by Dinanātha Nyāya-ratna. Calcutta (1869): 148*, 272*, 274*, 577*. The Naradapancharātra, (Pañcarātra). Ed. by Rev. K. M. Banerjee. Calcutta 1865. Bibl. Ind. 38 : 107*, 393*, 402*, 401-407, 417-27, 442, 469, 551. Parcarattain, in HKS 3 : 274*. NP NPH NR Nitiratnam, in HKS. 502 : 121*. NSK The Neeti Sunkhuilus, or Collection of the Sanskrit Slokas of enlightened munies, with a translation in English by Maharaj Kalee Krishan Bahadur of Shobabazar, Serampore Press 1831 : 148*, 459*, 460*, 498*, NS PP Nītiśāstra, in Telugu characters in BIS. 126, 529*. The Panchatantra. Text of Pārņabhadra. Critical introduction and list of variants by Dr. Johannes Hertel. Cambridge, Mass. 1912. Hos 12 : 33*, 87, 92*, 108*, 109, 111*, 116*, 120*, 152, 155, 175*, 245-247, 310, 359, 368, 393, 402*, 430, 431, 437, 482, 508, 514, 516*, 519*, 523*, 526, 597, 601, 606*. Purātana prabandhasa si graha. A collection of many old prabandhas similar and analogous to the matter in the Prabandhacintāmaņi by Jinavijaya Muni. Calcutta 1936. Singhi Jaina Series 2: 605*. PPS PRE The Panchatantra reconstructed. An attempt to establish the lost original Sanskrit text of the most famous of Indian storycollections on the basis of the principal extant versions by Franklin Edgerton, Vol. 1. Text and critical apparatus. New Haven 1924. American Oriental Series 2: 88*, 92*, 120*, 175*, 437*. The Panchatantra. A collection of ancient Hindu tales in its oldest recension, the Kashmirian, entitled Tantrākhyāyikā. The PT ·ABBREVIATIONS 159 A PtsK PW Original Sanskrit Text, editio minor, Reprinted from the critical editio major which was made for the Koenigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Goettingen by Dr, Johannes Hertel. Cambridge, Mass. 1915. HOS 15. 79-81, 120*, 287, 305, 306, 323, 437*, 681. Pañcatantra (textus simplicior ). Edited with notes by F. Kielhorn (vol. 1); by Dr. G. Buehler (vol. 2–3), Bombay 1891-6 : 33*,87*, 88*, 92*, 108*, 109*, 111*, 114*, 116*, 120*, 121*, 152*, 155*, 170*, 202, 209, 242*, 245*-247*, 310, 312*, 342*, 343*, 359*, 368, 393*, 402*, 430*, 431*, 437*, 441*, 482*, 514*, 516*, 517, 519*, 523*, 526*, 597*, 601*, 606*, 608*. Pantschatantrum (textus simplicior) sive quinquepatjitum de moribus Expones. Ex codicibus manuscripts edidit Commentaris Critieis auxit Io. Godofr. Ludov. Kosegarten. Pars prima. Textum Sanscriticum simpliciorem tenens. Bonnae and Rhenum 1848 : 87*, 88*, 92*, 108*, 109*, 111*, 114*, 116*, 121*, 148, 152*, 155*, 170*, 242*, 245*-247*, 310*, 313*, 342*, 359*, 368*, 393*, 402*, 430*, 431*, 441*, 482*, 514*, 516*, 517*-519*, 526*, 597*, 601* 606*, 608*. Prasangābharana quoted by Weber in ZDMG 19, 332 (BIS) 91*, 437*, 577*. Srivālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. Mumbayyam. Sesam Gopāla Nārāyana Prabhrti. Mandalasya Mudrāyamtre Samāptim nītam 1891 : 88*, 89, 122, 137, 366, 478. Rāmabhadra in BhS'N. See BhS'N. Rāmāyana. Ed. by A. W. von Schlegel and Gorresio (Kända 1-6) (for Gorresio, BIS) : 90, 359*. The Kavyālankāra of Rudrata with the commentary of Namisādhu. Edited by Pandita Durgaprasāda and Kāsīnātha Pāņduranga Paraba. Bombay 1886. KM. II. : 159, 340, Rāmamaya Sarinma's commentary on SM Cf. S'M. Rudrata's Srngāratilaka (and Ruyyaka's Sahrdayalila ) KM. II With an introduction and notes. Edited by Dr. R. Pischel. Kid 1886 : 17, 25, 180, 181, 182, 208, 452, 467, 575, 707, 708. Sri-Rāmacandra's Rasikarañjanam (Rāmacandra's Ergoetzen A RB RBL RG RK RS RŠT RR ·100 1BBREVIATIONS P RV SA SB Stuttgarı 1896. K. M 4 (PP 96–148): 5, 12, 15, 22, 26, 27. Rāmāyana in VR. 350 The Suvarmakaron of Lalla Dikșit. Commentary on SM. Cf. S'M. Subhāittīrava quolcd in BIS: 8*, 19, 24, 33*, 88*, 91*, 110. 121*, 138", 143", 211*, 268, 273*, 278*, 310*, 369, 402*, 428, 432*, 443, 446*, 505*, 514*, 519*, 527, 535, 541", 568, 596*, 612*, 631, 635, 641*, 656, 730. (Sūtrakſtāngaļiki) Srīsīyagadinga-sītrı. With two commentaries and a Gujarati paraphrase by Sēdhuratna Päs'avandra. Bombay 1880: 309*. Sabdakalpadrumu. By Radhakāntadev Bahadur. Cai. 1886: 338, 523* 7 SK SKD SKM SKSS = Sūktiinuktavali oi Dhagadatta Jalhana. Exi. Embar Kisharnācārya. Baroda 1938. Gaekwar's OS 72. 120*, 138* Somadeva's Kathusaritsa gane". Die Maerclensammlung des Sri Somadeva Bhatia aus Kaschmir. Sanskrit lind Deutsch Dr. Hermann Brockhaus Leipzig-Paris 1839-63 : 2, 61, 69, 78, 153, 223-5, 317–9, 352, 433, 436, 445, 501, 525, 537, 529, 621. The Kathāsaritscīgoru of Somadevablata. Edited by Pandit Durgāprasād and Kastīnāth Panduratg Parab. Fourth Edition. Bombay 1930 : 153*, 352*, 432*, 436*, 501", 525*. Sankhaliklita quoted in VR. : 598*. SKSSD SL SM Sudraka's Mụccha katika or Toy Cart, containing two Commentaries (1) The Suvarnālamkarana of Lalla Dikşit and (2) A Vịtti or Vivști by Prithvīdhara and (3) Various readings. Edited by Nārāyana Balakrsna Godabole. Bombay 1896. BSS 52 : 34. 50, 53, 59, 77, 91, 104*, 105, 169, 226, 235, 264, 309, 344, 345, 346, 432, 441, 509, 513, 538, 547, 606, 609, 655, 712, 713, 714, 715, 733. Vyāsa's, Saurapuranam, Edited by Kaisinātha Sastri Lele. Poona 1889. Anss18 : 108*, 540. SP ·ABBREVIATIONS 107 SP mu The Sārngadhara Paddhati. A Sanskrit anthology. Edited by Peter Peterson, Vol. I, Bombay 1888. BSS 37: 91*, 103*, 108*, 138*, 143*, 167*, 301, 311*, 402*, 434*, 545*, 605*, 663*. Saptaratnam in HKS 5 : 148*. SR ŞR Şadratrain in HKS 4 : 272*. SRBE Subhāṣitaratnabhändīgāra. Ed. by K. P. Parab. Seventh edition. Revised by V. L. Panas'ikar. Bombay 1935 : 29*, 76*, 91*, 120*, 121*, 138*, 148*, 310*, 354*, 402*437*, 514, 590*, 606*, 608*, 663*. : SRH K. Sāmbasiva S'astri. Saktiratnahāra of Sürya. Ed. by Trivandrum 1938. TSS. 141 : 310*, 402*, 590*. SRK Subhasitaratrākara. A collection of witty and epigrammatic sayings in Sanskrit, compiled, edited, with explanatory Notes by Kțşņa Slāstri Bhāțavadekar. Bombay 1872 : 76*, 91*, 120*, 138*, 211*: 310*, 354,*, 590*, 598*, 606*, 663*, 730*. Saduktikarņāmrta of Sridhardāsa. Ed. by Mah. Pandit Rāmāvatāra S'armā with a critical introduction by Dr. Hara Dutt Sharma Lahore 1933. Punjab OS 13: 208*, 441*, 664*. s S'ukranītisūraḥ, S'rīmat Sukricāryyaviracitaḥ. S'rījivānandavidyāsāgarabhatlācāryyeņa viracitaya vyakhyayā samalarkſtaḥ. Second edition. Calcutta 1890: 62, 63, 64, 260, 261, 262, 263, 307, 663. sss Sāntis ataka in Vs. 260, 261, 262, 263, 307, 663*. Sto Der Textus Ornatior der Sukasaptati. Kritisch herausgegeben von Richard Schmidt, Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil. Klasse 21. 2. 1898–9: 33*, 86, 88*, 91*, 101, 102, 350, 598. STR Slivarāma Tripathin's Rasarainahāra in KM 6. 54. Die Sukasaptati, Textus simplicior, herausgegeben von Richard Sts ·162 ABBREVIATIONS Schmidt. Leipzig 1893. AKM 10.1 : 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 103, 242, 441*, 450, 719%. SV 3 SV The Subhaşitāvali of Vallabhadeva. Edited by Peter Peterson and Pandit Durgāprasāda. Bombay 1886. BSS 31 : 29*, 32°, 88*, 108*, 138", 167* 230*, 252*, 310*, 342, 369* 417*, 473*, 519*, 566, 651, 656, 679-680. Die Vetälapaſcavinsatikīt in den Recensionen des S'ivadāsa und eines Ungenanntenmit kritischem Commentar. Herausgegeben von Heinrich Uhle. Leipzig. AKM 8. l. : 8.33*, 185, 505, 506, 508, 514*, 516, 528, 587-588, 612, 707*. The Vasavadatta, a romance by Subandhu. Accompanied by Sivarama Tripāthin's perpetual gloss, entitled Darpana. Edited by Fitzedward Hall. Calcutta 1859. Bibl. Ind. : 583 Ujjvaladatta's coinmentary on the Unidisītras. Edited by Theodor Aufrecht. Bonn 1859: 523*. SVD G UU VA The Vügblačilankūra of Vāgbhata with the commentary of Simhadevagaņi. Edited by Pandit Sivadatta and Kaſinath Pāņdurang Parab. Bombay 1895. KM XLVIII : 65. Vānaryastakart in HKS 242: 148*, 272, 274. VaN VC br w Vânarynaştaka in NSK : 148*, 272*, 274*. Vikrama's adventures or the thirty-two tales of the throne. A collection of stories about king Vikrama, as told by the thirty-two statuettes that supported his throne. Edited in four different recensions of the Sanskrit original (Vikrama-carita or Simhāsanadvātrimśata and translated into English with an introduction by Franklin Edgerton. Part 2. Text, in four parallel recensions. Cambridge. Mass. 1926. HOS 27. (briel recension) : 505*, 528*, 605*. Same as VCbr (Jainistic recension) : 121, 450, 523, 605*. 634. Same as VCbr (Metrical recension) : 106*, 530*, 605* VC jr = VC mr VC or Same as VCbr (Southern recension): 88*, 91, 93*, 106*. 108*, 111, 112, 114-116, 120, 170, 311, 393*, ·ABBREVIATIONS 153 402*, 415, 416, 428, 477, 507, 523, 530, 562, 605, 606*. 611. VDO SU Vasisthadharmasāstran. Aphorisms on the sacred lag of the Āryas, as taught in the school of Vasiştha by Rer. Alois Anton Fuehrer. Poona 1930 BSPS 23: 557*. VH V Vasarāstakan in HKS 244 : 5774 VKA The Kävyālankārasutras of Vãmana. Vāmana's Lahrbuch der Poetik. Zum ersten Male herausgegeben von Dr. Cari Capeller, Jena 1875 : 594. VKAK= Kāvjālaikärasītravrtti of Vamana with extracts from Kāmadbecu. Critically edited by Narayan Natbaji Kulkarni. Poona 1927: 458*, 594 VKN Vägbhata, Kūvyānusāsana, quoted in Beitraege zur Indischen Erotik. Das Liebesleben des Sanskritvolkes. Nach Quellen dargestellt von Richard Schmidt. Berlin 1922: 79*, 492*, 686*. VKS VM VN ! VR S'rīvātsyāyana Kūnasūtram. Yasodharaviracitayā Jayamangalakhyayā ţikayā sametam. Edited by Pandit Durgāprasād. Second edition. Bombay 1900. 1, 73, 141* Viſakhadatta's Mudrārāksasa. With a critical introduction, complete text with English translation, exhaustive Notes, appendices and indices by R. S. Walimbe. Poona : 131, 439, 495, 599. Vānarāştaka in NSK; 577. The Vivāda-ratnākaro. À treatise on Hindu law by Candes'vara. Edited by Pandit Dinanātha Vidyalankāra. Calcutta 1886. Bibl. Ind. 103: 557*. The Sahitya-darpana by Vis'vanātha Kaviräja. The text revised from the edition of the Committee of Public Instruction, by Dr. Rõer. Translated into English by James R. Ballantyne. Calcutta 1851. Bil. Ind. 9: 179, 348, 468, 545, 717. Satakāvali. Edited by Girisacandra Vidyāratna. Calcutta 1850. 241* 435# VS VS ·164 ABBREVIATIONS VS VT Vişnusmrii. The institutes of Vişņu together with extracts from the Sanskrit commeniary of Nanda Pandita called Vaijayanti. Edited with critical notes, an anukramanikä and indexes of words and mantras by Julius Jolly, Calcutta 1881. 557*. The Verses of Vemana. Edited and translated by C. Ph. Brown. Madras 1829 : 68*, 136*, 139*, 458*, 477*, 481*, 543*, 569*.593*, 680*. Vidyākarasahasrakan. By Vidyākara Miśra. Ed. Umesh Mis'ra. Allahabad 1942: 91*,519. Yājñyavalkyasınrti. With the commentary Mitäkşarā Vijñānes'vara. Edited by Vasudeva. Lakşmana Sastri Pansikar. Fourth Edition. Bombay 1936. 557, 565. VV YSGS The Yājñavalkyasıyti. With the commentary Balakridā Viśvarūpācārya. Edited by Mah. T. Ganapati Sāstrī. Trivandrum 1922-4. Tr. SS 74, 81 : 565*.

·I-Index of Texts and Quotations {* after the number indicates that the Text or Quotation is cited is the footnote; 8* . अर्थश्च राज्ञः अकण्टका 699 अकन्दसमुत्थिता 50 अकारणम् 101 अग्निकुण्डसमा थग्रे भोगेच्छव० 183 अज्ञातकालोचित 189 अज्ञातनाम 339 श्रज्ञानः 67 अत एव काम्यते 712 अत एव निपीयते 518 अतिदरिद्र 711 अत्र p. 143 fn.1 अथवा किम् 675 अदीप्तेऽज्नौ 732 अद्यापि हरिहरा 503 अनुरागवन्तमपि 167 287 अन्तकः 374 अन्तर्विषमयाः 514* अन्तर्विषमया ह्येते 514 अन्नं रमई 314 अन्य मनुष्य 309 अन्यस्यामपि 733 अपण्डितास्ते 538 अपरोक्षधनो 129 अपाङ्गपातैर् 206 अपिकुअर 364 अपि प्रदत्त' 165 अपुत्रस्य 106 अपैति 548 16 अप्रकाशोऽलङ्कारः 235 अवुधैरर्थ 230 अभिजनेन 550 अभिनवसेव 482 अभिरामेऽभिनि 72 अभ्रच्छाया 446 अम्भोजपत्रा 205 अम्लानमाल्या 83 अयश्च सुरत 77 श्रयं पीनस्त 288 अयं मुख 279 अयि हारलते 320 73 अर्थस्य 268 अर्थार्थी 154 अर्थेन 92 अर्थेभ्यो 81 अर्थोष्मा 220 अलकको 170 अलकरोति 278 अलमतिचप 663 अलाभात् 392 अवधीरय 71 अविद्यम् 107 अविनीतो 612 अविशुद्धकुलोत्पन्ना 726 153 अव्ययवतोऽपि 93 अशकस्तस्करः 300 अशक्तस्तु 294 अशेषदोषा 84 । अश्वानां च 24 अश्वीये 130 अश्वे जवो 260 अष्टौ हाट 605 असती भवति 209 असत्यं सर्वलोके 478 असत्यं साहसम् 33 असत्येनैव 496 असद्धर्म 379 असन्तुष्टाः 498 अस्थानाभि 615 अस्माकमजमकम् 692 अहरम् 42 श्राकृष्टामल 594 आघ्रातं मरणन 590 आजीवः 38 आत्मछन्दन 400 आनन्दयन्ति 575 आम्नायपाठः 674 आर्य ! कुल 75 आलानमुन्मूल्य 286 आसन्न मित्रा० 334 आसन्नमेव 412 श्रासन्नयौवनस्त्वम् 282 आहृत्य 433 इति नत्रादिवि 160 इति बहुभिरुपायैः 248 इति वचनम् 522 इत्यपवादो 471 इत्यादीन्प्रथमम् 182 504 अनेन यावद् 0 प्रवृत्तिकं प्रभुम् अप्युद्दाम व्य इत्येवं बहुहृदयाः ·266 1-INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS इन्द्र वै कुलटा बहुपुरागाः 54 कुलपतनम् 431 कूरे प्रपायाम् 330 केचिद्यूतकराः 573 केशाकर्षण 218 कोपे दासी 18 कौटिल्यम् 521 क्युं रे वेश्या 147 क्रीडावल्ली 295 क्रुद्धो यस्य 614 क्लीबस्य 57 शाय 210 क्क कुशविपाटन 667 क त्रेतान० 668 क्व वषट्कार' 669 क वेशवनिता 652 क हरिण 671 क्वाचार्यप्र. 670 . किं सुखम् इन्दौ448 658 इह सर्वस्वफलिनः 169 इहास्मिन् जन्म 734 ईकिलिकेलिकला 195 ईर्ष्या कुलस्त्रीषु 208 ईश्वरः स 95 उचितगुणोत्लिता 68 उच्छिन्नाश्रयकातरेव 131 उज्झितवृषयोगा 341 उत्तमोऽपि कुलजो० 623 उद्धृतपुष्पम् 125 उद्भिन्नयौवन 694 उन्मत्तानाम् 533 उपचरिता 166 उपभोगैः सपत्नस्य 630 ऋषिणाञ्च नदीनाम् 524 एकः स्थितोऽन्तः 329 एकेन स्मितपाट 313 एको वित्तवतः 682 एताः सत्यविहीना: 214 एता हसन्ति 606 एवं जडेषु 484 एवं नरेश 501, 621 एवं भवन्ति 458 एषा नाणको 34 एषा रमप्रवेशेन 227 एषा ससुवर्णा 226 एषाऽपि मदनायत्ता 717 एषा हि प्रकृतिः 122 ऐन्द्रं ध° p. 143 fn,1 कः कोपः 650 कचभाराकुच” 269 कचा यूकावासाः 634 कन्दर्पप्रति 127 कवयः किं न 505 कश्चित्पण्यस्त्रीणाम् 174 कश्चुम्बति 641 कष्ट जीवति 730 का गरगना 4 काचिद् वतिना 327 का प्रीतिः सह 435 कामं प्रदोष 265 कामानामपि 378 कामोद्वेग 322 कामो नास्ति 464 कार्कश्यम् 608 कार्येषु दासी 20 कार्येषु मन्त्री 19 कालश्चेत्करुणा 462 का वै प्रीतिसू 534 कि विभव 132 636 किं काकोऽपि 465 681 किच्चान्यैन 123 किञ्चित्प्राहु 140 किं तत्कर्म 216 342 किं तु तासाम् 17 किमयम् 99 किमेतद्वेश 494 कुचकाञ्चन 303 कुचयो: 45 कुनृपश्च 63 कुप्यत्पिना 25 कुरु चित्तार्जनम् 290 कुर्मः 476 कुर्वन्ति तावत् 242 कुलजाति 381 कुलटा नरघातिभ्यो 424 कुलटानां न 422 किन्च यस्य . किं तया कानुरागः 319 क्षपारम्भे 332 खगा वीत 151 खण्डे खण्डे 593 खलचरित 714 खला इवातिचपला: 289 ख्यातः शको 659 गणिका खल्वहम् 549 गणिकागणको 542 गणिकाजामिन 657 गणिका नाम 655 गणिकायाश्च 321 गणिका हस्ती 547 गणेशानुचरः 500 गतं तद्यौवनम् 185 गतवयसाम् 87 गतानुगतिको 686 गम्यम् 159 . .

·1- INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS जीव्यत एव 13 तच नास्त्य दासी नाथ गाढानुराग 719 गुणवती गुरणाश्रयम् 380 गुणिनां चित्तवै 119 गृध्री निर्भ 473 गृहमेत 55 गृहीतस्योपरि 325 गौरवशैथिल्यकला 198 ग्राम्यो धातृ 685 घृणी राजा 536 घृतकुम्भसमा 8,9 चक्राह्ववधू 335 चत्वारो निर्मिताः 508 चरित्रे योषिताम् 530 चलस्वभावाः 396 चाटुक्रमम् 215 चित्रमियम् 51 चेटी, किमेतद् 498 चतः श्वा 31 चेतश्चिन्तय 435 चेतोऽन्तरा 222 चेष पण्यवनिता 633 छन्नकाम 164, 355 छायामभ्रदलैः 628 जघनचपला 454 जघनस्थलेषु 455 जननी जनको 587 जलोकया 579 जलौका केवलम् 580 जलौका रक्त 582 जलीकेव स्त्रियः 581 जल्पनम् 585 जल्पन्ति "हृदये 311 जल्पन्ति "हृद्गतम् 310 जात्यन्धाय 354, 645 जात्यैव 6 जीवन्तोऽपि 103 728 ज्येष्ठेन 281 317 ततः प्रविश्य 704 ततोऽसौ 640 तत्र बन्धुर 240 तत्रापि वेशयोषाः 492 तत्स्वरूपमिदम् 707. तथैवमस्मदीया 350 तदर्थम 307 तनुवल्ली 284 तरुणजन 344 तस्करस्य कुतो 459 तस्मात्तासामपि 180 तस्मादात्मा 14 तस्माद्भूजस्व 701 तस्माद्विदेशम् 349 तस्मान्मानिनि 700 तस्मिस्त्वय्युपरते 451 तां वेश्याम् 639 ताः कामलुब्धाः 373 ताः खलु 79 तानीन्द्रियाणि 120 ताभिरवदातजन्मा 625 तारुण्ये 285 तावच 136 तावत्कुलस्त्री 603 तावत्प्रीतिर 155 तावदेव दयितः 157 तावदेव पुरुषो 592 तीक्ष्णादुद्विजते 495 तीर्थोपवन 200 ते गन्धर्वपुरे 629 ते दृष्टिमात्र 47 तेनोक्तम् 653 तेऽवश्यम् 11 त्यजन्ति 175 । त्यजेत्कुलभयम् 406 त्वं तावदक्षो 493 त्वयि विनिवेश्य 676 त्वां त्वयैकास 323 दंष्ट्राविरहितः 109 दर्शनाचित 567 दर्शने हरति 568 दशसूनासमम् 563 दातृत्वम् 261 दानेन नश्यति 497 दाररतिः 3 दारिद्रान्मरणादापि 113 दारिद्रयाद्धियमेति 104 दारिद्यान्मरणम् 112 दासी दासी तावद् 139 176 दासी मानधनम् 126 दिनकामुकनिर् 333 दिवानिशञ्च 419 दुराचारैव 419 दुर्जनगम्याः 383 दुर्लभा स्त्रीव 343 दुर्वाग्भावम् 372 दूरे तानि 616 देव न प्रत्ययः 525 देशाटनम् 596 देशानामुपरि 245 देहप्रदाः 475 दोषमेवमवगम्य 632 दोषाग्रदूतो 318 द्यूतमांस० 611 द्रोहो यस्य 595 द्वाराप्रदत्त 702 धनप्रधानम् 74 धनयौवन 474 ·168 I-INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS धनहीना न 102 धनाशा 453 धनिनश्चन्द 98 धनी पूज्यो 86 धनेन पूज्यते 61 धनेन लभ्यते 94 धन्योऽयम् 705 धर्ममत्ति 622 धाताऽपि 366 धिक् खलु 48 धीरेव 257 धूर्तकरकन्दुकानाम् 687 धूर्तेरन्वीयमानाः 599 ध्यानं यत् 36 न एकमि 69* न कामभोगान् 388 न कुलसमुत्पन्ना 258 न कुलेन न 187 न च त्वदी 731 न च द्यूत 561 न चासाम् 409 न जातु 417*, 529* नटीव कृत्रिमम् 225 न तथा नागर 664 292 न दानेन न 369 नदीनाञ्च कुलानाम् 524* नदीनाञ्च नखिनाम् 523 नदीनारीनरेन्द्राणाम् 525 ननूक्कमेव 345 432 नपुंसकप्रवादस्य 684 न प्रीत्या न 469 न भवत्येव 697 नयनविकार 312 न राज्ञः 564 नर्मदाम् 12 न लज्जान 394 न विश्वसेयुस्ताम् 427 नवोन्नत' 26 न शैलशृङ्गे 432* न श्रेयसाम् 417 न स्त्रीणाम् 408 न स्त्रीभ्यः 370 न हि वेदाः 425 नाग्निस्तृप्यति 402 नातः परम् 401 नादातृगृहजो 661 नानन्यजः 662 नाऽनिलोऽग्निर्न 397 नान्धो मूर्ख 613 नापुंश्चलीयो 660 नासां कश्चिद् 386 नाहमम्ब 710 निःस्वम् 150 निखिलजन 489 निजजननी 197 नितम्बिन्यः 546 नित्यप्रसू 28 नित्यातुर 683 नियम्याः सर्वे 558 326 निर्गुणानपि 348 निर्जनत्वम् 62 निर्धनत्वम् 149 निर्यात्येको 306 निविण्णे निर्विराणा 679 निर्व्याजसमुत्पन्न 724 निशा दीर्धा 324 निष्पीतसारम् 156 निसर्गवञ्चकाः 472 निस्त्रिशाः 99 नीचमाश्रयते 689 नीचस्तुरगारोहो 358 नेत्रनिमीलननिः 196 नैता जानन्ति 398 नैता रूपम् 387 नैवाङ्गनानाम् 410 नैष न्यायो 490 नोत्सृजति 328 नो धनलाभो 718 न्यासापहाराद् 491 पक्कानमिव 479 पक्षिणाम् 480 पङ्गुष्वपि 390 पञ्चमे 395 पतिम् 439 पदव्यक्तिव्यक्ती 207 पदे पदे 485 परतरुणी 666 7 परस्त्रीगणिका 665 पर्यकेषु 430 पल्लवपल्लवित 583 पानकला 194 पानागारनिवेशाश्च 557 पुंसाञ्च 107* पुंसि क्षीणधने 115 पुत्रदारादिसम्बन्धः 124 पुत्रि किमेतत् 305 पुरुषाक्रान्ताः 457 पूर्व चेटी 301 पूर्व भाव 191 पृथिव्याम् 551 पश्चल्यात् 376 प्रक्षीणवित्तेन 171 प्रतिग्रहे सूनि 565 परमार्थ . न तु यौवन निर्गच्छताम् न पर्वताये ० ·169 I-INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS . भिक्षुर्विलासी 273 भिक्षो मांस 545 भुक्तं मयास्य 316 भुक्वोज्झितानाम् 177 भूतेन्द्रिया 2 भूयः 178 भूरिभाग्य 304 भृत्यः कुप्र° 569 भृत्यो मन्त्री 21 भोः। दीपिका 60 भो दीविआ 60* भोजनमा 584 भो ताः खल्वस् 59 भो ताओ 59* 8 भ्रूभङ्गैरति° 217 मक्षिका मशका 540 539 मढ सुन्न देउ लेसुम् 560 मदादिव 80 मद्यमांसम 644 मद्यमांसादि 638 519 0 भो राजन् मक्षिका मारुनो प्रतिपुरुषम् 466 प्रत्यक्षा 44 प्रथमसमा 627 प्रथम ''पुष्प° 280 प्रथमं प्रार्थिता 203 प्रद्युम्नः 356 प्रमदाः 244 प्रमादिनाम् 246 प्रवयसि 351 प्रविष्टा कुट्टनी 698 प्रसवहृत° 297 प्रसीदति 22 प्रस्खलतू० 266 प्राक्तनकर्म 678 प्रादुर्भूत 161 प्राप्ते कान्ते 145 प्रायेण जगति 188 प्रायोपवेश 555 प्रियमनुचितम् 449 प्रेषितस्य 460 प्रौढ प्रा. 142 फलहीनम् 152 बडलु 569* वलं वेशश्च 233 बहिरुपपादितशोभाः 516 बहुकुसुम 723 252 बहुविध 308 बालमार्जारिकाहा 251 बाल्ये तावदयोग्या 296 बिब्बोके 618 ब्रह्महापि 338 भक्षितनिज 691 भदितानि 691 भवनमिदम् 562 भस्मस्मेराः 600 भिक्षुकताप 201 मूढो निर्व्यसनो 463 मूत्रश्लेष्मादि 635 मूर्खाणाम् 602 मूर्खाणाम् 'तिन: 601 मूल् द्विजातिः 272 मूर्यो वशः 420 मृतो दरिद्रः 114 मेघा वर्षन्तु 264 मेरुमही 56 मौनम् 263 यतो वेश्याः 570 यत्किञ्चिद् व्यपदिश्य 440 यत्नेन कपट 481 यत्नेन सेवितव्यः 715 यत्र तत्र नि. 696 यत्साहसम् 506 यथा यथा 137 यदन्तस् 516 526 यदि नाम पञ्च 228 यदि पुंसाम् 391 यदि स्यात् 368 यद्गात्रम् 643 572 यद् भूयः 576 यद्वक्त्रम् 642 यन्निमित्तम् 625 यं प्रशंसन्ति 651 यस्यार्थास्तस्य मि° 88 यस्यास्तिस्य सा 53 यस्यार्थाः स कुलश्रेष्टो 90 यस्यार्थाः स च वि० 89 यस्यास्ति वित्तम् 91 58 या कुलीनम् 626 या धनहार्या या न विश्वसिति 607 यदर्थ स्वकुलम् ० मधु तिष्ठति यद् द्यूतेन मन्यते न 591 256 382 0 बहु मित्र 236 566 . 729 29 महाधनस्य महाभिजन मांसरसाभ्य' मांस्पाकोत्कट मातः किम् मात्सर्यमुत्सार्य अलियम् मालिन्यम् मिथ्या धन मिथ्यैव दर्शयेद् मिथ्यैव रितः 33* माया 221 52 223 या करोति 172 45 486 मुग्धः 488 मुष्णाति ·170 I--INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS ० पु लक्ष्मीः 231 लक्ष्मीः p. 148 fn. 16 लता पार्वे 411 लब्ध्वा 405 विद्यते शिशु विना धनम् याऽपतापनपरा 578 या बालेऽपि 353 याभिर्यौवन 299 यार्थसंग्रह 647 यावद्वाग्छित 680 या विचित्र 520, 610 या शुनीव 619 याश्च 389 यासां कार्यापेक्षा 237 यासां जघना 234 यासु सक्त० 589 येन स्नेहः 709 येषां श्लाघ्यम् 10 योग्या कान्तम् 64 योऽपता 578 योऽयं निर्द 158 यौवनसौन्द 184 रक्तायां वा 468 रजगताऽपि 331 रञ्जयेत्तेन 224 रतिशूरम् 426 रत्येवासमसायकः 357 रमणहृद? 512 रागद्वेष 544 रागमीक्षणयुगे 649 रागीति 688 रागोऽधरे 212 राजनि 487 . वित्तमात्रोपाधि० 337 वित्तेन वेत्ति 253 वित्तेनाभिजनी 85 विद्यते गोषु 360 361 विद्याप्रमादिनो 443 विद्युच्छटा 442 विद्वद्भिः 82 विधवा 413 विना जपेन 477 110 विप्रो दक्षि' 66 विमोहयति 620 विरमत बुधाः 656 विश्वसेत्कृष्ण 528 विषं दातुं 407 विषयति 677 विस्तारितम् 241 वृक्ष क्षीण 148 302 वृद्धाः सुरौकोनत० 554 वेतनलाभाद् 336,727 वेलयालि 458* वेद-विद्य 481* वेशकला 193 436 वेश्याजनस्य 510 वेश्यादिपरनारीषु 631 वेश्यानुरागस्य 447 वेश्याभिर्विवशीकृतः 574 वेश्थालताः 238 वेश्याश्च 277 वेश्यासौ मद° 76 वेश्योपदेशविषये 693 वेसा वि वेसाण मन्दिरेसु 559 वैदग्धीमव 49 o लाभः स एव 720 लिङ्गी 181 लीलामज्जन 271 लीलायन्त्यः 399 लीलावतीनाम् 211 लुब्धानां याचकः 690 लुब्धानां शुचयो 602* वक्राः 483 वक्रोक्तथा 144 वञ्चकवृत्ता 470 वणिक् पण्याङ्गना 511 वदनात्प 270 वनानि दहतो 108 वनितासु 367 वन्ध्यापुत्रस्य 416 वरं वनं व्याघ्र 121 वरं शून्या 604 वरं हालाहलम् 527 वर्चःसदन 637 वर्णनदयितः 434 वर्णविशेषापेक्षा 456 वसुपरासु वाक्शरस्य 134 वाग्भिर्भर्सन' 141 वाड 543* वाप्यां स्नाति 346 वार कान्त वारस्त्रीणाम् 204 वारिराशिसिकता 502 विकसितसुर' 725 विक्रीय स्व 118 विचेतना 404 वित्तमात्रम् 179. वृद्धा वेश्या वेश्या इव 458 राजा वेश्या 541 199 रूवकला रूपं क्षण 139 276 रूपं जरा 577 291 543. रूपवत्यद्भुता रूपाजीवा रूपिणी कुमृतिः रोहिरायव 719* 78 357 ·I« INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS 171 274 467 वैद्यं पानरतम् वैशिकीम् | साम्राज्यम् 43 सत्यं सन्ति सत्यशौचशम 39 646 23 173 695 437 व्यपगतकोषे व्याघ्रीव कुट्टनी शतहदानाम् 703 सालकारतया । सा हर्म्यशिख सुखदुःखज° सत्यानृता सद्भावो सन्दधाति 428 507 363 315 सुखयन्तः 556 371 शय्यासनम् शरीरस्थिति 97 1 सन्धारयेत्तम् 146 69 शवम् सन्धिः 438 सुजातस्य सुट्ठ सुधामयानीव सुमुखन 60* 275 शश्वत्कामा 418 सन्ध्यावत् 529 517 128 सन्ध्येव 445 सुरतश्रम 721 722 654 403 706 संन्यासम् सन्मार्गे सभ्येष्वपक्ष 32, 138 713 293 262 शालीनाम् शिथिलितनिज शिशुरप्ययम शीतशालेव शुश्रूषणमेव शून्यमपुत्रस्य शूरः सुरूपः शूलेनाद्य 232 673 समत्वम् 41 50 105 375 254 111 समाज्ञातान् समिधामेव समुद्रवीचीव 672 255 143 441 379* 708 भृङ्गाराभासः शौर्यस्याति समो यूनि 100 352 617 ० 571 सम्पको 5 385 586 365 37 27 597 सुरूपम् सुवर्णकं ददामि सुवर्णैः सुष्ठु सुहृजनार्जनम् सुहृद्भिरेव सूक्ष्मेभ्यः सेव्यः स्तम्भित स्त्रियं हि स्त्रियो हि स्त्रीणां शत्रोः स्त्रीति प्रीतिकरम् स्त्रीधूर्तके स्त्रीषु चापलम् स्त्रीषु न रागः स्त्रीषु राजसु स्त्रीसुखम् स्थविरत्वे स्थानं नास्ति स्थिरयौवनाः स्पृशति स्वरूपमु स्मराङ्गना 30 186 648 532 362 461 श्रीकृपामति श्रीमन्तम् श्रुता गीता श्रूयतां प्रथमम् श्वभ्रवर्ती श्वैत्यम् षडिमे स एवाहृदयो संसक्केषु सखीजन सङ्कटे सत्यं विनाशाय सम्भाव्यम् 359 सम्मोहयन्ति मद° 450 सरित्स्नानगृहे 552 सर्वसौख्यद 259 सर्वाङ्गना 340 सर्वेषां 109* सलौलमाक्रान्ति 250 सहस्र किल 377 साटोपकूट 509 सा तु सम्भाव 70 सादरमाकृष्य 133 सामाद्यः 247 609 243 531 96 444 239 298 190 393 414 283 499 सामान्य 65 15 सत्यं शौचम् 249 588 सामान्यवनिता 347,452 ·172 I-INDEX OF TEXTS AND QUOTATIONS 415 598 421 135 हारहीरक 716 हारिण्यश्चटुलतराः 192 हारिद्रद्रव 35 . 168 116 213 229 स्मरोपमम् स्वकार्ये स्वगुणैराफल स्वचित्तसंवादि स्वप्ने कामपि स्वप्ने जागरणे स्वभावदुर्जनाः स्वशरीरा' 40 स्वातन्त्र्यम् स्वामी क्रूर स्वामी द्वेष्टि स्वेदाम्वुक हज्जे नानापुरुष हसन्तम् हस्तद्वयान्तरा हा धिग् 219 513 हास्यम् हृतद्रव्यम् ह्यो दत्त्वार्थम् 267 423 202 537 553 163 162 384 ·II -Index of Subjects Actresses ( cf. Tricks ) 210, 222-9 Draining dry ( cf. Avarice, Money) Affection, false (cf. Tricks... ) 43-5, 133, 136-3, 145-63, 165–73, Affection, lack of 35-42, 451–69 252, 489 Envy 33 Agility 24 Exciting of love (cf. Tricks...) 450 Artha 73 Exposure to danger 545-7 Artificiality of courtezans (cf. Affec- Faithlessness (cf. Unsteadiness) tion, lack of ) Falseness (cf. Untruthfulness) 33, 453, Arts, sixtyfour (cf. Learning... ) 521 192-201, 512 Fee (cf. Obligation to serve) 488-490 Attachment, lack of 10-12, 129 Fickleness (cf. Unsteadiness) Attract( cf. Tricks...) 7-9, 23, 26, 27, Fidelity (cf. Unsteadiness) 239 Friends 254-6 Avarice (cf. Draining dry, Money) Future of courtezans (cf. Money) 35–8, 48–79, 127-8, 303-4, 618 173-9, 286–302, 316 Gaining of money (cf. Money, Avarice) Bad qualities of courtezans (cf. Affe- Garments of courtezans 230–35, 266 ction..., Attachment, Avarice, Crookedness, Deceitfulness, Draining Getting rid of paramours (cf. Tricks...) Good principles 33 dry, Falseness, Impetuousness, Impurity, Indifference, Unsteadi- Good qualities of courtezans (cf. Beauty ness, Untruthfulness) 39–42, 539-50 Ugliness..., Youth...) 268 Harshness 46-7 Barbers ( cf. Vita ) Heartlessness (cf. Affection...) Beauty of courtezans 268-71, 303, 726 Houses of courtezans 557-66, 588 Behaviour of courtezans, good 260-63 Impetuousness (cf. Bad qualities...) 33 Behaviour of men towards courtezans (Women) 32, 597 Impoverished paramours (cf. Money, loss of) Catching of paramours (cf. Tricks...) Impudence (cf. Untruthfulness ) 598 Chastity ( cf. Unsteadiness ) Impurity (cf. Untruthfulness) 33 Choosing of paramours (cf. Obligation Independence of life of courtezans to serve) 307-8 Contemptuous persons (cf. Danger- Indifference (cf. Untruthfulness) 39-42, ous persons ) 541-2, 618 Courtier (cf. Vita ) Infidelity (cf. Unsteadiness) Crookedness 39-42, 46-47, 618 Instability (cf. Unsteadiness) Dangerous persons 551-602 Intercourse with courtezans considered Deceitfulness (cf. Untruthfulness) 33, a sin 611-12 39-42, 470–96, 542, 618 Intercourse with courtezans considered Disorders, causing of 557-58 costly (cf. Money) 76-8 ·174 II-INDEX OF SUBJECTS Intercourse with courtezans dangerous (cf. Dangerous persons, Interand to be avoided (cf. Dangerous course) Pleasure in intercourse with courtezans persons, Warnings to avoid) 6,10-23, 28-9, 628-40, 663-76 Intercourse with courtezans necessary Poverty, scorn of (cl. Money, loss and recommended 3, 5 of) 102-16, 135 Kania 1, 25 Procuresses (cf. Tricks ) 43-4, 69, Keeping of paramours (cf. Tricks) 71-2, 145, 156, 160-4, 180-2, 186, Kulațā 54, 417-27 258, 279-80, 288–90, 301, 303, 305, Learning of the art of courtezans 316, 319, 335, 350, 484-5, 693-7, 184-201, 258-9 699-706, 710 Leaving of paramours (cf. Unsteadi- Prosperity of courtezans 117-20, 491 ness) Rendezvous with courtezans 264-6 Love-box 34 Senses 1 Love of courtezans (cf. Affection) Slyness (cf. Deceitfulness) 30, 51-2, 317-23, 340, 347-9, Sons of courtezans 658-62 376-9, 452, 462-9, 544, 707-34 Sporting with men (cf. Unsteadiness) Lust (cf. Tricks) 392-5, 404-9, 415 Maid of sin 34, 370 Tormenting 539-40 Money (cf. Avarice, Draining dry) 45,53, Tributes, courtezans given to kings as 74-101, 243-7, 253,452–3, 545, 621, 605 707-8, 710-19, 728 Tricks used by courtezans to catch, keep and get rid of paramours Money, gaining of (cf. Tricks) (cf. Draining dry) 137-44, 158-63, Money, loss of (cf. Tricks, Draining 176-9, 180-263, 267 dry) 115–21, 129–32, 134, 139–44, Ugliness of courtezans ( cf. Beauty) 146-47, 175 274 Number of courtezan's paramours 303- Unsleadiness of courtezans 31, 35- 38, 402, 408-9, 415, 417-19, 434,734 42, 122-6, 309-15, 317-23, 359-450, 473 Obligation to serve anyone who pays Untruthfulness of money 336-58, 479 courtezans (cf. Old courtezans (cf. Youth) Deceitfulness, sporting) 35-42, Ornaments (cf. Garments) 265-6, 716 453, 470, 538, 618, 621, 646-7 Painting (cf. Arts) 236-7 Vita 324, 344-345, 484-6, 509, Paramours, danger to (cf. Dangerous 691-2, 698, 704-6 persons) Warnings to avoid courtezans 606-56, 665 Paramours, suitable for courtezans (cf. Wealth, glorification of (cf. Poverty) Money) 65, 164, 681-92 82-101 Paramours, treatment of, by courtezans Wife, intercourse with one's own 3, (cf. Tricks, Obligation to Serve) 665-80, 722-3 351-58 Wife, not chaste 359-416, 603-4 Passion (cf. Tricks) 46-47, 18C-2, Woman (cf. Wife) 239 Youth of courtezans 233, 275-302, 305, Peril in intercourse with courtezans 324 ·Additions, Alterations and Alterations and Corrections Page Line 10 3 fn.2 fn.4 10 11 11 32 5) 21 3 12 20 95 13 11 fn.6 1-2 17 14 1 2-3 6-7 fn.4 23 13 93 27 09 fn.5 . 15 1 16 > 2 8 instead of bliss... second read incomparable enjoyment befool deceive add S'V. 3.10 after Compare delete to a particular degree since... passion instead of men's read their to them men ravish ravish charm ... charm magnify and bring increase and exhibit 631-45... different...595 read 630-650... differing...547, delete and causes delight who are personally acquainted with the gist of the matter instead of love of the same read affection for them SV SV. For different For various Chapter 9-11 Chapter VIII avariciousness avarice, defaults vices that they to scolding nagging courtezans, since lips ,, courtezans; lips instead of the behaviour suitable; to them read suitable behaviour; is gaining read is to gain different various XIX XIV delete instead of which that 588 (465) 501 (621) delete instead of quarrelling quarrels add naive after rogues with instead of that they should rather touch read to touch rather 648 read 681 delete (trivarga) instead of XIX XIV w 29 33 17 9.10 11 12 fn.1 20 21 1 go to 5 22 new fn.6 13 14 15 25 fn.3 23 16 fn.2 9 11 ·176 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page Line 24 3 20-21 25 22 ), 27 28 29 > 2 26 3 , 13 fn 11 4 27 > 6 delete considered to be instead of in whose fuel-beauty read and their beauty is the fuel by which awakened through read aroused by Rich people, who have much money and at the same time are old read Old people with plenty of money have relatives read and relatives family families delele become learned etc. [ 219 220al and only show their faces add in Bhs after readings instead of taken to be read deemed a kindhearted kind sky heaven 67 97 inodorous odourless also causes total emptiness read is a total blank : the forest read forest not to to no multiply increase ptsk see text 455 quoted as 491 age, and a strange one's age, and another man's locust locusts delete or instead of Draining Men Dry read Exploiting Men sip...they have faded, suck... they fade limit end is the end for is an end to 2 12 1 13 26 7 14 28 2 7 03 30 2 31 ptsK 4 19 fn. 15 17 6 18 30 33 27 35 2 5 8 9 2 >> 09 27 22 as the as 24-25 36 4 16 25 7 3 12 37 the former to deprive the latter of their money read courtezans to deprive their paramours of their money they read men like servants to servants of afterwards later those paramours, their paramours, hy promise promised only gives light gives light only declaims...money is recites...is money has themselves 13 23 > ) 38 > 9 13 14 20 delete ·ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS 177 Page Line 38 39 40 3 cease 17 79 > can 9 41 42 43 44 49 32 > 50 3 64 71 72 2 21 instead of with...of a burnt wood read on... of burnt woods fn.13 kārya kalapa read Kāvya Kalāpa add Cāņakya-Rājanītiśāstram in Calcutta Oriental Series No. 2 (2. 16) after Kāvyasaṁgraha 11 instead of a burnt wood read burnt woods 2 delete have instead of ceased 12 Particularly courtezans Courtezans 27 has is fn.4 corrupts corrupt 21 delete away 28 instead of have... bear...may 4 delete it quite 3 instead of different various fn.3 250 251 21 to words towards fn.2 50, 355-65 64 13 PT. PT fa.5 354-64 351-64 9 Bhs Bhs fn.8 add quoted also as aphorism 645 2 isıstead of 1317, read 35.58, text 441 texts 441 sqq, 499 sqq, 534 sqq 3 सर्वथा किमपि NHP after sv. द्रोग्यभावं a fn.7 on a há in Text 371 fn.7 instead of 7 read 8 14 172 272 1 V.1. fgo 2 ;धतो delete य instead of PS read S'P 1538 b 1539a, 13. 2226 39. 76-8a, 1338. 25 and. delete PS' 1498 SPH read SRH 5 विचेतनता विचेतना 10 27 28 fn. 6 à 1 : Veśyā ; fn.7 delete 373, 380-1, 434 5 add O FUTETO; after falta; 11 insted of Ptsk. read PtsK 73 74 22 79 ? 13 76 > 77 78 after that 6 8 > 79 6 22 > > 97 80 81 82 82 84 > 99 ·178 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page Line " रखैक PtsK ७ " " ; हृतार्थाः " " " " " " " " " " . A " " " " 2 " 85 17 iristead of BhS read BhS 86 fn.12 add VM 176 after शीघ्रण 87 2 (०थिव) ०थीव 3 Pts. 4 हितार्थाः 5 हृदत्वं निS's नि:पि० 10 instead of कम्बुकी read कम्युकी 88 1 382 381 89 2 347-8 223-5, 347-58 90 1 add cf. after 1 3 delete in HKSC instead of 56 read 59 91 17 टोपि ष्टोऽपि 28 दुधापः ... ...(कोपि) दुःप्रापः .. (कोऽपि) 29 RST RST fn.1 336-7 336 92 7 प्राह दानतो प्राणदानतो 20 ०शिष्टाः शिष्टाः fn.4 वञ्चनासु °वञ्चनासु 6 delete in BhSN 93 instead of 626 read 627 24 असत्यं असत्यः 94 17 KR KR fn.3 PTaK PtsK 96 4 1509 38.6+-5 97 2 ND CND 8 16 add another fr. 8 'Also quoted as aphorism' 621 on the text 501 98 11,13,22 instead of SV read SV fn.6,7 AKM AEM 100 6 SV Sv fn.10 AKM AEM 101 4 BHS BHS 102 18 SV SV fn 5 महात्मानाम् " महात्मनाम् (1253 b-1254 a) ,34.73b-74a 18 " AKM AEM. 103 8 nemes enemies 16 KR KR fn.1 3174,3511 3, 75.49; 85. 12 16 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ·ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS 179 Page Line 104 105 93 108 22 79 109 > 02 111 > 115 122 123 126 127 129 25 5 delete (5 1363] 17 instead of SM S'M fn.6 S'RBh SRBh 4 delete [66151 6 [6616] fn.1 instead of Niti read Nīti Kautilya's Kautilva's 5 दशवशेसमो दशवेशसमो fn.9 add Also in before YSGS 27 insted of RST read RST fn.1 I. V V.1. 8 add cf. न गणिकाधूनचारिणीक्षणिकामायाविनीकुहकशीलाविप्लुताभिः 97 fağa ha fet antazi cha SL in VR 431. 9-11 after festivities 4 iristead of Texts read text 7 Dāmodargupta Dāmodaragupta fn. 5 39.41, 617 saq. 13 39-41, 470, 496, 418 sqq. and Chapter VIII delete (1142b-1143a] add a fn, on text 657. 'Also quoted in Rasagangadhara in KM. XII; 77. 14,5 fn.4 instead of SS read S's 2 add On before Paramours fn. 1 instead of 64 read 65 ada;च वित्तहेतोर in SRK after प्राहन 5 and SRK after 10, 6 14 instead of प्रपन्नान् read. प्रपन्नाम् 2 Diss Diss. 9 516, delete 569 add 578*, after 610 607 16 instead of Premiere read Première 3 Tailanga Tailanga 9 240 241 10 941 641 14 delete 17 add 233, before 579 25 instead of Vispugutto read Vişnugutto 505 · 130 133 134 2) 92 136 152 516*, 73 3 73 13 520, 17 2 153 > 473* 2 23 31 505* ·180 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page Line Page Live 153 32 157 2 14 154 3 6 77 9 24 26 32 rera > > 07 13 > 15 07 79 9 35 593*, 29* 88*, 17 77 2 26 27 29 23 2 27 22 155 3 73 7 7 36 >> 22 my 19 12 72 72 09 99 32 iilstead of Cāņakay read Cāņakya add 408, after 18, instead of 302*, read 302, add 106*, before 149*, 411, after 175*, instead of 371, read 361, add Balakrsņa after Nārāyana iristead of 7*, read 8*, add 351, 353 after 341 10*,11*,15* before 162 delete 721 instead of Ganpal read Ganpat languege reerd language Englisn read English Narian read Nariman add 473, after 465, 687, 691, 707*, after 627, instead of retoric read rhetoric Srīnāthurāma read Srīnāthürāma instead of 1922 read 1929 626 659 of livers...per read livres...par Kashmir read Kashmir add 382 after 257 instead of 447 read 433 230 238 297, 299 297-99 448, add 385-6, 388-92,396-401, 403*, 409, after 377-9, add 531-32 after 529*, 371, 376, 379*, 387, before 417*, instead of 1942 read 1942, pure add 365', 383*, 412* ; after 230 498*, before 33, after 33 123*, 120* 365, 338, 380, 383, 393-4, after 369, 409*, 412*, , 402, 593* 523* NHK see NH add a new line NHL=Hitopadeśa, London MS quoted in NHS adit after line 36 394* 88*. before 92*, 365*, 369*, 393*, 394*, 403*, 409*, 412*, after 120*, delete 371*, instead of 438, read 438*, add 593*, after 498*, instead of Hitopadesas read Hitopadeśas salutarisk read salutaris add 29*, 88*, before 123*, 365*, 383*, 387*, 393*, 394*, 412*, 487, after 369*, delete 451*, add 593*, after 519*, 274*, 33 156 7 9 39 >7 20 21 > 27 29 22 79 23 158 1 > 25 > 37 27 / 5 > 22 29 33 36 37 38 19 414, 157 2 > 393* ·ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS 181 Page Line Page Line 158 11 160 21 3 7 8 7 > 5) 24 26 1) 19 >> add 403*, after 402*, » 395, 403*, 567, after 126, delete 529* instead of Hos read HQS add 383, after 368, instead of 396 read 393*. add 412, after 402* delete 508, add 608*, after 606*, instead of Singhi read Singhi add 383*, 412*, after . 1 > 09 9 17 30 > > 13 18 22 27 37 175*, 159 6 35 3 161 9 23 9) > > instead of Pañcatantra... simplícior read Pañcatantra...simplicior add BSS 1,3,+ after 1891-6 instead of 312, read 313, 343*, 343, add 383*, after 368 412*, 517, 517-3 11 izstead of 350, read 410, add 106*, after 91*, instead of 273*, read 273, add 364, after 310*, instead of 369, read 367, add 403, 413-1+, after 402*, isstead of 446*, read 446, add 608*, after 596*, izsiend of 656, read 658, delete 309* add 29*, before 120*, 366, 384, after 352, 384*, 352*, instead of 432*, read 433*, delete 91, add 29*, before 91*, 393*, 402* 479, 545*, 453*, after 437* 542* 603*, 590*, 29*, before 76*, 453, 542, after 354*, instead of Vs read VS sts Sts add 88", after 42, 138*, 103, 412*, 242, instead of 651, read 651*, 656, 656*, 680, 680*, instead of SV read SV add 310*, 403*, after 185, 444, 121, instead of 93*, 108*, 311, read 93, 108, 311*, add 381, after 311, instead of 1930 read 1930. . > 2 514*, 10 9 22 3 99 402*, . " 12 19 09 523*, 524*, 2) 73 12 > 12 2 29 37 2 ) 162 13 „ ºpts 6 14 09 17 07 09 02 instead of "patjitum read 'partitum Expones read Exponens read ºptis commentaris commentariis critieis read criticis add 383*, after 368* 412*, instead of 366, read 360, 363 add 363*, after 359*, instead of SM read S'M. 347, 208, instead of 1896. K. M. 4 (PP 96-148) read 1896. and KM. 4 (pp 96-148) 402*, 7 10 35 39 25 09 > 29 34 38 163 594*, 4 14 32 9 594, 557, 160 1 598*, 3 9 32 164 > umesa umesh 557, 15 557* 02 ·182 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page Page " " . . अन्नं रमह " " " " " " 165 add in order अकीत: 608* अदनेरिगिन 680* Col. 1 line 20 instead of अन्त...ह्येते read अन्त...ह्येता 21 अन्नं रमई add in order skerar: 379* इदमन्यच्च 403*, 166 एवं स्वभावं 379* कालु गदु 458* Col. 2 line 25 instead of 99 read 69 28 45 read. 46 add in order कुलुकु 136* 167 चेटि किं एवं 494*, Col. 1 line 18 instead of 498 read 494 167 add. in order चेडि मंथारी 300*, तस्मात्सर्वप्रयत्नेन 608*, तुमं 493* तोत्तु 593*, त्रासुनु 68*, दस दारण 578* Col.3 line 20 instead of 419 read. 429 168 add in order न कश्चिद् 379*, न गणिका 598*, नादेमैन 477*, Col. 2 line 30 instead of निर्धनत्वं read निर्धन 3 ,, 25 निवेशाश्च read oनिवासाश्च " " " " " " " ·Indological Resecrch Publications, 1. Vaidika-Padanukrama-Kosa or A Vedic Word Concordance. Ed. Vishva Bandhu, 14 Pts., a gigantic project, involving labour, which would have occupied one whole time scholar for full 600 years, universal vocabulary. register, contains complete text-references with grammatical, exegetical and textcritical commentary in respect of every separate word-form read in 500 Vedic works, including 1. Samhitãs, 2. Khilasūkta, 3. Brāhmaṇas, 4. Āraṇyakas. 5. Upanişads, 6. Srauta-stītras, 7. Gěhya-sūtras, 8. Mantra-pāțhas, 9. Dharmasūtras, 10. Pitymedha-sūtras, 11. S'ulba-sūtras, 12. Pariſistas, 13. Anukramaſis, 14. s'ikṣās, 15. Prātiśākhyas, 16. Jyotişa, 17. Chandas18. Nighantu, 19. Nirukta, 20. Vyākaraña (covering Sūtra-Pathas, Uņādi-Patha, Dhātu-Patha, Gana-Pātņa, Phit-Sūtras, Vārtikas, Islis and all Lakşyas of Pāṇinian Grammar). 5-parts published, remaining 9 parts compiled and being made ready for press; 5-part set on sale in three qualities of paper and bindingabout 3200 pages, 10"x71", cloth, jacketed : Quality I Rs. 200/-, Qty. II Rs. 150., Qty. III Rs. 100/- 2. Valmiki Rāmāyana. Ed. Vishva Bandhu. Oldest (N.-W.) text-tradition, critically edited for the first time from original Mss. With introduction and many referential indices, fruit of 25 years' hard labour of many collaborators. 7-Volume set, jacketed cloth. Rs. 70 3. Vaidika-Šabdartha-Pārijata of A Complete Etymological Dic'ionary of the Vedic Language. Ed. Vishva Bandhu, Fasciculas I, Rs. 6)- 4. Vaidika Kosa. Ed. Hans Raj, an exhaustive alphabetically arranged reference book of research and cultural guotations from all the Brāhmaṇa-texts. Rs. 15. 5. Atharvayeda Sarvanukramani-Ist critical edition from original Mss. by R. G. Shastri. Rs. 6 6. Jaiminiya-Upanisad-Brahmana. Ed. H. Oertel, Devanāgari transcript by Ram Dev. Rs. 5 7. Rgveda Bhasya of Vagitha--Fragment of a Udgitha-Fragmerit of a rare pre-Sāyaṇa cominentary (Skt.) Rs. 4 8. Manduki Śiksa--Vedic phonetical text. Ist critical edition by Bhagavad Dafta. Rs. 3 ·Carayaniya Mantrareadhyaya, a Vedic historical text. (Skt.). 28. 10. Kathaka Crhya Sūtra-Ed. W. Caland. A Vedic Ritual text. Ist critical edition. Rs. 10 11. Dantyosthya-Vidhi-Vedic phonetical text. Ist critical edition by R. G. Shastri. Rs. 2/8 12. Siddha-Bharati or The Rosary of Indology (Dr. Siddheshwar Varma Presentation Volume), Ed. Vishva Bandhu. Contains 108 original papers, contributed, one each, by 108 eminent scholars from Asia, Europe and America, presented under separate sections pertaining to (i) Philolcgy and Linguistics, (ii) Veda and Avesta, (iii) Post-Vedic Literature, (iv) Philosophy and Religion, (v) Literary History, (vi) General History and (vii) Miscellaneous Studies. Provided with an exhaustive General Index, 2-Part set, Rs. 60 13. Ganika-Vrtta-Sangraha or Texts on Courtezans in Classical Sanskrit. A collection of texts with English preambles, on the life-details of courtezans in ancient and medieval India, presented by L. Sternbach. Rs. 20 14. Purana-Visaya-Samanukramanika Or A Concordance of Purana-Contents, an indispensable referential aid to all kinds of researches in 18 Purāņas, Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata. Ed. Y. P. Tandan. Rs. 6 15. The Etymologies of Yaska. A complete, critical and comparative examination of Yāska-propounded etymologies in the light of modern philology. By Siddheshwar Varma. Rs. 25 16. Sarupa-Bhārati or The Homage of Indology (Dr. L. Sarup Memorial Volume)-Ed. Jagan Nath and Bhim Dev. Contains 40 learned contributions, one each, by 40 Indian and foreign Indologists, grouped into (i) Philological Studies, (ii) Vedic Studies, (iii) Literary Studies, (iv) Philosophical and Religious Studies and (v) Historical and Cultural Studies. Provided with General Index. Rs. 30 17. Vedic Origins of Zoroastrianism-A comparative study in religion by R. R. Kashyap. Rs. 2/8 18. Śryanka-Kavya-18th century historical poem (Skt.), describing contemporary Panjab, by K. Kaur. Rs. 3 19. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikash (Origin and Growth of Gurmukhi Script-in Gurmukhi) by Gurbakhsh Singh. (P. U. Publication) Rs. 6/12 2 ·*.. ODO Vishveshvaranand Papers Series 20 to 59, Re-printed from Sarūpa Bhārati or The Homage of Indology. Rs. As. 20. Pürvā (gai) Meaning Prasasti (Hanſea) by B. Ch. Chhabra. 18 21. Sanskrit Etymological Notes by T. Burrow. 22. Formation of the Present Tense in the South Dravidian Languages by K. Godavaram. 0 15 23. A Vedic Word in Some Modern Hindukush Languages by G. Morgenstierne. O 12 24. A Terminological Lingua-Franca for India by Siddheshwar Varma 0 12 25. A Critical Study of the Ritualistic Sūtras by C. G. Kashikar. 1 2 26. Śisnadeva (1737-a) in the Rgveda and Phallus-Worship in the Indus Valley by A. D. Pusalkar. 0 15 27. Rgvede Chandah Pramarsah (para o IPTUR:), Skt. - On RV. metre, by C. K. Raja. 1 11 28. Nirukta and Anirukta in 'Vedic' by L. Renou and L. Silburn. 1 8 29. Vedic Problems and Their Growth by E. J. Thomas. 0 15 30. Magicians in the Rgveda by H. D. Velankar. 1 2 31. Uccarat > Úccarat (3rata > geara), a Vedic text-critical study by Vishva Bandhu. 0 15 32. An Indo-Scythian Version of Kusa-Jätaka by H. W. Bailey. 0 15 33. Vidyapati aur Chandidasa (faalfa eitt Fostein) Hindi, by Ramavatar Pandey Sharma. 1 5 34. Adhunika Hindi Kavita ke Vada (eyla ilgrei saa et arg), Hindi, by Vinaya Mohan Sharma. 1 5 35. Vallabhacarya's Anubhasya by G. H. Bhatt. 0 15 36. Bhagavadgita and Upanisads by G. V. Devasthali. 1 8 37. Some Criticism of the Traditional Concept of Ajnana by G. R. Malkani. 1 S 38. Impediments to Universalhood (Jāti-badhakas) by Satkari Mukerjee. 6.0 ... . 3 ·IJ 03 39. Madhara, 43 eory unlarimla bipoleni Sahra , V. Haghavan 40. Artizavadas (of the Brazisa! by V. A. Barusomi Sasiri. 38 1. Life of Buckstom in Turkeun oy R. C. Agrawal 25 42. Political Dalt in Faziri's Istujhyasi by V. S. Zgrawal. I 14 43. Origins of the Buddha Inaro-4 Study by Adris Bancrji. 2 54. Conception of the King as Serrant of the People' in Hindu Political Theory by V N, Ghoshal. 012 45. References to Tambula in Indian Inscriptions between A. D. 473 and 1800 by P. K. Gode. 1 2 46 Two Early Hindu Sahi Sculptures by HI. Gootz. 1 2 47. "Reflections on the Arsa and Asura Forms of Marriage by J. Gonda. 1 14 48. Jainism in the Panjab by Banarsi Das Jain. 1 S 49. Geographical Study of the Pali Chronicles of Ceylon by B. C. Law. 2. 50. Early Muslim Settiements in India by R. C. Majudar. 51. Pravarpura : An Ancient Capital of the Vakatakas by V. V. Mirashi. 1 5 52. An Interesting Surya Sculpture from Konarka, Orissa by T. N Ramchandran. O 15 53. The Correlation of Mahabharata-Comets with Those of Vrddhagarg by M. Raja Rao. 15 54. The Achievements of Kastrakuta Indra III as Yuvaraja by K. A. Nilakantha Sastri. O 15 55. Marula Siddhacarya by S. Srikantha Sastri. O 15 56. Chahamana Central Administration (C. 1000..1300 ... D.) by Dasharatha Sharma. 2 57. Cakravartin and His Xsetra by D. C. Sirvar. 58. Juridical Studies in Ancient Indian Law-legal, fiscal, social and penal privileges accorded to infants etc. by L. Sternbach. 1 14 59. The Temples of Vishnu at Diskanpur and Later Temples of Manipur by Madhosarup Vatsa. As. 13/6 60. The Characteristics of Yaska's Etymologies-Reprinted from The Elymologies of Yāska by Siddheshwar Varma. 2 10 . .. . jad ·Oiher Papers On aa öl. Sanskrta-Bhasa-Pracala--An Essay, in Sanskrii, un why and how Rs. ris, to advance Sanskril studies. By Vishva Bandhu. 02. Srimantra Puspanjali Sukta-Very elevating Vedic texts with translation in Hindi. By Visliva Bandhu. Reprinted from Veaic Word Concordance - 33. Mularyabhasiya Dhvani-Viparinama-Nidarsika-A formular chart in Sanskrit of pre-fryan phonetic change. 84. Vaidika-Padänukrama-Kosa-Praniti (3kt.) - An introduction to Vedic Word Concordance, 65. Vaidika-Svärankanariti-Prakasa--A manval of systems of Vedic accentuation. 1 0 66. A Vedi: W7 oz-Concordance-Extent, Nature, General Aim, Scope and Plan of. 04 57. A Vedic Ward-Concordance-Salient features of the Upanishad Volume. 04 68. Vedic Word-Corcordance--Scientific Background of. 04 69. A Vedic Word-Concordance-Specimen of Samhita Volume. 08 VO A Vedic Word-Concordance-Specimen of Upanishad Volume. 08 ... .. . OOO 71 to 80 Reprinted from Siddha Bharati or The Rosary of Indology 7. Contents and Gensral Index of Siddha Bharati or the Rosary o: Indology-1 handy tool for researchers and bibliographers. 1 8 72. Dr. Siddheshwar Vazma-Asketch of his life and work. 73. Introductory Pcrtion of Siddha Bharati. 04 74. Abhyudaya-nihsreyasadanı Nirvana-padam-An Essay, in Sunskrit, on Nirvana, the Vedantic salvation, by G. Rajanak. 0 4 28. An Atharvan Hymn to Lac (Laksa)-A texi-critical commentary by Vishva Bandhu. 1 8 The Country of Kautalya's Arthasastra by G. D. Tamaskar. 04 77. Tha Culture of Vedas by N. K. V. Pantulu. 04 13. Economic Systen of Ancient India by Brij Narain. 29. Gradation, Evolution and Reincarnation by A. K. Coomaraswaray. 04 80. The Jain Doctrine of Syadvada with a New Pragmatic Background by Prabhu Datta Shastri. 81. Vedartha Vimarsa (-as)--Hindi, grammatico-exegetical study of AV. III, 27 by Vishva Bandhu. Q D# ·P. U. Research Bulletins (Arts) O. no OO #O No. L On the function and use of the Preposition in Sanskrit Rs.As. by Charu Deva Shastri. 1 12 No. II. 'Sentiment' and 'Sensibility-their use and significance in English literature by S. C. Chakraborty. 1 12 No. m. Some Controversial Aspects of the Concept of National Income by Jai Dev Sethi. 1 12 No. IV Disraeli's Fcrrard Policy cn the North-West Frontier of India 1674-77 ky Anup Chand Kapur. 1 14 No. 7. Frem Chand (A Social Analysis) by Indra Nath Madan. 1 10 No. VI. Nawen Fanjabi Sahit Vich Vishesh Puchian (special tendencies of new Panjabi literature-Gurmukhi) by Kartar Singh Duggal. 2 6 No. VII. The Age of Nightmare by A. G. Stock. i 7 No. VIII. Prem Chand (Ek Samajik Anushilan-Hindi) by Indra Nath Madan. 2 0 No. IX. (1) The Trca (KV. I, 41, 7.9) Reinterpreted by Vishva Bandhu. 1 14 No. X. (2) A Survey of the Works of the International Law Commission by Satya Pal Jagota. 2 *0 No. XI. (3) Tamburlain and the Superman by A. G. Stock. 1 7 No. XII. (4) The Role of the Unconscious in Poetic Experience by D. N. Sharma. 1 1.1 No. XIII. (1) The Gayatri: Its Grammatical Problem, by Vishva Bandhu. 1 12 AN ... . The above publications and others of overy kind can be had of Ms. Vishveshvaranand Book Agency, P. O. Sadhu Ashram, HOSHIARPUR (Pb., India).

·No text on this page.

·No text on this page.

·No text on this page.