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·TEXXYSOY'S GARETII AND LYNETTE

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·Gareth and Lynette
Ву
Lord Tennyson
WITHI WYTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY
G. C. Macaulay, M.A.
Forderly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambodge

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·PREFACE. This edition of Gareth aril Lynette is intended to be uniform with that of The Coming of Arthur and The Passing of Arthur by Mr. F J. Rowe of the Presidency College, Calcutta, and I have not thought it necessary to include in it either & general account of Tennyson's poetry or a dissertation on the Idylls of the King, except $0 far as seemed necessary for the duo understanding and appreciation of this particular idyil. For the rest I may be permitted to refer to Vr Rowe's Introductions, to which I must also acknowledge obligation for sereral suggestive remarks. In preparing the Notes I have occasionally found Brightwell's Concordance lo Tennyson of service, and for etymologies I have constantly given references to Dr. Skeat's Concile Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, a book which might with adrantage be put into the hands of esery student of English In references to the Vorle Darthur I have used Strachey's (Globe) edition, 1891, not thinking i necessary to puzzle young students by giving the quotations in the original spelling. Other obligations are acknowledged where they occur.

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·CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION,
LAOL
i
GARETII AYP LINETTE,
1
45
Notes,
INDEX TO NOTzs,
jas

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·INTRODUCTION, The Idylls of the King should be regarded as one poem, the most important of Tennyson's works. This poem has something of the effect of an Epic, but is not thrown into that form of continuous narrativo which Lelongs to the true Epic, and this difference of treatment is expressed by the title. The word "idyll," which origin. ally means "little picture," from its use by Theocritus and perhaps others of the Greek pastoral poeta, came to designate a short picturesque poem dealing with the lives and loves of shepherds, fishermen or common people generally; and a beautiful example of this kind is giren by Tennyson in the "small sweet idyl" which occurs in the Princess, "Come down, O maid, from yonder mountain height." Tennyson, however, has extended the meaning of the term so as apparently to include under it all picturesque narrativo poems of moderate length, whatever their subject, and its use in the title of Idylls of the King serves to express the fact that in this work the subject is dealt with in a series of poems each completo in itself, and generally without direct transition of the parrative from one to another, though at the same time there is a regular progress of narrative from the first to the last, as well as a profound unity ·(ARETTI ANI) LYNIME. conception. Similarly many of the divisions of In crnoriam are complete in themselves, while at the maine me each has a vital connection with the whole. 'T'ho work, however, bias grown gradually from the Joots mind, and its unity is probably not the remult of' s fully preconceived plans, for perhaps 10 joern wag over published in so fraginentary a manter as this. It may fairly be said that the author began with tho cu, continued with the beginning, and ended with the midille of the story; and yet, partly from the fact that ench idyll is piervnded by the consistent moral ideals of the poet, ind partly from the manner in which tho nicw elements lunyo been successively woven in, the poem foris uinqucstionally an artistic whole. The portion which first appeared of the lilylls was that magnificent fragment called Morle il' Arthur, which forms now a part of The Pressing of Arthur, 11. 170-140. This, which was published in 1812, was introluccel then as the cleventh book of r young poet's Epic King Arthur, of which all had been destroyed but this. Wo must not take this literally as implying that Tennyson hac himself already written an epic upon the subject, but certainly shows that the iden of such an Tipic Inel passo throngh his mind. After an interval of soventeen year in the year 1859, were publishıcıl under the title of Illi of the king the four pocnis called Enid, l'iricn, Flai and Guincrere, which with little change, hardlys indeed except fonic additions to l'irien, form a par the completed work under the names of Thc Marria Grrainl, Geraint and Enid, Merlin and l'iricn, Lancelo: Elaine, and Guinerere (Enirl having been divided In 1999 appearce The Coming of Arthur.

·INTRODUCTION Holy Grail, Pelleas and Ellarye, and The Passing of Arthur, the last including the Jorle d'Arthur preriously published; in 1871 The Last Tournament, in 1872 Gareth and Lymetle, and finally in 1885, Balin and Balan, which completes the series of twelve idylls, in which the Coming of Arthur serves as introduction and The Passing of Arthur as conclusion, while the remaining ten, not being pictures of Arthur himself, but of the other personages of the romance, and of the King only indirectly through them, have as a general title The Round Table Before the appearance of the volume containing The Holy Grail in 1869, it was impossible to form a conception of the work as a whole The four idylls which first appeared scemed to be, and perhaps were, simply four independent delineations of woman's character selected from the cycle of Arthurian romance, and representing in Enid the true ideal of maidenhood and wifehood, in Vivien the type of impurity and falseness, in Elaine that of impulsive and wilful girlhood, and in Gainerere that of the erring and repentant wife It was not therefore until the publication of the next volume that the structure and moral drift of the work began to be perceived, and the addition of Gareth and Lynetle as the first, and The Last Tournament as the last of the Round Table series, made the artistic effect far more complete In the address to the Queen wluch concludes the series the poet has himself indicated the moral purposo of his poem and the view shich he takes of its subject : "accept this old wperfect tale, New-old, and ahalowing Senke at war with Soul Pather than that gray king, whose name, * ghost, Streams like . cloud, mababaped, from mountain peak, ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. And cleaves to cairn and cromlech still; or him Of Gcoffrey's book, or him of Mallcor's, one Touch'd by the adulterous finger of time That horer'd beireen war and santonness, And crownings and dethronements." We are not, therefore, to look in the Idylls for a historical presentation of the Celtic Arthur, nor yet for a reproduction of the hero of medieval chivalry, such 15 we find him in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Britonum or in Malory's Morte Darthur: the framowork of the old legends is used, but the tale is in its essentials modern ; and to censure the poet for making his heroes think the thoughts and speak the language of the nineteenth century is as much out of place as to censure the authors of the romances of Jerlin and Landlot for making their heroes, whom they imagino to have lived in the fifth century, think and speak like men and women of tho thirtecnth and fourteenth. The tale then, for a singlo tale it is, and not a scries of tales loosely strung together, has a definite moral nim. It is not an allegory, for the characters aro men and women, and not personified qualities, but it has a spiritual meaning, it shadows “Senso at war with Soul." Arthur represents the force that works to mako the dead rrorld live, which has power for a time to accomplish its purpose, but is gradually overborue and goes down, though not utterly and for ever, for the war is ono which is over to be renewed, "Nay--God iny Christ-I pass but plinll not dic," Tho liero is victorious over the external foo, ho conquers rebels and heathen invaders; his failure is due to a more fubtle enemy, to the taint of corruption which ·INTRODUCTIOX. xiii creeps in among the circle which he has gathered round him, "To serve us model for the mighty world And be the fair beginners of time." Gunerere, 461. He is betrayed, and the purpose of his life is spoilt by those whom he most trusted to join with one will in his work and make it perfect :- "And all whereon I lean'd in wife and friend Ls traitor to my house, and all my realm Reels back into the beast and is no more." Pasning of Arthur, 24 f. In The Coming of Arthur, which serves as an intro duction, we see him established on the throne in spite of those who cried "Away with himn! Yo king of ours 1" and victorious over Rome and the beathep In Gareth and Lynette there is set before us the springtime of Arthur's glory, when the Round Table seemed to be indecd a model for the world, and Arthur bimself the representative of Christ upon earth. No sensual taint has yet crept in, or at least none is yet risible; in this id, il, alone of all the twelve, Gainevere is neither Identioned nor alluded to. It is the period referred to aſterwards as the time "When every morning brought a bolle chance, And every chance brought out a noble knight" Passing of Arthur, 398. The picture which we have in this idyll of Arthur upon the dais-throne in the hall delirering doom in patnarchal fashion, and ringed round with knights in whose ejes shine honour and faith in their king, and pure ·Xir GARETH AND LYNETTE. affection and the light of victory, is the sole representation which the Idylls afford us of Arthur in his kingly character engaged in administering the affairs of his kingdom, and such a picturo it was necessary that we should have in this place. Gareth himself represents youthful craving for honour, neither discouraged by the yoke of vassalage which must first be borne, nor spoilt by any meaner motive; and the contrast is complete between the first and the last scenes of the “ Round Table," between this idyll anil The Last Tournament, the spring and the autumn of our story. In Garcth and Lunelle things are in their golden prime, no suspicion of disloyalty has appeared, Gareth is wholly under the influence of the first wavo of enthusiasm; for him the one thing worth living for is to be one of Arthur's knights, " Live pure, speak true, right wrong, follow the king, Else wherefore born?” In The Last Tournament we see loyalty shaken, “a man. hood crer less and lover" among the knights, lawlessness growing not only in distant parts of the realm, but in the lists of the tourney and in the banqueting.hall of the king's palace, and eren courtesy is well-nigh gonio out of fashion' while Tristram, the hero of this idyll, openly professes contempt for liis broken sow's in words which at the same time set forth the secret of thic former greatness :- * The vows! On-the wholesomo madiness of an hour- They served their use, their time; for every knight Belicved himself a greater than linseli, and every follower rycii lim as a God;

·INTRODUCTION. LY Till he, being lifted up beyond himself, Did mightier deeds than elsewise be liad done, And to the realm was made." - Last Tournament, GGS L. But besides representing the first stage in the develop ment of the main theme, Gareth and Lynette contains within itself many independent illustrations of it Bellicent's suggestions of home-keeping ease and a comfortable liide rather than the dangerous pursuit of honour abroad; the illusion which made Gareth's companions doubt if the distant city were a city at all, or the king were king at all; and the failure of Lynette to recognize knightly worth in her champion, because ho was apparently of low station,—these are all examples in their different ways of "Sense at war with Soul"; and above all the allegory contained in the successive combats of Gareth, representing “The war of Tume against the soul of man," shadows forth the wholo combat which is involved in tlic course of human life, and shows the soul of man sictorious over all foes and finally over Death itself. The allegory is somes but complicated by the fact that the actors in it are not, strictly speaking, allegorical characters, but persons who arc consciously assuming the mask of such characters, but tlo drift of at 15 tolerably plain. The idea was taken by tho four bretlıren of the story from a carving made by a liermit upon a rock, and consisting of firo figures of armed men, which represented Morning, Mid. day, Evening, Night, and Death, " their faces forward all, Ind running down the Soul, a shape that fled With broken wings, torn raiment and looro hair, For help and shelter to the hermit's care."

·Ivi GARETH AND LINETTE. llence they drow their notion of representing tho characters namel, Night and Death being united in one; and Gareth's battles with them are an allegory of the warfiro of life. The combat with the Knight of the Morning-star significs struggle against the temptations of early life. The stream of time is licro full and narrow, "marking the fulness of lifo and energy of youth." Tho bridgo which takes the river at a leap, "marks the impetuosity of youth, looking crer forward and leaping cagorly into manhood." Tho warrior who dwells in the gay pavilion, and is armed by the three fair girls "represents the power of pleasure and (since he stands a moment glorying) of prido" (Elsdalc, Slulics in the Idylls, p. 27). The second warrior repre. sents the temptations of middle life. "Tho stream of time has spread out into a raging shallow with no Bridge, for we are in middle life with no marked point of transition." It is, perhaps, pressing the allegory too far to say, as Mr. Elsdale docs, that with his mail "burnished to blinding," and his "red and cipher filce," this warrior represents the love of money which blinds the soul. Then finally the third, old and wrapped in harlence skins, figures the focs of later liſo, and Gareth in struggling with them "prein'ıl as one I'lint all in later saililer Age beging To war against ill 11scs of n liſc, Put these from all lis life arise, and cry, * Thou hast nado ug lorıls, and canst not put us down!"" And this struggle is tho hardest of all, for 50 soon as the enemy is down, up he springs again, till the conflict is ended liye a supreme effort, which hurls thic adversary ·INTRODUCTION. xvii headlong over tho bridge into the stream below. Finally that which seems the most difficult of all the combats, the struggle with Night or Death, proves to be indeed the easiest of all, for the terrors which this opponent has inspired are founded only npon the outward circumstances of horror with which he has surrounded himself, and he is not in himself an adversary to be feared at all. To press the allegory further, and to say that the Lady Lyonors represents the soul in its immortal essencethe spirit, and her sister Lynetto the rational, sensuous Boul, is perhaps unnecessary. It is cnough to say with Mr. Hutton, "Tennyson means that the whole aim of Arthur's Order was to deliver the spiritual captive of "Castle Perilous from the power of these worldlings of the flesh, and that the battle was to grow tuoro Stierous as the long day grew towards its close, thouglı 'the passing of Arthur'at the last, fearful as it seemed, should be but the casy victory over a danger really conquered before The mixture of buoyant life with symbolism in this story of Garetli, and the delicacy with which Tennyson hias used and yet quite transformed the old Arthurian story of the relief of "Castle Penlous,' seem to me to rank this poem among his happiest efforts." (Literary Essays, p. 411) In richness of workmanship and beauty of picturesque description, such as is characteristic of the author, this idyll will bear comparison with any of the rest. Tennyson is perhaps the most picturesque of all English poets If se compare him with Spenser, for example, with whom he has considerable affinity, wo shall be all tho more struck with the truth and completeness of background and surroundings which he gives to his figures, and ·xrii GARETH AND LINETTE. that too by a fotr magical touches which set tho wholo vividly before our minds, rather than by long cnumeration of details. He is incapablo of that carelessness of observation or description, which makes Spenser give 115 "lightning after thunder" and the impossiblo wood of Error. Ho sees the scene with unsurpassablo accuracy: and with the eye of an artist, and is able to grasp the csscntinl features and sum them up for us in a few golden phrases. Of such descriptions in Gareth and Lynello wo may note those of the journey of Gareth and his companions southward, and their sceing Camelot through the mist, of the Knight of the Morning-star, his pavilion and his damsels arming him, of the passage over the ficids by night, and of the wakening in the castle when the horn wis blown. With a view to this characteristic it is worth while to pay especial attention to the similes of the poem. Like Virgil's, they are pictures, cach com. pleto lowever slightly sketcherl, and often we shall observo a singular aptness in detail, which invites ns to apply the comparisons more closely than we should at first he disposed to do, and shew's with what artistic care they have been elaborated, simple as they may seem at first siglit. This also is a Virgilian characteristic. Take for example the similo in the second book of the Ancil, I. 469.475, in which the new warrior Pyrrhus, who has come forth only in the last days of Troy after. thic long siege, flashing in his arms amid the blazing torches, and threatening the palace of Priam with attack, is compared to n snake who has renewed his skin after the long winter sleep, during which he has been gathering venom, and now flashes in the sunlight, with forked tongue darting out and in:- ·NTRODUCTIOX. ris “ Vestibulan ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus Exsultat, telus et lace coruscus aena: Qaalus ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina patas, Fngida sul terra tumidom quem brama tegelat, Yuac positis norus erariu atras que inventa, Lubrica convolvit sablato pectore terga Andous ad solem et lingou nicat ore trisulcis," and compare it with Tennyson's simile in which Gareth casting down the coarse garb of sassalage and fasbing in anns before he departs, is likened to "those Dullcoated things, that making alide apart Their dask wing-cases, all beneath there burns A jewell'd barness, ero they pass and fly, So Gareth ere he parted fashed in arms." There is the same picturesque character, and the 83me elaborate sptness in both. and it would be easy to carry further the comparison between the two poets in these, as in several other points. Of the picturesque simile there are not 80 many eramples in Gareth anl Lynette as in some of the other idylls, but we may refer to l. 776 - ** in the deepa whereof smert Round as the red eye of an Eagle-owl, Under the hall-dead sunset glared "; 1 1002:- " As of the flower, That blows a globe of after arrowlets, Tea thousand fold had grown, flashed the fierce shield." 1"Defore the porch and on the stry threshold Pyrrbon eralta, glittering in arms and flashing brass ; 4 when coming forth to the light a tiper, feel on el herbage, whom the cold winter kept covered under the earth, swelling (with renom), pow renewed, wita akın cast of, and tnght with sooth, raises hus breast and twines his slippery lock, nsing up bigh to tha ses, and darte in and out hus three-forked tongue."

·XX GARETI AXD LYXETTE. and 1. 1116:- "And could not wholly bring him under, more Tinn loud Southwesterus, rolling ridge on ridge, The buoy that ridles at sea, anul dips and springs For ever." Another characteristic of Tennyson's similes is their individual and personal character. In many cases we shall observe thint they do not so much appeal to common experience and refer to matter of common observation, as bring before us some special thing or somo peculiar aspect of nature, which the poct, who has seen it, lias vividly present to his own mind, whilo to the reader perhaps the picture suggested may be quito unfamiliar, because he is not acquainted with tho tling referred to or has not seen that particular aspect of nature. The result is that the poct at times reverses the natural relation of the things compared, and illustrates by refer. ence to that which is less familiar; but at the same time the exactness of detail and the vivid reality of the description often make us feel as if we had seen that which, in fact, we have not scen. For illustrations of this characteristic see notes on 1. 380, 1172, and 1392 of this idyll. In regard to the use of blank verse, the practice of Tennyson is in agreement with that of Milton. No one has used rhyme with more skill and effect than Tennyson in his lyrical and balla) poetry, but as Milton discarile in Paradise List "the troublesoine and modern bondage of riming," and chose blank verse as more suitablo for a long cpic or marrative procm, so Tennyson in all his longer poems of a narrative kinil, as Enoch Arlon, The Princess, and Hylls of the king, has adopted blank versc;

·INTRODVCTIOX. and he has fairly proved himself to be the greatest master of English blank verse since Milton, the only other possible competitor being Keats in Hyperion. Tennyson's blank serse is perhaps never so powerful as Milton's is at times, but it is almost always dignified, and berer slovenly or heary to read. His alliteration, modelled perhaps upon that of Spencer, is most skilful and delicate, so that we often only feel that it is there without perceiving where it is; and in the subtle use of imitative rhythm he is perhaps tunsurpassed. As examples of the first we may select from Gareth and Lynette auch passages as the following- 1. 169:-- "The mother's eye Fall of the wistfal fear that he would go Adil turning toward him beresoe er be turned, Perplext his oatward parpose, till an hour, When wikend by the wind which with fall voice Swept Lellowing thro' the darkness on to down, He rose," L 184.- "y, when their feet were planted on the plain That broaden'd torani the base of Camelot, Far of they saw the silver misty mond Polling her smoke about the Pogal maat, That rose between the forest and tbe feld.” 1 739 "they shock'd, and Kay Fell shoulder-tlıpt, and Gareth tried again, Leal and I follor,' al fut any she led Dat ster rod and shingle stored to EJ Lebind ter, od the heart of her good forre Tu nich to bant with violence of the lat, Perlore the staya," ·GARETH AND LYXETTE. 1. 1379:- "and out from this Issucu the bright face of a blooming boy Fresh as a flower jew born, and crying, 'Knight, Slay mo not: my three brethren budi me do it, To inake a horror all about the house." Many single verses might be quoted, such as l. 549:- "No mellow master of the meats anil dirinks," and l. 12-15:- "And forage for the liorse and fint for fire," and especially we find examples in double words, such as "princely-proud," "storm-strengthened," "dce dimpled," "crag-curven," "gloomy-yladed," "-"bonebatter'd," etc. Of imitative rhythm the chief examples are pointed out in the notes, see especially 11. 8, 13, 305, 474, 503, 636, 796, 891, 913, 939 ff., 1020, 1031, 1107, 1335, 1366. Finally it may be said that no one has more happily used the variation of inmbic with trochaic or dactylic rhythm, which preserve the best blank versc from mo. notony. Observe, for example, the effect produced by these variations in such passages as ll. 885-891. With regard to the diction of the poem, it is characterised, as is usual with Tennyson, by the not unfrequent use of words which belong rather to the older English than to that of the present day, and in general by avoidance of the common place in expression. Ilero he follows the example of Spenser, and many of his favourite words are Spenserian, as "ruth," "wrcak," "bought" (meaning "fokal" of a dragon), "trenchant," "clomb," and such forms of spelling as "past," "vext," ·INTRODUCTIOX. xxiii "lackt," for "passed," "vexed," “lacked." In tho Idylls of the King, and especially perhaps in Gareth and Lynette, he draws also for words upon Malory, wlienco como " brevis," "avail" (i e. advantage), "unhappincos" (ic. accident), "lightly" (ie. quickly), “worship" (i.e. honour). Other unusual words, such as "discaged," "fluent," " increscent," " decrescent," arc his own. But the most remarkable feature about the diction of the Idylls, a feature which they share with most of Tenny. son's other poetry, is its extremo simplicity; a result which las been attained partly by careful selection of native English words in preference to those of French or Latin origin, whicrever the former can be used without obscurity or the appearance of affectation, and partly by choice of the sinplest and most popular among the words of foreign ongin, wherever these nre employed. It would bo absurd to pretend that thero are not hundreds of words derived through French from Latin which are as simplo and popular as those of native origin; "clear" is as popular 2.5 " bright," "river" as "stream," "cry" 4.5 "fcep," "flower" as "bloom," and so forth: get at the same time, since the less popular clement in the language is mostly of foreign origin, it will generally happen that greater simplicity of diction 18 marked by a larger number of native English words, and from this point of sier it is interesting to compare the proportion in which the two classes of words are used by different writers IL 929 sail by a critic on the publication of the first four Idylls of the King, that “since the dentire formation of the English language no poetry has been snitten with so sell en admixture of Latin as the Hylls of the king, and what will sound still stranger to the ean of those who ·sis GARETH XD LIYETTE. have been in the habit of regarding tho Latin clement as essentinl to the dignity of poetry, no language las surpassed in epic dignity the English of these poems" (Edinb. der. July, 1859). If we test this assertion we shall find that it is not far from the trutli; and the idylls since published lave the same characteristic. Taking passages of a hundred lines ench at random from tho volume which the reviewer had before him, we find in the Marriage of Geraint, 477-576, about $0 words of Latin origin, and in Genuint and Enidl , 193-294, about 95: examining passages of similar length in Gareth and Lymette we find in ll. 641- 740, about 90, and in 11. 1082-1181, abont 85. If wo compare this result with that which is given by the works of other English poets, we find that Chaucer in the first hundred lines of the Knighles Tale lins about 80 words of French origin; Shakspeare in lidsummer Night's Dream, 2, 1, 148-247, has 90, and in King Lear, 2, 4, 139- 238, alout 110; Milton in Paradise Lost, 1, 598-697 ( passage in which his diction is simpler than usual) has about 145, while in Paradise Lost, S, 1-100, he has 175;? Byron in the first hundred lines of the Corsair has nearly 150; Wordsworth in tho lines on Tintern Abboy has an average of about 120 for cachi hundrel lines, but in tho Exerrsion considerably more. It will be seen that of the pocts who have been uncntioned after Chaucer, nono but Shakspearo has anything like so small a proportion of imported words as Tennyson in the Idylls: a result which must certainly have been attained by a conscious endeavour on his part to write as far as possible in native "These presages and the rest has not been selectens extreme cases, but ns fair simples of the sercral varieties of etyle in tho authors referred to.

·INTRODUCTION. English, a rulo which was far less strictly kept in some of his earlier tork than afterwards. Even this, however, does not give the measure of his severe simplicity of diction, for, as has been said, many of the words which are not of native origin are quite as simple and popular as thosc which are originally English; and the simplicity of Tennyson's diction is perhaps still moro plainly marked by the very large proportion of monosyllables in his verse, so largo indeed as sometimes to endanger tho smoothness of its flow. On the whole we may perhaps say that tho chiel distinguishing mark of Tennyson's style, the feature to which it oses its individuality more than to any other is the combination of this simplicity of diction with extraordinary richness of imagery and subtiety of thought, the building up of the plainest. materials into tho most splendid edifices : and it may well bo supposed that this characteristic has largely contributed to his great popularity, notwithstanding that in .many. respects he has the stamp of the cultured rather than of the popular poet. It remains to say something of the source from which the story is drann. This is mainly Malory's Jorle Durthur, of which the seventh book contains "the talo of ile Jorte Dartkur is a compilation made in the reign of Edward IV, by Sir Thomas Jalorye or Maleore, chiefly froin the French prose romances of Verlin, Lancelot, and Tristan, Lelonging to the 13th and 14th centuries, Ho followed his originals closely, but abridged the narratire considerably. The atory, us he gives it, is full of inconsistencies, being made up from various sources inartificially pieced together, but it is a fino Specimen of early English prose, and forms a comienient sun. tary of tho Arthurian romances. It was first printed by Caxton In 1483, and became very popular ·Xvi GARETH AND LISETTE, Syr Gareth of Orkney, that was called Beaumains by Syr Kay." And liere it may be remarked that tho screnth book of the Morle Durthur is the only considerable part of the whole compilation which has not yet been tracol to an carlier source. For every other part the diligence of its editors, and especially of the last, Dr. Oskar Sommer, has found the original, cither in French or English, from which Malory "reduced " lis narrative; and that such an original existel, probably in French, for the tale of Gareth also, we cannot doubt. The nearest approach to it of which we arc award is the Englislı metrical romance, taken from the French, called Ly beaus Disconus ("The Fair Unknown"), published in the second volume of Ritson's English Verical Romances, and referred to by Dr. Somincr. In this a son of Gawain, kept apart ly his mother and called only "beau fyz." Icaves her secretly, goes to Arthur at Glastonbury, while still a "child," and asks for knighthood. By Arthur he is called Ly beaus Disconus, because he is so fair of face and cannot tell his name, and the first adventure is promised to him. A maid and a dwarf come to ask help for thic Lady of Synadown, who is kept in strong prison, and Ly beaus Disconus claims the enterprisc. The maiden complains of having a child sent, when there are Lancelot, Perceval, and Gawain, * It is riglit, however, that I should quote the words of Dr. Sommer on this subject. The whole look (i.c. the seventh of the forte starthur) kits the character of a folks-tale, and differs frently from the general run of Arthurian aventures, I am inclinei 1 cloubt its originally belonging to the Artlurian cycle, to which it may have been a laptel buy valory or by como unknown writer lclorc him, from some now lost French pocm.' (Sommer's edition of Valory's lorle orthur, vol. iii. p. 7.)

·IXTPODCCTIOX. but he is armed and goes forth with her. Till the third day the damsel chides erer upon the knight, and tells him that they will 8002 weet with one who will take down his pride. L5 besas Disconos fights with a knight who keeps a pass, overthrows him and sends him to Arthur. The dameel is reconciled to Lim and asks pardon. He fights afterwards with others, including a red giant, a black giant, and a knight "clotlied in Yole." He takes part in a toumament against one who set up a white jerfalcon as prize for bim who should bare a fairer larly than his own, and maintain ber right in the Geld. For a year he falls onder the enchantments of a lady and stays in her castle. Then lie is reminded of his dots and rides on. Arrived at Sypadown he conquers two brothers "clerkes of nigromansie," who hold the lady imprisonel, frees the lails from enchantment, lesras that he coald not have done it if he had not been of Gawain's kin, and marries her as the court of Artbur. There is a good deal of general resemblance between this story and that of Gareth in the Jurte Darthur, but it is not close enough to hare served as original for Malory, whose parratires do not much rary from their sources except in the matter of bresity. It eertes, howerer, to testify to the existecce in Freach of a tale resembling that with which we are concernel. Tumia; to the Porte Darthur we fied that the story begins with the appearance of Gareth at Arthur's court belda: kink. Kenvlon on the feast of Pentecost. All tba: ECS before this in Gordh and Lynile (ll. 1439) is of Tennyson's own iorention; but from thu point he follows the tale of Proumains in its main lines. The resemblances in detail are sufficiently pointed out in the cotes; it will be enough ·Xxvii GARETH AND LYYETTE. liere to sketch tho story, that it may be seen whero Tennyson has deviated from or modified it. A little boforo mid-day on the feast of Pentecost Sir Gawain looking from a window of the castle espica three men on horseback, and a dwarf on foot. Tho tlırco incn nlightel and the dwarf kept their liorscs, and one of the thirce was higher than the other two by a foot and a half. Sir Gawain announce to the king thnt elrange adventures were coming, and thoy went to mcat with all the knights of the Round Table. Then nt the higli feast camo into the linll tio men well beseen, and upon their shoulders thero Icaned the goodliest young man and the fairest and largest handed that crer they all saw, but ho fared as though he might not go but if lic leaned on their shouklers. They went up to the dais and then the young man dress himself up straight and saluting thic King said he would ask three gifts, and one lo would ask 10w, but the other two after a twelvomonth at the high feast. Arthur promised that he should havo his asking, and he asked first for ment and drink for a twelvemonth, which was granted. The King askel his name, but he said he could not tell. "That is marvel," said the King, "that thou knowest not thy name, and thou art the goodliest young man that ever I saw." The king charges Sir Kay to feed him well Cr. I. leana Dixconur, 1. 53 ff. :- Thenne ezil Arthur thc King, Thys is n wonder thyng, Ie (inxi and Seynt Denis, Whanne kir that wolle: le a Knyglit Se wat noght what he lyght, Anil is fays of vyr." 1 ·INTRODUCTIOX. xxix Sir Kay says he is certainly no gentleman by birth, or he would have asked for horse and armour, and ho gives him the name Beaumaina, and says lie will feed him till he is as fat as a pork hog. So the two men leave him with Sir Kay, who mocks him, but Gawain is angry, and Lancelot bids Kay leave his mocking and remember how ho scorned Sır Dinadan's brother and gare him a name in mockery, who afterwards prored & good knight. Then Kay says, "This will nerer provo such," and makes him eat with the boys at the hall door. Gawain and Lancelot insite him to their chamber to cat, but ho refuses all and will do nothing but ober Sır Kay, who keeps him in the kitchen, whero ho is ever mcek and mild. He takes pleasure to sco jousting of knights, and in contests with his fellons he casts bar or stone two jards beyond all others, and so he continues for a year. Then at Whitsuotide Artbur kept feast at Carlion, and there came a damsel into the hall and prayed the king to send a knight to help her lady, who was besieged in her castio by the Reel Knight of the red lawns. Then Beaumains came before the king and requested his two other gifts, viz , to have this adventure of the damsel, and to be made knight by Lancelot, who should ride after bim and make him knight when he should require him. The king granted the request, but the damsel objected, "Shall I hare none but one that is your kitchen page!" and so took horso and departed Ono caic and told Beaumains that his horse and armour had come for him, and he armed himself and took his leave, and rode after the damsel. Kay pursued him and was uphorsed by Beaumains, ·GARETH AND LYRETTE XXX who took his shield and spear. He proffered to joust with Lancelot, who was following him, and gave him much ado to keep from being shamed. Then he asked Lancelot to make him a knight, telling him that he is Gareth, brother to Sir Gawain. Sir Lancelot made him knight, and caused Sir Kay to be borne home. The damsel, however, would have none of him and said, "Thou stinkest of the kitchen: weenest thou that I allow thee for yonder knight that thou killed'st? Nay, truly, for thou slewest him unhappily and cowardly. What art thou but a lubber and a turner of spits and a ladlewasher ?" Beaumains replied that he had undertaken the adventure and would assay to finish it. And as they rode there came a man flying who asked help for his lord against six thieves who had bound him and would slay him. Beaumains came and slow all the six thieves, and they went to the knight's castle, where the damsel would not sit at table with Beaumains. Then on tho more they rode on till they came to a great forest; an there was a river, and but ono passage, and two knigh on the further side ready to stop them. Beaunai nislıcıl into the water, and they fought in the stres till one of the two knights was smitten down into water and drowned. Then he spurred on to land fought with the other knight and slow him, and on with the damsel, who said, "Alas that ever a kita page should slay such two doughty knights: wcenest thou hast donc doughtily: that is not so the first knight stumbled, and there he was dres in the water, and the last knight by mishap camest behind him and inishappily thou slewest Leaunains said he recked not of her words, ·INTRODUCTIOX. ܪܕܕܫ might win her lady, and that he feared not any that he might meets She warned him that he had better turn back, for he should meet with those who would abate his boast. So they rode together till evensong, and then they came to a black lawn, and there was a black han thom, and thereon hung black banner anil on the other side a black shield, and by it stood a black spear and a great black horse. There bat a knight all armed in black harness, and his name was the knight of the black lawn. He asked whether this was the champion from Arthur's court, and the damsel said, “Nay, this is but a kitchen-knare," and added, that she woull gladly be nd of him, and that through mishap ho had slain tro knights at the forul. The Black Knight says he will only take his horse and armour and send him back, and Beaumains tells him lic is a gentleman born and will prove it on his body. They fight, and the Black Knight is slain, and Beaui. mains arms himself in his armour and takes his horse Still the damael chides him and brds him keep anay, but Beaumains says he will go with her for all that They then mect a knight in green armour, who takes Beaumains for lus brother the Black Knight, but being undecencd calls tno damsels to arm hun and fights with Leaumains. Jored by the scorn of the damsel, Beaumains orercomes him, and fields him luis life only at the request of the damsel, a request which she makes much against her will "Damsel," said Beaumains, "your charge is to me a pleasure, and at your commandment his life shall be saved." They lodge with the Green Knight, and again the damsel will not sit at tablo with Beaumains, and scorns at the Green Knight for ·xxxii GARETH AND LINETTE. offering obedience to him. The next day they come to a strong tower, and under it a fair mcadow, and a tournament about to be held. The lord of the castlo offors to joust with the nei comer, and appears all armed in red, and he also is brother to the Black Knight. The danisel tells him who Beaumains is and what he has donc. They fight, and the Red Knight is conquered, and spared at the damsel's request. 'They stay that night at the castle. The next lay they come to a city and a meadow before it, where the lord of the city is wont to joust in fine weather, and this lord is Sir Persant of Indo, and his pavilion and trappings and armour are all of the colour of Inde (i.c. dark blue). Sho warns Beaumains to fice, but lie professes readiness to fight, and she begins now to repent of her discourtesy and to think that he must bc of noble blood, chiefly because he has suffered gently all her ill-usage. "Damsel," says Beaumains, "a knight may do little that may not suffer a daniscl; for what soever ye said unto me, I took nono heed to your words, for the more re said tho more ye angered mic, and my wrath I wreakci upon them that I had allo withal. And therefore all the missaying that ye missayed me furthered me in my battle." lle adds that he has played the part of a servant to prove and assay his friends. She asks forgiveness, which he readily grants. Ilo fights in knightly fashion with Sir Persant of Inde, overthrows him, "thongli liim Joth were," spares his lifo at the damsel's request, and finds that lic is brother of the Black Knight and of the rest. Ho is entertained by Sir Persant with all courtesy and friendship. On the morn Sir Persant asks of their enterprise and tells about the Riel Knight of the red lawn, who is besieging the ·INTRODUCTIOX. damsel's sister in her castle. The damsel says that her namo is Lynet, and her sister's name Dame Lioncs, and Beaumains tells them that his name is Garcth, son of the king of Orkney, canwhile the dwarf takes word to the lady Liones of the coming of lier sister and of the knight who shall fight for her, anıl also reports his deeds of arms. She sends to a liermitage of hers hard by ring and bread and baked venison and fowls for the entertainment of the knight, and the dwarf takes back word to the rest, who go to the hermitage and refresh therselves. The dwarf tells the Red Knight of the champion who has come, and the Red Knight protnises him a shameful death if he meets him in fight. The next day Beaumains and the damsel Linet ride on and come to the castle ; and before it tras a fair plain and many tents pitched, and on the trees near were hanged the bodies of night forty kuights with rich armour, all orercome and slain by the Red Knight of the red lawn, who showed no mercy, but put all to a shameful dcath; and fet he himself was a full nolile knight. And near 2 sycamore trec there hung a huge horn, which should be blown by those who desired to fight with the Red Knight. Linct counselled lum not to blow till noon, for the knight's strength increased crer during the forc. noon, till he had the strength of seven men. Beaumains, however, biet it at once, and the knights leapt forth from their tents, and they within the castlo looked over the walls and out at the windows. The Vil Knight armed lim hastily, and all was bloody red, his armolit, his spear, his shield, and his lorze Linet pointed out to Beaumains ber sister Dame Liones at a sindot, and Dame Liones made courtesy to him. With that the ·Xxxix GARETH 1XD LYNETTE. Red Knight bade him leave his looking at the lady and do battle with him. Benumains reproached him with his shameful customis, and they fought till past noon, "and never would stint till at last they lacked vind both, and then they stood wagging and scattering, panting, blowing, and blceding, that all that beheld them for the most part wept for pity." Then they fought again till great picces had been hewn away from their armour, and at last, after narrowly escaping defeat, Beaumains smote his opponent down. He cried mercy, which Bcanmains was not disposed to grant, but at length did so on conditions. Sir Beaumains rides to the castle, but finds it closed against him, and the lady tells him that before ho wins her love he must gain moro renown : he must depart now, but may return in a twelvemonth. Other adventures follow, and finally Dame Liones holds a great tournament in which all the noblest knights of the work! take part, and Sir Garcth, by the help of a magic ring given him by Dame Liones, wins honour over all. He is made known to Arthur, and at last marries the Indy Liones. "Thus endeth rhis tale of syr Gareth of Orkeney that wedded dame Lyones of the castel peryllous. And also syr Galicris welded her sister dame Lynet, that was called the damoysel savage." It will be olvserved from this outline that Tennyson's changes are principally thcsc :- he assigns a different reason for Garcth's vassalage, namely, his mother's injunction, whereas in Morte Darlleur it is to prove his friends; he makes Gareth reveal his true character to Arthur first and receive knighthood from him and not from Lancelot, and the encounter with Lancelot is in the poem transferred to a later place; be reduces the ·INTRODUCTIOX. XXXT combats with knights which take place before reaching Cantlo Perilous from fire to three, and thesc all tako place at passages of the river, and are investerl with allegorical significance. As regards the order of the combats, the battle with the Knight of the Morningstar corresponds nearls with the third comlat in Malory, that namely with the Green Knight, the lattle with the Sun answers to the first in Valory, that with the elder of the two brothers at the passage of the river, tbilc for the encounter with the Knight of tho Evening-star there is no near parallel in the original. The details of all the combats are very much molified, and the circumstances of the final encounter before the castle with Death' arc entirely due to tho poct, as is also the suggestion of Gareth's marriage to Lynctte. In the poem, too, the combats take place all within the space of twenty-four hours, a day and a night, bercas in tho romance they extend orer screral dage. There is no doubt that by these changes the story gains very much in unity and in spiritual significance, whilo losing that character of aimless knighe-errantry which is 80 prominent in the romance, all the combats are serious and deadly, not merely exercises of knightly skill to be followed by mutual courtesies and friendship, as ?" the case with more than one of those in the older tale It is needlees to say that all the picturesque descriptions are due to the poet, and so also are the touches of sentiment in the relations of Gareth and J.ynetto (shern chiefly in Lynette's songs)

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·GARETH AND LYNETTE. 1 The last tall son of Lot and Bellicent, And tallest, Gareth, in & blowerful spring Stared at the spate A Blender bliafted line in Lout footing, fell, and so was whirld away * ITow he went down,' kata Gareth, as a false knight Or evil king before my lunce of lance Mere mune to use-O senseless cataract, Bearing all donn in thy precipitancy- And yet thou art but swollen with cold snows And mine is living blond thou dost His will, 10 Tlie Jaker's, and not knowest, and I that know, Ilane strength and wit, in my good mother's halls. Linger with vacillating obedience, Inson'd, and kept and cori'd and lustlei to- Since the good niother holds me still a child ! Good mother is land mother unto me A worre were better. yet no worse mouicl 1.... Herren weld hier for it, but in mc put force mana To weary her ears with one contiguous prarer, Until she let me Ar (usaged to sweep In ever-highering mgle-circles up To the great Sun of Glory, and thence aroor Down upon all things lase, an dash then dead. A knight of Arthur, working out hu will, ·2 GARETH XD LYXHITE. To cleanse the world. Why, Gawain, when he came With Modredi hitlier in the summertime, Askil mc to tilt with lim, the proven knight to Morired for want of worthier was the jurligt. Then I so shook him in the galdle, lie said, "'T'lon fiast lalf prevail'il against me," said 80-10 30 That alrel biting his thin lips was mitc, For lic is alway sullen : what are I?' : An Gareth went, and horering round her chair Arkil, Mother, thio' ye count nie still the child, Sweet mother, do ye love the child ?! She lauglikl, "Thon nrt but a wild-goose to question it.' "Ther, mother, an ye love the child,' he said, * Being a goose and rather tame than sild, Ilear the child's story' 'Yea, my well-beloved, An 'twere but of the goose and golleu eggs.' 40 And Gareth answer'd her with kindling cyer, 'Nay, nay, goal znotlier, lint this cfg of mine Was finer gokil than any goose can lry ; For this an Eagle, a royal Eagle, Inid Almost begon cycoreacli, on such a palin As glitters gililoi in tly Book of Tours, Ani there was ever haunting round the palm ..."; et lusty youth, lut mor, who often 2 w The plenilmur parkling from aloft, and thonght "An I couled climb and lay my hand upon it, GO Then were I realthier than at least of kings." But ever when he reacli'l a linnd to climbı, Onne', that hned Invert him from his childhoodi, aught And stay'd linn, "Climb uint lost thout lireak thiy neck, I charge there by my love," ani sn the boy, Sweet another, weither clomb), por limaks his neck, liat brakes his very lipart in pining for it, And just sayi' ·GARETTI AYD LYNETTE. 3 To whom the mother said, True love, sweet son, haul rink'd lumsell and climw'd, And handled down the golden treasure to him.' Anel Gareth ansverd her with hindling eses "Goll i Aald I gold 1.-ny then, why he or she, Or wlionoc'er it was, or half the world Hail ventured had the thing I spake of Wen Mere gold-but this was all of that true steel, Thereof they forged the brand Excalibur, And lightnings play'il about it in the storm, And all the little fowl were flurriel at it, And there were cries and clariunge in the nest, That went hun from his renses let me go.' 10 Then Bellicent bemorn'd herself and hard, Ilast thou no pity tpou my loneliness? lo, where thy father Int Leside the hearth Lieng like a log, and all Int amoulder'd out For ever since when traitor to the King Ile fought against fum in the Barons' far, An Arthur gave him lnck here territory, II age liath slowly mort, and now lies there 1 yel-warm corpae, and yet unburiable, No more, nor netim, or hearn, nor spraks, nor know's. O And both thy brethren are in Arthur's hall, Alleit neither losed with that full lore I feel for thee, nor kortby such a love Star therefore thou, mal lustice charm the Lind, At thee, mine innocent, the juusts, the want, 1980 never knewest fingeracle, nor ang Of French'd or looken limb-an often chance In thome brain-stanning blocks and tourner-falla, Fright to my heart, but stay follnx the deer Br these tall fint And our fast-falling bums, 4. 90 bu torke thy tanlood mighties day by day;

·4 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Sweet is the chase: and I will seek thee out und Some comfortable bride and fair, to grace Thy climbing life, and cherish my prone year,... ***** Till falling into Lot's forgetfulness I know not thee, myself, nor anything. Star, my best son ! ye are yet more boy than man. Then Gareth, 'An re hold me yet for child, Hear set once more the story of the child. For, mother, there was once a King, like ours. 100 The prince his heir, when tall and marriageable, Ask'd for a bride; and thereupon the King Set two before hin. One was fair, strong, arnd. Bnt to be won by force and many men Desired her ; one, good lncki , no mau desired. And these were thic conditions of the King : That save he won the first by force, he needs Must wed that other, whom no man desired, A red-faced bride wito kuier herself so vile, That evermore slie long'd to hide herself, 110 Nor fronted man or woman, eye to eye Veam-some she cleared to, but they died of her. And one--they call'd her Irme; and one-O Mother, How can ye keep me tether'd to you--Shame. Man am I gron, a man's work must I do. Follow the deer? follow the Christ, the King, Live pure, speak true, right wrong, follow the King- Else, wherefore born ?' To whom the mother : 'Sweet son, for there be many who decin him Or will not deem him, wholly proven King Albeit in mine own heart I knet him King, When I was frequent with himn in my youth, . And liewed him Kingly speak, and doubted li. No more than he, himself; but felt him mits ·GARETTI AYD LYXETTE. 5 Of closest kin to ne : yet-uilt thou leare Thine easeful viding here, and risk thine all, Life, limba, for one that is not proven King! Stay, till the clond that wettler round his birth llath lifteil byt a little. Stay, sweet son.' tu AZ 130 . And Gareth Anwerd quickly, Yot an hour, +486 that se siele mie I will all thro' fire, Mother, to gun it-your full leave to go Not proven, who swept the Just of ruin'd Rome From off the thresholl of the realm, and crualid The Idolaters, and maile the people free 1 Who should le King Rase him who makes us free !! 140 So when the Queen, who long f1211 aought in rain To break lim from the intent to wliich he grew, Found lier son's will. unwaveringly chay She answer'il crnftily, Will ye walk thro' fire ? Who walks thro' Gre will inlly heed the smoke. Ay, go then, ane must : only one proof, Before thinu ask ele King to make thee knight, of thine obedience and thy lose to me, Thy mother,--I demand.' And Gareth ned, * A Juard one, or a hundred, so I go. Nay-quick! the proof to prove me to the quick !' 150. But Blowly opke the mother toking at him, Prince, thou shalt go digused to Arthur's hall, And hire thyself to arse for meats and Innks Among the acullions and the kitchen-knatts, And thone that hand the dish across the lar. Yor shalt thou tell thy name to anyone And thou shalt server twelveronth and a day' ·GARETI 1,11) LINETTE. Sweet is the chase: and I will seek thiec out Some comfortable bride and fair, to gmce Truy climbing life, and cherish my prone year,.. Till falling into Lot's forgetfulness I know not thee, myself, nor anything. Stay, my best son! ye are yet more boy than man. Then Gareth, An re hold me yet for chiki, lear yet once more the story of the child. For, mother, there was once a King, like ours. The prince his heir, when tall and marriageable, Ask'd for a bride ; and thereupon the King Set two before him. One was fair, strong, arm'd- But to be tron by forceand many men Desireu hier; one, good lack, no man desirerl. An these were the conditions of the King; That save lie won the first by force, lice needs Dust med at other, rhon no man desired, A recl-faced bridle who knew herself so vile, That evermore she long'd to hide herself, 110 Vor fronted man or woman), eye to eye Veasone she cleared to, but they died of her. And one-they call'd her Fame ; and one - Mother, Ilow can ye keep me tetheril to 3011-Shame. Jnn am I growni, i man's Fork must I do. Follow the deer 7 follow the Christ, the King, Live pure, speak true, right wrong, follow the King Else, wherefore born ?' 120 To whom the mother said, 'Swert son, for there be many who dleem hinn not, Or will unt deem him, wholly proven King. Ilwit in mine osmn heart I knei liim King, When I was frequent with him in my youth, Ant leurd liim Kingis speak, and doubted him Yo more than lie, hiniself; but felt him niine, ·GARETHI AXD LIYETTE 5 Of closest kin to me : Fet-sult thou leare Thine easeful Liding here, and risk thine all, Life, limb for one that is not proven King1 Star, till the clond that rettles round his birth Ilatlı lifted but a little. Stay, sweet son' 130 And Gareth answerd quickly, Yof an hour, "So that ye yield me I will walk thro' fire, Jother, to gain it-Four full leare to g. Not proren, who event the cast of rund Pome From off the threehold of the realm, and crushid The Idolaten, and made the people free Who should be king rase him who makes us free?" 140 So when the Queen, who long lui ronght in rain To break hum from the intent to witch le grew, Found her son's will wareringly unay She answeril craftils, Will se walk thro' fire ? Who walks thro' fire will handly leed the amohe. Ay, go then, an re must only one proof, Before tliou ask the King to make thee knight, Of thune obedience and thy love to me, Thy mother, I demand' And Garethi crial, A hard one, or a hundred, so I gº. Nar-quick! the proof to prose me to the quick!' . 160 But slowly spake the mother looking at lum, Prince, thou shalt go disguised to Arthur's hall, And hire thyself to serre for meats and drinks Among the kullions and the kitchen-Inaten, And those that band the duali actors the har Yor shalt thou tell thy nine to anyone And thou shalt verte a trelremonth and a day.'

·GHARETII AND LYNETTE. Swert is the clinse: 1 I will seck thee out Some comfortable lyriile and fair, to grace Thy climbing life, and clirrish my purone year, Till falling into Int's forgetfulness I know not thee, myself, nor anything. Stay, my best son 1 ye are yet more boy than man! Thiru Gareth, 'Anyelvolil me ret for chill, llent yet once more the story of the chill. For, mother, Ilirre was once a King, like ours. 100 The porince his bwir, when tall and marringcable, Askil for a briile; and therenpon the King Sot two lyfore him One was fair, strong, arnal--- But in be worn by forec - and many men Desireel lir; one, good lack, no mou desire. Am tliese were the ennditions of the King : That wave he won the first ly force, he needs Merst weed that other, whom no man desired, i red-freri liriile wlio krew berself so vile, That (vernmeile she long to hide herself, 110 Prir fruizeeel inalt or woman, eye to y Veil --rome she cleared to, but they died of her, an onze -- they called her fame ; and one-O Mother, How can ye lieep me tetheril to yoll-Shame. Man am I grew']), n man's work 111180 I llo. Follow the deer? follow the Christ, the King, Live pure, sprak true, right wrong, follow the King Blac, wherefore born?' 190 To whom the another faill, 'Swart soll, for there be many who deem him not, Or will not sleen him, wholly proven King Allwit in mine own heart I knew him King, When I was frequent with him in my youth, And henni liim Kingly speaki, and loubted him No more than love, linself; but let him minc, ·GARETII AND LYXETTE. 0 Of closest kin to me: get-wilt thou leare Thine easeful Liding here, and risk thine all, Life, liralyfor one that is not proven King! Stay, till the cloud that settles tomrud his birth Ilath lifted but a little. Stay, sweet Aon' . se 130 And Gareth answerd quickly, "Not an hour, "So'tlut se yield ne-I will walk thro' fire, Jother, to gain it four full leare to go Not proren, who spent the dust of ruin't Tome Fron) off the threshold of the realm, and crush The Idolaters, and made the people free? Who should be King kile lurru who makes 14 free! 140 So when the Queen, who long lvl rought in sain To break him fron, the intent to wluch he grew, Found her son's trill unravering!) che She answerd craftil, Will ye walk thro' fire ? Who walks thru' fire trill hardly heed the smoke. Ay, go then, an re must only one proof, Before thou ask the King tu bale thee knight, of thine obedience and the love to me, Thy mother, I demand' And Gareth cnel, 'A hard one, or a hundred, so I go Nar-quick' the proof to prove me to the quick' . 160 But slowly ambe the mother inoking at him, Prince, thou shalt go dismuused to Arthur's ball, And hire thyrell to serve for meats and danks Among the acullions and the kitchen-knite And thome that band the dish across the lar. Nor shalt thou tell the page to anrode And thou shalt serre a trelremonth and a day.'

·GARETH AND LYNETTE. For so the Queen believed that when her son Behold his only way to glory lead Low down thro' villain kitchen-vassalage, licr own tre Gareth was too princely-prouri To pass thereby; so should be rest with fier, Closed in her astle from the sound of arms, 160 Silent awhile was Gareth, then replica, * The thrli in person may be free in soul, And I shall see the jousts. Thy son am I, And since thou art my mother, must obox. I therefore yiell me freely to thy will; For lience will l. disguised, and hire myself To serve with scullions and with kitchen-knares; Hot tell my name to anir-10, 100 the King.' 170 Gareth a while lingeril. The another's eye Full of the wistful fear that he would go, Am turning toward liim wheresoc'er lie turn'd, Purplext his ontward purpose, till an hour, When waken'il by the wine which with full voice Swept bellowing thro' the darkness on to dawn, lle rose, and out of slumber calling two Tlint still has toudel on him from his birth, Before the wakeful mother heard lim, wenü, 280 The three were cind likn tillcm of the soil. Southward they set their faces. The birds madu Melody on branch, and melody in mid air. The clamp hill slopes were quicken'd into green, In the live orien har kindlel into hovery, For it was past the time of Easterday, Sn, rhen their feet were planted on the plain That bronden'l toward the linse of Camelot, Far off they mix the silver-misty morni ·GARETH AND LYXETTE Rolling her smoke about the Noral mount, That rose between the forest and the field. At times the summit of the high city flash'l; At times the spires and turrets hall my down 100 Prick'd thro' the mixt; at times the great gate alone Only, that opend on the field below : Anon, the whole fair city hal diappear'd. Then those who went with Gareth were amazel, One crying, Let us go no further, lord. TIere 19 a city of Enchantera, built By fairy Kings' Tie second echo'd lim, Iord, we leave heard from our Fise niin at home To Yorthward, that tlus King is not the King, But only changeling out of Fairyland, Who drave the heathen lence by sorcery And Merlin's glamour' Then the first again, • Lord, there is no such city anywhere, But all & vision' 200 210 Gareth answer'd them With laughter, wearing he had glamour enos In he own blond, lue prince_lon, Jouth and hopes To plunge old Merlin in the Arabian kea; Sn rush'd them all unwilling toward the gate And there was no gate like it under henten. For lmrefont on the keystone, which was linei And rippled like an ever feeling wave, The lady of the Lake tool all her dreng Wept from lier sides as water finxing anay: But like the cross her great and goruly artis Stretch'd under all the cornice and uphield And ilrope of water fell from either hand : And down from one a Awond was hung, from one A cenrer, cither wom with wind Anlatonin, And o'er her breast floated the sacred fish, ·8 GARETH AND LIYETTE. And in the space to left of her, and right, 220 Were Arthur's wars in reird derices done, Ver things and old. co-twisted, as if Time Were nothing, so inretertely, that men Were giddy gazing there; and orer all High on the top were those three Queens, the friends of Arthur, wlio should help him at liis need. Then those trith Gareth for so long a space Stared at the figures, that at last it seenid The dmgon-boughts and clvish emblemings Began to morc, scetine, twine and curl : they call'd To Garcth, Lord, the gateway is alive.' 230 And Gareth likewise on them fixt his eyes So long, that ev'n to hin they seen'l to more. Out of the city a blast of music pealld. Back from the gate started the three, to whom Froni out thereunder came an ancient man, Long-bearded, saying, Thole ye, my sons ?' Thien Gareth, we be tillers of the soil, Who leaving share in furros come to see The glories of our King: but these, ny men, 240 (Your city moved so weirdly in the mist) Doubt if the King he King at all, or como From Fairyland ; and whether this be built By magic, and his fairy Kings and Queens; Or whether there be any city at all, Or all a vision ; and this music nowe Ilath scret them both, but tell tiou these the truth. Then that old Seer made answer playing on him Au saying, "Son, I have seen the good ship sil Keel upward, and mast downwanl, in the learens, And solid turrets topsy-turry in air: 230 ·GARETII AND LYNETTE 9 And here is truth; but an it please thee not, Take thou the truth 2, thot last told it me. For truly as thou assent, A Fairy King And Fairy Queens lire built the city, son ; They cane from out a sacred mountain cleft Toward the sunrise, each with harp in land, And built it to the music of their liarpe And, as thou mayent, it is enchanted, soul, For there 19 nothing in it as it seema Saving the King, tho' sone there be that hold The King a shadow, and the city real : Yet take thou heed of him, for, so thou pracy Beneath the archway, then wilt thou become A thrall to his enchantments, for the King W.11 bind thee by such Vown, as is a shame A min aliould not be lound by, yet the wluch No man can keer ; but, in thou dread to swear, Tass pot beneath the gateway, but abide Without, Among the cattle of the field For an ye heard a music, lle chos They are building till, seeing the city is built To music, therefore nerer built at all, And therefore umilt for eter' 270 Gareth sake Anger'. 'OW Jaster, reverence thine own beard That looks as white as utter truth, and secins Wellnigh as long as thou art statured tall Why mockest thou the stranger that hath been To thee fair-egoken? oso But the Seer replied, *Know ye not then the Riddling of the Bards! "Confusion, and illosion, and relation, Elusjon, and occasion, and erasjon" I mock thee net but as thou mockest me, ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. nd all that see thee, for thou art not who Thou scemest, but I know thee who thou art, And now thou goest up to mock the King, Who cannot brook the shadow of any lie.' 290 Unmockingly the mocker ending here Turn to the right, and past along the plain ; Thon Gareth looking after said, 'My men, Our one white lic sits like a little ghost LIere on the threshold of our enterprise. Int lore be blamed for it, not she, nor I: Well, we will make amends. 300 With all good cheer TIe spurkc and laugh'd, then enter'd with his twain Camelot, a city of shadowy palaces and stately, rich in cmblein and the work Of ancient kings who did their days in stone; Which Jerliu's land, the Mage at Arthur's court, Knowing all arts, had touch'd, and crerywhere At Arthur's ordinance, tipt with lessening peak and pinnacle, and liad made it spire to heaven. And crer and anon a knight would pass Outward, or inward to the hall : his arms Claslid; and the sound was good to Gareth's car. and out of bowcr and casement slıyly glanced Eyes of pure women, wholesome stars of lore; And all about a healthful people stcpt As in the presence of a gracious king. Then into hall Gareth asceurling heard I voice, the voice of Arthur, and beheli Far over heads in that long-raulted hall The splomour of the presence of the King Thronel, and delivering inom--and look'il no more- But felt his young heart hammering in his ears, ·GARETTI AND LYXETTE 39 And thought, 'For this falf-shadow of a lie The truthful King will doom me when I speak' Yet preasing on, tho' all in fear to find Sir Gawain or Sir Jolred, knw nor one Yor other, but in all the listening eyes of three tall knights that ranged alout the throne, Clear honour abinmg like the dewy star Ol diwrn, and faith in their great King wità pure Affection, and the light of victnry, And glory gain'd, and evermore to gain. Then came a walow crying to the King, A non, Sir King' This father, ther, relt From my deal loni a field with molence. For lowroc'er at first le profer'd gold, Yet, for the field was pleaxınt in our eyes We yielded not, and then he reft us of it L'erforce, and left us neither poll nor Gell' 331 Kan Arthur, Whether would sei gold or field? To whom the woman Feejung, Xas, my kind, Tlc field was pleasant in soy burlands eye' An Arthur, Ilare thy pleasant field again, Anul thrice tlic gold for thers use thereof, Acronlng to the carn No boon is here, But justice, m thy my dre pmren true. Accurred, who from the wrongs his father did Would slade formself a nght" 315 And while ale rout, Came ret another Fidor crying to kins, A lnon, Sir King! Thine enemy, king, am I. With thine owo butod thou sleseat my drar lond, A knight of Uther in the Parons' war, When Lot and many another rape and fought ·12 GARETH AND LYNETTE. · 350 Against thee, saying thou rert basely born. I held with these, and loathe to ask thee aught. Yet lo! my husband's brother had my son Thrall'd in his castle, and hath starred him dead; And standeth seized of that inheritance Which thou that slerest the sire hast left the son. So tho' I scarce can ask it thee for bate, Grant me some knight to do the battle for me, Kill the foul thief, and wreak me for my son.' Then strode a good knight forward, crying to him, A boon, Sir King! I am her kinsman, I. Give me to right her wrong, and slay the man.' 360 Then came Sir Kay, the seneschal, and cried, 'A boon, Sir King ! ev'n that thou grant her none, This railer, that hath mock'd thee in full hall- None; or the holesome boon of gyve and gag.' But Arthur, 'Te sit King, to help the wrong'd Thro' all our realm. The woman loves her lord. Peace to thee, woman, with thy loves and hates ! The kings of old had doom'd thee to the flames, Aurelius Emrys would have scourged thee dead, And Uther slit thy tongue : but get thee hencemo Lest that rough humour of the kings of old Return upon me! Thou that art her kin, Go likewise ; lay him lot and slay him not, But bring him here, that I may judge the right, According to the justice of the King : Then, be he guilty, by that deathless King Who lived and died for men, the man shall die.' 370 Then came in hall the messenger of Mark, A name of evil savour in the land, The Cornish.king. In either hand he bore.

·GARETA AND LIXETTE 13 350 That dazzled all, and shone far off as shines A field of charlock in the muiden sun Between two showers, a cloth of miest goll, Tylsich down he laid before the throne, and knelt Delivering, that his lond, the rareal king. Was er'n upon his way to Camelot ; For haring heard that Arthur of line grame IIni mule hue goodly cousin, Tnstram, knight, And, for himself was of the greater state, Ibeing a king, be trusted bts bege-lord Would yiell liim this large hobour all the more ; So pray'd him well to accept this cloth of gold, In token of true heart and fealty. 339 Tien Arthur cried to read the cloth, to rend In pieces, and on cast it on the hearth. An oak tree amoulder'd there. The gorully knight! What' shall the shield of Mark atand stong these?' For, midway down the aule of that lon ball A stately pile-wirrent ainor the front, Some Llazon'd, some but carren, and some blank, There ran a treble range of stony sluelde- Inse, and high-srching over brow'd the bearth. 100 And under etery shield a knight as mame For thats a drthur's custom in his hall; When Annie gorxt knight had done one noble deed, II. Arms were carten only, but if twain, Ilix arms were Viszon'd alm; out of none, The birld was bank and lare without a sign Saring the name beneath, and Giareth An The shield of Gawain blaznnd rich and light, And Sindire's blank as death; and Arthur mind To read the cloth and cut it on the hearth 410 Iore like Are we to reare him of his crorn Than make him knight locaux men call him kids D ake him ·1+ GARETH AND LYNETTE. The kings we found, ye know we stay'd their lands From war among themselves, but left them kings ; Of whom were any bounteons, merciful, Truth-speaking, brave, good livers, them we enroll'd Among us, and they sit within our hall. But Mark linth tarnisli'd the great mome of king, As Mark would sully the low state of churl: And, seeing he hath sent us cloth of gold, Return, and meet, and hold him from our eyes, Lest we should lap him up in cloth of lead, Silenced for ever---Charen-min man of plots, Craft, poisonous counsels, wayside ambushings- No fault of thine: let Kay the seneschal Look to thy wants, and send thee satisfied Accused, who strikes nor lets the land be seen!' 120 And many another suppliant crying came With noise of ravage wrought by beast and man, And evermore a knight would ride away. 130 Last, Gareth leaning both hands heavily Down on the shoulders of the twain, his meu, Approach'd between then toward the King, and ask'd, 'A boon, Sir King (his voice was all asliamed), For see ye not lour weak and inungervorn I seemmleaning on these ? grant me to serve For meat and drink among thy kitchen-knares A trrelvemonth and 2 day, nor seek my name. Hereafter I will fight,' To him the King, 'A goodly youth and worth it goodlier boon! But so thou wilt no goodlier, then must Kay, The master of the meats and drinks, be thine.' 440 Le rose and past; then Krs, a man of mien ·CARETH AND LYXETTE. 15 Wan-allow as the plant that feels iteell Noot-litten by wbite lichen, 'Lo ye now! This fellow liath lsroken from nome Alley, where, Col wot, he hul not deel and brewis enow, ITowerer that might chance! but an he work, Like any pigeon will I cram his emp Anel sleeker slintl lie shine than any bog' 430 Then Lancelot standing near, 'Sir Seneschal, Sleuth-bound thou knowest, and gry, and all the hounds; Abone thou knowest, a man tlou dont not know Browl Lrows and fair, a funt hair and fine, High nowe, a nomeril lirge and fine, and handle Iarge, fair and finel--Some young lulk anyatery- But, or from shecrot or king's ball, the las Is nolile naturel. Treat hit with all grace, lest he should come to share thy judgmg of lam' Tlsen Kar, 'What murinurest thou of mystery Think yc thus fellow will mison the King's dislil Xay, for be xnke too foxil-Iike mystery! Tut, an the lad were noble, he had made For loree and arninur fair anıl fine, for oth! Sir Fine-face, Sir Fair-land. 1 lsut me thout to it Tint thine own finenerg, Lancelot, mitue fine di Umulo thue not-and lerre my man to te' 470 For Gareth all for glory underwent The aty roke of kitchen-rakılage; Atr with young lade lite portion lor the door, And muchil at night with grims Litchen-knases And lancelot erer snke luna pleasantls, Hut kur the beneschal, who borel tum not, Woull hustle and harry him, and labour luim ·16 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 480 490 Beyond his comrade of the hearth, and set To turn the broach, draw water, or hew wood, Or grosser tasks; and Gareth bowed himself With all obedience to the King, and wrought All kind of service with a noble ease That graced the lowliest act in doing it. And when the thralls had talk among themselves, And one would praise the love that linkt the King And Lancelotm-how the King had saved his life In battle twice, and Lancelot once the King's- For Lancelot was the first in Tournament, But Arthur mightiest on the battle-field- Gareth vas glad. Or if some other told, How once the wandering forester at dawn, Far over the blue tarns and hazy seas, On Caer-Eryri's highest found the King, A naked babe, of whom the Prophet spake, "He passes to the Isle Avilion, He passes and is heal'd and cannot die... Gareth vas glad. But if their talk were foul, Then would he whistle rapid as any lark, Or carol some old roundelay, and so loud That first they mock'd, but, after, reverenced him Or Gareth telling some prodigious tale Of knights, who sliced a red life-bubbling way Thro' twenty folds of twisted dragon, held All in a gap-moutlrd circle his good mates Lying or sitting round him, idle hands, Charm'd ; till Sir Kay, the seneschal, would come Blustering upon them, like a sudden wind Among dead leaves, and drive them all apart. Or when the thralls had sport among themselves, . So there were any trial of mastery, He, by two yards in casting bar or stone Was counted best; and if there chanced a joust, So that Sir Kay nodded him leave to go, 500 510 ·CARETII AND LYSETTE 17 Would lurry thither, and when he saw the knights Claslı like the coming and retining fare, And the mprar spring, and good horse reel, the ling Was ball leyon lumself for ecstasy. So for a month he wrought among th- tralls; But in the weeks that follow'l, the goorl Queen, Repentant of the word she made him swear, And Audlening in her chuldiers castle, rent, Ibetween the in-crescent and de-crescent moon, Arms for her son, and looked lum frora hus row. 320 Thin, Gareth bicaring from a mure of Int With whom he wel to play at tourner once, When oth were children, and in lonely bannits Would mcratch a raggel osal on the mand, And cach nt either dash from either end- Shatne nerer mule girl melder than (irreth 103 IIe laugh', sprang "Out of the stuuke, at once I leap from Satan's foot to l'eter's kner - Thche news lo mine, none other's—, the Kmg's- Descend into the city' whereon le ronght The King alone, and found, and told him all. "I lure stagger'd thy strong (inwain in a tilt For instime; e, he said it frost can I. Male me thy knight-in Becret' let say name Be Widil'n, and give me the Grst quest, I spring Like flame from asliex' llere the kinza calm eje Feil on, and checku, and made fum fundi, an lov lowly, to kun hta hand, *lio answer'id 2.1m, "Son, the good mother let me know thee here, And sent hier wish that I would rield the thine 610 Blake thee my kniglitt my kniglu are sworn to rows ·18 GARLTII AND LYNETTE. Of utter härlihood, utter gentleness, Anel, loving, atter faithfulness in love, And uttermost overlicnce to the King' Then Gareth, lightly springing from his knees, My King, for lirdihood I can promise thee. Tor utterinost obedience makc clemand Of wliom yo gave me to, the Scuoschini, No mellow master of the nients and drinks ! And as for love, God wot, I love not yet, But love I shall, God willing.' 060 And the King- Dinko thoo my knight in secret ? yen, but he, Our noblest brother, and our truest man, And one with me in all, he needs inust know.' "Let Lancelot know, my King, let Lancelot know, Thy noblest and thy truest!' And the King "But wherefore would yo men aliould wonder nt you? Nay, rather for the sake of mc, thcir King, And the sleed's sako iny knighthood do the deed, Than to be noiscd of.' 600 Merrily Gareth askki, Have I not carn' my cake in baking of it? Ict be my firing until I make my namic ! Mly dlceda will speak: it is but for a day.' So with a kindly hand 01 Garctli's arm Smiled the great King, and linlf-unwillingly Loving his lusty youthlioodi yicleled to him. Then, after summoning Lancelot privily, 'I lnve given him thc 'first quest: he is not proven. Look therefore when lie calls for this in hindi, ·CAREM AND LYYETTE 670 Thiou get tn horse anil follow hins far Awar. Cover the lions on thy whickl, and ace Far an thon mapest, lie le nor ta'en nor alain' Then that kime day there part into the hall A dannel of lugh lineage, and a bmw May-blason, and a clieek of apple-bloom, Haak-eyes, and lightly was her slender nong Tip tiltal like the fåtal of a flower, Slie into hallikast rith her page and cried, 350 *O King, for thost luast risen the loc without, See to the five within' brige, froril, Reset Ry landliti, pieryone that owns tower The Loni for lialt a league. Ws sit re there? Rent would I not, Sir Emman I were king Till even the lonert holl were all as free From cursal bloovlabed, as the altar-cloth Froin that lest blool it 114 sin to spull' Comfort thy rell,' and Arthur, '1 nor mine Rent . so my knighthood keep the sona they wort, The wastot mooriinid of our Teiln shall le Sale, damsel, nu the centre of the hall What is thy nanie 1 thy neeil' 315 umet olie ku Lynette nur name : nobile, my neel, a knight To cumulat for my sister, l.çonors, A Lly of lugh licage, of great lanılan And mo!), 101, an comelier than mine!! She lives in Castle Perilous Runs in thifer long slut ber living place : And o'er it are three saxons, and three night Thelonil the {nking, beliren, and a fourth And of that four the mightiest, lolla her saya Arrer COO ·20 GARETH AND LYNETTE. In her own castle, and so besieges her To break her will, and make her wed with him : And but delays his purport till thou send To do the battle with him, thy chief man Sir Lancelot whom he trusts to overthrow, Then wed, with glory: but she will not wed Save whom she loveth, or a holy life, Now therefore have I come for Lanceloti 610 Then Arthur mindful of Sir Gareth ask'd, Damsel, ye know this Order lives to crush All wrongers of the Realm. But say, these four, Who be they? That the fashion of the men ?' 620 "They be of foolish fashion, O Sir King, The fashion of that old knight-errantry Who ride abroad, and do but what they will; Courteous or bestial from the moment, such As have nor law nor king; and three of these Prond in their fantasy call themselves the Day, Morning-Star, and Noon-Sun, and Evening-Star, Being strong fools; and never a whit more wise The fourth, who alway rideth arm'd in black, A huge man-beast of boundless savagery. He names himself the Night and oftener Death, And wears a lelmet mounted with a skull, And bears a skeleton figured on his arms, To show that who may slay or scape the three, Slaiu by himself, shall enter endless night. And all these four be fools, but mighty men, And therefore an I come for Lancelot.' Hereat Sir Gareth call'd from where he rose, 630 A head with kindling eyes above the throng, ! A boon, Sir King-this quest !' then for he mark'd Kay near him groaning like a wounded bull ·GARETII AND LYSEITE. 21 "Yes, King, tlou knowest thy kithen.Inate am I, And mighty thro' thy meats and danks am I, And I can torple orer a hundred such Thir fituture, Kids' and Arthur clincing at lite Prought down 2 momentary brow 'Doogle, ridden, Ani fantanalle, worthy to l** knight- Go therefore,' at all learen were amazni CIO Dat on the damsels Inschrul olame, pl, ruth Sl** the Maybe so biftel esthet arm, Fir on thee, King' I sakd for thy charef night And thou lant given me but a kitrhen-knare." These cre a man in hall wull stay lorr, tard, Het down the line of acress to the kin. Tokhon, devenind the slogue street, and post The weiri white mate, and facsm without, Le The Eeld of tourpry, murmurin kitchen-krare.' Now two great entrima ofen'd from the full, At one en onr, that give up in a range Of lerel farement where the King would get At sunn«, zna orer pain and wol. And down from thus a lordly stairwar algum Till Ime in buwins tres ud tope of towers. And out los thus main mway pa! the King I) at one w29 counter to the hearth, and man Iligh that the hiplinitelma tielm mali nile Therethro' nor grize and let this entry Orl The damsel in het wath, and on to U.10 Sir Gareth otroke, and a without the done King Arthur's plt, the south af half a fost warhome of the best, and coar it too! Te two that out of portls hauri follow'd 113 The lare a maxlen shirid, acque, that lield The linear, the rar, lerrat Sir Gareth leren! A cink that dropit from collar-lote to deel, on ·22 GARETH AND LYNETTE. A cloth of roughest web, and cast it down, And from it like a fuel-smother'd fire, That lookt half-dead, brake bright, and flash'd as those Dull-coated things, that making slide apart , 671 Their dusk wing-cases, all beneath there burns A jewelld harness, ere they pass and fly. So Gareth ere he parted flash d in arms. Then as he donn'd the helm, and took the shield And mounted horse and graspt a spear, of grain Storm-strengthen'd ou a windy site, and tipt With trenchant steel, around him slowly prest The people, while from out of kitchen came The thralls in throng, and seeing who had work'd 680 Lustier than any, and whom they could but love, Mounted in arms, threw up their caps and cried, "God bless the King, and all his fellowship!' And on thro' lanes of shouting Gareth rode Down the slope street, and past without the gate. . So Gareth past with joy ; but as the cur Pluckt from the cur he fights with, ere his cause Be cool'd by fighting, follows, being named, His owner, but remembers all, and growls Reniem bering, so Sir Kay beside the door Mutter'd in scorn of Gareth whom he used To harry and hustle. 690 * Bound upon a quest With horse and arms--the King bath past his time Dly scullion knave! Thralls to your work again, For an your fire be low ye kindle mine! Will there be dawn in West and eve in East? Begone !--my knavelbelike and like enow Some old head-blow not heeded in his youth So shook his wits they wander in his primenom Crazed ! How the villain lifted up his voice, 700 ·GARETH AND LYSETTE Yor ulemand to kn! him ll. kitchen.krare. Tut: he was tame and mark edow with me, Till franck'd up with Lancelo's notiring. Well - I will after my loudil knare, and Iram Thellier he know me for tas muter set Out of the snoke he came, ani my lance TTolel, lr Girl's store, be shall into the mire- Thenre, if the King awaken frotu hus erazr, Into the smoke again 710 But Lancelot kr.1, Kay, wherefore wilt thou go ins: the Kinz, For that did never be wherent se rail, Dat erer mrekly arrel the King in thre! Avile. take coune), for the Lul is great And lasty, and knowing 1-th of lance anil svoril' "Tut, tell not me,' wid1 Kay, 'se are overline To mar etnut knarea with fanlub curteries Then mounted on thro' lent farne run llows the slope city, and out Lerond the gate. 1992 But loy the Celd of tourner linean fet Matter'd the dame! Wherefore dm the King from me for, were Sir Lancelot Larkt, at least II might hare yielded to me one of these Who tilt for lady's lorr urd glory here, rather than-Oveet limten' O Le uponist Mim- Ilis kitchen knare To whom Sir (iareth drew (And there were note but few freellaer than he Shinin: in irtis Tararl, thr qomt is mine Inal, and I follow' Slie thereat, une nat emelts « foul.fold in the holt. And derms it cartion of ime xlland think. Or shrew, or axl, nijt her alendet 1.one 730 ·24 GARETH AND LYNETTE. With petulant thumb and finger, shrilling, 'Hence! Avoid, thou smellest all of kitchen-grcase. And look who comes behind,' for there was Kay, *Knowest thou not me? thy master ? I am Kay. Wo lack thee by the hearth.' And Gareth to him, Master no more ! too well I know thee, ay The most ungentle knight in Arthur's hall.' Have at the then,' said Kay : they shock'd, and Kay Tell shoulder-slipt, and Gareth cried again, 740 'Lead, and I follow,' and fast away slie fled. But after sod and shingle ceased to fly Behind her, and the heart of her good horse Was nigh to burst with violence of the beat, Perforce she stay'd, and overtaken spoke. What doest thou, scullion, in my fellowship? Deem'st thou that I accept thee aught the more Or love thee better, that by some device Full cowardly, or by mero unhappiness, Thou hast overthrown and slain thy master---thou! 750 Dish-washer and broaclı-turner, loon !mto me Thou smellest all of kitchen as before.' 'Damsel,' Sir Gareth answer'd gently, 'say Whate'er ye will, but whatsoe'er ye say, I lcave not till I finish this fair quest, Or die therefore, Ay, wilt thou finish it? Sweet lord, how like a noble knight he talks ! The listening rogue hath caught the manner of it. But, knave, anon thou shalt be met with, knave, And then by such a one that thou for all 760 ·GARETI AND LYNETTE. The kitchen brewis that 28 eser wupt Falt ant met dare to look line in the face 'I shall assis,' wie Gareth with a haile That mallilen'd firr, and away the fulid unin Down the long atenues of a foundlees will And Gareth following #slagan Irkuareu Sir Kitchen-knare, I have muwd the only war Wrre Arthur's men are art along the worl; The wool as mich as full of thiere leares 1! Inth Im slun, I Ani riil of ther; but get, Sir Scullion, aanst thou use that out of thine Fight, *n thou canst I bare mied the only way.' 770 So till the dark that followil etensong Role on the two, reviler and reviled. Then after one long slope ** mutel, raw, Iwlekapel, thro' top of many thouand junes A gloomy-sluled linllow slowly sink To wratwani the deep whereof a mere. Round as the red ere of an Eagle-carl, Under the lall-dest monot glared, and shouts 69 Arenilml, and there brate a moringman Flying from out of the blark rool, and crying "They have Imend my loni to cast him in the tere.' Tien Gareth, Twand am I to nght the wmng'il llut atrastier Lound an I to bide with thre' And when the daral make contemptuously, Leat, and I follow, Gareth nel main, Follow, I Ind''m down among the posing Ile plungel; and there, blackskulowd aplı the tett, And soul.thigh deep is Lulrubs and treal, 110 Saw sis tall men taling * serenth along. A stone almut his neck to drown him in it Tree with pool blow te quietal ll three ·26 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Fled thro' the pines ; and Gareth loosed the stone From off his neck, then in the mere beside Tumbled it; oilily bubbled up the mere. Last, Gareth loosed his bonds and on free feet Set hini, a stalwart Baron, Arthur's friend. 'Well that ye, came, or else these caitiff rogues Had wreak'd themselves on me ; good cause is theirs 800 To late me, for my wont hath ever been To catch my thief, and then like vermin here Drown him, and with a stone about his neck ; And under this wan water many of them Lie rotting, but at night let go the stone, And rise, and flickering in a grimly light Dance on the mere. Good now, ye have saved a life Worth somewhat as the cleanser of this wood. And fain would I reward thee worshipfully. What guerdon will ye?' 810 Gareth sharply spake, None! for the deed's sake have I done the deed, In utterniost obedience to the King. But wilt thou yield this damisel harbourage ?' TVhe the Barou saying, 'I well believe You be of Arthur's Table,' a light laugh Broke froin Lynette, 'Ay, truly of a truth, And in a sort, being Arthur's kitchen-knave ! But deem not I accept thee aught the more, Scullion, for running sharply with thy spit Down on a rout of craven foresters. A thresher with his flail had scatter'd them. Nay-for thou smellest of the kitchen still. But an this lord will yield us harbourage, Well,' 820 ·GARETH AND LYYETTE 27 So she sake. A league beyond the wood, All in a full-fair manor and a rich, His towers #bere that day a feast had been Held in high hall, and maar a viand left, And many a ostis cate, receired the three. And there they placed a peacock in his pride Before the damsel, and the Baron set Gareth beside her, but at once she rose. $30 Jeseems that here is much discourtesy, Setting this knare, Loni Baron, at my side. Hear me--this mora I stood w Arthur's hall, And pray'd the King would grant me Lancelot To fight the brotherhood of Dir and Night The last a monster tinsubduable of any sure of hum for thon I callid Suddenly bawls this frontless kitchen-knare, "The quest is mine, the kitchen-Inare am I, And mights throtas meats and drinks am 1” Then arthur all at once gone mail replies, "Go therefore," and so gires the quest to him- Him-here Tillain fitter to stick swine Than ride abroad redressing women's "TODE Or sit beside a noble gentlewoman' 8410 Then balf-ashamel and part-amazel, the lord Nor look'd at one and not at other, left The damsel by the peacock in his pride, And, seating Gareth at another land, Sat down beside him, ate and they began VO "Friend, whether thou be kitchen-knare, or not, Or whether it be the maiden's fantasy, And whether she be mad, or else the King, Or both or neither, or these!l be mad, I ask not; but thou strikest a strong strole, ·28 GARETE AND LYNETTE. Tor strong thou art and goodly therewithal, And saver of my life; and therefore now, For here be mighty men to joust with, weigh Whether thou wilt not with thy damsel back To crave again Sir Lancelot of the King. Thy pardon ; I but speak for thine avail, The saver of my life.' 860 And Gareth said, Tull pardon, but I follow up the quest, Despite of Day and Night and Death and Hell.' So when, next morn, the lord whose life he saved Had, sonie brief space, convey'd them on their way And left them with God-speed, Sir Gareth spake, Lead, and I follow. Haughtily she replied, 870 'I fly no more: I allow thee for an hour. Lion and stoat have isled together, knave, In time of flood. Nay, furthermore, methinks Some ruth is inine for thee. Back wilt thou, fool ? For hard ly here is one will overthrow And slay thee: then will I to court again, And shame the King for only yielding me My champion from the ashes of his hearth.' To wliom Sir Gareth angwer'd courteously, "Say thou thy say, and I will do my deed. Allow me for mine hour, and thou wilt find My fortunes all as fair as hers who lay Among the ashes and wedded the King's son.' 880 Then to the shore of one of those long loops Wherethro the serpent river coil'd, they came. Rough-thicketed were the banks and steep; the stream Full, narrow; this a bridge of single arc ·GARETTI AND LIVETTE 29 Took at a leap; and on the further side Arose a silk parilion, gay with gold In streaks and rare, and all Lent.lily in hue, Sare that the dorpe was purple, and abore, €99 Crimson, a slender banperet Aattering. And therebefore the lawless warrior paceul Unarm'd, and calling, Dansel, is this he, The champion thou hast brought from Arthur's hall 7 For whom we let thee pass' Xar, nay,' sbe said, "Sir Jorning-Star. The King in atter scort Of thee and thy much folly hatb sent thee here His kitchen-knare and look thou to thyself. See that he fall not on thee suddenly, And slay thee riparn'd: he is not knight but knare' 900 Then at his call, 'O daughters of the Dawn, And servants of the Morning-Star, approach, Ar me,' from out the sulken curtain-folds Bare-footed and bare-lreaded three fair girls In gilt and rosy raiment came their feet In dewy grasses glisten'd; and the hair All over glanced with dewdrop or with gen Like sparkles in the stone Aranturine These arm'd him in blue arms, and care a abield Blue also, and thereon the morning star. And Gareth silent gazed upon the knight, Who stood a moment, ere hus horse was brought, Glorying; and in the stream beneath bir, Bhone Immiogled with learen's azure wateringis, The gay pavilon and the naked feet, His arms, the roxy raiment, and the star 910 Ton she that match'd bird, Wherefore stare re 801 Thou shakest in thy fear : there yet is time Flee down the valley before be get to horse. Who will cry shame? Thon art not knight but koare.'

·30 GARETH AND LYNETTE, 921 Said Garethi, Damsel, whether knave or knight, Far liefer had I fight a score of times Than hear thee so missay me and revile. Fair words were best for him who fights for thee; But truly foul are better, for they send That strength of anger thro' mine arms, I know That I shall overthrow him.' 930 And lie that bore The star, when mounted, cried froin o'er the bridge, A kitchen-knave, and sent in scorn of mo! Such fight not I, but answer scorn with scorn. For this were shame to do lin further wrong Than set him on his feet, and take his horso And arms, and so return liin to the King. Come, therefore, Inve thy lady lightly, knave Avoid; for it bescencth not a knave To ride with such a lady.' 940 'Dog, thou licet. I spring from loftier linenge than thine own.' He spake; and all at fiery speed the two Shock' 01 the central bridge, and either spear Bent but not brake, and either knight at once, Hurll as a stone from out of a catapult Beyond luis horse's crupper and the bridge, Tell, as if dead; but quickly rose and drew, And Gareth lash'd so fiercely with his brand He drave his enemy backward down the bridge, The damsel crying, Well-stricken, kitchen-knave ! Till Garuth's shield was cloven ; but one stroke Laid liim that clove it grovelling on the ground. Then cricd the fall'n, 'Take not my life: I yich. And Gareth, 'So this damsel ask it of me Good-I accord it easily ns a grace.' 950 ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. 31 She reddeding, 'Insolent scullion: I of thee! I bound to thee for any favour askd!' Then shall be die.' And Gareth there uplaced His helmet as to slay him, but she shriek'd "Be not so hards, scullion, as to elay One nobler than thyself' 'Damsel, thy charge Is an abounding pleasure to me Kright, Thy life is thise at her command). Arise And quickly pass to Arthur's hall, and say His kitchen-knave bath sent thee. See thou crate His pardon for thy breaking of his laws. Myaell, when I return, will plead for thee. Thy shield is mine-farewell; and, danusel, thou, Lead, and I follow.' 060 970 And fast away she fled. Then when he came upon her, spake, Wethought, Knare, when I watch'd thee striking on the bridge The favour of thy kitchen came upon me A little faintlier but the wind bath changed I scent it twenty-fold.' And then she sang, ""O morning star" (not that tall felon there Whom thou by sorcery or unhappiness Or sone device, hast foully overthrown) "O morning star that sailest in the blue, O star, my morning dream hath proreu true, Smile sweetly, thou i my love hath smiled on me. . But thou begone, take counsel, and away. For hard by here is one that guards a ford- The second brother in their fool's parable Till pay thee all thy sages, and to boot. OSO Care not for shame: thou art not knight but knare.' To whom Sir Gareth answer'd, Laughingis, 'Parables 1 Hear a parable of the knare ·32 QARETII ANI) LYNITTI. Whon I wan kitchen-kunvo nmong the rest Fiorco was the brarth, and one of my co-inntog Owari i ronghi doy, to whom ho cast his coat, "Gardil," ild there was nono to incdello with it, And much in cont, art, thon, nucl thee the king (invo mo 10 gunr, nudi sucha il dog am I, To worry, iud 1101 to flocs-11.knight , or kunve.... T'ho krvo link cloth tice korvico in full knight Tá all 14 fool, mescomy, as my knight Townul thy winter's freeing. 000 'Ay, Sir Kuvo! Ay, kunve, bremse thon atrikest nu ar knight, Being lint komve, I linto thee all the more.' l'air damnol, you aliould worslip po tle morc, That, boing but krve, T throw thino onomien.' 'Ay', nyi' alio raid, 'Imut thou shalt meel thy match, So when they touchi'l the second river-1001), Tugo on a huge roll liorac, and all in mil 1000 Burninhel to blinding, nliono tho Nonndny Sun Mayonda inging ahallow. An if the flower, I'Imt. Wowa n globe of after arrowicts, Ten thouman-full linel grown, finalil the fierco shield, All num; and (inrotli'n wyes lind flying blott Before them when he turn'il from watching him. le from lyond tho rrink Mullew rural, • Wlut cloent thon1, brother, in my marelice liero ?' And khe athwart tho mlnllow alırill'il naill, ·ltere is a kitchen-linave from Arthur's linll 1010 Tinth overthrown thy brother, and linth lijn armn. Ugh! cried the Sun, and vizering pet red And ciplior ince of rotiled foolislucas, Pusli'l horno ncross the foaming of the ford, { ·GARETH LYD LYNETTE 33 Whou Gareth tret midstream: do room was there For lance or tourney-skill : four strokes they struck With sword, and these were mighty; the tew knight Had fear he might be abamed; but as the San Hegreed up a ponderous arm to strike the Efth, The hoof of his horse slipt in the stream, the stream 109) Descended, and the Son was wash'd away. Then Gareth laid his lance athwart the ford; So drew him home; but he that fought no more, As being all bone-batter'd on the rock, Yielded ; and Gareth sent him to the King 3yself when I retum will plead for thee! Lead, and I follow' Qaretly she led tlath not the good wind, damsel, changed again ? Xay, not a point: Dor art thou victor here. There lies a ridge of elate across the ford; His horse thereon stumbleday, for I saw it. 103) "O Sun" (not this strong fool whom thon, Sir Enare, last overthrown thro' mere unhappiness) "O Sun, that wakenest all to bless of pain, O moon, that layest all to sleep again, Shine sweetly. twice my lore bath eiled on me." What knowest thou of Joreson; or of love? Yay, nay, God yot, so thou wert nobly bom, Thou hast a pleasant presence. Yes, perchance - 1040 ""0 dery fowers that open to the fun, O dewy fowers that close when day is done, Blow sweetis : twice my love hath smiled op te * What knowest thou of flowers, except, belike, To garnish meats with 1 hath not our good King Who lent me thee, the flower of kitchendom, 1 - ·34 GARETH AND LYNETTE. A foolish love for flowers? what stick ye round The pasty? wherewithal deck the boar's head? Flowers ? nay, the boar hath rosemaries and bay. "O birds, that warble to the morning sky, O birds that warble as the day goes by, Sing sweetly : twice my love bath smiled on me." 1050 What knowest thou of birds, lark, mavis, merle, Linnet? what dream ye when they utter forth May-music groting with the growing light, 'Their sweet sun-worship? these be for the snare (So runs thy fancy) these be for the spit, Larding and basting. See thou have not not Larded thy last, except thou turn and fly. There stands the third fool of their allegory.' 1060 For there beyond a bridge of treble bow, All in a rose-red from the west, and all Naked it seem'd, and glowing in the broad Deep-dimpled current underneath, the knight, That named himself the Star of Evening, stood. And Gareth, Wherefore waits the madman there Naked in open dayshine ?' 'Nay,' she cried, 'Not naked, only wrapt in harden'd skins That fit him like his own; and so ye cleave His armour off him, these will turn the blade.' 1070 Then the third brother shouted o'er the bridge, "O brother-star, why shine ye here so low? Thy ward is higher up : but have ye slain The damsel's champion ?' and the damsel cried, 3 No star of thine, but shot from Arthur's heaven Tith all lisaster unto thine and thee !

·GARETII AND LYNETTE. 35 For both the younger brethren have gone down Before thig youth and 80 wilt thou, Sir Star; Art thou not old ?' Old, damsel, old and hard, Old, with the might and breath of twenty boys' Said Gareth, 'Old, and over-bold in brag! 1080 But that same strength which threw the Morning Star Can throw the Evening' Then that other tiew A hard and deadly note upon the horn 'Approach and arm me!' With slow steps from out An old storm beaten, russet, many-stain'd ravilion, forth a grizzled dainsel came, And arm'd luw in old arms, and brought a helm With but a drying evergreen for crest, And gave x Blueld whereon the Star of Even Half-tarnisli'd and half-bright, his emblem, shorte 1000 But when it glitter'd o'er the saddle-bow, They madly kurl'si together on the bridge, And Careth overthrew him, lighted, drew, There met him drawn, and overthrew him agaiti, But up like fire le started and as oft As Gareth brought him giovelling on his knees, So many a time he vaulted up again, Till Gareth janted hard, and fus great heart, Foredooming all tus trouble was in vain, Labour'd within him, for le Reet'd as one 11/10 Tlint all in later, builder age begins To war agamstill uses of a lite, But these from all his life arise, and cry Thou hast mide us lords, and ainst not put us down Te halt despairs, 80 Gareth seeni'it to strike Vainly, the datusel clamotring all the while, Well done, knase-knight, well strieken, O gond Lughtknave- ·36 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 1110 1 O knave, as noble as any of all the knights- Shame me not, shame me not. I have prophesied Strike, thou art worthy of the Table Round- His arms are old, lie trusts the harden'd skin Strike-strike the wind will never change again.' And Gareth hearing ever stronglier smote, And her'd great pieces of his armour off him, But lash'd in vain against the harden'd skin, And could not wholly bring him under, more Than loud Southwesterns, rolling ridge on ridge, The buoy that rides at sea, and dips and springs For ever; till at length Sir Gareth's brand Clash'd his, and brake it utterly to the hilt. "I have thee now;' but forth that other sprang, And, all unknightlike, writhed his wiry arms Around him, till he felt, despite his mail, Strangled, but straining evin his uttermost Cast, and so hurld him headlong o'er the bridge Down to the river, sink or swim, and cried, Lead, and I follow.' 1120 But the damsel said, 'I lead no longer ; ride thout at my side ; Thou art the kingliest of all kitchen-knaves. 1130 ""O trefoil, sparkling on the rainy plain, O rainbow with three colours after rain, Shine sweetly: thrice my love hath smiled on me." "Sir,-and, good faith' I fain had added-Knight, But that I heard thee call thyself a knave, Shamed am I that I so rebuked, reviled, DIissaid thee ; noble I am ; and thought the King Scorn'd me and mine; and now thy pardon, friend, For thou hast ever anster'd courteously, And wholly bold thou art, and meek withal ·GARETH AND LINETTE. 37 1140 As any of Arthur's best, but, being kpare, Hast mazed my wit: I marvel what thou art." Damsel,' he said, 'you be not all to blame, Saving that you mistrusted our good King Would handle scorn, or yield you, asking, one Not fit to cope your quest You said your bayi Mine answer was my deed. Good booth 1 I hold He scarce is knight, yen but half-man, nor meet To @ght for gentle damsel, he, who lets H19 Lieart be stirr'd with any foolish heat At any gentle danısel's waynardness. Shamed ? care not! thy foul sayings fought for me And seeing now thy words are fair, methinks There ridles no knight, not lancelot, his great self, Hath force to quell rce.' 1150 Nigh upon that hour When the lone hern forgets luis inelancholy, Lets down luus other leg, and stretching, dreams of goodly supper in the distant pool, Then turn'd the noble damsel smiling at hun, And told him of a cavern haril at hand, Where bread and baken meats and good red wine Of Southland, which the Lady Lyonors Had sent her coming champion, waited him 1100 Anon they past a narrow comb wherein Were slals of rock with figures, knights on horse Sculptured, and deckt in slowly-waning hues. "Sir Knave, my knight, a hermit once was here, Whose holy land hath fashion'd on the rock The war of Time against the soul of man. And yon four fools have such'd their allegory From these damp walls, and taken but the form. 1170 ·38 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Know ye not these?' and Gareth lookt and read. In letters like to those the vexillary Hath left crag-carven o'er the streaming Geltman "PHOSPHORUS,' then 'MERIDIES' HESPERUS- Nox MORS,' beneath five figures, armed men, Slab after slab, their faces forward all, And running down the Soul, a Shape that fled With broken wings, torn raiment and loose hair, For help and shelter to the hermit's cave. Follow the faces, and we find it. Look, Who comes behind ?' 1180 1190 For one-delay'd at first Thro' helping back the dislocated Kay To Camelot, then by what thereafter chanced, The damsel's leadlong error thro' the wood Sir Lancelot, having stum the river-loops- His blue shield-lions cover'dm-softly drew Behind the twain, and wlien he saw the star Gleam, on Sir Gareth's turning to him, cried, "Stay, felon knight, I arenge me for my friend.' And Gareth crying prick'd against the cry ; But when they closed-in a momentmat one touch Of that skill'd spear, the wonder of the world.. Went sliding down so easily, and fell, That when lie found the grass within his hands He laugh'd ; the laughter jarr'd upon Lynette : Harshly she ask'd him, 'Shamed and overthrown, And tumbled back into the kitchen-knave, Why laugh ye? that ye blew your boast in vain?' Nay, noble damsel, but that I, the son Of old King Lot and good Queen Bellicent, And victor of the bridges and the ford, And knight of Arthur, here lie thrown by whom I know not, all thro' mere unhappinessmo Device and sorcery and unhappiness.com 1200 ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. 39 Out, erord; we are thrown!' And Lancelot answerd. *Prince, O Gareth-thro the mere unhappiness of one who came to help thee, not to harm, Lancelot, and all as glad to find the whole, As on the day when Arthur knighted him.' Then Gareth, "Thou--lancelot !-thine the hand 1210 Tat threw me? An some chance to mer the boast Thy brethren of thee make-which could not chance- Had sent thee down before a lesser spear, Shamed had I been, and sad-O Lancelot-tbou ! Whereat the maiden, petulant, Lancelot, Why came ye not, when calld 1 and wherefore now Come ye, not call'd? I gloried in my knave, Who being still rebuked, would answer still Courteous as any knight--but now, if knight, The marvel dies, and leaves me fool'd and trick'd, 1220 And only wondering wherefore play'd upon. And doubtful whether I and mine le scorn'd Where should be truth if not in Arthur's hall, In Arthur's presence? Knight, knave, prince and fool, I bate thee and for ever.' And Lancelot said, Blessed be thou, Sir Gareth! knight art thou To the King's best wish. O damsel, be you wise To call lum shamed, who is but overthrown? Thrown have I been, nor once, but many a time Victor from vanquish'd issues at the last 1230 And overthrower from being overthrowth With sword we have not strven, and thy good horse And thou are weary, yet not less I felt Thy manhood thro' that wearied lance of thine. Well hast thou done ; for all the stream 18 free ·40 GARETE AND LYNETTE. And thou hast wreak'd his justice on his foes, And when reriled, hast answer'd graciously, And makest merry when overthrown Prince, Knight, Hail, Knight and Prince, and of our Table Round !' $ And then when turning to Lynette he told 1240 The tale of Gareth, petulantly she said, *Ay well may well for worse than being foold Of others, is to fool one's self. A cave, Sir Lancelot, is hard by, with meats and drinks And forage for the horse, and flint for fire. But all about it flies a honeysuckle. Seek, till we find.' And when they sought and found, Sir Gareth drank and ate, and all his life Past into sleep; on whom the maiden gazed. 'Sound sleep be thine! sound cause to sleep hast thou Wake lusty! Seem I not as tender to hir 1251 As any mother? Ay, but such a one As all day long hath med at her child, And vext his day, but blesses him asleep-. Good lord, how sweetly smells the honeysuckle In the liuslı'd night, as if the world were one Of utter peace, and love, and gentleness ! O Lancelot, Lancelot’mind she clapt her hands- "Tull merry am I to find my goodly knare Is knight and noble. See now, sworn have I, 1260 Else yon black felon had not let me pass, To bring thee back to do the battle with him. Thus an thou goest, lie will fight thee first; Who doubts thee victor? so will my knight-kuave Miss tlie full flower of this accomplishinent.' Said Lancelot, 'Peradventure he, you name, May know my shield. Let Gareth, an ho will, Change his for mine, and take my charger, fresh, Not to be spurr'd, loving the battle as well ·GARETH AYD LYSETTE As be that rides him.' 'Lancelot-hike, elle said, Courteous in this, Lord Lancelot, as in all.' 1970 And Gareth, wakening, fiercely clutcli'd the shield; Ramp ye lance-splintering lions, on whom ali spears Are rotten sticks ! ye seen agape to tear! Yes, ramp and naar at learing of your loni Care not, good beasts, so well I care for you O noble Lancelot, from my hold on these Streams virtue-firethro' one that will not shame Even the shadow of laucelot under shield. Hence, let us go Silent the silent field 1250 They traversed. Arthur's tarp tho' summer-wan, In counter Diotion to the clouds, allured The glance of Gareth dreaming on his lege. A star shot "Lo,' said Gareth, 'the foe falls "' An owl whoopt : Ilark the victor pealing there" Suddenly she that rode opon his left Clang to the shield that Lancelot lent him, crying, "Yield, siekl him this again 'tis he must fight I curse the tongue that all thra' yesterday Reviled thee, and hath wrought ou Lancelot now 1200 To lend thee borse and shield wonders se hare done ; Miracles ye cannot here 15 glory enos Ia haring Aung the three I see thee maim'd, Jangled. I swear thou canst not fing the fourth." * And wherefore, damsel ? tell me all se know. You cannot scare me, nor rough face, or voice, Brite bulk of limb, or boundless sragery Appal me from the quest' Mar, Prince,' she cried, "God wot, I never lookd upon the face, ·42 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 1300 Seeing ho nerer rides abroad by day; But watcli'd hin lave I like a phantom pass Chilling the night: nor have I heard the voice. Always he made his mouthpiece of a page. Who came and went, and still reported him As closing in himself the strength of ten, And when his anger tare him, massacring Man, woman, lnd and girl-yea, the soft babe ! Some hold that he hath swallow'd infant flesh, Monster! O Prince, I went for Lancelot first, The quest is Lancelot's: give him back the shield. 1310 Said Gareth laughing, 'An he fight for this, Belike he wins it as the better man : Thug--and not else!' But Lancelot on hin urged All the devisings of their chivalry When one might nieet a mightier thinn hinself ; How best to manage horse, Iance, stord and shield, And so fill up the gap where force might fail With skill and fineness. Instant were his words. Then Gareth, 'Here be rules. I know but one- To dash against mine enemy and to win. 1320 Yet have I watch'd thee victor in the jouist, And seen thy way.' 'Henven help thée,' sigli'd Lynette. Then for a space, and under cloud that grew To thunder-gloom palling all stars, they rode In conrerse till slıc made her palfrey halt, Lifted an arm, and softly whisper'd, 'There.' And all the three were silent seeing, piteli'd Beside the Castle Perilous on flat field, A huge pavilion like a mountain peak ·GARETH AND LYNETTE 43 Sunder the gloomy crimson on the marge, 1330 Black, with black banner, and a long black horn Beside it hanging; which Sir Gareth graspt, And so, before the two could brader lum, Sent all his heart and breath thro' all the horn. Echo'd the walls; a light twinkled ; anon Came lights and lights, and once again be blew ; Whereon were hollow tramplings up and down And mudled voices heard, and shadows past; Till high above him, circled with her maids, The Lady Lyonors at a window stood, 13.10 Beautiful among lights, and waving to hin White hands, anıl courtesy ; but wvlien tle Prince Three times bad blown-after long hush-at last- The huge pavilion slowly yielded up, Thro' those black foldings, that wluch housed tlierein. High on a nightblack borse, in night black arwe, With wute breast-bone, and Larren ribs of Death, And crown'd with fleshless laughter some ten step- In the half-light-thro' the dim dawn-advanced The monster, and then paused, and spake no word. 1350 But Gareth spike and all indignantly, Fool, for thou hast, men say, the strength of ten, Canst thou not trust the limbs thy Gol hath given, But must, to make the terror of thee more, Trick thyself out in ghastly imageries Of that whiclı Life hath done with, and the clod, Legs dull than thou, will hide with mantling flowers As if for pity?' But he spake no word, Which set the horror lugher & maiden swoon'd, The Lady Lyonors wrung her hands and wept, 13C0 As doom'd to be the unde of Might and Death, Sir Gareth's head prickled beneath his heln, And ev'n Sir Lancelot thro' his warm blood felt Ice atrike, and all that mark'd him were aghast ·44 GARETH AND, LYNETTE. At once Sir Lancelot's charger fiercely neigh’d, And Death's dark war-liorse bounded forward with him. Then those that did not blink the terror, saw That Death was cast to ground, and slowly rose. But with one stroke Sir Gareth split the skull. Half fell to right and half to left and lay. 1370 Then with a stronger buffet he clove the helm As throughly as the skull; and out from this Issued the bright face of a blooming boy Fresh as a flower new-born, and crying, 'Knight, Slay we not: my three brethren bad me do it, To make a horror all about the house, And stay the world from Lady Lyonors. They never dream'd the passes would be past.' Answer'd Sir Gareth graciously to one Not many a moon his younger, 'My fair child, 1380 What madness made thee challenge the chief knight Of Arthur's ball?' 'Fair Sir, they bad me do it. They hate the King, and Lancelot, the King's friend, They hoped to slay him somewhere on the stream, They never dream'd the passes could be past.' Then sprang the bappier day from underground; And Lady Lyonors and her house, with dance And revel and song, made merry over Death, As being after all their foolish fears And horrors only proven a blooming boy. So large mirth lived and Gareth won the quest. 1390 And he that told the tale in older times Says that Sir Gareth werlded Lyonors, But he, that told it later, says Lynette.

·NOTES.
1. The last tall son of Lot and Betlicent. Lot is in the romances
the King of Lothian and Orkney, who had married the eldest of
the three daughters of Gorlois and Ygerne. gerne was mother
of King Arthur cp The Coming of Arthur, 181-191:-
"Sir, for yo know that in King Uther's time
The prince and warrior Gorlois, he that held
Tintagıl castle by the Cornisl sea,
Was weddeal with a tinsome wife, Ygerne
ALI...,1.1.. launah
nan bercof,
...
.
that
the
the
who
married Lot (the second according to this romance). Valory
*1 41-
? Gareth So the name is given to Malory, but in the French
romances it appears generally as Guerrebes, and is too opt to le
confused with the name of his brother Gaharies
to A bowerrat spring It has often been remarket that
the Idylls of the King follow ID a certain sense the rounit
of a sear, 80 that the story of Arthur, though extending
of course
in reality over many years, makes a kind of
prostess through the seasogs, which begins with the birth
of Artbur on the night of the dew year," und ends with
4-5

·GARLTH AND LYNETTE. the last great battle, fought on the very last day of the year, as we know from the Inst line of the Idylls, "And the new sun rose bringing tlie new year." These and other indications not only suggest tho sympathy of external nnture with the hero and his achievements, but also remind us of the sun-myth out of which perlinps the story of Arthur partly grew: compare the lines of the coronation song in thic Coming of Arthur, 496 :--- "Blow, for our Sun is mighty in lis May! Blow, for our Sun is mightier day by day!” and the description of Arthur in the Last l'ournament : “His hair, n sun thnt ray'd from off a brow Like hillsnow high in heaven," and in the Passing of Arthur, 384:- "the light and lustrous curls, Thnt made his forchead like a rising sun High from tho dars-throne.' Observe also the metaphor of "an caglo-flight" to "the great Sun of Glory" used by Garoth below, l. 22, which inclirectly suggests the same idea. This ilyll opens with carly spring, and it is Intter spring when Gareth goes up to Arthur's court, which is then in tho spring-time of its glory. 3. spate. Thic flood-water of a river or torrent is called in Scotland tlie“ spate." The word is Coltic in origin, cp. the Irish apciil, "n grcat flood" (Skeat, Dict. of English Etymology). Tho uso of the word here is a picco of local colour. 5. as a falso knight. The hurrying of the rlıythm suggests the engerness of the speaker. 6. Ilanco Were mine to use. The lance was the characteristic wonpon of the kniglit: Garctl's thoughts are fixed on his desire to be a knight of Arthur. 8. Bearing all down in thy precipitancy. The rhythm is suited to the sensc; so in Geraint and Enid. "Went slipping down horrible prccipices." 10. And mino Ss living blood, ie. “that which flows in my Teius," He has been inwardly comparing the force of the torrent stream with that of his own inipulscs, which at present finis no outlet, and this suggests the thought that the living blood in his veins ought to have nynore passionnte fox_than the cold and lifeless current, and stir him to moro rchemcnt_nction than thint of the stream filled only with the moltol snows.. Olsserve how the scenery and surroundings are in keeping with the action and emotions of the pocm. ll, not lmowest, for "knowest not," dost not know." 12. wit, i.e. linowledge.' Or

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·48 GARETH AND LYNETTE. “Devant toz les bucns chevaliers Doit ostre Gauvains li premiers, Li scconz Erec li fiz. Lac Et li tierz Lanceloz del Lac." 1691-1694. In the Roman (le Lancelot we are told that he wag fained for his kindness to the poor and for his courtesy especially to indics, with regard to whom he was under a special vow, taken becauso ho once killecl a lady by accident, never to refuse holp to a lady unless her request wero against his honour. T'or this reason lo was called "i clevnliers as demoiselles," and his cath was lamented as the greatest loss to dames and doinoiselles that they ever sustained. In the Roman de la Rosc and also by Chaucer 10 is cited as an exanıple of courtesy, c.9. Squieres Talc, 93:- "With so hy revorence and obeisanco As well in spcche as in contenance, That Gawayn with his ollo curteisye, Though he were come ngeyn out of Fniryc, Nc coude him nnt amenile with a wordl." His strength waxed and waned within a certain period, "Tello étoit sa contuno che toujours empiroit si force entonr inidy; ot nitost comme midy étoit passé, şi lui revenoit an double lo caur, In force et In vertu": cp. Malory, Morte Darılıur, 1, 18, who, howover, following the Roman ile Merlin, says thint his strength waxed from nine o'clock up to noon, and wance from noon to evensong. The Noman de Inncclot miles that he was negligent of his religious duties, and this point is developed in other romances so that he often plays the part of fearful cxample, ace for instance Morte Dariur, 10, 5. Tennyson hans placed him in a distinctly lower rank, and though still brilliant in nchiovements and graceful in manner, ho isecomes the type of lovity, irreligion, disloyalty to promises and irconstancy in love: "then from where he set At Arthur's right, with siniling fnce aroge, With smiling face and frowning heart, a Prince In the mid inight and flourish of his Mny, Gawain, surnnined The 'ourtcons, fair and strong, And after Lancelot, 'Tristrain and Gernint And Gareth, a gooi knight, but therewithnl Sir Modrel's brother, and the child of Lot Nor often loyal to his word." Lancelot and Elainc, 519-557. Ho very soon" wearicd of the quest" both of Lancelot and of tho Holy Grail, though lic swore " londer than the rest"; and, in Pellcas and Ettarre, though indignant at sceing three against one, lic is guilty of the grossest treachery to the man whom he offers to heln, and avows his inconstancy in love without scruplo:- ·NOTES. ** Art thou not he wlom men call light of love!' "Ay,' sard Gawain, 'for women lo so light'." After his death his ghost is "Blown along a wandering wind," like the carnal sinners of the Inferno. "Light was Gawain in life, and light in denth Is Gawain, for the ghost 18 as the man." Pastry of Arthur, 56. On w... T. L. en europping, both when he was a boy and afterwards when on the watch for some scandal in the court, and finally of his treachery to Arthur in usurping the throne when left in chargo of the kingdom le struck for the throne and striking found lus doom,' but insolved Artlıur in the same material ruin. 27. proven, "tricil", so in 1 568 34 tho' yo count me stiu the child." hear this which I 1. ..AL 37. an for "f" is especially common in Tennyson two more instances occur within the next dozen lines ---4--Inah, tana . 41. remembering the metaphor of L U 15. palm, as symbolical victory 46 Book of Hours The services and prayers for the besen canonical hours of the day, matins, prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline, are called "Houn"; and this was ·GARETE AND LYNETTE. a book containing them with illuminated initial letters, like that book of Saxon poetry which Alfred earned by reciting its contents. Gareth could not know a palm-tree except from a picture. 47, haanting, from French hanter, "to frequent," means here "roming constantly.". Usually the word is transitire in English as in French, but Shakspeare has, “I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors" (Othello, 1, 1, 96), and 50 Tennyson in the Princess, 4, 44:- "If indeed there haunt About the moulder'd lodges of the Past So sweet a voice." 51. a leash of kings. A leash is properly a thong to hoki in dogs or falcons. (French laisse, from Low Latin laxa, a "loose rope," Skeat, Etym. Dict..) Three dogs are usually held together in a leash, cp. Shaksp. Henry 1. Prologue 1. 6:- " and at his heels, Leash'd in like hounds, should famine, svord and fire Crouch for employment." Hence the word is used slightingly for three (or perhaps more) persons taken together, as "brace" for two, cp. Shake. 1 Henry 11. 2, 4, 7, “I ain sworn brother to a leash of drawers, and can call then all by their christen names, as Tom, Dick, and Francis." 56. clomb, a favourite form both with Spenser and Tennyson :- "And asked, to what end they clomb that tedious height." Faery Queene, 1, 10, 49. "but oft Clomb to the roofs and gazed alone for hours On that disastrous leaguer.” Princess, 7, 16. 58. past. This is the form of spelling preferred by Tennyson in this word and a few others, e.g. vext," "slipt," "fixt," pro. bably after the example of Spenser, though in many others, e.g. "kist," "chaft, flockt," "chaunst," he has not followed that example. For “ past atray" meaning "died," cp. In Memoriam, 90, 13:--"But if they came who past aray. 59. had, i.e."would have," so "had ventured," I. 64, "had doomed thee," l. 366. The meaning is, “If that one who caught him back had indeed loved him, he would have run the risk himself to obtain the treasure for him over whose safety he was watching 61. And Gareth answered her etc. This repetition of l. 41 is in the epic style, like the similar repetitions in the Passing of Arthur of such lines as "Then spake King Arthur to Sir Bedivere"; "And answer made the bold Sir Bedivere." 19 ( OC ·NOTES 51 02 he, or ebe He would suggest that the character la bis a polngue who had been referred 10 by his mother under . malo remonification, “True lore had risk'd himself," might possibly le female 61. had ventured-had the thing etc. Tennyson is fond of this concise form of conditiona), e9 "O friend, haul I been helpen half as well By this King Arthur as by thee to clay, Then beast and man liad had their share of me" Coming of Arthur, ICO. * Harl I chosen to meri, I had been weddel earlier " Lancelot and Elaine. 60 the brand Excalibur "brand," which means properly a burning piece of wool, 11 tirert poetically in English (As brandrin Icelandic) for "sword," from its ladle flashing like fire. The worel is especially appropriate to Excalibur, "the blade so bright That men are blinded by it preserved its meurer from being trounded in battle. Malory ways that it gare light bke thirty torches, and Tennyson de. scribes hou, wheb cast anay, **TL.hu T The name Excalibur is said in the romances to mean "Cut-atcel" It is also written "Caliban" vir Tove in us note to The Coming of Arthur, I 291, writes, “17;c notion of enchanted armonr is found in many olil poets and romancers of various nations. In the Jahabarit the magic inw of Arjuna is descriu under the name Gandır, and Mukts l'halaletu in the Katha Sarut Savar (chap: 115) is presenteil by Sna frith a nord named Internawe * Hearlds the names of some of the most celebrated inorila of romance, 9 Lancelot's worl called aroundigh, Siegfriel's Balmung. Charlenagae's Joyeuse, Orlapilo's Thinn. dana, The Cid's Colada 09. fowl is often, as liere collective, meaning "birds." Soja the Princess-"To pare the fowl from frutt"; cp. Shakrp: Cymb 1, 4, 97.-"strange fnxl light upon neighbouring ponde ·52 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 74. like a log: that is, like a log which has been laid upon the fire, and has almost burnt itself out, but smoulders still, burning with smoke but no flame. According to the romances Lot was killed in the second war against Arthur, by Pellinore, father of Lamorack and Percival, for which cause both Pellinore and Lamorack were treacherously killed by Gawain and his brothers (except Gareth), see Norte Darthur, 2, 10; 10, 58, and 11, 10. 76. the Barons' war is that wliich is described in the Coning of Arthur, II. 63-133. 78. His age hath slowly drooped etc., that is, "his life has drooped and his aged body now lies there," a rather bold expression. 79. unburiable. He cannot be buried because he is not actually dead. He has indeed no more active life in him than the yet. warm corpse of one who is just dead, and yet we cannot bury him away out of sight and rid ourselves of the pain of seeing him thus. 80. no more, i.e. no more than a corpse, the words "and yet unburinble" being parenthetical and closely belonging to the word "corpse." 82. Albeit refers to the thought of the speaker rather than to the actual expression : "I speak of their absence as a loss to ine, although indeed their presence would not reconcile me to the loss of you. 84. red berries charm the bird. The argument is meant as a skilful appeal to Gareth's aspirations after inanhood, representing the jousts and the wars as childish sports which please his youthful fancy, attracting him as red berries attract a bird, while the true diversion of a man is the chase, and his proper occupation is to be the head of a family: but the effect of the argument is spoilerl by the evident fear with which she regards the sports which she affects to consider trilling and childish, and by a display, of anxiety for the life and limb of her “innocent," which makes him feel all the more strongly that he is treated still like a child. The “red berries are those which in the English winter supply food for the birds, as holly berries, hips and havs, mountain-ash berries, etc. 85. jousts, from the Old French jouster, "to tilt," Low Latin juxlare, " to come together," Latin, iuxta, "close to " (Skeat, Etym. Dict.). 87. an often chance etc. "Often " is used in older English as an adjective meaning "many" or "frequent," especially in the phrase "often times." For the form of expression cp. Geraint and Enid, 330 :- ·XOTES. 53 "Your beauty is no beauty to him now: A common chance The argument here need log Dellicent is that which appeals mout to heraclf, but it woulil le lens likely than any other to fulle the higla spinted youth to whom it was addressed $9 tonnney-falls • "tourey " , the Ol French tornei, from torner, "to tum alogt" 89 Frights to my heart, refers to "the brain stunning shocks, and tourney falls" mentioned in the preceding line, and is grammatically in apposition to those words 9. By these tall Ars etc Ubconsciously she calling up belore his mind the rery scene in precesce of wbich he bal most strongly felt the impalse to be gone burns, "streams'; in older English loume, akin to the German brunnen, "apring." (Skeat, Etym Dirt! The word is ased commonly in Scotland and in the north of England, eg "Te twa ha' parllit in the burn." Therefore it is the more appropriate bere A. 11 ++ > married life as the best olojects to be aimed at, and most of alt when she girea as a final reann for staying, "Je are yet more boy than man 12. thee, 1 e. " for thee " the pronoun fornie, "me," "thee," "95," "you, "them " are originally latives as well n ACCU tives, while lum" was originally the dise only Jence the common use of all these sords as indirect olyject without preprom tion, not only in such expressions 29" ho lent me thee 110351; "I will find thee s bride, but alo in pliraus lihe "woe ja me," "well as thee," "tho' him were lolli," etc 93. comfortable, that is, one apt to support and strengthen op Shaker Ilomeo and JW 3, 3, 145, where Julit wahing exclaims, comfortable friar where is my lon! Low Latin comfortare, "to strengthen 01 cumbing Me prone year The metaphor us from the coure of the sun in the heaven, youth is the incending and ago the declining arc "prone" nicans " inclined downwaruls," atid is used in latin of the heavenly Lodies or the day moving towards their ketting:

·52 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 74. Ulko a 106 : that is, like a log rhich has been laid upon the fire, and has almost burnt itself out, but smoulders still, burning with smoke but no flame. According to the romances Lot was killed in the second war against Arthur, by Pellinore, father of Larmorack and Percival, for which cause both Pellinore and Lamorack were treacherously killed by Gawnin and his brothers (except Gareth), sce Morte Darthur, 2, 10; 10, 58, and II, 10. 76. the Barons' war is that which is described in the Coming of Arthur, ll. 03-133. 78. His age bath slowly drooped etc., that is, “liis lifo has drooped and his aged body now lies there," a rather bold expression. 79. unburiable. He cannot be buried bccausc lic is not actually dend. He has indeed no more active life in him than the yet. warın corpse of one who is just dead, and yet wo cannot bury him away out of sight and rid ourselves of the pain of secing him thus. $0. no more, i.r. no more than a corpse, the words "and yet unburinblo" being parenthetical and closely belonging to tho word "corpse. 82. Albelt refers to the thought of the speaker rather than to the actual expression : "I speak of their absence as n loss to mo, nitliough indeed their presence would not reconcile ine to the loss 33 of you." >> » 84, red berrios charm the bird. The argument is meant as a skilful appeal to Garetli's aspirntions after manhood, representing tho jousts and the wars as childish sports which please his youthful fancy, attracting him as red berries attract a bird, whilo tho truo diversion of a man is the chase, and his proper occupation is to be the head of a family: but the effect of the argument is spoileri by the evident fear with which słe regards the sports which she niſects to consider triſling and childish, and by a display, of anxiety for the life and limb of her "innocent, which makes him feel all the more strongly that he is treated still like a child. Thic "red berries are those which in the English winter supply food for the birds, as lolly berries, hips and laws, mountain-ash borries, etc. 85. Jousts, froin the Old French jousler, "to tilt," Low Latin juxtare, "to come together," Latin, inxla, " close to " (Skcat, Elym. Dict.). 87. an often chance etc. "Often" is uscd in older English as an adjective meaning "many" or "frequent," especially in the phrase "often times. " For the form of expression cp. Geraint and Enid, 330 :- ·YOTES. 53 "Your beanty is no Iranty to him now: A common chance" The argument here arell Pelliccnt 1. that which appeale mout to herself, but it wouli Le less likely than any other to fanuule the high smartell youth to whom It was addressed $9. Rourney-falls “tourney" is the 01.1 french formi, from forner, "to turn alnut " * Prights to my beant, refers to "the brain stonning shock en numey falls“ mentioned in the preceding line, anillo grammatically in Apption to thone words X). By these tall Ars etc Unconsciously we callins er refore his mind the very scene in prevence of which he hai mont strongly felt the imple to be gone buras, "atreams"; in older English lourni, akin to the Cierman lirunnra," prin" keat, Eryn Dire) The woril 15 ancil commonly in Santand and in the north of England, eg "We twa ha' paidlit in the born." Therefore it is the more appropriate liere . 1 married life as the best olujeto to le almıi At, and mont of all when she gres as a final reason for staying "Je are yet moro Loy than man 92. tbeo, . " for thee " the pronoun forma, "me." "theo," "us," "ou." "thern "ere onginally datiren as well wacCURS. tuves, whilo lam" u originally the datise only. Hence the common uno of all these words as indirect object without premi tion, not only in such expresion* " wlin lent ne tliee (1053), "I will find thee a binile,"batt al un phrases like "Noc in me, "well is ther," "tho bi were both,"ele 07 comfortable, that is, one apt to kurport and trengthen cp. Shakup. l'omeo and JW.3, 144where Julirt waking esclaume, comlortalle nur where is my lon!" Low Latin comfurtarr, " to strengthens Di, climbing Ille prone year Ihe metaphor from the murse of the sun in the heaven. youth as the ameniling uni ago the declining arc ** prope fieant inclinel ownerd.." und foued in latin of the hearenly bodies or the day moving towards their setting ·54 GARETH AND LYNETTE. “Sed vides quanto trepidct tumnltu Pronus Orion." Hor. Od. 3, ?7, 17. 100. For. This use of "for” in introducing a story (in which Tennyson has apparently imitated the Greek use of váp) may be illustrated from Coming of Arthur, 184, "Sir, for ye know that in King Arthur's time," etc.; 1. 358, $ $ " But let me tell thee now another tale ; For Bleys, our Merlin's master," etc.; and Passing of Arthur, l. f), "For on their march to westward," etc. Sco also below, 1. 119. 101. Askd for a bride. Gareth takes up his mother's hint of a bride, and upon it hangs this apologue of Fame and Shame, 104. But to be won by force : 1.c. "not to be won but loy force": but" properly means except only." Here, however, it is used as if it meant "only.' J05. good lack: "Inck" in older English from meaning "want" comes to have sometimes the mcaning " failure, * fault," or "shame," Cp. Lyndesay, Monarche, 3, 4514, "That nobyll Empriour gart ly down Apone his wambe, with schame and Inke": good" seems to be in this expression merely a strengthening explotive, as in such phrases as good earnest,' good sooth, good truth," e.g. * Harbourage? truth, good truth, I know not, save, It may be at Enrl Yniol's." farriage of lerini, 290. 107. saya, 1.6. " ercept," as in the line quoted just above: a saving clause" is an exception. 310. That evermore she longed to hide herself: so in Spenser, Facry Qrcene, 2, 7, 22, "And Shamc his ugly face did hide from living eye.” 112 Yea, i qualification of the preceding line. 114. tether'd, from “ tether," "a rope for fastening up": a Celtic word, from Gaelic tradhnir (Skeat, Ełym. Dict.). The proper use of the word in English is of animals tied up in a pasture: cp. Shaksp. Hamlet, 1, 3, 125, “yrith a larger tether may lie talk, Than inay be given you." 116. follow the Christ, the King Arthur is distinctirely the Christinn King, "The King will follon Christ, and are the King," sang the Knighthood at his coronation, "To break the heathen ·NOTES. 53 and uphold the Christ" (Guinerere, 466) was part of the oath! taken lig his knights, whose tattic-cry was Christ and the King" (Lancelot anul Elaine, 301). The King, in fact, as an 1 Christ, the Son of God 117 Live pure, speak trae, right wrong the Buime which is expressed in the lines which follow that quoteil abore frora Cuinerere, "To ride abroail reilressing hunian wrong, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it, To lionour is own word as if hu Golls, + To lead aseet Ines in purest chastity." 119. Bweet son, for there be many etc. As if she had said, "Yet hear me again, for there be inany, " As Gareth lal said, L 09 "Tear get once more the story of the child, For, mother, there was once etc 10 .. suggestions of ease in staying at home and risk in going are very ill.adapted to their purpose 120 Or will not deem him implying that their judgment was warped by wilfulness, and not a bifcere conclusion. an Hand "And thone first time bad golden lours for me, For then I surely thouglit lie nonlelle King 12.) frequeat, "constantls in company" in Latin more often in plit fricans so in Shalar his princely Clercises than formerly he hath appearl", and 2n Tenbyron's Deserted Jour - ·56 GARETH AND LYNETTE. "And no murmur at the door, So frequent on its hinge before." 124. no more than he, himself: that is, no more than he doubted linself." 123. Of closest Izin to me; that is, she was convinced that he was the son of her mother, Ygerne, but whether the son of Gorloïs or of Uther would still remain a question. Bellicent iinplicitly rejects both the story of a miraculous origin and the opinion that he was born of another mother, e.g. of the wife of Anton (or Ector), an opinion based in part upon his unlikeness to Ygerne, see Coming of Arthur, 325-330. 1:28. til the cloud ... Hath Ulfted. We are reminded of King Leo logran's vision in the Coming of Arthur of the haze-hidden peak with its phantom King "How looming and now lost," till in a moment “his dream as changed, the haze Descended, and the solid earth became As nothing, but the King stood out in heaven, Crown'd." 130. quickly, being stirred to impatience by the disloyal suggestion of doubt. Not an hour," breaks from him impetuously, but is qualified at once by the feeling of dutiful regard for his mother, which is always strong within him. 131. so that, i.e. “provided that," "if"; a common use of "50 so that" in Tennyson : 4.4). so ye care to learn," Coming of Arthur, 183, and belo, 1. 146. 133. who swept the dust etc. "Do ye say that he is not proven King, who" etc. The reference is to Arthur's refusal of truage and tribute to the Romans:- 'Seeing that ye be groin too weak and old To drive the beathen froin your Roman wall, No tribute will we pay". Coming of Arthur, 510 ff. and his subsequent victories over them, as related in the 77 romances, 135. the idolaters are the Saxons, "Sessoins" or "Saracens" (i.c. infidels), as they are called in the romances. Arthur had overcome them in twelve great battles," see Lancelot and Elaine, 293-316. 140. Will ye walks thro' fre? Taking up Gareth's parenthetical exclamation, “I will walk thro' fire, Nother, to gain it," she proposes to him "the sooty yoke of Baitab. This taking up of a casual expression and is characteristic of Tennyson's dramatic sty 1 ·XOTES. 57 147. the quick: "quick" properly means "living". ("the quick and the dead," "They went down quick into the pit," Thoa 'rt qnack, But yet I bury thee"); sp. "quickend in 1. 181. hence the quick" "the living lesh of the body, #3 opposed to hard skin, nails, etc., which are fera senatuse ***1 um atruck to the quick" (Shakap Temp 6, 1.25) means "I am deeply moved"; "to prove to the quick" 18 to prove by a strohe which wounds deeply and in a sensitive part 150 for, 1 e. "In return for." He should receive no wages but his food for his service 151 scullions a "scullion is properly a "dish clout," from Old French exouillon, djmnin. derived from Lat moja "A Lroom" then the name as transferred from the thing to the person who used it It is rated not to be allied to "scullery" in deriration, see Skeat, Ely Dirt kitchen kraves "nave" is onginally "los" (cf. ferm Inabe), hence "servant " In the llorto Darthur Kitchen loy;" kitchen Inase," and " kitchen page" are tree as convertible terms in this story. 132. across the bar ; that is, the bar let weep the hitchen and the banqueting ball The "kitchen layo" would carry the dishes to this Lar apil then hand them to thore who tened at the tables 154 twelvemonth and a day This extra day has a place in various rules and usages, as for instance in the scaring widow's It is due no doubt to the desire to make sure that the full time of a year, or whatever it may lv, hins been accom. plushed. op Shahsp Love's Labour's Love, 3, 2. 537 - "a treh emonth and a day I mark no words that amooth faced woners say 153 #o, explained ls the clauses which follow, "that when her son etc 157. vllain, "servile," originally from Low Latin rillanur, "farm servant," "serf hence in French and in English the word came to mean "lase," "had," helped perhaps y confusion with "vile 154. princely proud. Tennyson is fond of these adjectivo compoumis, forming them often with alliteration * rojal.nich," "dewy-Jarl," "tenderest-touching," "friendly. warm," "dostylry." "Juman amorous, " <p Spenser's "dread est dangerous," Faery Qucene, 4.2, 3:, and in Slakapeare. "actre-valudt," ** Fallant-young." ". Learteous cril," "Lingly. пяс here poor."

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·NOTES 57 117. tho quick: "quick" properly means "living" ("tho quick and the dead," "They went down quick into the pat," JY 150 for, ie "in return for," he should recciro no vages but bis food for his service 131. aculloda: A "Bullion is properly a "dish clout," from Old French escouillon, dimin. lcrived from Int. moja "a broom": then the name was tronsferred from the thing to the person who use it. It is saxl not to Le allied to "acullery" in derivation, see Skeat, Erim Diri. Idtchen-knaves : "knase" is originally "loy" (sr. Germ. Inale), bence "servant." In the liorte Darthur Litchienlony, "Litchen knase," and "Litchen rage" are used as convertible terms in this story. 132 across the bar. that 19, the bar between the kitchen and the banqueting hall. The kitchen logs" would carry the duslies to this bar anıl then hand them to those who served at the talles 784. a twelvemonth and a day This extra day has a place in Fanous rulca anil usages, as for instance in the wcaring widow's veels It is due no doubt to the desire to make sure that the full time of a year, or whatever it may le, los been accom. pluhed: cp Shalsp. Lore's Labour's Losi, 5, 2, 837 - "A tuelsemonth and a day I mark no words that amooth-faced #ooers tay." 153. so, explained ly the clauses wluch follow, "that when etc. 157. villain, "ser ile," originally from Lon Latin niliamur, "farm nerant," "ser": bence in French and in English the word came to mean " base," "Lal," helped perhaps by confusion with 11 File." 159, princely proud Tennyson is fond of these adjective compounds, forming them often with alliteration Bo we have her son * laarr ·58 GARETH AND LYNETTE, or 159. To pass thereby, sc. to glory. 162, thrall is nised here both as subs. and adj. "The thrall in person" means in fact " The thrall who in person is bound to service." The word is derived from a stem meaning "run," and properly means "one wylio runs on messages. 169. Gareth awhilo linger'd. The pause after the trochaic rhytlım of "linger'd" produces upon our ear the effect of liesitating purpose. 170. wistfal: originally a corruption of "wishful," meaning cager "longing":"wistful fear" is "anxious fcar," longing thint that may not lappen which is feared. 172. his outward purpose, ie. "his purpose to depart." 174. on to dawn, as if this were the goal after which it strove, as Garetli's soul after the dawn of his new day of manhood, cp. In Mem. 95, 53 ff. (where however the brecze which blows to dnwn is less violent and lonci) :- “And suck'd from out the distant gloom A breeze began to tremble o'er The large leaves of the sycamore, And fluctuate all the still perfume, And gathering freshlier overhead, Rock'd the full-folinged elms, and surung The licavy-folded rose, and flung The lilies to mur fro, and said «The dawn, the dawn,' and dicd away." 176. stiu, "continnally." 180. Observe the irregular rhythm and liquid sounds. IS2. Kindled into fowers : one of the picturesque metaphors which are most characteristic of Tennyson. For the iden cp. none, I. 94- And at their feet the crocus brake like fire." The Inter season is in liarmony with Gareth's development into manhood. 185. broadend: cp. Guinevere, 80 (where in her dreams' the Qucen sees her own shadow sprending over all the land) :- “When lo her own, that brondening from her feet, And blackening, sirallow'd all the land." Camelot is the place whicre Arthur chiefly holds his court, Caxton in his preface to Malory's Morte Darthur speaks of it as if it were in Wales, probably confusing it with (Caerleon, but Malory himself ientities it with Winchester. There was, however, a Camclot or Camalat in Somersetshire, represented ·YOTE 59 now by the villages of East Camel acd test Cambel on the rirer Camel, wbich bare the remains of an ancierit tornard .. 1 " wbich roe between the forent and fel!l." op one nide the Wols over wbich the kidz fazed bon racing on the level jave. ment in front of the hall, the same which in the last Tournament were yellowinzwith aatama, and on the other the readuwi in which the tourneys were held "the lista Thy Camelot in the meados Laxnold and Elaine. The city was approcherl ver the loop locks of the leshle domnu," and it is callel repeatedly the "dim, rich city", itu "Camelot, city of slalowy palaces And rately, nich sa emblet and the work O! ancient kings who do their days in stone." The centre of it was the great all which ferlin wal built for Artbor- For all tte acel moont of Camelot And all the dim ich city, rool by rool, Tower after threr, spire lejonit spire, Ly ETOTC, and garden Laun, and rushing pork, Clube to the micbiy Lall that Verlin alt Buy Circul. 3 With this compare the descriptions giren in IL JAO 193 and 25 202 of this uy IL Then in derribing the departure of the knights opon the quest, Percirale nago- "O brother, had sou kmon car Camelot, Built by old kings, 150 alter age, so old ·60 GARETH AND LYNETTE. The King himself hac fears that it would fall, So strange, and rich, anu dim; for where the roofs Tottered toward cach other in the sky, Met forelicads all along the street of those Who watch'd 18 pass; and lower, and whicre the long Rich galleries, lady-laden, weighed the necks Of dragons clinging to the crazy walls, Thicker than drops from thunder, showers of Powers Fell as wc past; and men and boys stride On wyvern, lion, dragon, griffin, swan, At all the corners named us ench by me." IIoly Grail, 339.331. The approach of Garoth full of youth and enthusiasm to the city seen through the clouds of the "silver-misty morn," may be coii. trasted with that of Pollcas in his madness of disillusion :- 's when he sair High up in heaven the hall that Merlin built Blackoning against the deadl.green stripes of cren, * Black nest of rats,' le groaned, 'ye build too high.' Pelleas and larre. 191. Prick'd: cp. Ioly Grail, 424:-- “the spires Prick'd with incredible pinnacles into heaven.” the great gate, the weirdly-sculptured:"gate of Arthur's wars," of which we slnll hear more afterwards. 193. Anon, the whole fair city. The rhythm is imitative, becoming more rapid, then slower again. 200. changeling out of Fairyland. It is a very widespread popular superstition that fairies are wont to steal human children from craclics and substitute clves or other children. Sncli creat. urcs are called "chnnyelings," a word which is used by Shaks. pearc, of substituted letter, "the changeling never known, Humlet, 5, 3, 53, of a child left by the fairies, in Winter's Tale, 3, 3, 122, "It was told me I should be rich by the fairics. This is some changeling: open't;" and, in Miilsummer Night's Dream, of a child rearol by the fairies upon the death of his mother. Tor the legends about the origin of Arthur reference should be made to the Coming of Arthur, 177-236 and 325-410: another is referred to in Il. 487-493 of this ilyll. Most of them agree in saying that as a child he was received by Merlin, who provided for his bringing up; but whicther born of Ygerne and delivered immediately after birth to Merlin, or miraculously found on scishorc or mountain, noue knew. 202. glamour, i.e. "enchantment." The word is used in the samo sense in the Marriage of Geraint, 1, 742:--- ·NOTES. 61 "saton " that maiden in the tale, Whom Gwydion nude by glamour out of foxers" It 12 ml by som to lie & corruptinn nl "framarie," which in ohler English means fint "tainmır," naelthen "mingte," from the Out I'rench gramaire the idea being that learning and the nagle were closely connected (heat, Llym. Dile, Andız). Scott wees the word "gramarge" reprecatedly, g. Lay of the Lat Jinsirel, 3, 14 - "frighten'd as a cluld might le, At the wild sell and vege strange, And the dark wonls of gramarje" It may be doubted linseier whether this can be the true ety. mology, 19 view of the passages in which the wonl weens in mean an illusion of the senses, especially of the right; and some connect it with the Icelandic glam, meaning or "Hirionary" 203 there is no such city anywbere Gareth's companione nay that the city in all 11910n anl no reality, because thry cannot sce it clearly and constantly. so, suggested, cornino place naturcs, not cxalteri Ly enthusiasm, are ready to deny the existence of ideal oljects or the passibility of Attaining tlicht 203 enow anil "enoug!" come from Old English gruoh or god (op (ierin genug). whence was derivej "noh" or enngh 2017. 1o the Arabian tel We are rehubdel of the Enstern tales which speak of spirits confineil luy some great magician, such as Solomon, and cast into the depths of the sea. 2) there was to gate uke 16 It is called in the Iloly Crol, 354, "the gate of the three Queens," and again the gate of Arthur's wars"; in Lancelot and Llarne it is "the strange statue gate, Where Arthur's wars were rendereil eystically 210 tho Keystone of ap arch is that stone which 11 put in last at the centre, Anil against which th sles of the curie prise 212. The Lady of the Lake Sco the clercription of her in the Coming of Arthur, 203 ·62 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Dorn in a deep; calm, whatsoever storms Mlay sbake the world, and when the surface rolls, Hath power to walk the waters like our Lord.” Also in Lancelot and Elaine she is mentioned as " the wondrous one who passes thro' the visions of the night," and who having caught the infant Lancelot from his mother's arms chanted to him "snatches of mysterious hymns." In the romances there are several water-fairies who are called “ladies of the lake," the most prominent being Niviene (in Malory “Nimue"), Tennyson's Vivien, to whom is assigned the bringingup of Lancelot and the conquest of Merlin. In Tennyson the Lady of the Lake is a far more exalted and inysterious personage than these, and seems to personify the spirit of religion. Here her statue is listinguished by Christian emblems of various kinds, the cross, the water of baptism, the sword of the Spirit, the censer, and the fish. au ber dress wept from her sides. Her dress symbolises the outward forms of religion, which are subject to change like water flowing away, but she herself, with her great and goodly arms extendel like the cross, stands ever firm and upholds all the cornice. wept means here “fowed away in drops," like tears. 216. drops of water, apparently the water of baptism, symbolical of the cleansing power of religion. 217. a sword. The reference is probably to such sayings as that in the Epistle to the Hebreios (4, 12)," the word of God is quick and powerful and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit," and in St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians (6, 17), “the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God." 278. either, i.e. "cach of the two"; cp. Coming of Arthur, 130, "each hnd warded either in the fight." 219. the sacred fish. The fish was an early symbol of Christianity, partly because of the significance attributed to the letters of the Greek word ISOTS, which are the initial letters of the phrase 'Ιησούς Χριστός θεού Υιος Σωτήρ, « Jesus Christ Son of God, Saviour," and partly perhaps because of the connexion of Christianity in its earliest times with fisher-folk. It was cspecially used at Ronie in times of persecution, as a secret watchword among Christians. 221. Artbur's wars, Hence the gate is called in the Holy Grail "the gate of Arthur's wars. The ford "weird" (cp. "weirdly sculptured" in Lancelot and Elaine) means properly " fatal," i.e. having to do with fate or destiny, from the old ·XOTES, 03 English wirde "destiny" connected with Germ. rerden "to Lecome." In Scotland i tho weird is dree'd" means "the destiny la fulalled." In Tennyson's Ancient Sage "that weird casket" in the casket which holda tan's destiny. From the mysterious character of destiny is derived the ordinary modern ineaning of the word, denoting that which is mysterious anil somewhat awful liere "weird" is searly equn alent to mystical," and this gate is referred to more than once as tlie place "Where Arthur's wan are render'd mystically." Arthur's wars were blazoned in less mysterious fashion opon the winiows of the great hall, Bre IIoly Grail, 249 . DIZ. co twisted, twisteil together." as if Time Wero nothing Here we have a foreshadowing of the victory which in this idyll the soul of man is to gain over Time. 223 loveterately. The Latin word inreteratue (from us --- 25. three Queeds. There are the same mlio were present at Arthur's coronation, Coming of Arthur, 973-978, " three far queena, Who stool in kilence near his throne, the freniis Of Arthur, faring on bim, tall, with bright Sweet faces, who will help hinst his needl." They appear in the Parning of Arthur, where they come a dosis large to lcar him Akay, 361 ff Tennyson leaves the TRODS of these three qocens, as well as that of the Lady of the Lahe, * the Theo 11, un that the other en of the Jure DUTAU, U 220 dould help. ie, of whom it had leen mul "they alia!! help him at his needl." cp Coming of Arthur, 1 98, to which this paauge is a reference, for Gareth, whose impressions are bere relatel, may lie supposed to have lieen familiar with his mother's account of Arthur's coronation, and to recognize hiero "three three Queens hich she then * 29 dragos Doug AH. The word "kroughtor "Lost" meaus "Send" or "turn," connected with "Inw." Germ bruges (Skest, Etym. Dice.). Tennyson po doubt had in his mind the paanager of Speaker where it occurs, eg Faery Ourene, 1, 1, 13, > LALU LALNI.

·64 GARETH AND LYNETTE. “Her huge long taile her den all overspred, Yet was in knots und many boughtes upwound,” and l, ll, ll, "His huge long tayle wound up in hundred foldes, Does overspred his long bras.scaly back, Whose wreathed boughts when ever be unfoldes, • . It steepeth all the land behind him farre." In both which places it is used, as here, of the folds of n dragon's tail. elvich emblemings: "elvish" (froin "elf") denotes some. thing mysterious and grotesque, as well as fairy-like: "emblem, from the Greek fußinua, which means inlaid work, especially raised ornament on vessels, etc., comes in English to mean symbolical ornament, or syınbul. 230. seethe, properly "boil," hence of moveinent like that of water boiling, e.g. *Roll'a to starboard, roll'el to Inrboard, wlien the surgo was scething free." Lotos-Daters, 161. 234. Out of the city etc. The rhythm of these two lines, as well as the structure of the sentences, expresses the suddenness of the sound which startles them, 239. leaving share in furrow : "leaving the plongl-share lying ille in the furrow." "Share" is from the stem of “shear, meaning “cut," and is that part of the plough which cuts tho soil. 241. (Your city moved so weirdly in the mist). This kind of parenthesis, by which the sentence is interrupted in order to throw in an explanation, and then resumed as if there lid been 10 break, is characteristic of Tennyson, c.ff., " Philip stayed (His father lying sick and needing him) An hour helind.” Enoch Arden, 64. Again in the same poem, Philip's true heart, which hunger's for her peace (Since Enoch left le lind not look'd upon her) Sinote kiin," and in the Princess, 5, 126, "now she lightens scorn At him tlint mars her plan, but then wonii hate (and every voice she talks with ratify it, And crery face she look'd on justify it) The general foe."

·NOTES. 63 219. Beer: properly,"one who sees," hence of one who see ...--..:(1.-4. . playing on him.se "making sport of him": cr. Guinerere, 30%, "Lo they liare sat her on, Our simple preming Allons and her nuns, To play upon nie,' anil Lanrelot and Elaine, 209, "Surely I but played on Torte," The metaphor us from a musical instrument, as in Shakopenre. Jlamiet, 32,350:-"You would play on me : you noull recm to know my stops Jou would muni me from my lonent nolo to the top of iny company and there is much turic, excellent volca in this little organ: Set cannot you make it aperk" 219 I havo been the good chlp etc He refers to such illusione of the senses as the marge of the levert and of the ma, lien Owing to certain conditions of the atmosphere an image of a clustant olject may often Le seen inverted in the air 253 Tako thou the truth as thou hast told it me This is an ironical reference to the untruth told luy Ciareth in the lines alove, Wole tullers of the 2011 " etc : sen? 253. " I mark theo not lut as thou mockest me" He mean, "The doubt of which for the weats of youth clothe themselves in enchanted forns of poetry and music So in the Annurnt Sanr 11 13 rail of Faith, "She finds the fountain where they waille! Mirage" 3G a suced modtan cient toward the raartse Mr Flale says thug u Pamanus, the mountain of Apollo and the Barra, With its top cloven into two peaks, anil continues "The fairy King and lury Queens wlio come from me mountain clelt towanla the sunri«c, to build the city are the oil my tuingern whone birthplace was in the l'ant the land of the ring run. From them, Leandien the religions of the ancient arslil, are more Melry, architecture, kulpture, ! **r elerating and tonning . 11 ·66 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 258. bullt it to the music of their harps. So, according to Greek legend, the walls of Troy and Thebes rose to the sound of music, cp. Enone, 39, "ns yonder walls Rose slowly to a music slowly breathed, and Tiresias, 96, "the song.built towers and gates" (of Thebes). 260. there is nothing in it as it seeris Saving the King. All other things but the King belong to that ever-changing world of sense-perception which produces in us illusion; they are not as they seem, just as "thou art not who thou seemest." The meaning is that the ideal alone remains true and unchangcable amid the changing and perishing of material things. The King represents the ideal towards which Gareth is striving, the Sun of Glory up to which he is endeavouring to soar. 261. some thoro bo otc. These are those who refuse to sce that which is ideal, and hold only to the objects of their senso. perception. 263. So thou pass : see note on 1. 131: "pass" is of course subjunctive: cp "So thou dread to swcar," just below. 205. thrall, “slave," from a stem meaning "run,"lit. "runner," i.e. one who runs on messages (Skcat, Dłym. Dici.). 266. will bind thee by such vows etc. Those wlio aim at the highest ideal must strive after a standard of perfection which is impossible indeed to be attained, but must be aimed at if inen aro to rise above the level of "the cattle of the field." 267. the which : a more definite form of the relntire, liko lequel in French and il quale in Italian; but in English though we may say " the which," we cannot say "the who." 271. ilke enow, "likely enough.” Cp. Shaks. Much Ado, 2, 3, 107 : “D. Pclro. May be she doth but counterfcit. Claud. Faith, like enough !" "Like" in this sense is far more common than “likely" in Shakspeare and older English, 272. They are building still, that is, the enchantment is yrork. ing, to which ye will become thralls iſ yo pass the gate. 273. therefore never built at all. In one sense it is an unrcal shadow, because it eludes the sense perception, but in another sense it is for this very cause cternal, becalise the ideal, built up of soul-harmonies, is set as an unchangeable object of aspiration. 275. roverence thine own beard, "do not dishonour your reverend years by lying."

·NOTES 67 6. ttter truth: "perfect truth," "etter curtery in the Jamage of Gemini, 391 hutter for outer) darkness" Is A common expression, 9. "the son of utter darkness," Shaker 1 llenry 11. 3.3. 42: it is the comparative of "out" (ruxel "atmont"), meaning that which goes lejonil and outsile other things of the same kind PS0 the kidding of the Bards an" is a Celtic woril meaning "pct": and it was the name given by the aula anıl Pritons to their buinstrels, who fomed licreditary ordern, and iaid claim to proplietic gilts Jerlin himmelf wan a lani, and Tennyson puta a specimen of lanlic utterance in his mouth in the Coming of Irkur, 400 ff , "He liughid as IX his wont, Anil answer'd mo In nuddling triplets of old time." Prophetic responses base usually something ambagunas almut Leing an actual deception is experienced, and the other an Attempt to decervo others or to avoid discovery of the truth by tben. 283 bat, "ercepe " The worl is originally an alrerh mean. ing outale,"cp about," which also means "outale" (Skrat, Ety Dret I thou art not who Thon toimest, re "thou art not the person that thou secmest to be," an elliptical use of the relatie. 1. I know the who thon art Cp Giorpel of St Luit, , 31, "I know thee who thou art; the JIoly One of Ciol." 287. brook,"enduro" the original meaning in HINO" or enjny," cp Germ. buchen In Shakup Inchant II 3, 2.2, it accms to have something of the original meaning – *]low loronks your grace the air. After your lato tonsing on the breaking nu"* T7ie transition of meaning nag be illustrated by soch 229 geras "Ye could she brooke no meat bat lorthes alone" Suck Tille, Jurrunr for Japatrati, 42 SS. Domodedogly, having changed hja tone to a serious one I the last sentence. Ed this.

·08 GARETII ANI) LYNETTE. $ 201. wiilto llo. An initlicious and plandorous utrnth is blok ("Alio that is half n truth is over the blackest of lier"), so in common speech a white lic is one which is not intenulost to do lurm to nnyone, and is justificat hy a good motivo, llore the popular expression is mosdo pictures 110 liy the image of tho littlo ghost sitting upon the threshold of thcir entorprise and almost Hearing them away. 203, Lot lovo bo binmod for it;i.c. thio inotlicr's lovo which enstenvoured by exacting this condition to detrin him. 201. good oloor: "cheer" originally means "inco" or "mien," dorivce apparently through Low Litin from tho Grcok xepa, "Soul" istent, mm. Dict.); }). Ital. ccra, "complexion.' For its uno in oklor luglish, op. Chuncer, l’nightca 'Inle, 65,- " When acho huko kwowned with a dedly choro." Surroy, Transl. of wid, 2, 345,- "With rnfull choro I Bitwo whero IIcctor stool," Sponsor, Macry Queenc, 1, 2, 27, "With channgo of choro tho acoming simplo mnia Lot faller uyon, is alınmncfast, to tlo cartl," and Slinkap. 1 rory VI. 1, 2, .18,- "Mothinks your looks nro snd, your cheer appallcil." So 'l'onnyson muys in the l'ort's Mini, 10.--- "The flowers woull fnint at your cruel cheer," From mixed expressions ng "to bo of gooil cheer," or "to give good cheer" come the meanings of thú verb " lo cheer" anl of the neljoutivo “cheerful." 296. Oamolot, a city of aundowy princon, Tho vorso goes thu19, "Camelot, a city of shadowy palincés. The pincre overshindow the nnrrow streets, and nro ancient and richly slecorntol piles with varying lights and shines. 207. omblom, Ho noto on l. 290. 298. did thoir days in otono, lic., recorded the history of their clay'a in sculpturex] Ornament. 299, Morlin. The most famous wizarrt of incolieral romanco. So far as tho nome ropresents any actunl person, ho was tho Wolala barri erexlin; at the court of the king "Aurolius imrya" who is mentioned in l. 367. Morlin himself is also callel Amrose or Emrys. ll the cycle of Artlurinn romanco bo plnya almost tho lending part, directing oronts by his pro. plecies and stopping in to solve «lifficulties by his magic powers. In 'leunyson lie is "the most famous mai of nll thosc times, Verlin, who knew tho range of all their arts, ·YOTES. 69 He received Arthur as an Inlant, and pomlacerl him lcfore tho people to lie their king: lie prophesiel that Arthur alinukl not ille but "mea, again to come." "Mage" (lor "magician") is a naino applied to linth Merlin and his mister Ileya in the Coming of Arthur It is originally from the name of the priestly tril or cute among the Persians (or Merlea) It raseul through Greek into Latin because of its use in the Veic Testament to leinate the "\Vixo men from the last " who followed the leading of the star. 30)}. tlpt with lessening peak etc, op Holy Grail, 2.7 l. * !--.11.-12....mala. 302. spiro as n verby means to go up in epires, i e. "the leasen. log reaks and pinnacles" which lave lieen spoken of. 303. Clau'd. Observe the effect of this monmyllalile at the beginning of the line, with a puso after it; cp Lancelot aml Elainc, 56 "Meet in the midst and there to furiously Shoch, that a man far-off tight well perceive The hard earth shake and n low thaniler of arms" 300. bower, in older English means "chamber," from bran, "to dwell" (Skcat, Etym. Duct ), srChaucer, Yonne l'extes Tale, 12, "Full Booty was hire bour and cke her ball" ; and this meaning it preveries in molern poetry, as often in Scott and Tennyson, eg Colin, 2- " Then fled she to her inmort lower." cusement is the frame which encloses the window, short for'cncnsement," from O11 French enener (Skeat, Erym Dert ) 307. wholesome sans of loro Tlic metaphor is armrently of the loc star: so Fnid's loser (Gemiat and ) aldresacs her as "the pilot star of my lone l. c, ** Shakup. Jids Night's Dream, 1, 1, 190,- "O happy fair! our eyes are lole stan," ·70 GARETH AND LYNLTTE. and Shelloy, Revolt of Islam, ?, 21,- "whose cyes Were lode-stars of delight, which drew me home." 310-325. With this passage compare the lines in the Last Tournament, 657 ff., whicre Tristram describes his first impres. sions of Arthur: " When first I rode from our rough Lyonnesse, and behold That victor of the Pagan throned in hall- His linir, n sun that ray'd from off a brow Like hillsnow high in heaven," etc., and how lo and all the rest thought him more than man, and wero uplifted by their worship of him to do great deeds ;- " for every knight Believed himself a greater than himself, And cvery follower eyed liim as a Gocl; Till he, being lifted up beyond himself, Did mightier dccds thnn eiscwise ho had done." 314. doom, “judgment," connected originnlly with "do" in the senso of "put" or "set," and meaning literally a thing set or established (Skcat, Etym. Dice.). Hence "doom" in the senso of "condemn," as in l. 317. 315. hammering in his ears, from fear that the King would condemn his «lissimulation. Lancelot lind the same fcar of being convicted by Arthuur of untruth, see Lancelot and Elaine, 141 :- “And with whint fncc after iny pretext made, Sliall I appear, O Queen, at Camelot, I Before a King who honours his own word, As if it were his God's?" 318. All in fear etc., i.e. in fear of recognition by his brotlıcrs. 321. ranged, "stood in order," cp. Enonc, 79, “When all the full-faced presence of the Gods Ranged in the halls of Peleus." More usually thic mcaving of " range" is "sct in order," ("Not less the bec would range her cells, Irro l'oices), French ranger, originally from the German ring, “circle," hence "row "rank." The common use in the sense of "wander abroad " scoms to be derived from the idea of novement in rank or order. (Skent, Etym. Dict.) 327. to gain, i.c. "to le grinca." In Englislı both the Active and tho passive form of gerundive are in use with little or no differenco of sense: we inay say, there is much to read" or "there is much to bo read," "this remains to do," or "this remains to be done." or ·YOTES, 3. Doon means (1) "prayer," as, My boon I make it thrt you know me nnt." Shakr[rare, A, Lear, 1.7, 10, (2) That which is granted in antter in prayer, or esen a glft un solicited, as in Lancelot and Blaine, ili "To znate her royal fancy with a loon Worth half her realm I'erhapi wo have here to do with two worile of thrrent ortxin, the first bring the English worthleh apieint a. "In" in Chaucer and leno" in Wordsworth, and the conil coming through French from the Latin LONU) (krat, Ilya Derd.) Uther rello I Pan). dragon * rother Aurelius torino Over thos 330) Yet, for the deld etc This one of " for a malvalent to "boca" Is common in Tennym, cr 1. 347. bo in penarr, Faery Qurelle, 9, 3,5- "fut, for in court fry, portanco lic perceivel, And gallant allow to lo in greatent grrr. Eftsoones to Court lie caste' alsaner hin fient degtre 313 Whether would yo ! " which of the then do ye drato" for the one of "whether." or "Il better of the insin dil the will of his father" Engl Billc, Jarl 21,31 3.34 way, deprecating the King's cepted anger at Iring askel to tratore the land. She does not venture in wk it in direct terms. 337 thrice the fold, I thrine them offered at furat -- tn. 1.1.. 1 for lily . 1 . . Drit Ieft dependent on the length of the time 339 to Door, 1. hon gift," er notron I ? 337 ko thy may be protea true, p 137 310 Accarka, bo, 1. "Arrullin this man er 311 dapo !m.sell a 16 urh s ria!! a tlmt enraining King Henry IV 19 Horate th tle wifi "To thee it all deel with lettue quirt I'm the opinion letter connatus, For all the wall of the whirremet 'n With the into the earth :llrary II' 1,1C. $13. E. Larosu' vur, sp LiG ·GORBTII ANI) INITTE. 3-18. I hold with tuono: 1.c. "I took part with thosc." 351. Botrod of, iir. "porneosal of." Tho Old Fronchi Acixir mennt to put in pORRORRION of " or "lako possession of" (origimly derived from the stem of "not" "sit,''). llenco the Englialı Inw formi *Cisil, possession," au to "Rian #cinect of a thing, menning to be in possession of it" (Skent, Alym. Dici.): cp. Shakapearo, llumle, 1, 1, 84,- "all those his Innda \Vhich ho sinoil heince of," 307, wronk nio, vengo me," cp). Cierm, riiclici. In modern Brzlinli the word in finally nocl erropt in plirnSCR AUCH "to wreni om'n rngo" on pranu, thint is to nllow one's angor tolmve freo coniac, ep. 1. 1:231), it thou hunt wrenk'ı his justico on lix inoy." in older Huglinli it is uncl gonernlly as hero with 1 pornimni olject, ns in Chancor, r.). « fnlso cowarii wronk thiy wyf"luut also somorimos " to wrrik n wrong," monning to inko vengeanco for it.. In this ilyll it occurs agnin I. 800,"lind wreak'il themselves on me," nå well as in the lino quoled above. 367. I, for tho omplintic ropetition, c. 1..330. 350 Sir Kny. Kny, or Keux (ru lie in cnllel in the French romances), wat Hom of thne Anctor or lictor (enllel Antoni liy Tommyon), who was charges by Merlin with tho bringing up of Arilmur. Kny thereforo was brought up mo Arthur's brother, and » the onest a lix father he was made liy Arthur xenonchal of all his muda, "Artna sit Keux #01 Acnéchal par tel convonant, que tant qu'il vivroit il soroit munstro goninnonier cu roynumo do logreu (Nom. de Merlin, ch. 100). Ilo appears linwover genernlly, ns pluwarul of Arthur's houroholil, *innuter of the ments and drinks," and no 110 in ropwegentol in this ilyll. Denhowe }}}'wons in Ilo carly warr anl became it knight of the Round Inble. ]]is tempor ing provorlvinlly bad, I his mantiCPM lincourteous. In thio Roman de la lon, for "xample, lo is given as an exnmplo of discourtesy, ng Gawnin of the opunite, " En Roux le pérenchini lo miro Quijulis pur non mokdis ji'umnl ronommés ot hurt. 'lant cuin Gauraina li bion npris Par mi courtojnie ot le prix, Antrotut otklo namo Kieux, l'or coqu'll fu fel et critons, Ramponiéreg of innl-parlicre Destis tous autres clicvaliers," 2100-2109. His father apologines for his kind diaposition by reminding Arthur' that lio was sent away from his mother in infancy and ??

·XOTES 13 giren ton porn, la orila hui the attesting of L'irritere! Er Erytowel tpora Artta. "Si Kear m: falon et drsatzrr. Rrez th goz potit, ar par rapoamr lot tos: dre! fom di Jerlin, che ! Intances of Lisiilters" orer la consecten with Perettale (in the porta d. Law', La Cote male Taile," fort fartier,!,! flis arranx and ways are described laser in this bilgiL . IL 413 urd 159. Ketectal resca "steranl' denisa! tłrocz! Fretch from the Olt German nm.vall, media ply the el! the same or sertanto, per c!al rarestist from the German mama wale, lit. "tort mant" (I'rolet, irat En. In ) 31. Lose, i.e "m Long 3 tyre," fetter, "Lelle *ord. 81. Ead, ne." *991 hare, " p L 31. Aaret s ru the troiler c CL-t. Ani stiset Lefore bim in Latin te us alol Arkonice, asd l. ult brelon am of Constantire the remain and lus vite." lvly dmenlerl from # Dille Punis Lamily * (Gereory of rreth, 9, 31 370 Lewd tpos De He frels that it is n kue ulan? that it u only restraining dr!.lerate respire. 1 Ly to lov I let tim Lolowakit to the groc al Lun lon la part 373 2 juica o te luz that te eten 151ine which to Kinz alminun for the whole tralo u otro to e Tons of th- peily prenorilarning wingente! telene to administer jant.cc to these defutarlet. 1: was in czteal this "131tice o! the hantes Ile whole rasa 12: Artbar kalenren, u uliyli kolike llerry IL ! ir: Laplapit Lot: XI o! France. I bote," hete" 5.6 Mart in the fort Inry to callad "&c! Cordwall," and represiel a ani rean arit! II- was ancle of Trustran ko! Ear'surff Isr":"Irrard. La Irale Imeld lle piste courtyar: Trun, wu twice bu special ntal in love, zrul ko! This Un lofore Init; and tr 2 sarderol kas on letter, le.no jesio! lis popolat 7. A tour The tretapho: 11 mlally tala frontier of arnell, u in Slakspeare, iri'ni Tel 1 : 0) - "Tora thet art freshest option to A Aroor that mayrrike the date: point ·74 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 66 Our 380. charlock is the wild mustard plant, which grows as a weed in cornfields, but is also sometimes cultivated for itself. It has pale yellow flowers. the sudden sun, is the sun coming out suddenly froin between the clouds and shining upon the field wet and glittering with the rain. The simile is one of those which seem to describe exactly a scene which the poet has seen, and which is before his mind in all its details. This kind of individuality in the scenes presented is characteristic of Tennyson : cp. the similes from Gerant and Enid and The Last Tournament, quoted in the note on l. 1392 of this idyll. 333. Delivering that, “delivering the message that." vassıl king, 3.c. dependent king," coming through French from Lov Latin uasalluis, but originally from Celtic quar, "servant." (Skeat, Elym. Dict.) It was the regular word for a feudal dependant. 355. of his grace,"by his favour"; Lat. gratia : cp. Shaksp. Henry 1'. 4, 7, 171,-"I would fain see it once, an please God of his grace that I might see.” 386. cousin. Tristram was in fact his nephew, son of his sister, but "cousin " is loosely used in older English for all such relations ; so Bors, wh was nephew to Lancelot, is caller? “ Lancelot's cousin" in the Holy Grail. 387. And, for himself was etc., cp. l. 330. 338 llege-lord is here equivalent to "suzerain," the co-relative of “ vassal.” The Old French lige, from Germ. leilig, meant originally "free": a liege-lord was a lord of a free band, and his lieges were free men, serving him and free from all other service. From this last application of the term "liege came to mean subject"; but here we have the more proper use of the word. (Skeat Etym. Dict.) 391. feälty, "fitlelity," but especially of that which is due from vassals to their liege-lord. 392. cried to rend, "cried commanding his servants to rend." Compare this incident with that in the Princess, 1, 60 : "He started on his feet, Tore the King's letter, snow'd it down, and rent The wonder of the loom thro' warp and proof From skirt to skirt." 397. A stately pile : the verb is kept back by the parenthesis till 1. 400. The thing spoken of is a massive projection enclosing the chimney, such as one sees sometimes in college halls of the 15th century. 398. blazoned, i.e. with arms painted upon them. In Old French blason means shield," then a coat of arms painted on a ·NOTES. 75 shiell; and an in Old English "blazon" means “shiell," and "to blazen" is to describe a shield (Skcat, Llym. Dot.). It is and to come from the German Wawn," to Llow the trumpet," to proclaim a sictory, but it , how comes it that the meaning "bield" is tlooliler one both in French and Englialı? In Tennyson to blazon is to colour or represent in colours, several times uscil of stained glass windows, eg. The Danny, GA, "The grant winions' Llazoned firex": op In Jem 87, 8, aul Iloly Grail, 218 398 blank, "white." A term of heraldry for a whield which 1.cars 110 arms the original sense 13 referred to in the expresion binnk As donth, 1409 309. stody, "made of stone" cp Princeur, Prologur, 102 lind wound A scalf of orange round the stony helm." 401. A knight was named, 1c "there was written the name of * knight." 411. roavo, properly “strip," cp Germ. rauben. 415 were any, "if any were." 410. charl, from Anglo Saxon ceorl, "man," hence a common min na opposcil to a noble. The menning in that slark would divgraco any station in which lie was placcl. 42! trold him, "keep lum back" 422, lap him up to cloths of lead referring to the are of lead for coffins cp l'armonale Palytim, xxi. 1 390,- "All thy friends are lapp'd in learl," "Lap" is a collateral form of "wrap" 423 craten, "Coward" from 01. French crainte, "op pressed, broken," coming from the stem of the Latin crepaire, "to crack" (Skent, Etum Dirt ) 421 wayalde amboubings, such as Mark was in the bault of laying for the objects of his chnuty * Atbusłung," from 0% French emhuerirr, Low Latin imlosare, fr. borcus, Athicket." 425, No fault of thino addressing the messenger, who li to be hospitably entertainer 497. Accursod, who cp 1 310 429. bolso, 14 report," , we have it in such expressions on "it was nolned abroad " cp ! 560 430. Would ride away, to do the will of the king, and atnenil that which was wrong 431, Hero we rench the point where Tennyson's story begins to follow that of Malory, in tlo 7th book of the forte Darthur, so Introduction.

·76 GARETA AND LYNETTE. & 13 431. leaning, as if he were" wenk and hungerworn. Nothing is said in Malory of the reason wliy lie Icant on the sliouliers of the two others, who were “two men well beseen and richly," and before le speaks lie draws lrimself up straight. 434. ashamed, because of the deception which lic was prac. tising. His untruth is a faltering one, for he inkes no direct statement: See yo not low weak and hungerworn I seem-Icaning on these?" 442. thine, ic. “tly master." 441, Wan-gallow : both words mean pale": pan is originnlly colourless,' especially dark, but in modern English only "palo" (Skent, Elyn. Dicl.). Tie similo refers to the leaves of a plant which is sickly because its root-snp is drawn away by parasitic lichion, 415. lichen is a minute kind of fungus-like vegetation which grows in barren places, on stones, and on the bark of trees. Lo yo now I "LO" and "look" have been confused together, though tho words are not really counccted ;.lenco “ lo you" is equivalent to " look you." 4416 This follow unth broken ctc. In Malory it is, “upon prin of iny life he was fostered up in some abbey, and, howsoever it was, they failed meat and drink, an po hither lic is come for his sustenance. In a note on the l'ision of Piers Plorman, Prologue, 5t, where the author characterises hermits as "Greto lobyes nul longo that loth were to swyukc," Mr. Skent quotes, Ther gocth a comen proverbe: Tlint lie which hnth oncs ben in an alley, wyll ever more after he slouthefull; for the which cause they ben called of many incn abbey lowes or lubhers." 447. God wot, 1.c. "God knows." Tho verb in old English is witen," with present tense I wot, thou wost, he wot. This form of the third person survived in the phrase "Gol wot," as in Slukan. Rich. III. 2, 3, IS. “No, no, gool friends, God wot." brewis, "broth," from "brek," meaning "boil." The woril is in Malory, 448. However ... chance, is the cquivalent of Mnlory's phraso " howsoever it was," quoted above. 449. crop mcans properly the craw of n birit, hore uscit metrphorically to enforce the comparison. A pigeon croms its crop till it forms a projecting lump. 150. In the Norte Darthur it is, "ho shall be as fat by tho twelve months' end as i pork hog." 451. Lancelot is thic most brillinnt and truly courteous of all the knights. He ratlier than Arthur is the hero of most of the romances of the Round Table, and Malory's Morte Darthur is > ·NOTES 17 drawn more from the Roman de Lancelot than from any other In this is contained the Quest of the Sangrail, and source -- .. 452 sleuth hound means hound #hich follows the "slot" or "sleuth" (e "track" of a dcer) gray, 1 e. "greyhound" 454 Broad brows etc., describing ham much 49 the horse is described in Shaksplenus and Adomas, 206, Broad breast, full eye, small head and nostril wule," etc , 50 As to appeal to Kay's knowledge of the points of a dog or a horse daert, "flowing" & Tesoy sonian variation from the common form Ane, which is the keynote of this description, being thinice repeated, means the opposite of "coarse" the word is taken up and commented upon by Kay, with sarcastic reference to Lancelot's fine manners. 455. hands Large, fair and ine In the forte Darthur he 19 described as "large and long and broad in the shoulders, and Well visaged, and the farrest and largest handed that ever man Baw." 456 Some mystery Lancelot guesses that under this there lies concealed the romance of some nobly-born youth, compelled to adopt the disguise of & servant 457. or from sheep cot etc Lancelot means to soy xhether he be noble by birth or bot, be is noble by nature" 439 shame thy judging. 1e by proving to Le something moro than he seems, and so shaming those who treated hun all because they thought him of mean birth 461 poison the King's dish The seneschal means, "Unless it le a mystery which will make him dangerous in the kitben, at matters httle to us" 463 "I dare undertake he 19 a villain born, and neier will make man, for and he had come of gentlemen, he would have asked of you horse and armour, but such as he 15, so he asketh." Dorte Darthur, 7, 1 465 Sir Falr hands. In the Norte Darthur Kry Bays, "Since he hath no name, I shall gire him a name that shall be Beaunialas, that is Fair hands"; and by that name he 9 called afterwards. 469. gooty yoko: the service of the kitchen in day, wher kitchens had no chimneys must have been certainly a footy one. 470. “So Beaumains went to the hall-door and set him down ·78 GARETH AND LYNETTE, 2 among boys and lads, and there he eat sadly," Norte Darthur, 7, 2 472. Lancelot was ever gentle and courteous, 474. The rhythm of the line is expressive : "hustle" means originally "shake," so "push about"; "to harry" is "to lay waste" as with an army (cp. Germ, heer), hence to "annoy, ΟΣ" « disturb." 476. broach, “spit," French broche, Low Latin brocra, " pointed stick." It is originally the same word as brooch." (Skeat, Etym. Dict.) 477. grosser, coarser," i.e. “less refined." 478. wrought: from the same stem as “worked”: Anglo- Saxon weorcan, past tense, worhte. 480. graced the lowliest act: cp. Gardener's Daughter, 174- "the glance That graced the giving." 483. Cp. Coming of Arthur, 130, “For each had warded either in the fight.” 486. Arthur in Balin and Balan, 36, calls himself one who is rather proven in the wars than in the jousts, and Lancelot in Lancelot and Elaine, 311, says of him that he cares little "For triumph in our minic wars, the jousts For if his own knight cast him down, he laughs Saying, his knights are better men than ho but that on the battlefield the fire of God fills him, and “there lives No greater leader." 483. tarns, "mountain pools." 490. Caer-Eryri appears to be Snowdon. 491. the Prophet, i.e. Merlin; cp. Coming of Arthur, 418-421, and Passing of Arthur, 191. 492. the Isle Avillon, called in the Passing of Arthur, 427, "the island-valley of Avilion," and in the Morie Darthur and elsewhere sometimes the island and sometimes the valley of Avilion, Avelon, or Avalon. It is identified with the peninsula formed by the river Brue or Brye at Glastonbury, but in Arthurian romance it is rather a kind of mythical "isle of the Blest," situated somewhere in the Ocean. 493. Arthur has the burden of this prophecy running through his mind at the last, "Nay-God my Christ-I pass but shall not die." 494. Gareth was glad. Observe the repetition of the same words in the same position. 495. rapid as any lark: the hurrying rhythm is expressive ·NOTES 79 496. roundelay, from French rondelet, dimin. of rondd, mean. ing a poem which contains a line which comes round again and again. (Skeat, Ełym. Diet) 499. Ince-bubbling, se bubbling with the lue-blood of the dragon through whose twisted folds the knight is supposed to cut hu Hay. 501 gap month'd, 1 e. with gaping mouths, open in wonder and fixed attention. 503 Charm'd. The effect of this full-sounded monosyllable with a stop after 1t 19 to make a lushed pause, which expresses the silence of the circle before it is suddenly disturbeil. 501. Blastering sa originally applied to wind blowing loudly," and is connected with blast" 307. So, "if" For the matter of these lines op. Jſorte Darthur, 7,2." And where were any masteries done, thereat would he be, and there might none cast bar or stone to him ly two yarıls" 309 “But ever when that he saw any justing of knights, that would he bec and he might," Jorte Darthur, 7, 2. 510. So that etc, cp 1 131 513 spring, "split" or "crack," which is its original sense. 519 1 e. "at full moon," between the increasing and the decreasing moon" 521 This, Gareth hearing The construction of the sentence is broken off by the parenthesus, and it is resumed in a different form in 1 526. cp Passing of Arthur, 73, "And they my knights, who loved me once, the stroke That strikes them dead 19 as my death to me" 524. tagged, "regular" the first meaning of the word is 525. each at either, cp note on l. 218 26 The abrupt change of construction gives the effect of sudden emotion. 52%. Peter's knee, because the apostle Peter 13 suppoved to have the keys of Paradise 529 Theso cews the word “dens" was originally plural in English, like the French roureller, but soon becanie generally used as singular Shakspeare occasionally inakes it plural, eg Rom, and Vw 3, 5, 124, "These are nens indeed be (or ber) is the old southern English form of 3rd pers plural The form "are" 18 Northumbrian (Skest, Etym Dict) 532. See 1 25. To Gawain properly belongs the epithet "atrong," because of his "thrice-might," h18 strength increasing "ehaggy ·78 GARETH AND LYNETTE. . 33 3 or 66 : among boys and lads, and there be cat sailly," Morte Darthur, 7, 2. 472. Lancelot was erer gentle and courteous. 474. Tlie rhythm of the line is expressive : "hustle” means originally "shake," so "push about" : "to harry" is "to lay waste" as with an army (cp. Germ. heer), hence to "nonoy, "disturb." 476. broach, "spit," French broche, Low Latin brocra, pointed stick." It is originally the same word ag " brooch." (Skeat, Etym. Dict.) 477. grosser, coarser,” i.e. “less refinecl." 478. wrought: from the same stem as " worked”: Anglo- Saxon 1ceorcall, past tense, rorhte. 480. graced the lowliest act; cp. Gardener's Daughter, 174;- "the glance That graced the giving." 483. Cp. Coming of Arthur, 130, "For each had warded either in the fight." 486. Arthur in Balin and Balan, 36, calls himself one who is rather proven in the wars than in the jousts, and Lancelot in Lancelot and Elaine, 311, says of him that he cares little “For triumph in our minic wars, the jousts For if his own knight cast him down, he laughs Saying, his knights are better men than he's but that on the battlefield the fire of God fills him, and " there lives No greater leader.' 48). tarns,“ mountain pools." 490. Caer-Eryri appears to be Snowdon. 491. the Prophet, i.e. Merlin; cp. Coming of Arthur, 418-421, and Passing of Arthur, 191. 492. the Isle Avillon, called in the Passing of Arthur, 427, "the island-valley of Avilion," and in the Morie Darthur and elsewhere sometimes the island and sometimes the valley of Avilion, Avelon, or Avalon. It is identified with the peninsula formed by the river Brue or Brye at Glastonbury, but in Arthurian romance it is rather a kind of mythical "isle of the Blest," situated somewhere in the Ocean. 493. Arthur has the burden of this prophecy running through his mind at the last, Nay-God my Christ-I pass but shall not die." 491, Gareth was glad. Obserre the repetition of the same words in the same position. 495. Tapid as any lark: the hurrying rhythm is expressive, < ·NOTES. 79 his way. 496 roundelay, from French rondele, dimin, of rondd, mean. ing a poem which contains a line #bich comes round again and again. (Skeat, Etym. Diet.) 499. We-bubblag, t.e. babbling with the Ife-blood of the dragon through whose twisted folds the knight is supposed to cut 501 gap-mouth'd, it. with gaping mouths, open in wonder and fixed attention 503 Charm'. The effect of this full-sounded monosyllable with a stop after it is to make a bushed pause, which expresses the oulence of the circle before it is suddenly disturbed. 501. Elastering is originally applied to wind blowing loudly," and is connected with blast" 507. 80, "." For the matter of these lines cp Vorte Darthur, 7, 2, "And where were ang masteries done, thereat would be be, and there might node cast lar or stone to hem by two yarıls." 509 "Bat erer when that he saw any justing of knights, that would he see and he might," Jſorte Darthur, 7, 2 510 so that etc, ep 1 131 513. spring, "split" or "crack," which 18 its original sense. 510 1e "at full moon," between the increasing and the de creasing moon" 521. This, Gareth hearing The construction of the sentence is broken off by the parenthesis, and it 19 resumed in a different form in l. 526 cp Passing of Arthur, 73, "And they my knights, who loved me once, the strohe That strikes them dead is as my death to me 5.4. ragged, "regular" the first meaning of the word is "shaggy" 525. each at either, cp pote on 1 218. 526. The abrupt change of construction gives the effect of audden emotion 5:24 Peter's free, because the apostle Peter 19 supposed to have the keys of Paradise 529 These news the word "news" was originally ploral en English, like the French roureller, but soon becanje generally used as singular. Shakspeare occasionally inakes it plaral, ej Rom and Ju. 3, 5, 124, These are fews indeed " be (or ben) is the old southern English form of 3rl pers, plural The formare" 13 Northumbrian. (Skeat, Etym. Dort) 532 See l. 25 To Gawain properly belongs the epithet "strong," because of his "thrice-might," hus strength increasing 91 ·80 GARETE AND LYNETTE. within a certain period to twice or three times what it was ordinarily. 535. quest, "search," as "quest of the white hart," qucst of Saugrail," hence used generally of ndventures which were undertaken by knights to nchieve something, 510. yield tuce thino, i.c. "give thiec tly duc place." 541 ff. The vows are spuken of in detail by Arthur, Guinevere, 464-74, "To reverence the King, as if he wero Their conscionice, and their conscience as their King, To break the lcathen and uphold the Christ, To ride nbrond redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no nor listen to it, To lionour his own word ns if his God's, To lend sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to her, And worship her by years of noble deeds, Until they won her." 5+2, uttor hardihood, "perfect courage": "utter" or "utter. most" is that beyond which nothing can go, 80 "utter courtesy" in the Marriage of Geraint, 381 : cp. 1. 276 of this idyll. 613. loving, 1.c. "if they love." 547, ror, i.c.“ mako domand, 1.C. "sk" for a report of my obcdiencc. 549. of whom, i.c. "of him whom," 80 l. 607. 519. mollow, properly. "fully ripe" (from a stem meaning soft"), hence metnphorically ** sweet-tempered," For Kny's character sco noto on I, 359. 552, Our noblest brothor ctc., cp. Coming of Arthur, 121, "his warrior whoin lic loyed And lonour'd most." 600, noised of, "reported of," cp. I. 429. 570. far away, "ata distance behind." 571. tho lions on thy shield. The cont of arms attributed to Lancelot in the Idylls is nzure lions rampant crowned with gold, cp. 1. 1186 of this idyll and Lancelot ani Elaine, G5S, as for." SAW Sir Lancelot's azıre lions crown'd with gold, Rainp in the ficld." In the Lady of Shaloll however he licars ro-cross knight kneeling to n Indy, and for this there is authority in the oric Darthur, at least as regards one occasion. 574. and 2 brow, "and of a brow," etc, ·NOTES. 81 575. May-blossom is white, and apple-blonsom ulite tingel with red In Tennyson's Tomorrow, 32, - rustic beauty has "the red o' the rose an' the white o' the May," and in The Brool, 90, a maiden's blushing check is "freah arplu. blossom." 577 tip tiltod. The type is the opposite to the stately aristo. cratic one of Maud, *the least little delicate aquiline curve in a nevoitive none": here the damsel is noble ly birth, as she takes care to say, and besatiful also- this too she knows a little too well (" And comely, yea, and comelier thun myself "), but it is a beauty which 19 Hotnewhat wanting in dignity. 579 for, "since": cp, 2. 330. 581, bandits, "outlaws." from Ital, lanılılı "proclaimed," cp. English and German "ban." - AL...-11. ro1 584, the lowest bold, the most remote and isolated castle. 586 that best blood, the wine used in the sacrament of the altar 587 I normalne, "neither I nor mine 597 in three loops, that 18, & TIyer has to be crossed three times to reach it we must conceive that the pathlens forent woulil make ít ncarly impossible to go by any other way C03. purport, ie "purpose," as in the Princess, 3, 100, your lighness keep Your purport COI do the battle, te fight the contest which shall decide hig claim; bo also in L 120! 007. or a boly ure, 1 what is called the religious life, under convent rule The admision to conreats takes place with forms which resemble those of marriage. 616 from the moment, i e. as the momentary occaston prompt. G24 mounted, "armounted" In Spenser, Farry Queeno, 2, 11, 2, it is said of Baleger, "Upon his head he wore an belmet light, Made of a dead man', akall, that seemed a ghastly ught " 631. yes, Klug, thou covest etc He is moved to " bawl ·82 GARETH AND LYNETTE, 3 66 nnrros himself a kitchen-knare," by Kay's horror at hearing him ask for the quest: he emphasises that which scandalises the rest. 636. Observe the imitative rhythm. 638. Brought down etc., i.e. "lowered his brow for a moment." 63S, 9. Rough ... pardonable. The king means that the impulse which makes the speech rough and abrupt makes it also pardonable. 642. Slow the May-white, i.c. caused the white (of hier fore. head) to suffused with red. 646. lane of access, the passage through the crowd which gave approach to the King : lane mcans originally passage. G+$. the weird white gate, see l. 209 ff. 649. The field of tourney : the place mentioned in Lancelot and Elaine as "the lists By Camelot in the meadow." 651. gave, i.e. "gave entrance," like the French donner; cp. Princess, 1, 226, "into rooms which gave Upon a pillnr'd porch." range means properly “row," hence “ordercd extent." 655. blowing trees, i.e. trees with their spring bloom, the scene being described as it would be at the season to which this idyll belongs. 657. counter, " opposite." 658. High that, so high that." G65. This ... that, "the one ... the other." a maiden shield is a shield with no arms upon it, such as a knight would bear who had done as yet no deed of arms. So * maiden sword" is a sword with which as yet no deeds of arms have been done, as in Shaksp. 1 Henry 11. 5, 4, 134,- “full bravely hast thou fleshed Thy maiden sword. Cp. also the expression “maiden specch," meaning a speech from one who has not displayed any oratory before (at least in the assembly where it is delivered). casque, " helmet," comes through French from the Italian casco, connected with words which mean "shell" or “husk.” In Spanish casco means “skull," "slerd," "cask," "liclmet," and cascara mcans "rind." (Skcat, Etym. Dict.) 667. dropt, “hung." 669. Uks a fuel-smothered ire, cp. I. 535, "I spring Like ·SOTES €3 day. fan from ubes": as the trois are precisely these, Here are a trip is called to the open ezt ct. La Ere by malerial de cetion 670. trate their tt, amtish lloc se to Linea 1 23 ore D-coated tags etc.: the referecce is to insects with dark Tiranes, which are operal Lefore tbr £s, od duclore lestrou Eetac Lousteks. Vast of the trial pecies of croopita are extrusrüs llars in loc. iz kar ste relateece as well len ner Fleis : of Bretle Oterrte the exactress c? tte ie, the less tittcess Leiaz 12** te ore the insect tale : 673. A jeter Lars We are reminded of the descripina of the dragon-Ey is the Tm l'anes, 13:- “In tror isspelse rect the red OX Lis HIER: fra Lal to tal Carve out clea: plates of eppsire mal," hat there it is a coming forth from the ceguales, en aaruits of wing-oxers which is described The onstect of the clues tore is grammaticalis irregular, Latite serve us plain 6.5. domni'd To "dog" is to "don," 25"do" is "do E" "do" originally beanicz "poi": cp roce s L 314. 67.. Storms-strengths a: a tre etag on aa cipreml piece forms word of tot go from Lattlung wr:& them 69. trenchant properly "csttirz." from 0? 1 Fresh trwbar. "trenctat: Llade" is in description c A STOR! 15 Specmer. 650. vto, le. "Em sto," so text lise and 11:45 a les ta thro-, "12 acow"; "throng" us from words ceas. ing "lo press", p. Gern dnxges, drange:c. 631. Lestez, "Erre testis, Le "pote rigue's"; the pote on L 121. conia bat, "could caly," is the same some as cold at tut"; sp. "Lat* for only in L 104. C84. laces o! DOCE The batoz throaz lice Los path on toih cides, and te ndes kruch the pare terveen them <p. the exprecisa "Line of access D L Et 65. ere Lis caixe Be cool eta, berre Le Las ei tea kus impalse fall way, and stisfel by wilalang it." tetno race,"bea le is called " 023. the ag tats part Hs tirse etc., "the Kirzu Dolores stat te is former ties; thagh get to the prize of his age, bis wits ter to wander ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. 84 695. mine," my fire of wrath." 696. “Has the whole order of things been reversed ?" 697. Begone! addressed to the thralls. 699, his wits, ie, the King's. 700. villain, see note on l. 157, where, however, the word is an adjective. 703. peacock'd up, “ made conceited." 705. yet,“ still." 706, 7. Oat of the smoke ... mire, an allusion to the proverb, out of the smoke into the sinother"; cp. Shaksp. As You Like It, 1, 2, 290:- "Thus must I from the smoke into the smother ; From tyrant duke unto a tyrant brother.' so my lance Hold, “if my lance do not fail.” 711. that, i.e. go against the King. 712. in thee, “in thy person." The King had set him to obey Kay, and therefore obedience to Kay had been for him obedience to the King. 714. knowing ... of, "skilful in (the use of)." 717. silent faces. A contrast to the "lanes of shouting" through which Gareth had ridden down the same slope street and out of the gate, ll. 694, 5. 721. lackt: so used in Shaksp. Much Ado, 4, 1, 221 :- being lacked and lost, Why then we rack the value," and Coriol. 4, 1, 15:- "I shall be loved when I am lack'd." 26. In the Morte Darthur it is, “So when he was armed ther was none but few so goodly a man as he was. 729. foul-flesh'd, because the inside of a fungus often has fleshy appearance. agaric is the scientific name of the genus of fungi to wh mushrooms belong. Some species are extremely offensive ginell, holt, "wood," vp. German holz. 730. And deems it carrion. Observe the exactness of simile. The offensiveness of the smell is in great measure der from the idea that it comes from some putrefying body, for impressions of the sense of smell are perhaps especially liab bc influenced by the imagination: so the disgust of Lynette i only because of her champion's former employment, but also much more, because that employment seems to imply mean ·NOTES 85 730. carrion means "carcase," Old French caroigne, from Latia caro; cp Chaucer, Arvyktes Tale, 1153, "The earoigne in the bussh with throte y-corte." 731 or or, (either or " --.11.13.-.-.L -- apt her blender Rose Iyuette and her artions are described throughout in terns which makes us feel that there is but little dignity in her aristocratic exclusiveness 732. petulant inean properly "forward," "ready to attack" (Lat petere), hence used of impatient vexatron ahrilling. & favourite word with Tenbyeon (19 with Spenser), cp. Lancelot and Elawe, 1019,- "the blood red light of dawn Flared on her face, she shrilling, 'Let me die." 730 Wo Jack thee by the hearth, notice the sarcasm here. 738 "Yea, sard Beaumains, I know you for an ungentle knight of the court” Norte Darthur, 7, 4 739 Have at thee, means "hase a case of thysell," an intima. tion of instant attack "Hare at thee, covard," says Tybalt to Benvolio in Shakspeare shock'a, & word often used by Tennyson of coming together in fight, e g Lancelot and Elaine, 456, “Meet in the midst and there sa furiously Shock, that a man far off" etc, "Lore thou thy land," 77, "If New and Old, disastrous feud, Must ever shock like artned foes" Cp 11 89 and 039 of this uz Il 740 Bhoulder aupt,xe with dislocated shoulder, cp shouldershotten” in Shaksp Taming of the Shrer, 3, , 50 742 single, "gravel," from a Norwegian Ford nieaning to ring" or "tinkle " 743 best of his heart. 746 ff "What doest thou here! thou stinkest all of the kitchen, thy clothea be foul of the grease and tallow that thou gaipeilet in King Arthur's kitchen, weenest thou, 501d be, that I allow thee for yonder knight that thou killedet! Nay truly, ·84 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 695. mine, "my fire of wrath." 696. "Has the whole order of things been reversed ?" 697. Begone! addressed to the thralls. 699. his wits, i.e. the King's. 700. villain, see note on l. 157, where, however, the word is an adjective. 703. peacock'd up, "made conceited." 705. yet, "still." 706, 7. 02t of the smoke mire, an allusion to the proverb, "out of the smoke into the sunother"; cp. Shaksp. As You Like It, 1, 2, 290:- "Thus must I from the smoke into the smother; From tyrant duke unto a tyrant brother.' so my lance Hold, “if my lance do not fail." 711. that, i.e. go against the King. 712. in thee, “in thy person.' ." The King had set him to obey Kay, and therefore obedience to Kay had been for him obedience to the King. 714. knowing ... of, "skilful in (the use of)." 717. silent faces. A contrast to the "lanes of shouting" through which Gareth had ridden down the same slope street and out of the gate, ll. 684, 5. 721. lackt: so used in Shaksp. Much Ado, 4, 1, 221 :- "being lacked and lost, Why then we rack the ralue," and Coriol. 4, 1, 15; I shall be loved when I am lack'd." 726. In the Morte Darthur it is, “So then he was armed there was none but few so goodly a man as lie was. 729. foul-flesh'd, because the inside of a fungus often has a fleshy appearance. agaric is the scientific name of the genus of fungi to which mushrooms belong. Some species are extremely offensive in smell. holt, "wood," vp. German holz. 730. And deems it carrion. Observe the exactness of the simile. The offensiveness of the smell is in great measure derived from the idea that it comes from some putrefying body, for the impressions of the sense of smell are perhaps especially liable to be influenced by the imagination: so the disgust of Lynette is not only because of her champion's former employment, but also, and much more, because that employment seems to inply mean birth. ( ·NOTES. 85 730. carrion means "carcase," Old French caroigne, from latin caro, cp Chancer, Knightes 1 ale, 1155, "The cacoigne in the bussh with throte y-corte." 731 or or, "either or * 17 tempered people and scolds, as L Shakspeare's Taming of the Shrew. (Skeat, Elym Dict) Dlpt her slender Rose J.ynette and her actions are de. scribed throughout in terms which makes us feel that there 18 but little dignity in her aristocratic exclusiveness 732. petulant ineans properly "forward," " ready to attack" (Lat. petere), hence used of impatient rexation shrilling & farourite worrl with Tennyson (as with Spenser), cp Lancelot and Elaine, 1019,- "the blood-red light of dawn Flared on her face, she ahrilling, Let me die "" 730. Wo lack thee by the hearth, notice the sarcasm here 739. "Yes, said Beaumains, I know you for an ungentle knight of the court." Sorte Darthur, 7, 4 739 Have at thee, means "hare a care of thysell," an intimation of instant attack "Have at thee, coward," says Tylalt to Benvolio in Shakspeare sbock'd, a word often used by Tennyson of coming together in fight, 9. Lancelot and Elaine, 456, "Meet in the midst and there so furiously Shock, that a man far of " etc., "Lore thon thy land," 77, "If New and Old, disastronx feud, Must ever shock like armed foes." Cp IL. 88 and 939 of this idyll . 740. shoulder slipt, i e with dislocated shoulder. cp "shoulderbotten in Shakep Taming of the Shrere, 3, 2, 56 7. shingle, "gravel," from a Norwegian word meaning to " ring" or "tinkle." 743 best of his heart. 746 ff." What doest thon here! tbou stinkest all of the kitchen, thy clotbes be foul of the grease and tallow that thou gainedst in King Arthur's kitcben; weepest tbou, uard she, that I allow thee for yonder knight that thou killedst? Nay truly, ·GARETH AND LYNETTE. 6 or thou slevest him unhappily and cowardly, therefore tuin gain, foul kitchen page. I know thee well, for Sir Kay named Chee Beaumains; what art thou but a lubber and a turner of spits, and a ladle-washer? Damsel, said Beaurains, say to me What ye will, I will not go from you whatsoever you say, for I have undertaken to King Arthur for to achieve your adventure, and so shall I finish it to the end, or I shall die therefore. Fie on thee, kitchen knave, wilt thou finish my adventure? thou shalt anon be met withal, that thou wouldest not for all the broth that ever thou suppedst once look him in the face. I shall assay, said Beaumains." Morte Darthur, 7, 5. Observe hory closely the original story is here followed. 746. in my fellowship, “in my company"; cp. Lancelot and Elaine, 222 :- "So ye will grace me,' answer'd Lancelot, Smiling a monient, 'with your fellowship."" 749. unhappiness, "accident," " mishap.". The word used here in the Norte Darthur is the adverb "unhappily," but elsc. where we have "unhappiness," e.g. 7, 8. 751. loon, "base fellow," put for "lowm,” whence in Old English we have "lowmyshe, ,"ic dull": cp. Germ. lümmel. (Skcat, Etym. Dict.) 766. beknaved, "called knave." The use of the prefix may be illustrated by a sentence quoted in Murray's English Dictionary from Fielding's Jonathan IFild : :-"She beknaved, berascalled, and berogued the unhappy hero." The prefix has not always a depreciatory sense, e.g. Jonson, Bartholoniew-Fair, 5,3 They do so all-to-bemadam me, I think they think me a very lady." 771. spit, contemptuously for sword, as in l. 819; cp. “ toasting iron," Shaksp. King John, 4, 3, 99; but here there is of course a definite allusion to Gareth's employment in the kitchen. 773. evensong is properly the erening service of the church, called vespers, cp. l. 46; hence the time of that service, i.e. about sunset. 777. gloomy-gladed : i.l. with dark spaces opening in the forest : : a glade is properly a clear space upon which the ligtshincs, having the same stem as glad" and Germ. glatt, an meaning originally " bright." (Skeat, Etym. Dict.) 778. mere, "pool": properly "dead, stagnant water," cogna with Latin mare. 779. as the red eye: the simile expresses the colour of the me with sunset upon it, as well as its shape. Eagle-owl is name given to various large species of the owl family which found in Europe, Asia and Anierica, but only occasionally Britain.

·YOTES. 87 781. "So this as they rode in the Food, there came a man Eying all that ever he might. Whether Filt thou, said Deaqmains. O lord, be said, belp me, for hereby in a slade are six thieres, that have taken my lord and boand him, 80 I am afcard lest they will slay him." Forte Darthur, 2,5 784 Bound. He takes up the word used by the other : cp. l. 42, 140 add 993. 785. strałtlier, "more closely " 792. A stone etc , "with a stone ahoat his neck." 793 quieted, a eaphemism for "killed." Walory says, “He rode into them and struck one onto the death and then another, and at the third stroke he alew the third thref: and then the other three fled " 706 Imitative rhythm the dactylic measure followed by a pause, with which the verse begins, expresses the rolling in of the stone; "oilily bubbled up" gives the effect first of stronthness and then of disturbance. 799 caltis, ongially "captive." (30 in Chaucer, Knights Tale, 66. "Now be we caytus," bence "worthless," "Lad": cp the Italian callino, wbich means both " captuve" and "bad," and the English vllain," see note on L 157. 800 wreak'd themselves ep 1 383 802 my thief, se "the thief that I mean to punish": cp the directions for cooking a hare, beginning. "First catch your hare" vermin are properly creeping things like Worms, hence obnoxious angects, and then obnoxious animals of any stall species, A9 rats, Weasels, foxes, etc; it is often collectise in its meaning, as in the Marriage of Geraint, 217 "And I will track this rernin to their earthy." 804 wan water is a habitual epithet of water in « Fan ! . 603 let go, "slip of" 606 The phenomenon of sus fatuus, a bluish-coloured fame flickering orer the surface of stagnant water, has giren rise to many superstitions, and is perbaps pot eren yet scientifcally explained grimly: "STIM" means "berce," cp German grimm and gram; but bere gainly" seems to mean touch the same as gruesome" or "grisly," he "horrible ·88 GARETH AND LYNETTE. + meals means 809. fain, "gladly"; also as an adjective, e.g. Princess, 6, 182, sand yet how fain was I To dream thy cause embraced in mine." worshipfully, "honourably," the word used in the Norte Darthur, where "to win worship" is a common expression. 810. guerdon comes through French from Low Latin rider. donum, a half translation of the Old German widarlón "gift in return." (Skeat, Elym. Dict.) sil, for the deed's sake, repeating Arthur's sords in l. 559. 813. harbourage, “lodging": the word "harbour originally "shelter for an army,” from the stems of the Modern Gernian words heer and bergen. In Old German herelırga camp," whence the French auberye. (Skeat, Etym. Dict) 815. Arthur's Table, i.e. the "Table Round," the celebrated Order of Knighthood founded by Arthur. According to the Roman de Merlin, followed by Mnlory, the table had places for a hundred and fifty knights, and at Whitsuntide each year the number was filled up, except two places, which were left roid. Other legends say that the Round Table was made after the model of that used by Christ for the Last Supper, and had thirteen seats, of which one was left vacant. 817. in & sort, “in a certain sense. 820. rout, properly a "broken mass ” of troops, hence "acon. fused body." The Low Latin rupla, from which comes the French route, means first "a mass of broken troops," "a defeat," (2 a part" of an army, (3) "a way broken" through a forest. Hence the various meanings of the words "rout," "route," and "rut.” (Skeat, Etym. Dict.) craven, cp. I. 423. 821. bad," would have," cp. 1. 64. 825. manor, coming through French from Latin manere (cp. "mansion"), means properly "residence." Later it was applied to thc estate over which a nobleman had jurisdiction. 827. vland, French riande, Lat. uirenda (nent. plur.) "provisions," from uincere "to live." 828. cate, generally in the plural, “cates," meaning pro. visions," connected with "cater," meaning "provide," coming through French (acat, achal) from Low Latin accaplare "to purchase." (Skcat, Etym. Dict.) Sometimes it means "clainties" as distinguished from ordinary provisions, but this is not its original sense, cp. Shakep. Comedy of Errors, 3, 1, 28:- "But though my cates be mean, take them in good part."

·NOTES. 89 829. in hla pride, 1 c. decked with his gay plumage, and was the custom in serving such birds at banquete on .L.T.L. "And carf byforn his fader at the table.") 832. Meseens, cp pote on I 92 839 frontless, "shameless," cp the French effronte. 814 to stick, I ¢ "Lill," by sticking a knife into the tbroat 817. "Then the knight was ashamed at her words, and took him up and set him at & side board, and set himself afore liim" Aforte Darthur, 7,5 8.79 See note on 1 241. PA etc" 867. convey'd, in the original sense of the word (like "con. Foyeul "), "accompanied,” French conrover, Lox Latin conuiare, from wa, "way "Convey them with safe conduct." says Henry V. in Shakspeare of the French ambassadors (Henry V 1, 2, 296 ) 871 1sled together, "talen refuge in the same islanıl," or rather on the same rising ground left as an island in the food 873 ruth, "pity" a favourite word with Spenger, at 19 Used more than once in Geraint and End, eg 101, 103, 250. &$2 hers who lay Among the asbes, olluding to the popular tale of Cinderella SSR. Foll, narrow the punctuation requires that these words should be taken separately as adjectives with a pause between thern For the meaning of the symbolism, refer to the Introlac. tron Arc for "arch," as less commonplace.

·0 GARETA AND LYNETTE. 19 886. took at a leap, i.e. crossed without any resting-place in nid-stream, To "take a fence or a brook is to jump over it, a term used of horses in hunting. 888. pavilion, French pavillon, Lat. papilionem (acc. of papilio), which means " butterfly," hence "tent," because spread out like the wings of a butterfly. (Skeat. Etym. Dict.) 899. Lent-lily in hue. The Lent-lily is the yellow daffodil: "Lent" originally means simply " spring," cp. German Len. The colours mentioned, gold, purple and crimson are those of sunrise. 891. Observe the fluttering in the rhythm. 901. In Norte Darthur, 7, 8, the green knight by blowing a liorn sumnions two damsels to arm lim. 908. the stone Avanturine is a kind of quartz which froin its containing mica reflects light in a number of gem-like sparkles. 913. Glorying, i.e. boastfully displaying himself. The pause here gives singular emphasis to the word and affords time for the elaborately drawn picture to impress itself on the imagination. This is further ensured by the recapitulation of its points in describing the reflection in the stream. 921. " Damsel, he said, ye are to blame so to rebuke me, for I had lever do five battles than so to be rebuked.' Morte Darthur, 7, 11. 922. Far liefer had I etc., cp. Marriage of Geraint, 93,-- "Far liefer had I gird his armour on him." The expression “I had as lief” is common both in modern and older English, as e.g. in Shaksp. Twelfth Nighi, 3, 2, 33:-- “I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician," and Taming of the Shreid, 1, 1, 135, -- "I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning. It seems to mcan, "I should hold it equally dear to" etc. So here in the comparative it would mean “Par dearer should I hold it to fight " etc. For the meaning of " lief " cp, Passing of Arthur, 245, “As thou art lief and dear." 924. “The more ye said, the more ye angered me, and my wrath I wreaked upon them that I had ndo withal. And therefore all the missaying that ye missayed me furthered me in my battle," ctc. Norte Darthur, 7, 11 (but the order of events and sayings is not quite the same as in Tennyson : see Introduction) 934. lightly, "quickly": cp. "liglitly they avoided their horses.' Norte Darthur, 7, 12. 935. Avoid means originally "make empty," as in the passag quoted above, hence ** depart" (ie. "aroid thy place"), e. " thcir pages avoided," in the Morte Darthur; and so in Shak 3 ·NOTES. 9: peare we hare "avoid the house," "Avoid my sight," and often simply "avoid," as here. 030 shock'd, cp 1.739, and note the central bridge, id "the centre of the bridge," a Latinism. 913 drer his sword the usual practice in a nightly conchat was to charge with the lance on horseback till one or enth shoutal be dismounted or disarmed, and then fight with swords on foot: sometimes when the lance was broken they fought with their swords on horseback 9H "they lashed at each other with their enords" is a com. mon expression in the Worle Darthur For brand see note on 1. 66. Irom the adjective gul wala UCCUS II Luaucer, ey "And gruf he fil al plat upon the grounde." Prioressia Tale, 174 It means properly "face downwards," as we see in the Scandı. navian languages from which it comes, hence "flat on the ground The verb grovel” is formed from the adverb "groveling (Skent, Etym Duct ) n 950 hardy, "bold," as "hardıbood" in 1 612 pleasure, else not. thee quit h, I will 969. Co Vorle Darthur. 7,7 - "Away kitchen knale, out of the wind, for the smell of thy foul clothes grieveth me" 970 she sing The songs of Lynette are of course introduced by Tennyson, and mark a growth of sentiment of wbich there ·92 GARETII AND LYNETTE. is no trnce in the originnl story. The two first nro nccompranical ly abuse of lior companion, but nevertheless they aro half addressed to him, by virtue of the parenthoticni ndilitions; and all arounintolligible unless they are meant to express (though sometimes idor cover of aristocratic scorn) emotions inspired by tho champion's success, 119 well as by the influences of external nature, 971. Colon mendis originally (in l'rencli nnd low Latin)"truitor" or "robel," licnco "wickel person." 972. thon, nidressing Gareth. unhappino53, "ncciilent"; c. l. 719. 979. thoir fool's parablo: for the allegory is represented ns ono deliberately invented ly the personnges of it, acc I. 1170. 980. Will pay thoo, i.C. "who will pay theo"; cj>. II, 2011, 1151. The metaphor of "wiges" refers ngnin to Garclli's menini condition. to boot, "with advantngo," i.c. all that is sluo nnd moro: "loot" is from the stino storn ns "lietter"; op, bootless," meaning " without profit." 983. Parallos? Hoar a paraula cle. To takes up the world tisoc casually by the other, and turns it to his purposc, ns 80) often in Ternyron, ep. II, 4., 110, and 781 of this ilyil . 993. tho norrtu, i.e. those who serveil nhout tho leartis, co-motos, "comrades." Thero is somo romancy in tho worl, for “ mnto" by itself means comradio"; it is ns old as Shukapoare however, “Now my comunics and brothers in cile, OS7. and thoro ... with it, i'r. No one klare to meridla with it. OSS. And such a cont art thou. The absence of poetical scnti. ment is this puruble makes an intentional contrast to thodamsol's lyric omotion 990, worry originally means "granglo" (cp. German, rolirner), and is still useil capecially of the killing of slicep ly wolves or dogn; henco in general of a dog fighting with another animal or 66 993. Ay, Sir Knavo! an exclamation of surprise at the boli. ness of his tone. 996, worship," honour": cp. I. SOD. 1001, to bllnding, i.c. so as to dlnzzlo tlic cycs tlint Jookcl. tho Noondny Sun, ice ho who calls himself ko. 1002. tuo covor ctc. This is the yellow inndelion or somo similar flower, of which tho sccds nro wingerl, somowhat liko ·NOTES. 93 tiny arrows, and loosely inserted on a large round receptacle, The feathered seeds form a globe a hich might le magicel to le made up of a cumber of fairy arrows The foner is said to “blow i globe of after arrowlets," meaning that it looms into a globe of arron lets, which come after the yellow petals are fallen (Notice that "blows" s intransitive and means the game as "blooms," as in 1 1012.) In Aylmer's Firlil, 93, allasson is marle to the child's game of blowing them away, and they are compared, as here, to arrow:- "Or from the tiny pitted target blew Wha: looked a flight of fairy arross rim'd All at one mark, all hitting The shield is like a gigantic dandelion flower, Leidz golden-yellow and round. 1003. and Careth's eyes had agire biots etc, ie he was dazlecl and could not sce other things clearly 1009 marches, "Lorders," from the game stem a, "mark." Te takea Gareth for his brother the Morning-Star because he has his shield op L 1071 shriii'a, cp. 1 732 1003. atbwart, "across." 1012 Vitoring up. "Cosenng up with the vizor" the "1170r." French rinere froin tu "face, is the part of the helmet which covers the face and can be raised and lowered at pleasure 1013 cpher face, means face of round notlungness, "rounded foolishnese," as the words that follow expliin The word cipher" 19 properly equivalent to zero, the symbol of nothing a round the word is from Old French tyre, Low Latin cifra, Arab. mft (Brachet, Etym frenc Dret 1011 puah'a horse," spurted his horte on" 1020 The rhythm 19 expressne, first hurriel, then pausing, then after a space pausing again, and terming its steals flow in the next twe, as the stream lears & way the fallen borse and his rider. Something of the same effect recurs in 1 1031 1029 the good wind, alluding to what was raidl in 1 n69 102. pot & potat The compass, or circle by which the direction of winds 19 reckoned, us divided into thirty two 1037. What knowest thop etc. The song is interrupted by cornments addressed to Gareth, and indicating the distance between them, lest he should imagine that he could be in any way referred to in the song "points 14 ·94 GARITIL AND LYNETTE, 2012. Dlow, "bloom" (ep. Germ. Hüthen), allicd to the Intin Horere. 1011. garnisl originnlly means "cleroud" (cp. French garnir and garnison), henco" surround" loy way of decoration. 10:15. tho flowor of Istoliondom: ns we might any " the flower of lenightlinoil," that in, thic locut of all knights, 80 the flower of kitchenlon" mang the list of all kitchci-knaves, leitohondom, formel nfter the model of " Christenlom," "henthenom," in a collectivo senso, meaning the whole body of picoplo employdil in kitchens, 1019. Rosemary stuck in tho noso, mouth and cars is the tra litional clccoration of the hour's liens when solvcil up at tablo; op. the old carol sing at Queen's College, Oxford, "I'll loro's lead in londe bring I. With ynrinne gry and rosemary," anul a curiong description ly Dekker of persons approhonsivo of catching tho plaguio" (in 16(2): "they went about miching and muflloi np and down, with i'ne and wormwond aluft into their cares and nothrils, looking liko so many biores hende stuck with lyranthus of rosemary, to le sorveil in for lyrawnd it Christmas." It was sometimoy niso garnisheil with ly leaves, as c.9. nt Stornokuroh, Basex, whero a hear's henl is for was) numally wrestleri for at Christmıns: sco lIono's Erry Day Bool; i. 1910 nnd ii. 1049, 1072. mavis, morio, "thrasls, blackbird"; mavis" comes through i'rench from n Celtio word, anul "merlo" from tho Latin rrila, 1 1057. Iarding and basting: 'in Inrıl" would ho to amenr with Torse beforo coking an "to lingto" is to pour tho metod Int over the meat while cooking. 105s. Lardod thy Inst, "clone thy Inrding for the Inst time." 1000. of troblo bow," of thrco arches." 1063. doop.dupled, referring to the depressions formed by oldie4 in the broad stream : "dimple” monng properly a small hollow, 1067. hardlond skins woult be unlanned hilo which linii horslene i upon liig body and takes its form. TOGS, 80 yo cloaro. "I'lc line of "RO" in all the senses of "if," c.). As cquivalent to "cron if " or "supposing thnt," is charnc.

·YOTES. 95 teristic of Teory209; cp. IL ES, HL Ordinaris it wegs i only." 10. Erotter-sta:, becasse Gareth lars the stje!d o! the ** Jlortia-Suar." 1072 rest, "place of gard" 1975 disaster. She plays tp a tie Tord "star," ard aan that this is for him a sat oferul fortcge imposting I:s de irtic tion. The word “disartet." Freccb dowostre, is derived ongically from Lat WIKTA "star" at press due to a bal ecse, reaa. izz "erul star" ao(from the belief in the cence of the ran) fortate." 1095. mszet, redl..sh-brotn," frora Freech rorel, Lau CHIL 108 grizzle, "a taired," from French gris. JOMS. erylag evergrees, symbolical of the dying anos of all the fresh impulses of south 102 € With the description of thu Egbt compare test of the fight between Prince Arther and Maleger ia Spenser, Parry Qaww, ?, II, 99-16 – "As pale and an as asles was his look: Hus bois lean and mente as a rate, Ard skin all wittırd like s dne rook." The resemblances is the icidects of the Eght are the repeated overthrow of the enemy followells tus instant opepricing again, Eurld together, "daslied ainst each other" The original meaning of 'harl" for "bartle) to dash repeatedly against," a frezentative from "bart." cu the French hearter. The espression "they bartled together" is common in the forte Dartant, c9 7, 12 1003 Ligated frors bus borse. The sea is of lebtedlog the horse of hul berden, and Lence cotces the general use of the word in the sense of "devond." CET his sword. 1091 hin drara, "him with his word drawn* "to be drawn" is a comunion espression in older Engluh for to bare one's oword drawn, ey Shakep Roma, and Jul 1, 1, 10,- " hat, drawn, and talk of pesce ·96 GARETH AND LYNETTE. &6 1099. Foredooming, “having a presage that": cp. Spenser, Faery Qupene, 2, 11, 44, “Nigh his wits' end then yox the amazed Knight, And thouglit liis labour lost, and travail vain. 1100. for he seemed as one etc. Vith this reference to the difficulty of late repentance compare Geraint and Enid, 901 ff:-- "Full seldoni doth a man repent, or use Both grace and will to pluck the vicious quitch Of blood and custom wholly out of him, And make all clean, planting himself afresh." 1107. The dactylic rhythm of these lines scems meant to express the eagerness of her clamour. 1109. I have prophesied : see l. 1087, "and so wilt thou, Sir Star." 1112. the wind ... again, referring to ll. 969, 1028. 1117. Soutuwesterns, i... "Southwest winds," these being in the British Isles the inost stormy and violent vinds, coming across the open Atlantic. rolling ridge on ridge: ' ridge” is a favourite word with Tennyson, and is several times applied to waves of the sea, e.g. Enoch Arilen, 525, “The Biscay, roughly ridging eastward," (under the influence of one of these same Southwesterns), Sea Dreams, 204, a ridge Of breaker issued from the belt," and Locksley Hall, O, “And the hollow ocean-ridges roaring into cataracts." 1118. The buoy that rides, i.e. "can bring under the buoy that rides." The buoy dips in the trough, and then when it seems likely to be overwhelmed by the next wave, springs up and rides on its summit: "ride” is a word which is applied to ships at anchor rising and falling with the waves, hence "road" is it place, where ships can lie at anchor in the open sea. 1122. wiry means "strong and pliant"; "Wire" means originally "twist,” lience of inetal drawn out or twisted together. 1126. sink or swim, i.e. to sink or swim as chance might decide, 1130. trefoil, the three-leaved clover : the three colours of the rainbow are of course the primary colours of which its hues are composed. 45 ·XOTES. 97 This time the song scems to be of brightness after gloom, as if referring to the hnal cleaning Aray of the clouds from her companion's achievements. 1133 fain had, ie "gladly would have": cp. I 6 1137 ff "Marvel have I, sail the damsel, what manner a man ye be, for it may never be others ise but that ye be come of a noble blooci, for so foul and slamefally did never sortian rule a knight as I have done you, and ever courteously ye have suffered me, and that came neser but of a gentle blood Jorie Darthur, 7, 11 1143 mistruated, 1. "suspecteil" ("tbought distrustfully"), cp Shakap Hinter's Tale, 2, 1, 48 - "All's true that is mistrusteil " 1141 would handle scorn," would make use of Bo wwworthy a weapon 43 scorn" er Gurnerere, 39 - " in those days No knight of Arthur's noblest dealt in scorn." 1145 copo, properly "le with," hence match." "dent with 1146 ff. “Damgel, saul Beaumains, a hoight may little do that may not buffer & damsel” Jorle Darthur, 7, 11 1150 waywardress. "wayward" is for "awayward." I going in a direction away from something, hence perierec ani! wilful 1 Timo rand the AL- 1 4 LU Bnew and pruve my well at lyt tuu Darthur, 7, 11. Cp L 923 1151. quell, "sublue," originally " kill" 1153 The lone hern The heron, which is gregarious in ...). Tawan : to nature ·98 GARETH AND LYNETTE. : 1160. baken. This is the older form; so in Picts the Plow. man, 6, 295, “Benes and baken appics thei broughte in licr lappes"; also in Chancer. 1163. comb, "hollow in a hill side," a Celtic worci occurring frequently in local names of Inles and the West of England, as Ilfracombe, Melcombe etc. In the neighbourhood referred to in l. 1182 there is Combc Crag. 1165. Blowly-waning, like “slowly-fading" in the Coming of Arthur; here used of the colours fading away under the influence of time. 1168. The war of Time against the soul of man. This line sums up the drift of the allegory contained in this idyll: sec Introduction. 1170. taken but the form, i.e. called themselves by the naines, but without any perception of the real significance of the allegory. 1172. In letters like etc. The Gelt is a small stream in Cum. berland running into the Irtling just before the latter joins the Eden. The Roman Wall is not far off, and there are Roman quarries with inscriptions near the Irthing and the Gelt. That which is referrerl to herc scems to be the following, cut on a limc-stone rock :- VEX. LLEG 11. AVG. OX. AP. APRO E. MAXIDIO COXSVLIBVS SVD. AGRICOLA OP, OFICINA MERCATI. The first words evidently aro Perillatio legionis ii Angustae, anci wo gather that a detachment of the second legion was stationed there for some purpose in the year 207 A.D. l'exillarii are simply troops detached from the legion nnd serving under a separate standard (vexillum). The letters of the inscription are plain Roman capitals rudely curred, This comparison is an example of Tennyson's characteristic of referring for similitudes to his own individual experience on some special occasion, rather than to things of general knowledge. To understand the similes fully we must have had cxperience of precisely the samo circumstances, or be acqurinted with the actual place which suggested the comparison : cp, note on l. 380. Here the place referred to is so obscure, that exact local knowleege of a particular part of Cumberland is necessary to trace the reference. The river Gelt is not to be found in any of the ordinary Gazetteers or Atins-indexes. 1174. Phosphorus, Morning-Star," Dieridies, "Mid-day," Hesporus, " Evening Star," Nox, "Night," Mors, “Death." The names aro symbols of the periods of inu's life. 1177. runnlng down, i.e. "closely pursuing." >> ·NOTES. 99 1184 headiong error, that is the deviation caused by her pre. cipitate course. This line 1s explanatory of the presious one. 1185 having awam the river.loofs, that is, he has not come 1186 bine sbleid Hons, see L. 571 and note 1189 He supposce that tbas 18 the knight of the Morning-Star, and that he has overcome Gareth. 1190 prick'd, re. "spurr’d." 1193. farr'd upon Lynette "to jar" is onginally " to make a barsh noise," bence " to sound unpleasing " as here. 1198. blew your beast the expression is from the Norte Darthur in another part of the story. "Fre, fie, and the damecl, that ever such a dirty knate should blot such a boast" 1203 f. Ile quotes the words which were used by Lynette herself to account for his victories, 11 748,972, 1033. 1203 As on the day etc. Sce the description of L'elleas on the day when he was knighted "And as he came away The men who met him rounded on their heels And wonder'd after bin, because 1119 face Shone like the countenance of a priest of old Against the flame about a sacrifice Kinilled by fire from heaven so glad was be. Pelleas and Ellarre, 134 1211, to mar the bogst ete, It 18 nataral to feel that boasting will be followed by misfortune Lancelot'a kinsmen (brethren, Cousins, nephews) were proud of him, and held close to him alwaya: see especially Alorte Darthur, 7, 23 ; 11. 3 , 20.64 The chief of them were Ector de Jlaris, Bors, Lionel, Bleoberis and Galihodin. 1213. Had sent thes down etc. He means, il be, by a clince which could harilly be, had anhorsed Lancelot, who had been crer courteous to bim in the days of his vassalnge, lic would have been abamel and sait 1218 stull, "continually," the original meaning to in the Lady of Shalott, 64, "But in her web she still delights To weave the mrror's magic rights." Aad elsewhere, the still recurring goat' " ·100 GARETH AND LYNETTE. 1221. play'd upon : sec note on l. 248. 1230. Victor from vanquished issues, i.e. we learn to conquer by being conquered. 1232. thy good horse etc., addressing Gareth ngain. 1236. wreak'd his Justice, cp notc on l. 355. The meaning licre seems akin to that of the phrase "to break wrath." The justice of the king inay le said to be avenged (or wreaked) on his focs. when that punislıment is inflicted upon them which justice would clen 1242. for worse etc. Her impatient exclamation means, "Well, well, being so, the case is no better, ny even worse; for worse than being fooled by others it is to fool oneself, and this it seems I have done." 1246. But... honeysuckle, so that it is concealed, and we must beek before we can find it. Or possibly, the idea of a cave haying suggested concealment, sho nicans, "but we may easily recognise it by the honeysuckle which grows over it outside." The appropriateness of the word "flies will be seen by anyone who obserres flow the honeysuckle grows, with long sprays waving in the wind, while its main stem tvines round some support. 1251. Iusty, "vigorous"; the original meaning is "pleasant," and so it is used by Chaucer, e.g. “Hull lusty was the weder and benigne"; then just as "lustless" (listless) came to mean feeble," so " lasty" got the sense of "strong," "vigorous." 1253. rated at, "scolded at": the word is generally used with a direct object, as in Aylmer's Field "they must have rated her Beyond all tolerance." 1254. vext his day, i.e. " harassed him all through the day" with fault-finding. 1255. Good lord, addressing Lancelot. how sweetly etc. Another good observer has described the same: "the honeysuckle twining round the porch exhaled its perfume in a twofold degrec, as though it und lost its coyness at tlat silent time and loved to slied its fragrance on the night." Dickens, Barnaby Nudge, ch. 54. 1259. Full merty am I. Her aristocratic prejudices are 11n. cunquerable: she had begun to glory in her knave, ansi she even felt Texation at first that the wonder should be removed and he should prove a knight; but after all she would not havo been quite happy if he had not been "noble." 3263. Miss the ful lower etc., ie, fail to achieve the final victory which is, as it were, the full flower of his accomplished quest.

·NOTES. 101 1273. Ramp meang properly "climl" (French mampet, Tal. rampicare), hence "rampant in heraldry mean "in a climbing position, standing on the hind legs. 1274. on whom all spean etc, meaning that all spears break upon this shield 1277. from my bold on these: Valour streamy, as it were, from the lions of the Blueld through him who holds it. 1279 even the shadow, re the counterfeit prenentment which he is about to make of Lancelot, by bearing his shield 1281. Arthur's barp It is said that some Welsh poets gise this name to the constellation of the Great Bear; but this in the Holy Grail, 683, 18 called " Arthur's Talile Round," "For, brother, so one night, because they roll Thro' such a roind in heaven, we named the stars" "Arthur's Harp" 13 again mentioned in the Lan Tournament, 331 :- "Dost thou Lnow the star .. 10g PL From this it would seem rather to be a nagle star than a con. stellation, and perhaps the star referred to sa Vega," the brightest in the constellation of the Lyre rammer.wan, le because in Northern countries the summer nights are less dark than those of loter. 1282 In counter motion to the stars, because the clouds drive over the stars, these seem to have & motion contrary to that of the clouds 1284. A star sbot ete Gareth is represented as msceptible to the influences of external nature The rushing of the torrent anil the fall of the pine tree had suggested to tum thoughts connected with his own life before he left bis home, and where the shooting of the star and the whosping of the owl are omens to him of his comning victory. TO A fers sanguine temperament they might have seemed presage of defeat. 1285. peating, te sounding a Wast on the trumpet to celebrate victory. 1992 wonders te ba yo doze etc. In tbe short broken sentences is expressed the eager anxiety of the damsel, who do longer con. ceala the great personal interest bich abe takes in her knight 1293. Arng, "orerthrown," used as a metaphor from wrestleg. 12. ROT or, for "neither nor," ·102 GARETH AND LYNETTE, 2 <6 1293. appal (from Old French, appalir) means originally "grov pale," then “make pale," frighten. 1304. still, "ever": cp. I. 1218. 1314. All the devisings etc., i.e. all the devices used by knights in dealing with a superior antagonist. 1318. Aneness, i.e."clerer management," what we commonly call " finesse." Instant, "urgent," Lat. instare " to urge." 1324. palling, “corering as) with a cloak)," from Latin pallium "cloak." 1325. palfrey, French palefroi, from Low Latin parareridus (paravredus, parafreilus, hence German pferd), an "extra posthorse," verēdus meaning "post-borse.' Thence it comes to mean a riding-horse, especially for ladies (not a war-horse). (Skeat, Etym. Dict.) 1330. Sunder the glooming crimson on the marge, i.e. cleave thic dark crimson light of dawn on the horizon; the pavilion being seen as a mountain peak against it. 1331. Black, with black banner etc. “Then they came to a black lawn, and there was black lastlorn and thereon hung a black banner, and on the other side there hung a black shield etc. Norte Darthur, 7, 6 (but in the romance the encounter with this black knight takes place earlier). 1335. Echo'd the walls ; a Ilght twinkled etc. The broken succession of the sentences and the trochaic rhythm of Echo'd” and “twinklerl" give the effect of abruptness and startling effect in the occurrences : cp. 1. 234 f. 1341, waving to him etc. "And the lady Liones made courtesy to him down to the earth, with holding up both their hands." Morte Darthur, 7, 16. 1345. that which housed therein. The indefinite form of the expression is in harmony with the mysterious horror which we are intended to feel. 1347. barren ribs, i.e.“ bare ribs" ; so in Lancelot and Blaine, 160, "the barren-beaten tlioroughfarc.” The breast-bone and ribs of a skeleton are painted upon his armour, and his helmet is surmounted by a skull for a crest. The expression “ribs of Death” is perlaps a reminiscence of Milton, Comus, 502, "strains that might create a soul Under the ribs of death." The "fleshless laughter" of the next line is the grinning of the Lleshless skull, ·NOTES. 103 " and 1355. Trick thyself out: "trick out" means "a loro," from the substantie "trick, which ineans "conttirance, thence "toy," "trille" etc Originally the word means "stroke" or "line." (Skeat, Ely Diel.) 1357. manting, 1 e. " thichly covering" as with a mantle. 1362 prickled, his hair standing on end with horror: cp Vaud, 14, 35 - "Felt & horror over me creep, Prickle my skin and catch my breath " 1361 aghast, "horror-struck" more properly "agast," for "agasted," from the Oll English agristen, terrify": ep. Chaucer, Knightes Talr, 1563. "Of which Arcita somewhat hym agaste, * ' was somewhat terrified ") 1367, blink means properly "glance" with tlic eyes, "Wink," hence "flinch from," as the eyes by winding flinch from a blow. 1386 Cp Lancelot and Elaine, 411, -" But when the next day broke from underground " 1391 large, 1 e "uprestrained"; so we speak of a person Ixing "at large, meaning at liberty, and to enlarge Enghsh 18 to "set free” Ilved, ie "prevailed" op Printere, 1, . “There lived an ancient legend 10 our housc" won the quest, "achieved the adventure" or note on in older 1. 535. 1392_"He that told the tale in older times" 19 Malory in the Porte Darthur: "be that told it later" is the poet humsellwho feels probably that the appearance of the lady I.sonoro in his tale is too shadowy to warrant a marnage with the facro Sho plays a more prominent part, however, in the original ater, and other events occur before Gareth be ones lier acceptet lover For the manner in sluich the poet here refer to himself, cr. Geraint and Enu, 161 0 "as he that tells the tale In the Coming of Arthur, 99, [mular expression occun probably in the same sense, but in lect and Entary, 452 -- "And be that tells the tale Says that her eier irering fancy turn'd To Pelleza,"

·104
GARETH AND LYNETTE.
refers to the original story in Porte Darthur, 4, 22. Another
example occurs in the Last Tournament, 226 ff. :-
"for he that tells the tale
Liken' them, saying, as when an hour of cold
Falls on the mountain in midsummer snows,
And all the purple slopes of mountain flowers
Pass under white, till the warm hour returns
With veer of wind, and all are flowers again;
So dame anil dainsel" etc.,
but this simile is very much in Tennyson's own style, one of
those peculiar scenes which he treasures up after once having
scen them, and loves to transfer to his verse : cp. notes on
11, 380 and 1172.

·INDS TO Tzil NOS (The numbers refer to the lower) are, SC A Blan, 39 Ha:0, 3:08 Abbey-loute, 416 Monk, 1507. adjective compounds, 158, 777, blow, 645, 1012. 1063, Musirr, 001 Agaric, 729. lonr'a lindl, 1019 agharl, 1361 alliterative compounds, 158. Poon, 3:27. lool, I) ambushings, 424 bught 0 ax (for "if"), 37 bourr, 3003 apple-blossoin, 675 lirand, 60 Orriria, $17. arroiclets, 1002 brunch, 470 Arthur described, 310; 118 brook, 147 character, 310, 490. barn (urrum), DO Arthur's larp, 1291 Arthur's Tablo, &16. bul, 243 (for "only"), 101, 0:4). Aurelius Emrya, 367. ( areul, 862, Avanturine, 903 Curr lryri, 4), Avilion, 492. r. 709 arond, 035 (Agrlu, 145 Carrion, 7.7) 13 (Larmoni, "GC ranur, CC lalen, IICO rate, Uradıl, 681. angeliny. 2 Hards, chrbuk,30 Larons' War, 70. cherr, 11 larren (for "bare"), 1317 (horiet, 111, lase, 1077 chrutia symbwile, 212219. kinare, 706. chuti, 413 Pellicent, I. d'inderella, **? 10.3 ·106 GARETII AND LYNETTE. ciplier, 1013. clomb, 6o. co-malc, 995. comb, 163, romfortable, 93, cousin, 356. CHAMON, 123. crop, 140. G gap.mouth'l, 501. Gareth, garnish, 101-1, gato of the thirco Quicons, 209. Gawain, 25. Gelt, 1172. glaclc, 77). glamour, 202 gooil Inck, 105. grimly, S06. mill, 10SG. growlling, 048. gucrilon, $10. gure, 302. dandelion, referred to, 1002 flisnater, 1075. llon, 675. (loon, 31.1. drain, drawn, 9:13, 109.1. JI Engle-owl, 779 ellipsu of antecelent, 5:18, 607, (S0. ollipse of rolutive, 980, 1161. clmish, 129. emblem, 000. (NOW, 207, cpic repetition, 61. consong, 773. Escalibur, 66. hardy, hardihool, 642, 056. hacunt, 17. horn, 1105. llcspcris, 117 holl, 7:29. honeysuckle, 1216, 1275. llours, Book of, 16. huri, 1092, 1 lilolntors, 135. ignis fatuus, SOG. insland, 1318. inrclerafly, 223. jar (verb), 1195. jousta, $5. justice of the King, 373. fair, 809. Fairlands (1caumains), 405. felilty, 391. felon, 971. inc, 151. Jineness, 1318. Ning, 1993. llower of kitchendom, 1045. of accomplislument, 1263. Muoni, 13.1. Sorri, os. for, Tenny801'8 NBC of, 100, 119, 330, 337, 670. frequent, 122. frontlcx4, 830. w Kay, 359. kitchen:{om, 1045. L lack, 103, (vcrl721. Lally of tho Lake, 212.

·INDEX TO TIC XOTES. 107 P large, 1301. Lancelot, 451 ; his kinsmen, 1211. lane, 646, 681, lap (verb), 422 leash, 51. Lent-liy, 889. Lichen, 415. lis, liefer, 922 linge-lond, 388 lo7ht (for "alight"), 1033 htly. 934 luke (for "likely"), 271. lions on Lancelot's shield, 571. Lo ye/ 445 lode-star, 307 Lot, 1 luty, 1231. Lynette's character, 577, 731, 1259 malfrey, 1325 pail, 1321 parenthese, Tennyson's use of, 241. past, 58. jarilion, 889. peal, 1235. personality of roet brought in, 1392; cp. 350, 1172 Peter, 503. petulant, 732 Phosphorus, 1174. play upon, 248, 1221. point (of wind), 2029. purport, 603 M Mage, 299 marden (shield), 665. mantling, 1357 manor, $25 Mark, 376 mts, 1032 Dlay-blossom, 575. mere, 778 Meridres, 1174. merle, 1032. Herlin, 229 Tescems, 832 mirage referred to, 249. estrusted, 1143. Modred, 26 Stors, 1171 Q Queens, three, 25. gwell, 1154. quent, 535. quick, 147. R ragged, 524 ramp, 1273 range, 321 rate, 1953 reare, 411 rhythm representing action, 5, 8, 13, 193, 35, 474, 495, 503, 79, 891, 1020, 1107, 1333 Reddling of the Birds, 250 ride (of ships, etc, 111s. ndge, 1117 rosemary, 1048 rotundelay, 496 rout, 820 Tist, 1085 ruth, 873 Y Ctrs, 549. MONTC (for rumour"), 420, 500 Joz, 1174. S oflens (as adj ), 87. Barour, 377 scullion, 151 ·108 GARETH AND LYNETTE. trefoil, 1130. trenchant, 678. tricts out, 1350. truth, Arthur's love of, 315 unhappiness, 972 Uther, 327. utier, 276, 542. seasons of the Idylls, 2. Seer, 248. seized of, 351. shingle, 742 shock (verb), 739, 939. shrill (verb), 732. shrew, 731. similes in Tennyson, 380, 670, 730, 1172, 1392 sleuth-lound, 452. 80, so that (for "if"), 131, 146, 262, 507, etc. songs of Lynette, 970, 1130. South-westerns, 1117. spate, 3. Spenser, parallel with, 1092. spit (for "stord"), 771. spring, 513. starsmoving against the clouds, 1282. still, 1218, 1304. stoat, 871, stony ("made of stone"), 399. summer-wan, 1291. Sun connected with Arthur, 2. rassal, 393. vermin, 802. vexillary, 1172 viand, $27. villain (adj.), 157; (subst.), 700. vizor, 1012. vows of the knights, 541. W T Table Round, 815. tarn, 489. tether, 114. the which, 267. thrall, 162. Tinie, war of, 1168. tourney, 88. treble boio, 1060. uan (water), 804, wan-sallow, 444. ward, 1072. wayward, 1150. weird, 221. whether, 333. white lie, 291, wiry, 1122 ristful, 170. worship, worshipfully, 809,996. worry (verb), 990. wot, 447. urcal, 355, 1236. wrought, 478. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN RY ROBCKT MACLETOSE AND CO, LTD. TIIL UNIVERSITY PRESS, GILASGOW.

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